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+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, First Part: Porulosa (Spumellaria and Acantharia), by Ernst Haeckel</title>
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+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S.
+Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, First Part: Porulosa (Spumellaria
+and Acantharia), by Ernst Haeckel</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a
+href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p>
+<p>Title: Report on the Radiolaria Collected by H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-1876, First Part: Porulosa (Spumellaria and Acantharia)</p>
+<p>       Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger During the Years 1873-76, Vol. XVIII</p>
+<p>Author: Ernst Haeckel</p>
+<p>Release Date: December 27, 2013  [eBook #44525]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT ON THE RADIOLARIA COLLECTED BY H.M.S. CHALLENGER DURING THE YEARS 1873-1876, FIRST PART: PORULOSA (SPUMELLARIA AND ACANTHARIA)***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4 class="pg">E-text prepared by<br />
+    Charlene Taylor, Adrian Mastronardi, Keith Edkins,<br />
+    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
+    from page images generously made available by<br />
+    Internet Archive<br />
+    (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table class="pg" border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      <a href="https://archive.org/details/reportonradiolar01haecrich">
+      https://archive.org/details/reportonradiolar01haecrich</a><br />
+      <br />
+      Project Gutenberg has the other two volumes of this work.<br />
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm">Second Part: Subclass Osculosa; Index</a>: see http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm<br />
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm">Plates</a>: see http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+  <table class="sp2 transnote" title="Transcriber's note" summary="Transcriber's note">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="w25">Transcriber's note:</td>
+      <td><span class="nothand">Some typographical errors in the printed
+      work have been corrected. The corrected text is underscored in red
+      <span class="correction" title="explanation will pop up">like
+      this</span>. Hover the cursor over the marked text and the explanation
+      should appear. </span>The Addenda &amp; Errata (Second Part, pp. 1763-4)
+      have been applied and underscored in this way.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.1ex;"><span class="xx-larger"><span
+  class="gsp">REPORT</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.6ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">ON THE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.1ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="gsp">SCIENTIFIC
+  RESULTS</span></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">OF THE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="xxxx-larger">VOYAGE OF H.M.S.
+  CHALLENGER</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:3.1ex;"><span class="gsp">DURING THE YEARS 1873-76</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">UNDER THE COMMAND
+  OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="sc">Captain</span>
+  GEORGE S. NARES, R.N., F.R.S.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.5ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">AND THE LATE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:4.4ex;"><span class="larger"><span class="sc">Captain</span>
+  FRANK TOURLE THOMSON, R.N.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.5ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">PREPARED UNDER THE
+  SUPERINTENDENCE OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:-0.1ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">THE LATE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.6ex;"><span class="larger">Sir C. WYVILLE THOMSON, Knt.,
+  F.R.S., &amp;c.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.2ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">REGIUS PROFESSOR OF NATURAL
+  HISTORY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">DIRECTOR OF THE CIVILIAN
+  SCIENTIFIC STAFF ON BOARD</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.3ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">AND NOW OF</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.5ex;"><span class="larger">JOHN MURRAY</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:5.2ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">ONE OF THE NATURALISTS OF THE
+  EXPEDITION</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.8ex;"><span class="larger"><b><span
+  class="sc">Zoology&mdash;Vol. XVIII</span>.</b></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:4.1ex;"><span class="larger"><b>FIRST PART</b></span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><b>Published by Order of Her Majesty's
+  Government</b></p>
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+  <p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S
+  STATIONARY OFFICE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">AND SOLD BY</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">LONDON:&mdash;EYRE &amp;
+  SPOTTISWOODE, EAST HARDING STREET, FETTER LANE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.4ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">EDINBURGH:&mdash;ADAM &amp;
+  CHARLES BLACK</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.3ex;"><span class="xx-smaller">DUBLIN:&mdash;HODGES, FIGGIS,
+  &amp; CO.</span></p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:0.5ex;"><span class="larger">1887</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp5 ac" style="margin-bottom:8.3ex;"><span class="smaller"><i>Price (in Two Parts, with
+  a Volume of Plates) �5, 10s.</i></span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.5ex;"><span class="larger">CONTENTS.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><span class="sc">Report</span> on the <span class="sc">Radiolaria</span> collected
+  by <span class="sc">H.M.S. Challenger</span> during the years<br/>
+  1873-1876.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">By <span class="sc">Ernst Haeckel</span>, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of Zoology in the
+  University of Jena.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac">FIRST PART.&mdash;PORULOSA.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5 ac">(<span class="gsp">SPUMELLARIA AND ACANTHARIA.</span>)</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.5ex;"><span class="larger">EDITORIAL NOTES.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <p>The Report on the <span class="sc">Radiolaria</span> by Professor Ernst Haeckel of Jena
+  occupies the whole of the present Volume, the text being bound up in Two Separate Parts and the
+  Plates in a Third Part. The Report forms Part XL. of the Zoological Series of Reports on the
+  Scientific Results of the Expedition, and is the largest single Report of the series which has up
+  to this time been published.</p>
+
+  <p>The Manuscript of the Systematic Part was written by Professor Haeckel in the English language,
+  and was received by me in instalments on the 12th August 1884, 13th July and 4th December 1885,
+  and 3rd June 1886. The Introduction was written in German and was translated into the English
+  language by Mr. W. E. Hoyle of the Challenger Editorial Staff; the German text being received in
+  instalments between the 15th July 1886, and the 25th January 1887.</p>
+
+  <p>The Challenger Naturalists found the representatives of this group of animals to be universally
+  distributed throughout ocean waters, and their dead remains to be nearly equally widely
+  distributed over the floor of the ocean, the relative abundance and the species differing,
+  however, with change of locality, and their abundance or variety being intimately connected with
+  some of the most interesting and intricate problems of general oceanography.</p>
+
+  <p>It was a fortunate circumstance that so distinguished a Naturalist, with such an intimate
+  knowledge of the <span class="sc">Radiolaria</span>, should have been willing to undertake the
+  laborious examination and description of the extensive collections made during the Expedition.
+  Professor Haeckel has devoted ten years of his life to this work, and this Report sets forth the
+  results of his labours, on the conclusion of which he will be congratulated by all Naturalists.
+  The entire literature of the <span class="sc">Radiolaria</span> (from 1834 to 1884) is completely
+  recorded, and the older species (both living and fossil) redescribed, so that the Report is a
+  complete Monograph, which will be an invaluable aid to all future Investigators.</p>
+
+  <p class="ar">|<span class="sc">John Murray.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="poem sp5">
+    <p><span class="sc">Challenger Office, 32 Queen Street,</span></p>
+    <p style="margin-left:0.70em"><span class="sc">Edinburgh</span>, <i>1st February 1887.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="smaller">THE</span></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:4.1ex;"><span class="x-larger">VOYAGE OF H.M.S.
+  CHALLENGER.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac" style="margin-bottom:0.7ex;"><span class="larger"><span
+  class="gsp">ZOOLOGY.</span></span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <div class="bq1 it sp5">
+    <p class="sp0">Report on the <span class="sc">Radiolaria</span> collected by H.M.S. Challenger
+    during the Years 1873-76. By <span class="sc">Ernst Haeckel</span>, M.D., Ph.D., Professor of
+    Zoology in the University of Jena.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">PREFACE.</p>
+
+  <p>The significance of the Radiolaria in regard to the relations of life in the ocean has been
+  increased in a most unexpected manner by the discoveries of the Challenger. Large swarms of these
+  delicate Rhizopoda were found not only at the surface of the open ocean but also in its different
+  bathymetrical zones. Thousands of new species make up the wonderful Radiolarian ooze, which covers
+  large areas of the deep-sea bed, and was brought up from abysses of from 2000 to 4000 fathoms by
+  the sounding machine of the Challenger. They open a new world to morphological investigation.</p>
+
+  <p>When ten years ago (in the autumn of 1876) I accepted the enticing invitation of Sir Wyville
+  Thomson to undertake the investigation of these microscopic creatures, I hoped to be able to
+  accomplish the task with some degree of completeness within a period of from three to five years,
+  but the further my investigations proceeded the more immeasurable seemed the range of forms, like
+  the boundless firmament of stars. I soon found myself compelled to decide between making a
+  detailed study of a selection of special forms or giving as complete a survey as possible of the
+  varied forms of the whole class; and I decided upon the latter course, having regard both to the
+  general plan of the Challenger Reports, and to the interests of our acquaintance with the class as
+  a whole. I must, however, confess at the close of my work that my original intention is far from
+  having been fulfilled. The extraordinary extent and varied difficulties of the undertaking must
+  excuse the many deficiencies.</p>
+
+  <p>The special examination of the Challenger collection was for the most part completed in the
+  summer of 1881; I collected its results in my Entwurf eines Radiolarien-Systems auf Grund von
+  Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien (Jenaische Zeitschr. f. Naturw., Bd. xv., 1881). Since the
+  manuscript of this preliminary communication was completed only a few days before my departure for
+  Ceylon, and since I was unable to correct the proofs myself, several errors have crept into the
+  Prodromus Systematis Radiolarium included in it. These have been corrected in the following more
+  extensive working out of it. Even at that time I had distinguished 630 genera and more than 2000
+  species; but on the revision of these, which I undertook immediately on my return from India, this
+  number was considerably increased. The total number of forms here described amounts to 739 genera
+  and 4318 species; of these 3508 are new, as against 810 previously described. In spite of this
+  large number, however, and in spite of the astonishing variety of the new and marvellous forms,
+  the riches of the Challenger collection are by no means exhausted. A careful and patient worker
+  who would devote a second decade to the work, would probably increase the number of new forms
+  (especially of the smaller ones) by more than a thousand; but for a really complete examination,
+  the lifetime of one man would not suffice.</p>
+
+  <p>The richest source of the Challenger material is the Radiolarian ooze of the central Pacific
+  Ocean (Stations 265 to 274). This remarkable deep-sea mud consists for the greater part of
+  well-preserved siliceous shells of Polycystina (<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>). Not less important, however, especially for the study of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, are the wonderful preparations
+  stained with carmine and mounted in Canada balsam on the spot by Dr. John Murray. One such
+  preparation (<i>e.g.</i>, from Station 271) often contains twenty or thirty, sometimes even fifty
+  new species. In many of these preparations the individual parts of the unicellular organism are so
+  well preserved that they show clearly the characteristic peculiarities of the legions and orders.
+  Since the material for these preparations was taken with the tow-net, not only from the surface of
+  the sea but also from different bathymetrical zones, it furnishes valuable conclusions regarding
+  the chorology, as well as the physiology and morphology of the group. For many new discoveries I
+  am indebted to the study of such preparations, of which I have examined about a thousand from 168
+  different Stations (compare � <a href="#sect240">240</a>). In addition to these about 100 bottles
+  were handed to me, containing partly bottom-deposits, partly tow-net gatherings.</p>
+
+  <p>Sir Wyville Thomson, who directed the investigations of the Challenger with so much devotion,
+  and only partly saw its results, has laid me under a deep debt of obligation; not less is this the
+  case, however, with his successor, Dr. John Murray. I am especially indebted to both gentlemen for
+  the freedom they have allowed me in the carrying out of my work, and especially for the permission
+  to include a description of all known Radiolaria in the Challenger Report, which has thus become a
+  second edition many times enlarged of my Monograph published in 1862. Since all previous
+  literature of the subject has been consulted and critically revised, it is hoped that this Report
+  will form a useful foundation for future investigations. All names of sufficiently described
+  Radiolaria published during the first half century of our knowledge of the class (from 1834 to
+  1884), are inserted in alphabetical order in the index at the end of this work.</p>
+
+  <p>In addition to the treasures of the Challenger, my own collection of Radiolaria has yielded
+  many new forms whose description is here included. On my journeys to the Mediterranean (an account
+  of which is given in the introduction to my Monograph of the Medus�), I have given special
+  attention to these delicate microscopic organisms for more than thirty years. Besides the various
+  points on the Mediterranean, the Atlantic Ocean at the Canaries (in the winter of 1866-67) yielded
+  many interesting new forms; whilst my voyage across the Indian Ocean, from Aden to Bombay, in
+  November 1881, thence to Ceylon and back by Socotra in March 1882, was still more productive. In
+  particular, some extended excursions which I had the opportunity of making from Belligemma and
+  Matura (at the southern extremity of Ceylon) gave me an insight into the rich treasures of the
+  Indian Ocean.</p>
+
+  <p>Most important, however, as regards the knowledge of the Indian Radiolaria, are the collections
+  which Captain Heinrich Rabbe of Bremen has so beautifully preserved during his many voyages
+  through that region. In the neighbourhood of Madagascar and the Cocos Islands more especially, and
+  also in the Sunda Archipelago, he met with large swarms of Radiolaria, among which were many new
+  and remarkable forms. These were of special value for completing the chorology, and the more so
+  since the course of the Challenger in the Indian Ocean lay very far to the southwards. I will
+  therefore take this opportunity of repeating my best thanks to Captain Rabbe for the friendly
+  donation of his valuable collection.</p>
+
+  <p>The Radiolarian fauna of the North Atlantic Ocean, which was previously but little known and
+  only slightly increased by the investigations of the Challenger, received a valuable increase from
+  the interesting collections made by Dr. John Murray on various expeditions to the F�r�e Islands
+  (on the "Knight Errant" in 1880 and on the "Triton" in 1882). A large number of new Radiolaria
+  were captured in the F�r�e Channel, partly at the surface of the Gulf Stream, partly at various
+  depths, and the proof was thus furnished that at certain points in the North Atlantic Ocean
+  Radiolaria are very richly developed. I am further indebted to Dr. John Murray for the free use of
+  this important material as well as for much other assistance in the carrying out of my work.
+  Another rich source of Radiolaria I found in the alimentary canal of pelagic animals from all
+  seas. Medus�, Siphonophor�, Salp�, Pteropoda, Heteropoda, Crustacea, &amp;c., which live partly at
+  the surface of the sea and partly at various depths, and swallow large masses of Radiolaria, often
+  contain numbers of their shells well-preserved in their intestine. The alimentary canal of Fishes
+  and Cephalopods too, which live upon these pelagic animal frequently contains considerable
+  quantities of siliceous shells; and another newly discovered source has been found in the
+  coprolites of the Jurassic period, which consist largely of Radiolarian skeletons.</p>
+
+  <p>In the investigation of this complicated system of organisms, I have endeavoured on the one
+  hand to give accurately the forms and dimensions of the species observed, and on the other hand to
+  present a survey of the relationships of the different genera and families; and in this I have
+  striven especially to combine the phylogenetic aims of the natural system with the essentially
+  artificial divisions of a practical classification. Being, however, a conscientious supporter of
+  the theory of descent, I can of course lay no stress upon the value of the categories, which are
+  here distinguished as Legions, Orders, Families, Genera, &amp;c. All these artificial systematic
+  grades I regard as of merely relative value; and from the same cause I attach no importance to the
+  distinction of all the species here described; many of them are probably only developmental
+  stages, and like my predecessors I have determined their boundaries on subjective grounds. In the
+  systematic working out of so much material one always runs the risk of doing either too much or
+  too little in the way of creating species; but in the light of the theory of descent this danger
+  is of no consequence.</p>
+
+  <p>In the carrying out of this extensive task the friendly aid of Dr. Reinhold Teuscher of Jena
+  was of the greatest benefit to me; at my request he was at the trouble of making a large number of
+  accurate drawings with the camera lucida, and he also undertook a long series, amounting to some
+  8000, accurate micrometric measurements, which were of the greatest value in the attempt to settle
+  the important question of the constancy of the various species; I have alluded to this in a note
+  at the conclusion of the Report (p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1760">1760</a>).
+  My best thanks are due to Dr. Teuscher for the patient and careful manner in which he discharged
+  these tedious tasks.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The figures of new species of Radiolaria (about 1600 in number) which appear in the
+  atlas of one hundred and forty plates accompanying this Report, were nearly all drawn with the
+  camera lucida, partly by Mr. Adolph Giltsch and partly by myself. The names of the genera which
+  appear at the bottom of the plates have in many cases been changed since they were printed off, as
+  may be seen from the explanations which accompany them. Had it been possible to complete the
+  examination of the material before the plates were commenced this might have been avoided, and in
+  many cases a better selection of figures might have been made. All the drawings have been made
+  upon the stone by the practised hand of Mr. Adolph Giltsch, in his usual masterly manner, and his
+  lithographic work, which has lasted fully ten years, is the more valuable since he has himself
+  microscopically studied the greater part of the species figured. The fact that the atlas presents
+  so full a picture of the marvellous wealth of form of the Radiolaria is especially due to his
+  lively interest in the work, to his unwearying care, and to his morphological acuteness. May it be
+  the means of inducing many naturalists to study more deeply this inexhaustible kingdom of
+  microscopic life, whose endless variety of wonderful forms justifies the saying&mdash;<i>Natura in
+  minimis maxima</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4 ac" style="margin-bottom:2.8ex;"><span class="larger">CONTENTS.</span></p>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc" title="Contents" summary="Contents">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac larger" colspan="8">FIRST PART.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="7">GENERAL INTRODUCTION&mdash;</td>
+      <td class="ar smaller pt05">PAGE</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ar pt05">I.</td>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="6"><span class="sc">Anatomical Section</span> (�� 1-140),</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#pagei">i</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac prhs">Chapter</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">I.</td>
+      <td class="plhs">The Unicellular Organism,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#pagei">i</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">II.</td>
+      <td class="plhs">The Central Capsule,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexxiv">xxiv</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">III.</td>
+      <td class="plhs">The Extracapsulum,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#pageli">li</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">IV.</td>
+      <td class="plhs">The Skeleton,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#pagelxviii">lxviii</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ar pt05">II.</td>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="6"><span class="sc">Biogenetical Section</span> (�� 141-200),</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#pagexciii">xciii</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac prhs">Chapter</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">V.</td>
+      <td class="plhs">Ontogeny (Individual Development),</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#pagexciii">xciii</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">VI.</td>
+      <td class="plhs">Phylogeny (Genealogical Development),</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#pageci">ci</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ar pt05">III.</td>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="6"><span class="sc">Physiological Section</span> (�� 201-225),</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#pagecxxviii">cxxviii</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac prhs">Chapter</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">VII.</td>
+      <td class="plhs">Vegetative Functions,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#pagecxxviii">cxxviii</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">VIII.</td>
+      <td class="plhs">Animal Functions,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#pagecxl">cxl</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ar pt05">IV.</td>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="6"><span class="sc">Chorological Section</span> (�� 226-250),</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#pagecxlvi">cxlvi</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac prhs">Chapter</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">IX.</td>
+      <td class="plhs">Geographical Distribution,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#pagecxlvi">cxlvi</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">X.</td>
+      <td class="plhs">Geological Distribution,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#pageclxiv">clxiv</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ar pt05">V.</td>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="6"><span class="sc">Bibliographical Section</span> (��
+      251-254),</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#pageclxxvi">clxxvi</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="7">SYSTEMATIC PART,</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#page1">1</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ar pt05">I.</td>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="6">Subclass PORULOSA,</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#page6">6</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="5">Legion I. SPUMELLARIA vel PERIPYLEA,</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#page6">6</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">Order</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">1.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Colloidea</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#page10">10</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">2.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Beloidea</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#page28">28</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">3.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Sph�roidea</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#page50">50</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">4.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Prunoidea</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#page284">284</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">5.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Discoidea</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#page402">402</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">6.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Larcoidea</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#page599">599</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="5">Legion II. ACANTHARIA vel ACTIPYLEA,</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="#page716">716</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">Order</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">7.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Actinelida</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#page728">728</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">8.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Acanthonida</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#page740">740</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">9.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Sph�rophracta</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#page795">795</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">10.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Prunophracta</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="#page859">859</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac larger pt05" colspan="8">
+        <p class="sp0">SECOND PART.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ar pt05">II.</td>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="6">Subclass OSCULOSA,</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page889">889</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="5">Legion III. NASSELLARIA vel MONOPYLEA,</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page889">889</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">Order</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">11.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Nassoidea</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page895">895</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">12.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Plectoidea</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page898">898</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">13.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Stephoidea</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page931">931</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">14.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Spyroidea</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1015">1015</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">15.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Botryodea</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1103">1103</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">16.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Cyrtoidea</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1126">1126</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="5">Legion IV. PH�ODARIA vel CANNOPYLEA,</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1521">1521</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">Order</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">17.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Ph�ocystina</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1542">1542</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">18.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Ph�osph�ria</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1590">1590</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">19.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Ph�ogromia</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1642">1642</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ac prhs">"</td>
+      <td class="ar plhs prhs">20.</td>
+      <td class="plhs"><span class="sc">Ph�oconchia</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1710">1710</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="7"><span class="sc">Note on the Dimensions and
+      Measurements</span>,</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1760">1760</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="7">ADDENDA,</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1761">1761</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="7">ERRATA,</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1763">1763</a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pt05" colspan="7">INDEX,</td>
+      <td class="ar pt05"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1765">1765</a></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagei">{i}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2.8ex;"><span class="larger">GENERAL INTRODUCTION.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>ANATOMICAL SECTION.</b></p>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac">A SKETCH OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE ORGANISATION OF THE RADIOLARIA IN THE YEAR
+  1884.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <h4><span class="sc">Chapter I.</span>&mdash;THE UNICELLULAR ORGANISM.</h4>
+
+  <h5><span class="smaller">(�� 1-50.)</span></h5>
+
+  <div id="sect1"></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Definition of the Radiolaria.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Radiolaria</span> are marine
+  Rhizopoda, whose unicellular body always consists of two main portions, separated by a membrane;
+  an inner <i>Central capsule</i> (with one or more nuclei) and an <i>Extracapsulum</i> (the
+  external calymma, which has no nucleus, and the pseudopodia); the endoplasm of the former and the
+  exoplasm of the latter are connected by openings in the capsule-membrane. The central capsule is
+  partly the general central organ of the Radiolarian cell, partly the special organ of
+  reproduction, since its intracapsular protoplasm, along with the nuclei embedded in it, serves for
+  the formation of flagellate spores. The extracapsulum is partly the general organ for intercourse
+  with the outer world (by means of the pseudopodia), partly the special organ of protection
+  (calymma) and nutrition (sarcomatrix). The majority of Radiolaria develop also a skeleton for
+  support and protection, which presents the utmost variety of form, and is generally composed of
+  silica, sometimes of an organic substance (acanthin). The Radiolarian cell usually leads an
+  isolated existence (Monozoa <i>vel</i> Monocyttaria); only in a small minority (of one legion) are
+  the unicellular organisms united in colonies or c&#x0153;nobia (Polyzoa <i>vel</i>
+  Polycyttaria).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The extent of the Radiolaria, as limited by the above definition, which I have
+    made as compact as possible, differs in several important respects from that allowed to the
+    group by all previous diagnoses. The shortest expression of its scope might perhaps
+    be:&mdash;Rhizopoda with central capsule and calymma; for the most important character of the
+    Radiolaria, and that by which they are distinguished from all other Rhizopoda, is the
+    differentiation of the unicellular body into two principal parts of equal importance and their
+    separation by a constant capsule-membrane.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect2"></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>The Two Subclasses of the Radiolaria.</i>&mdash;The systematic catalogue of the
+  Radiolaria, which forms the second part of this Report, and is brought up to the year <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pageii">{ii}</span>1884, contains 20 orders, 85 families, 739 genera, and 4318
+  species. The consideration that but a small proportion of the ocean his yet been investigated
+  renders it likely, however, that even this large number does not include the half of the recent
+  species. The great progress which our knowledge of the organisation of the Radiolaria has made, by
+  means of comparative study, renders it possible to arrange this enormous mass of forms in four
+  main divisions or legions, and these are again related in pairs, so that two divisions of the
+  highest rank or subclasses are constituted, the <i>Porulosa</i> (or <i>Holotrypasta</i>) and
+  <i>Osculosa</i> (or <i>Merotrypasta</i>).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The division of the Radiolaria into two subclasses and four legions (or principal
+    orders), I sought to establish in 1883 in a communication on the Orders of the Radiolaria
+    (Sitzb. Jena Gesellsch. Med. u. Naturwiss., February 16, 1883). As a believer in the theory of
+    descent, I regard all the systematic arrangements of specialists as artificial, and all their
+    divisions as subjective abstractions, and hence I shall be guided in the establishment of such
+    groups as subclasses, legions, orders, &amp;c., by purely practical considerations, especially
+    by the desire to give as ready a survey as possible of the complex multitude of forms (compare
+    �� <a href="#sect154">154</a> to <a href="#sect156">156</a>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect3"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">3. <i>Porulosa or Holotrypasta.</i>&mdash;The subclass Porulosa or Holotrypasta
+  includes the two legions, <span class="sc">Peripylea</span> or <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, and <span class="sc">Actipylea</span> or <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, which agree in the following constant and important
+  characters:&mdash;(1) The <i>Central Capsule</i> is primitively a sphere, and retains this homaxon
+  form in the majority of the species. (2) The <i>Membrane</i> of the central capsule is everywhere
+  perforated by very numerous minute pores, but possesses no larger principal aperture (osculum).
+  (3) The <i>Pseudopodia</i> radiate in all directions and in great numbers from the central
+  capsule, passing through its pores. (4) The <i>Equilibrium</i> of the floating unicellular body is
+  in most Porulosa pantostatic (indifferent) or polystatic (plural-stable), since a vertical axis is
+  either absent, or, if present, has its two poles similarly constituted. (5) The
+  <i>Ground-forms</i> of the skeleton are therefore almost always either spherotypic or
+  isopolar-monaxon, very rarely zygotypic. The two legions of the Porulosa are distinguished mainly
+  by the skeleton of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (or <span class="sc">Peripylea</span>)
+  being siliceous, never centrogenous, nor composed of acanthin, whilst in the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> (or <span class="sc">Actipylea</span>) it is always centrogenous and
+  made up of acanthin; hence in the former the nucleus is always central, in the latter always
+  excentric.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect4"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">4. <i>Osculosa or Merotrypasta.</i>&mdash;The subclass Osculosa or Merotrypasta
+  includes the two legions <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> or <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>,
+  and <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span> or <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, which agree in the
+  following constant and important characters:&mdash;(1) The Central Capsule is originally monaxon
+  (ovoid or spheroidal) and retains this ground-form in most of the species. (2) The <i>Membrane</i>
+  of the central capsule possesses a single large principal aperture (osculum) at the basal pole of
+  the vertical main axis. (3) The <i>Pseudopodia</i> radiate from a stream of sarcode which passes
+  out from the central capsule only on one side, namely, through the principal aperture. (4) The
+  <i>Equilibrium</i> of the floating body is <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pageiii">{iii}</span>monostatic or unistable, since the two poles of the principal axis are
+  always more or less different from each other. (5) The <i>Ground-forms</i> of the skeleton are,
+  therefore, for the most part grammotypic (centraxon) or zygotypic (centroplan), rarely
+  spherotypic. The two legions of the Osculosa are distinguished chiefly by the principal opening
+  (osculum) being closed by a porous plate (porochora with its podoconus) in the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (or <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>), and by a radiate cover
+  (operculum with its astropyle) in the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (or <span
+  class="sc">Cannopylea</span>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect5"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">5. <i>The four Legions of Radiolaria.</i>&mdash;The four principal groups of
+  Radiolaria, to which we have given the name "legions," are natural units, since the most important
+  peculiarities in the structure of the central capsule are quite constant within the limits of the
+  same legion, and since all the forms in the same legion may be traced without violence to the same
+  phylogenetic stem. The four legions are, however, related to each other, in so far as they all
+  exhibit those characters which distinguish the Radiolaria from other Protista. The two which
+  compose the Porulosa (� <a href="#sect3">3</a>) seem somewhat more nearly related to each other
+  than to the two which make up the Osculosa (� <a href="#sect4">4</a>). When, however, the attempt
+  is made to bring them all into a phylogenetic relationship, it undoubtedly appears that the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (or <span class="sc">Peripylea</span>) are the primitive stem, out
+  of which the other three have been developed as independent branches. All three have been derived,
+  probably independently, from the most ancient stem-form of the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, the spherical <i>Actissa</i>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect6"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">6. <i>Peripylea or Spumellaria.</i>&mdash;Those Radiolaria which we call "<span
+  class="sc">Peripylea</span>" on account of the constitution of their central capsule, or "<span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>" on account of the nature of their skeleton, are separated from the
+  other three legions of the class by the combination of the following constant
+  characters:&mdash;(1) The <i>Membrane</i> of the central capsule is single and evenly perforated
+  all over by innumerable fine pore-canals, but without any larger principal opening (osculum). (2)
+  The <i>Nucleus</i> always lies centrally in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> monozoa and is
+  serotinous, for it divides only at a later period into the nuclei of the spores; in the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> polyzoa it is precocious, and divides early into many small nuclei.
+  (3) The <i>Pseudopodia</i> are exceedingly numerous and distributed evenly over the whole surface
+  of the central capsule. (4) The <i>Calymma</i> contains no ph�odium. (5) The <i>Skeleton</i> is
+  seldom wanting, is never centrogenous, and is always siliceous. (6) The <i>Ground-form</i> of the
+  central capsule is originally spherical (often modified); that of the skeleton is also spherical
+  or, in the majority of cases, derived in different ways from the sphere.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect7"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">7. <i>Actipylea or Acantharia.</i>&mdash;These <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads 'Radioloria'.">Radiolaria</span> which we call "<span
+  class="sc">Actipylea</span>" on account of the constitution of their central capsule, or "<span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>" from the formation of their skeleton, are separated from the other
+  three legions by the combination of the following constant characters:&mdash;(1) The
+  <i>Membrane</i> of the central capsule is single and <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pageiv">{iv}</span>perforated by numerous fine pore-canals, which are regularly distributed in
+  series or groups, but without a larger principal opening (osculum). (2) The <i>Nucleus</i> is
+  always excentric and generally precocious, since it divides early by a peculiar process of budding
+  into numerous small nuclei. (3) The <i>Pseudopodia</i> are very numerous and distributed regularly
+  in groups (or series united into a network). (4) The <i>Calymma</i> contains no ph�odium. (5) The
+  <i>Skeleton</i> is generally present, always centrogenous, and composed of acanthin. (6) The
+  <i>Ground-form</i> of the central capsule is originally spherical (often modified), that of the
+  skeleton polyaxon (often modified).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect8"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">8. <i>Monopylea or Nassellaria.</i>&mdash;Those Radiolaria which we call "<span
+  class="sc">Monopylea</span>" from the formation of their central capsule, or "<span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>" from the nature of their skeleton, are distinguished from the other
+  three legions of the class by the combination of the following constant characters:&mdash;(1) The
+  <i>Membrane</i> of the central capsule is single, and has only one large principal opening
+  (osculum) at the basal pole of the vertical main axis; this osculum is closed by a perforated lid
+  (porochora or operculum porosum) from which there arises within the central capsule a peculiar
+  cone of threads or pseudopodia (podoconus). (2) The <i>Nucleus</i> is usually excentric and is
+  always serotinous, since it only divides at a comparatively late period into spore-nuclei. (3) The
+  <i>Pseudopodia</i> are not very numerous and arise by division of a single stem or bundle of
+  threads of sarcode, which issues from the porochora. (4) The <i>Calymma</i> contains no ph�odium.
+  (5) The <i>Skeleton</i> (very rarely absent) is never centrogenous, but always extracapsular and
+  siliceous. (6) The <i>Ground-form</i> of the central capsule is always monaxon (with a vertical
+  allopolar main axis), originally ovoid, often modified; that of the skeleton is also generally
+  monaxon, often modified (triradial or bilateral).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect9"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">9. <i>Cannopylea or Ph�odaria.</i>&mdash;Those Radiolaria which we call "<span
+  class="sc">Cannopylea</span>" from the constitution of their central capsule, or "<span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>" on account of their peculiar ph�odium, are distinguished from the
+  other three legions by the combination of the following characters:&mdash;(1) The <i>Membrane</i>
+  of the central capsule is double, consisting of a strong outer and delicate inner capsule, and has
+  only one principal opening (osculum) at the basal pole of the vertical main axis; this osculum is
+  closed by a radiate cover (astropyle or operculum radiatum), from the centre of which arises an
+  external tubular spout (proboscis). Occasionally a few small accessory openings (parapyl�) are
+  present besides the principal opening. (2) The <i>Nucleus</i> lies centrally or subcentrally in
+  the capsule (in the vertical main axis), and is serotinous, inasmuch as it only divides at a late
+  period into spore-nuclei. (3) The <i>Pseudopodia</i> are usually very numerous and arise from a
+  thick sarcomatrix, formed by the spreading out of a thick stem of sarcode, which issues from the
+  astropyle. (4) The <i>Calymma</i> always contains a ph�odium or peculiar voluminous excentric mass
+  of pigment. (5) The <i>Skeleton</i> (very rarely absent) is never centrogenous, always
+  extracapsular and formed of a silicate of carbon. (6) The <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagev">{v}</span><i>Ground-form</i> of the central capsule is always monaxon (with a vertical
+  allopolar main axis) and generally spheroidal; that of the skeleton is very varied.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect10"></div>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Synopsis of the Subclasses and Legions:&mdash;</i></p>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 nothand" title="Synopsis of the Subclasses and Legions"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Subclasses and Legions">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac ba"><span class="sc">First Subclass</span>.</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac ba"><span class="sc">Second Subclass</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac ba">
+        <p><span class="sc">Porulosa</span> vel <span class="sc">Holotrypasta</span>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Central capsule originally spherical, without osculum or principal opening,
+        with innumerable fine pores.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac ba">
+        <p><span class="sc">Osculosa</span> vel <span class="sc">Merotrypasta</span>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Central capsule originally monaxon, with an osculum at the basal pole of the
+        vertical main axis.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac ba w25">Legion I.<br/>
+      <b>Spumellaria.</b><br/>
+      (<span class="sc">Peripylea</span>).</td>
+      <td class="ac ba w25">Legion II.<br/>
+      <b>Acantharia.</b><br/>
+      (<span class="sc">Actipylea</span>).</td>
+      <td class="ac ba w25">Legion III.<br/>
+      <b>Nassellaria.</b><br/>
+      (<span class="sc">Monopylea</span>).</td>
+      <td class="ac ba w25">Legion IV.<br/>
+      <b>Ph�odaria.</b><br/>
+      (<span class="sc">Cannopylea</span>).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Central capsule</i> originally spherical, homaxon.</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Central capsule</i> originally spherical, homaxon.</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Central capsule</i> originally ovoid, monaxon.</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Central capsule</i> always spheroidal, monaxon.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Capsule-membrane</i> single,<br/>
+      pores innumerable, distributed all over.</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Capsule-membrane</i> single,<br/>
+      pores numerous, regularly distributed.</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Capsule-membrane</i> single,<br/>
+      a porous area (porochora) at the oral pole of the main axis.</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Capsule-membrane</i> always double,<br/>
+      an astropyle (with radiate operculum) at the oral pole of the main axis.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Nucleus</i> central, originally spherical (usually dividing late).</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Nucleus</i> excentric, (usually dividing early).</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Nucleus</i> excentric, near the aboral pole (dividing late).</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Nucleus</i> always spheroidal, in the main axis (dividing late).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Skeleton</i> absent or siliceous, never centrogenous.</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Skeleton</i> always of acanthin, always centrogenous.</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Skeleton</i> siliceous, usually monaxon, extracapsular.</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Skeleton</i> of a silicate, always extracapsular.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Calymma</i> always without ph�odium.</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Calymma</i> always without ph�odium.</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Calymma</i> always without ph�odium.</td>
+      <td class="ac ba"><i>Calymma</i> always with ph�odium.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp3 w100 ba smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Subclasses and Legions"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Subclasses and Legions">
+    <tr>
+      <th colspan="2" class="ba"><span class="sc">First Subclass.</span></th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <th colspan="2" class="ba">
+        <p><span class="sc">Porulosa</span> vel <span class="sc">Holotrypasta</span>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Central capsule originally spherical, without osculum or principal opening,
+        with innumerable fine pores.</p>
+      </th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vtp ba">
+      <th class="w50">Legion I.<br/>
+      <b>Spumellaria.</b><br/>
+      (<span class="sc">Peripylea</span>).</th>
+      <th class="w50">Legion II.<br/>
+      <b>Acantharia.</b><br/>
+      (<span class="sc">Actipylea</span>).</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vtp ac pb05">
+      <td class="br"><i>Central capsule</i> originally spherical, homaxon.</td>
+      <td><i>Central capsule</i> originally spherical, homaxon.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vtp ac pb05">
+      <td class="br"><i>Capsule-membrane</i> single, pores innumerable, distributed all over.</td>
+      <td><i>Capsule-membrane</i> single, pores numerous, regularly distributed.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vtp ac pb05">
+      <td class="br"><i>Nucleus</i> central, originally spherical (usually dividing late).</td>
+      <td><i>Nucleus</i> excentric, (usually dividing early).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vtp ac pb05">
+      <td class="br"><i>Skeleton</i> absent or siliceous, never centrogenous.</td>
+      <td><i>Skeleton</i> always of acanthin, always centrogenous.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vtp ac pb05">
+      <td class="br"><i>Calymma</i> always without ph�odium.</td>
+      <td><i>Calymma</i> always without ph�odium.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <th colspan="2" class="ba"><span class="sc">Second Subclass.</span></th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <th colspan="2" class="ba">
+        <p><span class="sc">Osculosa</span> vel <span class="sc">Merotrypasta</span>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Central capsule originally monaxon, with an osculum at the basal pole of the
+        vertical main axis.</p>
+      </th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vtp ba">
+      <th class="w50">Legion III.<br/>
+      <b>Nassellaria.</b><br/>
+      (<span class="sc">Monopylea</span>).</th>
+      <th class="w50">Legion IV.<br/>
+      <b>Ph�odaria.</b><br/>
+      (<span class="sc">Cannopylea</span>).</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vtp ac pb05">
+      <td class="br"><i>Central capsule</i> originally ovoid, monaxon.</td>
+      <td><i>Central capsule</i> always spheroidal, monaxon.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vtp ac pb05">
+      <td class="br"><i>Capsule-membrane</i> single, a porous area (porochora) at the oral pole of
+      the main axis.</td>
+      <td><i>Capsule-membrane</i> always double, an astropyle (with radiate operculum) at the oral
+      pole of the main axis.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vtp ac pb05">
+      <td class="br"><i>Nucleus</i> excentric, near the aboral pole (dividing late).</td>
+      <td><i>Nucleus</i> always spheroidal, in the main axis (dividing late).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vtp ac pb05">
+      <td class="br"><i>Skeleton</i> siliceous, usually monaxon, extracapsular.</td>
+      <td><i>Skeleton</i> of a silicate, always extracapsular.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vtp ac pb05">
+      <td class="br"><i>Calymma</i> always without ph�odium.</td>
+      <td><i>Calymma</i> always with ph�odium.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div id="sect11"></div>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Individuality of the Radiolaria.</i>&mdash;Like other Protozoa the Radiolaria are
+  unicellular organisms, the whole fully developed organisation of which falls under the category of
+  a single cell, both morphologically and physiologically. Since this view is based upon the
+  composition of the individual body out of two different morphological elements, nucleus and
+  protoplasm, it is at once justified in the case of the majority of Radiolaria, in which the
+  plasmatic body encloses only a single nucleus (the so-called "Binnen-Bl�schen"); such is the case
+  in all the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> monozoa, <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>. This aspect of the case might appear doubtful in those
+  Radiolaria in which the simple primary cell-nucleus divides early into numerous small secondary
+  nuclei, as is the case in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> polyzoa and most <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>. Strictly speaking, the multinucleate central capsule should in such
+  cases be regarded as a syncytium; but since the individual unity of the unicellular organism is as
+  clearly defined in these precocious multinuclear Radiolaria as in the ordinary serotinous forms,
+  the former must be considered unicellular Rhizopods just as are the latter. This mode of regarding
+  <span class="pagenum" id="pagevi">{vi}</span>the case is the more necessary, inasmuch as the early
+  division of the nucleus has no further influence upon the organisation. Just as in many other
+  classes of the Protista there are monozootic (solitary) and polyzootic (social) forms, so also in
+  the Radiolaria there are in addition to the ordinary monozootic or monobious forms certain
+  families in which colonies or c&#x0153;nobia are formed by the association of individuals; this
+  distinction may be expressed by the terms "Monocyttaria" and "Polycyttaria."</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The unicellular nature of the Radiolaria was first established by Richard Hertwig
+    in 1879 (L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>),<a id="NtA_1" href="#Nt_1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> and brought
+    into conformity with our present histiological knowledge and the new reform of the cell-theory.
+    Huxley, however, who was in 1851 the first to examine living Radiolaria accurately, declared
+    <i>Thalassicolla nucleata</i> to be a unicellular Protozoon, and the individual central capsules
+    of <i>Sph�rozoum punctatum</i> to be cells, but, owing to the then condition of the cell-theory,
+    he was unable to give a conclusive demonstration of this view. Later, when Johannes M�ller in
+    1858 and myself in 1862 recognised the peculiar "yellow cells" which occur in large numbers in
+    many Radiolaria as true nucleated cells, it appeared impossible any longer to maintain the
+    unicellular nature of the Radiolaria; also the great complication which I showed to exist in the
+    structure of <i>Thalassicolla</i> appeared to contradict it. Only after Cienkowski (1871) and
+    Brandt (1881) had shown that the "yellow cells" do not belong to the Radiolarian organism, but
+    are symbiotic unicellular alg�, was it possible to revive and demonstrate anew the unicellular
+    nature of the Radiolaria.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect12"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">12. <i>Morphological Individuality.</i>&mdash;From the morphological standpoint the
+  individuality of the unicellular elementary organism is obvious in the ordinary solitary
+  Radiolaria (Monobia), and is to be so regarded that the whole body with all its constituent parts,
+  and not merely the central capsule, is to be regarded as <i>a cell</i>. Naturally the xanthell� or
+  yellow cells (�� <a href="#sect76">76</a>, <a href="#sect90">90</a>), which as independent alg�
+  live in symbiosis with many Radiolaria, must be excluded. The unicellular organisation of the
+  Radiolaria is further to be distinguished from that of the other Protista, inasmuch as an internal
+  membrane (capsule-membrane) separates the central (medullary) from the peripheral (cortical)
+  portion. In the c&#x0153;nobia of the social Radiolaria (or Polycyttaria), the morphological
+  individuality persists only as regards the medullary portions of the aggregated cells (the
+  individual central capsules), while the cortical portions fuse completely to form a common
+  extracapsulum. Hence in these <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> polyzoa two different stages of
+  morphological individuality must be distinguished, the <i>Cell</i> as a <i>Morphon of the first
+  stage</i>, and the <i>C&#x0153;nobium</i> as a <i>Morphon of the second stage</i>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect13"></div>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Physiological Individuality.</i>&mdash;From the physiological standpoint also the
+  individuality of the unicellular organism is immediately obvious in the case of the ordinary
+  solitary Radiolaria (Monobia); as in other Protista it fulfils all the functions of life by itself
+  alone. This physiological individuality of the monobious Radiolarian cell is furthermore not
+  influenced by the xanthell�, which live as independent alg� in symbiosis with many Radiolaria;
+  even though these often by the production of starch assist in the <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagevii">{vii}</span>nourishment of the Radiolaria, yet they are by no means indispensable to
+  them. On the other hand, the physiological individuality offers more complicated relations in the
+  social Radiolaria (Polycyttaria) which live united in colonies or c&#x0153;nobia. Here the actual
+  <i>Bion</i> (or the fully developed physiological individual) is not represented by the individual
+  cells, but by the whole multicellular c&#x0153;nobium, which in each species has a definite form
+  and size. In these c&#x0153;nobia, which are usually spherical or cylindrical jelly-like masses,
+  several millimeters in diameter, numerous cells are so intimately united that only their medullary
+  portions (the central capsule with the endoplasm) remain independent; the cortical portions
+  (calymma and exoplasm) on the contrary uniting into a common extracapsulum. This discharges, as a
+  whole, the functions of locomotion, sensation, and inception of nutriment, while the separate
+  central capsules act in the main only as reproductive organs (forming spores) and partly also as
+  the central organs of metastasis (digestion). Each c&#x0153;nobium may also be regarded as a
+  polycyttarium, <i>i.e.</i>, a "multicellular Radiolarian," whose numerous central capsules
+  represent so many sporangia or spore-capsules.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">On this head compare the section in my monograph of 1862 (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln16">16</a>), entitled Die Organisation der Radiolarien-Colonien; <i>Polyzoen</i> oder
+    <i>Polycyttarien?</i> (pp. <a href="#page116">116</a> to <a href="#page126">126</a>); and also
+    R. Hertwig, Zur Histologie der Radiolarien, 1876 (L. N. <a href="#ln26">26</a>, p. 23).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect14"></div>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Monocyttaria</i> and <i>Polycyttaria</i>.&mdash;In the majority of the Radiolaria each
+  unicellular organism passes its individual life in an isolated condition (as a Monocyttarium).
+  Only in a part of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> numerous unicellular individuals are
+  united into societies which are regarded as c&#x0153;nobia or colonies (Polycyttaria). This is the
+  case in three different families belonging to the <span class="sc">Peripylea</span>, in the
+  Collozoida (without a skeleton, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>),
+  the Sph�rozoida (with a Beloid skeleton, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>),
+  and the Collosph�rida (with a Sph�roid skeleton, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>). All three
+  families of Polycyttaria (or social Radiolaria), agree in their mode of forming colonies, since
+  the central capsules of the social individuals remain separate and lie in a common jelly-like
+  mass, which is formed by the fusion of their extracapsulum. The chief part of the voluminous
+  colonies, which attain a diameter of several millimetres (sometimes more than 1 cm.), and are
+  generally spherical, ellipsoidal or cylindrical, consists therefore of the jelly-like calymma, and
+  this is penetrated by a sarcoplegma, to whose meshes all the individual organisms contribute by
+  means of the pseudopodia, which radiate from their sarcomatrix. A further peculiarity in which the
+  social <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> differ from the solitary consists in the fact that the
+  former are precocious and the latter serotinous in the division of the nucleus (� <a
+  href="#sect64">64</a>). Whilst in the solitary or monozootic <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>
+  the middle of the central capsule is occupied by the simple nucleus, and this divides only at a
+  late period (immediately before the formation of spores) into the numerous spore nuclei, in the
+  colonial or polyzootic <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> this division takes place very early,
+  and the middle of each central capsule is usually occupied by an oil-globule.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageviii">{viii}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The colonial Radiolaria were described as early as the year 1834 by Meyen, the
+    first investigator of the class, under the name <i>Sph�rozoum</i>, and, as <i>Palmellaria</i>,
+    compared with the gelatinous colonies of the Nostochine�. The first accurate observations upon
+    their structure were, however, made in 1851 by Huxley, who described examples of all three
+    families under the name <i>Thalassicolla punctata</i>.  More extended, however, were the
+    investigations of Johannes M�ller, who in his fundamental work (1858) divided the whole class
+    Radiolaria into <i>Solitaria</i> and <i>Polyzoa</i>.  The <i>Radiolaria solitaria</i> he divided
+    into Thalassicolla, Polycystina and Acanthometra, the <i>Radiolaria polyzoa</i> into Sph�rozoa
+    (without a shell) and Collosph�ra (with a shell).  The most accurate delineation of the
+    Polycyttaria was given by Hertwig in his beautiful memoir, Zur Histologie der Radiolarien
+    (1876). Quite recently, however (1886), since the completion of my manuscript upon the
+    Challenger Radiolaria, a very complete Monograph of the Polycyttaria has appeared by Karl
+    Brandt, Die colonie-bildenden Radiolarien (Sph�rozoen) des Golfes von Neapel und der
+    angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte (276 pp., 8 pls., Berlin).  It contains in particular most
+    valuable contributions to the physiology and histology.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect15"></div>
+
+  <p>15. <i>The Central Capsule and Extracapsulum.</i>&mdash;The special peculiarity of the
+  unicellular Radiolarian organism, by which it is clearly distinguished from all other Rhizopoda
+  (and indeed from most other Protista), is its differentiation into two separate chief
+  constituents, the central capsule and extracapsulum, and the formation of a special membrane which
+  separates them. This, the capsule-membrane, is not to be compared with an ordinary cell-membrane,
+  as an external layer, but rather to be regarded as an internal differentiated product. The
+  extracapsulum or external (cortical) portion of the body is in most Radiolaria more voluminous
+  than the central capsule or inner (medullary) portion. The exoplasm of the former (the cortical or
+  extracapsular protoplasm) is emphatically different from the endoplasm of the latter (the
+  medullary or intracapsular protoplasm). Besides the most important vital processes are distributed
+  by division of labour so completely between them that they appear most distinctly co-ordinated.
+  The central capsule is on the one hand the general central organ of the "cell-soul" for the
+  discharge of its sensory and motor functions (comparable to a ganglion-cell), on the other hand
+  the special organ of reproduction (sporangium). The extracapsulum, also, is not less significant,
+  since on the one hand its calymma acts as a protecting envelope to the central capsule, as a
+  support to the pseudopodia, and a foundation for the skeleton or a matrix for the development of
+  the shell, and on the other hand its pseudopodia are of the utmost importance as peripheral organs
+  of movement and sensation as well as of nutrition and respiration. The <i>central capsule</i> and
+  the <i>extracapsulum</i> are therefore to be regarded both morphologically and physiologically as
+  the two <i>characteristic co-ordinated principal parts</i> of the unicellular Radiolarian
+  organism.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">In most of the more modern delineations of the Radiolaria the central capsule is
+    regarded as the "cell proper" and its membrane as the "cell-wall." The following facts are
+    opposed to the correctness of this interpretation:&mdash;1. In most Radiolaria the exoplasm is
+    clearly different from <span class="pagenum" id="pageix">{ix}</span>the endoplasm, and the
+    former is more voluminous than the latter. 2. In all Radiolaria the division of labour is so
+    carried out between the central capsule and the extracapsulum, that the physiological
+    significance and independence of both principal parts of the cell is almost equally great. 3. It
+    is only in the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> that the formation of the skeleton takes place
+    within the central capsule; in all the other three legions it is quite independent of it.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect16"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">16. <i>The Malacoma and Skeleton.</i>&mdash;Whilst the division of the unicellular
+  organism into central capsule and extracapsulum is undoubtedly the most important character of the
+  Radiolarian organism, the development of a skeleton of peculiar and most varied form is of very
+  striking significance. This skeleton is <i>always a secondary product of the cell</i>, but is
+  always anatomically so independent, and so clearly marked off from the soft parts or malacoma,
+  that it seems advisable to regard both separately in a general morphological survey. The skeleton
+  stands in a different relation to each of the two principal constituents of the malacoma. Only in
+  the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> is it centrogenous and developed from the central capsule
+  outwards. In the other three legions the skeleton never arises in the centre of the capsule; in
+  the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> it is always
+  extracapsular; in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> it is also outside the central capsule
+  originally, but afterwards becomes often surrounded by it, and finally lies in most cases partly
+  within and partly without the central capsule. The chemical basis of the skeleton in the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> is the curious acanthin (an organic substance allied to chitin), in
+  the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> a silicate of carbon, and in the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> silica.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect17"></div>
+
+  <p>17. <i>Ground-Forms of the Radiolaria (Promorphology).</i>&mdash;The ground-forms of the
+  Radiolaria exhibit a greater variety than those of any other class in the organic world, greater
+  indeed than is to be found in all the remaining groups together. For every conceivable ground-form
+  which can be defined in the system of promorphology is actually present in the Radiolaria; their
+  skeleton exhibits, as it were, in material existence, certain geometrical ground-forms which are
+  found in no other organisms. The cause of this unexampled richness in different forms lies chiefly
+  in the static relations of the Radiolaria, which swim freely in the sea, partly also in the
+  peculiar plasticity of their protoplasm and the material of their skeletons.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">Regarding the general system of ground-forms compare my Generelle Morphologie
+    (1866, Bd. i. pp. 375-552; Bd. iv., Allgemeine Grundformenlehre). The ground-forms there
+    proposed and systematically defined have, however, found but little acceptance (chiefly, no
+    doubt, owing to the difficult and complicated nomenclature); but having now, twenty years after
+    their publication, anew carefully revised and critically studied them, I can find no sufficient
+    reason for abandoning the principles there adopted. On the contrary the study of the Challenger
+    Radiolaria during the last ten years, with its incomparable wealth of forms, has only confirmed
+    the accuracy of my system of ground-forms. The customary treatment of these in zoological and
+    botanical handbooks (such as those of Claus and Sachs) is quite insufficient.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagex">{x}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect18"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">18. <i>The Principal Groups of Geometrical Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;The great
+  variety of the geometrical ground-forms which are actually realised in the variously shaped bodies
+  of the Radiolaria, renders it desirable to classify these in as small a number as possible of
+  principal groups and a larger number of subdivisions. As extensive principal groups four at least
+  must be distinguished; the <i>Centrostigma</i> or Sph�rotypic, the <i>Centraxonia</i> or
+  Grammotypic, the <i>Centroplana</i> or Zygotypic, and the <i>Acentrica</i> or Atypic. The natural
+  centre of the body, about which all its parts are regularly arranged, is in the first group a
+  point (stigma), in the second a straight line (principal axis), in the third a plane (sagittal
+  plane), in the fourth a centre is of course wanting.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect19"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">19. <i>The Centrostigma or Sph�rotypic Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;The first group of
+  geometrical ground-forms, here distinguished as sph�rotypic or the centrostigma, is undoubtedly
+  the most important among the Radiolaria, inasmuch as if these be considered monophyletic, it must
+  be the original one from which all the other ground-forms have been derived. The common character
+  of all these sph�rotypic ground-forms is that their natural centre is a point (stigma); thus there
+  is no single principal axis (or protaxon) such as is characteristic of the two following groups.
+  The sph�rotypic ground-forms are subdivided into two important smaller groups, the <i>spheres</i>
+  (Homaxonia) and the <i>endospherical polyhedra</i> (Polyaxonia). The spherical ground-forms, fully
+  developed in the central capsule and calymma of <i>Actissa</i> and the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> as well as in many <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, present no
+  different axes; all possible axes passing through the centre of the body are equal (Homaxonia). In
+  the endospherical polyhedra, on the contrary, numerous axes (three at least) may be distinguished,
+  which are precisely equal to each other and different from all the remaining axes (Polyaxonia). If
+  the extremities of these axes, or the poles, which are all equidistant from the common centre, be
+  united by straight lines, a polyhedral figure is produced whose angles all lie in the surface of
+  the sphere. According as the poles of the axes are at equal, subequal, or at different distances
+  from each other, we may divide the endospherical polyhedra into regular, subregular and irregular.
+  (See Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. pp. 404-416.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect20"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">20. <i>The Centraxonia or Grammotypic Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;The second principal
+  group of organic ground-forms, here called grammotypic or centraxonia, is characterised by the
+  fact that a straight line (gramma) or a single principal axis (protaxon) forms the natural centre
+  of the body. This important and extensive group is divided into two subgroups, those with one axis
+  (Monaxonia) and those with crossed axes (Stauraxonia); in the latter different secondary
+  transverse or cross-axes may be distinguished, but not in the former. In the Monaxonia, therefore,
+  every transverse section of the body perpendicular to the principal axis is a circle, in the
+  Stauraxonia, on the contrary, a polygon. The Monaxonia are further subdivided into two groups, in
+  one of which the two poles of the principal axis <span class="pagenum" id="pagexi">{xi}</span>are
+  equal and similar (Isopolar), in the other of which they are different (Allopolar); in the former
+  the two halves of the body, which are separated by the equatorial plane (or the largest transverse
+  plane, perpendicular to the principal axis), are equal, in the latter unequal. Among the isopolar
+  uniaxial ground-forms (Monaxonia isopola) may be mentioned the ellipsoidal, spheroidal,
+  lenticular, &amp;c.; to the allopolar uniaxial forms (Monaxonia allopola) belong the conical,
+  hemispherical, ovoid, &amp;c. In the same way the pyramidal ground-forms with crossed axes are
+  divisible into two groups, according as the two poles of the principal axis are equal or not. The
+  ground-form of the former is the double pyramid, that of the latter the single pyramid. Both the
+  double and the single pyramids may again be subdivided, each into two important lesser groups, the
+  regular and the amphithect. In the first division the equatorial plane of the double and the basal
+  plane of the single pyramid is a regular polygon (square, &amp;c.), whilst in the other division
+  it is an elongated or amphithect polygon (rhombus, &amp;c.); the crossed axes are equal in the
+  former, unequal in the latter. (See Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. pp. 416-494.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect21"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">21. <i>The Centroplana or Zygotypic Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;The third principal
+  group of ground-forms includes those which are bilaterally symmetrical in the ordinary sense, or
+  zeugitic or zygotypic; the natural centre of their body is a plane. These forms are the only ones
+  in which the distinction between right and left is possible, since their body is divided by the
+  median plane (planum sagittale) into two symmetrical halves (right and left). In all these
+  zeugites the position of every part is determined by three axes perpendicular to each other, and
+  of these three dimensive axes two are allopolar, one is isopolar. The two unlike poles of the
+  principal (or longitudinal) axis are the oral and aboral, the two unlike poles of the sagittal (or
+  vertical) axis are the dorsal and ventral; the two similar poles of the frontal (or transverse)
+  axis, however, are the right and left. This important group of zeugitic or bilateral forms may
+  also be divided into two clearly distinct lesser groups, the <i>Amphipleura</i> and the
+  <i>Zygopleura</i>. In the Amphipleura (or bilaterally radial ground-forms) the "radial two-sided"
+  body is produced by modification of a regular pyramid (as <i>Spatangus</i> from <i>Echinus</i>),
+  and hence is composed of several (not less than three) antimeres. In the Zygopleura (or
+  bilaterally symmetrical ground-forms) on the other hand, the bodies consist of two antimeres (as
+  in all the higher animals, Vertebrata, Arthropoda, &amp;c.). (See Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. pp.
+  495-527.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect22"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">22. <i>The Acentrica or Atypic Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;Among the acentrica or
+  anaxonia are included all those ground-forms which are absolutely irregular, and in which neither
+  a definite centre nor constant axes can be distinguished (<i>e.g.</i>, most Sponges). These quite
+  irregular ground-forms are very rare among the Radiolaria, but nevertheless there may be referred
+  to them the am&#x0153;boid central capsule of some <span class="gsp">Colloidea</span>
+  (<i>Collodastrum</i>, p. <a href="#page27">27</a>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>, figs. 4, 5)
+  among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, the irregular shells of many Collosph�rida <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagexii">{xii}</span>(Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>,
+  fig. 2), and the absolutely irregular shells of the Phorticida and Soreumida among the <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>. (See Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. p. 400.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect23"></div>
+
+  <p>23. <i>The Subsidiary Groups of Geometrical Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;The four natural principal
+  groups of ground-forms, which have just been defined according to the nature of the centre of
+  their bodies, may be divided again into numerous subsidiary groups, defined by the relations of
+  the constant axes and the two poles of each axis, as well as by the number of the axes and the
+  differentiation of the secondary with respect to the principal axis. The most important of these
+  subsidiary groups into which the principal ones are immediately divided are the
+  following:&mdash;(1) The <i>Centrostigma</i> (or sph�rotypic) are divided into spheres (Homaxonia)
+  and endospherical polyhedra (Polyaxonia). (2) The <i>Centraxonia</i> (or grammotypic) into
+  uniaxial (Monaxonia) and those with crossed axes (Stauraxonia); among the former of these may be
+  distinguished the isopolar (phacotypic) and the allopolar (conotypic); among the latter the double
+  and single pyramids. (3) The <i>Centroplana</i> (or bilaterals) are divided into amphipleura (or
+  bilaterally radial) and zygopleura (or bilaterally symmetrical). (4) The <i>Acentrica</i> (or
+  Anaxonia) or absolutely irregular ground-forms, present no special subdivisions.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">For a complete system of the geometrical ground-forms and their relation to
+    promorphological classification, see Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. pp. 555-558.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect24"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">24. <i>The Spherical or Homaxon Ground-Form.</i>&mdash;The spherical is the only
+  absolutely regular ground-form, since only in it are all axes which pass through the centre equal;
+  it is very often realised among the Radiolaria, especially in the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, where it furnishes the
+  common original ground-form, but it is often to be seen in the shells of many <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (in most <span class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span>); on the other hand, it
+  is never found among the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. Geometrical spheres, in the strict
+  sense of the term, are only to be found among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, namely, in the central capsule of many <span
+  class="gsp">Collodaria</span> (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>) and all
+  <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>) as well as
+  many Acanthometra and Acanthophracta (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>).
+  Nevertheless, speaking generally, one includes those central capsules and skeletons which have
+  been distinguished here as endospherical polyhedra. (On these ground-forms see Gener. Morphol.,
+  Bd. i. pp. 404-406.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect25"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">25. <i>The Endospherical Polyhedral Ground-Form.</i>&mdash;The endospherical
+  polyhedron or polyaxon ground-form naturally follows the spherical or homaxon. Under it are
+  included all polyhedra whose angles fall in the surface of a sphere; this ground-form is
+  especially common among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, especially in the shells of <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, but is also found among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>
+  (especially in the Astrolophida and <span class="gsp">Sph�rophracta</span>), as well as among the
+  <span class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span> (in most genera of the Orosph�rida, Sagosph�rida, and
+  Aulosph�rida). Strictly speaking, all those lattice-shells which have <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagexiii">{xiii}</span>been incorrectly called "spherical" belong to this category, for they
+  are none of them true spheres in the geometrical sense (like the central capsules of the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>), but rather endospherical polyhedra, whose angles are indicated by
+  the nodal points of the lattice shell, or the radial spines which spring from them. These
+  endospherical polyhedra may be divided into three groups, the regular, subregular, and irregular.
+  Of <i>regular polyhedra</i>, properly so-called, it may be shown geometrically that only five can
+  exist, namely, the regular tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, dodecahedron, and icosahedron. All these
+  are actually manifested among the Radiolaria, although but seldom.  Much more common are the
+  <i>subregular endospherical polyhedra</i>, <i>e.g.</i>, spherical lattice-shells with regular
+  hexagonal meshes of equal size; they are never exactly equal nor perfectly regular, but the
+  divergences are so insignificant that they escape superficial observation (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>, figs. 3, 4;
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-3). On the contrary in the <i>irregular endospherical polyhedra</i> the meshes of the
+  lattice-sphere are more or less different in size and often in form also (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>, figs. 4, 8;
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>,
+  figs. 4, 6). The five truly regular polyhedra require separate notice on account of their
+  importance. (See Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. p. 406.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect26"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">26. <i>The Regular Icosahedral Ground-Form.</i>&mdash;The ground-form whose
+  geometrical type is the regular icosahedron (bounded by twenty equilateral triangles) is rarely
+  exemplified, but it occurs among the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> in the Circoporid genus
+  <i>Circogonia</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>,
+  fig. 1), and also in certain Aulosph�rida, but, apparently, only as an accidental variation
+  (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Aulosph�ra icosahedra</i>). Furthermore, this ground-form may also be assumed to
+  occur in those <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> whose spherical lattice-shells bear twelve
+  equidistant radial spines (<i>e.g.</i>, many species of <i>Acanthosph�ra</i>, <i>Heliosph�ra</i>,
+  and other Astrosph�rida); the basal points of these spines indicate the twelve angles of the
+  regular icosahedron. (See on this head Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. p. 411.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect27"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">27. <i>The Regular Dodecahedral Ground-Form.</i>&mdash;The ground-form whose
+  geometrical type is the regular dodecahedron (or pentagonal dodecahedron), bounded by twelve
+  equilateral and equiangular pentagons, is very rarely found perfectly developed, as in
+  <i>Circorrhegma dodecahedra</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>,
+  fig. 2). This form is by no means so common among the Radiolaria as in the pollen grains of plants
+  (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Buchholzia maritima</i>, <i>Fumaria spicata</i>, <i>Polygonum amphibium</i>,
+  &amp;c.). It can, however, be regarded as present in all those <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>
+  whose spherical lattice-shells bear twenty equal and equidistant radial spines (<i>e.g.</i>, many
+  species of <i>Acanthosph�ra</i>, <i>Heliosph�ra</i>, and other Astrosph�rida); the basal points of
+  these spines mark out the twenty angles of the regular pentagonal dodecahedron. (See Gener.
+  Morphol., Bd. i. p. 412.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect28"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">28. <i>The Regular Octahedral Ground-Form.</i>&mdash;The ground-form whose
+  geometrical type is the regular octahedron (bounded by eight equilateral triangles), commonly
+  appears among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> in the family Cubosph�rida (p. <a
+  href="#page169">169</a>, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>). In <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagexiv">{xiv}</span>these <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> the typical
+  ground-form is usually indicated by six equal radial spines, which are opposed to each other in
+  pairs, and lie in three similar axes perpendicular to each other; these are the three axes of the
+  tesseral crystallographic system; one of them is vertical, whilst the other two cross each other
+  at right angles in its centre. Occasionally, too, the spherical form of the lattice-shell passes
+  over into that of the regular octahedron (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>,
+  figs. 8, 10). The same form recurs in <i>Circoporus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, fig. 6)
+  among the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>. In the vegetable kingdom it is exhibited by the
+  antheridia of <i>Chara</i>. It is not found in the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>. (See Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. p. 412.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect29"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">29. <i>The Regular Cubic Ground-Form.</i>&mdash;The ground-form whose geometrical
+  type is that of a die or cube, is actually presented in a very striking manner by various
+  Radiolaria. Among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> it occurs in certain <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, <i>e.g.</i>, in the Astrosph�rid genera <i>Centrocubus</i> and
+  <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Octodendrum'.">Octodendron</span></i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>, figs. 1-3);
+  in these the central medullary shell is a complete cube, bounded by six equal squares, from the
+  eight angles of which eight equal radial spines project. This form can also be regarded as present
+  in those <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> whose spherical lattice-shell bears eight equal and
+  equidistant radial spines (many Astrosph�rida). Besides these the cubic ground-form is to be seen
+  in certain <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> of the family Tympanida, especially in
+  <i>Lithocubus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>,
+  fig. 12; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>,
+  fig. 13), in many species of <i>Acrocubus</i>, <i>Microcubus</i>, &amp;c.; the twelve bars of its
+  lattice-skeleton correspond often exactly to the edges of the cube. (See Gener. Morphol., Bd. i.
+  p. 413.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect30"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">30. <i>The Regular Tetrahedral Ground-Form.</i>&mdash;The ground-form whose
+  geometrical type is the regular tetrahedron, bounded by four equilateral triangles, occurs less
+  frequently in the Radiolaria than the other four regular polyhedra. Among the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> it is found in the <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>, and especially
+  in those members of the Thalassosph�rida and Sph�rozoida whose spicules bear four equal branches,
+  diverging at equal angles from a common centre. Precisely the same structure is seen also among
+  the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> in some <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, as in
+  <i>Tetraplagia</i> among the Plagonida, and <i>Tetraplecta</i> among the Plectanida. The skeleton
+  of both these genera consists of four equal rods, which radiate at equal angles from a common
+  centre, just as do the axes of the regular tetrahedron. The tetrahedral form of these <span
+  class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> is the more important and interesting since on the one hand it is
+  related to the similar spicular form of the <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>, and on the other
+  perhaps furnishes the starting point from which <i>Cortina</i> among the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> may be derived (<i>Plagoniscus</i>, <i>Plectaniscus</i>). (See
+  Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. p. 415.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect31"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">31. <i>The Isopolar-Monaxon or Phacotypic Ground-Form.</i>&mdash;The isopolar
+  uniaxial or phacotypic ground-form is characterised by the possession of a vertical main axis with
+  <span class="pagenum" id="pagexv">{xv}</span>equal poles, whilst no transverse axes are
+  differentiated. All horizontal planes which cut the axis at right angles are circles, and increase
+  in size from the poles towards the equator. The most important ground-forms of this group are the
+  <i>phacoid</i> (the lens or oblate spheroid) and the <i>ellipsoid</i> (or prolate spheroid).
+  Phacoids (or geometrical lenses with blunt margins) are very often presented by the central
+  capsules of the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> and of many <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>
+  (Quadrilonchida and Hexalaspida), but the lattice-shells of many <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> exhibit the same form, as
+  also do a few <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Aulophacus</i>). True geometrical
+  ellipsoids are seen in the central capsules of many <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> among the
+  <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, and of many Amphilonchida and Belonaspida among the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>. Furthermore, the lattice shells of many species of these groups
+  retain the same essential form, <i>e.g.</i>, many Ellipsida, Druppulida, and Spongurida (Pls.
+  13-17, and 39), as well as most Belonaspida. (See Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. p. 422.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect32"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">32. <i>Allopolar-Monaxon or Conotypic Ground-Form.</i>&mdash;The allopolar uniaxial
+  or conotypic ground-form is characterised by the possession of a vertical main axis whose two
+  poles are unlike, while no transverse axes are differentiated.  All horizontal planes cutting the
+  main axis at right angles are circles, and decrease more rapidly from the largest plane towards
+  the basal than towards the apical pole.  The most important ground-forms of this group are the
+  ovoid, the cone, and the hemisphere. They often occur (and in geometrical perfection) in the
+  egg-shaped central capsule and podoconus of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, as well as in
+  the shells of several groups of this legion, particularly in the Cyrtocalpida or Monocyrtida
+  eradiata (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>,
+  figs. 10-13), and in many Stichocyrtida eradiata; furthermore, they are also seen among the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, <i>e.g.</i>, certain Challengerida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, figs.
+  19-22). (See Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. p. 426.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect33"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">33. <i>The Regular Dipyramidal or Quadrilonchial Ground-Form.</i>&mdash;The
+  ground-forms whose geometrical type is the regular double pyramid are characterised by a vertical
+  main axis which possesses equal poles, and which is crossed at its centre by several equal
+  transverse axes. The horizontal equatorial plane is therefore a regular polygon, and divides the
+  body into two equal regular pyramids.  The simplest and commonest form of this group is the
+  quadratic octahedron, the ground-form of the quadratic crystallographic system; its equatorial
+  plane is a square. This regular dipyramidal ground-form occurs among the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> in the shells of the Staurosph�rida as well as of many <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, in which several equidistant radial spines or arms lie in the
+  quadratic equatorial plane of the body, and project from the margin of the lenticular disc
+  (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Sethostaurus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>;
+  <i>Histiastrum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate46"><b>46</b></a>,
+  &amp;c.). It is, however, among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> that the most important
+  part is played by this ground-form (and especially by the quadratic octahedron); it forms the
+  basis of all those <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> in which twenty radial spines are disposed according to the
+  M�llerian Law, and in which <span class="pagenum" id="pagexvi">{xvi}</span>the four equatorial
+  spines are of equal dimensions (Icosacantha). (See Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. p. 436-446.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect34"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">34. <i>The Amphithect Dipyramidal or Lentelliptical Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;The
+  ground-forms whose geometrical type is the lenticular or "triaxial" ellipsoid, may also be
+  designated amphithect double pyramids; they are characterised by the possession of a vertical main
+  axis which has similar poles, and is crossed at its middle by two transverse axes, unequal but
+  isopolar. The horizontal equatorial plane of the body is therefore an amphithect or elongated
+  polygon (a rhombus in the simplest case possible), and divides the whole body into two equal
+  amphithect pyramids. The simplest and commonest form of this group is the rhombic octahedron,
+  which is also the ground-form of the rhombic crystallographic system. It plays an important part
+  in those <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> in which twenty radial spines are disposed according
+  to the M�llerian Law, but in which the two pairs of equatorial spines are unequal (different
+  geotomical and hydrotomical axes, see p. <a href="#page719">719</a>); to this category belong the
+  Amphilonchida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>),
+  Belonaspida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>),
+  Hexalaspida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>),
+  and Diploconida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>).
+  A form essentially identical obtains also among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> in the
+  majority of the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, both in their triaxial lattice-shells, and in
+  their lentelliptical central capsules, which present geometrically accurate triaxial ellipsoids,
+  with three unequal isopolar axes at right angles to each other. (See Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. p.
+  446-452.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect35"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">35. <i>The Regular Pyramidal Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;The ground-forms whose
+  geometrical type is the regular pyramid, and which are the most conspicuous in the Medus�, Polyps,
+  Corals, and regular Echinoderms (the Radiata of earlier authors), are almost confined among the
+  Radiolaria to the legion <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>; they occur, however, in the great
+  majority of these, and especially in those families which may be classed together as "<span
+  class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> triradiata et multiradiata." Strictly speaking, however, almost all
+  these <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, at all events in their origin, are bilateral or
+  dipleuric, since the primary sagittal ring with its characteristic apophyses marks out the
+  sagittal median plane, and further, since the three feet of the basal tripod are usually divided
+  into an unpaired dorsal (pes caudalis) and two paired ventral or lateral (pedes pectorales, dexter
+  et sinister). On the other hand, it is noteworthy, firstly, that among the primitive <span
+  class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> there are perfectly regular radial forms, without any indication of
+  an original bilateral symmetry, and secondly, that similar forms are also very common among the
+  <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, probably as secondary radial forms, developed from primitive
+  bilateral ones. Similar cases also occur in certain <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>
+  (<i>e.g.</i>, the Medusettida and Tuscarorida, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>), but they
+  are entirely wanting among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. The multiradial <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> have arisen
+  from the triradial by the interpolation of three, six, nine, or more interradial and adradial
+  secondary apophyses between the three primary perradial ones. (See Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. pp.
+  459-874.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexvii">{xvii}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect36"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">36. <i>The Amphithect Pyramidal Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;The ground-forms whose
+  geometrical type is the amphithect pyramid, are distinguished from the regular pyramidal forms,
+  just discussed, chiefly by the form of the basal plane, which is not a regular, but an amphithect
+  or elongated polygon (in the simplest case a rhombus). Hence in this case the <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'alloplar'.">allopolar</span> main axis of the body is
+  crossed by two transverse axes which are isopolar and at right angles, but are unequal; they
+  cannot, however be distinguished as sagittal and frontal axes as is the case in the zeugites. In
+  the animal as well as in the vegetable kingdom, an important part is played by this ground-form,
+  <i>e.g.</i>, in the Ctenophora, where it is the rhombic pyramid.  Among the Radiolaria it is not
+  common, though it is clearly expressed among the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> in a number
+  of <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (Stephanida and Tympanida), as well as in many <span
+  class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, the bipedal Zygospirida). It is very accurately
+  developed among the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> in the bivalved <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span> (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>), where
+  the two valves of the shell (dorsal and ventral) are generally exactly alike, their median keels
+  corresponding to the poles of the sagittal axis. In the slit between the two valves lie the two
+  secondary openings (right and left) of the tripylean central capsule, corresponding to the two
+  poles of the frontal axis, and the main axis stands perpendicularly to both these, its oral pole
+  being indicated by the astropyle, or principal aperture. (See Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. pp.
+  479-494.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect37"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">37. <i>The Amphipleural Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;By the term amphipleural
+  ground-forms are to be understood those usually defined as "bilaterally radial"; their geometrical
+  type is a half amphithect pyramid. The best known examples of this form in the animal kingdom are
+  the bilateral five-rayed Echinoderms (<i>Spatangus</i>, <i>Clypeaster</i>), in the vegetable
+  kingdom the symmetrical five-rayed flowers (<i>Viola</i>, <i>Trifolium</i>). The three dimensive
+  axes have the same relation as in the zygopleura, to be next discussed, and which also resemble
+  them in being divisible only by one plane (the sagittal median plane) into two equal halves. They
+  differ, however, the amphipleural body not being made up of two antimeres, but of at least three
+  pairs of antimeres (or three parameres), being therefore primitively radial. Hence each of the
+  symmetrical halves of the body contains more than one antimere. Among the Radiolaria this form
+  does not occur in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, or
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>; it is very common, however, among the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>; many <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> multiradiata and <span
+  class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> multiradiata show this bilaterally radial ground-form, inasmuch as
+  the body consists of two symmetrical halves, and is also composed of numerous (usually three, six,
+  nine, or more) radial parameres. In the multiradiate Dicyrtida and Tricyrtida the cephalis (the
+  first joint) is usually bilateral, whilst the thorax (the second joint) is multiradial. (See
+  Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. pp. 495-506.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect38"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">38. <i>The Zygopleural Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;As zygopleural or dipleural
+  ground-forms, as opposed to the amphipleural, are classed those zeugites or centroplana which are
+  known <span class="pagenum" id="pagexviii">{xviii}</span>as "bilaterally symmetrical" in the
+  strictest sense of the term. This is the most important ground-form in the animal kingdom,
+  inasmuch as it obtains almost exclusively among the higher animals (Vertebrata, Articulata,
+  Mollusca, Vermes). The body consists of only two antimeres, which correspond to the two
+  symmetrical halves of the body. Of the three dimensive axes two are allopolar, one isopolar; the
+  oral pole of the longitudinal main axis is different from the aboral; the dorsal pole of the
+  sagittal axis is different from the ventral; but the right pole of the frontal axis is equal to
+  the left. The right antimere is usually precisely similar to the left (Eudipleura), more rarely it
+  is slightly dissimilar or asymmetrical (Dysdipleura). Among the Radiolaria this ground-form is
+  entirely wanting in the Porulosa or Holotrypasta (<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>), but on the contrary it is very common in the Osculosa or
+  Merotrypasta (<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>). In the
+  <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> it is of special importance, for the typical <i>Cortina</i>
+  (the combination of the primary sagittal ring with the basal tripod) exhibits the zygopleural
+  ground-form clearly sketched out; indeed it is usually clearly seen even in the sagittal ring
+  itself, for its ventral segment is more strongly curved than the dorsal; its basal (or oral) pole
+  is always different from the apical (or aboral). Of the three feet of the basal tripod the
+  unpaired (caudal) one is directed dorsally and backwards, the two paired (pectoral) ones ventrally
+  and forwards. The majority of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> may be regarded as
+  modifications of this original ground-form. Its relation to the primitively triradiate tripod
+  presents a still unsolved problem, and the numerous relations of the zygopleural to the
+  multiradiate ground-forms in the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> are exceedingly complicated.
+  The zygopleural ground-form is less widely distributed among the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, though it is very characteristically developed in the rich and varied
+  group of Challengerida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>).
+  (See Gener. Morphol., Bd. i. pp. 507-527.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect39"></div>
+
+  <p>39. <i>Synopsis of the Geometrical Ground-Forms:&mdash;</i></p>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Geometrical Ground-Forms"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Geometrical Ground-Forms">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi ac w20">Principal Groups of<br/>
+      Ground-Forms.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="vmi ac w20">Subsidiary Groups of<br/>
+      Ground-Forms.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="vmi ac w30">Geometrical Type.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="vmi ac w30">Examples.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="7" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>I. <span class="sc">Centrostigma.</span></p>
+        <p class="sp0">The geometrical centre of the body is a point. Main axis wanting.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="7" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace13sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><b>I. Homaxonia.</b></p>
+        <p class="sp0">All axes equal</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi">1. <i>Sphere</i>,</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Central capsule of the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> and of many
+      <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><b>II. Polyaxonia.</b></p>
+        <p class="sp0">Endospherical polyhedra. All the angles of the body lie on the surface of a
+        sphere. Numerous isopolar axes.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace10sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">2. <i>Endospherical polyhedron</i>,</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Lattice-spheres of the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, <span
+      class="gsp">Sph�rophracta</span>, and <span class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="vmi">3. <i>Icosahedron</i>,</td>
+      <td class="vmi"><i>Circogonia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="vmi">4. <i>Dodecahedron</i>,</td>
+      <td class="vmi"><i>Circorrhegma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="vmi">5. <i>Octahedron</i>,</td>
+      <td class="vmi">Cubosph�rida, <i>Circoporus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="vmi">6. <i>Cube</i>,</td>
+      <td class="vmi"><i>Centrocubus</i>, <i>Lithocubus</i>, &amp;c.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="vmi">7. <i>Tetrahedron</i>,</td>
+      <td class="vmi"><i>Tetraplagia</i>, <i>Tetraplecta</i>, &amp;c.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"><span class="pagenum" id="pagexix">{xix}</span>
+        <p>II. <span class="sc">Centraxonia</span>.</p>
+        <p>The geometrical centre of the body is a straight line (the vertical main axis).</p>
+        <p>&nbsp;</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Constant transverse axes (perpendicular to the main axis) are wanting in the
+        Monaxonia (which have circular transverse sections); on the contrary they are differentiated
+        in the Stauraxonia (which have polygonal transverse sections).</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace20sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi sp0">
+        <p><b>III. Monaxonia</b>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Uniaxial ground-forms or centraxonia without transverse axes. The transverse
+        planes (perpendicular to the main axis) are circles.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>8. <i>Monaxonia isopola.</i></p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Spheroids and ellipsoids; both poles of the main axis similar.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Central capsule and lattice-shell of of many <span
+      class="gsp">Discoidea</span> (lenses) and <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> (ellipsoids),
+      Belonaspida, &amp;c.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>9. <i>Monaxonia allopola.</i></p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Cone, ovoid and hemisphere; the two poles of the axis dissimilar.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Central capsule and lattice-shell of many <span
+      class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, especially the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> eradiata
+      (Cyrtocalpida, &amp;c.).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><b>IV. Stauraxonia</b>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Pyramidal ground-forms or centraxonia with transverse axes. The transverse
+        planes (perpendicular to the main axis) are either regular or amphithect polygons.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace13sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>10. <i>Dipyramides regulares.</i></p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Quadratic octahedron, or quadrilonchial forms and regular double
+        pyramids.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05"><span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with twenty radial spines, the four
+      equatorial being equal. Multiradial <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> and
+      Staurosph�rida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>11. <i>Dipyramides amphithect�.</i></p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Rhombic octahedron, lentellipsoid, and amphithect double pyramids.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05"><span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with twenty radial spines, whose
+      four equatorial spines are unequal but paired. Many <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>12. <i>Pyramides regulares.</i></p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Regular pyramids.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Many <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (triradial and multiradial).
+      Medusettida and Tuscarorida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>13. <i>Pyramides amphithect�.</i></p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Rhombic pyramids.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05"><span class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span>. Bipedal <span
+      class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. <span class="sc">Centroplana</span>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">The geometrical centre of the body is a plane (the sagittal plane).</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><b>V. Bilateralia</b> (or <b>Zeugita</b>).</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Bilateral forms in the general sense, with right and left halves.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>14. <i>Amphipleura</i></p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Bilaterally radial ground-form.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Many <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> and <span
+      class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> multiradiata.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>15. <i>Zygopleura</i>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Bilaterally symmetrical ground-form.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Most <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (primitively at least), many
+      Challengerida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>IV. <span class="sc">Acentra</span>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">There is no geometrical centre.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><b>VI. Anaxonia</b>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">No definite axes can be determined.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>16. <i>Irregularia</i>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Absolutely irregular ground-forms.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05"><i>Collodastrum</i>, <i>Collosph�ra</i>, Phorticida, Soreumida.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="w100 smaller ba handonly" title="Synopsis of the Subclasses and Legions"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Subclasses and Legions">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6" class="ba pb05 pt05">Principal Groups of Ground-Forms.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="4" class="ba pb05 pt05">Subsidiary Groups of Ground-Forms.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ba pb05 pt05">Geometrical Type.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td class="ba pb05 pt05">Examples.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6" class="sp0 pt05">
+        <p>I. <span class="sc">Centrostigma.</span></p>
+        <p class="sp0">The geometrical centre of the body is a point. Main axis wanting.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p><b>I. Homaxonia.</b></p>
+        <p class="sp0">All axes equal.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">1. <i>Sphere</i>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td>&nbsp;</td>
+      <td>Central capsule of the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> and of many <span
+      class="sc">Acantharia</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p><b>II. Polyaxonia.</b></p>
+        <p class="sp0">Endospherical polyhedra. All the angles of the body lie on the surface of a
+        sphere. Numerous isopolar axes.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">2. <i>Endospherical polyhedron</i>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td>Lattice-spheres of the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, <span
+      class="gsp">Sph�rophracta</span>, and <span class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">3. <i>Icosahedron</i>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td><i>Circogonia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">4. <i>Dodecahedron</i>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td><i>Circorrhegma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">5. <i>Octahedron</i>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td>Cubosph�rida, <i>Circoporus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">6. <i>Cube</i>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td><i>Centrocubus</i>, <i>Lithocubus</i>, &amp;c.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2">7. <i>Tetrahedron</i>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td><i>Tetraplagia</i>, <i>Tetraplecta</i>, &amp;c.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6" class="sp0 pt05">
+        <p>II. <span class="sc">Centraxonia.</span></p>
+        <p>The geometrical centre of the body is a straight line (the vertical main axis).</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Constant transverse axes (perpendicular to the main axis) are wanting in the
+        Monaxonia (which have circular transverse sections); on the contrary they are differentiated
+        in the Stauraxonia (which have polygonal transverse sections).</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p><b>III. Monaxonia</b>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Uniaxial ground-forms or centraxonia without transverse axes. The transverse
+        planes (perpendicular to the main axis) are circles.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p>8. <i>Monaxonia isopola.</i></p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Spheroids and ellipsoids; both poles of the main axis similar.)</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td>Central capsule and lattice-shell of of many <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> (lenses)
+      and <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> (ellipsoids), Belonaspida, &amp;c.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p>9. <i>Monaxonia allopola.</i></p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Cone, ovoid and hemisphere; the two poles of the axis dissimilar.)</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td>Central capsule and lattice-shell of many <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, especially
+      the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> eradiata (Cyrtocalpida, &amp;c.).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p><b>IV. Stauraxonia</b>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Pyramidal ground-forms or centraxonia with transverse axes. The transverse
+        planes (perpendicular to the main axis) are either regular or amphithect polygons.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p>10. <i>Dipyramides regulares.</i></p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Quadratic octahedron, or quadrilonchial forms and regular double
+        pyramids.)</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td><span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with twenty radial spines, the four equatorial being
+      equal. Multiradial <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> and Staurosph�rida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p>11. <i>Dipyramides amphithect�.</i></p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Rhombic octahedron, lentellipsoid, and amphithect double pyramids.)</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td><span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with twenty radial spines, whose four equatorial spines
+      are unequal but paired. Many <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p>12. <i>Pyramides regulares.</i></p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Regular pyramids.)</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td>Many <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (triradial and multiradial). Medusettida and
+      Tuscarorida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p>13. <i>Pyramides amphithect�.</i></p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Rhombic pyramids.)</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td><span class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span>. Bipedal <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span
+      class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6" class="sp0 pt05">
+        <p>III. <span class="sc">Centroplana.</span></p>
+        <p class="sp3">The geometrical centre of the body is a plane (the sagittal plane).</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Constant transverse axes (perpendicular to the main axis) are wanting in the
+        Monaxonia (which have circular transverse sections); on the contrary they are differentiated
+        in the Stauraxonia (which have polygonal transverse sections).</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p><b>V. Bilateralia</b> (or <b>Zeugita</b>).</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Bilateral forms in the general sense, with right and left halves.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p>14. <i>Amphipleura</i></p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Bilaterally radial ground-form.)</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td>Many <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>
+      multiradiata.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p>15. <i>Zygopleura</i>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Bilaterally symmetrical ground-form.)</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td>Most <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (primitively at least), many Challengerida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6" class="sp0 pt05">
+        <p>IV. <span class="sc">Acentra.</span></p>
+        <p class="sp0">There is no geometrical centre.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="4" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p><b>VI. Anaxonia</b>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">No definite axes can be determined.</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="sp0">
+        <p>16. <i>Irregularia</i>.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">(Absolutely irregular ground-forms.)</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td><i>Collodastrum</i>, <i>Collosph�ra</i>, Phorticida, Soreumida.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div id="sect40"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">40. <i>Mechanical Causes of the Geometrical Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;The great
+  variety of ground-forms exhibited by the Radiolaria is of special interest, since in most
+  instances their causes admit of recognition, and since they are so intimately related to each
+  other that even in the remaining cases the assumption that they have arisen by purely mechanical
+  <i>caus� efficientes</i> seems justified. In this respect the first rank is taken by statical
+  conditions, especially the indifferent or stable equilibrium of the whole organism, which floats
+  freely in the water. With regard to these fundamental statical relations, three principal groups
+  of ground-forms may be distinguished, pantostatic, polystatic, and monostatic.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect41"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">41. <i>Pantostatic Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;By pantostatic or indifferently stable
+  ground-forms are meant those in which the centre of gravity coincides with the centre of the body,
+  so that they are in equilibrium in any given position. Strictly speaking, the only form which
+  possesses perfectly indifferent equilibrium is the sphere, that being the only truly homaxon and
+  perfectly regular form. Nevertheless, in a somewhat wider sense many Polyaxonia, especially the
+  endospherical polyhedra with very numerous sides, may be <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagexx">{xx}</span>included in this category. Such indifferently stable bodies are found among
+  the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> in many <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, as well as in the Astrolophida among the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>. On the contrary they are entirely wanting among the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, since their central capsule
+  constantly presents a main axis with a differentiated basal pole, and determines the position of
+  stable equilibrium.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect42"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">42. <i>Polystatic Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;Those ground forms are defined as
+  polystatic or multistable in which the body is in equilibrium in several different positions
+  (though not in an infinite number). The number of these positions is usually twice as many as that
+  of the constant equal isopolar axes exhibited by the form. Hence the regular polyhedra have as
+  many positions of equilibrium as they have angles or sides, the icosahedron twenty, dodecahedron
+  twelve, octahedron eight, cube six, tetrahedron four. The isopolar monaxon ground-forms (lens,
+  ellipsoid, cylinder) and the diplopyramidal ground forms (quadrilonchial and lentelliptical) have
+  two positions of stable equilibrium, since the two poles of the vertical axis are equal and
+  similar and the body is divided into equal halves by the equatorial plane. This is the case in
+  many <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (especially <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, and <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>), as well as in the great
+  majority of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>. Perhaps the same holds good also in certain <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, isopolar Tympanida) and <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, isopolar <span class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span>), though
+  here unistable equilibrium appears to be necessitated by the constant main axis of the central
+  capsule and the differentiated basal pole of the main axis.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect43"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">43. <i>Monostatic Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;Those ground-forms are classed as
+  monostatic or unistable in which the body is in equilibrium only in one position, since the centre
+  of gravity of the body lies in a constant vertical axis below its centre. This fixed position is
+  only rarely and exceptionally found among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, in
+  <i>Xiphostylus</i>, <i>Sph�rostylus</i>, <i>Lithomespilus</i>, <i>Lithapium</i>) and among the
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, in <i>Zygostaurus</i> and <i>Amphibelone</i>). On
+  the contrary it is quite usual among the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (with but few exceptions); for here a vertical main axis, with a
+  differentiated basal pole, is determined even by the formation of the central capsule, and usually
+  also by the corresponding structure of the skeleton. Among the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>
+  this basal pole, with the porochora of the central capsule, appears always to be the lower; as
+  also in most <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span> among the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>. In
+  the peculiar bivalved <span class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span>, on the other hand, the basal pole with
+  the cannopyle is directed upwards; as also in the Challengerida and Tuscarorida. The <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span> and <span class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span> are probably to a large
+  extent polystatic. In general unistable equilibrium may be assumed in the following categories of
+  ground-forms:&mdash;(1) Allopolar monaxon (conical and ovoid); (2) pyramidal (regular and
+  amphithect); (3) Centroplana (amphipleura and zygopleura); (4) Anaxonia.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexxi">{xxi}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect44"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">44. <i>Principal Axes.</i>&mdash;From the foregoing consideration of the statical
+  conditions and their direct causal connection with the geometrical ground-forms of the Radiolaria,
+  the great mechanical significance of the differentiation of definite axes in these unicellular
+  free-swimming organisms will be manifest. The most important of these is the primary main axis
+  (axis principalis, or protaxon), which in all cases has a vertical direction. It is wanting in the
+  Centrostigma (spheres and endospherical polyhedra), and in the Anaxonia (acentra). It is isopolar
+  in the phacotypic forms (Monaxonia isopola), and in the double pyramids (Stauraxonia isopola). It
+  is allopolar in all monastatic ground-forms, in the conotypic forms (Monaxonia allopola), pyramids
+  (Stauraxonia allopola), and the Centroplana (or bilateral forms).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect45"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">45. <i>Secondary or Transverse Axes.</i>&mdash;In contrast to the vertical main
+  axis all the other constant axes differentiated in the body may be called "secondary axes," or
+  "transverse axes," since they cross the former at definite points. All ground-forms whose vertical
+  axis is crossed by a fixed number of such axes at definite angles may be called "Stauraxonia."
+  They are divided into two groups, double pyramids and single pyramids; in the former the two poles
+  of the main axis (or the two halves of the body separated by the equatorial plane) are similar
+  (Stauraxonia homopola), in the latter dissimilar (Stauraxonia heteropola). If all the secondary
+  axes be equal, the stauraxon ground-form is regularly radial. If some of them be unequal they are
+  arranged in certain relations towards two primary transverse axes, perpendicular to each other, to
+  which all the other secondary axes are subsidiary; the ground-forms are then either amphithect or
+  bilateral. The two primary transverse axes, which may also be designated "ideal transverse axes"
+  (euthyni), divide the vertical main axis in its centre; one of them is the sagittal, the other the
+  frontal. These three dimensive axes give the factors which accurately determine the ground-form
+  and the dimensions in most Radiolaria; the vertical main axis determines the length (principal
+  axis); one horizontal transverse axis determines the thickness (sagittal axis), and the other the
+  breadth (frontal axis). Those ground-forms in which the transverse axes are isopolar are termed
+  "amphithect," and those in which the one (frontal or lateral) is isopolar and the other (sagittal
+  or dorso-ventral) is allopolar, are termed "bilateral," or better "zeugitic."</p>
+
+  <div id="sect46"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">46. <i>Primary and Secondary Ground-Forms.</i>&mdash;The geometrical sphere must be
+  regarded as the original ground-form of the Radiolaria; it being understood that its monophyletic
+  derivation from a single stem-form, <i>Actissa</i>, is correct. The simplest forms of
+  <i>Actissa</i> (<i>Procyttarium</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+  fig. 1) are in fact geometrically <i>perfect spheres</i>; indeed even the individual parts which
+  compose their unicellular bodies (nucleolus, nucleus, central capsule and calymma) are concentric
+  spheres. But in addition the central capsules of most other <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>,
+  especially the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, as well as of many <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> <span class="pagenum" id="pagexxii">{xxii}</span>are true spheres.
+  Furthermore the simple or concentrically composed lattice-spheres of <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Sph�rophracta</span>, and <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span> may be regarded as spheres, although strictly speaking they are
+  endospherical polyhedra. From the primary spherical form of the Radiolaria all other secondary
+  forms may be derived in the following order:&mdash;1. By the development of a main axis the
+  Monaxonia arise. 2. By the development of transverse axes the Stauraxonia arise. 3. In both groups
+  (Monaxonia and Stauraxonia) the two poles (or upper and lower halves of the body) are at first
+  similar (Isopola). 4. By differentiation in the two poles or halves of the body (distinction
+  between the basal pole and the apical) the forms with different poles (Allopola) arise. 5. The
+  transverse axes of the Stauraxonia are at first equal (regular pyramids and double pyramids). 6.
+  By differentiation in the transverse axes (distinction between the sagittal and the frontal axis)
+  the amphithect pyramids and double pyramids arise. 7. From the amphithect pyramids the Amphipleura
+  arise by differentiation of both poles of the sagittal axis. 8. The zygopleural ground-form
+  appears last, as the simplest form of the Amphipleura.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect47"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">47. <i>The Ground-Forms of the Spumellaria.</i>&mdash;The <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, being the oldest and most primitive Radiolaria, have for the most
+  part either indifferent or multistable equilibrium; <i>e.g.</i>, all <span
+  class="gsp">Colloidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> which have a spherical central
+  capsule, and also most <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>. Among these primitive Centrostigma
+  true spheres and endospherical polyhedra are represented in the utmost variety, and the regular
+  polyhedra in particular. By the development of a vertical main axis these Centrostigma have also
+  given rise to very numerous Centraxonia, which are usually isopolar, very rarely allopolar.
+  Sometimes they are Monaxonia (circular in transverse section), sometimes Stauraxonia (polygonal in
+  transverse section). The vertical main axis is longer in the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>,
+  shorter in the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> than any of the other axes. The <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> are distinguished by their lentelliptical or triaxial ellipsoid form;
+  the three different but isopolar axes corresponding with those of the <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads 'rombic'.">rhombic</span> octahedron; but even among the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, and <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, this form is sometimes produced by the differentiation of two
+  different transverse axes at right angles to each other. Whilst these ground-forms (Centraxonia
+  and Centrostigma) occur in the utmost variety among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, the
+  centroplanar (or true bilateral) ground-form is entirely wanting.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect48"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">48. <i>The Ground-Forms of Acantharia.</i>&mdash;In the small family Astrolophida,
+  which contains the most archaic forms of the legion (<i>Actinelius</i>, <i>Astrolophus</i>), the
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> show a direct relation to the most primitive <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (<i>Actissa</i>), and like these have indifferent equilibrium; their
+  central capsule is a sphere, their calymma an endospherical polyhedron, whose angles are indicated
+  by the distal ends of the numerous <span class="pagenum" id="pagexxiii">{xxiii}</span>equal radial
+  spines. In the great majority of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, however (all <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> and <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>), twenty radial spines
+  are present, regularly distributed, according to M�ller's icosacanthan law, in five parallel
+  circles, each containing four crossed spines (p. <a href="#page717">717</a>). Usually the twenty
+  spines are equal, and the ground-form is the quadratic octahedron, or a regular double pyramid
+  with sixteen sides. But in some groups (the Amphilonchida and Prunophracta) two opposite
+  equatorial spines are much more strongly developed than the other eighteen, and therefore the
+  hydrotomical axis in the equatorial plane is larger than the geotomical axis (p. <a
+  href="#page719">719</a>); the isopolar stauraxonian form passes over into the allopolar, and the
+  ground-form becomes the rhombic octahedron or the amphithect double pyramid (compare �� <a
+  href="#sect33">33</a> and <a href="#sect34">34</a>, and p. <a href="#page720">720</a>). The
+  centroplanar ground-form is entirely wanting in the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect49"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">49. <i>The Ground-Forms of the Nassellaria.</i>&mdash;The <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> all possess monostatic ground-forms, inasmuch as by the very
+  structure of their monopylean central capsule a vertical main axis is necessitated, whose basal
+  pole occupies the porochora. The same arrangement is also for the most part clearly recognisable
+  in the corresponding structure of the skeleton, which is generally either centraxon or
+  centroplanar. Among their manifold skeletal forms different larger groups of ground-forms may be
+  recognised according as the vertical allopolar main axis is crossed by differentiated transverse
+  axes or not (Stauraxonia or Monaxonia); the former are either triradial or multiradial. The
+  triradial, with three lateral or terminal radial apophyses, constitute the greater part of the
+  <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and have probably been derived originally from the triradial
+  <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (<i>Triplagia</i>, <i>Triplecta</i>); a more careful
+  examination, however (especially with reference to the structure of the cortinar septum), reveals
+  the fact that the ground-form is not strictly regularly pyramidal (with three equal radii), but
+  amphipleural (with two paired ventral and one unpaired dorsal radius), and that it usually passes
+  over into a distinctly zygopleural form. The same holds true of the multiradial <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, where for the most part three interradial or six adradial
+  (sometimes more) apophyses are intercalated between the three primary perradial ones; sometimes
+  here also the ground-form is a quite regular hexagonal or nonagonal pyramid, but usually it is
+  more or less amphithect or amphipleural. Among the eradial <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>,
+  which have no radial apophyses, the ground-form is sometimes allopolar monaxon (conical, ovoid,
+  hemispherical, &amp;c.), sometimes amphithect pyramidal (even in the simplest Stephanida,
+  <i>Archicircus</i>, &amp;c.), or sometimes distinctly zygopleural or bilateral (many <span
+  class="gsp">Plectellaria</span>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect50"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">50. <i>The Ground-Forms of the Ph�odaria.</i>&mdash;The <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> agree with the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> in the possession
+  of a primitively centraxon ground-form, and like them are monostatic, since a vertical main axis
+  whose basal pole passes through the astropyle is present, owing to the characteristic structure of
+  their cannopylean central capsule. In <span class="pagenum" id="pagexxiv">{xxiv}</span>the great
+  majority of <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> the spheroidal central capsule also possesses a pair
+  of parapyl� near the opposite apical pole of the main axis (Tripylea), and these determine (as the
+  right and left secondary openings) an isopolar frontal axis. Hence, strictly speaking, in most
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> the central capsule has the geometrical ground-form of the
+  amphithect pyramid (as in the Ctenophora), with an allopolar vertical main axis, and two unequal,
+  but isopolar, horizontal transverse axes. In many <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> the skeleton
+  also has this amphithect pyramidal ground-form, <i>e.g.</i>, the bivalved <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span> and part of the <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span>. On the
+  contrary, in the rest of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> the skeleton exhibits very various
+  geometrical ground-forms, independent of that of the central capsule. In the <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span> it forms preferably spheres or endospherical polyhedra, as also in
+  the Castanellida and Circoporida among the <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span>; among the
+  Circoporida there are also seen with remarkable distinctness the regular polyhedra (especially the
+  dodecahedron and icosahedron). Isopolar monaxonia are found among the Aulosph�rida
+  (<i>Aulatractus</i>) and Orosph�rida; allopolar monaxonia among the Challengerida
+  (<i>Lithogromia</i>). The Medusettida and Tuscarorida show various forms of regular pyramids
+  (allopolar Stauraxonia); and finally, the Challengerida are for the most part centroplanar or
+  bilateral. Thus the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> present a great wealth of different
+  geometrical ground-forms in the development of their skeleton, not in that of their central
+  capsule.</p>
+
+  <h4 class="sp3"><span class="sc">Chapter II.</span>&mdash;THE CENTRAL CAPSULE.</h4>
+
+  <div id="sect51"></div>
+
+  <p>51. <i>Components of the Central Capsule.</i>&mdash;In all Radiolaria without exception, at
+  some period of life or other, the central portion of the soft body is separated from the
+  peripheral portion by an independent, anatomically recognisable membrane; this membrane with all
+  its contents is designated the central capsule, and is the peculiar central organ of the
+  unicellular body, which distinguishes the Radiolaria most clearly from the other Rhizopoda. In the
+  great majority of the Radiolaria the volume of the central capsule is less than that of the
+  surrounding peripheral soft body which we place in opposition to it as "extracapsulum." The
+  "capsule-membrane," which separates these two constituents, arises very early in most Radiolaria,
+  and persists throughout their whole life. In some species, however, the membrane only appears
+  later, immediately before the formation of the spores, and hence is absent for a considerable
+  period. Regarded as a whole, then, the capsule consists of the following parts:&mdash;(1) the
+  capsule-membrane; (2) the enclosed endoplasm, or intracapsular protoplasm; (3) the nucleus. But in
+  addition, many other non-essential structures may be enclosed in the central capsule, especially
+  hyaline spheres (vacuoles), fatty spheres, pigment granules, crystals, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The central capsule was first described in my Monograph in 1862 (pp. 69-82) as
+    the most characteristic component of the Radiolarian organism, and distinguished from the whole
+    extracapsular <span class="pagenum" id="pagexxv">{xxv}</span>soft body. The fact that it has
+    recently been reported as absent by various authors is due to their having observed young or
+    unripe specimens, before the formation of the spores. In some species of <span
+    class="gsp">Polycyttaria</span> and <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> the membrane persists
+    only a very short time.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect52"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">52. <i>The Primary Form of the Central Capsule.</i>&mdash;The form of the central
+  capsule is originally a geometrical sphere; and if in accordance with our monophyletic hypothesis
+  all Radiolaria are to be derived from one common stem-form (<i>Actissa</i>, see p. <a
+  href="#page12">12</a>), then the central capsule of this common stem-form must be regarded as
+  perfectly spherical (<i>Procyttarium</i>, p. <a href="#page13">13</a>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, fig. 1).
+  Since, further, the enclosed nucleus and the surrounding calymma of this primitive archaic form
+  must also be spheres, and since the nucleus lies in the centre of the body, and the protoplasm is
+  evenly distributed between it and the membrane, it follows that no axes or excentrically
+  differentiated parts are to be distinguished in this most primitive Radiolarian. Rather in the
+  primary central capsule all parts are concentrically and evenly arranged round its centre. This
+  primary spherical form becomes modified in most Radiolaria into various secondary ground-forms,
+  which are correlated partly with the structure of the capsule itself, and partly also with the
+  development of openings in its membrane. In general the ground-form of the central capsule is
+  polyaxon in the Porulosa (<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>); but in the Osculosa centraxon forms are more frequently observed;
+  in the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> the ovoid (allopolar monaxon) form is predominant, and
+  in the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> the rhomboid or amphithect pyramid. In these latter, the
+  astropyle indicates the basal pole of the vertical main axis, whilst the two parapyl� (right and
+  left) mark the poles of the frontal transverse axis. In the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>
+  the centre of the porochora corresponds with the basal pole of the main axis, whilst no transverse
+  axes are originally present.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect53"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">53. <i>The Secondary Forms of the Central Capsule.</i>&mdash;The original purely
+  spherical form of the central capsule persists only in the minority of the Radiolaria, namely, the
+  greater part of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>; it
+  passes over into various other secondary forms in the majority of the class, in the whole of the
+  <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, and in a considerable
+  portion of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>. These
+  secondary or derived forms may be divided into two quite distinct groups, which may be designated
+  endometamorphic and exometamorphic; in the former the cause of the divergence of the secondary
+  form from the sphere lies in the internal structure of the central capsule; in the latter it lies
+  in the external influence exerted by the growth of the skeleton. Obviously the former series of
+  modifications is more significant than the latter.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect54"></div>
+
+  <p>54. <i>The Endometamorphic Forms of the Central Capsule.</i>&mdash;The secondary forms of the
+  central capsule, which are due to internal causes connected with its growth, are as follows<span
+  class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexxvi">{xxvi}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it sp3">
+    <p>A. <i>The Ellipsoidal Central Capsule</i>, with one axis elongated, so that it becomes the
+    vertical main axis of the body.</p>
+    <div class="bq2 it sp2">
+      <p><i>a.</i> Among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, <i>Actiprunum</i> (p. <a
+      href="#page14">14</a>), <i>Colloprunum</i> (p. <a href="#page25">25</a>, Pl. <a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>, fig. 9),
+      most <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> (p. <a href="#page288">288</a>).</p>
+      <p><i>b.</i> Among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, many Amphilonchida (p. <a
+      href="#page782">782</a>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>,
+      figs. 2, 6), and Belonaspida (p. <a href="#page861">861</a>).</p>
+      <p class="sp0"><i>c.</i> Among the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, many <span
+      class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page905">905</a>,
+      Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>,
+      figs. 5, 9), <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (p. <a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page937">937</a>, Pl. <a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>, fig.
+      16), Monocyrtida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>,
+      fig. 3), &amp;c.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>B. <i>The Cylindrical Central <span class="correction"
+    title="Original reads 'Caspule'.">Capsule</span></i>, with considerable elongation of the
+    vertical main axis, which is several times as long as the horizontal transverse axis.</p>
+    <div class="bq2 it sp2">
+      <p><i>a.</i>  Amongst the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, <i>Collophidium</i> (p. <a
+      href="#page26">26</a>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>,
+      figs. 1-3) and many <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> (<i>Spongurus</i>, &amp;c.).</p>
+      <p class="sp0"><i>b.</i>  Among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, some
+      Amphilonchida.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>C. <i>The Discoidal, Spheroidal, or Lenticular Central Capsule</i>, with one axis shorter
+    than the others, which becomes the vertical main axis.</p>
+    <div class="bq2 it sp2">
+      <p><i>a.</i> Among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, <i>Actidiscus</i> (p. <a
+      href="#page15">15</a>), <i>Collodiscus</i> (p. <a href="#page27">27</a>), and the large group
+      <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> (p. <a href="#page408">408</a>).</p>
+      <p><i>b.</i> Among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, many Quadrilonchida (p. <a
+      href="#page768">768</a>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>),
+      and most Hexalaspida (p. <a href="#page874">874</a>).</p>
+      <p><i>c.</i> Among the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, certain <span
+      class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>.</p>
+      <p class="sp0"><i>d.</i> Among the great legion <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> the
+      spheroidal central capsule is almost always more or less flattened in the direction of the
+      main axis (p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1525">1525</a>,
+      Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>).</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>D. <i>The Lentelliptical Central Capsule</i> (or triaxial ellipsoid), with three unequal but
+    isopolar axes at right angles to each other, the sections in all three dimensions of space being
+    ellipses.</p>
+    <div class="bq2 it sp2">
+      <p><i>a.</i> Among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, <i>Actilarcus</i> and the large
+      group <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> (p. <a href="#page604">604</a>).</p>
+      <p class="sp0"><i>b.</i> Among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, certain Amphilonchida
+      and Belonaspida.</p>
+    </div>
+    <p>E. <i>The Polymorphic, Am&#x0153;boid or Irregular Central Capsule.</i></p>
+    <div class="bq2 it sp0">
+      <p class="sp0"><i>a.</i> Among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, <i>Collodastrum</i>
+      (p. <a href="#page28">28</a>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>,
+      figs. 4, 5), and some <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect55"></div>
+
+  <p>55. <i>The Exometamorphic Forms of the Central Capsule.</i>&mdash;The secondary forms of the
+  central capsule, which are brought about by external causes, chiefly dependent on the formation of
+  the skeleton, are very various and in many cases devoid of special interest; in other instances,
+  on the contrary, they are of great importance, because of the clear relation of cause and effect
+  which can be traced between the development of the skeleton and of the capsule. The most important
+  phenomena to be recorded in this connection are as follows<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexxvii">{xxvii}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it sp3">
+    <p class="sp3">I. <span class="sc">Spumellaria.</span>&mdash;(A) In many of the <span
+    class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, the central capsule of which is originally enclosed by a simple
+    lattice-sphere, it puts out protrusions through the meshes of the shell, thus forming
+    club-shaped processes, corresponding in number with the meshes of the lattice (Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>, figs. 1,
+    5; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>,
+    fig. 1<i>a</i>; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate27"><b>27</b></a>,
+    fig. 3, &amp;c.). The whole surface of the spherical capsule may thus be covered with numerous
+    independent radial clubs of equal size, but usually they unite again outside the shell to form a
+    simple sphere with smooth surface. (B) In many <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> whose
+    originally ellipsoidal body has become cylindrical by the marked prolongation of the main axis,
+    the central capsule is divided by a series of constrictions into segments, which correspond with
+    the annular constrictions of the skeleton (Pls. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>). (C) In
+    most <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> whose lentiform or discoidal shell develops radial arms
+    at its margin, the central capsule sends out processes into these arms, and adapts itself to the
+    stellate form of the skeleton (p. <a href="#page409">409</a>, Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig. 15;
+    Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>,
+    &amp;c.) (D) In many <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> whose growth is originally
+    lentelliptical, but later spiral or irregular, the central capsule follows the mode of growth
+    and develops irregular protuberances.</p>
+    <p class="sp3">II. <span class="sc">Acantharia.</span>&mdash;Whilst the central capsule of most
+    <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> retains its primitive spherical form, in a minority of the
+    group it passes over into various secondary forms, which are directly determined by the growth
+    of the skeleton; especially common are lappet or club-shaped prominences which follow the larger
+    radial spines. Hence the central capsule may assume the form of a violin, with two lobes
+    corresponding to the two poles of the elongated main axis, as in many Amphilonchida (p. <a
+    href="#page782">782</a>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>,
+    fig. 10), and the Diploconida (p. <a href="#page884">884</a>, Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>). On the
+    other hand the central capsule becomes cruciform, with four lobes disposed at right angles, as
+    in Lithoptera and other Quadrilonchida (p. <a href="#page768">768</a>, Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>, fig.
+    10, &amp;c.).</p>
+    <p class="sp0">III. <span class="sc">Nassellaria.</span>&mdash;The primitive ellipsoid or ovoid
+    form of the central capsule persists only in a few <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, such as
+    the simplest and most archaic forms, the Nassellida, many <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>,
+    <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, Monocyrtida, &amp;c. In the great majority of the <span
+    class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, on the contrary, the ellipsoid or ovoid form passes over into a
+    secondary form which is usually characterised by the presence of lobes, and is obviously
+    dependent upon the previous development of the skeleton. In many <span
+    class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (probably the majority), a
+    bilobed central capsule is formed (with symmetrically equal right and left lobes), since the
+    primary vertical sagittal ring interferes with the growth in the median plane (Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a>, figs.
+    7-10). In other <span class="pagenum" id="pagexxviii">{xxviii}</span><span
+    class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, on the contrary, and the majority of the <span
+    class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, the central capsule forms at its basis rounded lobes, which
+    protrude and hang down from the meshes of the cortinar plate; and since this latter has usually
+    three or four large pores, the capsule similarly develops three or four processes (Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, fig. 19;
+    Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>,
+    figs. 4-11; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>,
+    figs. 4-13; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate60"><b>60</b></a>,
+    figs. 3-7; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate65"><b>65</b></a>,
+    fig. 1).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect56"></div>
+
+  <p>56. <i>The Membrane of the Central Capsule.</i>&mdash;The capsule-membrane or envelope of the
+  central capsule is both morphologically and physiologically one of the most important parts of the
+  Radiolarian body, for it separates its two main constituents, the capsule with its nucleus and
+  endoplasm and the extracapsulum with the calymma and exoplasm. The capsule-membrane is invariably
+  present at some time or other during the life of the organism, even though in a few species it may
+  persist only for a short time. It is characterised in general by its power of resistance to
+  chemical and physical reagents, and appears to be related to the elastic tissues or perhaps even
+  more to the chitinous substances. Its thickness is usually less than 0.0001, though in certain
+  groups it ranges between 0.001 and 0.002, and in many of the larger Radiolaria (such as Collida
+  and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>) it may attain a thickness of 0.003 to 0.006 or more. In the
+  three legions <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, and <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> the capsule-membrane is single, while in the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> it is always double, being composed of a firm outer and a delicate
+  inner membrane, which are in contact at only few points. Usually it is quite structureless, except
+  for its apertures; the thicker membrane showing occasionally a fine concentric lamination. In
+  certain large <span class="gsp">Colloidea</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Thalassicolla</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, fig.
+  5<i>b</i>) the membrane is covered on the inner surface by a network of polygonal ridges, and in
+  some large <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> with remarkable small curved rods (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>, fig. 13).
+  In all Radiolaria the membrane is perforated by definite openings or pores, through which the
+  intracapsular and extracapsular protoplasm are in direct communication. These openings (or
+  "pylae") show very characteristic and constant differences in the four legions, which have given
+  rise to the names&mdash;<span class="sc">Peripylea</span>, <span class="sc">Actipylea</span>,
+  <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>, <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span>.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The capsule-membrane was first indicated as the most important and absolutely
+    constant component of all Radiolaria, and as the differential character of the class, in my
+    Monograph (1862, pp. 69-71). The careful investigations of R. Hertwig have confirmed this view
+    and at the same time have yielded the most important conclusions regarding the nature and
+    systematic significance of the openings in the capsule (<i>op. cit.</i>, 1879, pp. 105-107). On
+    the contrary, Karl Brandt has recently propounded the theory that the capsule-membrane is by no
+    means a constant part of the Radiolarian organism, but is lacking in certain species of
+    <i>Collozoum</i> and <i>Sph�rozoum</i> (1881, p. 392). This contradiction is explained by the
+    fact that in some <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span> and <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>
+    the formation of the central capsule takes place much later than in the other Radiolaria, in
+    some <span class="pagenum" id="pagexxix">{xxix}</span>species indeed only just prior to the
+    development of the swarm spores. I have recognised the presence of it in all species which I
+    have investigated (more than a thousand), and even in those in which Brandt denies its
+    existence. It is often very delicate and may easily be overlooked, especially when the contents
+    of the capsule are colourless, but in all cases by the prudent application of staining fluids
+    and other reagents its presence may be demonstrated. Even in those cases in which the contour of
+    the capsule was not visible, and its contents appeared to pass without definite boundary into
+    the matrix of the extracapsulum, it was possible by the use of appropriate stains or reagents,
+    which would not penetrate the capsule, or of those solvents which were capable of dissolving its
+    contents and of causing it to swell up like a distended bladder, to recognise the existence of
+    the membrane. Those Radiolaria in which it is truly absent are young animals of species in which
+    the membrane is only formed immediately before sporification, and persists but for a short time
+    (<i>e.g.</i>, species of <i>Collozoum</i>, <i>Sph�rozoum</i>, <i>Acanthometra</i>,
+    <i>Acanthochiasma</i>, &amp;c.).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect57"></div>
+
+  <p>57. <i>The Capsule-Openings of the Peripylea (or Spumellaria).</i>&mdash;The capsule-membrane
+  of the <span class="sc">Peripylea</span> is generally perforated by extremely fine and numerous
+  pores, which are distributed at equal distances over the whole surface, and are precisely alike in
+  all parts of the capsule. Hence the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> may be called
+  "Holotrypasta" or "Porulosa"; they agree with the <span class="sc">Actipylea</span> in being
+  devoid of an osculum or operculum; they are distinguished from the latter group mainly in that
+  their pores are equally distributed over the whole surface of the capsule, whilst in the <span
+  class="sc">Actipylea</span> the pores are disposed in definite groups or lines, separated by large
+  imporous areas.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The central capsule of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, with its
+    innumerable fine and evenly distributed pores, must be regarded as the primitive arrangement,
+    from which the different central capsules of the three other legions have been developed. The
+    central capsule of the <span class="sc">Actipylea</span> has been derived from that of the <span
+    class="sc">Peripylea</span> by reduction in the number of the pores and their distribution in
+    definite, regularly disposed areas in the membrane. The central capsule of the Osculosa is
+    characterised by the formation of a special main-aperture (osculum) at the basal pole, which is
+    closed in the <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> by the porochora, and in the <span
+    class="sc">Cannopylea</span> by the astropyle; the remaining pores, with the exception of the
+    accessory openings of many <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span>, remain undeveloped in both these
+    legions. In the same way Hertwig regards the central capsule of the <span
+    class="sc">Peripylea</span> as the primitive form (1879, L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p.
+    107).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect58"></div>
+
+  <p>58. <i>The Capsule-Openings of the Actipylea (or Acantharia).</i>&mdash;The capsule-membrane of
+  the <span class="sc">Actipylea</span> is perforated by very numerous fine pores, which are
+  regularly distributed over the surface of the central capsule, and separated by imporous
+  intervals. Hence the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> belong to the "Holotrypasta" or
+  "Porulosa"; they have neither osculum nor operculum, and agree in this particular with the <span
+  class="sc">Peripylea</span>; but they are separated from these latter chiefly by the fact that
+  their pores are much less numerous, and marked off into regularly arranged groups or lines by
+  imporous intervals. In the <span class="sc">Peripylea</span>, on the contrary, the pores are much
+  more numerous and are evenly distributed over the whole surface of the capsule.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexxx">{xxx}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The central capsule of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> has hitherto been
+    for the most part confounded with that of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, and no clear
+    distinction has been drawn in this respect between the two legions of the Porulosa. Hertwig, who
+    in 1879 first discovered the remarkably different structure of the Osculosa (<span
+    class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>), recognised no distinction
+    between the structure of the capsules in the <span class="sc">Peripylea</span> and <span
+    class="sc">Actipylea</span> (his Acanthometrea), and supposed that in both these legions "very
+    fine pores were evenly distributed in large numbers over the capsule-membrane" (<i>loc.
+    cit.</i>, p. 106). I have, however, during the last few years convinced myself, by the careful
+    comparative investigation of numerous <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, that in this respect
+    they are quite distinct from the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (with perhaps the exception
+    of the Astrolophida, which are nearly related to the primitive <i>Actissa</i>). The number of
+    pores in the <span class="sc">Actipylea</span> is usually very much smaller than in the <span
+    class="sc">Peripylea</span>, and they are regularly arranged in groups.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect59"></div>
+
+  <p>59. <i>The Capsule-Openings of the Monopylea (or Nassellaria.)</i>&mdash;The capsule-membrane
+  of the <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> always possesses a single large main-opening, an osculum,
+  which lies at the basal pole of the main axis, and is closed by a circular perforated lid
+  (operculum porosum). When seen from the surface this lid appears as a clearly defined porous area
+  (porochora or area porosa), and forms the horizontal base of a peculiar cone, which stands
+  vertically in the interior of the capsule and may be designated the "thread-cone" (podoconus). The
+  <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> may hence be termed "Merotrypasta" or "Osculosa," like the
+  <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span>; the structure and significance of the circular lid
+  (operculum), which closes the main-opening (osculum) is, however, quite different in the two
+  legions. Whilst the lid of the <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span> (astropyle) is solid, traversed
+  by radial ribs, and only perforated in its centre by a short tube (proboscis), in the <span
+  class="sc">Monopylea</span> the operculum (porochora) is always perforated by numerous vertical
+  fine pores, and is in connection with the peculiar internal "pseudopodial cone" (podoconus, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, figs. 5,
+  13; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>,
+  fig. 16; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>,
+  fig. 5; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>,
+  fig. 13). The pores are separated by small vertical, highly refractive rods (opercular rhabdill�);
+  these become intensely stained by carmine, and are either evenly distributed over the surface of
+  the porochora or arranged in definite groups. The outer or distal end of each rod is rounded,
+  sometimes thickened like a club or split into lobes; the inner or proximal end is usually pointed,
+  and stands in connection with a myophane thread of the podoconus (see � <a href="#sect79">79</a>).
+  The primary circular form of the porochora, in which the opercular rhabdill� are evenly
+  distributed in a horizontal plane, undergoes various secondary modifications in many <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. The triradial structure of the skeleton, which characterises the
+  majority of the legion, causes a splitting of the base of the central capsule into three or four
+  lobes; this division also affects the porochora, which lies in the centre of the base, so that the
+  rhabdill� become arranged in three or four equal circles. If, however, the lobes of the central
+  capsule become larger and protrude through the three or four collar pores of the cortinar septum,
+  the central porochora may separate entirely into three or four elongated tracts, which lie on the
+  axial side of the magnified lobes; the rhabdill� are then arranged over the whole surface of <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagexxxi">{xxxi}</span>these tracts, on the outer aspect of which run the
+  longitudinal myophane fibrill� of the podoconus (compare �� <a href="#sect79">79</a> and <a
+  href="#sect99">99</a>).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The porous area of the <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> was first described by
+    Hertwig in 1879, and shown to be the characteristic main-opening of the central capsule in
+    various families belonging to this legion (L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, pp. 71, 73, 83, 106,
+    Taf. vii., viii.). According to his view "the capsule-membrane in the porous area becomes
+    thickened around each pore into a rod, perforated by a canal," and the intracapsular protoplasm
+    passes outwards through these fine canals (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 106). I am not able to share
+    this interpretation, but think rather that I have convinced myself by the examination of some
+    living <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and of many well-stained and preserved preparations
+    in the Challenger collection, that the rods are <i>solid</i>, specially modified portions of the
+    capsular wall, and that the protoplasm does not pass through them but through pores which lie
+    between them.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect60"></div>
+
+  <p>60. <i>The Capsule-Openings of the Cannopylea (or Ph�odaria).</i>&mdash;The capsule-membrane of
+  the <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span> always possesses only a single large main-opening or
+  osculum, which lies at the basal pole of the vertical main axis, and is closed by a circular
+  radiated lid (operculum radiatum). This operculum appears, when seen from the surface, as a
+  sharply defined stellate area (astropyle), from the middle of which arises a shorter or longer
+  cylindrical tube, the proboscis. Hence the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, like the <span
+  class="sc">Monopylea</span>, belong to the "Merotrypasta" or "Osculosa"; the structure and
+  significance of the circular operculum, which closes the main-opening (osculum), are, however,
+  quite different in the two legions. Whilst the operculum of the <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>
+  (porochora) is perforated by numerous fine vertical pores, and connected with the peculiar
+  internal pseudopodial cone (podoconus), this structure is entirely wanting in the <span
+  class="sc">Cannopylea</span>, and instead of it there is a solid operculum, with radial ribs which
+  originate at the base of its central tubular mouth; this tube (proboscis) is cylindrical, often
+  conical at the base, of very variable length and with a round aperture at either end. In spite of
+  the great difference which the various families of <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span> exhibit in
+  the formation of their skeleton and its appendages, the constitution of this characteristic
+  stellate main-opening (astropyle) is always essentially the same; both the stellate operculum
+  itself, and the proboscis which rises from its centre, show only slight differences in the various
+  groups. In addition to this large main-opening most <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> possess
+  several small accessory openings (parapyl�); and usually two of these are present, placed
+  symmetrically right and left of the aboral pole of the main axis and in the frontal plane (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, figs. 2,
+  6, 10; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 2<i>a</i>). Sometimes there are more numerous accessory openings (three to six or more)
+  regularly arranged, as in the two peculiar families, Circoporida and Tuscarorida; occasionally
+  also there is only a single parapyle, at the aboral pole of the main axis (<i>e.g.</i>, in
+  <i>Tuscaridium</i>). The parapyl� seem to be quite absent in the families Challengerida,
+  Medusettida, Castanellida, and perhaps also in other <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>. The form
+  and structure of the small accessory openings appear to be always the same. The <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagexxxii">{xxxii}</span>outer capsule-membrane is elevated in the form of a
+  short cylindrical tube or "apertural ring" (collare paraboscidis), the external margin of which
+  bends inwards, and at the base of the ring passes over into the delicate internal capsule
+  membrane. Upon this apertural ring is situated a longer or shorter "apertural cone" (paraboscis),
+  which is a tubular, cylindrical or conical, prolongation of the membrane, open externally.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The peculiar capsule-openings of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> were first
+    discovered and carefully described by Hertwig in 1879 (L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, pp. 95,
+    107). He found in all the six genera which he examined <i>three</i> openings, a main-opening at
+    the basal pole of the main axis and two accessory openings, one on either side of the apical
+    pole; hence he named the whole group "<span class="sc">Tripylea</span>." This name, however, is
+    not applicable to the numerous <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> mentioned above, which have
+    only a main opening without any accessory openings, nor to those genera in which the number of
+    the latter is variable. I have, therefore, replaced Hertwig's designation by the term "<span
+    class="sc">Cannopylea</span>," which has reference to the peculiar tubular form of the opening.
+    This I find much more developed in many <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> than Hertwig has
+    represented, and I must also, in certain particulars, dissent from his delineation of the minute
+    structure, although this is in the main remarkably accurate.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect61"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">61. <i>The Nucleus.</i>&mdash;The nucleus, enclosed in the central capsule of all
+  Radiolaria, behaves in every respect like a true cell-nucleus, and thus lies at the base of the
+  now universal opinion, that the whole Radiolarian organism, in spite of its varied development and
+  remarkable variations, is unicellular and remains throughout life a true individual cell. This
+  important theory is not invalidated by the fact that the nucleus undergoes peculiar modifications
+  in many groups, and in certain groups presents appearances seldom or never seen elsewhere.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect62"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">62. <i>Uninuclear and Multinuclear Radiolaria (Monocaryotic and
+  Polycaryotic).</i>&mdash;All Radiolaria present two different conditions in respect of the
+  behaviour of the nucleus, since in their young stages they are uninuclear (<i>monocaryotic</i>),
+  and in later stages multinuclear (<i>polycaryotic</i>). This is readily explained by the fact that
+  each individual Radiolarian is developed from a simple unicellular swarm-spore, and that
+  afterwards, before the formation of swarm-spores, the single nucleus divides into many small
+  nuclei. Thus in the Radiolaria the nucleus is pre-eminently the <i>organ of reproduction and
+  inheritance</i>. The division of the originally single nucleus into many small nuclei may take
+  place, however, at very different periods, so that the Radiolaria may be divided in this respect
+  into precocious and serotinous.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect63"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">63. <i>Serotinous and Precocious Radiolaria.</i>&mdash;In the great majority of the
+  Radiolaria the division of the nucleus takes place only at a late period, a short time or even
+  immediately before the process of spore formation; it then breaks up rapidly into numerous small
+  nuclei (always more than one hundred, sometimes many thousands), and each of these <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagexxxiii">{xxxiii}</span>either becomes itself the nucleus of a swarm-spore,
+  or by repeated division gives rise to a group of spore-nuclei. All those Radiolaria which are
+  uninuclear during the greater part of their existence, and in which the process of division is
+  late, and takes place rapidly, are called "serotinous" or late-dividing forms. To this category
+  belong all <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, as well as
+  all the solitary or monozoic <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and some <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>. On the other hand, the name "precocious," or early dividing, is
+  applied to those Radiolaria in which the division of the nucleus takes place very early, and in
+  which, therefore, the cell is multinuclear during the greater part of its existence. This is the
+  case in all the social or polyzootic Radiolaria (Polycyttaria, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>), and also in
+  the great majority of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, both <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> and <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>. In the last two
+  groups, however, there are numerous exceptions, and these are seen in remarkably large species,
+  characterised by the great size of the central capsule. From a phylogenetic point of view, the
+  conclusion is allowable that the precocious forms are secondary, and have arisen by adaptive
+  modification from the primitive serotinous stem. In the Polycyttaria (or social <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, <i>i.e.</i>, the three families Collozoida, Sph�rozoida, and
+  Collosph�rida), the cause of the adaptation lies most probably in the formation of the colony
+  itself, for all these three families are so closely related to three corresponding families of
+  serotinous, monozootic Radiolaria (Thalassicollida, <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads 'Thallassosph�rida'.">Thalassosph�rida</span>, Ethmosph�rida), that certain
+  species of the latter are hardly to be distinguished from isolated individuals of the former.
+  Perhaps the remarkable formation of the large central oil-globule, which particularly
+  characterises the Polycyttaria, is the prime cause of their early nuclear division. In the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> the cause is most likely to be found in the characteristic
+  <i>centrogenous development</i> of their acanthin skeleton, whose radial bars first of all appear
+  in the centre of the capsule. Hence arises directly the excentric position of the nucleus, which
+  in the archaic stem of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (<i>Actissa?</i>) was probably central.
+  In any case, but little weight is to be laid upon the precocious division of the nucleus in the
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> in general, inasmuch as in certain species (both <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> and <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>) the more usual
+  serotinous division persists.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect64"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">64. <i>Central and Excentric Nuclei.</i>&mdash;The position of the nucleus in the
+  interior of the central capsule was no doubt primitively central, and this situation in the
+  geometrical centre of the original spherical central capsule has been accurately retained in all
+  monozootic <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>; in the polyzootic families of this legion
+  (Polycyttaria), on the contrary, it is obscured by the precocious division of the nucleus. In the
+  other three legions, which may be phylogenetically derived from the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, the position of the nucleus is rarely central, but usually
+  excentric, or at most subcentral. In the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (both <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> and <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>) the central position
+  of the nucleus is at once excluded by the constantly centrogenous development of the skeleton; the
+  nucleus is therefore always excentric, and may lie at either side; it usually <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagexxxiv">{xxxiv}</span>divides very early into numerous separate nuclei,
+  which are usually distributed in the peripheral portions of the central capsule. In the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> the development of the porochora, and of the podoconus which stands
+  upon it, brings about the formation of a vertical axis, and in consequence the central capsule
+  assumes a monaxon form (usually ovoid or conical); the nucleus then lies in the main axis, but
+  excentrically between the apex of the podoconus and the aboral pole. In many <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, however, especially when the podoconus is so large that its apex
+  approaches the aboral pole of the central capsule, the nucleus is pressed to one side and lies
+  quite excentrically. The <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> exhibit a different arrangement; the
+  large spheroidal nucleus is always subcentral, so that its main axis corresponds with that of the
+  concentric spheroidal central capsule; but since the astropyle always occupies the oral pole of
+  the latter, and since the distance of the nucleus from this pole is always somewhat different from
+  its distance from the other, it follows that, strictly speaking, the nucleus never lies accurately
+  in the geometrical centre.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect65"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">65. <i>Homogeneous and Allogeneous Nuclei.</i>&mdash;The nucleus of the Radiolaria
+  not only exhibits a similar structure and composition, and suffers similar modifications to those
+  which are found to occur in the case of other cell-nuclei, but also to some extent shows very
+  peculiar developmental forms, which are seldom or never found in other cells. In the first place
+  the nuclei may be divided into homogeneous and allogeneous, the former are structureless and
+  consist of a uniform mass of nuclein, whilst the latter are composed of different substances and
+  show various structural relations. <i>Homogeneous</i> nuclei, whose whole mass is uniform and
+  exhibits no structural differentiation, are probably always to be found in the swarm-spores; in
+  the fully developed Radiolarian body they are found only in the first legion, <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, and that both in many Monozoa (especially small <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>) and in the Polyzoa (or
+  Polycyttaria). The whole mass of these homogeneous nuclei, which are usually spherical or
+  ellipsoidal, consists of uniform, perfectly clear and transparent nuclein, and becomes evenly
+  stained by carmine, h�matoxyline, &amp;c.  They may be readily distinguished by these means from
+  the clear vacuoles or "hyaline vesicles," which are evenly distributed in the endoplasm of many
+  Radiolaria, and may be confused with the former. <i>Allogeneous</i> nuclei, which are always
+  composed of different parts and often show complicated structural relations, are found developed
+  in the great majority of Radiolaria. The most important differentiation exhibited by these
+  secondary forms is the separation of the nuclear mass into a firm nuclear substance (caryoplasm)
+  and a fluid nuclear juice (caryolymph). In addition in each nucleus a nucleolus is visible, and
+  often several or many may be seen (see �� <a href="#sect67">67</a> to <a
+  href="#sect70">70</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect66"></div>
+
+  <p>66. <i>The Form of the Nucleus.</i>&mdash;The nucleus of the Radiolaria shows greater
+  variations in form and structure than are to be found in the majority of cell-nuclei; <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagexxxv">{xxxv}</span>exception must, however, be made in the case of many
+  animal ovicells, which, in their peculiar form and composition, often recall large Radiolarian
+  nuclei. With respect to the external shape two main forms may be distinguished, as primary and
+  secondary. The <i>primary form</i> of the Radiolarian nucleus is the sphere; it occurs not only in
+  most swarm-spores, but also in most adult forms belonging to the legion <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, and in individual instances in other groups; indeed the nuclei of
+  most <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, as also the concentric central capsules in which they
+  lie, are true geometrical spheres. The <i>secondary forms</i> of the nucleus are found in the
+  majority of adult Radiolaria, and arise from the primary spherical forms in various ways, either
+  by the elongation or contraction of one axis, or by the formation of apophyses or processes. The
+  most important of these secondary forms are as follows<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it sp3">
+    <p>1. <i>Ellipsoidal nuclei</i>, arising by elongation of one principal axis; very common among
+    the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, as well as in many <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>
+    and <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>; also in
+    several <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>.</p>
+    <p>2. <i>Discoidal nuclei</i>, arising by contraction of one principal axis, sometimes
+    lenticular or spheroidal, biconvex, sometimes shaped like a disc or coin; especially common in
+    the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, also in
+    some <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>; the large nucleus of the <span
+    class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> is always spheroidal or almost spherical, with a slightly shortened
+    main axis.</p>
+    <p>3. <i>Stellate nuclei</i>, spherical, and armed with evenly distributed radial club-shaped or
+    conical processes; rare but very characteristic, especially in the two large Thalassicollida
+    <i>Thalassopila</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+    fig. 3), and <i>Thalassophysa</i> (Monogr. d. Radiol., Taf. i.); also in some <span
+    class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>,
+    fig. 5).</p>
+    <p>4. <i>Am&#x0153;boid nuclei</i>, with unequal processes irregularly arranged, in certain
+    irregular forms of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+    class="sc">Acantharia</span>.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">5. <i>Lobate nuclei</i>, with several (usually two or three) large ovoid or
+    pyriform lobes, which protrude into corresponding larger lobes of the central capsule, in many
+    <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Nasellaria'."><span
+    class="sc">Nassellaria</span></span>, especially the multiarticulate <span
+    class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>,
+    figs. 12, 13). The budding nucleus of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> is also lobate (Pl.
+    <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>,
+    figs. 6-11).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect67"></div>
+
+  <p>67. <i>The Nucleus of the Peripylea.</i>&mdash;The nucleus of the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> or <span class="sc">Peripylea</span> shows in certain groups a very
+  primitive arrangement, indeed the archaic structure from which the various forms of nuclei of
+  other Radiolaria may be derived; but on the other hand, in other groups it exhibits very peculiar
+  and remarkable differentiations. In the first place it may be noted that the monozootic or
+  solitary <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> usually possess a single serotinous nucleus, which
+  only divides into numerous swarm-spores at a late period; <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagexxxvi">{xxxvi}</span>whilst, on the contrary, the polyzootic colonial <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (or Polycyttaria) are uninuclear only in the young state (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>, fig. 12), and
+  speedily present numerous small homogeneous nuclei, which have arisen by precocious division of a
+  single nucleus; these are usually spherical and 0.008 to 0.012 mm. in diameter. The serotinous
+  nucleus of the monozootic <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, in many divisions of this large
+  legion, and especially in the simply constituted <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, is a
+  homogeneous sphere of nuclein, lying in the middle of the central capsule. In many other cases it
+  assumes the form of a spherical vesicle ("Binnen-Bl�schen"), whose fluid or semi-fluid contents
+  are enclosed by a more or less firm membrane. This vesicle often contains a single central
+  spherical <i>nucleolus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+  figs. 1<i>l</i>, 4<i>l</i>), but sometimes a variable number of small excentric nucleoli (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, figs.
+  1<i>a</i>, 2<i>a</i>). The nuclear membrane is often somewhat thick, presenting a double contour,
+  and in such cases may even exhibit a fine radial striation, the expression of minute pores (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, fig.
+  2<i>a</i>). In the colossal nuclei (as much as 1 to 2 mm. in diameter) of certain large
+  Thalassicollida the nucleolus presents a very remarkable form, becoming stellate by the protrusion
+  of processes, which may again branch in a dendritic fashion (as in the common <i>Thalassicolla
+  nucleata</i>), or it may develop into a very long cylindrical thread, which is disposed in
+  serpentine coils, and in <i>Thalassophysa pelagica</i> passes into the different c�cal processes
+  of the stellate nucleus. In many <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, whose skeleton is composed
+  of numerous concentric lattice spheres, the small central spherical nucleus lies at first within
+  the innermost of these (the medullary shell); but afterwards it grows through the meshes of the
+  lattice-work, and the radiating club-shaped processes thus formed (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>, fig. 5)
+  unite with each other outside the medullary shell, and form an external nuclear sphere which
+  completely encloses the latter. In the Polysph�rida (with several concentric lattice-shells) and
+  in the Spongosph�rida (with spongy lattice-spheres), this process may be several times repeated,
+  so that eventually the central spherical nucleus attains considerable dimensions, and encloses two
+  or more concentric lattice-shells with their radial connecting rods. The nuclear membrane is in
+  these cases usually penetrated by radial bars, which connect the outermost of the enclosed shells
+  with the remaining cortical shells which surround the central capsule. The same remarkable
+  arrangement is also very common among the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>. The small spherical
+  primary nucleus is in such instances immediately surrounded by the innermost earliest developed
+  lattice-shell, around which the concentric rings are subsequently deposited; it then grows out
+  through the meshes, and the processes fuse outside the ring to form a homogeneous lentiform
+  nucleus (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>,
+  fig. 15). The same process recurs in certain <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, whilst in other <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> of these groups
+  (<i>e.g.</i>, Pylonida) the lobate processes of the nucleus remain free.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">Both the simple serotinous nucleus of the monozootic <span
+    class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, and the numerous precocious nuclei of the Polycyttaria, were
+    first described in my Monograph in 1862, the former as the "endocyst" ("Binnen-Bl�schen"), the
+    latter as "spherical transparent vesicles" ("Kugelige <span class="pagenum"
+    id="pagexxxvii">{xxxvii}</span>wasserhelle Bl�schen"). I was in error, however, in regarding the
+    latter as identical with the so-called "hyaline spherules" in the central capsule of many
+    Monozoa, which rather belong to the category of intracapsular vacuoles (see � <a
+    href="#sect72">72</a>). The credit of recognising, by the aid of the modern methods of staining,
+    the distinctness of these two structures, which may readily be mistaken for each other, and of
+    demonstrating the true nature both of the serotinous and precocious nuclei, belongs to Richard
+    Hertwig (1879, L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect68"></div>
+
+  <p>68. <i>The Nucleus of the Actipylea.</i>&mdash;The nucleus of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> or <span class="sc">Actipylea</span> shows very peculiar relations in
+  respect of structure and division, particularly special forms of lobular budding, which belong to
+  the characteristic peculiarities of this singular legion, and are not found among other
+  Radiolaria. The position of the nucleus is <i>always excentric</i>, even in the youngest <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, for the centrogeneous formation of the skeleton, the constant
+  development of the earliest radial portions of it in the middle of the central capsule, forces the
+  nucleus from its normal central position. The majority of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>,
+  like most Polycyttaria, are precocious, the primary nucleus early dividing into numerous small
+  nuclei (see note A below). Nevertheless there are many exceptions to this rule in different
+  families, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Stauracantha</i>, <i>Xiphacantha</i>, <i>Phatnacantha</i>, and
+  <i>Pristacantha</i> among the <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>, and <i>Stauraspis</i>,
+  <i>Echinaspis</i>, <i>Dodecaspis</i>, and <i>Phatnaspis</i> among the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>. In these instances the primary nucleus remains for a long time
+  as a simple excentric ellipsoidal or irregularly round body, even in the fully developed stage,
+  and only at a very late period (sometimes just before the formation of the spores) divides into
+  many small nuclei. Since this serotinous division of the nucleus takes place in different genera
+  of very various groups, it can only be decided by further investigations how widely it is spread
+  among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, and upon what circumstances it is dependent (see
+  note B). The division of the nucleus appears to be precocious in the majority of this legion, and
+  a number of small nuclei appear to be early formed by a peculiar process of budding; in most fully
+  developed <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> these are disposed in one or two layers under the
+  surface of the central capsule, but if their numbers increase to any considerable extent, the
+  whole space between the skeletal rods becomes filled with small nuclei; sometimes these are
+  homogeneous, sometimes vesicular, 0.002 to 0.012 mm. in diameter; usually they are spherical and
+  have a small nucleolus (compare Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>,
+  figs. 6-11, and note C).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A.  The numerous nuclei, which are to be found in the central capsule of most mature <span
+    class="sc">Acantharia</span>, were first described in my Monograph (1862) as "spherical,
+    transparent vesicles, provided with a small dark granule" (p. 374, Taf. xv. figs. 2, 5; Taf.
+    xvi. figs. 2, 4; Taf. xxi. fig. 7, &amp;c.). Their more minute constitution and peculiar origin
+    were first accurately delineated by R. Hertwig (1879, <i>loc. cit.</i>, pp. 11-24, Taf.
+    i-iii.).</p>
+    <p>B. The fact that in a number of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> the nucleus does not
+    divide early as in the majority of the legion, but only at a later period, was first observed by
+    R. Hertwig in a species of <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> (<i>Xiphacantha serrata</i>),
+    and a species of <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> (<i>Phatnaspis <span class="pagenum"
+    id="pagexxxviii">{xxxviii}</span>m�lleri</i> = <i>Haliommatidium m�lleri</i>) (<i>loc. cit.</i>,
+    pp. 11 and 27). This serotinous division of the nucleus seems, however, to be rather widely
+    spread in both sublegions of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>; I have found, not only in
+    the forms above mentioned, but also in several others belonging to different genera, a single
+    large excentric nucleus, even in those individuals in which the skeleton was fully
+    developed.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">C. The peculiar mode of nuclear budding, by which these small nuclei arise,
+    appears to proceed in the following manner (Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>). The
+    vesicular primary nucleus, which, in consequence of the centrogeneous development of the
+    skeleton protrudes as it grows into irregular lobes (Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>, fig.
+    9), assumes a peculiar concavo-convex form, sometimes that of a hood or dish, sometimes that of
+    a kidney or sausage. The convex surface is apposed to the capsule-membrane, while the concave is
+    turned towards the central star of the skeleton (fig. 6). There is now formed at the centre of
+    the convex surface of the strong, doubly-contoured, nuclear membrane, a flask-shaped
+    invagination with a narrow neck and expanded base; the membrane now becomes disposed in peculiar
+    folds, which at the narrow aperture of invagination appear as folds, but on the expanded body of
+    the flask take the form of concentric rings, laid closely side by side (Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>, fig.
+    10). The convex bottom of the flask, which is directed towards the concave proximal side of the
+    nucleus, becomes again invaginated by a central conical apophysis of the enlarged nucleolus,
+    which is situated between them. Usually the nucleolus has already become flattened into a
+    lentiform shape, and upon its distal face a conical apophysis has been developed, which is
+    divisible into a darker proximal and clearer distal portion. The tip of the latter appears to be
+    in direct connection with the nuclear membrane at the centre of the base of the flask-shaped
+    invagination (figs. 6, 10). At this stage of development the nucleus of the <span
+    class="sc">Acantharia</span> generally presents the characteristic form of a hood-shaped,
+    concavo-convex vesicle, whose radial axis is also the axis of the flask-shaped distal
+    invagination, and of the depressed conical nucleolus, which lies between the latter and the
+    concave side of the nucleus.  After this peculiar invagination has persisted for some time in
+    connection with the enlarged nucleolus, both disappear, and then a remarkable growth of lobular
+    processes takes place on the concave proximal side of the hood or kidney-shaped nucleus; from
+    four to eight knobs of unequal size usually appear, and their thickened wall encloses a variable
+    number of small of nucleoli; these are at first few but afterwards more numerous (fig. 7).
+    Subsequently these knobs or lobes become completely separated by constriction from the original
+    central mass of the nucleus, and appear as so many separate independent "sausage-shaped bodies"
+    in the hollow central capsule (fig. 8). Each of the bodies now appears, and at first on its
+    convex aspect, to form a large number of small nucleoli, which either separate by constriction
+    from it or become free by its breaking up and lie in numbers in the central capsule. Finally the
+    buds or lobes of the nucleus break up entirely into such nucleoli, which are evenly distributed
+    in the central capsule, and become the nuclei of the swarm-spores (fig. 11). Compare R. Hertwig,
+    L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, Taf. i.-iii. pp. 19-25.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect69"></div>
+
+  <p>69. <i>The Nucleus of the Monopylea.</i>&mdash;The nucleus of the mature forms of the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> or <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> is generally simple or lobate,
+  homogeneous or vesicular and <i>excentric</i>, and appears only to divide into numerous small
+  nuclei just before the formation of the spores. Nevertheless I have sometimes, though not often,
+  seen in representatives of very various families of the <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>, the
+  central capsule filled with many small spherical homogeneous nuclei (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, fig. 19).
+  Hence all the families of this legion appear to be serotinous, their simple primitive nucleus
+  persisting for a long period. It <span class="pagenum" id="pagexxxix">{xxxix}</span>is commonly
+  placed excentrically, and most usually in the apical or aboral portion of the central capsule,
+  either between its apex and the podoconus, or quite excentrically on the dorsal aspect. The simple
+  nucleus of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> usually appears to be vesicular and to possess
+  a somewhat firm membrane, clear contents, and a rather large, dark coloured nucleolus. In many
+  <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> the nucleus is spherical or ellipsoidal (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, fig. 11);
+  whilst in many <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, where
+  the central capsule is constricted by the sagittal ring and divided into two symmetrical lateral
+  lobes, the nucleus partakes of the same mode of growth and appears in the middle of the capsule as
+  a transversely placed ellipsoid or even as a short cylinder (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a>, figs. 7,
+  9). The most remarkable modification in the form of the nucleus is to be found in the
+  multi-articulate <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. Here it is usually enclosed in the cephalis
+  and is spherical, ellipsoidal or spheroidal, often flattened almost into a disc. If now the
+  central capsule increase greatly in size and put forth three or four clavate lobes which hang down
+  through the pores of the cortinar septum into the thorax (or even into the succeeding joints), the
+  nucleus usually undergoes similar modification, and three or four finger-like apophyses are
+  developed from its base, which project into the corresponding lobes of the central capsule (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate59"><b>59</b></a>, figs. 4,
+  12, 13).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The numerous small, spherical, homogeneous nuclei which are to be found in the
+    central capsules of those <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, which are ripe and about to
+    develop spores, were described in 1862 in my Monograph, as "numerous, small, transparent,
+    spherical cells" in the case of various <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (<i>Arachnocorys</i>,
+    <i>Lithomelissa</i>, <i>Eucecryphalus</i>, <i>Eucyrtidium</i>, &amp;c.) (<i>loc. cit.</i>, pp.
+    302, 305, 309, 321, &amp;c.), and I find them of the same form and dimensions, but deeply
+    stained with carmine in many preparations in the Challenger collection. R. Hertwig has
+    delineated them very accurately in the case of <i>Tridictyopus</i> (1879, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p.
+    84, Taf. vii. fig. 3). He was also the first to recognise the uninucleate condition of the <span
+    class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, which is much more frequently observed than the serotinous
+    multinucleate condition, and he described very clearly the peculiar lobed nuclei which arise in
+    <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, owing to the protrusion of the nucleus through the cortinar
+    septum (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 85, Taf. viii. figs. 3-8).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect70"></div>
+
+  <p>70. <i>The Nucleus of the Cannopylea.</i>&mdash;The nucleus presents the same remarkable
+  structures in all species of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> or <span
+  class="sc">Cannopylea</span> which have been examined, and closely resembles the germinal vesicle
+  of an amphibian ovum, being a large spherical or spheroidal vesicle with numerous nucleoli. Its
+  diameter usually amounts to half or two-thirds, sometimes even three-quarters, that of the central
+  capsule. The vertical main axis of the latter is also that of the nucleus, which usually lies
+  somewhat nearer to the aboral pole. The nucleus is generally rather more strongly compressed in
+  the direction of the main axis than the capsule itself. The membrane of the vesicular nucleus is
+  thin, but firm, and encloses a clear or finely granular mass of nuclein. The number and size of
+  the contained nucleoli are variable even in one and the same species, and stand in inverse ratio
+  to each other, an obvious result of the gradual process of division. Commonly <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagexl">{xl}</span>from twenty to fifty roundish or spherical, strongly
+  refracting nucleoli, are present; more rarely there are several hundred very small ones.
+  Sometimes the nucleus is penetrated by fine trabecul�, in whose meshes lie the nucleoli (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, fig. 2).
+  In certain nuclei, which contained a few large nucleoli, these were of irregular form, probably
+  the result of am&#x0153;boid movements (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>,
+  fig. 1). In the formation of spores in the <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span>, the nucleus
+  apparently becomes dissolved, and its numerous nucleoli develop directly into the nuclei or
+  mother-nuclei, which produce the nuclei of the flagellate spores. Furthermore, many <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> seem to multiply by simple cell-division, since very commonly
+  (especially in the <span class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span> and <span class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span>)
+  two large nuclei (right and left), may be met with in one central capsule; sometimes also a single
+  large nucleus, in which a sagittal constriction marks the commencing division of the capsule (Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, figs.
+  2, 36; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>,
+  fig. 3; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>,
+  fig. 6, &amp;c.).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The large nucleus of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> was first described in
+    my Monograph in 1862, in the case of <i>Aulacantha</i> (p. 263), <i>Aulosph�ra</i> (p. 359), and
+    <i>C&#x0153;lodendrum</i> (p. 361), as a "large, spherical, thin-walled endocyst," from 0.1 to
+    0.2 mm. in diameter. More detailed descriptions, especially with respect to the behaviour of the
+    nucleoli were given by R. Hertwig in 1879 (L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p. 97).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect71"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">71. <i>The Endoplasm or Intracapsular Protoplasm.</i>&mdash;In all Radiolaria the
+  intracapsular protoplasm, which, for the sake of brevity, may be termed "endoplasm," constitutes
+  originally, and especially in the earliest stages, the only important content of the central
+  capsule, except the nucleus. In certain <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, of simple structure and of small dimensions, this condition
+  persists for a long period, and the endoplasm then appears as a homogeneous, colourless, turbid or
+  finely granular, mucous, semi-solid mass, which cannot be distinguished from the ordinary
+  undifferentiated protoplasm of young cells; no definite structure, and in particular, no fibrillar
+  network, can be discovered in it even by the use of the customary reagents. In the great majority
+  of the Radiolaria, however, this primitive homogeneous condition of the endoplasm is very
+  transient, and it soon undergoes definite modifications, becoming differentiated into separate
+  parts or producing new constituent contents. Such products of the internal protoplasm are in
+  particular hyaline spheres (vacuoles and alveoles), oil-globules, pigment-bodies, crystals,
+  &amp;c. The most important of the differentiations which take place in the endoplasm is that into
+  an internal, granular, <i>medullary</i> substance and an external, fibrillar, <i>cortical</i>
+  substance; although the various legions behave somewhat differently in this respect (�� <a
+  href="#sect77">77</a>-<a href="#sect80">80</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect72"></div>
+
+  <p>72. <i>Intracapsular Hyaline Spheres.</i>&mdash;The central capsule of very many Radiolaria
+  contains in its endoplasm numerous spherical bodies of varying size, which consist of watery or
+  albuminous fluid, and have previously been regarded as nuclei, or described as products of the
+  internal protoplasm, under various names, such as "spherical transparent <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagexli">{xli}</span>vesicles" (see note A, below), "albumen spheres" (see B), "gelatinous
+  spheres" (see C), "alveolar cells" (see D), &amp;c. Some of these spheres are perfectly
+  transparent, structureless and of varying refractive power, producing the impression of drops of
+  fluid; others contain various formed constituents, such as oil-globules, fat-granules,
+  pigment-granules, concretions, crystals, &amp;c. From a morphological point of view they may all
+  be divided into two categories, membraneless vacuoles and vesicular alveoles.  The <i>vacuoles</i>
+  are simple spherical drops of fluid or of gelatinous material, devoid of a special envelope, but
+  immediately surrounded by the endoplasm. The <i>alveoles</i>, on the other hand, are true vesicles
+  with a thin spherical envelope, enclosing a drop of fluid or jelly. This envelope is commonly very
+  thin, homogeneous, and often scarcely discernible, so that in practice a sharp line of demarcation
+  cannot be drawn between alveoles and vacuoles; the former are usually somewhat larger than the
+  latter. The fact is, nevertheless, certain that the hyaline spheres, which may be isolated on
+  rupturing the central capsule of many Radiolaria, in certain cases, particularly in large species,
+  possess a clear, anatomically demonstrable membrane, whilst in others no such appearance is
+  presented.  It may be assumed that the vesicular alveoles are developed from the drop-like
+  vacuoles by increase in size, and by the precipitation of a delicate envelope from the endoplasm.
+  The character common to all these hyaline spheres, whether vacuoles or alveoles, is found in their
+  aqueous, not adipose, constitution, and in their clear transparent appearance, which allows of no
+  structure (the above-mentioned contained bodies excepted) being recognised. Their refractive power
+  and consistency vary somewhat, and probably their chemical constitution still more. Sometimes they
+  are strongly refractive and shining, and sometimes feebly refractive and pale; their consistency
+  shows all intermediate stages between a thin fluid, which readily disappears in water, and a firm,
+  insoluble jelly. As regards their chemical composition (which is probably very variable), the
+  hyaline spheres may be best divided into two groups, the organic and inorganic. The <i>inorganic
+  hyaline spheres</i> are simple drops of saline solution without any carbonaceous constituent; the
+  <i>organic</i>, on the other hand, contain a small quantity of organic matter dissolved in the
+  watery fluid, and may be either albuminous or gelatinous spheres.  The formed contents which are
+  commonly present are of very various natures, usually small fat-granules, more rarely larger
+  fat-granules or pigment-granules, sometimes concretions or crystals. In many groups, especially
+  among the large <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> and <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span>, the
+  numerous hyaline spheres are remarkable for their equal size and even distribution throughout the
+  endoplasm (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 4; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>,
+  fig. 2, &amp;c.). In some genera belonging to the Thalassicollida the alveoles are of enormous
+  size (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 3); they then become flattened by mutual pressure into polyhedra and distend the central
+  capsule to unusual dimensions (in <i>Physematium</i> and <i>Thalassolampe</i> 8 to 12 mm.).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The "<i>spherical hyaline vesicles</i>,"  which I described in my Monograph (1862, p. 71)
+    as among the most important and constant contents of the central capsule, are partly vacuoles,
+    <span class="pagenum" id="pagexlii">{xlii}</span>partly homogeneous nuclei. Most recent
+    investigators, B�tschli in particular (1882, L. N. <a href="#ln41">41</a>), have pointed out and
+    rightly criticised this confusion. The criticism might, however, have been more justly expressed
+    by stating that, in the preparation of my Monograph (1859-1862), I did not make use of modern
+    methods of demonstrating the nucleus by staining fluids, which were quite unknown at the time,
+    and only discovered a decade later. In fact, without the aid of such reagents, it is quite
+    impossible to distinguish between the various "spherical transparent vesicles," of which those
+    found in the central capsule of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> and many monozootic <span
+    class="gsp">Collodaria</span> are simple vacuoles lying in the endoplasm, whilst, on the other
+    hand, those of the Polycyttaria and many other Radiolaria are true homogeneous nuclei. For not
+    only are the general appearance of the small clear spheres, their refractive power, and regular
+    distribution in the endoplasm quite similar, but they are also of much the same size, for the
+    diameter ranges from 0.005 to 0.015 mm., being generally between 0.008 and 0.012 mm. In addition
+    to this there is generally in each hyaline sphere a dark brightly shining granule, which, in the
+    case of the vacuole, is simply a fat-granule, whilst in the case of the nucleus, it is a true
+    nucleolus. The small hyaline spheres in the young uninucleate capsules of the Polycyttaria are
+    simple vacuoles (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>,
+    fig. 12), whilst in the ripe multinucleate capsules they are true nuclei (Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>, figs. 3, 8,
+    9), and it is quite impossible to discriminate between these two conditions without the use of
+    reagents. This has been expressly recognised by R. Hertwig, who has the merit of having been the
+    first to clearly distinguish, by the aid of staining fluids, between these two different
+    constituents (1879, L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p. 108).</p>
+    <p>B. The "<i>albumen spheres</i>," which were first observed by A. Schneider in 1858 in the
+    common cosmopolitan <i>Thalassicolla nucleata</i> (L. N. <a href="#ln13">13</a>, p. 40), and
+    which appear to occur in only a few other Thalassicollida, are distinguished from the ordinary
+    hyaline spheres of about the same size by their higher refractive power and by certain
+    albuminoid reactions, especially the coagulation of a membranous envelope under the influence of
+    certain reagents (see my Monograph, p. 250, and Hertwig, L. N. <a href="#ln26">26</a>, 1876, p.
+    46). They often enclose various formed contents, and require further investigation.</p>
+    <p>C. The <i>gelatinous spheres</i> of various sizes, found in the endoplasm of the Radiolaria,
+    agree in their reactions (especially in staining by certain reagents) with the common
+    extracapsular jelly of the calymma, and are hence distinguishable both from the true
+    (coagulable) "albumen sphere," and from the ordinary watery vacuoles.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">D. The <i>alveoles</i>, which are only accurately known in the case of certain
+    large monozootic <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span>, but which also seem to occur in the
+    central capsule of other remarkably large Radiolaria, were described in my Monograph in the case
+    of <i>Thalassolampe margarodes</i> and <i>Physematium m�lleri</i>, under the name "intracapsular
+    alveolar cells" (1862, pp. 77, 254, 257). They are not, however, true nucleated cells, and the
+    body described as a nucleus is not such in reality. Nevertheless these large hyaline spheres do
+    possess a special envelope, as I have recently convinced myself by the examination of ruptured
+    central capsules of <i>Thalassolampe maxima</i>, <i>Thalassopila cladococcus</i>, and
+    <i>Physematium atlanticum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+    figs. 2, 3). The central capsule of these <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span> becomes distended
+    to most unusual dimensions (2 to 12 mm. in diameter) by the great development of these large
+    hyaline vesicles, each of which measure from 0.1 to 0.5 mm. in diameter.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect73"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">73. <i>The Intracapsular Fat-Globules.</i>&mdash;Fat is present in the central
+  capsule of all Radiolaria in larger or smaller quantities, and generally appears in the form of
+  very <span class="pagenum" id="pagexliii">{xliii}</span>numerous, small, spherical granules, which
+  are either distributed evenly in the endoplasm (as an emulsion) or enclosed in the vacuoles; the
+  latter, in particular, is the case in most <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, perhaps generally.
+  In this group each vacuole contains as a rule a single dark, shining fat-granule, and sometimes
+  also an irregular bunch composed of from two to five or more granules. In addition to these small
+  fat-granules (<i>granula adiposa</i>) which are always present, the central capsule of many
+  Radiolaria contains also larger fat-globules (<i>globuli adiposi</i>). These appear to be
+  generally wanting in the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, and are on the whole rare in the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>; whilst, on the contrary, they are very common in the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. The Polycyttaria or social
+  Radiolaria are as a rule distinguished by the possession of a single large central oil-globule,
+  which lies in the centre of the central capsule, and is on an average about one-third of it in
+  diameter (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>,
+  figs. 4, 5). This is absent, however, in those young capsules of the Polycyttaria in which the
+  primary nucleus is centrally situated (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>,
+  fig. 12). Those species of Polycyttaria whose central capsule reaches a considerable size, often
+  enclose numerous oil-globules, and in <i>Collophidium</i> (species of <i>Collozoum</i> with an
+  elongated cylindrical capsule, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 3) the axis of each capsule is occupied by a row of numerous oil-globules.  In the
+  monozootic <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, in which the nucleus is always centrally situated,
+  the large oil-globules are, of course, excentric, being in apposition to the inner surface of the
+  capsule-membrane (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+  fig. 3; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 5). In the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> the oil-globules, which are often present
+  in large numbers, form elegant concentric rings around the central nucleus, and in those species
+  with segmented arms, there are one or more transverse rows in each segment (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig. 15).
+  In the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> the number and distribution of the oil-globules are
+  dependent upon the form of the central capsule. When this is simple, without lobes, and ovoid or
+  conical, they generally lie in its aboral half above the podoconus (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, figs. 5,
+  13; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>,
+  fig. 1). When, on the contrary, the basal portion of the capsule sends out three or four dependent
+  processes (as in the majority of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>), a large globule may
+  generally be seen in the swollen distal part of each conical or ovoid lobe (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, fig. 19;
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate60"><b>60</b></a>,
+  figs. 4-7). In many <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>,
+  whose central capsule is separated into two lateral portions by the constriction corresponding to
+  the sagittal ring, each of these contains either a single large globule or a group of small ones
+  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a>,
+  figs. 7, 10). These oil-globules are usually colourless and highly refractive; rarely they are
+  yellow or brown, sometimes rose-coloured, or an intense blood-red (<i>e.g.</i>, in
+  <i>Thalassophysa sanguinolenta</i>) or even orange (in <i>Physematium m�lleri</i>). In many <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, and particularly in the Polycyttaria, an albuminous substratum may
+  be recognised in them, which is sometimes disposed in layers, and after extraction of the fat
+  presents the appearance of a laminated sphere. The physiological significance of the oil-globules
+  is twofold; in the first place they tend to diminish the specific gravity of the organism; in the
+  second they may be utilised as a reserve store <span class="pagenum" id="pagexliv">{xliv}</span>of
+  nutriment. In the latter respect they are of special importance in the process of spore-formation,
+  each flagellate spore usually containing a fat-granule.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect74"></div>
+
+  <p>74. <i>The Intracapsular Pigment-Bodies.</i>&mdash;In the majority of Radiolaria when observed
+  alive, the central capsule is coloured, only in the minority is it colourless.  The colour is
+  never diffuse, but always due to the formation of definite pigment granules or vesicles, which are
+  sometimes distributed evenly throughout the endoplasm, sometimes aggregated in the central or
+  peripheral regions.  Their form may be either spherical, irregularly rounded, or polyhedral.  They
+  vary much in dimensions, but in most cases are immeasurably small, and appear under a high
+  magnifying power as fine dust; occasionally, however, their diameter may amount to from 0.001 to
+  0.005 or more. The chemical constitution of the intracapsular pigment is unknown in most
+  Radiolaria, and is probably very various. In many instances the pigment-granules consist of fat,
+  in others not.  The commonest colours are yellow, red, and brown; violet and blue are rare, and
+  green still rarer. Sometimes a definite tone of colour prevails throughout a whole group, and may
+  then be attributed to inheritance, <i>e.g.</i>, red is found in most <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, and blue in the Polycyttaria (see note A). One colour is almost
+  always constant in the members of the same species. True pigment-cells, belonging to the
+  Radiolarian organism, do not occur within the central capsule. The peculiar yellow cells which are
+  found in the central capsule of many <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> are symbiotic xanthell�
+  (see � <a href="#sect76">76</a>).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">A. The number of Radiolaria whose pigment has been examined in the living state,
+    is too small to allow of any general conclusions being drawn. Regarding the different colours
+    known, see my Monograph, L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 76.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect75"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">75. <i>The Intracapsular Crystals.</i>&mdash;The crystals found in the central
+  capsule of many Radiolaria may be divided into two groups, of very different significance; small
+  crystals, which are very widely distributed, and large crystals, which occur in only a few genera.
+  The <i>small crystals</i> may also be termed "spore-crystals," since each swarm-spore often
+  contains such a crystal. They are rod-like or spindle-shaped, and consist of an organic substance
+  which probably serves as a reserve of nutriment for the developing spores. Such spore-crystals
+  have been observed in numerous <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> belonging to various families, and are probably present throughout
+  the two legions which make up the Porulosa. On the other hand, they have not been noticed in the
+  Osculosa (<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>), the few
+  swarm-spores belonging to these groups which have been observed not exhibiting any crystals. The
+  <i>large crystals</i>, which occur in small numbers in the endoplasm, have hitherto only been
+  observed in a few species of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, belonging to the Polycyttaria.
+  They were first noticed in the common <i>Collosph�ra huxleyi</i>, and regarded as c&#x0153;lestin.
+  They are also found in the central capsule of many other Collosph�rida, <i>e.g.</i>,
+  <i>Buccinosph�ra</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>,
+  figs. 11, 12). Crystal-masses, crystal-sheaves, or spherical masses of radiating acicular crystals
+  are enclosed in <span class="pagenum" id="pagexlv">{xlv}</span>the vacuoles or "albumen globules"
+  of <i>Thalassicola nucleata</i> and other Thalassicollida, as well as in the central capsule of
+  <i>C&#x0153;lographis</i> and some other <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>, figs.
+  4-7). All these large crystals are probably to be regarded as excretory products.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect75A"></div>
+
+  <p>75<span class="smaller">A</span>. <i>The Intracapsular Concrements.</i>&mdash;Concretions,
+  either mineral or organic, of varying form and constitution, are to be found in the endoplasm of
+  Radiolaria belonging to very different families. They are most abundant and multiform in
+  <i>Thalassicolla nucleata</i>, being usually circular or elliptical discs, which are
+  concentrically laminated and highly refractive, resembling starch-grains. Among them twin forms
+  may frequently be observed, as though the concrements were in process of division (see note A).
+  Similar amyloid concretions are to be seen in the central capsule of different <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, <i>e.g.</i>, in
+  <i>Cephalospyris triangulata</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>,
+  fig. 28). Violin-shaped, highly refractive concrements have been observed in the central capsule
+  of numerous <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Thalassosph�ra</i>, <i>Spongosph�ra</i>,
+  <i>Plegmosph�ra</i>, <i>Cyrtocalpis</i>, <i>Peripyramis</i>, <i>Botryocella</i>, &amp;c. (see note
+  B). The chemical constitution of these concrements is insufficiently known.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The amyloid concretions of <i>Thalassicolla nucleata</i> have been described in detail in
+    my Monograph (pp. 80, 250, Taf. iii. figs. 2, 3), and by R. Hertwig in the Histologie der
+    Radiolarien (1876, p. 47, Taf. iii. figs. 9-13).</p>
+    <p class="sp0">B. The violin-shaped concretions of <i>Thalassosph�ra bifurca</i> have been
+    figured in my Monograph (pp. 80, 261, Taf. xii. fig. 1).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect76"></div>
+
+  <p>76. <i>The Intracapsular Xanthell�.</i>&mdash;The xanthell�, zooxanthell�, or symbiotic "yellow
+  cells" are found within the central capsule only in the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, whilst
+  in other Radiolaria they only occur in the extracapsulum. They are most frequent in the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>, rarer in the <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>, but even in
+  the former they are often wanting. Their number is very variable, but usually small, from ten to
+  thirty in one capsule. They lie for the most part immediately below the capsule membrane, in the
+  cortical layer of the endoplasm. The form of the yellow cells is either spherical or ellipsoidal,
+  often also spheroidal or even lentiform. The diameter varies from 0.01 to 0.03 mm. They possess a
+  distinct membrane and an excentric nucleus, and contain numerous yellow pigment-granules in the
+  endoplasm. This yellow pigment dissolves in mineral acids to form a green fluid, and in other
+  respects also behaves somewhat differently from the yellow pigment in the extracapsular yellow
+  cells of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. In both
+  cases, however, the xanthell� are not integral portions of the organism, but unicellular algae,
+  living as parasites or symbiontes in the body.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">A. The yellow cells in the central capsule of the <span
+    class="sc">Acantharia</span> were first observed by Joh. M�ller (L. N. <a href="#ln12">12</a>,
+    pp. 14, 47). In my Monograph I described them at greater length, and indicated their differences
+    from the extracapsular yellow cells of other Radiolaria (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 77,
+    86). Since then, R. Hertwig has demonstrated their cellular nature (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln33">33</a>, pp. 12, 113), and still more recently <span class="pagenum"
+    id="pagexlvi">{xlvi}</span>Brandt has given further accurate information regarding their
+    occurrence, constitution, and physiological significance (L. N. <a href="#ln39">39</a>, ii.
+    Art., p. 235, figs. 62-73).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect77"></div>
+
+  <p>77. <i>The Endoplasm of the Peripylea.</i>&mdash;The intracapsular protoplasm of the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> or <span class="sc">Peripylea</span> is usually distinguished by a
+  more or less complete radial arrangement, which does not occur in the same form in other
+  Radiolaria; it may be regarded as characteristic of this legion, for it probably occurs in all the
+  species at some period of life or other, and stands in a direct causal relationship with the
+  typical structure of the capsule-membrane in all the "<span class="sc">Peripylea</span>" (see note
+  A). For as this is commonly perforated by very numerous pores distributed at equal intervals over
+  the whole surface of the capsule, and since a communication between the intra- and extracapsular
+  sarcode takes place through these, the radiate structure of the endoplasm may be readily explained
+  as due to the influence of radial currents which take place continuously or intermittently in the
+  endoplasm. This radiate structure is most obvious when the endoplasm contains no secondary
+  products or only an insignificant amount of these, and thus appears colourless and almost
+  homogeneous, or only finely granular. Under these circumstances, an optical section of the central
+  capsule usually reveals a distinct radial striation; numerous narrow, straight, dark streaks
+  alternating regularly with still narrower clear ones; the latter consist of homogeneous, the
+  former of more or less granular protoplasm (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>, fig.
+  1<i>a</i>). Often there may be distinguished in each darker streak a single straight row of
+  strongly refracting (fat?) granules, sometimes several such rows. Occasionally the whole endoplasm
+  becomes divided up into a number of large "radial wedges," club-shaped, conical or pyramidal
+  masses of granular protoplasm, separated by clear divisions of hyaline plasma (<i>e.g.</i>, in
+  <i>Actissa radiata</i>, p. <a href="#page14">14</a>, where in the optical section of the central
+  capsule, between the membrane and the nucleus, twenty-five dark radial wedges of equal size were
+  separated by thick clear partitions of hyaline protoplasm). In the majority of the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> this radial striation is partially or entirely concealed by the
+  formation of pigment or of other products. Very often it is only visible in the cortical layer,
+  which lies immediately below the capsule-membrane (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, figs. 1, 3).
+  The remarkable "centripetal cones" which characterise the Thalassicollid genus <i>Physematium</i>,
+  and were formerly described as "centripetal cell-groups," are probably a special development of
+  these cortical radial wedges; they are conical cortical bodies, regularly distributed on the inner
+  surface of the membrane of the central capsule, and disposed with the apex turned towards the
+  centre (see note B). More rarely than in the cortical layer, a similar radial structure is to be
+  found in the innermost medullary layer immediately surrounding the nucleus. Here the endoplasm
+  sometimes breaks up into fine radial threads, which are anatomically separable and hang down from
+  the free nucleus as thin processes (see note C). In some cases it is also possible to isolate
+  radial rods from the cortical layer of teased out central capsules.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexlvii">{xlvii}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The radial structure of the endoplasm was first described in my Monograph (1862, p. 74),
+    though R. Hertwig (1879, p. 112) was the first to indicate its typical significance in the case
+    of the <span class="sc">Peripylea</span>, and to demonstrate its causal relation with the radial
+    currents in the central capsule of this legion. More recent investigations have led me to the
+    conviction that this phenomenon is more widespread, and often more strongly developed, than was
+    formerly imagined, and that it is probably one of the typical characters of all <span
+    class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (at least of the Monozoa).</p>
+    <p>B. The centripetal cones of <i>Physematium</i>, which have hitherto been known only in these
+    colossal Thalassosph�rida, were fully described in my Monograph under the name "conical
+    centripetal cell-groups"; by their first discoverer, A. Schneider (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln13">13</a>), they were termed "nests," and compared with the "nests" (central capsules)
+    of the Polycyttaria. In the <i>Physematium m�lleri</i> of the <span class="correction"
+    title="Original reads 'Meditteranean'.">Mediterranean</span> (hitherto only observed by
+    Schneider and myself at Messina) it appeared as though each centripetal cone were composed of a
+    group of from three to nine (usually four or five) slender wedge-shaped cells, whose common
+    centripetal apex was produced into a radial thread of sarcode (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p.
+    258, Taf. iii. fig. 7). Since then (1866) I have observed at Lanzerote, in the Canary Islands, a
+    nearly related form, which I take to be <i>Physematium atlanticum</i>, Meyen.  In this, however,
+    the "centripetal cell-groups" were wanting, and the whole cortical layer of the endoplasm was
+    cleft into numerous radial portions, each enclosing a nucleus (probably the mother-cells of
+    flagellate spores, see p. <a href="#page35">35</a>).</p>
+    <p class="sp0">C. The radial fibres of the medullary endoplasm which cling to an extracted
+    nucleus have been observed by Hertwig in certain <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>
+    (<i>Diplosph�ra</i>, <i>Arachnosph�ra</i>) (L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p. 40).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect78"></div>
+
+  <p>78. <i>The Endoplasm of the Actipylea.</i>&mdash;The intracapsular protoplasm of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> or <span class="sc">Actipylea</span> is often distinguished by a
+  partial or complete radial arrangement like that of the <span class="sc">Peripylea</span>, but
+  differing in the number, size, form, and distribution of the radial portions into which the
+  endoplasm is differentiated. For since the pores of the capsule membrane are distributed at equal
+  distances all over the surface in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, whilst in the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> they are arranged in definite groups, and since the number and
+  arrangement of the pores has a direct influence upon the internal currents of the endoplasm, it
+  follows that the radial structure in the latter legion must be very different from that in the
+  former. In addition to this there must not be forgotten the important influence which the early
+  centrogenous formation of the skeletal rods exercises upon the disposition and growth of the
+  intracapsular structures. Hence the endoplasm of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> does not
+  separate into innumerable thin, closely packed radial wedges or cortical radial rods, but into a
+  small number of large pyramidal portions between which run the radially disposed heterogeneous
+  portions of the contents of the capsule, viz., the radial bars of acanthin and the peculiar
+  intracapsular "axial threads." As a direct consequence of the regular disposition of these
+  heterogeneous radial portions, which is often characteristic of the various families of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, a corresponding differentiation of the endoplasm is brought about;
+  it divides into a number of conical or pyramidal portions (radial pyramids), whose bases rest upon
+  the capsule-membrane and whose apices are directed towards the centre of <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagexlviii">{xlviii}</span>the capsule (the central star of the skeleton).  These radial
+  pyramids are, however, but rarely visible, being usually more or less concealed by a dark
+  pigment.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The differentiations of the endoplasm in the central capsule of the <span
+    class="sc">Actipylea</span> have been but little investigated, but they appear to vary somewhat
+    in the different groups of this legion. In all <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> in which the
+    twenty radial bars are regularly arranged according to the M�llerian law (see p. <a
+    href="#page717">717</a>) and in which axial threads constant in number and disposition run
+    between them from the central star to the capsule-membrane, it obviously follows that the
+    endoplasm must be divided into more or less distinct radial pyramids, and this must the case
+    whether these take the form of continuous tracts or of actually separable portions. The regular
+    polygonal figures, often seen on the surface of the central capsule (with special distinctness
+    in <i>Acanthometron elasticum</i> and <i>Acanthometron pellucidum</i>) separated by a network of
+    granular threads, are the bases of such radial pyramids (see Hertwig, L. N. <a
+    href="#ln43">43</a>, p. 12, Taf. i. figs. 1-7).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect79"></div>
+
+  <p>79. <i>The Endoplasm  of the Monopylea.</i>&mdash;The intracapsular protoplasm of the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> or <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> is distinguished from that of
+  any of the other three legions by the development of a quite peculiar fibrillar structure, the
+  axial "pseudopodial cone," which may shortly be termed the "podoconus" (foot-cone). Since this is
+  in direct correlation with the peculiar structure of the capsular opening, the large "porochora,"
+  which is situated at the basal pole of the main axis, it is quite as characteristic of the legion
+  as the latter itself (see note A). The podoconus is primitively a vertical regular cone whose
+  circular base occupies the horizontal porochora or "basal porous area" of the central capsule,
+  while its vertical axis coincides with that of the latter. The apex of the cone, usually somewhat
+  rounded off, is therefore directed towards the aboral or apical pole of the central capsule and
+  separated from it by a larger or smaller interval. In this interval the nucleus originally lies
+  (as in Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>,
+  fig. 13; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>,
+  fig. 13); but it is usually displaced subsequently and lies excentrically. The cone is of very
+  variable height; on an average its vertical height is about equal to the diameter of its
+  horizontal base; these dimensions are, however, dependent upon the form of the central capsule;
+  the height being greater in slender ovoid or conical capsules, and less in depressed sph�roidal or
+  discoidal ones, than the diameter of the base. The podoconus consists of differentiated endoplasm,
+  which becomes more deeply stained by carmine and offers greater resistance to solvents than the
+  surrounding finely granular protoplasm. The apex, especially, becomes very intensely stained. It
+  always exhibits a very characteristic fine but distinct striation, numerous straight radial lines
+  diverging from the apex of the cone towards the base. The number of these stri� appears to
+  correspond with that of the vertical rods in the porochora, and each of these latter stands
+  apparently in direct communication with the basal end of an apical stria (� <a
+  href="#sect59">59</a>). These threads are probably differentiated constant contractile threads of
+  endoplasm, or even myophanes, comparable with the contractile cortical threads of the <span
+  class="sc">Cannopylea</span> and the permanent axial threads of the <span
+  class="sc">Actipylea</span>.  The numerous modifications, <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagexlix">{xlix}</span>undergone by the form and contents of the central capsule in the
+  different groups of <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>, especially those due to the formation of
+  the skeleton, are not without influence upon the podoconus. The most important divergencies from
+  the above described primary form are the following:&mdash;(1) The vertical axial cone becomes
+  oblique, its axis inclining in the sagittal plane and approaching either the dorsal or the ventral
+  wall of the capsule; the cause of this appears to be usually the excentric development of the
+  growing nucleus or the formation of a large oil-globule. (2) The smooth mantle of the podoconus
+  becomes divided by three longitudinal furrows into three equal prominent ridges, which correspond
+  to three circular lobes in the porochora; the cause of this basal triradial lobular formation lies
+  probably in the triradial development of the skeleton in many <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>
+  or in the cortinar structure of the collar septum. (3) The simple podoconus splits into three or
+  four elongated lobes, which eventually become almost completely separated and correspond to the
+  lobes of the central capsule, in the axial wall of which they lie as longitudinally striated
+  bands. The behaviour of these bands justifies the hypothesis that the podoconus is a muscular
+  differentiated portion of the endoplasm and is composed of myophane fibrill�, whose contraction
+  determines the opening of the central capsule.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">A. The podoconus of the <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> was first described by
+    R. Hertwig in 1879, and recognised as a characteristic component of the central capsule in the
+    most various groups of this legion (in <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, <span
+    class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, and <span
+    class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>; see his figures, <i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. vii., viii., and the
+    description, pp. 71, 73, 83, 106). Hertwig called it the "pseudopodial cone," and regarded it as
+    a conical process of the capsule-membrane, which is developed from this latter and projects from
+    the porous area into the interior of the central capsule; "it is penetrated by fine canals which
+    arise at the apex of the cone, diverge towards the base, and terminate there in the rods of the
+    pseudopodial area. The intracapsular protoplasm penetrates at the apex of the pseudopodial cone
+    into its fine canals, runs along them and emerges from the rods of the porous area in the form
+    of slender threads" (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 19). I cannot agree with this view of Hertwig,
+    although I have been able to confirm the accuracy of his description by my own observations upon
+    numerous excellently stained and preserved preparations in the Challenger collection. As I have
+    proved by numerous teased out preparations, and as Hertwig himself correctly states, "the cone
+    is more readily detached from the membrane than from the protoplasm, when the capsule is teased"
+    (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 73). Hence I regard the podoconus not as a differentiated portion of the
+    capsule-membrane but as endoplasm, and believe that it is composed of myophanes or "contractile
+    muscular fibrils" in the same manner as the cortical layer of the <span
+    class="sc">Cannopylea</span>. Probably the contraction of these fibrils serves to raise the
+    opercular rods and hence to allow the exit of the endoplasm through the pores which lie between
+    these opercular rhabdillae (compare � <a href="#sect59">59</a>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect80"></div>
+
+  <p>80. <i>The Endoplasm of the Cannopylea.</i>&mdash;The intracapsular protoplasm of the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> or <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span> is distinguished from that of
+  the other three legions by several characteristic peculiarities, which are very important, since
+  they stand in causal relation to the typical structure of the capsule-membrane and in particular
+  of its <span class="pagenum" id="pagel">{l}</span>remarkable aperture. In the case of many and
+  perhaps of all <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> the endoplasm is differentiated into a granular
+  medullary and a thin fibrillar cortical layer, the former of which usually encloses numerous small
+  vacuoles, while the latter contains muscular fibrill�. In the voluminous central capsule of large
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> the whole cortical layer of the endoplasm, which lies
+  immediately below the delicate inner capsule-membrane, sometimes appears delicately and regularly
+  striated, and most distinctly so under the apertures, towards the centre of each of which the dark
+  stri� are radially directed (see note A, below). These stri� are probably contractile muscular
+  fibrill�; or "myophanes," by whose contraction the openings are voluntarily widened. In the
+  Tripylea this fibrillar star is much more strongly developed under the astropyle (the main
+  opening) than under the parapyl� (or accessory openings); and probably the peculiar radial
+  structure of the operculum of the former is due to the stronger development of these radial
+  fibrils (being their impression). In many <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, indeed, the fine
+  myophane fibrils are only visible under the apertures, whilst in others they form a continuous
+  fibrillar cortical layer on the whole inner surface of the inner capsule-membrane; the fine
+  fibrill� run meridionally from one pole of the main axis to the other; perhaps the whole central
+  capsule may change its form in consequence of their contractions. The medullary portion of the
+  endoplasm, which lies below this thin cortical layer, is usually finely granular in the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, and permeated by numerous spherical vacuoles, which are noteworthy
+  from their equal size and regular distribution. Each clear vacuole usually contains a dark shining
+  fat-granule, more rarely a group of such granules (see note B). Compare � <a
+  href="#sect60">60</a>, and Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-3; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 2; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>,
+  fig. 2; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>,
+  fig. 2, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp4">
+    <p>A. The fine fibrill� in the cortical layer of the endoplasm were first described by Hertwig
+    in 1879 (L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p. 98, Taf x. figs. 6-10). He found them, however, only
+    below the three openings in the capsule of the Tripylea, where they form three stellate groups
+    of fibrils. I find them very clearly shown, and with especial distinctness, under the astropyle
+    in most <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> of which I have had the opportunity of examining
+    well-stained and preserved central capsules. In many cases, also, the striation is not confined
+    to the apertures, but spreads over the whole cortical layer. Perhaps this constitutes in all
+    <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> a thin myophane-sheet, whose contractile fibrils run from one
+    pole of the main axis to the other and cause by their contraction changes in the form of the
+    spheroidal central capsule.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">B. The granular medullary portion of the endoplasm of the <span
+    class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, with its numerous clear spherical vacuoles, was first described in
+    my Monograph (1862), in the case of <i>Aulacantha</i> (p. 263), <i>Aulosph�ra</i> (p. 359), and
+    <i>C&#x0153;lodendrum</i> (p. 361) as a "finely granular, mucous substance (intracapsular
+    sarcode), packed more or less closely with clear spherical vesicles from 0.005 to 0.015 mm. in
+    diameter, each of which contains one or two, rarely three, dark shining granules." That these
+    clear spheres are true vacuoles was first clearly proved by Hertwig (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln33">33</a>, p. 98). As a rule all the vacuoles of the same central capsule are of equal
+    size (generally from 0.008 to 0.012 mm. in diameter), and are distributed at equal intervals
+    throughout the finely granular endoplasm.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageli">{li}</span></div>
+
+  <h4><span class="sc">Chapter III.</span>&mdash;THE EXTRACAPSULUM.</h4>
+
+  <h5><span class="smaller">(�� 81-100).</span></h5>
+
+  <div id="sect81"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">81. <i>The Components of the Extracapsulum.</i>&mdash;The extracapsulum or
+  extracapsular malacoma, under which name are included all those parts of the soft body which lie
+  outside the central capsule, consists of the following constant, and important
+  constituents:&mdash;(1) The <i>calymma</i> or extracapsular jelly-veil; (2) the <i>sarcomatrix</i>
+  or layer of exoplasm immediately surrounding the membrane of the central capsule; (3) the
+  <i>sarcodictyum</i> or network of exoplasm, covering the surface of the calymma; (4) the
+  <i>pseudopodia</i> or radial fibres of exoplasm, which may again be subdivided into intracalymmar
+  pseudopodia, uniting the sarcomatrix and sarcodictyum, and extracalymmar pseudopodia, radiating
+  freely into the water outside the calymma.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect82"></div>
+
+  <p>82. <i>The Calymma.</i>&mdash;The calymma or extracapsular jelly-veil of the Radiolaria is
+  always the most voluminous portion of the extracapsulum, and in spite of its simple structureless
+  constitution is of great morphological and physiological importance. In all Radiolaria this
+  gelatinous mantle completely surrounds the central capsule, but is separated from its outer
+  surface by a continuous, though thin, layer of exoplasm, the sarcomatrix. The pseudopodia
+  radiating from the latter pierce the calymma, form the sarcodictyum at its surface, and radiate
+  from its nodal points freely into the surrounding water. The calymma is rarely visible in living
+  freshly captured Radiolaria, examined in sea-water, for its gelatinous substance is perfectly
+  hyaline, colourless and pellucid, and possesses the same refractive index as sea-water; but when
+  the object is removed from this fluid and transferred to carmine solution or some other colouring
+  matter, the extent and figure of the calymma become apparent, for the staining fluid does not at
+  first penetrate into the gelatinous material. When this has taken place, however (after a longer
+  or shorter time), and the gelatinous material has become coloured, its form and size may be
+  observed by the converse experiment; the object is transferred once more to water and the outlines
+  of the calymma become as clear as those of the central capsule. The same is the case with dead
+  specimens in which the sticky surface of the calymma has become covered with dust.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The jelly-veil of the Radiolaria was recognised even by the earliest observers of
+    the group, Meyen (1834), and Huxley (1851), and compared with that of the Palmellaria; the
+    former noticed it in <i>Physematium</i> and <i>Sph�rozoum</i> (L. N. <a href="#ln1">1</a>, p.
+    283), and the latter in <i>Thalassicolla</i> and <i>Collosph�ra</i> (L. N. <a href="#ln5">5</a>,
+    p. 433). In all these <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, both in the monozootic
+    <i>Thalassicolla</i> and in the polyzootic <i>Sph�rozoum</i> and <i>Collosph�ra</i>, the calymma
+    is very voluminous and filled with large alveoli. Meyen called them "muco-gelatinous masses, in
+    the interior of which are contained small equal-sized vesicles"; Huxley likewise found clear
+    vesicles in the jelly and compared them with Dujardin's vacuoles. Johannes M�ller observed the
+    jelly-veil in many different Radiolaria, in particular in the <span
+    class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>, first discovered by him, but erroneously believed that it only
+    originated <span class="pagenum" id="pagelii">{lii}</span>after death by liquefaction of the
+    sarcode (L. N. <a href="#ln12">12</a>, p. 6). This mistake is, however, easy to understand,
+    since in living Radiolaria the calymma is usually invisible on account of its perfect
+    transparency, whilst in dead specimens it is usually quite distinct on account of the dust
+    clinging to its adhesive surface. I myself believed that the formation of the voluminous hyaline
+    jelly-veil was only partially due to liquefaction after death, but that it was to some extent
+    present in the living organism and that it might vanish and subsequently reappear by means of
+    imbibition (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 109, 110). R. Hertwig was the first to
+    demonstrate, in 1879, that the jelly-veil is constantly present in living Radiolaria, that it
+    forms the basis of the extracapsular malacoma and surrounds the central capsule as a second
+    protective sheath (L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p. 114).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect83"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">83. <i>The Structure of the Calymma.</i>&mdash;The extracapsular jelly-veil appears
+  structureless in most Radiolaria, inasmuch as it represents a homogeneous pellucid excretion of
+  the exoplasm and contains neither fibres nor other formed structures. In some groups, however,
+  definite structural characters become secondarily developed. The most common and striking of these
+  is the formation of alveoles, which takes place in the extracapsulum (see � <a
+  href="#sect86">86</a>). In consequence of this the calymma assumes a remarkable frothy consistency
+  and appears to be composed of large, clear, thin-walled vesicles; this is especially the case in
+  the <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span> (<span class="gsp">Colloidea</span>, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>, and <span
+  class="gsp">Beloidea</span>, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>), and in
+  many large <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, especially among the <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span> (Ph�odinida and Cannorrhaphida, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, and
+  Aulacanthida, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>). More
+  rarely the calymma is not permeated by vacuoles, but there appear in it fine stri� parallel to the
+  surface as though it were composed of thin concentric lamin� like an onion; perhaps these are the
+  expressions of a different quantity of water in the various layers. In the calymma of many
+  Radiolaria thin, straight, radial lines are to be seen, which are probably pseudopodia, and not to
+  be attributed to any structural modification, or they may be slender canals which serve for the
+  exit of the pseudopodia. On the outer surface of the calymma of different Radiolaria, and
+  especially in the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, a peculiar network of fibres is to be found,
+  composed of polygonal meshes, like elastic fibres, probably due to a local thickening of the
+  jelly. These polygonal meshes are often very regularly distributed between the radial spines of
+  the <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>, and stand in a definite relation to them. The fibres
+  which form the meshes are often rather strong, resembling elastic fibres, as above-mentioned, and
+  either simple or composed of bundles of very fine fibrill� (L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p. 15,
+  Taf. i. fig. 1, Taf. ii. fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect84"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">84. <i>The Consistency of the Calymma.</i>&mdash;The gelatinous material of which
+  the calymma of the Radiolaria consists is a pellucid mass, rich in water and usually quite hyaline
+  and structureless; its consistency is very variable. In the majority of the Radiolaria it may
+  perhaps be about equal to that of the jelly which composes the umbrella of most Medus�; but as in
+  these latter it may vary between very wide extremes, constituting on the one hand a very soft
+  jelly-mantle, offering but little <span class="pagenum" id="pageliii">{liii}</span>resistance to
+  mechanical influences and almost disintegrating under the eyes of the observer, and on the other
+  hand forming a firm gelatinous shell, comparable to cartilage in hardness, elasticity, and power
+  of mechanical resistance. In many Radiolaria of large dimensions with an alveolar calymma
+  (especially in numerous <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>)
+  this may be split by means of dissecting needles and the central capsule extracted like the stone
+  from a cherry, and then it is easy to ascertain that the firmness and elasticity of this
+  jelly-veil are not less than those of a cherry. The different degrees of consistency in the
+  various Radiolaria may be dependent either upon the relative amount of water which they contain,
+  or upon qualitative or quantitative variations in the organic substance of which the jelly
+  consists. Great importance is to be attached to the considerable consistency of the calymma,
+  because it furnishes the indispensable groundwork for the deposition of many parts of the skeleton
+  and particularly of the lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect85"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">85. <i>The Primary and Secondary Calymma.</i>&mdash;In most Radiolaria the external
+  form and volume of the calymma are different at different stages of growth, and this difference is
+  mainly dependent upon the development of the skeleton. Hence it is advisable to distinguish in
+  general the primary from the secondary calymma. The <i>primary calymma</i> is in the great
+  majority of Radiolaria a perfect sphere, in the middle of which lies the concentric central
+  capsule; on the surface of this gelatinous plate the primary spherical lattice-shell is secreted
+  in most <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>, as well
+  as in those <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> which possess a spherical shell; in the remaining
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> also and in the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, where the
+  lattice-shell is not spherical but monaxon, it is secreted on the surface of the primary calymma.
+  This takes place at a definite time, very important in the development of the Radiolarian, which
+  for the sake of brevity we shall term the "<i>lorication-period</i>." Since the firm surface of
+  the primary calymma furnishes the necessary foundation for the deposition of the primary
+  lattice-shell, it is of the greatest mechanical significance in all shell-bearing Radiolaria. The
+  <i>secondary calymma</i> arises only after the lorication-period by further growth of the
+  primitive jelly-mantle and in the fully developed Radiolarian usually encloses wholly or partially
+  the external parts of the skeleton, in consequence of which it assumes the most various forms.
+  Very often the secondary calymma is polyhedral, being stretched between the radial spines of the
+  skeleton, the distal ends of the latter then forming the fixed points of the gelatinous
+  polyhedron.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect86"></div>
+
+  <p>86. <i>The Extracapsular Vacuoles and Alveoles.</i>&mdash;The calymma of the Radiolaria usually
+  appears completely homogeneous and hyaline without any structure; sometimes it encloses numerous
+  clear vesicles, vacuoles or alveoles, and then assumes a frothy appearance, the expression of a
+  more or less distinct alveolar structure. <span class="pagenum" id="pageliv">{liv}</span>The clear
+  vesicles to which this is due are either spherical, or polyhedral from mutual pressure, and like
+  the similar ones in the central capsule may be divided into membraneless vacuoles and vesicular
+  alveoles. The <i>vacuoles</i> are simple drops of fluid, without a special envelope, and
+  immediately surrounded by the gelatinous substance of the calymma, in which they appear as simple
+  cavities. The <i>alveoles</i> on the contrary are true vesicles, with a thin envelope, which
+  encloses a drop of fluid or a globule of jelly; in the latter case its contents are different in
+  refracting power and amount of contained water from the substance of the surrounding calymma. A
+  sharp boundary between the membraneless vacuoles and the vesicular alveoles cannot be drawn in the
+  case of the extracapsular hyaline spheres any more than in the intracapsular; the envelope of the
+  alveoles is sometimes very distinct and even anatomically separable, whilst at other times it is
+  very thin and scarcely recognisable; it may occasionally arise and disappear within a very short
+  time (see note A). There is no doubt that in the calymma as in the central capsule the vesicular
+  alveoles are secondary products, which have arisen from the vacuoles by the secretion of an
+  enveloping membrane. This membrane is either a delicate sheath of exoplasm, or a firmer and more
+  resistant skin, distinct from the exoplasm, and probably an excretion from it (<i>e.g.</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>, figs. 2, 3).
+  In many cases the outer surface even of the vacuoles is covered by a network of pseudopodia, which
+  form a sarcoplegma similar to a fenestrated alveolar membrane. The colourless pellucid fluid in
+  the vacuoles and alveoles is usually simple sea-water, more rarely it contains a small quantity of
+  albumen ("albumen-spheres") or jelly ("gelatinous spheres"). The size of these spheres is very
+  variable. Quite small vacuoles may be found in the calymma of many Radiolaria. Large vacuoles, on
+  the other hand, producing the appearance of an alveolar structure, are confined to but few groups,
+  to a part of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (<span class="gsp">Colloidea</span>, <span
+  class="gsp">Beloidea</span>, and a few <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>), and to the <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span> (<span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> with incomplete skeleton);
+  besides they occur only rarely in individual genera, <i>e.g.</i>, <i>Nassella</i> among the
+  skeletonless <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. Since the volume of the calymma is much
+  increased by the development of vacuoles, and the power of mechanical resistance is at the same
+  time much increased, the fact is explained that the vacuoles occur mainly in Radiolaria which have
+  no skeleton or only an incomplete one (see note B). Among the monozootic <span
+  class="gsp">Collodaria</span> the alveolar structure is especially well developed in the following
+  genera; <i>Thalassicolla</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+  figs. 4, 5), <i>Thalassophysa</i>, <i>Thalassoplancta</i>, <i>Lampoxanthium</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>, figs. 1, 2);
+  among the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> in most genera of the Ph�odinida, Cannorrhaphida and
+  Aulacanthida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>), and
+  probably also in other voluminous <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span>). The alveoles or vacuoles in the calymma of these large Radiolaria
+  lie usually in several layers, one above another, and increase in size from within outwards. The
+  Polycyttaria or social Radiolaria (the three families Collozoida, Sph�rozoida and Collosph�rida)
+  without exception have an alveolar structure, and the special form of <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagelv">{lv}</span>their colonies or c&#x0153;nobia is to a great extent determined by the
+  development, number, size and arrangement of the alveoles in their calymma (compare Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>). In these
+  cases there is not unfrequently developed a large central alveole (see note C) whose thickened
+  wall encloses a globe of jelly and serves as the central support of the whole colony (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>, fig. 1).
+  Still more striking, however, is the arrangement of certain Polycyttaria, where each individual of
+  the colony (or each central capsule with its calymma) is enclosed in a large alveole, whose firm
+  wall often attains considerable thickness (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 3). The whole colony then appears as an aggregate of numerous cells, each of which
+  possesses two envelopes, the inner central capsule and the outer alveolar membrane; between these
+  lies in the Collosph�rida the siliceous lattice-shell (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>, fig. 2).
+  These pericapsular alveoles may be regarded as an outer cell-wall more correctly than the membrane
+  of the central capsule itself, but the arrangement may also be compared to the temporary
+  encystation of other Protista (see note D).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The extracapsular vacuoles in the calymma were first observed in 1851 by Huxley, in
+    <i>Thalassicolla</i> and <i>Sph�rozoum</i>, and compared with Dujardin's sarcode vacuoles (L. N.
+    <a href="#ln5">5</a>). Afterwards J. M�ller noticed that generally these "large clear vesicles
+    are covered by a fine membrane," and hence he called them "alveoles" (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln12">12</a>, pp. 3, 7, &amp;c.). In my Monograph I have described them more in detail as
+    "extracapsular alveoles" (1862, p. 88, Tafs. i.-iii. xxxii.-xxxv.). Ever since then the point
+    has been debated whether these clear spaces are simple vacuoles in the sense of Huxley or
+    vesicular alveoles as stated by J. M�ller. This contention is unnecessary, for both varieties
+    are present, and often no sharp line can be drawn between them. R. Hertwig has recently come to
+    the conclusion that they are as a rule "membraneless vacuoles," but that they "sometimes become
+    surrounded by a special envelope" (L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p. 31). He even succeeded "in
+    extracting from a <i>Collosph�ra</i> the large vesicle which lies in the centre of many colonies
+    and removing its covering of central capsules and jelly."</p>
+    <p>B. The <i>mechanical importance</i> of the alveolar structure, which certainly increases the
+    elasticity and mechanical resistance of the voluminous calymma, has not yet been sufficiently
+    realised; in the case of those Radiolaria which have no skeleton, or at all events no
+    lattice-shell, it may take the place of this as a protective envelope. Furthermore, by taking in
+    and giving out water it may discharge a hydrostatic function, causing the organism to rise or
+    sink in the water.</p>
+    <p>C. The <i>large central alveole</i> found in the colonies of many Polycyttaria (especially
+    Collosph�rida) and first described in my Monograph (Taf. xxxiv. fig. 1), has since then been
+    observed by Hertwig, B�tschli, and other investigators, and recognised as the "central support
+    of the whole colony, surrounded by a delicate membrane" (compare L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>,
+    p. 31, and L. N. <a href="#ln41">41</a>, p. 436). In a colony of <i>Trypanosph�ra
+    transformata</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>,
+    fig. 1), which I observed living while in Ceylon in 1881, the membrane of the large central
+    alveole was surrounded by a firm network of sarcoplegma, and could be mechanically isolated from
+    the central jelly-sphere which it enclosed.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">D. The <i>pericapsular alveoles</i>, figured in Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>, figs. 2, 3,
+    from a <i>Sph�rozoum</i>, and in Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>,
+    fig. 2, from a <i>Siphonosph�ra</i>, were very well preserved in some preparations in the
+    Challenger collection; perhaps their development coincides with the formation of spores, and may
+    be regarded as an encystation.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagelvi">{lvi}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect87"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">87. <i>The Extracapsular Fat-Globules.</i>&mdash;Fat is probably as widely
+  distributed in the exoplasm as in the endoplasm of the Radiolaria; a considerable proportion of
+  the small, dark, highly refractive granules appear to consist of fat; most likely they are for the
+  most part direct products of metastasis. These widely-spread granules, which are sometimes
+  coloured, and which by their passive motion produce the phenomenon of granular circulation in the
+  exoplasm, are not the only fatty structures in the extracapsulum; larger globules sometimes occur.
+  In certain large <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Thalassicolla melacapsa</i>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, fig.
+  5; <i>Thalassophysa sanguinolenta</i>, &amp;c.) radial series of oil-globules are found in the
+  calymma, especially in its proximal portion; in others the central capsule is surrounded by a
+  layer of oil-globules (situated in the sarcomatrix). In the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> a
+  part of the ph�odium appears to consist of fat-globules.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect88"></div>
+
+  <p>88. <i>The Extracapsular Pigment.</i>&mdash;The formation of colouring matters in the
+  extracapsulum is on the whole rare in the Radiolaria, apart from the "yellow cells" (see � <a
+  href="#sect91">91</a>) and from the peculiar ph�odium of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>,
+  which will be separately treated of in the next paragraph. Considerable masses of extracapsular
+  pigment, usually black or blue, rarely brown or red, are found only in a few Radiolaria belonging
+  to the first three legions; most often in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. Some large
+  <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span>, <i>e.g.</i>, the common <i>Thalassicolla nucleata</i> and a
+  few other species of this genus (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+  fig. 4), are characterised by a rich deposit of black or blue pigment in the sarcomatrix and in
+  the proximal portion of the calymma. Brown pigment is deposited in the calymma of many <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, as well as of some <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (<i>Cystidium</i>, <i>Tridictyopus</i>, &amp;c.). In a part of the
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> red pigment granules are thickly strewn in the sarcoplegma and
+  pass along the free pseudopodia, as for example in <i>Actinelius purpureus</i> and
+  <i>Acanthostaurus purpurascens</i>. The composition and significance of these extracapsular
+  pigments are not completely known.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">On the extracapsular pigment of <i>Thalassicolla nucleata</i>, compare my
+    Monograph, pp. 87, 251. On the red extracapsular pigment-granules of the <span
+    class="sc">Acantharia</span>, see L. N. <a href="#ln19">19</a>, pp. 345, 364, &amp;c.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect89"></div>
+
+  <p>89. <i>The Ph�odium of the Ph�odaria.</i>&mdash;The <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, which
+  are distinguished from the other three legions of Radiolaria by the double membrane of the central
+  capsule, and the peculiar structure of the main-opening (astropyle), differ also in other points,
+  the most important of which is the constant presence of a voluminous mass of extracapsular
+  pigment. This possesses a peculiar constitution and special significance, and is not to be
+  confounded with the extracapsular pigment-granules of other Radiolaria (<i>e.g.</i>,
+  <i>Thalassicolla</i>), and hence it has been distinguished by the name "Ph�odium," and the
+  individual granules which compose it as "Ph�odella" (see note A). The ph�odium is always excentric
+  in position relatively to the central capsule, of which it <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagelvii">{lvii}</span>surrounds the oral half in the form of a voluminous concavo-convex cap,
+  hiding the astropyle at its basal pole so completely that the latter is rarely visible until the
+  ph�odium has been removed (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>; Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>, fig. 8;
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>,
+  &amp;c.). The central capsule is generally almost completely embedded in the ph�odium, so that
+  only its aboral pole (with the two parapyl� in the <span class="sc">Tripylea</span>) projects. In
+  the <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span>, in which the lattice-shell possesses a special opening
+  and the central capsule lies excentrically in the aboral position of its interior, the ph�odium
+  occupies the oral aspect, between the capsule and the aperture (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>, &amp;c.).
+  In the peculiar family C&#x0153;lographida (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>) a special
+  receptacle (galea with its rhinocanna) for the ph�odium is developed outside the bivalve shell,
+  within which the central capsule lies. The proboscis, which in all <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> arises from the centre of the astropyle, lies in the vertical axis of
+  the ph�odium and is entirely surrounded by it. The volume of the ph�odium in the majority of the
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> may be said to be about as great as that of the central capsule,
+  although in some species it is considerably larger. Its colour is always dark, usually between
+  green and brown, commonly olive-green or blackish-brown, rarely reddish-brown or black. The
+  ph�odell� or pigment-granules which make up the greater part of the ph�odium (see note B) are
+  irregular in form and unequal in size and show no definite structure; usually they are spherical
+  or ellipsoidal, and exhibit fine parallel stri� which run transversely or obliquely (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, fig. 3,
+  6, 10; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate103"><b>103</b></a>,
+  fig. 1, &amp;c.). Between the larger granules is usually found a thick dust-like mass of
+  innumerable very small grains. The physiological significance of this peculiar ph�odium is still
+  unknown, but is probably considerable, judging from its large size and especially from its
+  constant topographical relation to the astropyle; the latter consideration would lead to the
+  supposition that it plays an important part in the nutrition and metastasis of the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (see note C).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The ph�odium of <i>Aulacantha</i>, <i>Thalassoplancta</i>, and <i>C&#x0153;lodendrum</i>
+    was first described in 1862, in my Monograph, as an excentric extracapsular mass of pigment of
+    blackish-brown or olive-green colour (pp. 87, 262, 264, 361, Taf. ii. iii. xxxii.). Since then
+    John Murray, who investigated many living <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> during the
+    Challenger expedition, has shown its general distribution in this legion (Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond.,
+    vol. xxiv. p. 536, 1876). From the constancy of its presence I gave the legion the name <span
+    class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> in 1879 (L. N. <a href="#ln34">34</a>).</p>
+    <p>B. With regard to the special composition of the ph�odium and the constitution of the
+    ph�odell�, see the general description of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, pp. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1533">1533</a>-<a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1537">1537</a>.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">C. Perhaps the ph�odell� are to some extent symbiontes with the <span
+    class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>; the xanthell� present in most other Radiolaria are absent in this
+    legion.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect90"></div>
+
+  <p>90. <i>The Extracapsular Xanthell�.</i>&mdash;Xanthell� or Zooxanthell�, symbiotic "yellow
+  cells," are very commonly found in the extracapsulum of the Radiolaria, especially in many <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>; whilst in the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> similar yellow cells usually only occur within the central capsule,
+  and in the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> their <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagelviii">{lviii}</span>presence has not been certainly demonstrated. The extracapsular
+  Xanthell� are found most abundantly in the <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span>, both in the
+  monozootic Thalassicollida and in the polyzootic Sph�rozoida. They occur in smaller numbers in the
+  <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, and in many divisions of the latter they seem to be
+  entirely absent. Also it sometimes happens that, though present in large numbers in some <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, they are entirely absent in others nearly related to them; indeed,
+  this has also been observed in the case of different individuals of the same species. This fact
+  alone is sufficient to show that the Xanthell� are not an integral part of the Radiolarian
+  organism (as was formerly believed) but parasites or more correctly symbiontes, which live as
+  inhabitants of the calymma. More recent investigations have shown, that besides the yellow
+  pigment-grains they contain starch or an amyloid substance, that is to say, vegetable reserve
+  materials, that their thin envelope contains cellulose, and that their yellow colouring-matter
+  resembles chlorophyll and is related to that of the Diatomace� ("Diatomin"). Hence they are now
+  generally regarded as unicellular Alg�, nearly related to those which occur as symbiontes in other
+  marine animals (<i>Exuviella</i>, &amp;c.). The starch, which they develop with the formation of
+  oxygen, may serve as nutriment to the Radiolaria, while the carbonic acid yielded by the latter is
+  also beneficial to the Xanthell�. The form of the Xanthell� is usually spherical and elliptical,
+  often also sph�roidal or discoidal. Their diameter is usually between 0.008 and 0.012 mm., rarely
+  more or less. The differences exhibited by Xanthell� which live in different groups of Radiolaria
+  demand further investigation, which will perhaps lead to the establishment of several species of
+  the genus <i>Zooxanthella</i>. At present <i>Zooxanthella extracapsularis</i>, in the calymma of
+  <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, may be clearly
+  distinguished from <i>Zooxanthella intracapsularis</i>, in the central capsule of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The "yellow cells" were first described in 1851 by Huxley, in the <span
+    class="gsp">Collodaria</span>, and afterwards by J. M�ller (1858) in many <span
+    class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. In my Monograph (1862,
+    pp. 84-87) I gave a detailed account of their structure and increase by division, and laid
+    special emphasis on the fact that they are the only elements in the Radiolarian organism which
+    "are <i>undoubtedly cells</i> in the strict histological sense of the word." Afterwards, in my
+    Beitr�ge zur Plastiden-Theorie, I showed the constant presence of "starch in the yellow cells of
+    the Radiolaria" (1870, L. N. <a href="#ln21">21</a>). Shortly afterwards Cienkowski observed
+    that the yellow cells live independently and reproduce themselves after the death of the
+    Radiolaria, and in consequence first put forth the hypothesis that they do not belong to the
+    Radiolarian organism, but that they are unicellular Alg� parasitic upon it (1871, L. N. <a
+    href="#ln22">22</a>). This view was ten years later more fully established by Karl Brandt, and
+    elucidated by comparison with the symbiosis of the gonidia of Alg�, and the hyph� of Fungi in
+    the formation of Lichens, which had in the meantime become known (1881, L. N. <a
+    href="#ln38">38</a>). Brandt gave this unicellular yellow Alga the name <i>Zooxanthella
+    nutricola</i>, and afterwards gave fuller details regarding its remarkable vital relations (L.
+    N. <a href="#ln39">39</a>). Patrick Geddes, who named it <i>Philozoon</i>, supplemented this
+    account and showed experimentally that it gives off oxygen under the influence of sun-light
+    (1882, L. N. <a href="#ln42">42</a>, <a href="#ln43">43</a>).  In consequence <span
+    class="pagenum" id="pagelix">{lix}</span>of this there is no doubt that all Xanthell� (the
+    <i>Zooxanthella extracapsularis</i> of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+    class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and the <i>Zooxanthella intracapsularis</i> of the <span
+    class="sc">Acantharia</span>, and possibly also the <i>Zooxanthella ph�odaris</i> of the <span
+    class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>) do not originally belong to the Radiolarian organism, as was
+    believed up to the time of Cienkowski, but penetrate actively into it from without, or are taken
+    in passively by means of the pseudopodia. In any case their symbiosis, when they are associated
+    with the Radiolarian cell in large numbers, may be of great advantage to both parties, since the
+    metastasis of the Xanthella is vegetable, that of the Radiolarian animal in character. In any
+    case their symbiosis is to a large extent accidental, by no means as necessary as in the case of
+    the Lichens. See on these points in addition to Brandt and Geddes (<i>loc. cit.</i>) also Geza
+    Enz, Das Consortial-Verh�ltniss von Algen und Thieren, Biol. Centralbl., Bd. ii. No. 15, 1883,
+    Oskar Hertwig, Die Symbiose oder das Genossenschaftsleben im Thierreich, Jena, 1883, and
+    B�tschli, Die Radiolarien, in Bronn's Klass. u. Ord. d. Thierreichs, 1882 (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln41">41</a>, pp. 456-462).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect91"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">91. <i>The Exoplasm or Extracapsular Protoplasm.</i>&mdash;The extracapsular
+  protoplasm, which may be shortly termed the "exoplasm" (or ectosarc), is primitively in all
+  Radiolaria (and especially in their earliest development stages) the only important constituent of
+  the extracapsulum, besides the calymma. Although the extracapsular and intracapsular protoplasm of
+  the Radiolaria are everywhere in direct communication, and although the openings in the membrane
+  of the central capsule bring about an interchange between them, still the two portions of sarcode
+  show certain constant and characteristic differences, which are due to the physiological division
+  of labour between the central and peripheral parts of the body and their corresponding
+  morphological differentiation. The extracapsular, like the intracapsular, protoplasm is originally
+  homogeneous, but may afterwards become differentiated in various ways, producing the special
+  constituents of the extracapsulum. Such "external protoplasmic products" are vacuoles,
+  pigment-bodies, &amp;c. More important, however, are the topographically different sections into
+  which the exoplasm may be divided according to its relations to the central capsule and the
+  calymma. In this respect the following parts may be generally distinguished&mdash;(1) the
+  <i>Sarcomatrix</i>, or fundamental layer of the exoplasm, which surrounds the central capsule as a
+  continuous sheath of sarcode and separates it from the calymma; (2) the <i>Sarcoplegma</i>, an
+  irregular network of the exoplasm, which spreads throughout the gelatinous material of the
+  calymma; (3) the <i>Sarcodictyum</i> or network of sarcode on the outer surface of the calymma;
+  and (4) the <i>Pseudopodia</i>, which project outwards from the latter and radiate into the
+  water.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect92"></div>
+
+  <p>92. <i>The Sarcomatrix.</i>&mdash;The sarcomatrix, being "the fundamental layer of the
+  pseudopodia" (or "matrix of the exoplasm"), constitutes the proximal innermost section of the
+  extracapsular sarcode, and in all Radiolaria forms a thin continuous mucous layer, which covers
+  the whole outer surface of the central capsule and separates it from the surrounding calymma (see
+  note A, below). The sarcomatrix communicates internally <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagelx">{lx}</span>through the openings of the central capsule with the endoplasm, whilst
+  externally the pseudopodia or mucous threads arise from it, which by their union form the
+  sarcoplegma. The sarcomatrix is only interrupted in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> by those parts of the skeleton which perforate the membrane of
+  the central capsule. In all <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, as in the <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span>, it appears as a
+  perfectly continuous sarcode-envelope of the central capsule. Its thickness is variable; in
+  general it is most strongly developed in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, less so in the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and is thinnest
+  in the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>. The thickness seems, however, to vary even in one and
+  the same individual, the difference depending partly upon the different stages of development and
+  partly upon nutritional conditions. After abundant inception of nutriment the thin protoplasmic
+  layer of the matrix is thickened and turbid, rich in granules and irregular masses, which are
+  probably due to enclosed but only half-digested food; xanthell� also, as well as foreign bodies
+  taken up with the nutriment, such as frustules of Diatoms and shells of smaller Radiolaria, and of
+  pelagic infusoria, larv�, &amp;c., are often, especially in large individuals, aggregated in
+  considerable quantities in the matrix. After long fasting, on the contrary, this is poor in these
+  enclosed bodies and in granules; it then forms a thin colourless more or less hyaline mucous
+  coating to the central capsule. From a physiological standpoint the sarcomatrix is to be regarded
+  as the <i>central organ of the extracapsulum</i>, and as of pre-eminent significance. Probably it
+  is not only the most important organ for the nutrition of the Radiolaria (especially for digestion
+  and assimilation in particular), but perhaps is also the central organ of perception. On the other
+  hand the sarcomatrix belongs to those components of the Radiolarian organism which take no part in
+  the formation of the skeleton.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">A. The sarcomatrix was first described in my Monograph in 1862 (p. 110) as the
+    "Mutterboden der Pseudopodien," possessing a pre-eminent physiological importance. Compare also
+    my paper on the sarcode elements of the Rhizopoda (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xv. p. 342,
+    1865).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect93"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">93. <i>The Sarcoplegma.</i>&mdash;By the name sarcoplegma, as distinguished from
+  the remaining extracapsular sarcode, is understood the intracalymmar web of exoplasm or
+  "ectosarcode network," which ramifies within the gelatinous mass of the calymma. Internally it is
+  in direct connection with the continuous sheath (sarcomatrix), which encloses the central capsule,
+  whilst externally it is in contact with the superficial sarcode network (sarcodictyum) which
+  surrounds the calymma. The configuration of this exoplasmic web, which penetrates the jelly-veil
+  in all directions, is exceedingly variable; in most Radiolaria it is extremely irregular in form,
+  like the protoplasmic network in the ground-substance of many kinds of connective tissue. In some
+  groups, however, it assumes a rather regular shape which it appears to retain (<i>e.g.</i>, in
+  many <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>). It must be assumed also that in those instances where
+  the consistency <span class="pagenum" id="pagelxi">{lxi}</span>of the calymma approaches that of
+  cartilage, the tracks of the exoplasmic threads remain constant, but accurate observations are
+  wanting as to how far the configuration of the sarcoplegma is constant or variable in the
+  different groups, as well as regarding its peculiar behaviour in those Radiolaria whose calymma is
+  characterised by the formation of vacuoles or alveoles (see � <a href="#sect86">86</a>). Usually
+  it envelops the larger alveoles in the form of a reticulate veil. In many <span
+  class="gsp">Collodaria</span> the exoplasm is aggregated at certain points of the intracalymmar
+  web, so that large balls or am&#x0153;boid bodies appear to be distributed between the alveoles,
+  <i>e.g.</i>, in <i>Thalassophysa pelagica</i> and <i>Thalassicolla melacapsa</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, figs. 4, 5).
+  The sarcoplegma is metamorphosed directly into silex in the Radiolaria spongiosa, or those genera
+  which possess a spongy cortical skeleton, and were formerly known as Spongurida; to this category
+  belong the Spongosph�rida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>)
+  and Spongodiscida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>)
+  as well as certain <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>. The
+  single siliceous spicules, which are irregularly interwoven to form the spongy web, are to be
+  regarded as the silicified threads of the intracalymmar sarcode network. From a physiological
+  point of view the sarcoplegma is of importance both for the nutrition and motion of the
+  Radiolaria, since it brings the sarcomatrix and the sarcodictyum, with the pseudopodia which
+  radiate from it, into direct communication.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect94"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">94. <i>The Sarcodictyum.</i>&mdash;The sarcodictyum may be defined as the
+  extracalymmar network of exoplasm, and is a reticular covering which lies upon the outer surface
+  of the gelatinous calymma. Internally, the sarcodictyum is in direct communication with the
+  sarcoplegma, or the web of exoplasmic threads which ramifies in the gelatinous substance of the
+  calymma; externally, on the other hand, the pseudopodia radiate freely from it; thus its relation
+  to these is similar to that which the sarcomatrix bears to the roots of the sarcoplegma. Relations
+  similar to those which have led to the separation of the primary from the secondary calymma,
+  induce us to distinguish also a primary and secondary sarcodictyum. The original or <i>primary
+  sarcodictyum</i> ramifies over the surface of the original or primary calymma, and like this is of
+  pre-eminent importance in the formation of the primary lattice-shell; if we regard the surface of
+  the primary calymma as the indispensable foundation for the deposition of this latter, then the
+  primary sarcodictyum furnishes the material from which it is developed: silex in the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, a silicate of carbon in the
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, and acanthin in the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>. It may
+  indeed be said that the primary lattice-shell of the Radiolaria arises by a direct chemical
+  metamorphosis of the primary sarcodictyum, by a chemical precipitation of the dissolved skeletal
+  material (silex, silicate, or acanthin), which was stored up in the exoplasm of the sarcodictyum.
+  Hence a deduction from the special conformation of the former to that of the latter is
+  permissible. The particular form of the primary lattice-sphere with its regular or irregular
+  meshes is due to the corresponding form of the primary sarcodictyum; both regular and irregular
+  forms of this <span class="pagenum" id="pagelxii">{lxii}</span>commonly occurring. The form of the
+  <i>regular sarcodictyum</i> with circular or regular polygonal, usually hexagonal, meshes is
+  constantly maintained during the formation of the regular lattice-shells (<i>e.g.</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>, figs. 5-10;
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>,
+  figs. 8-20; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>,
+  figs. 2-6; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-6). The form of the <i>irregular sarcodictyum</i>, on the other hand, with irregular
+  polygonal or roundish meshes, persists during the development of the irregular lattice-shells
+  (<i>e.g.</i>, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate29"><b>29</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate70"><b>70</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>). All this
+  is true also of the <i>secondary sarcodictyum</i>, or the exoplasmic network which ramifies over
+  the surface of the secondary calymma. The secondary lattice-shells, which are deposited on the
+  surface of the latter, retain the configuration of the secondary sarcodictyum, by the chemical
+  metamorphosis of which they have originated; this is the case in many <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> which develop several concentric lattice-shells (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate29"><b>29</b></a>), in some
+  <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>,
+  fig. 5), in the Phractopeltida among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>), and in
+  the double-shelled <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, Cannosph�rida, and part of the
+  C&#x0153;lodendrida and C&#x0153;lographida (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>). In those
+  Radiolaria which form no lattice-shell whatever, the conformation of the sarcodictyum is usually
+  irregular, with meshes of irregular form and unequal size; sometimes, however, they seem to be
+  very regular, as in many <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect95"></div>
+
+  <p>95. <i>The Pseudopodia.</i>&mdash;On the whole the pseudopodia or thread-like processes of the
+  exoplasm exhibit in the Radiolaria the same characteristic peculiarities as in all true Rhizopoda;
+  they are usually very numerous, long and thin, flexible and sensitive filaments of sarcode, which
+  show the peculiar phenomena of granular movement. Their physiological significance is in several
+  respects very great, for they serve as active organs for the inception of nutriment, for
+  locomotion, sensation, and the formation of the skeleton (see note A, below). The presence of a
+  calymma, however, which distinguishes the Radiolaria from the other Rhizopoda, brings about
+  certain modifications in the behaviour of the pseudopodia. If in general all the threads, which
+  arise from the sarcomatrix or fundamental layer and radiate outwards, be called "pseudopodia,"
+  then that part of them which is included in the gelatinous substance of the calymma and forms the
+  sarcoplegma may be termed the "collopodia" (or intracalymmar pseudopodia), and the remaining
+  portion, which passes outwards from the sarcodictyum freely into the water, may be described as
+  "astropodia" (or extracalymmar pseudopodia). In many Radiolaria these two portions present some
+  differences in morphological and physiological respects, and certain distinctions are probably
+  generally present (see note B). Apart from this universal differentiation in the different groups
+  of the Radiolaria, specially modified forms of pseudopodia may be recognised as the axopodia and
+  myxopodia of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (see � <a href="#sect95A">95, A</a>), and the
+  sarcode-flagellum of certain <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (see note C).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The pseudopodia of the Radiolaria have been so fully described in my Monograph, in 1862,
+    both morphologically and physiologically, that I need only refer to the account there given
+    <span class="pagenum" id="pagelxiii">{lxiii}</span>(pp. 89-127); for supplementary observations
+    see R. Hertwig (1879, L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p. 117) and B�tschli (1882, L. N. <a
+    href="#ln41">41</a>, pp. 437-445).</p>
+    <p>B. The <i>Astropodia</i>, or free radiating pseudopodia, are in many Radiolaria more or less
+    clearly distinguishable from the collopodia, which form the sarcoplegma within the calymma; how
+    far these distinctions depend upon a permanent differentiation (especially in the <span
+    class="sc">Acantharia</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>) needs further
+    investigation.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">C. The <i>sarcode-flagellum</i> (perhaps better termed <i>axoflagellum</i>) was
+    first described in my Monograph (1862, p. 115) in the case of various <span
+    class="gsp">Discoidea</span> (Taf. xxviii. figs. 5, 8; Taf. xxx. fig. 1). Hertwig has given a
+    substantially similar account of the organ in some other <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> (L.
+    N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p. 67, Taf. vi. figs. 10, 11); probably this peculiar structure is
+    confined to the order <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> among the <span
+    class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, but is widely distributed within its limits. The axoflagellum is
+    a thick cylindrical thread of sarcode, finely striated and pointed towards its free end. It
+    always lies in the equatorial plane of the discoidal body, and always unpaired in one of its
+    axes; in the triradiate <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> it is in the axis of the unpaired
+    principal arm and opposite to it (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>,
+    fig. 15). In the Ommatodiscida (p. <a href="#page500">500</a>, Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, figs. 8,
+    19, 20) the axoflagellum probably passes out through the peculiar marginal ostium of the shell.
+    Perhaps it is always connected with the central nucleus by intracapsular axial fibres, and is to
+    be regarded as a specially differentiated bundle of pseudopodia (or axopodia?).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect95A"></div>
+
+  <p>95<span class="smaller">A</span>. <i>The Myxopodia and Axopodia.</i>&mdash;The two forms of
+  pseudopodia which we distinguish as myxopodia and axopodia differ markedly from each other both
+  morphologically and physiologically. The <i>myxopodia</i>, or ordinary free pseudopodia, which are
+  found in large numbers in all Radiolaria, and constitute their most important peripheral organs,
+  are simple homogeneous exoplasmic threads, which arise from the sarcodictyum or extracalymmar
+  sarcode network, and radiate freely into the water; here they may branch and combine by
+  anastomosis to form a changeable network, but they never contain an axial thread. The
+  <i>axopodia</i>, on the other hand, are differentiated pseudopodia, which consist of a firm radial
+  thread, and a soft covering of exoplasm; they penetrate the whole calymma in a radial direction
+  and project freely from its surface, and generally (if not always) they are produced inwards to
+  the middle of the central capsule, perforating its membrane; their proximal end is lost in a dark
+  central heap of granules. Such axopodia are at present known with certainty only in the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, where they are widely, and perhaps universally, distributed. Their
+  development in this legion probably stands in direct causal relation to the peculiar structure of
+  the central capsule and the centrogenous formation of the skeleton. Since the radial skeletal rods
+  of the <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> possess originally a thin coating of protoplasm, it
+  may be said that the centrogenous axopodia of this group became differentiated in two ways, the
+  firm axial threads of one section remaining very thin and covered by protoplasm, whilst those of
+  the other section became metamorphosed into radial bars of acanthin. This hypothesis acquires more
+  probability from the regular distribution and arrangement of the axopodia in the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>; they usually stand at fixed intervals <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagelxiv">{lxiv}</span>between the radial bars, singly or in groups; sometimes their number
+  seems to be not greater than that of the bars, whilst in other cases a circlet or group of
+  axopodia corresponds to each radial bar. Perhaps their fine axial thread consists of acanthin. At
+  all events the axopodia are constant organs (probably sensory, like the "palpocils") and not
+  retractile like the movable myxopodia.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The axial threads in the pseudopodia of the <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>
+    were first discovered by R. Hertwig, who accurately described their peculiar structure and
+    arrangement (L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, pp. 16, 117).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect96"></div>
+
+  <p>96. <i>The Myophriscs of the Acanthometra.</i>&mdash;The <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>
+  are characterised by a very peculiar differentiation of the exoplasm, namely, by the formation of
+  myophriscs or contractile threads from the sarcodictyum. In most (and perhaps in all) <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> of this order each radial bar is surrounded by a circlet of such
+  contractile threads, which was first described as a "ciliary corona" (see note A, below). The
+  number of contractile threads in each circlet usually amounts to from ten to twenty, rarely being
+  more than thirty and less than eight; it often appears to be constant in the individual species
+  (see note B). In the living state the myophriscs are long, thin filaments, the pointed distal end
+  of which is inserted into the radial bar, whilst the thicker proximal end is attached to the
+  surface of the calymma, which is elevated round the base of each rod into the form of a gelatinous
+  cone or skeletal sheath (see note C). Probably the myophriscs lie on the outer surface of the
+  apical portion of this gelatinous cone, and are hence to be regarded as exoplasmic threads
+  differentiated from the sarcodictyum. Sometimes, however (as in <i>Acanthochiasma</i>), they fuse
+  into a contractile membrane and form the envelope of a cone, whose interior is occupied by a
+  gelatinous papilla of the calymma. On mechanical irritation the myophriscs contract rapidly and
+  suddenly, like muscle-fibrill�, becoming at the same time thicker, and hence are very different
+  from pseudopodia. Their distal point of insertion being fixed to the firm acanthin rod, they raise
+  by their contraction the skeletal sheath, to which their bases are attached or in the surface of
+  which they lie. The result of their contraction is therefore a distention and increase in volume
+  of the calymma, with which is no doubt connected an inception of water into the gelatinous mass,
+  and hence a diminution in its specific gravity. Probably the <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>
+  contract their myophriscs voluntarily when they wish to rise in the water; when these relax the
+  calymma collapses owing to its elasticity, water is then expelled and the specific gravity
+  increases. From a physiological point of view, then, the myophriscs are to be regarded as a
+  hydrostatic apparatus, morphologically as myophanes or muscular fibrill�, such as also occur in
+  the intracapsular protoplasm (see �� <a href="#sect77">77</a>-<a href="#sect80">80</a>). On more
+  violent irritation and after the death of the <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> the myophriscs
+  separate from the radial bars and remain attached to the distal ends of the conical gelatinous
+  sheaths as free "ciliary coronas." At the same time, <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagelxv">{lxv}</span>they melt into short, thick, hyaline rods, the so-called "gelatinous
+  cilia." The myophriscs are found only in the order <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>, and are
+  wanting in the <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>, as well as in the other three legions of
+  Radiolaria.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The "<i>ciliary coronas</i>" on the skeletal rods of dead <span
+    class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> were first described by the discoverer of this order, Johannes
+    M�ller, and referred to as "the stumps of the contracted, thickened threads" (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln12">12</a>, p. 11, Taf. xi.).</p>
+    <p>B. The "<i>number of the gelatinous cilia</i>" I found constant in certain species of <span
+    class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>, and stated in my Monograph (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p.
+    115) "that here is to be found the first differentiation of the diffuse sarcode into definite
+    organs of regular definite number, size, and position, which deserve the name tentacles rather
+    than pseudopodia."</p>
+    <p class="sp0">C.  The nature of the myophriscs as fibrill� allied to muscles was first
+    discovered by R. Hertwig, who described them as "structures of peculiar nature," under the name
+    of "contractile threads," and pointed out in detail their histological and physiological
+    peculiarities (L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, pp. 16-19, Taf. i.).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect97"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">97. <i>The Exoplasm of the Peripylea.</i>&mdash;The extracapsular protoplasm of the
+  <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> or <span class="sc">Peripylea</span> is in communication with
+  the intracapsular sarcode by the innumerable fine pores of the capsule-membrane, and like these
+  pores is evenly distributed over the whole surface. The sarcomatrix which immediately surrounds
+  the central capsule is moderately strong, and sends out innumerable long, thin pseudopodia, which
+  probably correspond to the pores of the membrane. Their number is markedly greater in the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> than in the other three legions. The ramifications and
+  communications which the radiating fibres of the sarcomatrix undergo within the calymma,
+  apparently present the most manifold variations, so that the sarcoplegma or intracalymmar network
+  thus formed has very diverse forms. On the surface of the calymma the exoplasmic threads
+  constitute a variously disposed sarcodictyum, a regular or irregular exoplasmic network, by the
+  silicification of which a primary lattice-shell arises in the majority of the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. The free ends of the pseudopodia, which arise from this
+  extracalymmar network and radiate out into the water, appear in most <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> to be relatively short, but exceedingly numerous. Specially modified
+  pseudopodia and axial threads in particular do not seem to occur in this legion. Perhaps, however,
+  among the latter may be reckoned the remarkable pseudopodia which combine to form the sarcode
+  flagellum in many <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> (and perhaps in other <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>). This axoflagellum is a particularly strong thread of sarcode,
+  arising from a definite point in the central capsule; it is cylindrical or slenderly conical in
+  form, much longer, stronger, and more contractile than the ordinary pseudopodia; it contracts in a
+  serpentine fashion on mechanical irritation and seems to originate by the fusion of a bundle of
+  pseudopodia (compare � <a href="#sect95">95</a>, C).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect98"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">98. <i>The Exoplasm of the Actipylea.</i>&mdash;The extracapsular protoplasm of the
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> or <span class="sc">Actipylea</span> differs in several
+  important respects from that of other <span class="pagenum" id="pagelxvi">{lxvi}</span>Radiolaria,
+  and appears to undergo more significant differentiations than that of the three other legions.
+  Since the pores in the wall of the central capsule are not distributed evenly and at equal
+  intervals over its whole surface (as in the <span class="sc">Peripylea</span>), but rather exhibit
+  a regular disposition in groups at unequal intervals, the number of projecting pseudopodia is much
+  less and the law of their arrangement different from that which obtains in the <span
+  class="sc">Peripylea</span> (� <a href="#sect58">58</a>). In many and probably in all <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> they are divided into two groups, those which arise from the centre
+  of the capsule and possess firm axial threads, and those which have not these characters (compare
+  � <a href="#sect95A">95, A</a>). The axopodia, or stiff pseudopodia with axial threads, arise from
+  the centre of the capsule, are present in much smaller numbers than the soft and flexible
+  myxopodia, and are regularly disposed between the radial bars of acanthin, usually so that they
+  are as far removed from them as possible, <i>i.e.</i>, in the centre between each three or four
+  bars; these latter may indeed be regarded as strongly developed axial threads, which have become
+  changed into acanthin (� <a href="#sect95A">95, A</a>). The soft myxopodia, or pseudopodia without
+  axial threads, are much more numerous than the others, and arise from the sarcodictyum or
+  exoplasmic network which ramifies over the surface of the calymma. Their number and arrangement
+  seem, however, in many (if not in all) <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> to be regular and not to
+  possess the extraordinary variability seen in the other three legions. In many <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> the sarcodictyum exhibits a symmetrical conformation, with regular
+  or subregular, polygonal (mostly hexagonal) meshes, and generally the stronger threads of the
+  sarcodictyum secrete a firm, homogeneous or fibrillar, striated substance, which forms a network
+  of ridges on the surface of the calymma. In the <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> the place
+  of this is taken by the acanthin network of the primary lattice-shell. The axopodia of the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> are usually about as long as the radial spines between which they
+  stand; their stiff axial thread is surrounded by a soft sheath of protoplasm, communicating with
+  the thin sarcomatrix which surrounds the central capsule. Numerous branches pass into the calymma
+  from the exoplasmic sheath of the axial threads, and form by their interweaving a loose
+  sarcoplegma. The most peculiar differentiated products of the exoplasm of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, however, are the myophane fibrill� of the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>, which have already been described under the name of myophriscs (�
+  <a href="#sect96">96</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect99"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">99. <i>The Exoplasm of the Monopylea.</i>&mdash;The extracapsular protoplasm of the
+  <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> or <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> arises only from the
+  porochora, or the intracapsular podoconus, the oral base of which is formed by this porous area.
+  The pseudopodia or protoplasmic threads which pass through the pores of the latter, united into a
+  bundle, are not very numerous (in most <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> probably between thirty
+  and ninety), and unite just outside it to form a thick discoid sarcomatrix; this covers the
+  porochora completely below, and spreads out in the form of a thin envelope of exoplasm over the
+  whole <span class="pagenum" id="pagelxvii">{lxvii}</span>surface of the central capsule; at the
+  apical portion of the latter the sarcomatrix is often so thin that it can only be recognised by
+  the aid of reagents; it separates the membrane of the central capsule from the surrounding
+  calymma. The pseudopodia, which penetrate the latter and by loose anastomoses from a wide-meshed
+  sarcoplegma within it, are usually not very numerous. The greater part of them radiate in a bunch
+  downwards from the basal disc of the sarcomatrix, and a smaller number arise from the thinner
+  envelope which covers the remainder of the central capsule (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, fig. 13;
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate65"><b>65</b></a>, fig.
+  1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>,
+  fig. 16). On the outer surface of the calymma the collopodia, which have passed through it, unite
+  to form the sarcodictyum, and through the silicification of this the primary lattice-shell arises
+  in the great majority of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. From the surface of the
+  sarcodictyum arise the astropodia, or free pseudopodia which radiate outwards into the water.
+  Their number in most <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> is relatively small, but their length
+  appears to be very great.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect100"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">100. <i>The Exoplasm of the Cannopylea.</i>&mdash;The extracapsular protoplasm of
+  the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> or <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span> is much better
+  developed as regards volume than in the other three legions, and is connected with the
+  intracapsular sarcode by only a few apertures in the capsule-membrane. In most <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> three of these are present, the astropyle or main-opening at the oral
+  pole of the main axis, and the two lateral parapyl� or accessory openings on either side of the
+  aboral pole (� <a href="#sect60">60</a>). In several families the latter appear to be wanting,
+  whilst in others their number is increased; these families have not yet, however, been observed
+  during life. The protoplasm projects both from the oral main-opening and from the two aboral
+  accessory openings in the form of a thick cylindrical rod; the tube into which each opening is
+  produced in many <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (longer in the case of the astropyle, shorter
+  in the parapyl�) being regarded as an excretion from this protoplasmic cylinder. The sarcode
+  threads within the tube appear like a bundle of fibrils, either quite hyaline or finely striated.
+  After issuing from the mouth of the aperture they pass over into a thick sarcomatrix, which
+  surrounds the central capsule entirely and separates it from the enclosing calymma. In the
+  neighbourhood of the basal astropyle the sarcomatrix is usually swollen into a thick lenticular
+  disc, which is in direct contact with the peculiar ph�odium of this legion (� <a
+  href="#sect89">89</a>). The pseudopodia, which radiate from the sarcomatrix, and form by
+  anastomosis a wide-meshed sarcoplegma within the calymma, are usually not very numerous in the
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, but are very strong. Sometimes two stronger bundles of
+  collopodia may be distinguished at the two poles of the main axis, an oral bundle (in the
+  direction of the proboscis of the astropyle) and an aboral bundle (at the opposite pole between
+  the parapyl�). The collopodia of the sarcoplegma unite at the surface of the calymma into a
+  regular or irregular sarcodictyum, which, in most <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> produces by
+  the secretion of a peculiar silicate the primary lattice-shell. <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagelxviii">{lxviii}</span>The free astropodia, which pass outwards from the sarcodictyum into
+  the water, are in most <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> very numerous (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, fig. 10).
+  Since, however, only a few species of this great legion have been observed in a living state,
+  their pseudopodia require further accurate examination.</p>
+
+  <h4><span class="sc">Chapter IV.</span>&mdash;THE SKELETON.</h4>
+
+  <h5><span class="smaller">(�� 101-140).</span></h5>
+
+  <div id="sect101"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">101. <i>The Significance of the Skeleton.</i>&mdash;The skeleton of the Radiolaria
+  is developed in such exceedingly manifold and various shapes, and exhibits at the same time such
+  wonderful regularity and delicacy in its adjustments, that in both these respects the present
+  group of Protista excels all other classes of the organic world. For, in spite of the fact that
+  the Radiolarian organism always remains merely a single cell, it shows the potentiality of the
+  highest complexity to which the process of skeleton formation can be brought by a single cell. All
+  that has been brought to pass in this direction by single tissue-cells of animals and plants does
+  not attain the extremely high stage of development of the Radiolaria. Only very few Rhizopoda of
+  this very rich and varied class fail to exhibit the power of forming this firm supporting and
+  protecting organ&mdash;indeed, only ten of the seven hundred and thirty-nine genera which are
+  enrolled in the list of the Challenger collection, namely, six genera of <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (five Thalassicollida, <i>Actissa</i>, <i>Thalassolampe</i>,
+  <i>Thalassopila</i>, <i>Thalassicolla</i>, <i>Thalassophysa</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, and one genus
+  of Collozoida, <i>Collozoum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>),
+  and in addition two genera of <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (the Nassellida,
+  <i>Cystidium</i> and <i>Nassella</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>,
+  fig. 1), and two genera of <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (the Ph�odinida, <i>Ph�ocolla</i> and
+  <i>Ph�odina</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 2). These skeletonless forms of Radiolaria are, however, of extreme interest, since they
+  include the original stem-forms of the whole class as well as of its four legions. All Radiolaria
+  which form skeletons have originated from soft and skeletonless stem-forms by adaptation, and that
+  polyphyletically, for the skeletal types of the four legions have been developed independently of
+  each other (� <a href="#sect108">108</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect102"></div>
+
+  <p>102. <i>The Chemical Peculiarities of the Skeleton.</i>&mdash;The chemical composition of the
+  skeleton shows very marked variations in the different legions of the Radiolaria. The two legions
+  <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (united formerly as
+  "Polycystina") form their skeleton of pure silica (see note A, below); the legion <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> of a silicate of carbon (see note B), and the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> of a peculiar organic substance&mdash;acanthin (see note C). This
+  explains the well-known fact that the deposits of fossil Radiolaria (or Polycystine marls) are
+  composed exclusively of the skeletons of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, those of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> being entirely absent (in the case of the last group, however,
+  exception must be made in favour of the Dictyochida, or those <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>
+  <span class="pagenum" id="pagelxix">{lxix}</span>whose skeleton is made up of isolated scattered
+  tangential siliceous fragments). The enormous deposits of Radiolarian skeletons in the deep sea of
+  today, which constitute the Radiolarian ooze, consist, like the fossil Polycystine marls, almost
+  exclusively of the shells of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, though here the acanthin skeletons of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> may be present in very small numbers, and the silicate skeletons of
+  the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, which offer more resistance to the solvent action of
+  sea-water, somewhat more abundantly. Calcareous skeletons do not occur in the Radiolaria (see note
+  D).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The pure siliceous skeletons of the Polycystina were first recognised in 1833 by Ehrenberg
+    in chalky marls (L. N. <a href="#ln2">2</a>, p. 117).  Since the two legions <span
+    class="sc">Acantharia</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> were entirely unknown to
+    Ehrenberg, his name Polycystina has reference only to the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>
+    and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</p>
+    <p>B. The silicate skeleton of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> was formerly taken by me
+    for a purely siliceous one. When I described the first <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> in my
+    Monograph in 1862, I was only acquainted with five genera and seven species, whilst the number
+    of <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> here described from the Challenger amounts to eighty-four
+    genera and four hundred and sixty-five species. In the vast majority of these (though not in
+    all) the skeleton becomes more or less intensely stained by carmine, and is also more or less
+    charred at a red heat, in some even becoming of a blackish-brown. In many <span
+    class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, furthermore, the hollow skeletal tubes are destroyed by the
+    continued action of heat. They are also, for the most part, strongly acted upon, or even
+    destroyed by boiling caustic alkalis, whilst boiling mineral acids have no effect upon them. The
+    best method of cleaning the skeletons of <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> from their soft parts
+    is to heat them in concentrated sulphuric acid, and then add a drop of fuming nitric acid; in
+    this they are not dissolved even on prolonged heating. From these facts it would appear that the
+    skeletons of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> consist of a compound of organic substance
+    and silica, or a "carbonic silicate." The more intimate composition yet remains to be
+    discovered, as also the manifold differences which the various families of <span
+    class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> seem to show in respect of its composition. The small skeletal
+    fragments of the Dictyochida (the only remains of <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> which occur
+    as fossils) appear to consist of pure silica.</p>
+    <p>C. The acanthin skeleton of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> was first described as
+    such in my Monograph (1862, pp. 30-32). Johannes M�ller, the discoverer of this legion, took
+    them for siliceous skeletons and defined the <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> as
+    "Radiolaria without lattice-shell, but with siliceous radial spines" (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln12">12</a>, p. 46). I formerly supposed that the acanthin skeletons in some of the
+    <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> were partially or wholly metamorphosed into siliceous
+    skeletons, but, according to the investigations of R. Hertwig, this does not appear to be the
+    case; he showed that the skeletons of the most varied <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> and
+    <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> are completely dissolved under the longer or shorter
+    action of acids, and supposes that in all <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, without exception,
+    the skeleton is composed of acanthin (1879, L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p. 120). Quite
+    recently Brandt has found that the acanthin spines dissolve not only in acids, alkalis, and
+    "liquor conservativus" (as I had shown), but also in solutions of carbonate of soda (1 per
+    cent.), and even of common salt (10 to 20 per cent.); he concludes from this that they consist
+    of an albuminoid substance (vitellin) (L. N. <a href="#ln38">38</a>, p. 400). I am unable to
+    share this view, for I have never been able to see some of the most important reactions of
+    albumen in any of the skeletons which I have examined, such for example as the xanthoproteic
+    reaction, the red coloration with Millon's test, &amp;c. They do not become <span
+    class="pagenum" id="pagelxx">{lxx}</span>yellow either with nitric acid or with iodine. In
+    dilute mineral acids they dissolve more rapidly than in concentrated. My usual method of
+    cleansing the skeleton of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (which has been practised with the
+    same result on thousands of specimens) consists in heating the preparation in a small volume of
+    concentrated sulphuric acid and then adding a drop of fuming nitric acid; all other constituents
+    (the whole central capsule and the calymma) are thus very rapidly destroyed; the skeleton
+    remains quite uninjured and withstands the combined action of the mineral acids for a longer or
+    shorter time, though on prolonged heating it also is dissolved. I do not therefore regard
+    acanthin as an albuminous substance, but as one related to chitin.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">D. Calcareous skeletons have not been certainly demonstrated in the Radiolaria,
+    and probably do not occur. Sir Wyville Thomson in his Atlantic (1877, L. N. <a
+    href="#ln31">31</a>, vol. i. p. 233, fig. 51) described under the name <i>Calcaromma
+    calcarea</i>, a Radiolarian which contained scattered in its calymma numerous calcareous
+    corpuscles "resembling the rowels of spurs." These are identical with the "toothed bodies,
+    recalling crystal balls," which Johannes M�ller figured in the Mediterranean <i>Thalassicolla
+    morum</i> so early as 1858, and compared with the "siliceous asterisks of <i>Tethya</i>" (L. N.
+    <a href="#ln12">12</a>, p. 28, Taf. vii. figs. 1, 2). I formerly regarded these peculiar
+    calcareous corpuscles, whose solubility in mineral acids I had observed, as spicules of a
+    Thalassicollid, and hence described the species in my Monograph as <i>Thalassosph�ra morum</i>
+    (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 260). I have, however, seen reason to change my view, and am
+    now led to suppose that those peculiar calcareous corpuscles, which may be named
+    "<i>Calcastrella</i>," are not formed by the Radiolarian itself, but are foreign bodies which
+    have been accidentally incorporated into the calymma of a Thalassicollid (<i>Actissa</i>). These
+    corpuscles occur, often in large numbers, in many preparations in the Challenger collection, and
+    in the calymma of other Radiolaria, chiefly <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, hence it would
+    appear that they are foreign bodies taken up by the pseudopodia and carried into the calymma by
+    the circulation of the sarcode. The Radiolaria which Sir Wyville Thomson figured as
+    <i>Calcaromma calcarea</i>, and M�ller as <i>Thalassicolla morum</i>, I regard as species of
+    <i>Actissa</i> (see p. <a href="#page13">13</a>), perhaps <i>Actissa radiata</i> of the Pacific,
+    and <i>Actissa primordialis</i> of the Mediterranean (compare the description of the
+    Thalassosph�rida of the Challenger collection, pp. <a href="#page30">30</a>, <a
+    href="#page31">31</a>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect103"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">103. <i>The Physical Properties of the Skeleton.</i>&mdash;The skeletons of all
+  Radiolaria are characterised pre-eminently by a high degree of <i>firmness</i>, which fits them to
+  serve as protective and supporting apparatus. This is obvious in the case of the pure siliceous
+  shells of the Polycystina; but the acanthin framework of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>
+  also possesses a degree of stiffness but little inferior, whilst the silicate skeletons of the
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> seem on the whole to be not so firm. The hollow skeletal tubes
+  of the last-named, which are filled with gelatinous material, are very brittle on account of the
+  delicacy of their walls. Their <i>elasticity</i> also is very small, whilst that of the acanthin
+  spines is considerable. The thin long needles of many <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> are very
+  elastic, as are also the bristle-like siliceous spicules of many <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. The <i>refractive power</i> of the skeleton in the various legions
+  is very different, depending upon the chemical constitution. The siliceous skeleton of the
+  Polycystina (<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>) and the
+  silicate skeleton of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> have the same refractive index as
+  glycerine, and hence become invisible when mounted in that fluid; they then become visible only on
+  addition of <span class="pagenum" id="pagelxxi">{lxxi}</span>water, and are clearer in proportion
+  to the quantity of water which is added. The refractive index of acanthin is, however, very
+  different from that of glycerine, so that the skeletons of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> are
+  readily visible when mounted in this fluid. In water, the skeletons of all Radiolaria appear about
+  equally refractive, as also in Canada balsam. The substance of the skeleton appears almost
+  entirely hyaline, colourless, and transparent. Very rarely it is faintly coloured (in some <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>). A cloudy opaque constitution is seen in some <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (especially in the "porcellanous shells" of Tuscarorida and
+  Circoporida, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>); when
+  dried, these appear by reflected light milky-white or yellowish-white; the cause of this opacity
+  lies partly in the peculiar "cement-like structure" of these porcellanous shells, partly in their
+  fine porosity, and the minute air-bubbles contained in their thick walls.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect104"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">104. <i>The Elementary Structure of the Skeleton.</i>&mdash;The general
+  constitution of the skeleton&mdash;or more accurately expressed, of the morphological elements of
+  which the skeleton consists&mdash;is of such a nature that it may be termed structureless. Both
+  the organic acanthin skeletons of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> and the silicate
+  skeletons of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, as well as the inorganic siliceous skeletons
+  of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, appear under
+  the microscope perfectly homogeneous, transparent, colourless, and crystalline. Only very rarely
+  do they show traces of a concentric striation, which arises from the deposition of the skeletal
+  substance in layers; as, for example, the thick spines of some <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>
+  (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, &amp;c.).
+  Some of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, however, form an exception to this rule, inasmuch
+  as their partially tubular skeletal elements possess a remarkable porcellanous structure. In the
+  tubular or Cannoid skeleton, which occurs in most <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span>, the lumen of
+  the thin-walled flinty tube is filled with jelly, and frequently a thin siliceous thread runs in
+  its axis, and is connected with the wall by transverse threads (�� <a href="#sect127">127</a>, <a
+  href="#sect139">139</a>). The elementary structure of the opaque porcellanous shells, which
+  distinguish the two families Circoporida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>) and
+  Tuscarorida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>),
+  is quite peculiar. Numerous fine siliceous spicules lie scattered irregularly in a finely granular
+  or porous matrix.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect105"></div>
+
+  <p>105. <i>Complete and Incomplete Lattice-Shells.</i>&mdash;In the great majority of Radiolaria
+  (in all four legions) the skeleton has the form of a delicate lattice-shell or a receptacle in
+  which the central capsule is enclosed. In a small minority, however, this is not the case. The
+  skeleton then consists only of isolated rigid pieces (radial or tangential spicules), or of a
+  simple ring (sagittal ring of the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>), or of a basal tripod with
+  or without a loose tissue of trabecul�, &amp;c. (<span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>); the central
+  capsule is then not surrounded by a special latticed receptacle, but only rests upon the skeletal
+  trabecul�. According to these different arrangements, two principal groups or sublegions may be
+  distinguished in each legion, of which one set (Cataphracta) are characterised by a complete <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagelxxii">{lxxii}</span>lattice-shell, whilst the others (Aphracta) are
+  without it. The <span class="sc">Radiolaria aphracta</span>, then, or Radiolaria without a
+  complete skeleton, are the <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span> (p. <a href="#page9">9</a>), the
+  <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> (p. <a href="#page725">725</a>), the <span
+  class="gsp">Plectellaria</span> (p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page895">895</a>),
+  and the <span class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span> (p. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1543">1543</a>). On the other
+  hand, the <span class="sc">Radiolaria cataphracta</span>, or Radiolaria with a complete skeleton,
+  are the <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> (p. <a href="#page49">49</a>), the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> (p. <a href="#page791">791</a>), the <span
+  class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> (p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1015">1015</a>),
+  and the <span class="gsp">Ph�ocoscina</span> (p. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1590">1590</a>).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">Upon this basis the first subdivision of the Radiolaria was made by Johannes
+    M�ller, who recognised three groups:&mdash;"I. <i>Thalassicolla</i>, without receptacle, naked
+    or with spicules; II. <i>Polycystina</i>, with a siliceous receptacle; III. <i>Acanthometra</i>,
+    without receptacle, but with siliceous radial spines" (L. N. <a href="#ln12">12</a>, p. 16).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect106"></div>
+
+  <p>106. <i>The Ectolithia and Entolithia (Extracapsular and Intracapsular
+  Skeletons).</i>&mdash;The relation of the skeleton to the central capsule in the Radiolaria is
+  very various in many respects; in the first instance two great groups, <i>Ectolithia</i> and
+  <i>Entolithia</i> (see note A), may be distinguished topographically by mere external observation;
+  in the former the skeleton lies entirely outside the central capsule; in the latter, partially at
+  all events, within it. The <i>Ectolithia</i>, with a completely extracapsular skeleton, include
+  all <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, as well as a great
+  part of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (all <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span> and the
+  most archaic forms of <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>); the <i>Entolithia</i>, on the other
+  hand, in which the skeleton lies partly within, partly without the central capsule, include all
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> and the majority of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>
+  (most <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, see note B).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The difference between Ectolithia and Entolithia was applied in my Monograph in 1862 (p.
+    222) to separate the Monocyttaria into two main groups. The arrangement was, however, quite
+    artificial, being contrary to the natural relations of the larger groups, as was shown seventeen
+    years later by the discovery of the different structural relations of the central capsule.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">B. Among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, which all possess primitively an
+    intracapsular and centrogenous skeleton, the remarkable <i>Cenocapsa</i> (Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, fig.
+    11), seems to furnish the single exception; in it the skeleton consists of a simple spherical
+    shell which encloses the concentric central capsule. The exception is, however, only apparent;
+    the twenty perspinal pores of the shell show that they were originally in connection with twenty
+    centrogenous acanthin spines, and that those have disappeared by retrograde metamorphosis.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect107"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">107. <i>Perigenous and Centrogenous Skeletons.</i>&mdash;Much more important than
+  the topographical relation of the skeleton to the central capsule, according to which the
+  Ectolithia and Entolithia are separated from each other (� <a href="#sect106">106</a>), is the
+  original development of the skeleton within or without the central capsule, which gives rise to
+  the distinction between perigenous and centrogenous skeletons. <i>Centrogenous skeletons</i> are
+  found only in the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, which are further distinguished from all
+  other Radiolaria by their skeleton being formed of acanthin; in all <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> the formation of the skeleton begins in the middle of the central
+  capsule, from which twenty (the number is inconstant only in the <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagelxxiii">{lxxiii}</span>small group <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span>) radial spines are
+  centrifugally developed. The three other legions, on the contrary, possess on the whole a
+  <i>perigenous</i> skeleton, which <i>originally</i> develops outside the central capsule and never
+  in its middle. In the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>
+  the skeleton retains this extracapsular position, as also in the <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>
+  and part of the <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> among the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>; in the great majority of the latter, however, the primary
+  perigenous skeleton is subsequently enveloped by the growing central capsule, so that it lies
+  partially within it (� <a href="#sect109">109</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect108"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">108. <i>Polyphyletic Origin of the Skeleton.</i>&mdash;The skeleton of the
+  Radiolaria has undoubtedly originated polyphyletically, for it is impossible to derive its
+  manifold varieties from a single ground-form, or to regard them as modifications of one type. It
+  is much more probable that the different skeletonless Radiolaria have entered upon different ways
+  of skeleton formation quite independently of each other. At the outset it is quite clear that the
+  skeletons of the <i>four legions have originated independently of each other</i>. Further, it is
+  certain that within the legion of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> the Beloid skeletons of
+  the <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span> are not connected with the Sph�roid skeletons of the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> and the forms derived from them (see � <a
+  href="#sect109">109</a>). In the same way the skeletons of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>
+  are polyphyletic; probably in this legion the Beloid, Sph�roid, Cyrtoid, and Conchoid skeletons
+  have been developed quite independently (see � <a href="#sect112">112</a>). In the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, on the other hand, it is possible that all the skeletal forms are
+  to be derived monophyletically from a single simple primitive form (either the sagittal ring or
+  basal tripod?) (see � <a href="#sect111">111</a>). Still more probable is it that the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> have arisen monophyletically, for all the forms of their acanthin
+  skeleton may be derived without violence from <i>Actinelius</i> (see � <a
+  href="#sect110">110</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect109"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">109. <i>The Skeleton of the Spumellaria.</i>&mdash;The skeletons of the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> or <span class="sc">Peripylea</span> consist of silica, and are very
+  different and of independent origin in the two orders of this legion. The first order, <span
+  class="gsp">Collodaria</span>, have either no skeleton whatever (<span
+  class="gsp">Colloidea</span>, p. <a href="#page10">10</a>, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>), or their
+  skeleton is <i>Beloid</i>, a loose extracapsular envelope of spicules, consisting of numerous
+  unconnected portions; the separate parts are usually disposed tangentially, either as simple or
+  compound siliceous spicules (<span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>, p. <a href="#page28">28</a>, Pls.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>). The second
+  order of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, on the other hand (<span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, p. <a href="#page49">49</a>), develops a siliceous lattice-shell
+  which consists of a single piece, and is remarkable for the extraordinary variety of its forms
+  (pp. <a href="#page50">50</a>-<a href="#page715">715</a>, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>). To this
+  order belong not less than three hundred genera and seventeen hundred species of the Challenger
+  Radiolaria (that is, about two-fifths of all the genera and species). In spite of this extreme
+  richness in different forms this large group must be regarded as <i>monophyletic</i>, since all
+  its forms may be quite naturally derived from a common stem-form, a <i>simple lattice-sphere</i>
+  (<i>Cenosph�ra</i>, p. <a href="#page61">61</a>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>). The
+  twenty-eight families of <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> may be distributed in four
+  suborders, among which the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> constitute the <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagelxxiv">{lxxiv}</span>stem-forms, since they retain the original spherical
+  shape (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>). In the
+  other three suborders a vertical main axis is developed, which in <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> is longer, in <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> shorter than the
+  other axes of the shell. Hence the shell of the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> (p. <a
+  href="#page284">284</a>, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>,
+  <i>bis</i>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>) is
+  ellipsoidal or cylindrical, that of the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, on the other hand,
+  lenticular or discoidal (p. <a href="#page402">402</a>, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>). Finally,
+  the shell of the fourth suborder, <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, is lentelliptical; it has
+  the ground-form of a triaxial ellipsoid, and is characterised by the possession of three unequal
+  dimensive axes, or three isopolar axes of different lengths perpendicular to each other (p. <a
+  href="#page599">599</a>, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect110"></div>
+
+  <p>110. <i>The Skeleton of the Acantharia.</i>&mdash;The skeletons of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> or <span class="sc">Actipylea</span> are distinguished from those of
+  all other Radiolaria by two very important peculiarities; in the first place, they consist not of
+  silica but of a peculiar organic substance, <i>Acanthin</i>, and secondly, their development is
+  centrogenous, numerous radial spines or acanthin spicules being formed which are united in the
+  middle of the central capsule. Hence the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> are the only
+  Radiolaria in which the skeleton originates from the first in the middle of the central capsule.
+  The number of radial spines is primitively indefinite, variable, and often considerable (more than
+  a hundred), but in the great majority it is limited to twenty. In accordance with this the legion
+  may be divided into two orders, the more archaic small group Adelacantha, with an indefinite
+  number of spines, and the more recent group, Icosacantha, which has been developed from them and
+  possesses twenty regularly disposed spines; of the three hundred and seventy-two species of <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> which have been hitherto described, about five per cent. belong to
+  the former, about ninety-five per cent. to the latter division (see note A, below). The numerous
+  genera of Icosacantha may then be again divided into two suborders, of which the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> (p. <a href="#page740">740</a>, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>) produce
+  no complete lattice-shell, and thus agree with the <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span>, with which
+  they may be united as <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> in the broader sense (or <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> without a lattice-shell). The <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>, on the other hand (p. <a href="#page791">791</a>, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>), produce
+  a complete lattice-shell, usually by means of two opposite or four crossed transverse processes,
+  which arise from each radial spine and unite with each other (see note B, below). In most <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> the lattice-shell remains single; only in the Phractopeltida
+  does it consist of two concentric lattice-spheres (p. <a href="#page847">847</a>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, figs.
+  1-6). Furthermore, the whole order <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> may be subdivided into
+  two suborders according to the different ground-form of the lattice-shell; this remains spherical
+  in the <span class="gsp">Sph�rophracta</span> (the three families Sph�rocapsida, Dorataspida,
+  Phractopeltida, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>). On the
+  other hand, it assumes another form in the <span class="gsp">Prunophracta</span>; it becomes
+  ellipsoidal in the Belonaspida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>,
+  figs. 6-9), discoidal or lentiform in the Hexalaspida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>); and
+  finally takes the shape of a double cone in the Diploconida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagelxxv">{lxxv}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A.  The group Adelacantha consists only of the suborder <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span>,
+    with the three families Astrolophida, Litholophida, and Chiastolida (p. <a
+    href="#page728">728</a>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>,
+    figs. 1-3); the number of the radial spines is very different and variable, sometimes only from
+    ten to sixteen, but usually from thirty to fifty, and often more than one hundred; they are
+    generally irregularly distributed, and not as in the second main division. This latter, the
+    Icosacantha, always possesses <i>twenty</i> radial spines, which are regularly disposed
+    according to a constant law, the so-called "M�llerian" or "Icosacanthan" law; the twenty spines
+    are always so placed between the poles of a spineless axis that they form five zones each of
+    four spines; the four spines of each zone are equidistant from each other, and also from the
+    same pole, and alternate with those of the neighbouring zones, so that the whole twenty lie in
+    four meridian planes, which cut out an angle of 45� (compare pp. <a href="#page717">717</a>-<a
+    href="#page722">722</a>, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>-<a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>). In
+    spite of the manifold variations in form which are developed in the Icosacantha, they may all be
+    derived from a common stem-form, <i>Acanthometron</i> (p. <a href="#page742">742</a>), since the
+    law of distribution of the twenty spines is constantly inherited.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">B.  An exception is found in the peculiar family Sph�rocapsida (p. <a
+    href="#page797">797</a>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+    figs. 7-11; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+    figs. 6-10). Here the shell is composed of innumerable small, perforated plates, which arise on
+    the surface of the calymma independently of the spines.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect111"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">111. <i>The Skeleton of the Nassellaria.</i>&mdash;The skeletons of the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> or <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> consist of silica, and are
+  never composed of separate portions, but constitute always a single continuous piece. The
+  ground-form is originally monaxon, corresponding to that of the central capsule, with a constant
+  difference between the two poles of the vertical main axis. The ground-form is never spherical or
+  polyaxon as in the lattice-shells of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, and the skeleton
+  never consists of hollow tubes, as in the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>. The legion <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> may be divided into two orders; in the <span
+  class="gsp">Plectellaria</span> (three suborders <span class="gsp">Nassoidea</span>, <span
+  class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>) the skeleton does not form a
+  complete lattice-shell; in the <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>, on the other hand, which are
+  derived from these, the siliceous skeleton forms a complete lattice-shell enclosing the central
+  capsule. The number of forms thus developed is astonishingly great, so that among the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> no less than two hundred and seventy-four genera and sixteen hundred
+  and eighty-seven species may be distinguished, almost as many as in the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>. In spite of this great variety of forms the legion <span
+  class="sc">Monopylea</span> is probably monophyletic; at least all the different skeletal forms
+  may be derived from three elements which are combined in the most manifold fashion; (1) the
+  <i>sagittal ring</i>, a simple siliceous ring, which lies vertically in the sagittal plane of the
+  body, encircles the central capsule and comes into contact with it at the basal pole of the main
+  axis (� <a href="#sect124">124</a>); (2) the <i>basal or oral tripod</i>, composed of three
+  diverging radial spines, which meet in the middle of the basal pole of the central capsule (or in
+  the centre of the porochora) (� <a href="#sect125">125</a>); (3) the <i>cephalis</i>, or
+  lattice-head, a simple ovoid or subspherical lattice-shell, which encloses the central capsule and
+  stands in connection with it at the basal pole of its main axis. Any one of these three important
+  structural elements of the <span class="sc">Nassellarian</span> skeleton may possibly be the
+  starting-point <span class="pagenum" id="pagelxxvi">{lxxvi}</span>for all the remaining forms of
+  the <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>; the great difficulty in their phylogenetic derivation lies
+  in the facts that, on the one hand, any one of the three elements may alone constitute the
+  skeleton, and on the other hand, in the great majority of the legion, two or three are united
+  together (compare �� <a href="#sect182">182</a>-<a href="#sect185">185</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect112"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">112. <i>The Skeleton of the Ph�odaria.</i>&mdash;The skeleton of the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> or <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span> is always extracapsular, usually
+  consists of a silicate of carbon (more rarely of pure silica), and in the majority of the legion
+  is composed of hollow cylindrical tubes, whose siliceous wall is very thin, and whose lumen is
+  filled with gelatinous material (� <a href="#sect127">127</a>). The manifold and remarkable
+  skeletal forms occurring in this legion are not monophyletic, since they cannot be derived from a
+  common stem-form; they are, on the contrary, polyphyletic, various skeletonless <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (<span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads 'Ph&#x0153;odinida'.">Ph�odinida</span>) have independently acquired
+  skeletons of different form and composition. The legion <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> can be
+  subdivided into four orders, the skeletons of which present the following important
+  distinctions:&mdash;(1) The <span class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span> possess only incomplete Beloid
+  skeletons (� <a href="#sect115">115</a>), composed of many separate pieces, sometimes tangentially
+  (<span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Cannorhaphida'.">Cannorrhaphida</span>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>),
+  sometimes radially arranged (Aulacanthida, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>). (2) The
+  <span class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span> form Sph�roid skeletons (� <a href="#sect116">116</a>),
+  usually only a simple lattice-shell without special aperture (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>); two
+  concentric shells united by radial bars occur only in the Cannosph�rida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>). (3) The
+  <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span> are distinguished by the formation of a simple Cyrtoid
+  skeleton (� <a href="#sect123">123</a>) resembling that of the Monocyrtida; the monothalamus
+  lattice-shell is usually ovoid or helmet-shaped, more rarely polyhedral or almost spherical; a
+  vertical main axis can always be distinguished, at the basal pole of which is an aperture usually
+  armed with teeth or spines (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>). (4) The
+  <span class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span> are distinguished from all other Radiolaria by the possession
+  of a bivalved shell like that of the Conchifera; the two valves of this Conchoid skeleton must be
+  distinguished as dorsal and ventral, as in the Brachiopoda (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>). The
+  fifteen families of <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> which are arranged in the four orders just
+  mentioned, present such great differences among themselves, that the skeleton must be regarded as
+  probably polyphyletic even within the limits of each order.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect113"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">113. <i>Types of Skeletal Formation.</i>&mdash;No less than twelve different
+  principal forms may be distinguished as morphological types of the formation of the skeleton in
+  the Radiolaria; some of these are peculiar to a single legion or even to a smaller group; but
+  sometimes the same form occurs in several legions. Some types occur only in an isolated manner,
+  independently of the others, but most exist in various combinations with other types. Of the
+  twelve described below the Conchoid and Cannoid occur only in the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>; the Plectoid and Circoid only in the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>; the Astroid only in the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>; the
+  remaining seven types are found in several legions in the same form and hence are
+  polyphyletic.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagelxxvii">{lxxvii}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect114"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">114. <i>The Astroid Skeleton.</i>&mdash;Under the name "Astroid" we place the
+  peculiar star-shaped skeletons of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> in opposition to those of
+  all other Radiolaria, for they are separated from them not only fundamentally by reason of the
+  chemical nature of their substance (Acanthin, � <a href="#sect102">102</a>), but also by their
+  centrogenous origin, and the resulting stellate form (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>). The
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> are the only Radiolaria in which the skeleton arises within the
+  central capsule by the formation of numerous rays or radial spines of acanthin which project on
+  all sides from the centre. Originally these are united at this point, their conical or pyramidal
+  points meeting and being supported one upon another. In the great majority of <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> this loose apposition is constant, so that when the soft parts are
+  destroyed the skeleton falls to pieces. Only in a few forms in this legion are the central ends of
+  the spines fused so that the whole skeleton forms a connected star (<i>Astrolithium</i>). The
+  small group Chiastolida (or Acanthochiasmida) is characterised by the fact that the two rays which
+  are opposite to one another in each axis unite and form a diametral bar. The skeleton is almost
+  always composed of twenty radial spines, which are regularly disposed (Icosacantha), only in the
+  small primitive group <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span> is the number variable (Adelacantha, �
+  <a href="#sect110">110</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect115"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">115. <i>The Beloid Skeleton.</i>&mdash;As Beloid or spicular skeletons are grouped
+  together all those which consist of several disconnected portions; these always lie outside the
+  central capsule, either within the calymma or on its surface. Such extracapsular Beloid skeletons
+  are entirely wanting in the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>; they occur only in the <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> among the
+  <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, and in the <span class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span> among the
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>; the individual Beloid portions of the former are solid, those
+  of the latter hollow. In both groups the simplest forms of the separate portions are simple
+  unbranched needles (<i>Thalassosph�ra</i>, <i>Thalassoplancta</i>, <i>Physematium</i>,
+  <i>Belonozoum</i>, among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>; <i>Cannobelos</i> and
+  <i>Cannorrhaphis</i> among the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>); usually these spicules are
+  disposed tangentially over the surface of the calymma. Among the <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>
+  branched spicules occur more commonly than these simple ones; they are either stellate (with many
+  rays united in a centre) or twin-like, with a tangential bar, from each pole of which two or three
+  (seldom more) radial branches project (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>). Among the
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> the subfamily Dictyochida is characterised by the annular shape
+  of its Beloid portions, either simple rings, or hat-shaped or pyramidal bodies with a latticed cap
+  over the ring (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>,
+  figs. 3-14; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>,
+  figs. 7-13). The family Aulacanthida among the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, alone possesses
+  hollow <i>radial tubes</i>, which penetrate the whole calymma, and project distally over its
+  surface, whilst their proximal ends rest upon the surface of the central capsule. Although in
+  these cases the enclosed proximal end is always simple, the free distal end develops the most
+  various processes in adaptation to its prehensile functions (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagelxxviii">{lxxviii}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect116"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">116. <i>The Sph�roid Skeletons or Lattice-Spheres.</i>&mdash;The "lattice-spheres"
+  or sph�roid skeletons are the simplest and most primitive forms of lattice shells, and are widely
+  distributed in the three legions <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, whilst they are entirely
+  wanting in the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. The round lattice-shell is either a true
+  sphere in the geometrical sense, or an endospherical polyhedron, <i>i.e.</i>, a polyhedron, all
+  whose angles lie in the surface of a sphere (� <a href="#sect25">25</a>). In general,
+  <i>primary</i> and <i>secondary</i> lattice-spheres may be distinguished, of which the former are
+  secreted on the outer surface of the primary, the latter on that of the secondary calymma (� <a
+  href="#sect85">85</a>). Furthermore, <i>simple</i> and <i>compound</i> lattice-spheres may be
+  distinguished, the latter of which consist of two or more concentric lattice-spheres firmly united
+  by radial bars; in such cases the innermost lattice-sphere is always to be regarded as the oldest
+  or primary, all the succeeding ones as secondary, and the outermost as the youngest (� <a
+  href="#sect129">129</a>). The simple lattice-spheres are usually to be regarded as primary; they
+  may, however, occasionally be secondary, in which case the primary shell, originally enclosed, has
+  been lost by degeneration (as, for example, in the case of the Aulosph�rida and some <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect117"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">117. <i>The Lattice-Spheres of the Spumellaria.</i>&mdash;The lattice-spheres or
+  Sph�roid skeletons of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> exhibit in spite of their simple
+  type of structure, an extraordinary variety in the formation of the lattice-work and radial
+  apophyses, so that in the systematic portion of this work no less than one hundred and seven
+  genera and six hundred and fifty species are distinguished; these are united in one suborder, the
+  <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> (pp. <a href="#page50">50</a>-<a href="#page284">284</a>, Pls.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>). It may be
+  divided into two main divisions, the <i>Monosph�rida</i> with a single primary lattice-sphere
+  (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate27"><b>27</b></a>), and
+  <i>Pliosph�rida</i> (or Sph�roidea concentrica) whose skeleton consists of two or more concentric
+  lattice-spheres united by radial bars. The latter are subdivided into Dyosph�rida with two
+  concentric lattice-spheres (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>);
+  Triosph�rida, with three spheres (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate24"><b>24</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate29"><b>29</b></a>);
+  Tetrasph�rida, with four (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate23"><b>23</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>);
+  Polysph�rida, with five or more (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate23"><b>23</b></a>); and
+  Spongosph�rida, with spongy lattice-spheres (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>). A special
+  group is made up of the simple lattice-spheres of the social Collosph�rida (or Sph�roidea polyzoa)
+  (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>); these are
+  usually more or less irregular, and characterised by the development of peculiar tubular
+  processes; the latter are generally wanting in the Sph�roidea monozoa, whose lattice-shell is very
+  regularly formed. This distinction is interesting and important, inasmuch as the regular
+  lattice-spheres are explained by the independent development of the free-swimming Monozoa, whilst
+  the irregular spheres are due to the mutual dependence of the social Polyzoa.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect118"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">118. <i>The Lattice-Spheres of the Acantharia.</i>&mdash;The lattice-shells or
+  Sph�roid skeletons of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> are immediately distinguishable from
+  those of all other Radiolaria by their centrogenous development and the central union of the
+  radial spines by which they are supported; the only exception is furnished by the remarkable genus
+  <i>Cenocapsa</i> <span class="pagenum" id="pagelxxix">{lxxix}</span>(Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, fig. 11),
+  in which the radial spines are absent, not primitively, however, but in consequence of
+  degeneration; for the twenty cross-shaped perspinal pores, originally due to the twenty radial
+  spines, are still present. In the most nearly allied genera, <i>Porocapsa</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, fig. 7)
+  and <i>Cannocapsa</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  fig. 8), the proximal part of the twenty radial spines is still present, while their distal
+  portion has degenerated; hence in this case they do not stand in direct communication with the
+  spherical shell. On the other hand, this primitive connection persists in the genera
+  <i>Astrocapsa</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  figs. 9, 10), and <i>Sph�rocapsa</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  figs. 6-10). The five genera just mentioned form the peculiar family Sph�rocapsida (pp. <a
+  href="#page795">795</a>-<a href="#page802">802</a>); the spherical shell is in these cases
+  composed of very numerous small plates disposed like a pavement, each plate or aglet being
+  perforated by a pore canal; in addition to which there are twenty larger (perspinal) pores (or
+  twenty cross-shaped groups each of four aspinal pores) at those important points where primitively
+  the twenty radial spines penetrate the calymma. This peculiar porous "pavement shell" has probably
+  been developed (independently of the twenty radial spines) upon the calymma of the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> (<i>Acanthonia</i>, p. <a href="#page749">749</a>) by the action of
+  the sarcodictyum; it has, therefore, quite a different morphological significance from the
+  spherical lattice-shell of the Dorataspida, which is composed of tangential apophyses of the
+  twenty Acanthonid spines (pp. <a href="#page802">802</a>-<a href="#page847">847</a>, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate134"><b>134</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>). Each
+  radial spine here forms either two opposite or four crossed transverse processes, and since their
+  branches spread over the surface of the spherical calymma and are united suturally at their
+  extremities, the peculiar lattice-sphere of the Dorataspida arises. This extensive family is again
+  divided into two subfamilies:&mdash;the Diporaspida (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>) possess
+  always only two opposite apophyses, and form by the union of their branches two opposite primary
+  apertures or aspinal meshes. The Tessaraspida, on the other hand (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>), have
+  always four crossed transverse processes, and form by their union four primary aspinal meshes.
+  From the Diporaspida are probably to be derived the Phractopeltida (p. <a href="#page847">847</a>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-6), the only <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> which possess a double lattice-sphere;
+  their double concentric spherical shell may be compared with that of the Dyosph�rida.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect119"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">119. <i>The Lattice-Spheres of the Ph�odaria.</i>&mdash;The lattice-spheres or
+  Sph�roid skeletons of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, which are generally developed quite
+  regularly, though occasionally in a modified form, fall in the order <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span> into two groups of very different structure, each of which includes
+  two families. The first group (<i>Ph�osph�ria inarticulata</i>) contains the families Orosph�rida
+  (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>) and
+  Sagosph�rida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>);
+  the lattice-work of the former consists of irregular polygonal meshes and very coarse, partially
+  hollow trabecul�; in the latter, on the other hand, it consists of triangular meshes and very
+  slender filiform trabecul�; in both families the whole sph�roid skeleton forms a single
+  unsegmented piece as in most <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>. In the second group of <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagelxxx">{lxxx}</span><span class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span> (<i>Ph�osph�ria
+  articulata</i>), on the other hand, the lattice-sphere is segmented in quite a peculiar manner,
+  and composed of hollow cylindrical tangential tubes, which are separated by astral septa at the
+  nodal points of the network; this remarkable structure characterises the two families,
+  Aulosph�rida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>) and
+  Cannosph�rida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>);
+  the segmented lattice-sphere of the former is simple and hollow; while that of the latter is
+  connected by centripetal radial tubes with a simple concentric inner shell, which is sometimes
+  solid, sometimes latticed, and provided with a main-opening corresponding to the astropyle of the
+  enclosed central capsule. Since in the Aulosph�rida also, hollow centripetal radial tubes project
+  from the segmented lattice-sphere, it is possible that they have been derived from the
+  Cannosph�rida by the loss of the primitive internal shell. A special peculiarity of many <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span> (<i>Oroscena</i>, <i>Sagoscena</i>, <i>Auloscena</i>, &amp;c.)
+  consists in the fact that the whole surface of the lattice-sphere is regularly covered with
+  pyramidal or tent-shaped prominences (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>,
+  fig. 4; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>,
+  fig. 1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>,
+  fig. 1). A simple lattice-sphere quite similar to that of most Monosph�rida also constitutes the
+  skeleton of the Castanellida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>),
+  but since it possesses a special main-opening, it must be referred promorphologically to the
+  Cyrtoid shells of the <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect120"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">120. <i>The Prunoid Skeleton or Lattice-Ellipsoid.</i>&mdash;The
+  "lattice-ellipsoids" or Prunoid skeletons have arisen from the lattice-spheres or Sph�roid
+  skeletons by more energetic growth and elongation of one axis; this is the main axis of the body
+  and is probably always vertical; its two poles are commonly equal. The Prunoid skeleton is either
+  a true ellipsoid in the geometrical sense or an "endellipsoidal polyhedron" (<i>i.e.</i>, a
+  polyhedron, all the angles of which lie in an ellipsoidal surface). By further elongation of the
+  main axis, the ellipsoidal form passes over into the cylindrical, the polar surfaces of the
+  cylinder being usually rounded, rarely truncated. The rich order <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> (pp. <a href="#page284">284</a>-<a href="#page402">402</a>) contains
+  numerous modifications of this form of shell which arise on the one hand by the formation of
+  transverse constrictions, on the other by the apposition of concentric secondary shells. In
+  respect of the latter, simple and compound Prunoid shells can be distinguished as in the case of
+  the Sph�roid shells. In the compound Prunoid shells either all the concentric lattice-shells may
+  be ellipsoidal or the inner may be spherical. More important differences are found in the
+  transverse annular constrictions, which give the Prunoid skeleton a segmented appearance; in this
+  respect, three principal forms may be distinguished (p. <a href="#page288">288</a>):&mdash;(A)
+  <i>Monoprunida</i>, with unsegmented shell, having no transverse constriction (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>); (B)
+  <i>Dyoprunida</i>, having a shell with two segments and one (equatorial) transverse constriction
+  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>);
+  (C) <i>Polyprunida</i>, with three or more parallel transverse constrictions, by means of which
+  the shell is divided into four or more segments (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>). In the
+  same manner as the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> have arisen from the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> by greater <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagelxxxi">{lxxxi}</span>development of the vertical main axis, the
+  ellipsoidal Belonaspida have arisen from the spherical Dorataspida among the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> (p. <a href="#page859">859</a>; Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>, figs.
+  6-9; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  figs. 8, 9). The main axis of the ellipsoid in this case is always occupied by the opposite
+  equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis (pp. <a href="#page719">719</a>, <a
+  href="#page860">860</a>). In the legion <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> a similar prolongation
+  of the main axis rarely occurs; it is found, however, in <i>Aulatractus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>, figs. 6,
+  7), the lattice-shell of this Aulosph�rid being sometimes truly fusiform, sometimes rather
+  ellipsoidal or even double-conical.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect121"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">121. <i>The Discoid Skeletons or Lattice-Discs.</i>&mdash;The "lattice-discs" or
+  Discoid skeletons are characteristic of the <span class="sc">Spumellarian</span> group <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, and have arisen from the lattice-spheres of the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> by a less development of one axis, which is the main axis of the
+  body, and is probably usually vertical; its two poles are always equal. The Discoid lattice-shell
+  is either a biconvex lens (with a thin margin), or a plane disc (a shortened cylinder with thick
+  margin), or some form intermediate between the two. All Discoid shells show a horizontal median
+  plane or equatorial plane, by which they are divided into two equal halves, an upper and lower;
+  the margin of the lens itself is originally the equator. The main axis, the shortest of all the
+  axes of the shell, stands vertically in the centre of the equatorial plane. Among the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> Discoid shells rarely occur (<i>Aulophacus</i>), as also among the
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (Hexalaspida).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect122"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">122. <i>The Larcoid Skeleton or Lentelliptical Lattice-Shell.</i>&mdash;The
+  lentelliptical lattice-shells, which may be shortly designated "Larcoid," are especially
+  characteristic of the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, a large order of <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (pp. <a href="#page599">599</a>-<a href="#page715">715</a>; Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>). In
+  addition they recur among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, in the small family Hexalaspida
+  (p. <a href="#page872">872</a>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>),
+  and the family Diploconida (p. <a href="#page881">881</a>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>), which is
+  derived from it. These lentelliptical lattice-shells are all characterised by the clear
+  differentiation of three unequal, but isopolar dimensive axes, <i>i.e.</i>, the three geometrical
+  axes, perpendicular to one another, which determine the form of the shell, are of unequal length;
+  the two poles of each are, however, equal. The geometrical ground-form is, therefore, a triaxial
+  ellipsoid (� <a href="#sect34">34</a>). In the rich order <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> the
+  lentelliptical lattice-shell shows many variations in its development.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect123"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">123. <i>The Cyrtoid Skeleton.</i>&mdash;Cyrtoid skeletons are those lattice-shells
+  which possess a vertical main axis with two different poles (Monaxonia allopola); the upper pole
+  is usually termed the apical, the lower the basal. Such Cyrtoid shells are characteristic of the
+  great majority of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> or <span class="sc">Monopylea</span>
+  (and especially of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>); they are also found in a large
+  division of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (the <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span>), and
+  in some <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. In general the manifold Cyrtoid shells may be divided
+  into two large groups, those with one and those with several chambers. The <i>monothalamous</i>
+  Cyrtoid shells are usually ovoid, conical, cap- or helmet-shaped; their <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagelxxxii">{lxxxii}</span>internal cavity is simple, without constrictions or septa. Among
+  the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> they occur in the Monocyrtida (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>), where they
+  have received the name "Cephalis." A form of shell, essentially the same, is found amongst the
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> in the order <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span>, more
+  especially in the Challengerida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>),
+  Medusettida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>), and
+  Tuscarorida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>),
+  many of these latter closely resembling many Monocyrtida. Such monothalamous Cyrtoid shells occur
+  much more rarely among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (<i>e.g.</i>, among the <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> in <i>Lithapium</i>, <i>Lithomespilus</i>, <i>Druppatractus</i>, Pls.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, &amp;c.).
+  Polythalamous Cyrtoid shells (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>) occur
+  exclusively in the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and exhibit in this legion an astonishing
+  variety of structure; they are distinguished from the monothalamous forms by the development of
+  internal septa, or of annular incomplete diaphragms, which usually correspond to the external
+  constrictions; their interior is thus divided into two or more communicating compartments. Among
+  the polythalamous Cyrtoid shells may be distinguished three principal groups, the Stichocyrtid,
+  Zygocyrtid, and Polycyrtid. Zygocyrtid shells are characteristic of the <span
+  class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate84"><b>84</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a>), and are
+  distinguished by a bilobate cephalis (cephalis bilocularis); the median sagittal ring, or a
+  corresponding constriction, divides the shell into right and left compartments. Polycyrtid shells
+  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>) are
+  peculiar to the <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>, and characterised by a multilobate cephalis
+  (cephalis multilocularis). Stichocyrtid shells are those in which the primary cephalis remains
+  simple, and new joints are successively added to its basal pole; such shells occur in the majority
+  of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. Secondary chambers are sometimes added in the other two
+  groups (<span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> and <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>). When, as often
+  happens in these polythalamous Cyrtoid shells, two or three distinct joints follow each other, the
+  first is called the "cephalis," the second the "thorax," and the third the "abdomen" (Tricyrtida
+  Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate75"><b>75</b></a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect124"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">124. <i>The Circoid Skeleton.</i>&mdash;This is a very important and remarkable
+  type of skeletal formation, which occurs exclusively in the legion <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, where it plays a very prominent part; its characteristic element is
+  the "sagittal ring," a simple, vertical, siliceous ring, which surrounds the central capsule in
+  its sagittal plane, and is specially differentiated in its basal portion. This "primary sagittal
+  ring" whose vertical allopolar main axis coincides with that of the Monopylean central capsule
+  embraced by it, is characteristic of all members of the order <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>
+  (p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page931">931</a>, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>); here it
+  forms by itself the skeleton of the Stephanida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>); in the
+  Semantida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>)
+  it is combined with a horizontal basal ring, in the Coronida (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>) with a
+  vertical frontal ring and in the Tympanida (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>) with two
+  horizontal rings, an upper mitral and a lower basal. In the great majority of these <span
+  class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> there often develop in definite places characteristic processes or
+  apophyses, whose branches combine to form a loose tissue or an incomplete lattice-shell. This
+  becomes complete in the <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>, the majority of which retain more or
+  less <span class="pagenum" id="pagelxxxiii">{lxxxiii}</span>distinct traces of the sagittal ring.
+  Hence the skeletons of all <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> may be derived monophyletically
+  (Hypothesis A, p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page893">893</a>)
+  from a simple sagittal ring (<i>Archicircus</i> and <i>Lithocircus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>). This
+  theory, however, encounters the great difficulty that in many <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>
+  (<i>Cortina</i>, <i>Cortiniscus</i>, &amp;c.) it is combined in a remarkable manner with the basal
+  tripod of the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, whilst in these latter it is entirely wanting
+  (compare p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page894">894</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect125"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">125. <i>The Plectoid Skeleton.</i>&mdash;Those forms are distinguished as Plectoid
+  in which three, four, or more radial siliceous spines proceed from a common point, which lies
+  excentrically outside the central capsule and at the basal pole of its vertical allopolar main
+  axis. This peculiar type of skeletal formation only occurs in the legion <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and is specially characteristic of the order <span
+  class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page898">898</a>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>). But
+  since the essential elements of this remarkable skeleton also occur in many other <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, sometimes combined with the Circoid, sometimes with the Cyrtoid
+  skeleton, it perhaps has a fundamental significance in this legion; at all events it is possible
+  to derive monophyletically all the other forms of this legion from it (Hypothesis B, p. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page893">893</a>). The simplest
+  form of the Plectoid skeleton is a tripod, the three feet of which either lie in a horizontal
+  plane (<i>Triplagia</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>,
+  fig. 2), or correspond to the three edges of a low pyramid (<i>Plagiacantha</i>). A fourth ray is
+  sometimes added, which stands vertically upon the summit of the pyramid (<i>Plagoniscus</i>,
+  <i>Plagiocarpa</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>,
+  figs. 4, 5). In other <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> three secondary rays are intercalated
+  between the three primary (Hexaplagida, &amp;c.); seldom the number is greatly increased
+  (Polyplagida, &amp;c.). The rays are rarely simple, but usually branched; in the Plagonida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, figs. 2-6)
+  the branches remain free; in the Plectanida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, figs. 7-13)
+  they are united to form a loose wicker-work. From such a web a perfect Cyrtoid shell may arise.
+  Several forms of Plagonida may also be readily confounded with the isolated triradiate or
+  quadriradiate spicula of many Beloid skeletons (<i>Sph�rozoum</i>, <i>Lampoxanthium</i>,
+  &amp;c.).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect126"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">126. <i>The Spongoid Skeleton.</i>&mdash;From the simple lattice-skeleton which the
+  majority of Radiolaria possess, some of them develop a spongy shell; the trabecul� of the
+  lattice-work, situated in one plane in the former, are developed in the latter in different planes
+  and cross irregularly in all directions; thus arises a kind of wicker-work of more or less spongy
+  structure, usually with very thin trabecul� and irregular meshes. Such Spongoid shells are most
+  common among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, especially in the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> (Spongosph�rida, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>) and <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> (Spongodiscida, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>), more
+  rarely in the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>.
+  Lattice-work of similar spongy structure occurs very seldom among the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, <i>e.g.</i>, in some <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>) and <span
+  class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (<i>Spongocyrtis</i>, <i>Spongopyramis</i>, <i>Spongomelissa</i>,
+  &amp;c., Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate56"><b>56</b></a>,
+  fig. 10; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>,
+  figs. 5-10, &amp;c.). Among the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> spongy skeletons are very rare;
+  they <span class="pagenum" id="pagelxxxiv">{lxxxiv}</span>are to be seen in some <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span> (<i>Oroplegma</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>, fig. 1;
+  <i>Sagoplegma</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>,
+  fig. 2; <i>Auloplegma</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>,
+  fig. 8). No Spongoid skeletons are known among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect127"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">127. <i>The Cannoid Skeleton.</i>&mdash;Cannoid or tubular skeletons are those
+  which are composed of hollow tubes; they occur exclusively in the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> or <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span>. Tubular processes,
+  nevertheless, occur in some other Radiolaria, as, for example, among the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> in a portion of the Collosph�rida (<i>Siphonosph�ra</i>,
+  <i>Caminosph�ra</i>, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate7"><b>7</b></a>), and of
+  the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> (<i>Pipetta</i>, <i>Cannartus</i>, &amp;c., Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, figs. 6-10,
+  &amp;c.), also among the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> in <i>Theosyringium</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate68"><b>68</b></a>, figs. 4-6),
+  <i>Cannobotrys</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a>,
+  figs. 3, 4, 8-11, 20-22), &amp;c. In all these cases, however, the tubes are direct processes of
+  the cavity of the shell, the trabecul� of the lattice-work being solid. Only in the <span
+  class="sc">Cannopylea</span> are the lattice-bars themselves, the radial spines and appendicular
+  organs, generally tubular (hence the designation "Pansolenia"). The lumen of the thin-walled
+  siliceous tubes is filled with jelly, and hence the specific gravity of the relatively large
+  skeleton is considerably diminished. This peculiarity is not found in all <span
+  class="sc">Cannopylea</span>; it is wanting in all Sagosph�rida and Concharida, as well as in a
+  part of the Orosph�rida and Castanellida; in the latter there are found intermediate stages
+  between hollow and solid skeletal rods. Very often a fine siliceous thread runs in the axis of the
+  tubes, which is connected with its wall by lateral branches (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, figs. 4,
+  6; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>,
+  figs. 6, 7). More seldom the tubes are divided by horizontal septa into a series of chambers
+  (Medusettida, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>). The two
+  families Aulosph�rida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>) and
+  Cannosph�rida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>)
+  are distinguished from all other <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> by the fact that their tubes
+  are separated by astral septa in the nodal points of the lattice-shell (�� <a
+  href="#sect112">112</a>, <a href="#sect134">134</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect128"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">128. <i>The Conchoid Skeleton.</i>&mdash;By the name "Conchoid skeletons" are
+  distinguished the bivalved lattice-shells which occur exclusively in the legion <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>; they are quite characteristic of the <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span> or <i>Ph�odaria bivalvia</i>, which embrace three
+  families:&mdash;Concharida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>),
+  C&#x0153;lodendrida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>), and
+  C&#x0153;lographida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate126"><b>126</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>). The two
+  valves of the lattice-shell of the Concharida are simple, hemispherical, or boat-shaped, whilst in
+  the C&#x0153;lodendrida and C&#x0153;lographida tubes grow out from them, which branch and usually
+  give rise by anastomosis to a second external bivalved shell. In all <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span> the two valves are so disposed about the central capsule that an
+  open slit remains between them, into which open the apertures of the central capsule; and since
+  all these <i>Ph�odaria conchoidea</i> are <span class="sc">Tripylea</span>, with three typical
+  openings in the central capsule, and since the two lateral accessory openings lie at either side
+  of the aboral pole, and the unpaired main-opening at the oral pole of the main axis, it follows
+  that the two valves are to be regarded as dorsal and ventral as in the Brachiopoda (not right and
+  left as in the Lamellibranchiata). The dorsal and ventral <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagelxxxv">{lxxxv}</span>valves are usually equal, but in a portion of the Concharida they
+  present constant differences. In this family the two valves are attached to each other by their
+  free edges, just as in the bivalved Mollusca and Diatoms; and these edges may either be smooth
+  (Conchasmida, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-6), or dentate (Conchopsida, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>); the
+  valvular connection of the latter is sometimes strengthened by a special ligament which unites the
+  two valves at the aboral pole (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>,
+  figs. 8, 9). The form of the valve is sometimes hemispherical, sometimes boat-shaped, with a
+  sagittal keel.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect129"></div>
+
+  <p>129. <i>Medullary and Conical Shells.</i>&mdash;In all Radiolaria whose skeleton consists of a
+  double shell or of two concentric lattice-shells united by radial bars, an inner medullary shell
+  (testa medullaris) and an outer cortical shell (testa corticalis) may be distinguished (see note
+  A, below). The medullary shell is usually to be regarded as a primary, the cortical as a secondary
+  structure. Such double shells occur among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> in the
+  Dyosph�rida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>), as well
+  as in many <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>), <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>), and
+  <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>); among
+  the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> only in the family Phractopeltida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>); among
+  the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> only in very few <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>
+  (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Periarachnium</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate55"><b>55</b></a>,
+  fig. 11), and finally among the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> in the Cannosph�rida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>) as well
+  as in part of the C&#x0153;lodendrida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>)
+  and C&#x0153;lographida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate127"><b>127</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>). In
+  most cases (if not always?) the cortical shell arises by the growth of radial spines from the
+  surface of the medullary shell; these become united at equal distances from the centre by
+  transverse apophyses, the surface of the secondary calymma furnishing the basis for their
+  secretion (� <a href="#sect85">85</a>). Nevertheless, it seems that in many <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> the formation of the whole cortical shell proceeds simultaneously
+  (at a definite dictyotic period) like that of the primary medullary shell (see note B). Whilst in
+  the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, and <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, at most two concentric shells are formed, in many <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> their number increases continuously with additional growth; in many
+  <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> it rises to four, eight, or even more, as well as in many
+  <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> (if the concentric, peripherally disposed rings of chambers be
+  regarded as incomplete flattened shells). In these cases either only the innermost primary
+  lattice-shell is to be styled "medullary shell," or at most the two innermost (inner and outer
+  medullary shells), all the others being cortical.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The distinction between medullary and cortical shells was originally based in my Monograph
+    (1862, p. 50) upon the topographical relation of the lattice-shells to the central capsule,
+    inasmuch as I regarded all intracapsular shells as medullary, all extracapsular as cortical.
+    Hertwig, however (1879, p. 122), rightly pointed out that this distinction is unpractical,
+    "because the same lattice-shell in the same species may lie within or without the central
+    capsule, according to the size of the latter." He proposes, therefore, to restrict the term
+    medullary shell to the innermost, and to call all the others cortical; a course which seems
+    justified by the special significance of the primary innermost lattice-shell ("as the point of
+    origin of the radial spines"). But in most <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> which form
+    three or more concentric shells, the two innermost, which lie near together within the <span
+    class="pagenum" id="pagelxxxvi">{lxxxvi}</span>central capsule, are very different in size and
+    dictyosis from all the others which lie outside, and are separated by wider interspaces (compare
+    Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>,
+    <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate24"><b>24</b></a>, <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate29"><b>29</b></a>-<a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>, <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, &amp;c.).
+    In these cases it appears better to regard the two inner as inner and outer medullary shells,
+    and all the others as cortical shells. The character of the dictyosis in the intracapsular and
+    extracapsular shells is often so different that I have made it the basis of separation of
+    <i>Thecosph�ra</i> and <i>Rhodosph�ra</i> among the Liosph�rida (p. <a href="#page60">60</a>),
+    of Elatommatida and Diplosph�rida among the Astrosph�rida (p. <a href="#page208">208</a>),
+    &amp;c.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">B.&mdash;R. Hertwig (1879, L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, pp. 40, 123) separates
+    the true (simultaneously formed) "cortical shells" (<i>e.g.</i>, of <i>Actinomma</i>,
+    <i>Cromyomma</i>) from the arachnoid "siliceous networks" (<i>e.g.</i>, of <i>Diplosph�ra</i>
+    and <i>Arachnosph�ra</i>) which are formed by the successive union of tangential apophyses of
+    the radial spines. Whether this principle is right in the theory or not, it cannot be carried
+    out practically. Compare also Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>,
+    fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect130"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">130. <i>Dictyosis or Lattice Formation of the Skeleton.</i>&mdash;In the great
+  majority of Radiolaria the dictyosis or formation of lattice-work, and especially the formation of
+  a variously-shaped "lattice-shell," plays such an important part that the whole class has long
+  been popularly known in Germany by the name "lattice animalcules" ("Gitterthierchen" or
+  "Gitterlinge") (<i>Protista dictyota</i>). The old name Polycystina also (1838), although
+  referring only to the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>,
+  is derived from the lattice-work of the siliceous skeleton. The extremely various forms in which
+  this is manifested furnish the means of distinguishing species. The specific conformation of the
+  skeletal lattice-work is usually caused by the special disposition of the sarcodictyum (� <a
+  href="#sect94">94</a>), whose exoplasmatic threads become silicified or (in the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>) converted into bars of acanthin. In many cases, however, the form of
+  the lattice is mainly dependent upon the situation and form of the radial spines or of special
+  processes from them. With respect to their origin, two varieties of lattice may be
+  distinguished&mdash;simultaneous and successive. <i>Simultaneous dictyosis</i> occurs especially
+  in the simple lattice-shells of the <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, where, at a given moment ("dictyotic moment") the <i>whole</i>
+  lattice of the shell is excreted on the surface of the calymma. <i>Successive dictyosis</i>, on
+  the other hand, is found more particularly in the lattice-shells of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> (and in the concentric cortical shells of many <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>), which develop from the separate lattice-plates formed by the
+  apophyses of the radial spines, and hence not at the same moment. The lattice-shells of the <span
+  class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>, which gradually grow out from a sagittal ring or a basal tripod,
+  arise by successive dictyosis.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect131"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">131. <i>Dictyosis of the Spumellaria.</i>&mdash;Siliceous lattice-structures are
+  wanting in the first section of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, the <span
+  class="gsp">Collodaria</span>, but in the second section, <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>,
+  they are developed in extraordinary variety of details. In spite of this extreme richness in
+  different forms, the lattice-shells of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> may all be derived
+  from one and the same primitive ground-form, a simple lattice-sphere with regular hexagonal meshes
+  (<i>Phormosph�ra</i>, p. <a href="#page61">61</a>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>, figs. 9-11;
+  <i><span class="correction" title="Original referred to Pl. 28, figs. 1-3
+  but these are not of this genus.">Heliosph�ra</span></i>, &amp;c.). <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagelxxxvii">{lxxxvii}</span>The siliceous bars which bound these regular and subregular
+  meshes are at first exceedingly then and filiform; afterwards they become thicker or spread out
+  laterally, whence the meshes often become round with a hexagonal frame (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>, fig. 5; Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>, fig. 1).
+  If the latter vanish, a lattice-shell with simple circular meshes is formed. Very commonly the
+  regular form of the meshes or pores becomes more or less irregular, polygonal, or roundish. Hence,
+  in general, four different principal forms of dictyosis may be distinguished among the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>; viz. (1) regular or subregular <i>hexagonal</i> meshes; (2) regular
+  or subregular <i>circular</i> meshes; (3) irregular <i>polygonal</i> meshes; (4) irregular
+  <i>roundish</i> meshes. The three latter forms are to be regarded as secondary, derived from the
+  primary first form. In those <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> which possess several concentric
+  lattice-shells enclosed one within another, either these have all the same form of dictyosis, or
+  the lattice-work of the innermost primary shell is different from that of the outer secondary
+  shells (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>);
+  sometimes these latter also differ more or less among themselves (� <a
+  href="#sect129">129</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect132"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">132. <i>Dictyosis of the Acantharia.</i>&mdash;The lattice-structures of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> differ essentially from those of other Radiolaria in several
+  particulars. Firstly, they consist not of silica but of acanthin (� <a href="#sect102">102</a>);
+  secondly, they are always secondary formations, usually developed from transverse processes of the
+  primary centrogenous radial spines; thirdly, their formation is not simultaneous (at the same time
+  over the same shell), but successive (proceeding from the individual radial spines tangentially
+  towards the middle of the intervals); fourthly, the configuration of the network is due to the
+  relative position of the spines and the mode of union of their transverse apophyses. Since they
+  are at right angles to the spines, and since the branches of the apophyses are at right angles to
+  them, the original ground-form of their dictyosis is a lattice-work with quadrangular meshes;
+  these are often quite regular and square (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>,
+  figs. 5, 6; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 9, &amp;c.); more commonly they are rectangular or irregularly quadrangular (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>, fig. 10;
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 3, &amp;c.). In the majority of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> the quadrangular
+  form of the meshes passes over into an irregularly polygonal or roundish one (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>). Very
+  often the primary meshes of the lattice-shells, which immediately surround the radial spines, are
+  larger and more regular ("aspinal pores"), whilst the numerous secondary meshes between them are
+  smaller and irregular ("coronal pores"; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-4, &amp;c.).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect133"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">133. <i>Dictyosis of the Nassellaria.</i>&mdash;The siliceous lattice-structures of
+  the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> are formed on the whole like those of the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, with which they were formerly united under the name "Polycystina."
+  In this group also there may be distinguished as two main forms the regular and irregular. In the
+  <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> the regular lattice-structures generally exhibit hexagonal or
+  circular meshes, whilst the irregular are either polygonal or roundish; the irregular forms are,
+  however, much more abundant than the <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagelxxxviii">{lxxxviii}</span>regular, and a further distinction from the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> consists in the fact that the primary skeletal elements, from which
+  the lattice is secondarily developed, exercise a predominant influence upon their form. These
+  primary elements in the majority of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> are to be seen in two
+  morphologically most important structures:&mdash;first, the <i>primary sagittal ring</i>, which
+  embraces the central capsule in the median plane (� <a href="#sect124">124</a>); and secondly, the
+  <i>basal tripod</i> (� <a href="#sect125">125</a>), whose three diverging rays proceed from the
+  base of the central capsule, whilst commonly a fourth vertical ray supports the dorsal side of
+  latter (compare Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, p. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page892">892</a>). In the majority
+  of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> these two primary elements appear in combination,
+  whilst in others only one of them is recognisable. In addition there occur numerous monaxon
+  lattice-shells in which neither of these elements can be recognised, but a simple ovoid
+  lattice-shell (cephalis) alone forms the whole skeleton or its primary part (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>, fig. 13;
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>, fig.
+  13). The great difficulty in the morphological interpretation and phylogenetic derivation of the
+  <span class="sc">Nassellarian</span> skeleton lies in the fact that each of these three
+  elements&mdash;the primary sagittal ring, the basal tripod, and the latticed cephalis&mdash;may
+  form the whole skeleton by itself or be combined with one or both of the others (p. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page893">893</a>). Even nearly
+  related or at all events very similar forms may differ very greatly in this respect. With regard
+  to the manifold forms of their dictyosis it follows that it is partly dependent upon one of the
+  two first elements, partly independent. In the <span class="gsp">Plectellaria</span> (or those
+  <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> which do not possess a complete lattice-shell) the
+  lattice-work is usually irregular and arises by union of the ramifications, which proceed either
+  from the primary sagittal ring (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>) or from the
+  basal tripod (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>).
+  In the <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> (or <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> with a
+  complete lattice-shell, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a>), on the
+  other hand, the lattice-work is sometimes regular, sometimes irregular, being often very different
+  in the different joints of a segmented shell (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate72"><b>72</b></a>); a great
+  part of it arises independently of the two chief morphological elements, and develops according to
+  laws similar to those which regulate the dictyosis of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect134"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">134. <i>Dictyosis of the Ph�odaria.</i>&mdash;The lattice-structures of the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, which consist of a silicate of carbon (� <a href="#sect102">102</a>),
+  are on the whole not developed in such variety as those of the other Radiolaria, but exhibit
+  several essentially different types of structure, not reducible to a common primitive type of
+  lattice-work. In one portion of this legion there occurs an ordinary simple lattice-work (as in
+  <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>), with solid
+  trabecul�; of these the Castanellida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>)
+  and Concharida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>) have
+  usually regular or subregular, circular meshes, sometimes hexagonally framed; the Orosph�rida
+  (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>) large
+  irregular polygonal meshes with thick trabecul�, the Sagosph�rida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>) large
+  triangular meshes with thin filiform trabecul�. The Challengerida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>) are
+  characterised by a very delicate regular lattice-work, with minute hexagonal pores, like a
+  Diatomaceous frustule. The Medusettida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>) <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagelxxxix">{lxxxix}</span>show a peculiar alveolar structure, numerous small
+  compartments being enclosed between two parallel plates. In the Circoporida (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>) and
+  Tuscarorida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>)
+  the opaque porcellanous shell has a peculiar cement structure (� <a href="#sect104">104</a>), and
+  the lattice-structure is confined for the most part to characteristic rings of pores at the base
+  of the hollow tubes, which arise from the shell. The most peculiar lattice-work, however, appears
+  in the segmented shell of the Aulosph�rida (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>) and
+  Cannosph�rida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>).
+  In the former the large meshes of the lattice-work are usually subregular and triangular, in the
+  latter polygonal; the trabecul� are hollow cylinders, filled with jelly, and containing usually a
+  central axial thread. In each nodal point of the lattice, in which three or more tangential tubes
+  meet, these are separated by stellate or astral septa.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect135"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">135. <i>Radial Spines of the Skeleton.</i>&mdash;The skeleton in the great majority
+  of Radiolaria is armed with radial spines, which are of great importance in the development of
+  their general form and of their vital functions. From a morphological point of view the number,
+  arrangement, and disposition of the spines is usually the determining factor as regards the
+  general form of the skeleton. Physiologically they discharge distinct functions, as organs of
+  protection and support; they act also, like the tentacles of the lower animals, as prehensile
+  organs, since their points, lateral branches, barbed hooks, &amp;c. serve to hold fast nutritive
+  materials. In general main-spines and accessory spines may be distinguished in most Radiolaria;
+  the former are of pre-eminent importance in determining the figure of the skeleton; the latter are
+  merely appendicular organs. The main-spines present such characteristic and important differences
+  in the various legions of Radiolaria that they must be considered separately.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect136"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">136. <i>Radial Spines of the Spumellaria.</i>&mdash;The radial spines, which
+  exhibit most manifold variations in the large order <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, present
+  characteristic differences in its four suborders. In the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> their
+  number and disposition serve for the separation into families (p. <a href="#page59">59</a>); the
+  Cubosph�rida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>) always
+  possess six radial main-spines, which stand opposite to each other in pairs and lie in three
+  diameters of the shell, which are at right angles to each other and correspond to the axes of the
+  regular crystallographic system. The Staurosph�rida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>) have four
+  spines, which form a regular cross and stand opposite to each other in pairs, in two axes at right
+  angles. The Stylosph�rida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>) show only
+  two main-spines, which are opposed to each other in the vertical main axis of the body. Finally,
+  the Astrosph�rida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>) are
+  characterised by a larger and variable number of radial spines (eight, twelve, twenty or more),
+  sometimes regularly, sometimes irregularly arranged. Among the other <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>) are most
+  allied to the Stylosph�rida with two opposite main-spines; the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>
+  (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>), on the
+  other hand, to the Staurosph�rida with four crossed spines; there exist, however, <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> with two opposite, three marginal, or numerous radial main-spines; it
+  is <span class="pagenum" id="pagexc">{xc}</span>characteristic of this suborder that they all
+  usually lie in the horizontal median plane of the lenticular shell, arising from its equatorial
+  margin. The <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>) show a
+  great variety in the number and arrangement of their radial main-spines, which in the different
+  families of this suborder stand in direct causal relation to the various forms of growth of the
+  shell; usually the primary main-spines lie either in the three different dimensive axes, at right
+  angles to each other, whose differentiation is characteristic of the lentelliptical Larcoid shell
+  (�� <a href="#sect34">34</a>, <a href="#sect122">122</a>) or in definite diagonal axes, which cut
+  the former obliquely. The radial spines of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> are
+  <i>never</i> united in the centre of the body, but arise separately from the surface of the
+  primary central lattice-shell (medullary shell), more rarely from one of the secondary (cortical)
+  shells, which enclose it. Their form is originally three-edged (sometimes pyramidal, sometimes
+  prismatic); the cause of this is to be found in their origin from the nodal points of the
+  lattice-shell, whose meshes are primitively hexagonal; hence three trabecul� unite in each nodal
+  point, and are produced into three edges of the spine. Very commonly, however, the spines are
+  round (conical or cylindrical), more rarely polygonal. The three edges are often delicately
+  toothed, not unfrequently spirally twisted around the axis of the spine (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  12).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect137"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">137. <i>Radial Spines of the Acantharia</i>.&mdash;The radial spines of this legion
+  have a much greater significance than in the other three classes of Radiolaria, since here alone
+  they are the primary determining factors in the skeletal structure, and grow outwards from the
+  middle of the central capsule. This centrogenous origin of the radial spines is as characteristic
+  of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> as their chemical constitution, which is not siliceous
+  but acanthinic (� <a href="#sect102">102</a>). Furthermore, their form is in most cases so
+  peculiar that even an isolated <span class="sc">Acantharian</span> spine can be generally
+  distinguished from one belonging to either of the other three legions. In the great majority of
+  the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (all <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>) twenty radial spines are constantly present, which, disposed
+  according to a definite geometrical law, make up the skeleton (compare � <a
+  href="#sect110">110</a> above and p. <a href="#page717">717</a>). The twenty spines are generally
+  simply apposed to each other in the centre (either by the surfaces or the edges of their pyramidal
+  base); more rarely they are completely united and form a single star-like piece of acanthin
+  (<i>Astrolithium</i>). Very rarely (<i>Acanthochiasma</i>) each two opposite spines are united so
+  that ten diametric bars cross in the middle of the central capsule. Whilst in the great majority
+  of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> these twenty radial spines are present, the small group
+  <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span> is characterised by the possession of an inconstant, often
+  very large number, sometimes over one hundred. Among these <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span> are
+  probably to be found the stem-forms of the whole legion. The variously modified spines of the
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> may be grouped in three main categories: (1) round (cylindrical
+  or conical); (2) four-edged (prismatic or pyramidal); (3) two-edged (leaf- or sword-shaped). The
+  latter very commonly bear two <span class="pagenum" id="pagexci">{xci}</span>opposite transverse
+  processes, the former four crossed ones. By ramification and union of these apophyses arise the
+  lattice-shells of the <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> (excepting the Sph�rocapsida).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect138"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">138. <i>Radial Spines of the Nassellaria.</i>&mdash;The radial spines in this
+  legion show as great a variety in their form as in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, and,
+  as in them, are solid, siliceous bars, usually three-edged (prismatic or pyramidal), or round
+  (cylindrical or conical); more seldom they are polygonal in section. The great majority of the
+  <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> are, however, distinguished by a triradial structure, three
+  primary radial bars diverging from the base of the central capsule (usually from the centre of the
+  porochora); there is usually in addition a fourth apical spine, which passes upwards vertically or
+  obliquely on the dorsal aspect of the central capsule. These three or four typical radial spines
+  of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> may be derived with great probability from the basal
+  tripod of the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (<i>Plagoniscus</i>, <i>Plectaniscus</i>,
+  &amp;c., Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>);
+  and since this tripod is very characteristically combined in <i>Cortina</i> and <i>Cortiniscus</i>
+  with the primary sagittal ring of the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, the three typical rays
+  may be generally designated "cortinar feet," in contradistinction to the other radial processes of
+  the <span class="sc">Nassellarian</span> skeleton.  One of the three descending basal feet ("pes
+  caudalis," Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate95"><b>95</b></a>, <span
+  class="smaller">C</span>) is always unpaired, and lies in the vertical median plane (or sagittal
+  plane), just as does the vertically directed apical spine, which originally forms the dorsal bar
+  of the sagittal ring, and is produced upwards into the "apical horn," (marked <i>a</i> on the
+  plates). The other two basal feet are paired, and diverge right and left, forwards and downwards
+  ("pedes pectorales," <i>p.p.</i>). Six-rayed <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, in which three
+  secondary (interradial) feet are intercalated between the three primary (perradial) cortinar feet,
+  are less common than the three-rayed forms. In some groups the number rises still higher, nine,
+  twelve, or even more secondary feet being intercalated between the three primary. Besides,
+  accessory radial spines may be developed on different parts of the shell, which have sometimes a
+  definite relationship to the typical radial spines, sometimes not. Their form and ramification are
+  very various (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect139"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">139. <i>Radial Spines of the Ph�odaria.</i>&mdash;The radial spines of the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> are very clearly distinguished from those of other Radiolaria by the
+  fact that they are usually hollow tubes, rarely solid bars. As a rule, the tubes are cylindrical,
+  often slightly fusiform or conical, their siliceous wall is very thin, and their lumen filled with
+  jelly; a fine thread of silica usually runs in the axis, and in several families is connected by
+  fine transverse threads with the wall of the tube (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate110"><b>110</b></a>, figs. 4,
+  6; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>,
+  figs. 6, 7). The peculiar family Medusettida is characterised by a very remarkable segmentation of
+  the hollow spines (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>). Each
+  tube is divided by a series of septa into chambers, which communicate by a central or excentric
+  opening in each septum, an arrangement resembling the siphuncle of the chambered Cephalopod
+  shells. The number and <span class="pagenum" id="pagexcii">{xcii}</span>arrangement of the radial
+  tubes in most <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> is indefinite and very variable; only in a few
+  families is the number constant in each species and genus, and the disposition regular. The
+  Medusettida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>) resemble
+  the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, inasmuch as equal radial feet diverge from the base of
+  their shell, sometimes three in number (<i>Cortinetta</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, fig. 9),
+  sometimes four (<i>Medusetta</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-4), sometimes six (<i>Gazelletta</i>); <i>Gorgonetta</i> is specially distinguished by the
+  possession of six ascending and six descending spines regularly alternating (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate119"><b>119</b></a>). The
+  Tuscarorida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>)
+  usually have three or four equidistant feet. The Circoporida (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate115"><b>115</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>), on the
+  other hand, rather approach the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, their spherical or regular
+  polyhedral shell having a definite number of tubular radial spines, which arise at regular
+  intervals from their angles; <i>Circoporus</i> has six, <i>Circospathis</i> nine,
+  <i>Circogonia</i> twelve, and <i>Circorrhegma</i> twenty radial tubes. Very rarely the tubes of
+  the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> are angular, usually they are round, more or less
+  cylindrical, though they are often bifurcated or even ramified, and exhibit a great wealth of the
+  most delicate appendages; siliceous hairs, bristles, spines, barbed or anchor-like hooks,
+  spathill�, brushes, circlets, &amp;c. (compare Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect140"></div>
+
+  <p>140. <i>Main-Spines and Accessory Spines.</i>&mdash;As accessory spines (Paracanth�) we oppose
+  to the main-spines (Protacanth�), just described, all those processes which have no determining
+  influence upon the formation of the skeleton as a whole, but are to be regarded as secondary
+  constituents of the skeleton, or appendicular organs of inferior significance. They are developed
+  in the utmost variety, sometimes as hairs or bristles, sometimes as thorns or clubs, either
+  straight or curved (often zigzag), smooth or barbed; sometimes standing vertically upon the shell,
+  or directed towards the centre, sometimes obliquely, or rising at a definite angle. In those <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> whose lattice-shell consists of several concentric spheres, the
+  accessory spines generally arise from the outermost, the main-spines, on the contrary, from the
+  innermost. In the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, multifarious forms of accessory spines are
+  especially developed in the order <span class="gsp">Plectellaria</span>. In the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> they are often furnished with delicate appendages, <i>e.g.</i>,
+  anchor-hooks, spathill�, coronets, &amp;c. Among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> the
+  accessory spines which arise from the surface of the shell in the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> are very characteristic. They are not radially disposed (like
+  the similar superficial spines of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>), but parallel to the
+  radial main-spines from whose transverse processes they arise. Since in all these <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> the twenty radial main-spines are opposite to each other in
+  pairs, all the accessory spines (often several hundred) are parallel to ten different regularly
+  disposed axes of the lattice-shell (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate134"><b>134</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp5">
+    <p class="sp0">The skeletons of the Radiolaria, in addition to the general relations which have
+    been discussed above, present numerous and important special differences in the various larger
+    and smaller groups. These are indicated in detail in the descriptions of the legions, orders,
+    and families in the systematic portion of this Report.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagexciii">{xciii}</span></div>
+
+  <h3><b>BIOGENETICAL SECTION.</b></h3>
+
+  <p class="sp3 ac"><span class="smaller">A SKETCH OF OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
+  RADIOLARIA IN THE YEAR 1884.</span></p>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <h4><span class="sc">Chapter V.</span>&mdash;ONTOGENY OR INDIVIDUAL DEVELOPMENT.</h4>
+
+  <h5><span class="smaller">(�� 141-152.)</span></h5>
+
+  <div id="sect141"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">141. <i>Individual Developmental Stages.</i>&mdash;The germinal history of the
+  Radiolaria presents great obstacles to direct observation, and hence is very incompletely known.
+  The fragmentary observations, however (having been made on Radiolaria of very various groups and
+  supplemented by comparative anatomical considerations), allow us to draw a general picture of the
+  essential developmental processes in this great class. It may probably be assumed that in all
+  Radiolaria, after maturation, the central capsule discharges the function of a sporangium, and its
+  contents are broken up into numerous flagellate swarm-spores (zoospores). After these flagellate
+  swarm-spores (resembling <i>Astasia</i>) have emerged from the ruptured central capsule, they
+  probably pass over into a <i>Heliozoan</i>-stage (<i>Actinophrys</i>) and then after the formation
+  of a jelly-veil into the condition of <i>Sph�rastrum</i>. Afterwards, when a membrane is formed
+  between the outer jelly-veil and the inner nucleated cell-body, an <i>Actissa</i>-stage arises,
+  which exhibits in its simplest form the differentiation of the spherical unicellular body into the
+  central capsule and calymma. <i>Actissa</i> thus represents both ontogenetically and
+  phylogenetically the primitive condition of the Radiolarian organism, and may thus be regarded as
+  the point of departure of all other forms.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect142"></div>
+
+  <p>142. <i>The Astasia-Stage.</i>&mdash;The formation of flagellate zoospores in the mature
+  central capsule is probably to be regarded as the common form of individual development in all
+  Radiolaria; since the whole contents are utilised in the formation of these swarm-spores, and
+  since the extracapsulum takes no share in the process and perishes after they are evacuated, the
+  <i>central capsule</i> may be regarded as a <i>sporangium</i> (see note A, below). The zoospores
+  of the Radiolaria generally arise in the following way:&mdash;the nucleus of the unicellular
+  organism, sometimes early, sometimes late (and in several different ways, �� <a
+  href="#sect63">63</a>-<a href="#sect70">70</a>) breaks up into numerous small nuclei, and each of
+  these surrounds itself with a small portion of the endoplasm. Very often, perhaps generally, this
+  endoplasm contains one or several fat-granules and sometimes also a small oblong crystal; from the
+  protoplasm <span class="pagenum" id="pagexciv">{xciv}</span>of the small roundish or ovoid cells
+  protrudes one or more vibratile flagella. The fully developed spores, which commence their
+  vibrations even within the central capsule, emerge when it ruptures, and swim about freely in the
+  surrounding water by means of the flagellum. At this stage of its existence the young Radiolarian
+  represents essentially the simplest form of the Flagellata, such as <i>Astasia</i> or
+  <i>Euglena</i>; the unicellular body is for the most part ovoid or subcylindrical, sometimes
+  fusiform or reniform, usually from 0.004 to 0.008 mm. in diameter (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, fig.
+  1<i>c</i>; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>,
+  fig. 11). In the anterior part of the flagellate cell, immediately behind the base of the
+  flagellum, lies a homogeneous, spherical nucleus, whilst in the posterior part are usually several
+  small fat-granules and often also a small oblong crystal (hence the name "crystal-spore,"
+  "Krystall-Schw�rmer"). The number of vibrating flagella, which are extremely long and fine, seems
+  to be variable, usually one, sometimes two, occasionally perhaps three, or even four or more (see
+  note B).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The formation of the motile spores in the central capsule was first observed by J. M�ller
+    in <i>Acanthometra</i> (1856, L. N. <a href="#ln10">10</a>, p. 502), then by A. Schneider in
+    <i>Thalassicolla</i> (1858, L. N. <a href="#ln13">13</a>, p. 41), and finally by myself in
+    <i>Sph�rozoum</i> (1859, L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 141). These older observations were,
+    however, incomplete, for the origin of the motile corpuscles from the contents of the central
+    capsule was not observed. The first complete and detailed observations upon the formation of
+    spores in the Radiolaria were published in 1871 by Cienkowski (L. N. <a href="#ln22">22</a>, p.
+    372, Taf. xxix.); they relate to two different Polycyttaria, <i>Collosph�ra</i> and
+    <i>Collozoum</i>. These investigations were supplemented by R. Hertwig on <i>Collozoum</i> and
+    <i>Thalassicolla</i> (1876, L. N. <a href="#ln26">26</a>, pp. 28, 43, &amp;c.); on
+    <i>Collozoum</i> he made the important discovery that the Polycyttaria form two kinds of spores,
+    one with and the other without crystals, and that the latter are divided into macrospores and
+    microspores (compare the chapter on "Reproduction," �� <a href="#sect212">212</a>-<a
+    href="#sect216">216</a>). Quite recently Karl Brandt has confirmed these observations, and has
+    extended them to all the genera of Polycyttaria (1881, L. N. <a href="#ln38">38</a>, p. 393, and
+    1885, <i>loc. cit.</i>).</p>
+    <p class="sp0">B. The number of flagella, projecting from each spore, is very difficult to
+    determine, owing to their extraordinary length and slenderness. It appeared to me that in the
+    majority of those Radiolaria whose spores I investigated only a single flagellum could be
+    demonstrated with certainty, although sometimes two, springing from a common base, seemed to be
+    present. Compare the chapter on "Reproduction," (� <a href="#sect215">215</a>) and the recent
+    work of Karl Brandt on <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Sph�ozoea'.">Sph�rozoea</span>
+    (1885, L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>, pp. 145-174).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect143"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">143. <i>The Actinophrys-Stage.</i>&mdash;The fate of the flagellate zoospores which
+  emerge from the mature central capsule of the Radiolaria has not hitherto been decided by actual
+  observation; all attempts to rear the swarming zoospores have been in vain, for they have soon
+  died. From what we know, however, of the comparative morphology of the Protista, the hypothesis is
+  fully justified, that between the <i>Astasia</i>-stage of the flagellate swarm-spores, and the
+  well-known <i>Actissa</i>-stage of the simplest Radiolaria, there lies an intermediate
+  developmental stage, which may be regarded as being essentially the simplest Heliozoan form,
+  <i>Actinophrys</i> or <i>Heterophrys</i>. The swarm-spore is very probably converted directly in
+  to a simple floating <i>Heliozoon</i> by its elongated or ovoid body <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagexcv">{xcv}</span>becoming spherical and by fine pseudopodia protruding all round instead
+  of a single flagellum; the nucleus at the same time assuming a central position.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect144"></div>
+
+  <p>144. <i>The Sph�rastrum-Stage.</i>&mdash;The <i>Actinophrys</i>-stage of the young Radiolaria,
+  which proceeds immediately from the flagellate zoospore, is probably connected with the
+  <i>Actissa</i>-stage by an intermediate form, which may be regarded as a simple skeletonless
+  <i>Heliozoon</i> with a jelly-veil; a well-known example of such a form is <i>Sph�rastrum</i> (in
+  the solitary, not the social condition) and <i>Heterophrys</i>. This important intermediate form
+  has arisen from the simple <i>Actinophrys</i>-stage by the excretion of an external structureless
+  jelly-veil, such as is formed in many other Protista (<i>e.g.</i>, in the encystation of many
+  Infusoria). The young Radiolarian in this second <i>Heliozoon</i>-stage becomes a simple cell with
+  pseudopodia radiating on all sides; its body consists of three concentric spheres, the central
+  nucleus, the protoplasmic body proper, and the surrounding calymma or jelly-veil. When a firm
+  membrane is developed between the last two spheres this <i>Sph�rastrum</i>-stage passes over into
+  the <i>Actissa</i>.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The gap in our empirical knowledge which still exists between the flagellate
+    stage (� <a href="#sect142">142</a>) and the simplest Radiolarian stage (<i>Actissa</i>, � <a
+    href="#sect145">145</a>), can be filled hypothetically only by the assumption of several
+    <i>Heliozoon</i>-stages following one upon another. It is possible also that the
+    capsule-membrane is not formed between the endoplasm and exoplasm (as here supposed), but that
+    the membrane was formed first outside the cell and the extracapsulum subsequently secreted
+    around it.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect145"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">145. <i>The Actissa-Stage.</i>&mdash;The first <span class="sc">Spumellarian</span>
+  genus, <i>Actissa</i>, is not only the simplest form actually observed among the Radiolaria, and
+  the true prototype of the whole class, but also the simplest form under which the Radiolarian
+  organisation can be conceived. It is therefore extremely probably that <i>Actissa</i> not only
+  forms the common stem-form of the whole class in a phylogenetic sense, but is also its common
+  ontogenetic or germinal form. Probably in all Radiolaria the <i>Sph�rastrum</i>-stage develops
+  immediately into the typical <i>Actissa</i>-stage, by the formation of a firm membrane between the
+  protoplasmic body of the spherical Heliozoan cell and its jelly-veil. Thus arises the
+  characteristic central capsule, which is wanting in the nearly related Heliozoa. It is further
+  probable that all Radiolaria in their early stage will so far conform to the state of things in
+  <i>Actissa</i> as to have the capsule-membrane of the spherical skeletonless cell perforated
+  everywhere by fine pores. This structure is retained in all <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>,
+  whilst in the other three legions those structural relations of the capsule which are
+  characteristic of each develop from the <i>Actissa</i>-stage.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect146"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">146. <i>The Ontogeny of the Spumellaria.</i>&mdash;In the simplest case the
+  individual development in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> ceases with the
+  <i>Actissa</i>-stage. In all other genera of this legion diverging forms proceed from this, of
+  which the different growth of the three dimensive <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagexcvi">{xcvi}</span>axes on the one hand (�� <a href="#sect44">44</a>, <a
+  href="#sect45">45</a>), and the differentiation of the various parts of the unicellular organism
+  with the formation of the skeleton on the other, are of pre-eminent significance. Even in the
+  varying growth of the central capsule in the different dimensions of space in the skeletonless
+  <span class="gsp">Colloidea</span>, four different modes may be distinguished, which further, in
+  the corresponding development of the skeleton, furnish the basis for the origin of the four orders
+  of <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>. The most primitive and simplest form of growth, equal
+  extension in all directions, is found in the spherical central capsule and the concentric
+  spherical skeletons (<i>Procyttarium</i>, <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>). When the growth of
+  the central capsule proceeds more rapidly in the direction of the vertical main axis than in any
+  other direction, the ellipsoidal or cylindrical central capsule (<i>Actiprunum</i>) arises, and
+  the vertically elongated skeleton of the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, which is derived from
+  it. When, on the contrary, the growth of the central capsule and lattice-shell is less in the
+  direction of the vertical main axis than in any other direction, the lenticular or discoid central
+  capsule (<i>Actidiscus</i>) arises, and the corresponding lenticular shell of the <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>. Finally, even quite early in many <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, the growth of the central capsule and of the corresponding
+  lattice-shell in the three dimensive axes is different, and hence arise the lentelliptical forms
+  whose geometrical type is the triaxial ellipsoid or the rhombic octahedron (<i>Actilarcus</i>,
+  <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>). Thus the origin of the four orders of <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> is simply explained by a varying growth in the different dimensive
+  axes. The <i>primary</i> (innermost) lattice-shell is in this legion always <i>simultaneously</i>
+  developed (suddenly excreted at the moment of lorication from the sarcodictyum). The
+  <i>secondary</i> lattice-shells, on the other hand, which surround the former concentrically, and
+  are united with it by radial bars, arise <i>successively</i> from within outwards.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect147"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">147. <i>The Ontogeny of the Acantharia.</i>&mdash;The individual development of the
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> in the simplest case (<i>Actinelius</i>) stops at a point which
+  differs from the <i>Actissa</i>-stage only in the change of radial axial threads into acanthin
+  spines. In the small group <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span>, their number remains variable and
+  usually indeterminate (Adelacantha), whilst in the great majority of the legion (<span
+  class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> and <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>) the number is
+  constantly twenty, and those spines are regularly arranged according to the M�llerian law in five
+  parallel circles, each containing four crossed spines (Icosacantha). The simplest form among these
+  latter is <i>Acanthometron</i>, which may be regarded both ontogenetically and phylogenetically as
+  the common starting-point of all the Icosacantha. Within this extensive group variations in the
+  length of the dimensive axes appear, similar to those observed in the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. In the Astrolonchida and <span class="gsp">Sph�rophracta</span> the
+  central capsule remains spherical, extending equally in all directions; and correspondingly the
+  lattice-shell, which is excreted on the surface of the spherical calymma, remains spherical. In
+  the Belonaspida (just as in the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>) <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagexcvii">{xcvii}</span>this form passes over into an ellipsoid by prolongation of one axis;
+  on the contrary, in the Hexalaspida (as in the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>) the discoidal
+  or lenticular form arises by shortening of an axis. Finally, in the Diploconida, and in some
+  Hexalaspida in which the growth is different in all three dimensive axes (as in the <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>), both the central capsule and the shell assume the lentelliptical
+  form. The lattice-shell of the <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> is usually successive in
+  its development, since from each of the twenty radial spines two or four tangential apophyses
+  proceed, whose branches subsequently unite and combine to form the lattice-shell. Only in the
+  peculiar Sph�rocapsida can the pavement-like shell arise simultaneously or in a moment of
+  lorication.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect148"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">148. <i>The Ontogeny of the Nassellaria.</i>&mdash;The individual development of
+  the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> in the simplest instance remains stationary at the
+  skeletonless Nasselid stage (<i>Cystidium</i>, <i>Nassella</i>), which can be immediately derived
+  from the foregoing <i>Actissa</i>-stage by the disappearance of the pores in the upper (apical)
+  hemisphere of the central capsule, whilst in the lower (basal) portion they are modified to form a
+  porochora; the podoconus is developed within the endoplasm upon this latter. Usually the spherical
+  form of the central capsule passes over into an ovoid or ellipsoidal one, the vertical axis which
+  passes through the centre of the porochora being elongated. From the skeletonless Nassellida the
+  other <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> may be derived both ontogenetically and phylogenetically
+  by the excretion of an extracapsular siliceous skeleton. Unfortunately, the earliest stages in the
+  formation of this skeleton are unknown, and hence no answer can at present be given to the
+  important question, in what order the three primary skeletal elements of the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (the basal tripod, sagittal ring, and latticed cephalis) appear
+  (compare �� <a href="#sect111">111</a> and <a href="#sect182">182</a>). If, for example, in
+  <i>Cortina</i> and <i>Tripospyris</i> the basal tripod were to appear first in the ontogeny, and
+  the sagittal ring were developed from this, then the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> would be
+  rightly considered to be the oldest forms in the phylogeny of the skeleton-forming <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>; and in the contrary case the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>
+  would be so regarded. The relations of growth in the three dimensive axes are very variable in the
+  <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>; the three most important factors in this respect (partly
+  separately and partly in combination) are; (1) the development of the basal tripod to a triradial
+  stauraxon form (the ground-form being a three-sided pyramid); (2) the development of the sagittal
+  ring in the median plane of the body (the vertical axis having the poles different); (3) the
+  development of the latticed cephalis outside the central capsule (the poles of the vertical axis
+  being again different). Since the development both of the skeleton and of the malacoma is
+  characterised in most <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> by the stronger growth of the vertical
+  axis and the differentiation of the two poles, the allopolar monaxon ground-form acquires a
+  predominant significance in this legion (� <a href="#sect32">32</a>); the starting point of most
+  of the further modifications is the basal pole of the vertical main axis. Next to this the
+  sagittal axis is usually the most important determining factor (its dorsal and ventral poles being
+  <span class="pagenum" id="pagexcviii">{xcviii}</span>usually different), more rarely the frontal
+  axis (with equal right and left poles). In the zygothalamous <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>
+  (as in the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>) the formation of the shell proceeds from the
+  sagittal ring, whilst in the polythalamous <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> the latticed
+  cephalis is always the starting point, from which a series of joints (thorax, abdomen, and in the
+  Stichocyrtida, the numerous post-abdominal joints) successively arise (unipolar growth).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect149"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">149. <i>The Ontogeny of the Ph�odaria.</i>&mdash;The individual development of the
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> in the simplest case stops with the skeletonless condition of
+  the Ph�odinida (<i>Ph�odina</i>, <i>Ph�ocolla</i>), which can be immediately derived from the
+  foregoing <i>Actissa</i>-stage by the disappearance of the pores in the greater part of the
+  central capsule, the characteristic astropyle being developed at the basal pole (� <a
+  href="#sect60">60</a>). Since this particular form and structure of the spheroidal central capsule
+  remains the same in all <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, whilst the formation of their skeleton
+  follows very different directions, it follows that further common paths of development are
+  excluded both ontogenetically and phylogenetically. What will be laid down in this respect as
+  regards the phylogeny of the different groups of <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (�� <a
+  href="#sect194">194</a>-<a href="#sect199">199</a>) holds true also of their ontogeny. The
+  relations of growth in the three dimensive axes are hence very different in the skeletons of the
+  various groups of <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>. This difference is best marked in the <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span>, whose bivalved lattice-shells have as their ground-form the
+  rhomboid pyramid of Ctenophora. In most <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span> the monaxon
+  lattice-shell may develop simultaneously by sudden excretion at a particular moment of lorication;
+  this is also the case with the polyaxon lattice-shells of the <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span>. In their future growth the development of basal or radial
+  apophyses is of special importance. In the majority of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> these
+  apophyses are tubes of silicate filled with jelly (often provided with an axial siliceous thread);
+  thus their development is distinguished by complications which are absent in the case of the other
+  three legions.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect150"></div>
+
+  <p>150. <i>Growth.</i>&mdash;The growth of the body in the Radiolaria, as in all other organisms,
+  is the fundamental function of individual development (see note A). All structural relations which
+  this richest class of the Protista exhibits may be referred to different forms of growth, either
+  of the unicellular malacoma or of the skeleton which it produces. In general the special
+  development of the skeleton is dependent upon that of the central capsule, and of the sarcodictyum
+  on the surface of the calymma; in the further growth, however, the conditions are reversed, and
+  the condition of the skeleton already formed directly determines the further development of the
+  central capsule and of the calymma with its sarcodictyum. The four legions of Radiolaria show,
+  speaking generally, certain characteristic differences in growth, which are due in great part to
+  the different structure and ground-form of their central capsule. In the two legions of the
+  Porulosa (<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>), in which
+  the central capsule is originally spherical and <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagexcix">{xcix}</span>the ground-form of the skeleton either polyaxon or isopolar monaxon,
+  two fundamental and variously combined directions of growth are recognisable; firstly, the
+  <i>concentric</i> growth (equal increase of volume in all directions), and secondly, multipolar or
+  <i>diametral</i> growth (hypertrophy of certain parts in the direction of definite pairs of
+  radii). A different state of things obtains, however, for the most part, in the two legions of the
+  Osculosa (<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>), in which the
+  central capsule possesses a vertical main axis with different poles, and the structure of the
+  skeleton is determined by this allopolar monaxon ground-form. The two fundamental directions of
+  growth here combined in the most various ways are, firstly, <i>unipolar</i> growth (starting from
+  the basal pole of the vertical main axis), and secondly, radial or <i>pyramidal</i> growth
+  (characterised by the different development of separate parts in the direction of definite radii).
+  Whilst the growth of the <i>malacoma</i> is dependent on intussusception (as in most organic
+  structures capable of imbibing), the growth of the <i>skeleton</i> in all Radiolaria takes place
+  by apposition (see note B).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The earliest investigations into the modes of growth in the Radiolaria are due to J.
+    M�ller (L. N. <a href="#ln12">12</a>, pp. 21-33). More detailed communications I gave myself in
+    my Monograph (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 150-159). The relations there sketched have now,
+    in consequence of the examination of the Challenger collection, undergone many important
+    additions, and in some divisions, important modifications; these are for the most part treated
+    of in the general account of the separate families.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">B. The view here maintained, that the skeleton of all Radiolaria grows only by
+    apposition, appeared formerly to have certain exceptions. I thought I had shown that in
+    <i>C&#x0153;lodendrum</i> the thin-walled tubes grew not only in length but also in thickness,
+    with continuous increase in the lumen (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 152, 360). Further K.
+    Brandt concluded, from the varying size of the median bars in the twin-spicules of
+    <i>Sph�rozoum</i>, that these siliceous structures grow by intussusception (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln38">38</a>, p. 401). Both suppositions have been proved erroneous and I have come to
+    the opinion that in all Radiolaria the skeleton grows by apposition.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect151"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">151. <i>Regeneration.</i>&mdash;Whilst the general course of individual development
+  (perhaps without any exception in the Radiolaria), begins with the formation of zoospores in the
+  central capsule, there yet occurs in some groups a different form of ontogeny, introduced by
+  simple division of the unicellular organism, and coming under the term "regeneration" in its wider
+  sense. This spontaneous division occurs quite commonly in the Polycyttaria (or social <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>), and produces their colonies (compare the chapter on Reproduction,
+  � <span class="correction" title="Original reads '273'"><a href="#sect213">213</a></span>). On the
+  contrary, it has not been observed in the solitary <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, nor in the
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>; possibly, however, the
+  peculiar <span class="sc">Acantharian</span> family, Litholophida, has arisen by the division of
+  Acanthonida (compare p. <a href="#page734">734</a>). Among the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>
+  division is commonly observed in the order <span class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span> (which have an
+  incomplete Beloid skeleton or none), and also in the <span class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span>. In all
+  these cases the increase by division is nothing else than an ordinary case of cell-division, in
+  which bisection of the nucleus precedes that of the central capsule. The regeneration by <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagec">{c}</span>which each of the two daughter-cells develops to a complete
+  mother-cell depends upon simple growth. Another form of regeneration, different from this, has
+  been observed in <i>Thalassicolla</i>. If the central capsule be extracted artificially from the
+  large concentric calymma, the enucleated central capsule produces a new extracapsulum, with
+  sarcomatrix, pseudopodia, and calymma. This experiment may be repeated several times with the same
+  result. (Compare A. Schneider, 1867, L. N. <a href="#ln20">20</a>.)</p>
+
+  <div id="sect152"></div>
+
+  <p>152. <i>The Formation of Colonies.</i>&mdash;The individual development of colonies takes place
+  in all three families of the Polycyttaria (Collozoida, Sph�rozoida, Collosph�rida) in the same
+  simple way, by the repeated division of a single monozootic <span class="sc">Spumellarian</span>.
+  Since these divisions only affect the central capsule and not the extracapsulum, the sister-cells,
+  which arise by repeated division of the mother, remain enclosed in a common rapidly growing
+  calymma. Probably in all Polycyttaria the commencement of the formation of colonies immediately
+  follows the <i>Actissa</i>-stage of the monozootic mother-cell (or takes place in the
+  <i>Thalassicolla</i>-stage, which arises from the former by the development of alveoles in the
+  calymma). The simple central nucleus separates (by direct nuclear division) into two halves, and
+  the central capsule follows this process of bisection, becoming constricted in the middle between
+  the two daughter nuclei (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>,
+  fig. 12). In the further growth of the colony the process of division proceeds in the older, now
+  multinucleate, central capsules, in which an oil-globule has taken the place of the original
+  nucleus; then the division of the oil-globules precedes that of the central capsule (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>, fig. 1).
+  Another mode of growth of the colonies is the multiplication of the central capsules by
+  gemmulation, or the formation of the so-called "extracapsular bodies" (Gemmul�, � <a
+  href="#sect214">214</a>). The characteristic skeletal structure of the different species appears
+  at a later stage. Whether ripe central capsules can emerge from the social bond of a
+  c&#x0153;nobium, and, having become isolated, establish the formation of a new colony, is very
+  doubtful. The various forms which the c&#x0153;nobium assumes in the different species of
+  Polycyttaria, are due partly to simple growth, partly to the development of large vacuoles in the
+  calymma.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp4">
+    <p class="sp0">The <i>form and size</i> of the c&#x0153;nobia appear in many fully developed
+    Polycyttaria to exhibit specific differences, which require further investigation; in the young
+    stage, on the contrary, they are simple spheres or ellipsoids, often cylindrical or
+    sausage-shaped (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>,
+    figs. 1, 4, 6, 11).  In some species the cylindrical gelatinous bodies become moniliform, and
+    separated by transverse constrictions into many segments, each of which encloses a large alveole
+    (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>,
+    fig. 10). The rare ring-shape (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>,
+    fig. 1) which I figured in 1862 in the case of <i>Collozoum</i> (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>,
+    p. 522, Taf. xxxv. fig. 1), I have recently observed in different species of Polycyttaria; it is
+    capable of a very simple mechanical explanation, both ends of a sausage-shaped colony having
+    been accidentally brought into contact by a wave and having united by agglutination. Quite
+    recently Brandt has given a very complete account of the development, form, and growth of
+    Polycyttarian colonies in his work on the colonial Radiolaria of the Bay of Naples (1885, L. N.
+    <a href="#ln52">52</a>, pp. 71-85).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageci">{ci}</span></div>
+
+  <h4><span class="sc">Chapter VI.</span>&mdash;PHYLOGENY OR GENEALOGICAL DEVELOPMENT.</h4>
+
+  <h5><span class="smaller">(�� 153-200.)</span></h5>
+
+  <div id="sect153"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">153. <i>Sources of Phylogenetic Knowledge.</i>&mdash;For the purpose of
+  constructing a hypothetical genealogical tree of the Radiolaria, as of all other organisms, three
+  sources of information are open to us, viz., pal�ontology, comparative ontogeny, and comparative
+  anatomy. In the present case, however, these three sources are of very different value; the first
+  two are at present only very inadequately known and have only been partially investigated, hence
+  they can only be utilised to a very slight extent. The comparative anatomy of the Radiolaria, on
+  the other hand, is so completely known, and affords such certain glimpses into the morphological
+  relations of the related groups, that by its aid we are in a position at all events to lay down
+  the general features of their phylogeny with some probability, and to lay the foundation of a
+  natural system.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect154"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">154. <i>Natural and Artificial Systems.</i>&mdash;Although in the classification of
+  the Radiolaria, as in the case of all other organisms, the natural system must be regarded as the
+  goal of systematic classification, our phylogenetic knowledge of the Radiolaria is too fragmentary
+  and inadequate to admit of the systematic arrangement here adopted being regarded as a thoroughly
+  consistent natural system, that is, as representing the true genealogical tree of the class.
+  Owing, however, to the extraordinary variety of form of the Radiolaria, and the complicated
+  relationships of the larger and smaller groups, a synoptical grouping of the different categories
+  and the erection of a complete, even if to some extent artificial, system, becomes a logical
+  necessity. Under these circumstances, and regard being had to both these conditions, the following
+  systematic treatment of the Radiolaria will appear as a <i>compromise between the natural and
+  artificial systems</i>, like all other zoological and botanical classificatory attempts. On the
+  one hand, the attempt is made to arrange the larger and smaller groups as nearly as possible
+  according to their phylogenetic relationships, whilst, on the other hand, the practice of
+  circumscribing each by a definition as clear and logical as possible has been carried out. Since
+  these two efforts naturally often come into contact, the insufficiency of many parts of the
+  arrangement is obvious, hence its hypothetical and provisional character is emphatically
+  stated.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect155"></div>
+
+  <p>155. <i>Systematic Categories.</i>&mdash;The categories or different orders of divisions have
+  in the Radiolaria, as in all other organisms, no <i>absolute</i> significance, but only a
+  <i>relative</i> value. In itself it is quite unimportant whether the whole group be regarded, as
+  at first, as a <i>family</i> (Ehrenberg, 1847), or as an <i>order</i> (J. M�ller, 1858), or as a
+  <i>class</i> (Haeckel, <span class="pagenum" id="pagecii">{cii}</span>1881). These different views
+  are regulated, on the one hand, by the known extent of the group and by the amount of our
+  acquaintance with it, and on the other, by comparison with related groups and by reference to
+  their conventional disposition. When, therefore, the whole class, Radiolaria, is here divided into
+  two subclasses, four legions, eight orders, eighty-five families, &amp;c., these artificial
+  categories are drawn up only in the conviction that by this means the easiest survey and most
+  thorough insight into the system as a whole may be attained; this latter will indeed approach as
+  far as possible the ideal of a natural system, but must on numerous practical grounds always
+  remain more or less artificial. Since it is to be expected that with the progress of our
+  systematic knowledge the rank of the various categories will rise, it is possible that in the
+  future the arrangement of the group may be somewhat as follows:&mdash;<i>Phylum</i>, RADIOLARIA;
+  <i>Four Classes</i>, <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>,
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>; <i>Eight Legions</i> (Nos.
+  I.-VIII. in the following Table); <i>Twenty Orders</i> (Nos. 1-20 in the Table), &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller nothand" title="Systematic Categories."
+  summary="Systematic Categories.">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac">Four Legions.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="ac">Eight Sublegions.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="ac">Twenty Orders.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="ac">Typical Families.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac vmi" rowspan="12">I. Legion (or Subclass)<br/>
+      <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span><br/>
+      (<b>Peripylea</b>)<br/>
+      <br/>
+      [<i>Porulosa peripylea</i>.]</td>
+      <td rowspan="12" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace13sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="ac vmi" rowspan="4"><b>I. Collodaria</b><br/>
+      (<i>Spumellaria palliata</i>)</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="2">1. <span class="gsp">Colloidea</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>1<i>a</i>. Thalassicollida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>1<i>b</i>. Collozoida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="2">2. <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>2<i>a</i>. Thalassosph�rida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>2<i>b</i>. Sph�rozoida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac vmi" rowspan="8"><b>II. Sph�rellaria</b><br/>
+      (<i>Spumellaria loricata</i>)</td>
+      <td rowspan="8" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace9sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="2">3. <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>3<i>a</i>. Ethmosph�rida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>3<i>b</i>. Collosph�rida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="2">4. <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>4<i>a</i>. Ellipsida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>4<i>b</i>. Zygartida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="2">5. <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>5<i>a</i>. Phacodiscida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>5<i>b</i>. Porodiscida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="2">6. <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>6<i>a</i>. Larnacida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>6<i>b</i>. Pylonida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac vmi" rowspan="12">II. Legion (or Subclass)<br/>
+      <span class="sc">Acantharia</span><br/>
+      (<b>Cannopylea</b>).<br/>
+      <br/>
+      [<i>Osculosa cannopylea</i>.]</td>
+      <td rowspan="12" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace13sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="ac vmi" rowspan="6"><b>III. Acanthometra</b><br/>
+      (<i>Acantharia palliata</i>)</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="3">7. <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>7<i>a</i>. Astrolophida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>7<i>b</i>. Litholophida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>7<i>c</i>. Chiastolida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="3">8. <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>8<i>a</i>. Astrolonchida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>8<i>b</i>. Quadrilonchida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>8<i>c</i>. Amphilonchida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac vmi" rowspan="6"><b>IV. Acanthophracta</b><br/>
+      (<i>Acantharia loricata</i>)</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="3">9. <span class="gsp">Sph�rophracta</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>9<i>a</i>. Sph�rocapsida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>9<i>b</i>. Dorataspida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>9<i>c</i>. Phractopeltida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="3">10. <span class="gsp">Prunophracta</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>10<i>a</i>. Belonaspida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>10<i>b</i>. Hexalaspida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>10<i>c</i>. Diploconida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac vmi" rowspan="14"><span class="pagenum" id="pageciii">{ciii}</span>
+        <p class="sp0">III. Legion (or Subclass)<br/>
+        <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span><br/>
+        (<b>Monopylea</b>)<br/>
+        <br/>
+        [<i>Osculosa monopylea</i>.]</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="14" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace16sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="ac vmi" rowspan="5"><b>V. Plectellaria</b><br/>
+      (<i>Nassellaria palliata</i>)</td>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>11. <span class="gsp">Nassoidea</span>,</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td>11.  Nassellida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="2">12. <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>12<i>a</i>. Plagonida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>12<i>b</i>. Plectanida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="2">13. <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>13<i>a</i>. Stephanida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>13<i>b</i>. Tympanida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac vmi" rowspan="9"><b>VI. Cyrtellaria</b><br/>
+      (<i>Nassellaria loricata</i>)</td>
+      <td rowspan="9" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace10sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="2">14. <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>14<i>a</i>. Zygospyrida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>14<i>b</i>. Androspyrida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="3">15. <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>15<i>a</i>. Cannobotryida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>15<i>b</i>. Lithobotryida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>15<i>c</i>. Pylobotryida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="4">16. <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>16<i>a</i>. Monocyrtida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>16<i>b</i>. Dicyrtida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>16<i>c</i>. Tricyrtida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>16<i>d</i>. Stichocyrtida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac vmi" rowspan="12">IV. Legion (or Subclass)<br/>
+      <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span><br/>
+      (<b>Actipylea</b>)<br/>
+      [<i>Porulosa actipylea</i>.]</td>
+      <td rowspan="12" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace13sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="ac vmi" rowspan="6"><b>VII. Ph�ocystina</b><br/>
+      (<i>Ph�odaria palliata</i>)</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="3">17. <span class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>17<i>a</i>. Ph�odinida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>17<i>b</i>. Cannorrhaphida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>17<i>c</i>. Aulacanthida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="3">18. <span class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>18<i>a</i>. Orosph�rida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>18<i>b</i>. Aulosph�rida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>18<i>c</i>. Cannosph�rida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ac vmi" rowspan="6"><b>VIII. Ph�ocoscina</b><br/>
+      (<i>Ph�odaria loricata</i>)</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="3">19. <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>19<i>a</i>. Challengerida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>19<i>b</i>. Castanellida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>19<i>c</i>. Circoporida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="3">20. <span class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span>,</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>20<i>a</i>. Concharida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>20<i>b</i>. C&#x0153;lodendrida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>20<i>c</i>. C&#x0153;lographida.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp3 w100 smaller ba handonly" title="Systematic Categories."
+  summary="Systematic Categories.">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="ba pb05 pt05" colspan="7">Four Legions.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td class="ba pb05 pt05" colspan="5">Eight Sublegions.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td class="ba pb05 pt05" colspan="3">Twenty Orders.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td class="ba pb05 pt05">Typical Families.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7" class="pt05 sp0">
+        <p>I. Legion (or Subclass) (<b>Peripylea</b>)</p>
+        <p class="sp0">[<i>Porulosa peripylea</i>.]</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" rowspan="2"><b>I. Collodaria</b> (<i>Spumellaria palliata</i>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">1. <span class="gsp">Colloidea</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">1<i>a</i>. Thalassicollida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">1<i>b</i>. Collozoida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">2. <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">2<i>a</i>. Thalassosph�rida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">2<i>b</i>. Sph�rozoida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" rowspan="2"><b>II. Sph�rellaria</b> (<i>Spumellaria loricata</i>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">3. <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">3<i>a</i>. Ethmosph�rida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">3<i>b</i>. Collosph�rida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">4. <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">4<i>a</i>. Ellipsida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">4<i>b</i>. Zygartida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">5. <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">5<i>a</i>. Phacodiscida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">5<i>b</i>. Porodiscida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">6. <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">6<i>a</i>. Larnacida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">6<i>b</i>. Pylonida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7" class="pt05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Legion (or Subclass) <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (<b>Cannopylea</b>).</p>
+        <p class="sp0">[<i>Osculosa cannopylea</i>.]</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" rowspan="2"><b>III. Acanthometra</b> (<i>Acantharia palliata</i>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">7. <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">7<i>a</i>. Astrolophida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">7<i>b</i>. Litholophida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">7<i>c</i>. Chiastolida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">8. <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">8<i>a</i>. Astrolonchida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">8<i>b</i>. Quadrilonchida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">8<i>c</i>. Amphilonchida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" rowspan="2"><b>IV. Acanthophracta</b> (<i>Acantharia loricata</i>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">9. <span class="gsp">Sph�rophracta</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">9<i>a</i>. Sph�rocapsida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">9<i>b</i>. Dorataspida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">9<i>c</i>. Phractopeltida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">10. <span class="gsp">Prunophracta</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">10<i>a</i>. Belonaspida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">10<i>b</i>. Hexalaspida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">10<i>c</i>. Diploconida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7" class="pt05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Legion (or Subclass) <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (<b>Monopylea</b>)</p>
+        <p class="sp0">[<i>Osculosa monopylea</i>.]</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" rowspan="2"><b>V. Plectellaria</b> (<i>Nassellaria palliata</i>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">11. <span class="gsp">Nassoidea</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">11.  Nassellida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">12. <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">12<i>a</i>. Plagonida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">12<i>b</i>. Plectanida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">13. <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">13<i>a</i>. Stephanida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">13<i>b</i>. Tympanida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" rowspan="2"><b>VI. Cyrtellaria</b> (<i>Nassellaria loricata</i>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">14. <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">14<i>a</i>. Zygospyrida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">14<i>b</i>. Androspyrida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">15. <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">15<i>a</i>. Cannobotryida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">15<i>b</i>. Lithobotryida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">15<i>c</i>. Pylobotryida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">16. <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">16<i>a</i>. Monocyrtida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">16<i>b</i>. Dicyrtida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">16<i>c</i>. Tricyrtida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">16<i>d</i>. Stichocyrtida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7" class="pt05 sp0">
+        <p>IV. Legion (or Subclass) <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (<b>Actipylea</b>)</p>
+        <p class="sp0">[<i>Porulosa actipylea</i>.]</p>
+      </td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" rowspan="2"><b>VII. Ph�ocystina</b> (<i>Ph�odaria</i> <i>palliata</i>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">17. <span class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">17<i>a</i>. Ph�odinida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">17<i>b</i>. Cannorrhaphida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">17<i>c</i>. Aulacanthida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">18. <span class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">18<i>a</i>. Orosph�rida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">18<i>b</i>. Aulosph�rida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">18<i>c</i>. Cannosph�rida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" rowspan="2"><b>VIII. Ph�ocoscina</b> (<i>Ph�odaria loricata</i>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">19. <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">19<i>a</i>. Challengerida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">19<i>b</i>. Castanellida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">19<i>c</i>. Circoporida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2">20. <span class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span>,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">20<i>a</i>. Concharida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">20<i>b</i>. C&#x0153;lodendrida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2">20<i>c</i>. C&#x0153;lographida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div id="sect156"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">156. <i>Formation of Species.</i>&mdash;The totality of similar forms, which we
+  unite in one species, and which in the earlier dogmatic systems was regarded as a category of
+  absolute value, possesses only a <i>relative value</i> like all other systematic categories (� <a
+  href="#sect155">155</a>). According to the individual views of the systematist and the general
+  survey which he has attained of the smaller and larger systematic groups, the conception of a
+  species adopted in his practical work will be wider or narrower. In the present systematic
+  arrangement a medium extent has been adopted. It is shown that in the Radiolaria, as in all other
+  extensive groups of organisms, the constancy of the species is very variable in the different
+  groups. Many families of Radiolaria are very rich in "bad species," <i>i.e.</i>, very
+  <i>variable</i> forms, in which the process of the formation of species is seen in progress; such,
+  for example, are&mdash;among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, the Sph�rozoida,
+  Stylosph�rida, Phacodiscida and Pylonida; among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, the
+  Amphilonchida and Phractopeltida; among the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, the <span
+  class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>; and among the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, the Aulacanthida, Sagosph�rida, Castanellida and Concharida. On the
+  <span class="pagenum" id="pageciv">{civ}</span>other hand, in some families numerous "good
+  species" may be distinguished, since the intermediate connecting forms are no longer present and
+  the forms have become <i>relatively constant</i>. As instances of such families may be mentioned,
+  among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, the Astrosph�rida, Cyphinida, Porodiscida and
+  Tholonida; among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> the Quadrilonchida and Dorataspida; among
+  the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>; among the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, the Challengerida,
+  Medusettida, Circoporida and C&#x0153;lographida. The more carefully the different groups are
+  studied, the more numerous the individuals of each species under comparison, the greater becomes
+  the number of "bad" species among the Radiolaria, and the smaller the number of good ones.
+  Originally, no doubt, all "species bon�" were "mal�." There may be observed in the manifold
+  skeletal forms of the Radiolaria, on the one hand, the utmost accuracy of configuration, and on
+  the other, the greatest variability, and hence a careful comparative study of them leads to a firm
+  conviction of the gradual "Transformation of Species," and of the truth of the "Theory of
+  Descent."</p>
+
+  <div id="sect157"></div>
+
+  <p>157. <i>Pal�ontological Development.</i>&mdash;The pal�ontology of the Radiolaria already
+  offers very considerable material for study; but in consequence of its incompleteness this is of
+  little value for the study of the phylogeny of the class. By far the larger portion of the fossil
+  Radiolaria belong to the Tertiary period; only quite recently have numerous well-preserved fossil
+  Radiolaria been described from the Mesozoic period, and especially from the Jura. Of Pal�ozoic
+  Radiolaria (from the coal measures) only slight traces are known. Moreover, the fossil Radiolaria
+  hitherto known have been found only in very circumscribed and widely separated localities. The
+  majority of all the species belong to the small island of Barbados. Although our pal�ontological
+  acquaintance with the Radiolaria must necessarily be incomplete for this reason, it is still more
+  so since at least thirty out of the eighty-five families (that is more than a third) could not
+  possibly leave any fossil remains, either because they possess no skeleton, or because of its
+  chemical composition.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">Of the four legions of the Radiolaria, the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (on
+    account of the solubility of their astroid acanthin skeletons) have entirely vanished and have
+    never been found fossil. Of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, whose silicate skeleton is
+    not as a rule capable of fossilisation, only one section (Dictyochida) of a single family
+    (Cannorrhaphida) has been observed fossil. Hence the fossil remains of the Radiolaria belong
+    almost exclusively to the two legions, <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+    class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, which were formerly united under the term "Polycystina." Among
+    these, however, the skeletonless Thalassicollida, Collozoida, and Nassellida could leave no
+    traces. Hence there only remain fifty-five families of which we might expect to find fossil
+    siliceous skeletons. Even of these, however, scarcely the half are certainly known in the fossil
+    condition, whilst of the remainder nothing certain is known; for example, of the large order
+    <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> (among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>) and of the
+    <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (among the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>) with a few
+    isolated exceptions, no fossils are known. The great majority of fossil Radiolaria belong to the
+    two <span class="sc">Nassellarian</span> orders <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> and <span
+    class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> (two relatively very highly developed groups); next to these follow
+    the orders <span class="pagenum" id="pagecv">{cv}</span><span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> and
+    <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. From these
+    pal�ontological facts it is obvious that our present very incomplete acquaintance with the
+    fossil Radiolaria is quite insufficient to warrant us in drawing any conclusions from it
+    regarding the phylogenetic development or pal�ontological succession of the individual
+    groups.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect158"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">158. <i>Origin of the Four Legions.</i>&mdash;The agreement of all Radiolaria in
+  those constant and essential characters of the unicellular body, which distinguish them from all
+  other Protista (especially the differentiation of the malacoma into a central capsule and
+  extracapsulum), justifies the conclusion that all members of this class have been developed from a
+  common undifferentiated stem-form. Only the simplest form of the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, a skeletonless spherical cell with concentric spherical nucleus and
+  calymma, can be regarded as such. The simplest form of the Thalassicollida which is now extant
+  (<i>Actissa</i>, <i>Procyttarium</i>, p. <a href="#page12">12</a>), corresponds so exactly to the
+  morphological idea of that hypothetical stem-form that it may unhesitatingly be regarded in a
+  natural system as the common point of origin of the whole class. On the other hand, <i>Actissa</i>
+  is so closely related to the simple Heliozoa (<i>Actinophrys</i>, <i>Actinosph�rium</i>,
+  <i>Heterophrys</i>, <i>Sph�rastrum</i>, &amp;c.) that its origin from this group of Rhizopoda is
+  exceedingly probable. The three legions <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> are to be regarded as three
+  main diverging branches of the genealogical tree, which have been developed in different
+  directions and are only connected by their simplest stem-forms (<i>Actinelius</i>,
+  <i>Nassella</i>, <i>Ph�odina</i>) with the stem-form of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>,
+  the primordial <i>Actissa</i>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect159"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">159. <i>Phylogeny of the Spumellaria.</i>&mdash;The legion <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> or <span class="sc">Peripylea</span> is to be regarded as the common
+  stem-group of the Radiolaria, and its simplest form, <i>Actissa</i>, as the primitive genus or
+  radical form of the whole class; for it possesses in the simplest and most undifferentiated form
+  all those characters by which the Radiolaria are distinguished from other Protista; all the other
+  genera of the class may be derived from it by successive modifications. Considered as a legion the
+  whole group <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> is undoubtedly monophyletic, for all its members
+  possess those essential characters by which it is distinctively marked off from the other three
+  legions, more especially a simple capsule-membrane, which is everywhere evenly perforated by
+  innumerable small pores; the nucleus lies originally in the centre of the spherical central
+  capsule. Furthermore, all <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> lack those positive characters which
+  distinguish the three remaining legions&mdash;the centrogenous acanthin skeleton of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, the basal porochora and the monaxon podoconus of the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, the astropyle and ph�odium of the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect160"></div>
+
+  <p>160. <i>Origin of the Spumellaria.</i>&mdash;The genus <i>Actissa</i> (p. <a
+  href="#page12">12</a>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+  fig. 1) presents the Radiolarian type in its simplest and most primitive form&mdash;a spherical
+  central capsule, which encloses in its middle a spherical nucleus, and which is surrounded by a
+  spherical calymma. The whole unicellular body consists, therefore, of three concentric spheres,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="pagecvi">{cvi}</span>and possesses neither skeleton nor alveoles, nor
+  other differentiated parts. The innumerable fine pseudopodia, which issue from the central capsule
+  through the evenly distributed pores in its membrane, radiate in all directions through the
+  calymma and pass out over its surface. <i>Actissa</i> can, therefore, be directly derived
+  phylogenetically from the simplest skeletonless Heliozoa (<i>Actinophrys</i>, <i>Heterophrys</i>,
+  <i>Actinosph�rium</i>, <i>Sph�rastrum</i>). The only essential difference between the two consists
+  in the development of the <i>central capsule</i>, which in <i>Actissa</i> separates as a distinct
+  membrane the endoplasm from the exoplasm. This differentiation which we regard is the most
+  important distinguishing character of the Radiolaria, has been transmitted by inheritance, along
+  with the formation of flagellate spores in the central capsule, from <i>Actissa</i>, the primitive
+  parent to all the other Radiolaria.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagecvii">{cvii}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect161"></div>
+
+  <p>161. <i>Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the Spumellaria</i><span
+  class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc tlf smaller w75 nothand" title="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Spumellaria" summary="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Spumellaria">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="30"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac pl0 pr0"><span class="larger"><b>Larcoidea</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace8.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+      <td colspan="23"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac pl0 pr0"><span class="larger"><b>Discoidea</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace10.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="32"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Streblonida</td>
+      <td colspan="25"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="ac"><b>Phacodiscaria</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="40" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac pl0 pr0"><b>Tholonida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="13"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="ac">Coccodiscida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac pl0 pr0"><span class="larger"><b>Prunoidea</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace8.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac br vbm">Soreumida</td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="ac pl0 pr0">Zygartida</td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br ac">Zonarida</td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br ac">Lithelida</td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="21" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Sph�roidea</b></span></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac"><b>Cyclodiscaria</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="21" class="ac pl0 pr0"><img src="images/obrace7.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="ac pl0 pr0">Spongodiscida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="21" class="ac">Stylosph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac pl0 pr0">Pylodiscida</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br ac">Phorticida</td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="ac pl0 pr0">Panartida</td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br ac pl0 pr0">Artiscida</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br ac">Phacodiscida</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Spongodruppida</td>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="ac">Staurosph�rida</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" rowspan="2" class="ac br">Spongel-<br/>
+      lipsida</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="26" class="ac">Pylonida</td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="ac pl0 pr0">Cyphinida</td>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Porodiscida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br ac">Astrosph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="29" class="br ac">Larnacida</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Cubosph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="ac">Cenodiscida</td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Druppulida</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Collosph�rida</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Archidiscida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="29" rowspan="2" class="br ac"><b>Larnacilla</b><br/>
+      (Trizonium)</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br ac">Spongurida</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">Ellipsida<br/>
+      (<b>Cenellipsis</b>)</td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">Larcarida<br/>
+      (<b>Cenolarcus</b>)</td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">Liosph�rida<br/>
+      (<b>Cenosph�ra</b>)</td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="ac">Cenodiscida<br/>
+      (<b>Cenodiscus</b>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="23" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">[Actiprunum?]</td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">[Actilarcus?]</td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">[Procyttarium]</td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="ac">[Actidiscus?]</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="23" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="49" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="25"></td>
+      <td colspan="60"><b>Cenosph�ra</b> (Common stem-form of all Sph�rellaria?)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Polycyttaria</b></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="36" class="ac pl0 pr0"><img src="images/obrace14.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="14">Collosph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="ac">Collozoida</td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="ac">Sph�rozoida</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="4" colspan="15" class="vmi"><span class="larger"><b>Beloidea</b></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="ac">Thalassosph�rida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16"></td>
+      <td colspan="36" class="br ac">Ethmosph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="52" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="37"></td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Colloidea</b></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="52" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="37"></td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="ac">Thalassicollida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="52" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="37"></td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="ac"><b>Actissa</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc tlf smaller w100 handonly" title="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Spumellaria" summary="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Spumellaria">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.7%">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="30"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac pl0 pr0"><span class="larger"><b>Larcoidea</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace8.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="32"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Streblonida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="40" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="ac pl0 pr0"><b>Tholonida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac pl0 pr0"><span class="larger"><b>Prunoidea</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace8.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac br vbm">Soreumida</td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="12" class="ac pl0 pr0">Zygartida</td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br ac">Zonarida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br ac">Lithelida</td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br ac">Phorticida</td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="12" class="ac pl0 pr0">Panartida</td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br ac pl0 pr0">Artiscida</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br ac">Spongodruppida</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" rowspan="2" class="ac br">Spongel-<br/>
+      lipsida</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="ac">Pylonida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="12" class="ac pl0 pr0 br">Cyphinida</td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="29" class="ac">Larnacida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Druppulida</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="29" rowspan="2" class="ac"><b>Larnacilla</b><br/>
+      (Trizonium)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br ac">Spongurida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="7"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">Ellipsida<br/>
+      (<b>Cenellipsis</b>)</td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">Larcarida<br/>
+      (<b>Cenolarcus</b>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">[Actiprunum?]</td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">[Actilarcus?]</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac">&#x2248;</td>
+      <td colspan="20"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac">&#x2248;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="60" class="bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="60">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="28"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac pl0 pr0"><span class="larger"><b>Discoidea</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace10.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="24"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="ac"><b>Phacodiscaria</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="24"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="ac">Coccodiscida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="33" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td colspan="21" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Sph�roidea</b></span></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac"><b>Cyclodiscaria</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td colspan="21" class="ac pl0 pr0"><img src="images/obrace7.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="ac pl0 pr0">Spongodiscida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td colspan="21" class="ac">Stylosph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac pl0 pr0">Pylodiscida</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br ac">Phacodiscida</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="32" class="ac">Staurosph�rida</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Porodiscida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br ac">Astrosph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Cubosph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="ac">Cenodiscida</td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Collosph�rida</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Archidiscida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="ac">&#x2248;</td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8"></td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">Liosph�rida<br/>
+      (<b>Cenosph�ra</b>)</td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="ac">Cenodiscida<br/>
+      (<b>Cenodiscus</b>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br">Actiprunum<br/>
+      Actilarcus</td>
+      <td colspan="23" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">[Procyttarium]</td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="ac">[Actidiscus?]</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="23" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="60"><b>Cenosph�ra</b> (Common stem-form of all Sph�rellaria?)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Polycyttaria</b></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="36" class="ac pl0 pr0"><img src="images/obrace14.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16">Collosph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="ac">Collozoida</td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="ac">Sph�rozoida</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="4" colspan="15" class="vmi"><span class="larger"><b>Beloidea</b></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">Thalassosph�rida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="18" class="ac">Ethmosph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="27" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Colloidea</b></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="27" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">Thalassicollida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="27" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac"><b>Actissa</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagecviii">{cviii}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect162"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">162. <i>Collodaria and Sph�rellaria.</i>&mdash;Whilst in all <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> the malacoma agrees in possessing the characteristic features of the
+  legion, and thus justifies its derivation monophyletically from the common stem-form
+  <i>Actissa</i>, the different forms of skeleton, on the other hand, cannot all be referred to the
+  same fundamental form. More especially the <i>spherical lattice-shell</i>, from which all the
+  numerous skeletal forms of the <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> may be derived, cannot have
+  arisen from the incomplete Beloid skeleton which characterises the <span
+  class="gsp">Beloidea</span> among the <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span>. It is probable rather
+  that the formation of the skeleton has taken place independently in those two groups of <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. From the skeletonless <span class="gsp">Colloidea</span>, as the
+  common stem-group of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, two different main groups have
+  diverged, on the one hand the <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>, whose skeleton consists of
+  separate spicules scattered in the extracapsulum, and on the other hand, the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, which have formed a simple lattice-sphere around the central
+  capsule; from this the manifold forms of the remaining <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> may be
+  derived.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect163"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">163. <i>Descent of the Sph�rellaria.</i>&mdash;The extensive order <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, which includes all <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> with a
+  complete lattice-shell, develops an extraordinary variety of skeletal structures; these may,
+  nevertheless, all be derived without violence from a common stem-form, or simple spherical
+  lattice-shell, <i>Cenosph�ra</i>. The main stem of the order, the extensive suborder <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>), is derived
+  immediately from <i>Cenosph�ra</i> (p. <a href="#page61">61</a>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>); three
+  diverging branches of it being represented by the other three suborders, the <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>) being
+  developed by elongation, and the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>) by
+  shortening of the vertical main axis, whilst the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>) have
+  originated by the modification of the spherical lattice-shell into a lentelliptical or triaxial
+  ellipsoidal one. Although the monophyletic derivation of all <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>
+  from <i>Cenosph�ra</i> is exceedingly probable, the possibility of a polyphyletic origin for the
+  group is by no means excluded. For even in the skeletonless primitive genus of all the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, <i>Actissa</i> (as well as in the social <i>Collozoum</i>), there
+  are found, in addition to the usual spherical types, other species (or subgenera, p. <a
+  href="#page12">12</a>) whose central capsule is not spherical but a modification of the sphere; in
+  <i>Actiprunum</i> ellipsoidal; in <i>Actidiscus</i> lenticular; in <i>Actilarcus</i>
+  lentelliptical; if such modified forms of <i>Actissa</i> were to develop their lattice-shells
+  independently, then their form would correspond to that of the central capsule; and such simple
+  ellipsoidal, discoidal, and lentelliptical lattice-shells might have been the primitive forms of
+  the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect164"></div>
+
+  <p>164. <i>Genealogical Tree of the Sph�roidea.</i>&mdash;<i>Cenosph�ra</i>, the simplest form of
+  the spherical lattice-shell, may be unhesitatingly regarded as the common stem-form of all the
+  <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> (pp. <a href="#page50">50</a>-<a href="#page284">284</a>, Pls.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>).
+  <i>Cenosph�ra</i> (p. <a href="#page61">61</a>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>) arose
+  directly from <i>Actissa</i> simply by the silicification of the spherical exoplasmatic network of
+  the sarcodictyum around the central capsule, on the surface of the concentric calymma. From this
+  simple siliceous extracapsular lattice-sphere all other forms of <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> have arisen, in the main by the manifold combination of two simple
+  processes, first by the formation of radial spines on the surface of the lattice-sphere, and
+  second, the addition of concentric spherical lattice-shells. Both processes may be utilised as the
+  foundation for a systematic treatment of the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> (compare pp. <a
+  href="#page52">52</a>-<a href="#page58">58</a>).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">If in the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> the characteristic number and
+    disposition of the <i>radial spines</i> be regarded as the most important heritable peculiarity
+    of the different families, then we have the following natural arrangement:&mdash;(1)
+    Liosph�rida, without radial spines; (2) Cubosph�rida, with six radial spines (opposite in pairs
+    in three axes perpendicular to each other); (3) Staurosph�rida, with four radial spines (in two
+    axes crossed at right angles); (4) Stylosph�rida, with two opposite radial spines (in the
+    vertical main axis); and (5) Astrosph�rida, with numerous regularly or irregularly distributed
+    radial spines (eight to twenty or more). If, on the contrary, more stress be laid upon the
+    number of the concentric lattice-shells, then we have the following artificial
+    grouping:&mdash;(1) Monosph�rida, with one simple lattice-sphere; (2) Dyosph�rida, with two
+    concentric lattice-spheres; (3) Triosph�rida, with three; (4) Tetrasph�rida, with four; (5)
+    Polysph�rida, with numerous (five to twenty or more) concentric lattice-shells; (6)
+    Spongosph�rida, with a spongy spherical shell. In general the former arrangement appears more
+    natural than the latter, since the number of primary radial spines, which grow out from the
+    primary lattice-sphere, determines their ground-form from the outset, whatever may be the number
+    of secondarily added shells. Strictly speaking, according to the view adopted, these Liosph�rida
+    which have several shells, on the outer surface of which there are no radial spines, ought to be
+    classified according to the number and arrangement of their internal radial connecting beams and
+    distributed among the other families. The practical application of this correct principle meets,
+    however, with great difficulties. Also in many cases the phylogenetic relations of the different
+    <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> are more complicated than would appear from both these
+    classificatory principles. In general their phylogeny will quite correspond with their ontogeny,
+    since from the innermost first formed <span class="pagenum"
+    id="pagecix">{cix}</span>lattice-shell (primary medullary shell) a number of radial spines
+    arises, and upon these the secondary shells are formed from within outwards.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect165"></div>
+
+  <p>165. <i>Genealogical Tree of the Prunoidea.</i>&mdash;The suborder <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> is very closely related to the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>,
+  and is distinguished from it by the elongation of one axis; from the simple lattice-sphere
+  (<i>Cenosph�ra</i>) is developed a latticed ellipsoid (<i>Cenellipsis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 1).
+  The development of this vertical isopolar main axis is foreshadowed even among the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, in that family in which two opposite radial spines grow out of the
+  primary lattice-sphere at the two poles of the vertical main axis (Stylosph�rida, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>). These
+  latter pass over without any sharp boundary into those forms of <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>
+  whose ellipsoidal lattice-shell bears two opposite main-spines (Stylatractida, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>). Other very
+  intimate relationships between the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> are indicated in certain of the latter by the fact that of the two
+  concentric lattice-shells the inner (medullary) shell is spherical, the outer (cortical) shell
+  ellipsoidal (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  figs. 3, 7, 8, 14, 19); often three concentric lattice-shells are present, of which the two inner
+  are spherical intracapsular medullary shells, whilst the outer is an extracapsular cortical shell,
+  ellipsoidal or cylindrical in form (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  figs. 4, 12, 17, 18). Owing to the manifold nature of these phylogenetical relations and the
+  variety of their combinations, the derivation of the individual <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>
+  from the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> is rendered very difficult; in addition to which it
+  is possible that the simplest <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> (<i>Cenellipsis</i>,
+  <i>Ellipsidium</i>) have been directly developed from the skeletonless <i>Actiprunum</i> (a form
+  of <i>Actissa</i> with ellipsoidal central capsule, p. <a href="#page14">14</a>) by the excretion
+  of a simple ellipsoidal lattice-shell on the surface of their calymma.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The phylogeny of the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> is especially complicated
+    by the formation of peculiar transverse constrictions, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
+    They are wanting only in the Monoprunida (Ellipsida, Druppulida, and Spongurida); the Dyoprunida
+    (Artiscida and Cyphinida, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+    figs. 9-19) possess only one such constriction (in the equatorial plane); the Polyprunida, on
+    the other hand, have three, five, or more parallel constrictions (Panartida and Zygartida, Pl.
+    <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>). The
+    chambers, which are separated off by these constrictions, may be regarded as polar sections of
+    incomplete cortical shells.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect166"></div>
+
+  <p>166. <i>Genealogical Tree of the Discoidea.</i>&mdash;The suborder <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> is closely related to the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, but
+  separated from it by shortening of one axis; from a simple lattice-sphere (<i>Cenosph�ra</i>) a
+  latticed lens or flattened spheroid is developed, whose circular equatorial plane is larger than
+  any other section (<i>Cenodiscus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  fig. 1). The formation of this horizontal equatorial plane is perhaps indicated in that family of
+  <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> in which four crossed radial spines, lying in one plane, are
+  developed (Staurosph�rida, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>). The
+  morphological and phylogenetical relations of the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> to the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> are precisely the converse of those of the <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>; in the latter the vertical axis appears longer, in the former
+  shorter than any <span class="pagenum" id="pagecx">{cx}</span>other axis of the body. The <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> are probably polyphyletic, having originated from several different
+  groups of <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>; at least two essentially different main groups may
+  be distinguished among them; of these the one is characterised by the formation of a large
+  extracapsular lenticular cortical shell (Phacodiscaria), whilst in the other this typical "Phacoid
+  shell" or lattice-lens is wanting (Cyclodiscaria, compare pp. <a href="#page403">403</a>-<a
+  href="#page409">409</a>).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The Phacodiscida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>-<a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>) perhaps
+    constitute the primitive group of the Phacodiscaria, their lenticular or Phacoid cortical shell
+    being connected by radial bars with one or two concentric spherical medullary shells; they may
+    have originated directly from the Dyosph�rida or Triosph�rida by flattening of the spheroidal
+    cortical shell. From the Phacodiscida the Cenodiscida (if indeed they be not the primitive
+    stem-form) have been developed by retrogression and loss of those medullary shells. The
+    Coccodiscida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate36"><b>36</b></a>-<a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>), on the
+    other hand, have been developed from the Phacodiscida by the addition of concentric rings of
+    chambers, which may be regarded as incomplete cortical shells, only the equatorial portion of
+    which is developed. Perhaps the Porodiscida, the primitive group of the Cyclodiscaria, have
+    arisen in a similar way; they lack, however, the typical Phacoid shell, the concentric rings of
+    chambers being directly applied to a small spherical medullary shell in the equatorial plane
+    (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>-<a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate46"><b>46</b></a>). If those
+    rings from the commencement be <span class="correction"
+    title="Original reads 'interruped'.">interrupted</span> by three interradial gaps (gates) the
+    family Pylodiscida arises (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>,
+    figs. 6-20). If, on the contrary, the concentric radially divided chambers of the Porodiscida
+    become quite irregular and spongy, they pass over into the Spongodiscida (Pls. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate46"><b>46</b></a>, <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>). It is
+    not, however, impossible that part of the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> (especially the
+    Cenodiscida) have originated directly from skeletonless <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span> with
+    a lenticular central capsule, such as are found in a subgenus of <i>Actissa</i>
+    (<i>Actidiscus</i>, p. <a href="#page15">15</a>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect167"></div>
+
+  <p>167. <i>Genealogical Tree of the Larcoidea.</i>&mdash;The suborder <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> presents in the structure, composition, and development of its
+  variously formed lattice-shells much more complicated relations than the other <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>; it is essentially distinguished from them by the characteristic
+  ground-form of its lattice-shells, which is a "lentellipsis" or a triaxial ellipsoid (also the
+  ground-form of the rhombic crystallographic system, the rhombic octahedron). Hence all parts of
+  the body are regularly disposed with respect to three different dimensive axes; all three axes,
+  perpendicular one to another, are isopolar but of different lengths; the longest is the vertical
+  main axis, the mean the horizontal frontal axis, the shortest the horizontal sagittal axis. In the
+  great majority of the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> the lentelliptical ground-form is
+  indicated in the central capsule, even when it is not at once obvious in the skeleton. Since such
+  lentelliptical central capsules are developed even in <i>Actissa</i> (<i>Actilarcus</i>, p. <a
+  href="#page16">16</a>), it is possible that the simplest <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> may
+  have arisen directly from these by deposition of a simple lentelliptical lattice-shell in the
+  sarcodictyum, on the surface of the calymma (<i>Cenolarcus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, fig. 7). It
+  is more probable, however, that these simplest forms (<i>Cenolarcus</i>, <i>Larcarium</i>) have
+  been developed from the simplest <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> (<i>Cenosph�ra</i>), by the
+  spherical body growing unequally in the three dimensions of space. It appears especially likely
+  <span class="pagenum" id="pagecxi">{cxi}</span>from a study of the concentrically disposed
+  lattice-shells of some <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> (<i>Coccolarcus</i>, <i>Larcidium</i>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, fig.
+  8), in which the inner medullary shell is spherical, the outer cortical shell more or less
+  elliptical. In the great majority of <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> the latter arises in quite
+  a peculiar manner, three broad lattice-zones, which are developed in three planes at right angles
+  to each other, growing out from a small spherical or lentelliptical medullary shell,
+  <i>Trizonium</i>, <i>Larnacilla</i> (compare pp. <a href="#page600">600</a>, <a
+  href="#page615">615</a>, <a href="#page628">628</a>, &amp;c.).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The trizonal <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell commences by the formation of a transverse
+    girdle, by the union of two lateral latticed processes, which spring right and left in the
+    equatorial plane from the poles of the frontal axis of a lentelliptical medullary shell
+    (<i>Monozonium</i>, p. <a href="#page633">633</a>, Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>, fig. 1).
+    This is followed by a second lateral girdle, which lies in the frontal plane and proceeds from
+    its lateral poles (<i>Dizonium</i>, p. <a href="#page634">634</a>, Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>, figs. 2,
+    3). Finally the sagittal girdle is formed, lying in the sagittal plane and arising from the
+    lateral girdle on the two poles of the main axis (<i>Trizonium</i>, p. <a
+    href="#page637">637</a>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+    fig. 4). Whilst the gaps between the three zones of this trizonal shell remain open in the
+    Pylonida, in <i>Larnacilla</i>, the important primitive form of the Larnacida, they are closed
+    by lattice-work (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>,
+    figs. 3-8). From this trizonal <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell the great majority of Larcoid shells may
+    be derived. Such a system of zones may be repeated (Diplozonaria) or even developed a third time
+    (Triplozonaria, p. <a href="#page632">632</a>). In most <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> the
+    zones are secondarily connected by lattice-work. In the Tholonida (Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>) each of
+    the two opposite latticed wings of a zone becomes a closed dome. In the Zonarida (Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, figs.
+    9-12) these domes are partially or wholly bisected by constrictions or latticed septa which are
+    developed in the three dimensive planes. The Lithelida (Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, figs.
+    1-7) are characterised by the fact that one of each pair of opposite latticed processes (or half
+    zones) grows more strongly than the other, and that the larger completely embraces the smaller
+    so as to form a complicated spiral. Whilst in this case the spiral lies in a plane, in the
+    Streblonida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>,
+    figs. 8, 9) it becomes turbinoid like a gastropod shell and forms an ascending spiral. Finally,
+    two small families of <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> are characterised by quite irregular
+    growth (a very rare occurrence among the Radiolaria); these are the simple-chambered Phorticida
+    (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>,
+    figs. 10, 11) and the many chambered Soreumida (Pl. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, figs. 12,
+    13). The phylogenetic relationship of these families of <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> is
+    probably very complicated and demands closer investigation (compare pp. <a
+    href="#page599">599</a>-<a href="#page604">604</a>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect168"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">168. <i>Descent of the Polycyttaria.</i>&mdash;The polyzootic or colonial
+  Radiolaria, which we unite in the group Polycyttaria (sometimes known as "Sph�rozoea"), belong
+  without doubt to the legion <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, for they possess all the
+  peculiarities by which these <span class="sc">Peripylea</span> are distinguished from the other
+  legions of the Radiolaria. Only the morphological position of the Polycyttaria in that legion, and
+  their phylogenetic relation to the monozootic or solitary <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, can
+  be variously interpreted. The three families which we distinguish among the Polycyttaria are so
+  closely related to three different families of the Monocyttaria, that they may be directly derived
+  from them by the formation of colonies. According to this <i>triphyletic hypothesis</i> the social
+  skeletonless Collozoida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>)
+  would be descended from the solitary Thalassicollida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>), the
+  polyzootic Sph�rozoida with a Beloid skeleton (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>) from the
+  monozootic <span class="pagenum" id="pagecxii">{cxii}</span>Thalassosph�rida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>), and the
+  colonial Collosph�rida with a Sph�roid skeleton (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>) from the
+  solitary Ethmosph�rida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>,
+  &amp;c.). Many species of monozootic and polyzootic forms in all three groups are so alike that
+  they can only be distinguished by the fact that the one series are colonial, the others solitary.
+  On the other hand, there are some reasons which would justify a monophyletic hypothesis for the
+  Polycyttaria, <i>e.g.</i>, the precocious nuclear division; in this case it would be most natural
+  to hold that the Sph�rozoida and Collosph�rida have arisen as two diverging branches from the
+  Collozoida, whilst the latter are nothing else than colonial Thalassicollida.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect169"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">169. <i>Phylogeny of the Acantharia.</i>&mdash;The legion <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> or <span class="sc">Actipylea</span> is distinguished by its peculiar
+  acanthin skeleton, which develops centrogenously, as well as by the disposition in groups of the
+  pores in its central capsule, and its excentric usually precocious nucleus; it is thus so
+  different from all other Radiolaria as undoubtedly to furnish, phylogenetically considered, an
+  independent stem (� <a href="#sect7">7</a>). This stem is only connected at the root by
+  <i>Actinelius</i> with the primitive form of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>,
+  <i>Actissa</i>. The stem is monophyletic, since all the forms belonging to it may be derived
+  without violence from <i>Actinelius</i> as a common primitive form.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect170"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">170. <i>Origin of the Acantharia.</i>&mdash;The genus <i>Actinelius</i> (p. <a
+  href="#page730">730</a>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>,
+  fig. 1), which may naturally be regarded as the common primitive form of all <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, possesses a spherical central capsule, which in consequence of the
+  early division of the nucleus (� <a href="#sect63">63</a>), encloses numerous small nuclei; from
+  its centre arise many simple radial spines of equal size, which penetrate the central capsule. A
+  large number of radial pseudopodia issue between the spines from the sarcomatrix which surrounds
+  the capsule. <i>Actinelius</i> may have been directly derived from <i>Actissa</i>, the common
+  stem-form of all Radiolaria, by the division of the pseudopodia into two groups, myxopodia, which
+  remained soft, and axopodia, which became firm (� <a href="#sect95A">95<span
+  class="smaller">A</span></a>). As the latter became changed into strong acanthin rods, and touched
+  each other in the centre, they forced the nucleus from its originally central position and brought
+  about its early division. <i>Actinelius</i> is also of all Radiolaria the form which, next to
+  <i>Actissa</i>, most nearly approaches the Heliozoa. If the stiff axial threads of
+  <i>Actinosph�rium</i> be conceived of as partially converted into acanthin spines, and its
+  nucleated medullary substance as separated from the alveolar cortical layer by a membrane (central
+  capsule), then <i>Actinelius</i> would be produced.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagecxiii">{cxiii}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect171"></div>
+
+  <p>171. <i>Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the Acantharia</i><span
+  class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc tlf smaller w75 nothand" title="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Acantharia" summary="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Acantharia">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="34"></td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="ac">Diploconida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="51" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="34" class="ac">Phractopeltida</td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="ac">Hexalaspida</td>
+      <td colspan="7"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Cenocapsida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="ac">Phatnaspida</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br ac">Lychnaspida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Porocapsida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br ac">Coleaspida</td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br ac">Ceriaspida</td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="21" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="ac">Belonaspida</td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="40" class="br ac">Phractaspida</td>
+      <td colspan="10"></td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br ac">Stauraspida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="21" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="27" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Astrocapsida<br/>
+      Sph�rocapsida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="21" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="19"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="30" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11"></td>
+      <td colspan="27" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="9"></td>
+      <td colspan="42" class="ac">Diporaspida<br/>
+      (<b>Dorataspida dipora</b>)</td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br ac">Tessaraspida<br/>
+      (<b>Dorataspida tetrapora</b>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="48" class="br ac">[<b>Dorataspida</b>]</td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="48" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br">&nbsp;<br/>
+      &nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12"></td>
+      <td colspan="36" class="br ac">Quadrilonchida</td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="50" class="ac">Phractacanthida</td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="br ac">Stauracanthida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="br ac">Amphilonchida</td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Acanthonia</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="50" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="40"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Astrolonchida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="40" class="ac">Litholophida</td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11"></td>
+      <td colspan="40" class="ac">Chiastolida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="21"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Zyganthida</td>
+      <td colspan="21" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="21"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Acanthonida</td>
+      <td colspan="11"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Actinastrum</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="21"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac"><b>Acanthometron</b></td>
+      <td colspan="21" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="10" class="ac">Astrolophida</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Acanthochiasmida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Acanthometron</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="50" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="40"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Actinelida<br/>
+      <b>Actinelius</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="50" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="40"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Actissa</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp3 smaller tlf w100 handonly" title="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Acantharia" summary="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Acantharia">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.3%">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="18"></td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="ac">Diploconida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="35" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="20">Phractopeltida</td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="ac">Hexalaspida</td>
+      <td colspan="7"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Cenocapsida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br ac">Phatnaspida</td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="ac">Lychnaspida</td>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Porocapsida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="br ac">Coleaspida</td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br ac">Ceriaspida</td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="ac">Belonaspida</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="25" class="br">Phractaspida</td>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td colspan="38" class="br ac">Stauraspida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td colspan="21" class="ac">Astrocapsida<br/>
+      Sph�rocapsida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11"></td>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="34" class="ac">Diporaspida<br/>
+      (<b>Dorataspida dipora</b>)</td>
+      <td colspan="35" class="br ac">Tessaraspida<br/>
+      (<b>Dorataspida tetrapora</b>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="48" class="br ac">[<b>Dorataspida</b>]</td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="48" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br">&nbsp;<br/>
+      &nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="13"></td>
+      <td colspan="35" class="br ac">Quadrilonchida</td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="9" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="26">Phractacanthida</td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="26" class="br ac">Stauracanthida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br ac">Amphilonchida</td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="23" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Acanthonia</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="23" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="33" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="18"></td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="ac">Astrolonchida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="33" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br ac">Litholophida</td>
+      <td colspan="9"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Chiastolida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="19" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="19" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="ac">Zyganthida</td>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="19" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">Acanthonida</td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="ac">Actinastrum</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="19" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="ac"><b>Acanthometron</b></td>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="19" class="br">Astrolophida</td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="26" class="ac">Acanthochiasmida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="26" class="ac">Acanthometron</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="33" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="17"></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="ac">Actinelida<br/>
+      <b>Actinelius</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="33" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="17"></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="ac">Actissa</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagecxiv">{cxiv}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect172"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">172. <i>Adelacantha and Icosacantha.</i>&mdash;The numerous forms of <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, here disposed in twelve families and sixty-five genera, may be
+  divided phylogenetically into two main groups of very different extent&mdash;<i>Adelacantha</i>
+  and <i>Icosacantha</i>. The more primitive group, <i>Adelacantha</i>, have an indefinite and
+  variable number of radial spines, which are always quite simple in form and usually irregularly
+  distributed; this main division includes only the one order <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span>,
+  with six genera, among which is <i>Actinelius</i>, the common stem-form of all the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>. The more recent group, Icosacantha, includes all the other <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> (fifty-nine genera), and is very markedly distinguished from the
+  Adelacantha by the fact that the radial spines are always twenty in number, and arranged according
+  to M�ller's law (compare pp. <a href="#page717">717</a>-<a href="#page725">725</a>, and � <a
+  href="#sect110">110</a>). Since this regular disposition (in five alternating zones each of four
+  spines) has been retained by inheritance in the whole of the Icosacantha, it is probable that this
+  large group has been developed monophyletically from a twig of the Adelacantha; <i>Actinastrum</i>
+  (p. <a href="#page732">732</a>) and <i>Chiastolus</i> (p. <a href="#page738">738</a>) still
+  present connecting links between the former and the latter, between <i>Actinelius</i> and
+  <i>Acanthometron</i>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect173"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">173. <i>Acanthonida and Acanthophracta.</i>&mdash;The extensive main division
+  Icosacantha (� <a href="#sect110">110</a>), which embraces all <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>
+  with twenty radial spines, disposed according to M�ller's law, may be subdivided into two large
+  groups or orders:&mdash;the <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> (p. <a href="#page740">740</a>,
+  Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>) and the
+  <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> (p. <a href="#page791">791</a>, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>). The
+  latter possess a complete extracapsular lattice-shell, which the former have not. The more recent
+  <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> may be derived phylogenetically from the more primitive
+  <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> simply by the development of this lattice-shell, with which
+  process are usually (perhaps always) connected certain alterations in the malacoma, <i>e.g.</i>,
+  degeneration of the myophriscs (� <a href="#sect96">96</a>). The most primitive form of all
+  Icosacantha is the genus <i>Acanthometron</i> (p. <a href="#page324">324</a>), in which all the
+  twenty acanthin spines are of the simplest constitution and of equal dimensions.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect174"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">174. <i>Differentiation of the Acanthonida.</i>&mdash;The order <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>, which embraces all Icosacantha which have no complete
+  lattice-shell, divides early into three main branches, the three families Astrolonchida,
+  Quadrilonchida, and Amphilonchida (p. <a href="#page727">727</a>, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>). The
+  first of these constitutes the common stem-group from which the other two as well as the whole
+  group <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> have been developed; the common stem-form of all is
+  <i>Acanthometron</i> (� <a href="#sect173">173</a>). All the Astrolonchida (p. <a
+  href="#page740">740</a>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>)
+  have twenty radial spines of equal size and similar form. On the other hand, in the Quadrilonchida
+  (p. <a href="#page766">766</a>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>)
+  the four equatorial spines differ from the others in size and sometimes also in form. In the
+  Amphilonchida (p. <a href="#page781">781</a>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>) two
+  opposite equatorial spines (lying in the hydrotomical axis) are much larger than the other
+  eighteen and of a different shape. Of the three families of the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> the most important is the primitive group Astrolonchida, for from
+  this the various stem-forms of the <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> arise. They are
+  subdivided according to the formation of the spines into three subfamilies: the Zygacanthida, with
+  simple spines without apophyses (or transverse processes); the Phractacanthida, with two opposite
+  apophyses on each radial <span class="pagenum" id="pagecxv">{cxv}</span>spine, and the
+  Stauracanthida, with four crossed apophyses on each radial spine. The three genera of the
+  Zygacanthida represent the stem-forms of the three families, since the radial spines in
+  <i>Acanthometron</i> (the most primitive form of <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>) are
+  cylindrical, in <i>Zygacantha</i> two-edged, and in <i>Acanthonia</i> four-edged (p. <a
+  href="#page741">741</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect175"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">175. <i>Capsophracta and Cladophracta.</i>&mdash;The extensive order <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>, which embraces all <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with a
+  complete lattice-shell, is polyphyletic, its main subdivisions have been developed independently
+  from different branches of the <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>. The whole order may be
+  divided directly into two main groups, the <span class="gsp">Capsophracta</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Cladophracta</span> (p. <a href="#page793">793</a>), which differ in the structure and
+  the origin of their lattice-shell. The group (or suborder) <span class="gsp">Capsophracta</span>
+  includes only the single family Sph�rocapsida (p. <a href="#page795">795</a>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, figs.
+  7-11; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  figs. 6-10); the lattice-shell arises independently of the twenty radial spines, being made up
+  like a pavement of innumerable small acanthin plates, united by a kind of cement; each plate being
+  perforated by a fine pore. In addition twenty larger main pores (or groups of four pores each) are
+  present, corresponding to the twenty radial spines; these are always equal, quadrangular
+  prismatic, without transverse processes as in <i>Acanthonia</i>. In the <span
+  class="gsp">Cladophracta</span>, which include the five remaining families of the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>, the structure and origin of the lattice-shell are quite
+  different; the lattice-shell is here made up of the branches of the transverse processes, which
+  radiate tangentially from the twenty radial spines and are only united secondarily.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect176"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">176. <i>Ascent of the Dorataspida.</i>&mdash;The group <span
+  class="gsp">Cladophracta</span>, or those <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> whose lattice-shell
+  arises by the union of transverse processes of the twenty radial spines, includes five different
+  families, whose stem-group is the family Dorataspida, with a simple spherical lattice-shell. This
+  family itself is, however, diphyletic in origin, being composed of two essentially and originally
+  different subfamilies&mdash;Diporaspida and Tessaraspida (p. <a href="#page803">803</a>). The
+  Diporaspida (p. <a href="#page808">808</a>, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>) have been
+  developed from the Phractacanthida, and as each radial spine of the latter bears two opposite
+  apophyses, so the lattice-shell of the former has forty primary aspinal pores (two on the base of
+  each spine). On the other hand, the Tessaraspida (p. <a href="#page830">830</a>, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>) have been
+  developed from the Stauracanthida, and as each radial spine of the latter bears four crossed
+  apophyses, so the lattice-shell of the former has eighty primary aspinal pores (four at the base
+  of each spine).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect177"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">177. <i>Descent of the Diporaspida.</i>&mdash;Whilst the Tessaraspida (� <a
+  href="#sect176">176</a>) have given rise to no new groups which could take rank as independent
+  families, no less than four separate families of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> have arisen
+  from the Diporaspida. The Phractopeltida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-6) are distinguished from all other <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> by the possession
+  of two concentric spherical lattice-shells, and have probably been developed from the <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagecxvi">{cxvi}</span>Diporaspida in the same way as the Dyosph�rida from the
+  Monosph�rida among the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>; in that case the smaller inner
+  lattice-sphere (medullary shell) would be the primary, and the larger outer sphere (cortical
+  shell) the secondary; this latter shows forty primary aspinal pores like those of the Diporaspida.
+  The possibility is not excluded, however, that the small inner lattice-sphere of the
+  Phractopeltida is a secondary product. The three remaining families, which must be regarded as
+  descendants of the Diporaspida, form together a single phylogenetic series, and are separated from
+  the primitive group mainly by the fact that the original spherical form of the lattice-shell has
+  been modified into one distinguished by an elongated equatorial axis (the hydrotomical axis);
+  hence the <span class="gsp">Prunophracta</span> (pp. <a href="#page794">794</a>-<a
+  href="#page859">859</a>). The ellipsoidal Belonaspida have arisen directly by hypertrophy of the
+  two opposite equatorial spines of this hydrotomical axis (p. <a href="#page859">859</a>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>, figs.
+  6-9; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  figs. 8, 9; perhaps they have also arisen directly from the Amphilonchida). In the lentelliptical
+  Hexalaspida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>)
+  all six spines which lie in the hydrotomical meridian plane (two equatorial and four polar) are
+  very strongly developed, the remaining fourteen being rudimentary. Finally, in the Diploconida the
+  two conical sheaths of the two opposite hydrotomical equatorial spines are so predominant that
+  they take the chief part in the formation of the hour-glass-shaped shell.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect178"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">178. <i>Phylogeny of the Nassellaria.</i>&mdash;The legion <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> or <span class="sc">Monopylea</span> is so clearly characterised by
+  the peculiar porochora, which closes the osculum at the oral pole of the monaxon central capsule,
+  and by the podoconus connected with it, that there can be no doubt that phylogenetically it
+  represents an independent stem (� <a href="#sect8">8</a>). This stem is only connected at its base
+  by means of <i>Cystidium</i> and <i>Nassella</i> with <i>Actissa</i> and <i>Thalassicolla</i>, the
+  stem-forms of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. This stem is monophyletic, inasmuch as all
+  its members may be derived without violence from the skeletonless Nassellida (<i>Nassella</i>,
+  <i>Cystidium</i>, p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page896">896</a>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect179"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">179. <i>Origin of the Nassellaria.</i>&mdash;The Nassellida (p. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page896">896</a>), which may
+  naturally be considered as the common stem-group of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, are
+  most nearly related among other Radiolaria to the Thalassicollida, and in both these skeletonless
+  families the simplest forms, <i>Cystidium</i> and <i>Actissa</i> correspond; on the other hand,
+  those which have arisen from them by the formation of alveoles in the calymma (<i>Nassella</i> and
+  <i>Thalassicolla</i>) also correspond. The origin of the simplest Nassellida from these primitive
+  Thalassicollida may be explained by supposing that the numerous (formerly evenly distributed)
+  pores of the capsule membrane became obliterated in the upper (apical) half of the central
+  capsule, whilst in the lower (basal) half they became correspondingly more strongly developed;
+  hence the porochora was formed at the oral pole of the vertical main axis, and a differentiation
+  of the endoplasm proceeding from this gave rise to the characteristic podoconus. Both these organs
+  still at present exhibit very various degrees of progressive development.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagecxvii">{cxvii}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect180"></div>
+
+  <p>180. <i>Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the Nassellaria.</i></p>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 tlf nothand" title="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Nassellaria" summary="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Nassellaria">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="34"></td>
+      <td colspan="35" class="ac pl0 pr0"><span class="larger"><b>Cyrtoidea</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace14.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="14"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac pl0 pr0"><span class="larger"><b>Botryodea</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace7.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="ac vmi"><i>Triradiata</i></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="10"></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="ac">Pylobotryida</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="ac">Podocampida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="ac vmi"><i>Eradiata</i></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="26" class="ac vmi"><i>Multiradiata</i></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac pl0 pr0"><span class="larger"><b>Spyroidea</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace8.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="ac">Lithocampida</td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Phormocampida</td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Androspyrida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="10"></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="br ac">Lithobotryida</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="br ac">Podocyrtida</td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="ac">Theocyrtida</td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="ac">Phormocyrtida</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="ar">Tholospyrida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="10"></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="br ac">Cannobotryida</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="br ac">Tripocyrtida</td>
+      <td colspan="7"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br ac">Phormospyrida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="ac">Sethocyrtida</td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="ac">Anthocyrtida</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="br ac">Tripocalpida</td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="ac">Cyrtocalpida</td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="ac">Ph�nocalpida</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="17" class="ac pl0 pr0"><span class="larger"><b>Stephoidea</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace7.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="23" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br ac">Tympanida</td>
+      <td colspan="29" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16"></td>
+      <td colspan="13"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Zygospyrida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="29" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="29"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">(Spyroidea triradiata)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="58" class="ac"><b>Tripocalpida</b><br/>
+      (Cyrtioidea triradiata monocyrtida)</td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="ac">Coronida</td>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="29" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="39" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Semantida</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="29" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="39" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="39" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="78" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Cyrtellaria</b></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">Cortiniscus</td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="14" class="ac">Stephanida</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac"><b>Cortina</b></td>
+      <td colspan="2">*</td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="vmi pl0 pr0"><img src="images/pixel.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:1px;" alt="long dash" /></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="ac">Cortinida</td>
+      <td colspan="12"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" rowspan="2" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>(Plectellaria)</b></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="44"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="ac">(<b>Cortina</b>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="51" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="23"></td>
+      <td colspan="13">Plectaniscus</td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="vmi pl0 pr0"><img src="images/pixel.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:1px;" alt="long dash" /></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac"><b>Plagoniscus</b></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="vmi pl0 pr0"><img src="images/pixel.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:1px;" alt="long dash" /></td>
+      <td rowspan="7" colspan="4"></td>
+      <td rowspan="7" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="51" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="18"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Plectoidea</b></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="23"></td>
+      <td colspan="13">Tetraplecta</td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="vmi pl0 pr0"><img src="images/pixel.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:1px;" alt="long dash" /></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac"><b>Tetraplagia</b></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="vmi pl0 pr0"><img src="images/pixel.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:1px;" alt="long dash" /></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Plectanida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="51" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="18"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="23"></td>
+      <td colspan="13">Plectophora</td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="vmi pl0 pr0"><img src="images/pixel.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:1px;" alt="long dash" /></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac"><b>Plagiacantha</b></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="vmi pl0 pr0"><img src="images/pixel.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:1px;" alt="long dash" /></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="51" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="18"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Plagonida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="23"></td>
+      <td colspan="13">Triplecta</td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="vmi pl0 pr0"><img src="images/pixel.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:1px;" alt="long dash" /></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac"><b>Triplagia</b></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="vmi pl0 pr0"><img src="images/pixel.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:1px;" alt="long dash" /></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="51" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="41"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Nassoidea</b></span><br/>
+      (Nassellida)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="51" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="41"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac"><b>Nassella</b><br/>
+      (Cystidium)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="51" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="41"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac"><b>Actissa</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp3 smaller tlf w100 handonly" title="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Nassellaria" summary="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Nassellaria">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.5%">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="14"></td>
+      <td colspan="31" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Cyrtoidea</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace8.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Botryodea</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace4.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac vmi"><i>Triradiata</i></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Pylobotryida</td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac">Podocampida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br ac vmi"><i>Eradiata</i></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac vmi"><i>Multiradiata</i></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Spyroidea</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace4.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br ac">Lithocampida</td>
+      <td colspan="23" class="ac">Phormocampida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Lithobotryida</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br ac">Podocyrtida</td>
+      <td colspan="23" class="ac">Androspyrida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br ac">Theocyrtida</td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br ac">Phormocyrtida</td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="ar">Tholospyrida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Cannobotryida</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br ac">Tripocyrtida</td>
+      <td colspan="23" class="br ac">Phormospyrida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br ac">Sethocyrtida</td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br ac">Anthocyrtida</td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br ac">Tripocalpida</td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br ac">Cyrtocalpida</td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br ac">Ph�nocalpida</td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10"></td>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Zygospyrida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">(Spyroidea triradiata)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="43" class="ac"><b>Tripocalpida</b><br/>
+      (Cyrtioidea triradiata monocyrtida)</td>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="27" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="31" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="17" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Stephoidea</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace5.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Tympanida</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="12" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="8"></td>
+      <td colspan="26" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Cyrtellaria</b></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="12" class="br">Coronida</td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Semantida</td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br ac">Cortiniscus</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="14" class="ac">Stephanida</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="7" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="9" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="14"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="ac"><b>Cortina</b></td>
+      <td colspan="2">*</td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="vmi">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Cortinida</td>
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" rowspan="2" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>(Plectellaria)</b></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="24"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="ac">(<b>Cortina</b>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="31" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="16">Plectaniscus</td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="vmi">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="ac"><b>Plagoniscus</b></td>
+      <td rowspan="6" colspan="4"></td>
+      <td rowspan="7" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="31" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="12"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Plectoidea</b></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="16">Tetraplecta</td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="vmi">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="ac"><b>Tetraplagia</b></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Plectanida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="31" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="12"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="16">Plectophora</td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="vmi">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="ac"><b>Plagiacantha</b></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="31" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="12"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Plagonida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="16">Triplecta</td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="vmi">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="ac"><b>Triplagia</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="31" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="21"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Nassoidea</b></span><br/>
+      (Nassellida)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="31" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="21"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac"><b>Nassella</b><br/>
+      (Cystidium)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="31" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="21"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac"><b>Actissa</b></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagecxviii">{cxviii}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect181"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">181. <i>Plectellaria and Cyrtellaria.</i>&mdash;The extensive legion <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> far surpasses the other three legions in the endless variety of its
+  skeletal structures, and owing to the complicated relationships of its numerous families presents
+  no lack of difficult phylogenetic problems. All <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> may be divided
+  first into two main groups or sublegions, <span class="gsp">Plectellaria</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>; the latter having a complete lattice-shell, the former not.
+  Probably the <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span> have been polyphyletically developed from
+  several different groups of <span class="gsp">Plectellaria</span>. These groups are, however,
+  connected in such manifold ways that a monophyletic origin of all the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellarian</span> skeletons from one original element is possible. Such a primitive
+  element may have been furnished by any one of three different skeletal parts, the sagittal ring,
+  the basal tripod, and the latticed cephalis (compare pp. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page891">891</a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page895">895</a>, B�tschli, L. N.
+  <a href="#ln40">40</a>, <a href="#ln41">41</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect182"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">182. <i>Phylogenetic Skeletal Elements of the Nassellaria.</i>&mdash;The multiform
+  skeleton of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> may be referred in different ways to one of
+  the three above-mentioned structural elements. Each of these (p. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page891">891</a>) may by itself
+  form the skeleton; the sagittal ring in the simplest <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>
+  (<i>Archicircus</i>, <i>Lithocircus</i>), the basal tripod in the simplest <span
+  class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (<i>Triplagia</i>, <i>Plagiacantha</i>), the latticed cephalis in
+  the simplest <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (<i>Cyrtocalpis</i>, <i>Archicapsa</i>). In the
+  great majority of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, however, two of these elements, or even
+  all three, are found combined. In most <span class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>, more especially, both
+  the sagittal ring and the basal tripod may be recognised in the lattice-shell, though often only
+  in slight rudiments or scarcely perceptible traces. In the <span class="gsp">Plectellaria</span>
+  also (which possess no latticed cephalis) there are individual genera with complete development
+  both of the sagittal ring and basal tripod; this important combination is especially well
+  represented in the Cortinida (<i>Cortina</i>, <i>Cortiniscus</i>, <i>Stephanium</i>,
+  <i>Stephaniscus</i>, <i>Tripocoronis</i>, &amp;c.). The greatest difficulty as regards the
+  phylogeny of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> lies in the fact that the most various
+  combinations of the three elements are presented by closely related or very similar forms. If, in
+  spite of this, a monophyletic hypothesis as to the origin of the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> seems essential all sides of the three possible hypotheses must
+  receive full consideration and critical comparison (�� <a href="#sect183">183</a>-<a
+  href="#sect191">191</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect183"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">183. <i>Ascent of the Nassellaria from the Plectoidea.</i>&mdash;The monophyletic
+  hypothesis (No. 2, p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page893">893</a>)
+  which regards the basal tripod as the common origin of the skeleton of all <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, starts from the simplest forms of the <span
+  class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (<i>Triplagia</i>, <i>Plagoniscus</i>, <i>Triplecta</i>,
+  <i>Plectaniscus</i>, &amp;c., Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>).
+  All <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> may be immediately derived as diverging twigs of these, as
+  well as all triradial and multiradial forms of <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>; for in all these cases the distinctive triradial (or the derived
+  multiradial) form of skeleton appears directly derivable from the simple basal tripod of the
+  former. The same is perhaps also true of many <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>. <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagecxix">{cxix}</span>Furthermore, certain important forms of <span
+  class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (<i>Cortina</i>, <i>Cortiniscus</i>, <i>Stephanium</i>,
+  <i>Stephaniscus</i>, &amp;c.), which have a characteristic combination of the sagittal ring and
+  basal tripod, may be immediately derived from such forms of <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> as
+  <i>Plagoniscus cortinaris</i>, <i>Plagiocarpa procortina</i>, <i>Plectaniscus cortiniscus</i>,
+  &amp;c. On the contrary, those <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> in which the basal tripod is wanting can only be derived from the
+  <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> by the assumption that this structure has disappeared in
+  consequence of phylogenetic degeneration. The monophyletic derivation of the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> from the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> has more internal
+  probability than that from the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, since it is easier to suppose
+  that the Cortinida (<i>Cortina</i>, <i>Stephanium</i>, &amp;c.) have been derived from the <span
+  class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (<i>Plagoniscus</i>, <i>Plagiocarpa</i>) than the converse. This
+  view is the basis of the hypothetical tree shown in � <a href="#sect180">180</a>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect184"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">184. <i>Ascent of the Nassellaria from the Stephoidea.</i>&mdash;The monophyletic
+  hypothesis (No. 1, p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page893">893</a>)
+  which regards the primary sagittal ring as the common starting point of the skeleton in all <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, starts from the simplest forms of <span
+  class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (<i>Archicircus</i>, <i>Lithocircus</i>, &amp;c., Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>). All <span
+  class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> may be immediately derived
+  from these, as also the majority of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> and probably of the
+  <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>. Those numerous forms of the last two groups, however, which
+  possess no trace of a sagittal ring, can only be derived from the former by the supposition that
+  the latter has completely disappeared in in consequence of gradual phylogenetic degeneration. The
+  same holds true also of the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, although certain forms
+  (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Plagiocarpa procortina</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>, fig. 5;
+  <i>Plectaniscus cortiniscus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>,
+  fig. 9) appear to indicate the commencing formation of the sagittal ring by the concrescence of
+  two branches, which approach each other from the upper part of the apical rod and the ventral part
+  of the basal rod. In any case, it is a fact of great phylogenetic significance, that the primary
+  sagittal ring in the cephalis of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> shows all conceivable
+  stages of degeneration (compare B�tschli, L. N. <a href="#ln40">40</a>, <a href="#ln41">41</a>, as
+  well as the general account of and critical comparison of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>,
+  pp. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page889">889</a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page895">895</a>, &amp;c.).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect185"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">185. <i>Ascent of the Nassellaria from the Cyrtoidea.</i>&mdash;The monophyletic
+  hypothesis (No. 3, p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page894">894</a>)
+  which regards the latticed cephalis as the common point of origin of all the skeletons of the
+  <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, starts from the simplest forms of the <span
+  class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, that is, from the Cyrtocalpida or eradial Monocyrtida
+  (<i>Archicorida</i>, <i>Archicapsida</i>, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>). All <span
+  class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> may be regarded as divergent
+  forms of these monothalamous <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>; the polythalamous simply by the
+  addition of fresh joints at the basal pole, the triradiate and multiradiate by the development of
+  three or more apophyses. The origin of the sagittal ring (which presents every stage of
+  development and degeneration in the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>) may be regarded as a
+  mechanical thickening of the latticed plate in the sagittal circumference of the cephalis. By
+  stronger <span class="pagenum" id="pagecxx">{cxx}</span>development of this ring and coincident
+  sagittal constriction of the cephalis the order <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> may be derived
+  from the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>.  On the other hand, the <span
+  class="gsp">Plectellaria</span>, which possess no cephalis, and indeed no complete lattice-shell
+  whatever, may be derived from the Monocyrtida by the assumption of a degeneration of this
+  structure; the sagittal ring having been preserved in the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, and
+  the tripod of the Tripocalpida in the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>. Although such a
+  monophyletic derivation of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> from the Cyrtocalpida is
+  possible, and though here, too, the Cortinida play an important part as connecting links, this
+  hypothesis has less internal probability than that of the derivation from the <span
+  class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (� <a href="#sect184">184</a>) or <span
+  class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (� <a href="#sect183">183</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect186"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">186. <i>Genealogical Tree of the Plectoidea.</i>&mdash;The order <span
+  class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> includes those <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> whose rudimentary
+  skeleton does not contain the characteristic sagittal ring of the <span
+  class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, but consists of several (at least three) radial spines, which
+  proceed from a point in the centre of the porochora. The branches of these radial spines remain
+  free in the Plagonida, whilst in the Plectanida they unite with each other to form a loose
+  meshwork (not, however, a complete lattice-shell). The number and arrangement of the radial
+  spines, which serve for generic distinctions, are the same in both families, so that each genus of
+  the Plectanida has arisen from a corresponding genus of the Plagonida. The simplest Plagonida,
+  which possess a basal tripod (<i>Triplagia</i> or <i>Plagiacantha</i> with three rays,
+  <i>Tetraplagia</i> with four rays) are probably to be regarded as forming the common origin of the
+  whole order. These agree with certain three- and four-rayed skeletal pieces of the <span
+  class="gsp">Beloidea</span> (Thalassosph�rida and Sph�rozoida); and also the four and six-rayed
+  twinned pieces of the latter (spicula bigemina and trigemina) repeat in the same fashion the
+  skeleton of the former (<i>Plagonidium</i>, <i>Plagonium</i>). This similarity, however, is a mere
+  analogy and possesses no phylogenetic significance. On the other hand, certain Plagonida
+  (<i>Plagoniscus</i>, <i>Plagiocarpa</i>), and the corresponding genera of Plectanida
+  (<i>Plectaniscus</i>, <i>Periplecta</i>) seem to have important phylogenetic relations to certain
+  <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (<i>Cortina</i>, <i>Cortiniscus</i>, &amp;c.); the sagittal
+  ring of the latter having perhaps arisen by the vertical apical spine of the former having been
+  connected with their horizontal basal rod by two ventral apophyses growing out opposite to each
+  other (compare pp. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page902">902</a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page914">914</a>, <i>Plagiocarpa
+  procortina</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>,
+  fig. 5). In this case the Plectanida would belong to the simplest stem-forms of the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect187"></div>
+
+  <p>187. <i>Genealogical Tree of the Stephoidea.</i>&mdash;The order <span
+  class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> includes all those <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> whose
+  skeleton does not form a complete lattice-shell, but consists of one or more rings, and often of a
+  loose meshwork which arises by the union of branches of the rings. A <i>vertical sagittal ring</i>
+  is constantly present, embracing the central capsule in the median sagittal plane, and forming at
+  its basal pole various processes, the starting point for other skeletal forms. The most important
+  of these is the tripodal <i>Cortina</i> <span class="pagenum" id="pagecxxi">{cxxi}</span>(p. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page950">950</a>, � <a
+  href="#sect182">182</a>). The Stephanida are the most archaic family among the <span
+  class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> (p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page937">937</a>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>),
+  perhaps indeed among all the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (� <a href="#sect184">184</a>);
+  in them the sagittal ring and its processes alone constitute the skeleton; secondary rings and
+  meshes are wanting. Two diverging families, the Semantida and Coronida, have been developed from
+  the Stephanida, and from one of them the family Tympanida has arisen.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The Semantida (p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page953">953</a>,
+    Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>)
+    develop a horizontal basal ring at the oral side of the vertical sagittal ring; the basal meshes
+    or lattice gates, which remain between the former and the latter, are the important cortinar
+    pores (one pair jugular, one pair cardinal, p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page954">954</a>);
+    they usually appear inherited in the cortinar septum of the <span
+    class="gsp">Cyrtellaria</span>. In the Coronida (p. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page967">967</a>, Pls. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>, <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>) a second
+    vertical ring (the frontal ring) appears in addition to the sagittal ring; it lies in the
+    frontal plane at right angles to the latter. Finally the Tympanida (p. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page987">987</a>, Pls. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate93"><b>93</b></a>, <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a>) have
+    probably arisen from the Semantida by the formation of a second horizontal ring (mitral ring)
+    parallel to the basal and attached to the upper portion of the sagittal ring.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect188"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">188. <i>Genealogical Tree of the Spyroidea.</i>&mdash;The extensive order <span
+  class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> is of especial interest in connection with the phylogeny of the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, since all its members show two well-developed skeletal elements in
+  combination, the sagittal ring of the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> and the latticed
+  cephalis of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>; the majority possess also the basal tripod of
+  the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> (or a radial skeleton derived from it). Hence there is a
+  possibility of deriving the stem-forms of the <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> from each of
+  these three groups. The four families of this order exhibit similar relationships to those of the
+  four families of <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>; the common stem-group is the family
+  Zygospyrida; from this the Tholospyrida have arisen by the development of a galea on the apical
+  pole, the Phormospyrida by the addition of a thorax on the basal pole. The Androspyrida may be
+  derived either from the Tholospyrida by the formation of a basal thorax, or from the Phormospyrida
+  by the development of an apical galea. Some groups, however, such as the peculiar Nephrospyrida
+  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a>)
+  have probably been developed directly from the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect189"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">189. <i>Genealogical Tree of the Botryodea.</i>&mdash;The peculiar order <span
+  class="gsp">Botryodea</span> (p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1103">1103</a>),
+  which is both difficult to investigate and insufficiently known, presents great phylogenetic
+  difficulties both as to its ascent and descent. Probably the different genera of this order have
+  been polyphyletically developed from different groups of <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>
+  (perhaps also to some extent of <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>) by the formation of lobes in
+  the cephalis. The three families of <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span> are related to each other
+  in the same way as are the three first families of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>. From
+  the single-jointed Cannobotryida (corresponding to the Monocyrtida), the two-jointed Lithobotryida
+  (corresponding to the Dicyrtida), may be derived by the development of a basal thorax, and from
+  the latter the three-jointed Pylobotryida (like the Tricyrtida) by the addition of an abdomen. In
+  the last two families the forms with an open basal mouth <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagecxxii">{cxxii}</span>(Botryopylida and Botryocyrtida) are to be regarded as primitive: the
+  Botryocellida and Botryocampida have arisen by the closure of this mouth with a basal
+  lattice-plate.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect190"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">190. <i>Genealogical Tree of the Cyrtoidea.</i>&mdash;The multiform and extensive
+  group <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> presents the greatest difficulties to be found in the
+  phylogeny of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, because their morphological relations are
+  most complicated, and because similar forms very often appear to be of quite different origin. The
+  great majority of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> show more or less clearly a combination
+  of the three structural elements: sagittal ring, basal tripod, and latticed cephalis (p. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page891">891</a>). There are also,
+  however, numerous <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, whose skeleton no longer shows any trace of
+  the sagittal ring. Many of these show as the basis of the skeleton a strong basal tripod with an
+  apical spine, around which the cephalis has obviously been secondarily developed, <i>e.g.</i>, the
+  remarkable Euscenida (p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1146">1146</a>,
+  Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate53"><b>53</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate97"><b>97</b></a>) and the
+  interesting Callimitrida (p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1217">1217</a>,
+  Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate63"><b>63</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate64"><b>64</b></a>). These may
+  have been derived immediately from the <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span> without any relation to
+  the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>. There are also numerous true Monocyrtida, whose shell
+  consists of a simple latticed cephalis without a trace of the sagittal ring or basal tripod
+  (Cyrtocalpida, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>,
+  figs. 9-13; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate98"><b>98</b></a>,
+  fig. 13); these may have been developed directly from the skeletonless Nassellida by the formation
+  of a simple ovoid <i>Gromia</i>-like shell, and may have no relation either to the <span
+  class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> or <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>. On these grounds, as well as
+  from the complicated relationships of the many smaller groups of <span
+  class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, it is probable that the whole order has been developed
+  polyphyletically from different divisions of the <span class="gsp">Plectellaria</span>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect191"></div>
+
+  <p>191. <i>Systematic Arrangement of the Cyrtoidea.</i>&mdash;Although for the reasons just given
+  no systematic arrangement of the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> can at present, or for a long
+  time in the future, be regarded as other than artificial, yet some general principles of
+  classification for this extensive group can be laid down, which may serve as starting points for
+  some future natural disposition. This is especially true of the relations which in an artificial
+  system (p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1129">1129</a>)
+  were primarily utilised for the distinction of twelve families and twenty-four subfamilies; the
+  number of segments in the shell, the number of radial apophyses (and parameres), and the
+  constitution of the basal aperture of the shell.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">As regards the <i>number of segments</i>, separated by transverse constrictions,
+    of which the shell is composed, it is dependent upon the secondary addition of new joints at the
+    basal pole of the main axis. Hence all many-jointed <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> are to be
+    derived from single-jointed ones, and the four sections thus distinguished (Monocyrtida,
+    Dicyrtida, Tricyrtida, Stichocyrtida) form a phylogenetic series. Very often, however, the
+    primary cephalis disappears owing to retrograde metamorphosis; and in such cases the single
+    joint of the apparent Monocyrtida is formed of the thorax (<i>e.g.</i>, <span class="pagenum"
+    id="pagecxxiii">{cxxiii}</span>Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate52"><b>52</b></a>,
+    <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate54"><b>54</b></a>,
+    &amp;c.). As regards the <i>number of radial apophyses</i>, three sections of <span
+    class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> may be distinguished;  the Pilocyrtida with three, the Astrocyrtida
+    with numerous apophyses, and the Corocyrtida with none (p. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1129">1129</a>). The last two
+    may in general be regarded as two divergent branches from the first, for the eradiate
+    Corocyrtida have probably been formed from the triradial Pilocyrtida by entire loss of the
+    radial apophyses, whilst on the other hand the multiradiate Astrocyrtida have arisen from them
+    by additions to the primary apophyses (interpolation of interradial between the perradial ones).
+    As regards the <i>constitution of the shell-aperture</i>, the <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>
+    may be divided into Cyrtaperta and Cyrtoclausa (p. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1129">1129</a>); in general
+    the Cyrtoclausa (with latticed shell-aperture) have arisen from the Cyrtaperta (with simple open
+    mouth); in many Monocyrtida the converse may be supposed, the  simple basal mouth having been
+    formed by degeneration of a basal lattice.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect192"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">192. <i>Phylogeny of the Ph�odaria.</i>&mdash;The legion <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> or <span class="sc">Cannopylea</span> is so clearly marked off from
+  other Radiolaria by the double membrane of the central capsule and the astropyle at its oral pole,
+  as well as by the extracapsular ph�odium, that it must be regarded phylogenetically as an
+  independent stem (� <a href="#sect9">9</a>). This stem is only connected at its root by
+  <i>Ph�odina</i> with the stem-form of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, <i>Actissa</i>. The
+  stem itself is monophyletic, inasmuch it its members may be derived without violence from the
+  skeletonless Ph�odinida (<i>Ph�odina</i>, <i>Ph�ocolla</i>). On the other hand, the formation of
+  the skeleton of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> is undoubtedly polyphyletic, different
+  Ph�odinida having independently commenced the formation of a skeleton and having carried it out in
+  very different ways.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect193"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">193. <i>Origin of the Ph�odaria.</i>&mdash;The Ph�odinida (p. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1544">1544</a>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>), which
+  may naturally be regarded as the common stem-group of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, have
+  their nearest relations among other Radiolaria in the Thalassicollida (p. <a
+  href="#page10">10</a>); and since this family is to be regarded as the primitive group of all
+  Radiolaria, they may be directly derived from them phylogenetically. The essential modifications
+  by which the primitive Ph�odinida have arisen from the more archaic Thalassicollida are of three
+  kinds; (1) the doubling of the membrane of the central capsule; (2) the reduction of the numerous
+  fine pores in the membrane and the formation of an osculum, and of an astropyle closing it, at the
+  oral pole of the main axis; (3) the production of an extracapsular ph�odium.  This last may,
+  perhaps, be regarded as a unilateral hypertrophy of the voluminous pigment masses which are
+  deposited in the sarcomatrix of certain Thalassicollida. Of the two genera of Ph�odinida hitherto
+  known, probably <i>Ph�odina</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>,
+  fig. 2) approaches the original stem of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> more nearly than
+  <i>Ph�ocolla</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>,
+  fig. 1), for the latter exhibits only the large main opening of the central capsule (astropyle),
+  whilst the former possesses also a pair of accessory openings (parapyl�). The hypothetical
+  stem-form (<i>Ph�ometra</i>) presumably had a larger number of small parapyl� (like many
+  Circoporida and Tuscarorida), and the astropyle was probably but little differentiated from
+  them.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagecxxiv">{cxxiv}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect194"></div>
+
+  <p>194. <i>Hypothetical Genealogical tree of the Ph�odaria:</i>&mdash;</p>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller tlf w75 nothand" title="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Ph�odaria" summary="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Ph�odaria">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+      <td class="w1 pl0 pr0"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="32"></td>
+      <td colspan="36" class="ac pl0 pr0"><span class="larger"><b>Ph�oconchia</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace14.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="26" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Ph�osph�ria</b></span></td>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td colspan="36" class="ac vbm"><b>C&#x0153;loplegmida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td colspan="26" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Ph�ogromia</b></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="26" class="pl0 pr0"><img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="24"></td>
+      <td colspan="26" class="pl0 pr0"><img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="50" class="br"><b>Aularida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="25"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac"><b>Tuscarorida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="46" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="ac"><b>C&#x0153;lodrymida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac"><b>Aulonida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="21"></td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br ac"><b>C&#x0153;lotholida</b><br/>
+      C&#x0153;lographida</td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="ar vbm"><b>Haeckelinida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="38" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td colspan="16"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br ac"><b>Conchopsida</b></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="br ac"><b>C&#x0153;lodorida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac"><b>Aulosph�rida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="23" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="br ac">C&#x0153;lodendrida</td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br ac"><b>Circogonida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="31" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac"><b>Conchasmida</b><br/>
+      Concharida</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac"><b>Sagmarida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="23" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Castanellida</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac">Circoporida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br ac">Cannosph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="ac"><b>Oroscenida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="br ac">Concharida</td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac"><b>Sagenida</b><br/>
+      Sagoph�rida</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="ac vbm"><b>Gazellettida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="ac"><b>Oronida</b><br/>
+      Orosph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br ac vbm"><b>Pharyngellida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="ac"><b>Euphysettida</b><br/>
+      Medusettida</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9"></td>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br ac"><b>Lithogromida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="44" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br ac">Challengerida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="22"></td>
+      <td colspan="44" class="br ac"><b>Ph�odinida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="44" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="44" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="ac pl0 pr0"><span class="larger"><b>Ph�ocystina</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace11.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="44" class="br">Aulacanthida</td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="40" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="ac">Cannobelida</td>
+      <td colspan="26" class="br ac">Catinulida</td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br ac">Dictyochida</td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="30" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="38" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10"></td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="28"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Ph�odinida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="ac">Cannorrhaphida</td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="38" class="br ac">Ph�odinida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="23" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="50" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="40"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac"><b>Ph�odina</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="50" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="40"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">(Ph�ometra)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="50" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="40"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Actissa</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp3 smaller tlf w100 handonly" title="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Ph�odaria" summary="Hypothetical Genealogical Tree of the
+  Ph�odaria">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pl0 pr0" style="width:1.6%">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="26"></td>
+      <td colspan="36" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Ph�oconchia</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace9.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="26" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Ph�osph�ria</b></span></td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="ac vbm"><b>C&#x0153;loplegmida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="26" class="pl0 pr0"><img src="images/obrace7.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="44" class="br"><b>Aularida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="40" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="ac"><b>C&#x0153;lodrymida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac"><b>Aulonida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20"></td>
+      <td colspan="24" class="br ac"><b>C&#x0153;lotholida</b><br/>
+      C&#x0153;lographida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="32" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td colspan="10"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br ac"><b>Conchopsida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="ac"><b>C&#x0153;lodorida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac"><b>Aulosph�rida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="ac">C&#x0153;lodendrida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="25" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="12" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac"><b>Conchasmida</b><br/>
+      Concharida</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="ac"><b>Sagmarida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="27" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="17" class="br ac">Cannosph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="27" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="ac"><b>Oroscenida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Concharida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br ac"><b>Sagenida</b><br/>
+      Sagoph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="ac"><b>Oronida</b><br/>
+      Orosph�rida</td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="17" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="30" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="19"></td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="ac"><b>Ph�odinida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="30" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="29"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac">&#x2248;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="63" class="bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="37"></td>
+      <td colspan="26" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Ph�ogromia</b></span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="37"></td>
+      <td colspan="26" class="pl0 pr0"><img src="images/obrace7.png" style="width:100%;
+      height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="36"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="ac"><b>Tuscarorida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="44" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="19" class="ar vbm"><b>Haeckelinida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="44" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="44" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="14" class="br ac"><b>Circogonida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="44" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="44" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="10"></td>
+      <td colspan="34" class="br ac">Castanellida</td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="ac">Circoporida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="27" class="br ac">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br bb"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="27" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="ac vbm"><b>Gazellettida</b></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="27" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br ac vbm"><b>Pharyngellida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="27" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="27" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="18" class="br ac"><b>Euphysettida</b><br/>
+      Medusettida</td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="27" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="27" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br ac"><b>Lithogromida</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="27" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17" class="br ac">Challengerida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="27" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="9" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="37" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="8"></td>
+      <td colspan="8" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4"></td>
+      <td colspan="28" class="ac"><span class="larger"><b>Ph�ocystina</b></span><br/>
+      <img src="images/obrace8.png" style="width:100%; height:0.6em;" alt="brace" /></td>
+      <td colspan="5" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="37" class="br">Aulacanthida</td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="33" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="ac">Cannobelida</td>
+      <td colspan="5"></td>
+      <td colspan="13" class="br ac">Catinulida</td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br ac">Dictyochida</td>
+      <td colspan="6" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="16" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="7" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="17"></td>
+      <td colspan="15" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Ph�odinida</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac">&#x2248;</td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Ph�odinida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="br ac">Cannorrhaphida</td>
+      <td colspan="22" class="br ac">Ph�odinida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="4" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="10" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br bb"></td>
+      <td colspan="11" class="br bb">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="31" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="21"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac"><b>Ph�odina</b></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="31" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="21"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">(Ph�ometra)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="31" class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pl0 pr0">
+      <td colspan="21"></td>
+      <td colspan="20" class="ac">Actissa</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagecxxv">{cxxv}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect195"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">195. <i>Ph�ocystina and Ph�ocoscina.</i>&mdash;Whilst the malacoma of all <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> possesses the characteristics of the legion, and hence justifies the
+  assumption of a monophyletic origin, the skeleton, on the other hand, shows in the different
+  groups such manifold and fundamental variations that a polyphyletic origin of the latter is
+  indubitable. Different Ph�odinida have commenced the formation of the skeleton independently, and
+  it has progressed in different directions. In the <span class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span> it remained
+  incomplete and led to the formation of various Beloid skeletons, whilst the <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�ocoscina</span> developed complete lattice-shells. Both of these divisions too are
+  to be regarded as polyphyletic, since the skeletal forms of the different groups cannot be derived
+  without violence from a common primitive form.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect196"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">196. <i>Ph�ocystina with a Beloid Skeleton.</i>&mdash;The order <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span> includes all <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> which have no
+  complete lattice-shell; it contains, firstly, the skeletonless Ph�odinida (the common stem-group
+  of the legion), and secondly, the Ph�acanthida, or <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> with a Beloid
+  skeleton (� <a href="#sect115">115</a>). The latter are divisible into several very different
+  groups (at least two or three) which are probably different in origin. The Aulacanthida (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate102"><b>102</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a>) form
+  radial tubes which perforate the calymma, their proximal end resting upon the surface of the
+  central capsule, whilst the distal extremity projects freely outwards. The skeleton of the
+  Cannorrhaphida, on the other hand, is composed of many separate portions which are never radially
+  arranged but are either placed tangentially to the surface of the calymma or scattered irregularly
+  in its gelatinous mass. Furthermore, in the three subfamilies of which this family is composed,
+  the individual skeletal portions are so different that they have probably arisen independently of
+  each other; in the Cannobelida they form cylindrical tangential tubes (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, figs.
+  3-5), in the Catinulida flat basin or cap-like structures (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>, fig. 8),
+  in the Dictyochida hollow rings, from which small pyramids are developed by unilateral formation
+  of lattice-work (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>,
+  figs. 9-14; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>,
+  figs. 7-12).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect197"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">197. <i>Ph�osph�ria with a Sph�roid Skeleton.</i>&mdash;The order <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span> includes those <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> which possess a
+  spherical (sometimes slightly modified) lattice-shell without the characteristic aperture of the
+  <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span>. They have probably arisen independently of these, though they
+  may have been derived from the Castanellida by loss of the shell-aperture, which was present
+  originally. The four families which we have distinguished among the <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span>, are so different in the structure of their lattice-shell that
+  their phylogenetic connection is doubtful. In the Orosph�rida (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate107"><b>107</b></a>) and the
+  Sagosph�rida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>)
+  the whole lattice-shell consists of a single piece and is unjointed (without astral septa); in the
+  former it is very firm and massive, with thick laminated trabecul� and polygonal meshes; in the
+  latter it is very delicate and brittle, with filiform trabecul� and large <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagecxxvi">{cxxvi}</span>triangular meshes.  On the other hand, the voluminous shell of the
+  Aulosph�rida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate109"><b>109</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate111"><b>111</b></a>), and of
+  the Cannosph�rida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a>),
+  is characterised by a very peculiar system of joints; it is composed of numerous separate
+  cylindrical tubes, which are placed tangentially and united at the nodes by stellate partitions or
+  astral septa. The Cannosph�rida possess further a simple central Cyrtoid shell, connected with the
+  outer jointed shell by hollow radial trabecul�. Since many Aulosph�rida possess rudiments of such
+  centripetal trabecul� it is possible that these latter have been derived from the former by the
+  loss of the central Cyrtoid shell; the formation of this monaxon shell perhaps indicates descent
+  from the <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span> (Castanellida).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect198"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">198. <i>Ph�ogromia with a Cyrtoid Skeleton.</i>&mdash;That order of the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> which we designate <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span>, contains many
+  very different forms, all agreeing in the possession of a Cyrtoid skeleton, or a monaxon
+  lattice-shell, which has a large aperture at one pole of its vertical main axis (� <a
+  href="#sect123">123</a>). This Cyrtoid skeleton is sometimes ovoid or conical, sometimes lentiform
+  or helmet-shaped, sometimes polyhedral or almost spherical. Although the principle of its
+  structure is simple and often like that of the Monocyrtida among the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, yet the structure of the wall and of the apophyses is so different
+  in the various groups of the <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span>, that the order is probably
+  polyphyletic, and its Cyrtoid shells have arisen independently of each other. Only in the
+  Castanellida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>)
+  does the shell-wall usually consist of simple lattice-work; in the Challengerida, on the other
+  hand (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>),
+  it has an extremely fine Diatom-like structure; in the Medusettida (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate118"><b>118</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>) a
+  peculiar alveolar structure, and in the Circoporida (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate114"><b>114</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate117"><b>117</b></a>) and
+  Tuscarorida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>)
+  it possesses a characteristic porcellanous constitution (with tangential spicules in a porous
+  cement-mass); in the latter of these groups the surface is smooth, in the former peculiarly
+  tabulate; the two families have also different stem-forms.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect199"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">199. <i>Ph�oconchia with a Conchoid Shell.</i>&mdash;The order <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span> (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>) is
+  separated not only from all other <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, but also from all other
+  Radiolaria, by the possession of a bivalved shell resembling that of a Lamellibranch; the two
+  valves of this Conchoid skeleton are to be interpreted as dorsal and ventral (� <a
+  href="#sect128">128</a>). Probably these bivalved shells are independent products, but possibly
+  they may have been formed by the bisection of a simple spherical lattice-shell; in the former case
+  the <span class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span> would be directly descended from the Ph�odinida, in the
+  latter from the Castanellida. The three families which we have distinguished among the <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span>, probably constitute a connected stem, the most primitive group of
+  which are the Concharida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate123"><b>123</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate125"><b>125</b></a>). From
+  these the C&#x0153;lodendrida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate122"><b>122</b></a>) have
+  next arisen by the formation of a "galea" upon the apex of each valve, and the growth of hollow
+  tubes from this helmet-like structure. Finally, the C&#x0153;lographida <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagecxxvii">{cxxvii}</span>(Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a>) have been
+  developed from the C&#x0153;lodendrida by the formation of a basal nasal tube (rhinocanna) from
+  each galea, and the formation of a median or paired frenulum, which connects the opening of the
+  nasal tube with the apex of the galea. In the C&#x0153;lodendrida, as well as in the
+  C&#x0153;lographida, there are two different subfamilies, of which the more primitive
+  (C&#x0153;lodorida, C&#x0153;lotholida) have free branches from the hollow radial tubes, whilst
+  the more recent (C&#x0153;lodrymida, C&#x0153;loplegmida) form an outer bivalved shell by
+  anastomosis of the branches of the tubes.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect200"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp5">200. <i>The Fundamental Biogenetic Law.</i>&mdash;The causal connection between
+  ontogeny and phylogeny, which finds its most precise statement in the fundamental biogenetic law,
+  holds in general for the Radiolaria as for all other organisms. In order to furnish direct proof
+  of this, however, a complete empirical knowledge both of individual and of pal�ontological
+  development would be necessary. In both these directions, as has been shown in the foregoing
+  chapters, our knowledge of the Radiolaria is very incomplete and fragmentary, but still we are
+  able to convince ourselves indirectly of the validity of the law as applied to Radiolaria by the
+  aid of comparative anatomy. This is now so fully known to us (�� <a href="#sect1">1</a>-<a
+  href="#sect140">140</a>) that we are able not only to draw a complete and satisfactory picture of
+  their morphology, but also to arrive at most important conclusions regarding the ontogeny and
+  phylogeny of the individual groups. As regards the formation of the multiform skeleton of the
+  Radiolaria, most of the ontogenetic series of forms, with which we have become acquainted by
+  comparative anatomy, are of <i>palingenetic</i> nature; that is, they are primarily due to
+  inheritance and thus of direct phylogenetic significance. On the other hand, among the ontogenetic
+  phenomena of the Radiolaria, as far as they have yet been investigated, only very few are
+  <i>cenogenetic</i>, that is, brought about by adaptive modification and without direct
+  significance as regards phylogeny.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagecxxviii">{cxxviii}</span></div>
+
+  <h3 class="sp3"><b>PHYSIOLOGICAL SECTION.</b></h3>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <h4><span class="sc">Chapter VII.</span>&mdash;VEGETATIVE FUNCTIONS.</h4>
+
+  <h5><span class="smaller">(�� 201-217.)</span></h5>
+
+  <div id="sect201"></div>
+
+  <p>201. <i>Mechanism of the Functions.</i>&mdash;The vital phenomena of the Radiolaria are
+  dependent upon the mechanical functions of their unicellular body, and like those of all other
+  organisms, are to be referred to physical and chemical natural laws. All processes which appear in
+  the life of the Radiolaria are, therefore, ultimately to be explained by the attraction and
+  repulsion of the smallest particles, which compose the different portions of their unicellular
+  body; and the sensation of pleasure or the opposite is in its turn the exciting cause of these
+  elementary movements. Many adaptive arrangements in the Radiolarian organism may produce the
+  appearance of being the premeditated result of causes working towards an end ("zweckth�tig,"
+  <i>caus� finales</i>), but as opposed to this deceptive appearance it must here be expressly
+  stated that these may be recognised in accordance with the developmental theory as the necessary
+  consequence of mechanical causes (<i>caus� efficientes</i>).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">Our <i>physiological</i> acquaintance with the Radiolaria has by no means
+    progressed so far as our <i>morphological</i>, so that the incomplete communications which are
+    placed here for the sake of completeness must be regarded merely as preliminary fragments, not
+    as fully elaborated results. Since my recent investigations have been mainly in the direction of
+    morphology, I can add but little to the physiological conclusions, which I stated at length in
+    my monograph twenty-four years ago (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 127-165). Recently the
+    vegetative physiology of the Radiolaria has been much advanced by the recognition of the
+    symbiosis with the Xanthell� (� <a href="#sect205">205</a>, L. N. <a href="#ln22">22</a>, <a
+    href="#ln39">39</a>, <a href="#ln42">42</a>). In addition Karl Brandt has recently (1885)
+    published several important contributions to the physiology of the Polycyttaria or Sphaerozoea
+    (L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect202"></div>
+
+  <p>202. <i>Distribution of Functions.</i>&mdash;The distribution of the functions among the
+  various parts of the unicellular organism of the Radiolaria corresponds directly to their
+  anatomical composition, so that physiologically as well as morphologically the central capsule and
+  the extracapsulum appear as the two coordinated main components. On the one hand the <i>central
+  capsule</i> with its endoplasm and enclosed nucleus is the central organ of the "cell-soul"
+  (Zellseele), the unit regulating its animal and vegetative functions, and the special organ of
+  reproduction and inheritance. The <i>extracapsulum</i> forms, on the other hand, by its calymma
+  the protective envelope of the central <span class="pagenum" id="pagecxxix">{cxxix}</span>capsule,
+  the support of the soft pseudopodia and the substratum of the skeleton; the calymma acts also as a
+  hydrostatic apparatus, whilst the radiating pseudopodia are of the greatest importance both as
+  organs of nutrition and adaptation, as well as of motion and sensation (� <a
+  href="#sect15">15</a>). If, however, the vital functions as a whole be divided in accordance with
+  the usual convention into the two great groups of <i>vegetative</i> (nutrition and reproduction)
+  and <i>animal</i> (motion and sensation), then the central capsule would be mainly the organ of
+  reproduction and sensation, and the extracapsulum the organ of nutrition and motion.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The numerous separate vital phenomena, which by accurate physiological
+    investigation may be distinguished in the unicellular Radiolarian organism, may be distributed
+    in the above indicated conventional fashion into a few larger and several smaller groups; it
+    must always be borne in mind, however, that these overlap in many respects, and that the
+    division of labour among the different organs in these Protista is somewhat complicated,
+    notwithstanding the apparent simplicity of their unicellular organization. A general
+    classification of the groups of functions is difficult, because each individual organ discharges
+    several different functions. Thus the central capsule is pre-eminently the organ of reproduction
+    and inheritance, but not less (though less conspicuous) is its importance as the psychical
+    central organ, the unit regulating the processes of sensation, motion, and also nutrition. In
+    this last respect it is comparable to the nerve-centres of the Metazoa, whilst the peripheral
+    nervous system of the latter (including the organs of sense and the muscles) are in the present
+    instance represented by the pseudopodia, which are at the same time the most important organs of
+    nutrition and adaptation. In the calymma also in similar fashion several different physiological
+    functions are united.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect203"></div>
+
+  <p>203. <i>Metastasis.</i>&mdash;The functions of metastasis and nutrition have in all Radiolaria
+  a purely animal character, so that these Rhizopoda from the physiological standpoint are to be
+  regarded as truly <i>unicellular animals</i>, or Protozoa ("Urthiere"). Since they do not possess,
+  like plants, the power of forming synthetically the compounds (protoplasm, carbohydrates, &amp;c.)
+  necessary for their sustenance, they are compelled to obtain them ready-formed from other
+  organisms. Like other true animals they evolve carbon dioxide by the partial oxidation of those
+  products, and hence they successively take up the oxygen necessary to their existence from their
+  environment.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The question whether the Radiolaria are to be regarded as true animals I
+    discussed fully from various points of view in 1862, and finally answered in the affirmative (L.
+    N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 159-165). Afterwards, when in my Generelle Morphologie (1866) I
+    sought to establish the kingdom Protista, I removed the Radiolaria along with the other
+    Rhizopoda from the animal kingdom proper and placed them in the kingdom Protista (Bd. i. pp.
+    215-220; Bd. ii. p. xxix). Compare also my Protistenreich (L. N. <a href="#ln32">32</a>) and my
+    Nat�rliche Sch�pfungsgeschichte (vii. Aufl., 1879, p. 364). Both these steps appear fully
+    justified when considered in the light of our present increased knowledge. From the
+    <i>physiological</i> standpoint the Radiolaria appear as unicellular <i>animals</i>, for in this
+    respect the animal character of their metastasis (that proper to an oxidising organism)
+    furnishes the sole <span class="pagenum" id="pagecxxx">{cxxx}</span>criterion. On the other
+    hand, from the morphological standpoint, they are to be classed as neutral Protista, for in this
+    respect their unicellular character is the prominent feature, and distinguishes them from all
+    true multicellular animals (Metazoa). Compare my Gastr�a Theorie (1873, Jena. Zeitschr. f�r
+    Naturwiss., Bd. viii. pp. 29, 53).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect204"></div>
+
+  <p>204. <i>Nutrition.</i>&mdash;The nutritive materials which the Radiolaria require for their
+  sustenance, especially albuminates (plasma) and carbohydrates (starch, &amp;c.), they obtain
+  partly from foreign organisms which they capture and digest, and partly directly from the
+  Xanthell� or Philozoa, the unicellular Alg�, with which they live in symbiosis (� <a
+  href="#sect205">205</a>). <i>Zooxanthella intracapsularis</i>, found in the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> (� <a href="#sect76">76</a>), is probably of the same significance in
+  this respect as <i>Zooxanthella extracapsularis</i> of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and
+  <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (� <a href="#sect90">90</a>); and perhaps the same is true
+  also of <i>Ph�odella extracapsularis</i> (or <i>Zoochlorella ph�odaris</i>?) of the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (� <a href="#sect89">89</a>). The considerable quantity of starch or
+  amyloid bodies, elaborated by these inquiline symbiontes, as well as their protoplasm and nucleus,
+  are available, on their death, for the nutrition of the Radiolaria which harbour them. Nutrition
+  by means of other particles obtained by the pseudopodia from the surrounding medium is by no means
+  excluded; indeed it may be regarded as certain that numerous Radiolaria (especially such as
+  contain no symbiotic Algoid cells) are nourished for the most part or exclusively by this means.
+  Diatoms, Infusoria, Thalamophora (Foraminifera) as well as decaying particles of animal and
+  vegetable tissues can be seized directly by the pseudopodia and conveyed either to the
+  sarcodictyum (on the surface of the calymma) or to the sarcomatrix (on the surface of the central
+  capsule) in order to undergo digestion there. The indigestible constituents (siliceous shells of
+  Diatoms and Tintinnoidea, calcareous shells of small Monothalamia and Polythalamia, &amp;c.) are
+  here collected often in large numbers and removed by the streaming of the protoplasm.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The inception and digestion of nutriment, as it usually appears to take place by
+    the pseudopodia, has already been so fully treated in my Monograph (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 135-140), and since then in my paper on the sarcode body of the
+    Rhizopoda (L. N. <a href="#ln19">19</a>, p. 342), that I have nothing of importance to add.
+    Quite recently Karl Brandt has expressed a doubt as to whether the taking up of formed particles
+    by the pseudopodia and their aggregation in the calymma be really connected with the process of
+    nutrition. He is disposed rather to believe that these foreign bodies are usually only
+    accidentally and mechanically brought into the calymma, and that the nourishment of the
+    Radiolaria is derived exclusively or pre-eminently from the symbiotic Xanthell� (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln52">52</a>, pp. 88-93). I must, however, maintain my former opinion, which I have only
+    modified insomuch that I now regard the sarcodictyum (on the outer surface of the calymma, � <a
+    href="#sect94">94</a>) rather than the sarcomatrix (on the outer surface of the central capsule,
+    � <a href="#sect92">92</a>) as the principal seat of true digestion and assimilation. From the
+    sarcodictyum the dissolved and assimilated nutritive matters may pass by the intracalymmar
+    pseudopodia (or sarcoplegma, � <a href="#sect93">93</a>) into the sarcomatrix, and hence may
+    reach the endoplasm through the openings in the central capsule. To what an extent the
+    Radiolaria are capable of taking up even large formed bodies into the calymma, is shown by the
+    <span class="pagenum" id="pagecxxxi">{cxxxi}</span>striking instance of <i>Thalassicolla
+    sanguinolenta</i>, which becomes so deformed by the inception of numerous coccospheres and
+    coccoliths, that I described it as a special genus under the name <i>Myxobrachia</i> (compare
+    pp. <a href="#page23">23</a>, <a href="#page30">30</a>; also L. N. <a href="#ln21">21</a>, p.
+    519, Taf. xviii., and L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p. 37).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect205"></div>
+
+  <p>205. <i>Symbiosis.</i>&mdash;Very many Radiolaria, but by no means all members of this class,
+  live in a definite commensal relation with yellow unicellular Alg� of the group Xanthell�. In the
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> they live within the central capsule (<i>Zooxanthella
+  intracapsularis</i>, � <a href="#sect76">76</a>), in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and
+  <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, on the other hand, within the calymma but outside the central
+  capsule (<i>Zooxanthella extracapsularis</i>, � <a href="#sect90">90</a>); in the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> a special form of these symbiotic unicellular Alg� appears to inhabit
+  the ph�odium in the extracapsulum, and to compose a considerable portion of the ph�odell�
+  (<i>Zooxanthella ph�odaris</i>, � <a href="#sect90">90</a>, or better perhaps <i>Zoochlorella
+  ph�odaris</i>, � <a href="#sect89">89</a>). Undoubtedly this commensal life is in very many cases
+  of the greatest physiological significance for both the symbiontes, for the animal Radiolarian
+  cells furnish the inquiline Xanthell� not only with shelter and protection, but also with carbon
+  dioxide and other products of decomposition for their nutriment; whilst on the other hand the
+  vegetable cells of the Xanthell� yield the Radiolarian host its most important supply of
+  nutriment, protoplasm and starch, as well as oxygen for respiration. Hence it is not only
+  theoretically possible, but has been experimentally proved, that Radiolaria which contain numerous
+  Xanthell� can exist without extraneous nutriment for a long period in closed vessels of filtered
+  sea-water, kept exposed to the sunlight; the two symbiontes furnish each other mutually with
+  nourishment, and are physiologically supplementary to each other by reason of the opposite nature
+  of their metastasis. This symbiosis is not necessary, however, for the existence of the
+  Radiolaria; for in many species the number of Xanthell� is very variable and in many others they
+  are entirely wanting.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The symbiosis of the Radiolaria and Xanthell�, or "yellow cells" (�� <a
+    href="#sect76">76</a>, <a href="#sect90">90</a>) was first discovered by Cienkowski in 1871 (L.
+    N. <a href="#ln22">22</a>). Ten years later this important and often doubted fact was
+    established by extended observations and experiments almost simultaneously by Karl Brandt (L. N.
+    <a href="#ln38">38</a>, <a href="#ln39">39</a>) and Patrick Geddes (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln42">42</a>, <a href="#ln43">43</a>). This commensal life may be compared with that of
+    the lichens, in which an organism with vegetable metastasis (the Algoid gonidia) and an organism
+    with animal metastasis (the Fungoid hyph�) are intimately united for mutual benefit. But the
+    symbiosis of the Xanthell� and Radiolaria is not as in the lichens a phenomenon essential for
+    their development, but has more or less the character of an accidental association. The number
+    of the inquiline Xanthell� is so variable even in one and the same species of Radiolaria, that
+    they do not appear to be exactly essential to its welfare; and in many species they are entirely
+    wanting. Their significance is questionable in the case of those numerous deep-sea Radiolaria
+    which live in complete darkness, and in which, therefore, the Xanthell�, even if present, could
+    excrete no oxygen on account of the want of light. Nevertheless it is possible that the
+    ph�odell� of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (usually green, olive, or brown in colour),
+    which are true cells, represent vegetable symbiontes, <span class="pagenum"
+    id="pagecxxxii">{cxxxii}</span>which in the absence of sunlight are able to evolve oxygen by the
+    aid of the phosphoresence of other abyssal animals. Since the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>
+    are, for the most part, dwellers in the deep-sea, and since the voluminous ph�odium must be of
+    great physiological importance, a positive solution of this hypothetical question would be of no
+    small interest (compare � <a href="#sect89">89</a>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect206"></div>
+
+  <p>206. <i>Respiration.</i>&mdash;The respiration of the Radiolaria is animal in nature, since all
+  Protista of this class, like all other true Rhizopoda, take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
+  Probably this process goes on continuously and is tolerably active, as may be inferred from the
+  fact that Radiolaria cannot be kept for long in small vessels of sea-water unless either they
+  contain numerous Xanthell� or the water is well a�rated. The oxygen is obtained from two sources,
+  either from the surrounding water or from the enclosed Xanthell�, which in sunlight evolve
+  considerable quantities of this gas. Correspondingly, the carbon dioxide which is formed during
+  the process of oxidation of the Radiolaria is either given up to the surrounding water or to the
+  inquiline Xanthell�, which utilise it for their own sustenance (�� <a href="#sect204">204</a>, <a
+  href="#sect205">205</a>).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The significance of the symbiotic Xanthell� for the respiration of the enclosing
+    Radiolaria may be shown experimentally in the following way. If two Polycyttarian colonies of
+    equal size, both of which contain numerous Xanthell�, be placed in equal quantities of filtered
+    sea-water in sealed glass tubes, and if one tube be placed in the dark the other in the light,
+    the colony in the former rapidly perishes, but not that in the latter; the Xanthell� excrete
+    only under the influence of sunlight the oxygen necessary for the life of the Radiolarian
+    (compare Patrick Geddes, L. N. <a href="#ln42">42</a>, p. 304).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect207"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">207. <i>Circulation.</i>&mdash;In the protoplasm of all Radiolaria, both inside and
+  outside the central capsule, slow currents may be recognised which fall under the general term
+  circulation, and have already been compared to the cyclosis in the interior of animal and
+  vegetable cells, as well as to the sarcode streams in the body of other Rhizopoda. These plasmatic
+  currents or "plasmorrheumata" probably continue throughout the whole life of the Radiolaria, and
+  are of fundamental importance for the performance of their vital functions. They depend upon slow
+  displacements of the molecules of the plasma (plastidules or micell�) and cause a uniform
+  distribution of the absorbed nutriment and a certain equalisation of the metastasis. Furthermore
+  they are of great importance also in the inception of nutriment, the formation of the skeleton,
+  locomotion, &amp;c. Sometimes the circulation is directly perceptible in the plasma itself; but
+  usually it is only visible owing to the presence of granules (sarcogranula), which are suspended
+  in the plasma in larger or smaller numbers. The movements of these granules are usually regarded
+  as passive, due to the active displacement of the molecules of the plasma. Although the
+  intracapsular protoplasm is in communication with the extracapsular through the openings in the
+  capsule membrane, nevertheless the currents exhibit certain differences <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagecxxxiii">{cxxxiii}</span>in the two portions of the malacoma. It is sometimes possible,
+  however, to recognise the direct connection between them and to observe how the granules pass
+  through the openings in the capsule-membrane.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect208"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">208. <i>Currents in the Endoplasm.</i>&mdash;Intracapsular circulation or a certain
+  slow flowing of the plasma within the central capsule is probably just as common in the Radiolaria
+  as without it, but it is not so easy to observe in the former case as in the latter. A more
+  satisfactory proof of these endoplasmatic currents is furnished by the arrangement of the
+  protoplasm within the central capsule, since this is (at all events in part) an effect produced by
+  them. In this respect the two main divisions of the class show characteristic differences. In the
+  Porulosa (the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, � <a href="#sect77">77</a>, and the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, � <a href="#sect78">78</a>) the endoplasm is in general
+  distinguished by a more or less distinct radial structure, which is to be regarded as the effect
+  of alternating centripetal and centrifugal radial streams. In the Osculosa, on the other hand,
+  this radial structure is absent and the intracapsular plasmatic streams converge or diverge
+  towards the osculum or main-opening in the central capsule which lies at the basal pole of its
+  main axis, and through which the mass of the endoplasm issues into the calymma. The two legions of
+  the Osculosa, however, present differences in this respect. In the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (� <a href="#sect79">79</a>) the endoplasmatic currents appear to
+  unite in an axial main stream at the apex of the monaxon central capsule, and this apical stream
+  seems to split into a conical bundle, the individual threads of which pass diverging between the
+  myophane fibrill� of the podoconus towards the basis of the central capsule, and issue through the
+  pores of the porochora. In the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (� <a href="#sect80">80</a>), on
+  the other hand, meridional currents of endoplasm are probably present on the inner surface of the
+  capsule, which flow from the aboral pole of the vertical main axis to its basal pole, and return
+  in the reverse direction.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect209"></div>
+
+  <p>209. <i>Currents in the Exoplasm.</i>&mdash;Extracapsular circulation, or a distinct flowing of
+  the plasma outside the central capsule, may be readily observed in all Radiolaria which are
+  examined alive; this is most readily seen in the astropodia, or those free pseudopodia which
+  radiate from the sarcodictyum on the surface of the calymma into the surrounding water. The
+  granular movement is often quite as clear in the sarcodictyum itself, and may be recognised in the
+  collopodia, which compose the irregular plasmatic network within the calymma. More rarely it is
+  possible to follow the granular stream thence through the sarcomatrix, and further into the
+  interior of the central capsule. In general the direction of the extracapsular protoplasmic
+  streams is radial, and it is frequently possible, even in a single free astropodium, to observe
+  two streams opposite in direction, the granules on one side of the radial sarcode thread moving
+  centripetally, those on the other side centrifugally. If the threads branch, and neighbouring ones
+  <span class="pagenum" id="pagecxxxiv">{cxxxiv}</span>become united by connecting threads, the
+  circulation of the granules may proceed quite irregularly in the network thus formed. The rapidity
+  and character of the extracapsular currents are subject to great variations.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The different forms of extracapsular sarcode currents have been already very
+    fully described in my Monograph (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 89-126), and in my critical
+    essay on the sarcode body of the Rhizopoda (L. N. <a href="#ln19">19</a>, p. 357, Taf.
+    XXVI.).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect210"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">210. <i>Secretion.</i>&mdash;Under the name <i>secretions</i>, in the strict sense,
+  all the skeletal formations of the Radiolaria may be included. They may be divided according to
+  their chemical composition into three different groups: pure silica in the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, a silicate of carbon in the
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, and acanthin in the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (compare
+  � <a href="#sect102">102</a>). It may indeed be assumed that these skeletons arise directly by a
+  chemical metamorphosis (silicification, acanthinosis, &amp;c.) of the pseudopodia and protoplasmic
+  network; and this view seems especially justified in the case of the Astroid skeleton of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> (� <a href="#sect114">114</a>), the Spongoid skeleton of the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (� <a href="#sect126">126</a>), the Plectoid skeleton of the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (� <a href="#sect125">125</a>), the Cannoid skeleton of the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (� <a href="#sect127">127</a>), and several other types. On closer
+  investigation, however, it appears yet more probable that the skeleton does not arise by direct
+  chemical metamorphosis of the protoplasm, but by secretion from it; for when the dissolved
+  skeletal material (silica, acanthin) passes from the fluid into the solid state, it does not
+  appear as imbedded in the plasma, but as deposited from it. However, it must be borne in mind that
+  a hard line of demarcation can scarcely, if at all, be drawn between these two processes. In the
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> the intracapsular sarcode is the original organ of secretion of
+  the skeleton; in the other three legions, on the other hand, the extracapsulum performs this
+  function (�� <a href="#sect106">106</a>, <a href="#sect107">107</a>). In addition to the skeleton,
+  we may regard as secretions (or excretions) the intracapsular crystals (� <a
+  href="#sect75">75</a>) and concretions (� <a href="#sect75A">75<span
+  class="smaller">A</span></a>), and perhaps certain pigment-bodies (�� <a href="#sect74">74</a>, <a
+  href="#sect88">88</a>); and further, the calymma (� <a href="#sect82">82</a>) may be considered to
+  be a gelatinous secretion of the central capsule, and perhaps also the capsule-membrane, in so far
+  as it represents only a secondary excretory product of the unicellular organism.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect211"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">211. <i>Adaptation.</i>&mdash;The innumerable and very various adaptive phenomena
+  which we meet with in the morphology of the Radiolaria, and especially in that of their skeleton,
+  are like other phenomena of the same kind, to be ultimately referred to altered nutritional
+  relations. These may be caused directly either by the influence of external conditions of
+  existence (nutrition, light, temperature, &amp;c.), or by the proper activity of the unicellular
+  organism (use or disuse of its organs, &amp;c.), or, finally, by the combined action of both
+  causes in the struggle for existence. In very many cases the cause to which the origin of a
+  particular form of Radiolaria is due may be directly perceived or at least guessed at with
+  considerable probability; thus, for example, the lattice-shells <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagecxxxv">{cxxxv}</span>may be explained as protective coverings, the radial spines as
+  defensive weapons, and the anchor-hooks and spathill� as organs of prehension, which are of
+  advantage to their possessors in the struggle for existence; the regular arrangement of the radial
+  spines in the Radiolaria may also be explained on hydrostatic grounds, it being advantageous that
+  the body should be maintained in a definite position of equilibrium, &amp;c. The well-known laws
+  of <i>direct</i> or <i>actual adaptation</i>, which we designate cumulative, correlative,
+  divergent adaptation, &amp;c., here explain a multitude of morphological phenomena. The connection
+  is less distinct in the case of the laws of <i>indirect</i> or <i>potential adaptation</i>,
+  although this must play as important a part in the formation of the Radiolaria as in that of other
+  organisms (compare on this head my Generelle Morphologie, Bd. ii. pp. 202-222).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect212"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">212. <i>Reproduction.</i>&mdash;The most common form of reproduction in the
+  Radiolaria is the formation of spores in the central capsule, which in this respect is to be
+  regarded as a sporangium (� <a href="#sect215">215</a>). In many Radiolaria (Polycyttaria and
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>), however, there occurs in addition an increase of the
+  unicellular organism by simple division (� <a href="#sect213">213</a>); upon this the formation of
+  colonies in the social Radiolaria is dependent (� <a href="#sect14">14</a>). Reproduction by
+  gemmation is much less common, and has hitherto been observed only in the Polycyttaria (� <a
+  href="#sect214">214</a>). In this group alone there also occur at certain times two different
+  forms of swarm-spores which copulate, and thus indicate the commencement of sexual reproduction
+  (Alternation of Generations, � <a href="#sect216">216</a>). The general organ of reproduction is
+  in all cases the central capsule, whilst the extracapsulum never takes an active part in the
+  process.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect213"></div>
+
+  <p>213. <i>Cell-Division.</i>&mdash;Increase by cell-division among the Radiolaria in the early
+  stage, before the formation of the skeleton, is widely distributed (perhaps even general?); in the
+  adults of this class it is rather rare and limited to certain groups. It is most readily observed
+  in the Polycyttaria; the growth of the colonies in this social group depends mainly (and in many
+  species exclusively) upon repeated spontaneous division of the central capsule; all the
+  individuals of each colony (in so far as this has not arisen by the accidental fusion of two or
+  more colonies) are descendants of a single central capsule, which has arisen from an asexual
+  swarm-spore (� <a href="#sect215">215</a>) or from the copulation of two sexual swarm-spores (� <a
+  href="#sect216">216</a>). Whilst the central capsules of the colonies continually increase by
+  division, their calymma remains a common gelatinous sheath. Among the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> reproduction by simple cell-division probably occurs also in many
+  monozootic <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span>. Among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> the
+  peculiar group Litholophida has perhaps arisen by the spontaneous division of <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> (see p. <a href="#page734">734</a>). Among the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> increase by cell-division seems to occur commonly in many groups, as
+  in the <span class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span>, which have no skeleton (Ph�odinida, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>, <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagecxxxvi">{cxxxvi}</span>fig. 2), or only an incomplete Beloid skeleton
+  (Cannorrhaphida, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>,
+  figs. 3, 6, and Aulacanthida, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-3). The <span class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span> also (Aulosph�rida, C&#x0153;lacanthida) and
+  the <span class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span> (Tuscarorida, Challengerida) appear sometimes to divide;
+  at all events, their central capsule often contains two nuclei. Of special interest  is the
+  spontaneous division of the <span class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span>, especially the Concharida (Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate124"><b>124</b></a>, fig.
+  6). In all monozootic Radiolaria, the nucleus first divides by a median constriction into two
+  equal halves (usually by the mode of direct division); then the central capsule becomes
+  constricted in the middle (in the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> in the vertical main axis),
+  and each portion of the capsule retains its own nucleus. In the <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span> each half or daughter-cell corresponds to one valve of the shell,
+  dorsal or ventral, so that probably on subsequent separation each daughter-cell retains one valve
+  of the mother-cell, and forms a new one for itself by regeneration (as in the Diatoms). In the
+  polyzootic Radiolaria, which already contain many small nuclei, but usually only a single central
+  oil-globule in each central capsule, the division of the latter is preceded by that of the
+  oil-globule. In many Polycyttaria the colony as a whole multiplies by division.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The increase of the central capsule by division was first described in 1862 in my
+    Monograph (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 146); since then R. Hertwig (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln26">26</a>, p. 24) and K. Brandt (L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>, p. 144) have confirmed
+    my statement. In the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> the division of the central capsule
+    appears always to take place in the main axis; in the bilateral sometimes in the sagittal,
+    sometimes in the frontal plane. In the Tripylea each daughter-cell seems to retain one parapyle
+    and half the astropyle (compare the general description of the <span
+    class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>,
+    figs. 1-6, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate104"><b>104</b></a>,
+    figs. 1-3, and also Hertwig, L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p. 100, Taf. x. figs. 2, 11).
+    Regarding the spontaneous division of colonies of the Polycyttaria, see K. Brandt, L. N. <a
+    href="#ln52">52</a>, p. 142.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect214"></div>
+
+  <p>214. <i>Cell-Gemmation.</i>&mdash;Reproduction by gemmation has hitherto been observed only in
+  the social Radiolaria, but in them it appears to be widely distributed, and in very young colonies
+  is perhaps almost universally present. The gemmules or capsular buds (hitherto described as
+  "extracapsular bodies") are developed on the surface of young central capsules before these had
+  secreted a membrane. They grow usually in considerable numbers, from the surface of the central
+  capsule, which is sometimes quite covered with them. Each bud usually contains a raspberry-like
+  bunch of shining fatty globules, and by means of reagents a few larger or a considerable number of
+  smaller nuclei may be recognised in them; the naked protoplasmic body of the bud is not enclosed
+  by any membrane. As soon as the buds have reached a certain size they are constricted off from the
+  central capsule and separated from it, being distributed in the meshes of the sarcoplegma by the
+  currents in the exoplasm. Afterwards each bud becomes developed into a complete central capsule by
+  surrounding itself with a membrane when it has attained a definite size. From the special
+  relations of the process of nuclear formation, which take place in the multiplication of the <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagecxxxvii">{cxxxvii}</span>social central capsules by gemmation and by
+  cell-division, it would appear that the capsules produced by the former method afterwards produce
+  anisospores, whilst those in the latter way yield isospores (� <a href="#sect216">216</a>).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The gemmules or capsular buds of the Polycyttaria were first accurately described
+    by Richard Hertwig (L. N. <a href="#ln26">26</a>, pp. 37-39), under the name "extracapsular
+    bodies," and their significance rightly indicated; earlier observers had incidentally mentioned
+    and figured them, but had not seen their origin from the central capsule. Quite recently Karl
+    Brandt has given a very painstaking account of them in the different Polycyttarian genera (L. N.
+    <a href="#ln52">52</a>, pp. 179-198). In the Monocyttaria such a formation of buds has not yet
+    been observed. The basal lobes of the central capsule, which occur in many <span
+    class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, are not buds, but simple processes of the capsule, due to its
+    protrusion through the collar pores of the cortinar septum (� <a href="#sect55">55</a>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect215"></div>
+
+  <p>215. <i>Sporification.</i>&mdash;Asexual reproduction by the formation of movable flagellate
+  spores has been hitherto observed only in a very small number of genera; but since these belong to
+  very different groups, and since the comparative morphology of the capsule appears to be similar
+  throughout as regards the structure and development of its contents, it may be safely assumed that
+  this kind of reproduction occurs quite generally in the Radiolaria. In all cases it is the
+  contents of the central capsule, from which the swarm-spores are formed, both nucleus and
+  endoplasm taking an equal share in the process; in all cases the spores produced are very
+  numerous, small, ovoid or reniform, and have one or two very long slender flagella at one
+  extremity (see �� <a href="#sect141">141</a>, <a href="#sect142">142</a>). Since the whole
+  contents of the mature central capsule are used up in the formation of these flagellate zoospores,
+  it discharges the function of a sporangium. The division of the simple primary nucleus into
+  numerous small nuclei, which usually (serotinous Radiolaria) takes place only shortly before
+  sporification, but sometimes (precocious Radiolaria, � <a href="#sect63">63</a>) happens very
+  early, is the commencement of the often repeated process of nuclear division, which terminates
+  with the production of a very large number of small spore-nuclei. The nucleolus often divides very
+  peculiarly (� <a href="#sect69">69</a>, C). Each spore nucleus becomes surrounded by a portion of
+  endoplasm and usually receives in addition one or more fatty granules, and sometimes also a small
+  crystal (hence the "crystal-spores"). The size of the flagellate zoospores which emerge from the
+  ruptured central capsule and swim freely in the water by means of their flagellum, varies
+  generally between 0.004 and 0.008 mm. The extracapsulum is not directly concerned in the
+  sporification, but undergoes degeneration during the process and perishes at its conclusion.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The first complete and detailed observations on the formation of spores in the
+    Radiolaria were published by Cienkowski in 1871 and related to two genera of Polycyttaria, the
+    skeletonless <i>Collozoum</i> and the spherical-shelled <i>Collosph�ra</i> (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln22">22</a>, p. 372, Taf. xxix.). These were subsequently continued and supplemented by
+    R. Hertwig (1876, L. N. <a href="#ln26">26</a>, pp. 26-42, and L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p.
+    129), and a general summary of these results has been given by B�tschli (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln41">41</a>, pp. 449-455). <span class="pagenum"
+    id="pagecxxxviii">{cxxxviii}</span>Recently Karl Brandt has given a very detailed and fully
+    illustrated account of the sporification of the Polycyttaria (L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>, pp.
+    145-178). I have also had the opportunity during my sojourn in the Canary Islands (1866), in the
+    Mediterranean at Corfu (1877), and Portofino (1880), as well as in Ceylon (1881), of observing
+    the development of flagellate zoospores from the central capsule of individuals of all four
+    legions: among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> in certain <span
+    class="gsp">Colloidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>, <span
+    class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, and <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, among the <span
+    class="sc">Acantharia</span> in several <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> and <span
+    class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>, among the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> in individuals
+    belonging to the <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>, and
+    <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, and among the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> in one
+    Castanellid. In most zoospores I could distinctly observe only a single long flagellum;
+    sometimes, however, two or even three appeared to be present, but the determination of their
+    number is very difficult.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect216"></div>
+
+  <p>216. <i>Alternation of Generations.</i>&mdash;A peculiar form of reproduction, which may be
+  designated "alternation of generations," appears to occur generally in the Polycyttaria, but has
+  not yet been observed in the Monocyttaria. All <span class="gsp">Collozoida</span>, <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rozoida</span>, and Collosph�rida which have hitherto been carefully and
+  completely examined with respect to their development, are distinguished by the production of two
+  different kinds of swarm-spores, isospores and anisospores. The <i>Isospores</i> (or monogonous
+  spores) correspond to the ordinary asexual zoospores of the Monocyttaria (� <a
+  href="#sect215">215</a>); they possess a homogeneous, doubly refracting nucleus of uniform
+  constitution and develop asexually, without copulation. The <i>Anisospores</i> (or amphigonous
+  spores), on the other hand, are sexually differentiated and possess a heterogeneous, singly
+  refracting nucleus of twofold constitution; they may therefore be distinguished as female
+  macrospores and male microspores. The <i>Macrospores</i> (or gynospores, comparable with the
+  female macrogonidia of many Cryptogams) are larger, less numerous, and possess larger nuclei,
+  which are less easily stained, and have a fine filiform trabecular network. On the other hand the
+  <i>Microspores</i> (or <i>androspores</i>, comparable with the male microgonidia) are much smaller
+  and more numerous, and are distinguished by their smaller nuclei, which have thicker tubercul� and
+  become stained more intensely. The gynospores and androspores are developed in the <span
+  class="gsp">Collozoida</span> and <span class="gsp">Sph�rozoida</span> in the same individual, but
+  not in the Collosph�rida. It is very probable that these two forms of anisospores copulate with
+  each other after their exit from the central capsule and thus produce a new cell by the simplest
+  mode of sexual reproduction. But, since the same Polycyttaria, which produce these anisospores, at
+  other times give rise to ordinary or asexual isospores, it is further possible that these two
+  forms of reproduction alternate with each other, and that the Polycyttaria thus pass through a
+  true alternation of generations. This has not yet been observed in the Monocyttaria, and hence
+  these latter seem to bear to the Polycyttaria a relation similar to that in which the sexless
+  solitary Flagellata (Astasiea) stand to the sexual social Flagellata (Volvocinea). In the two
+  analogous cases the sexual differentiation may be regarded as a consequence of the social life in
+  the gelatinous colonies.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagecxxxix">{cxxxix}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The <i>sexual differentiation of the Polycyttaria</i> was first discovered in
+    1875 by R. Hertwig, and accurately described in the case of <i>Collozoum inerme</i> as occurring
+    in addition to the formation of the ordinary crystal-spores (L. N. <a href="#ln26">26</a>, p.
+    36); compare also the general discussion of B�tschli (L. N. <a href="#ln41">41</a>, p. 52).
+    Recently Karl Brandt has demonstrated the formation of both homogeneous isospores
+    (crystal-spores) and heterogeneous anisospores (macro- and microspores) in seven different
+    species of Polycyttaria, and has come to the conclusion that in all social Radiolaria there is a
+    regular alternation between the former and latter generations. Compare his elaborate account of
+    the colonial Radiolaria of the Gulf of Naples (L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>, pp. 145-178).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect217"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">217. <i>Inheritance.</i>&mdash;Inheritance is to be regarded as the most important
+  accompaniment to the function of reproduction, and especially in the present case, because the
+  comparative morphology of the Radiolaria furnishes abundant instances of the action of its
+  different laws. The laws of <i>conservative inheritance</i> are illustrated by the comparative
+  anatomy of the larger groups; thus, in the four legions the characteristic peculiarities of the
+  central capsule are maintained unaltered in consequence of continuous inheritance, although great
+  varieties appear in the skeleton in each legion. The individual parts of the skeleton furnish by
+  their development on the one hand and their degeneration on the other, especially in the smaller
+  groups, examples of <i>progressive inheritance</i>. Thus in the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> the constant formation of the primary lattice-shell (a central
+  medullary shell) and its ontogenetic relation to the secondary one, which is developed
+  concentrically round it, can only be explained phylogenetically by conservative inheritance,
+  whilst on the other hand the characteristic differentiation of the axes in the various families of
+  <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> is to be explained by progressive inheritance. In the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> the arrangement of the twenty radial spines (in accordance with
+  M�ller's law, �� <a href="#sect110">110</a>, <a href="#sect172">172</a>) was first acquired by a
+  group of the most archaic <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span> (Adelacantha) through hydrostatic
+  adaptation, and has since been transmitted by inheritance to all the other families of the legion
+  (Icosacantha). The morphology of the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> is not less interesting,
+  because here several different heritable elements (the primary sagittal ring and the basal tripod)
+  combine in the most manifold ways in the formation of the skeleton (compare �� <a
+  href="#sect123">123</a>, <a href="#sect124">124</a>, <a href="#sect182">182</a>). The affinities
+  of the genera in the different families yield an astonishing variety of interesting morphological
+  phenomena, which can only be explained by progressive inheritance. The same is true also of the
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>. In this legion the primary inheritance is especially manifested
+  in the constant and firm structure of the central capsule with its characteristic double wall and
+  astropyle, whilst the formation of the skeleton in this legion proceeds in different directions by
+  means of divergent adaptation. The morphology of the Radiolaria thus proves itself a rich source
+  of materials for the physiological study of adaptation and inheritance.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagecxl">{cxl}</span></div>
+
+  <h4><span class="sc">Chapter VIII.</span>&mdash;ANIMAL FUNCTIONS.</h4>
+
+  <h5><span class="smaller">(�� 218-225.)</span></h5>
+
+  <div id="sect218"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">218. <i>Motion.</i>&mdash;In addition to the internal movements which appear
+  generally in the unicellular Radiolaria and have already been mentioned as plasmatic currents in
+  treating of the circulation (�� <a href="#sect207">207</a>-<a href="#sect209">209</a>), two
+  different groups of external motor phenomena are to be observed in this class: first, the
+  <i>contraction</i> of individual parts, which brings about modifications of form (� <a
+  href="#sect220">220</a>), and secondly, voluntary or reflex <i>locomotion</i> of the whole body (�
+  <a href="#sect220">220</a>). These movements are partly due to changes in form of undifferentiated
+  plasmatic threads or sarcode filaments, partly to the actual contraction of differentiated
+  filaments which are comparable to muscle fibrill�, and must therefore be distinguished as
+  myophanes. In addition to this, endosmose and exosmose probably play an important part in some of
+  the locomotive phenomena, but nothing is yet certainly known regarding these osmotic processes. We
+  are at present equally ignorant whether all the movements of the Radiolaria are simply reflex
+  (direct consequences of irritation) or whether they are in part truly spontaneous.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect219"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">219. <i>Suspension.</i>&mdash;From direct observation of living Radiolaria, as well
+  as from deductive reasoning, based upon their morphology (and especially their promorphology, ��
+  <a href="#sect17">17</a>-<a href="#sect50">50</a>), the conclusion appears justified that all
+  Protista of this class in their normal condition float suspended in the sea-water, either at the
+  surface or at a definite depth. A necessary condition of this hydrostatic suspension is that the
+  specific gravity of the Radiolarian organism must be equal to, or but slightly greater than that
+  of sea-water. The increase in specific gravity brought about by the production of the siliceous
+  skeleton, is compensated by the lighter fatty globules, and partly perhaps by the calymma,
+  especially when the latter contains vacuoles or alveoles. The fluid or jelly contained in the
+  latter appears to be for the most part lighter than sea-water (containing no salt, or only a very
+  small quantity?). But if the specific gravity of the whole body should be generally (or perhaps
+  always) slightly greater than that of sea-water, then the organism would be prevented from
+  sinking, partly by the increased friction, due to the radiating pseudopodia and the radial spines
+  usually present, and partly perhaps by active (if only feeble) movements of the pseudopodia.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect220"></div>
+
+  <p>220. <i>Locomotion.</i>&mdash;Active locomotion of the whole body, which is very probably to be
+  regarded as voluntary, occurs in the Radiolaria in three different modes; (1) the vibratile
+  movement of the flagellate swarm-spores; (2) the swimming of the floating organisms; (3) the slow
+  creeping of those which rest accidentally upon the bottom. <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagecxli">{cxli}</span>The <i>vibratile</i> movement of the swarm-spores is the result of
+  active sinuous oscillation of the single or multiple flagellum, and is not essentially different
+  from that of ordinary flagellate Infusoria (see note A). Of the active swimming of mature
+  Radiolaria, only that form is known which is vertical in direction and causes the sinking and
+  rising in the sea-water. This is probably, for the most part (perhaps exclusively), due to
+  increase or diminution in the specific gravity, which is perhaps brought about by the retraction
+  or protrusion of the pseudopodia; slow, oscillating, sinuous motions of these organs have been
+  directly observed to take place (though very slowly) in suspended living Radiolaria. The most
+  important hydrostatic organ is probably the calymma, by the contraction of which the specific
+  gravity is increased, while it is diminished by its expansion; the contraction is probably brought
+  about by active contraction of the sarcodictyum, and is connected with exosmosis, while the
+  expansion is probably due to the elasticity of the calymma and the inception of water by
+  endosmosis. In the <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> (� <a href="#sect96">96</a>) the peculiar
+  myophriscs appear to be charged with the duty of distending the gelatinous envelope, and thus
+  diminishing the specific gravity; the latter increases again when the myophriscs are relaxed, and
+  the calymma contracts by virtue of its own elasticity (see note B). The slow <i>creeping
+  locomotion</i> exhibited by Radiolaria on a glass slide under the microscope, does not differ from
+  that of the Thalamophora (Monothalamia and Polythalamia), but can only occur normally when the
+  animal accidentally comes into contact with a solid surface or sinks to the bottom of the sea.
+  Whether this actually occurs periodically is not known (see note C). The slow or gliding
+  locomotion exhibited by creeping Monozoa on a glass slide is due to muscle-like contractions of
+  bundles of pseudopodia, just as in the case of the social central capsules of Polyzoa, which live
+  together in the same c&#x0153;nobium and are able to move within their common calymma sometimes
+  centrifugally to its surface, sometimes towards the centre where they aggregate into a roundish
+  mass (see note D).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. Regarding the movement of the flagella in mature swarm-spores compare L. N. <a
+    href="#ln22">22</a>, p. 375; L. N. <a href="#ln26">26</a>, pp. 31, 35; L. N. <a
+    href="#ln41">41</a>, p. 452, and L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>, p. 170.</p>
+    <p>B. On the active vertical swimming movements of mature Radiolaria, especially the cause of
+    sinking and rising, see L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 134; L. N. <a href="#ln41">41</a>, p.
+    443, and L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>, pp. 97-102.</p>
+    <p>C. On the active horizontal creeping movements of mature Radiolaria on a firm ground, compare
+    L. N. <a href="#ln12">12</a>, p. 10, and L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 132-134.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">D. Regarding the motion of social central capsules within the same
+    c&#x0153;nobium and the changes thus brought about in the structure of the calymma, see L. N. <a
+    href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 119-127, and L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>, pp. 75-82.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect221"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">221. <i>Contraction.</i>&mdash;Motions, which are due to the contraction of
+  individual portions and cause changes in volume or form, have been partly already spoken of under
+  the head of locomotion (� <a href="#sect220">220</a>) and are partly connected with other
+  functions. Examples may be seen in the contraction of the central capsule and of the calymma. A
+  certain <span class="pagenum" id="pagecxlii">{cxlii}</span>contraction of the central capsule is
+  probably brought about by the myophanes, which arise by differentiation of the endoplasm and hence
+  may assume different forms in the four legions. In the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, where
+  numerous radial fibrill� run from the central nucleus to the capsule membrane (� <a
+  href="#sect77">77</a>), the endoplasm is probably driven out evenly through all the pores of the
+  capsule membrane by their simultaneous contraction, and hence the volume of the capsule is
+  diminished in all directions.  The <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> probably behave similarly,
+  but are different, inasmuch as the number of their contractile radial fibrill� is less, and
+  special axial threads (� <a href="#sect78">78</a>) are already differentiated. In the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> it is probable that owing to the contraction of the divergent
+  myophane fibrill� in the podoconus the vertical axis of the latter is shortened, the opercular
+  rods of the porochora are lifted, and the endoplasm driven out of its pores, so that the volume of
+  the monaxon central capsule is diminished (� <a href="#sect79">79</a>). In the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> the same result is probably brought about by the contraction of the
+  cortical myophane fibrill�, which run meridionally along the inside of the capsule membrane from
+  the apical to the basal pole of the vertical main axis, where they are inserted into the periphery
+  of the astropyle; since the volume of the capsule is diminished by their contraction (their
+  spheroidal figure becoming more nearly spherical) the endoplasm will be driven out through the
+  proboscis of the astropyle. Whilst these contractions of the central capsule are largely due to
+  differentiated muscle-like threads of endoplasm (myophanes), this appears to be but rarely the
+  case with the contractions of the extracapsulum (<i>e.g.</i>, the myophriscs of the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>, � <a href="#sect96">96</a>). Most of the phenomena of contraction
+  which can be observed in the calymma and pseudopodia depend upon exoplasmatic currents (� <a
+  href="#sect209">209</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect222"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">222. <i>Protection.</i>&mdash;Of the utmost importance, both for the physiology and
+  for the morphology of the Radiolaria are their manifold protective functions, which we now
+  consider under the heading "protection." From the physiological point of view the consideration of
+  the exposed situation in which the delicate, free-swimming Radiolarian organism lives, and the
+  numerous dangers which beset it in the struggle for existence, would lead <i>a priori</i> to the
+  expectation, that many special protective adaptations would be developed by natural selection. On
+  the other hand, morphological experience shows us that this latter has been in action for
+  immeasurable periods, and has gradually produced an abundance of the most remarkable protective
+  modifications. Examples of these may be found in the formation of the voluminous calymma, as a
+  gelatinous protective covering for the central capsule, and further, the formation of the capsule
+  membrane itself, which separates the generative contents of the central capsule from the nutritive
+  exoplasm. The phosphorescence of the central capsule, too (� <a href="#sect223">223</a>), may be
+  regarded as a useful protective arrangement; as also the radiating of the numerous pseudopodia in
+  all directions from the surface of the calymma; for they are of great significance to the <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagecxliii">{cxliii}</span>well-being of the organism, both as sensory organs
+  and as prehensile organs. By far the most important and most varied means for the actual defence
+  of the soft body is to be seen in the endless modifications of the skeleton; first, in the
+  production of the enclosing lattice-shells and projecting radial spines, but especially also in
+  the very varied structure of the individual parts of the skeleton, and in the special
+  differentiation of the small appendicular organs which grow out from it (hairs, thorns, spines,
+  scales, spathill�, anchors, &amp;c.). Finally "mimicry" possesses a considerable significance
+  among the different forms of adaptation which are to be observed in this class.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect223"></div>
+
+  <p>223. <i>Phosphorescence.</i>&mdash;Many Radiolarians shine in the dark, and their
+  phosphorescence presents the same phenomena as that of other luminous marine organisms; it is
+  increased by mechanical and chemical irritation, or renewed if already extinguished. The light is
+  sometimes greenish, sometimes yellowish, and appears generally (if not always) to radiate from the
+  intracapsular fatty spheres (� <a href="#sect73">73</a>). Thus these latter unite several
+  functions, inasmuch as they serve, firstly, as reserve stores of nutriment, secondly, as
+  hydrostatic apparatus, and thirdly, as luminous organs for the protection of the Radiolaria;
+  probably the light acts by frightening other animals, for the phosphorescent animals are provided
+  with spines, nettle-cells, poison glands or other defensive weapons. The production of the light
+  depends probably, as in other phosphorescent organisms, upon the slow oxidation of the
+  fat-globules, which combine with active oxygen in the presence of alkalis. Phosphorescence is very
+  likely widely distributed among the Radiolaria.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The shining of the Radiolaria in the dark has been noticed by the earliest
+    observers of the class (see L. N. <a href="#ln1">1</a>, p. 163, L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p.
+    2, and L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>, pp. 136-139). In the winter of 1859 I observed the
+    production of light in the case of many monozootic and polyzootic Radiolaria, but inadvertently
+    omitted to record the fact in my Monograph. I made more accurate observations in the winter of
+    1866 at Lanzerote in the Canary Islands, and convinced myself the the light emanates from the
+    central capsule, and in particular from the fat-globules contained in it. In most Polycyttaria
+    (both <span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> and <span class="gsp">Sph�rozoida</span>), when
+    each central capsule contains a large central oil-globule the light radiates from it. In
+    <i>Collozoum serpentinum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>,
+    figs. 2, 3) each cylindrical central capsule contains a row of luminous spherules like a string
+    of beads. In <i>Alacorys friderici</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate65"><b>65</b></a>,
+    fig. 1) the four-lobed central capsule contains four shining points. Karl Brandt has recently
+    made more detailed communication on this point (L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>, p. 137).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect224"></div>
+
+  <p>224. <i>Sensation.</i>&mdash;The general irritability which we ascribe to all organisms, and as
+  the basis of which we regard the protoplasm, remains at an inferior stage of development in the
+  Radiolaria. For although they are subject to various stimuli, and certainly possess a power of
+  discrimination, special sensory organs are not differentiated; the peripheral portions of the
+  protoplasm, and especially the pseudopodia, rather act both as organs of the different kinds of
+  sensation and various modes of motion. That different Radiolaria have attained different degrees
+  of development in this respect may be seen <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagecxliv">{cxliv}</span>partly by direct observation of the reaction of the living organism
+  towards various stimuli, and partly by the comparison of the different conditions of existence
+  under which Radiolarians exist, both in the most various depths of the ocean and in all climatic
+  zones (see note A). In general the Radiolaria seem to be sensitive to the following stimuli; (1)
+  pressure (see note B); (2) temperature (see note C); (3) light (see note D); (4) chemical
+  composition of the sea-water (see note E). The reaction towards these stimuli, corresponding to
+  the sensation of pleasure or dislike which they call forth, is shown in various forms of motion of
+  the protoplasm, changes in the currents in it, contraction of the central capsule, changes in the
+  size, position, and form of the pseudopodia, changes in the volume of the calymma (by the
+  evocation of water), &amp;c. Among the sensory functions of the Radiolaria must be especially
+  mentioned their remarkably developed perception of hydrostatic equilibrium (see note F), as well
+  as their perception of distances, so clearly shown in the production of equal lattice-meshes and
+  other regularly formed skeletal structures (see note G).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. I can add but little to the communication which I made twenty-four years ago regarding
+    sensation in the Radiolaria (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 128-131). The most important
+    point would be the great difference in irritability which must obtain between the pelagic,
+    zonarial and abyssal Radiolaria, which may be assumed from a consideration of their very
+    different conditions of existence as regards pressure, light, warmth, nutrition, &amp;c. It is
+    natural to suppose that the numerous abyssal Radiolaria, discovered by the Challenger, which
+    live at great depths (2000 to 4500 fathoms) in complete darkness, in icy cold and under an
+    enormous pressure, must have quite different sensations of pleasure from their pelagic relatives
+    which live at the surface of the sea under an equatorial sun. Karl Brandt has recently added
+    much to our knowledge regarding the special action of different vital conditions upon the
+    various Polycyttaria and the degrees of their irritability (L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>, pp.
+    113-132).</p>
+    <p>B. Regarding the sensation of pressure or sensation of touch of the Radiolaria and the
+    various degrees of their mechanical irritability, see L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 129; L.
+    N. <a href="#ln41">41</a>, p. 464.</p>
+    <p>C. Regarding the sensation of warmth or temperature-sense and its dependence upon different
+    climatic relations, see L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 129; L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>, pp.
+    114-129.</p>
+    <p>D. Regarding the sensation of light, compare L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 128; L. N. <a
+    href="#ln42">42</a>, p. 304; L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>, pp. 102-104, 114.</p>
+    <p>E. Regarding the sense of taste of the Radiolaria or their peculiar sensitiveness towards the
+    different chemical composition of the water, change in its salinity, presence of organic
+    impurities, &amp;c., see L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 130; L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>, pp.
+    103, 113. This chemical irritability seems to be the most highly developed sense in the
+    Radiolaria, even more so than their mechanical irritability.</p>
+    <p>F. The perception of hydrostatic equilibrium among the Radiolaria is immediately visible from
+    the position which their bodies, floating freely in the water, assume spontaneously, and from
+    the symmetrical development of the skeleton, which by its gravitation necessitates a definite
+    position. It may be assumed that the development of the various geometrical ground forms which
+    correspond to a definite position of equilibrium, is the result of this particular kind of
+    perception (compare �� <a href="#sect40">40</a>-<a href="#sect45">45</a>).</p>
+    <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagecxlv">{cxlv}</span></div>
+    <p class="sp0">G. The plastic perception of distance of the pseudopodia is shown by the symmetry
+    with which the forms composing the regular skeletal structures (<i>e.g.</i>, the ordinary
+    lattice-spheres with regular hexagonal meshes, the radial spines with equidistant branches) are
+    excreted from the exoplasm. Both this form of sensation and the one first mentioned (note F)
+    have hitherto received scarcely any attention, but are deserving of a thorough physiological
+    investigation.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect225"></div>
+
+  <p>225. <i>The Cell-Soul (Zellseele).</i>&mdash;The common central vital principle, commonly
+  called the "soul," which is considered to be the regulator of all vital functions, appears in the
+  Radiolaria as in other Protista in its simplest form, as the cell-soul. By the continual activity
+  of this central "psyche" all vital functions are maintained in unbroken action, and in uniform
+  correlation. It is also probable that by it the stimulations which the peripheral portions of the
+  cell receive from the outer world are first transmitted into true sensation, and that, on the
+  other hand, the volition, which alone calls forth spontaneous movements, proceeds from it. The
+  central capsule is most likely the sole organ of this cell-soul or central psychic organ, and the
+  active portion may be either the endoplasm or the nucleus, or both. The central capsule may thus
+  (apart from its function as a sporangium, � <a href="#sect215">215</a>) be regarded as a simple
+  ganglion cell, physiologically comparable to the nervous centre of the higher animals, whilst the
+  exoplasm (sarcomatrix and pseudopodia) are to be compared to the peripheral nervous system and
+  sense organs of the latter. The great simplicity of the functions of the cell-soul which appear in
+  the Radiolaria, and the intimate connection of their different psychic activities, give to these
+  unicellular Protista a special significance for the comprehension of the monistic elements of a
+  natural psychology.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp5">
+    <p class="sp0">Regarding the theory of the cell-soul as the only psychological theory which is
+    able to explain naturally the true nature of the life of the soul in all organisms as well as in
+    man, see my address on cell-souls and soul-cells ("Zellseelen und Seelenzellen") in Gesammelte
+    popul�re Vortr�ge aus dem Gebiete der Entwickelungslehre, Heft 1, p. 143; Bonn, 1878.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pagecxlvi">{cxlvi}</span></div>
+
+  <h3 class="sp3"><b>CHOROLOGICAL SECTION.</b></h3>
+
+<hr style="width:6em"/>
+
+  <h4><span class="sc">Chapter IX.</span>&mdash;GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.</h4>
+
+  <h5><span class="smaller">(�� 226-240.)</span></h5>
+
+  <div id="sect226"></div>
+
+  <p>226. <i>Universal Marine Distribution.</i>&mdash;Radiolaria occur in all the seas of the world,
+  in all climatic zones and at all depths. Probably under normal conditions they always float freely
+  in the water, whether their usual position be at the surface (pelagic), or at a certain depth
+  (zonarial), or near to the bottom of the sea (abyssal). This appears both from numerous direct
+  observations, as well as from conclusions which may be drawn from their organisation (and
+  especially their promorphology) regarding their floating life (compare �� <a
+  href="#sect40">40</a>-<a href="#sect50">50</a>, <a href="#sect219">219</a>, <a
+  href="#sect220">220</a>). Hitherto no observation has been recorded, which justifies the
+  assumption that Radiolaria live anywhere upon the bottom of the sea (on stones, Alg�, or other
+  firm substances), either sessile or creeping. They perform the latter action, however, when they
+  fall accidentally upon a firm basis or are accidentally placed upon it, but they seem normally
+  always to float freely in the water with pseudopodia radiating in all directions. Active
+  free-swimming movements are only met with in the case of the flagellate zoospores (� <a
+  href="#sect142">142</a>). The development of Radiolaria in large masses is very remarkable (see
+  note A), and in many parts of the ocean is so great that they play an important part in the
+  economy of marine life, especially as food for other pelagic and abyssal animals (see note B).
+  Medium salinity of the water seems to be most favourable to their development in masses, although
+  it is not unknown in seas of high and low salinity (see note C). There are no Radiolaria in fresh
+  water (see note D).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The development of Radiolaria takes place in many parts of the ocean in astonishingly
+    large masses on the surface, in different strata, and near the bottom. The <span
+    class="gsp">Collodaria</span> (and especially the Sph�rozoida) often cover the surface of the
+    sea in millions, and form a shining layer, phosphorescent in the dark like the <i>Noctiluc�</i>,
+    as I observed in 1859 in the Strait of Messina, in 1866 at the Canaries, and in 1881 in the
+    Indian Ocean. Similar masses of <i>Sph�rozoum</i> and <i>Acanthometron</i> were seen by Johannes
+    M�ller on the French and Ligurian coasts (L. N. <a href="#ln12">12</a>), and John Murray found
+    another in the Gulf Stream, off the F�r�e Islands, from the surface to a depth of 600 fathoms;
+    considerable masses of large <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> live there also.</p>
+    <p>B. The alimentary canal of Medus�, Salp�, Crustacea, Pteropoda, and many other pelagic
+    animals is a rich field for the discovery of Radiolaria, and many of the species hereinafter
+    described are from such sources. Fossil coprolites too (<i>e.g.</i>, those from the Jura) often
+    contain many Polycystina.</p>
+    <p>C. Some <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (<span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>) and <span
+    class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (species of <i>Mesocena</i> and <i>Dictyocha</i>) <span
+    class="pagenum" id="pagecxlvii">{cxlvii}</span>live in the Baltic; I found their skeletons in
+    the alimentary canal of <i>Aurelia</i>, Ascidians and Copepods.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">D. The so-called "fresh-water Radiolaria," which have been described by Focke,
+    Greeff, Grenacher and others, are all Heliozoa, without either central capsule or calymma.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect227"></div>
+
+  <p>227. <i>Local distribution.</i>&mdash;As regards their local distribution and its boundaries
+  the Radiolaria show in general the same relations as other pelagic animals. Since they are only to
+  a very slight extent, if at all, capable of active horizontal locomotion, the dispersion of the
+  different species from their point of development (or "centre of creation") is dependent upon
+  oceanic currents, the play of winds and waves and all the accidental causes which influence the
+  transport of pelagic animals in general. These passive migrations are here, however, as always, of
+  the greatest significance, and bring about the wide distribution of individual species in a far
+  higher degree than any active wanderings could do. Any one who has ever followed a stream of
+  pelagic animals for hours and seen how millions of creatures closely packed together are in a
+  short time carried along for miles by such a current, will be in no danger of underestimating the
+  enormous importance of marine currents in the passive migration of the fauna of the sea. Such
+  constant currents may, however, be recognised both near the bottom of the sea and at various
+  depths, as well as at the surface, and are therefore of just as much significance for the abyssal
+  and zonarial as for the pelagic Radiolaria. It is easy to explain by this means how it is that so
+  many animals of this class (probably indeed the great majority) have a wide range of distribution.
+  The number of <i>cosmopolitan</i> species which live in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans is
+  already relatively large. In each of these three great ocean basins, too, many species show a wide
+  distribution. On the other hand, there are very many species which are hitherto known only from
+  one locality, and probably many small local faunas exist, characterised by the special development
+  of particular groups. The observations which we at present possess are too incomplete, and the
+  rich material of the Challenger is too incompletely worked out, to enable any definite conclusions
+  to be drawn regarding the local distribution of Radiolaria.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The statements made in the systematic portion of this Report regarding the
+    distribution of the Challenger Radiolaria are very incomplete. In most cases only one locality
+    is mentioned, and that is the station (� <a href="#sect240">240</a>) in the preparations or
+    bottom deposit from which I first found the species in question. Afterwards I often found the
+    same species again in one or more additional stations (not seldom in numerous preparations both
+    from the Pacific and Atlantic), without the possibility of adding them to the habitat recorded
+    under the description. The necessary accurate determination and identification of the species
+    (measuring the different dimensions, counting the pores, &amp;c.), would have occupied too much
+    time, and the writing of this extensive Report would have lasted not ten but twenty or thirty
+    years.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect228"></div>
+
+  <p>228. <i>Horizontal Distribution.</i>&mdash;From the extensive collections of the Challenger and
+  from the other collections which have furnished a welcome supplement to them, it appears <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagecxlviii">{cxlviii}</span>that Radiolaria are distributed throughout all
+  seas without distinction of zones and physical conditions, even though these latter may be the
+  cause of differences in their qualitative and quantitative development. In the case of the
+  Radiolaria as well as of many other classes of animals, the law holds good that the richest
+  development of forms and the greatest number of species occurs between the tropics, whilst the
+  frigid zones (both Arctic and Antarctic) exhibit great masses of individuals, but relatively few
+  genera and species (see note A). In the Challenger collection the greatest abundance of species of
+  Radiolaria is exhibited by those preparations which were collected at low latitudes in the
+  immediate neighbourhood of the equator; this is true both of the Atlantic (Stations 346 to 349)
+  and of the Pacific (Stations 266 to 274); in the former the richest of all is Station 347 (lat. 0�
+  15&prime; S.), in the latter Station 271 (lat. 0� 33&prime; S.) (see note B). From the tropics the
+  abundance of species seems to diminish regularly towards the poles, and more rapidly in the
+  northern than in the southern hemisphere; the latter also appears, considered as a whole, to
+  possess more species than the former. A limit to the life of the Radiolaria towards the poles has
+  not yet been found; the expeditions towards the North Pole (see note C), like those towards the
+  South (see note D), have obtained bottom-deposits and ice enclosures which contained Radiolaria;
+  in some of the most northerly and most southerly positions which were reached the number of
+  Radiolaria enclosed in the ice was relatively great.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The greater abundance of Radiolaria in the tropical seas is probably to be explained by
+    the more favourable conditions of existence, and in particular the larger quantity of nutritive
+    material (especially of decayed animals) and not by the higher temperature of the surface, for
+    at depths of from 2000 to 3000 fathoms where the abyssal Radiolaria live, the temperature is but
+    little above the freezing point or even below it (compare the bottom temperatures in the list of
+    Challenger Stations, � <a href="#sect240">240</a>).</p>
+    <p>B. Station 271 of the Challenger Expedition, situated almost on the equator in the Mid
+    Pacific (lat. 0� 33&prime; S.), exceeds all other parts of the earth, hitherto known, in respect
+    of its wealth in Radiolaria, and this is true of the pelagic as well as of the zonarial and
+    abyssal forms. In the Station List the deposit at this point is stated to be "Globigerina ooze";
+    but after the calcareous matter has been removed by means of acid, the purest Radiolarian ooze
+    remains, rich in varied and remarkable species. More than one hundred new species have been
+    described from this Station alone.</p>
+    <p>C. Regarding the Arctic Radiolaria compare the contributions of Ehrenberg (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln24">24</a>, pp. 138, 139, 195) and Brady on the English North Polar Expedition, 1875-76
+    (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1878, vol. i. pp. 425, 437).</p>
+    <p class="sp0">D. Regarding the Antarctic Radiolaria, compare � <a href="#sect230">230</a>, note
+    A, and Ehrenberg, Mikrogeologie (L. N. <a href="#ln6">6</a>, Taf. xxxv., <span
+    class="smaller">A</span>.), also L. N. <a href="#ln24">24</a>, pp. 136-139.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect229"></div>
+
+  <p>229. <i>Fauna of the Pacific Ocean.</i>&mdash;From the splendid discoveries of the Challenger,
+  and the supplementary observations obtained from other sources, the Pacific seems to be the ocean
+  basin which is richest both quantitatively and qualitatively in Radiolarian life, <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagecxlix">{cxlix}</span>excelling both the Indian and Atlantic Oceans in this
+  respect. It may be assumed with great probability that by far the largest portion of the Pacific
+  has a depth of between 2000 and 3000 fathoms, and that its bottom is covered either with
+  Radiolarian ooze (� <a href="#sect237">237</a>) or with a red clay (� <a href="#sect239">239</a>),
+  which contains many <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>,
+  and has probably been derived for a great part from broken down and metamorphosed Radiolarian ooze
+  (see note A). Pure Radiolarian ooze was found by the Challenger eastwards in the Central Pacific
+  (over a wide area between lat. 12� N. and 12� S., Stations 265 to 274), and also westwards in the
+  latitude of the Philippines, twenty degrees to the east of them (between lat. 5� N. and 15� N.).
+  The great abundance of Radiolaria present in the neighbourhood of the Philippines and in the Sunda
+  Sea was already known from other investigations (note B). The red clay also, which covers a great
+  part of the bottom of the North Pacific, and which was obtained of very constant composition by
+  the Challenger between lat. 35� N. and 38� N., from Japan to the meridian of Honolulu (from long.
+  144� E. to 156� W.), is so pre-eminently rich in Radiolaria that it often approaches in
+  composition the Radiolarian ooze, and has probably been derived from it. The track of the
+  Challenger through the tropical and northern parts of the Pacific describes nearly three sides of
+  a rectangle, which includes about half of the enormous Pacific basin, and from this as well as
+  from other supplementary observations it may with great probability be concluded that by far the
+  largest part of the bed of the Pacific (at least three-fourths) is covered either with Radiolarian
+  ooze or with red clay, which contains a larger or smaller amount of the remains of Radiolaria.
+  With this agrees also the important fact that the numerous preparations of pelagic materials and
+  collections of pelagic animals, which were collected by the Challenger in the Pacific, almost
+  always indicate a corresponding amount of Radiolarian life on the surface. This is true in
+  particular also of the South Pacific, between lat. 33� S. and 40� S. (from long. 133� W. to 73�
+  W., Stations 287 to 301); the surface of this southern region and the different bathymetrical
+  zones were rich in new and peculiar species of Radiolaria.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. Many specimens of bottom-deposits from the Pacific, which are entered in the Challenger
+    lists either as "red clay" or "Globigerina ooze," contain larger or smaller quantities of
+    Radiolaria, and the number of different species of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+    class="sc">Nassellaria</span> which they contain is often so great that the deposit might have
+    been almost as appropriately termed "Radiolarian ooze," <i>e.g.</i>, Stations 241 to 245, and
+    270, 271 (compare �� <a href="#sect236">236</a>-<a href="#sect239">239</a>).</p>
+    <p class="sp0">B. Pacific Radiolarian ooze was first obtained by Lieutenant Brooke (May 11,
+    1859) between the Philippines and Marianne Islands, from a depth of 3300 fathoms (lat. 18�
+    3&prime; N., long. 129� 11&prime; E.). Ehrenberg, who first described it, found seventy-nine
+    different species of Polycystina in it, and reported "that their quantity and the number of
+    different forms increased with the depth" (Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1860,
+    pp. 466, 588, 766).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect230"></div>
+
+  <p>230. <i>Fauna of the Indian Ocean.</i>&mdash;As regards its Radiolarian fauna the Indian Ocean
+  is the least known of the three great basins. Still the few limited spots, regarding which <span
+  class="pagenum" id="pagecl">{cl}</span>investigations are forthcoming, indicate a very rich
+  development of Radiolarian life. Probably it approaches more nearly the fauna of the Pacific than
+  that of the Atlantic, both as regards the abundance and the morphological characters of its
+  species. The researches of the Challenger are very limited and incomplete as regards the Indian
+  Ocean, for the expedition only just touched upon this great ocean basin (2000 to 3000 fathoms
+  deep) at its two extremities (westwards at the Cape of Good Hope and eastwards at Tasmania), its
+  course lying for the most part south of lat. 45� S. and extending beyond lat. 65� S. (from Station
+  149 to 158, south of lat. 50� S.). It is true that this portion of the South Indian Ocean was
+  shown to contain Radiolaria everywhere, but these were more plentiful in individuals than in
+  species. Only from Station 156 to Station 159 (between lat. 62� and 47� S., and long. 95� and 130�
+  E.) was the bottom, which consisted partly of Diatom ooze and partly of Globigerina ooze, richer
+  in species (see note A). The gaps left by the Challenger in the investigation of the Indian Ocean,
+  have, however, been to some extent filled from other sources. As early as 1859 the English
+  "Cyclops" expedition had shown that the bottom of the Indian Ocean to the east of Zanzibar (lat.
+  9� 37&prime; S., long. 61� 33&prime; W.) is covered with pure Radiolarian ooze (see note B). Also
+  since the Tertiary rocks of the Nicobar Islands are for the most part of the same composition, and
+  since a great abundance of Radiolaria has been shown to be present both in the east part of the
+  ocean, between the Cocos Islands and the Sunda Archipelago (see note C), and in the northern part
+  or Arabian Sea between Socotra and Ceylon (see note D); it may be assumed with great probability
+  that the greater part of the basin of the Indian Ocean, like that of the Pacific, is covered
+  either with Radiolarian ooze or with the characteristic red clay. With this agrees the richness of
+  the surface of the Indian Ocean in Radiolaria of the most various groups, which has been more
+  extensively demonstrated.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The Radiolarian fauna collected by the Challenger on the voyage from the Cape to
+    Melbourne, shows in part, namely, from Station 156 to Station 158, very peculiar and
+    characteristic composition; in particular, the Diatom ooze of Station 157 passes over in great
+    part into a Radiolarian ooze, mainly composed of <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>. This is
+    worthy of a more thorough investigation than I was able, owing to lack of material and time, to
+    give it.</p>
+    <p>B. The remarkably pure Radiolarian ooze of Zanzibar, discovered by Ehrenberg in 1859, was the
+    earliest known recent example of that deposit. It was brought up by Captain Pullen of the
+    English man-of-war "Cyclops," from a depth of 2200 fathoms, between Zanzibar and the Seychelles,
+    and "under a magnifying power of 300 diameters, showed at the first glance a mass of almost pure
+    Polycystina, such as no sample of a deep-sea deposit has hitherto shown. It is very noticeable
+    that in the whole of this mass of living forms, no calcareous shells are to be seen" (Ehrenberg,
+    L. N. <a href="#ln24">24</a>, pp. 148, 149).</p>
+    <p>C. For the most important material from the Indian Ocean, I am indebted to Captain Heinrich
+    Rabbe of Bremen, who during many voyages in the Indian Ocean, in his ship "Joseph Haydn," made
+    numerous collections in different localities with the tow-net and the trawl, and admirably
+    preserved the rich collections thus made. The greatest abundance of Radiolaria was found in
+    those <span class="pagenum" id="pagecli">{cli}</span>obtained to the east of Madagascar, and
+    next in those from the neighbourhood of the Cocos Islands. I take this opportunity of expressing
+    my thanks to Captain Rabbe for the liberality with which he placed all this valuable material at
+    my disposal.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">D. On my voyage from Aden to Bombay, and thence to Ceylon (1881), and especially
+    on my return journey from Ceylon, between the Maldive Islands and Socotra (1882), I carried on a
+    number of experiments with a surface net, which yielded a rich fauna of pelagic animals, and
+    among them many new species of Radiolaria, for observation. On several nights when the smooth
+    surface of the Indian Ocean, unrippled by any wind, shone with the most lovely phosphorescent
+    light, I drew up water from the surface with a bucket, and obtained a rich booty. A number of
+    other new species of Radiolaria from very various parts of the Indian Ocean I obtained from the
+    alimentary canal of pelagic animals, such as Medus�, Salp�, Crustacea, &amp;c. Although the
+    total number of Radiolaria known to me from the Indian Ocean is much less than from the Atlantic
+    and Pacific, there are several new genera and numerous species among them, which show that a
+    careful study of this fauna will be of wide interest.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect231"></div>
+
+  <p>231. <i>Fauna of the Atlantic Ocean.</i>&mdash;The Atlantic Ocean in all parts, of which the
+  pelagic fauna has been examined, has shown the same constant presence of Radiolaria, and in
+  certain parts of its abyssal deposits a larger or smaller quantity of different types belonging to
+  this class; on the whole, however, its Radiolarian fauna is inferior to that of the Pacific, and
+  probably also to that of the Indian Ocean, both in quantity and quality. Pure Radiolarian ooze,
+  such as is so extensively found on the floor of the Pacific, and in certain places in that of the
+  Indian Ocean, has not yet been found in the Atlantic (see � <a href="#sect237">237</a>). The red
+  clay, too, of the deep Atlantic does not seem to be so rich in Radiolaria as that of the Pacific;
+  nevertheless, the number of species peculiar to the Atlantic is very large, and at certain points
+  the abundance of species as well as of individuals seems to be scarcely less than in the Pacific.
+  This is especially true of the eastern equatorial zone not far from Sierra Leone, Stations 347 to
+  352 (see note A); also of the South Atlantic between Buenos Ayres and Tristan da Cunha, Stations
+  324, 325, 331 to 333 (see note B); and, lastly, in the North Atlantic in the Gulf Stream and near
+  the Canary Islands (see note C). The fauna of the latter agrees for the most part with that of the
+  Mediterranean (see note D). In addition to the material collected by the Challenger, other
+  deep-sea investigations have furnished bottom-deposits from different parts of the ocean, which
+  have proved very rich in Radiolaria (see note E). Furthermore, since the island of Barbados
+  consists for the most part of fossil Radiolarian ooze, it is very probable that at certain parts
+  of the tropical Atlantic true Radiolarian ooze, like that of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, will
+  eventually be found in depths between 2000 and 3000 fathoms, perhaps over a considerable area.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>A. The tropical zone of the eastern Atlantic seems to be especially rich in peculiar
+    Radiolaria of different species. This is shown by numerous preparations from the surface, and
+    from various depths (between lat. 3� S. and 11� N., and long. 14� W. to 18� W.), which were made
+    towards the <span class="pagenum" id="pageclii">{clii}</span>end of the cruise. Unfortunately no
+    bottom-deposits were obtained from the most important stations (except Nos. 346 and 347, depths
+    2350 and 2250 fathoms) in this region; at these the deposit was a Globigerina ooze containing
+    numerous different species of Radiolaria.</p>
+    <p>B. In the South Atlantic, between Buenos Ayres and Tristan da Cunha (between lat. 35� S. and
+    43� S., long. 8� W. and 57� W.) there appears to be a long stretch covered partly with
+    Globigerina ooze (Stations 331 to 334), or red clay (Stations 329, 330), partly with blue mud
+    (Stations 318 to 328), which contains not only large masses of individuals but numerous peculiar
+    species of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. The
+    preparations from the surface-takings of this region are also rich in these, as well as in
+    peculiar <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>.</p>
+    <p>C. The northern part of the Atlantic appears on the whole to be inferior to the tropical and
+    southern portions as regards its richness in Radiolaria, and from the western half more
+    especially, only few species are known. From my researches at Lanzerote in 1866-67, it appears
+    that the pelagic fauna of the Canary Islands is very rich in them, as is also the Gulf Stream in
+    the neighbourhood of the F�r�e Channel, according to the investigations of John Murray (see his
+    Report on the "Knight-Errant" Expedition, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xi., 1882).</p>
+    <p>D. The Radiolaria of the Mediterranean are of special interest, because almost all our
+    knowledge of these organisms in the living conditions and of their vital functions has been
+    derived from investigations conducted on its shores. Johannes M�ller laid the foundation of this
+    knowledge by his investigations at Messina, and on the Ligurian and French coasts at Nice,
+    Cette, and St. Tropez (L. N. <a href="#ln10">10</a>). The many new Radiolaria which I described
+    in my Monograph (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, 1862), were for the most part taken at Messina,
+    the place which possesses a richer pelagic fauna than any other, so far as is yet known, in the
+    Mediterranean. Other new species I found afterwards at Villafranca near Nice, in 1864 (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln19">19</a>), at Portofino near Genoa (1880), at Corfu (1877), and at other points on
+    the coast. In Messina also, Richard Hertwig collected the material for his valuable treatise on
+    the Organisation of the Radiolaria (L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>), after he had previously made
+    investigations into their histology at Ajaccio in Corsica (L. N. <a href="#ln26">26</a>).
+    Lastly, at Naples, Cienkowski (L. N. <a href="#ln22">22</a>) and Karl Brandt (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln38">38</a>, <a href="#ln39">39</a>, <a href="#ln52">52</a>) carried out their important
+    investigations into the reproduction and symbiosis of the Radiolaria. With respect to the
+    character of its Radiolaria, the Mediterranean fauna is to be regarded as a special province of
+    the North Atlantic.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">E. Among the smaller contributions which have been made towards our knowledge of
+    the Atlantic Radiolarian fauna, the communications of Ehrenberg on the deposits obtained in
+    sounding for the Atlantic cable, and on the Mexican Gulf Stream near Florida, deserve special
+    mention (L. N. <a href="#ln24">24</a>, pp. 138, 139-145).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect232"></div>
+
+  <p>232. <i>Vertical Distribution.</i>&mdash;The most important general result of the discoveries
+  of the Challenger, as regards the vertical or bathymetrical distribution of the Radiolaria, is the
+  interesting fact that numerous species of this class are found living at the most various depths
+  of the sea, and that certain species are limited to particular bathymetrical zones, <i>i.e.</i>,
+  are adapted to the conditions which obtain there. In this respect three different Radiolarian
+  faunas may be distinguished, which may be shortly termed "pelagic," "zonarial," and "abyssal." The
+  <i>pelagic</i> Radiolaria swim at the surface, and when they sink (<i>e.g.</i>, in a stormy sea),
+  only descend to a small depth, probably not more than from <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pagecliii">{cliii}</span>20 to 30 fathoms (� <a href="#sect233">233</a>). The complicated
+  conditions of existence created by the keen struggle for existence at the surface of the sea, give
+  rise to the formation of very numerous pelagic species, especially of Porulosa (<span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>). The <i>abyssal</i>
+  Radiolaria are very different from those just mentioned; they live at the bottom of the deep-sea,
+  not resting upon nor attached to it, but probably floating at a little distance above it, and are
+  adapted to the conditions of existence which obtain there (� <a href="#sect235">235</a>). Here the
+  Osculosa (<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>) seem to
+  predominate. The <i>zonarial</i> Radiolaria live floating at various depths between the pelagic
+  and abyssal species (� <a href="#sect234">234</a>). In their morphological characters they
+  gradually approach the pelagic forms upwards and the abyssal downwards.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The views which have hitherto been held regarding the bathymetrical or vertical
+    distribution of the Radiolaria have been entirely altered by the magnificent discoveries of the
+    Challenger, and especially by the important observations of Sir Wyville Thomson (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln31">31</a>) and John Murray (L. N. <a href="#ln27">27</a>). These two distinguished
+    deep-sea explorers have, as a result of their wide experience, been convinced that Radiolaria
+    exist at all depths of the ocean, and that there are large numbers of true deep-sea species
+    which are never found at the surface of the sea nor at slight depths (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln31">31</a>, vol. i. pp. 236-238; L. N. <a href="#ln27">27</a>, pp. 523, 525). The
+    result of my ten years' work upon the Challenger Radiolaria, and the comparative study of more
+    than a thousand mountings from all depths, has only been to confirm this opinion, and I am
+    further persuaded that it will some day be possible by the aid of suitable nets (not yet
+    invented) to distinguish different faunistic zones in the various depths of the sea. In this
+    connection may be mentioned the specially interesting fact that the species of Radiolaria of one
+    and the same family present in the different depths characteristic morphological distinctions,
+    which obviously correspond to their different physiological relations in the struggle for
+    existence. Owing to those extensive discoveries, the representation which I gave in my Monograph
+    (1862, L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 172-196) of the vertical distribution of the
+    Radiolaria, and of their life in the greatest depths of the sea, has been entirely changed.
+    Compare also B�tschli (L. N. <a href="#ln41">41</a>, p. 466).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect233"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">233. <i>The Pelagic Fauna.</i>&mdash;The surface of the open ocean seems
+  everywhere, at a certain distance from the coast at least, to be peopled by crowds of living
+  Radiolaria. In the tropical zone these pelagic crowds consist of many different species, whilst in
+  the frigid zones, on the other hand, they are made up of many individuals belonging to but few
+  species. Most of these inhabitants of the surface may be regarded as truly pelagic species, which
+  either remain always at the surface or descend only very slightly below it. Probably most Porulosa
+  (both <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>) belong to this
+  group; whilst but few Osculosa occur in it, and fewer <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> than <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. In general the pelagic Radiolaria are distinguished from the
+  abyssal by the more delicate and slender structure of their skeletons; the pores of the
+  lattice-shells are larger, the intervening trabecul� thinner; the armature of spines, spathill�,
+  anchors, &amp;c., is more various and more highly developed. Numerous forms are to be found among
+  the pelagic <span class="pagenum" id="pagecliv">{cliv}</span>Radiolaria which have either an
+  incomplete skeleton or none at all. When the pelagic forms leave the surface on account of
+  unfavourable weather, they appear only to sink to slight depths (probably not below 20 or 30
+  fathoms). Within the limits of the same family the size of the pelagic species seems to be on an
+  average greater than that of the related abyssal forms.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect234"></div>
+
+  <p>234. <i>The Zonarial Fauna.</i>&mdash;Between the pelagic fauna living at the surface of the
+  open sea and the abyssal, which floats immediately over the bottom, there appears to be usually a
+  middle fauna, which inhabits the different bathymetrical zones of the intermediate water, and
+  hence may be shortly called the "zonarial" fauna.  The different species of Radiolaria which
+  inhabit these different strata in the same vertical column of water present differences
+  corresponding to those of the plants composing the several zones of vegetation, which succeed each
+  other at different heights on a mountain; they correspond to the different conditions of existence
+  which are presented by the different strata of water, and to which they have become adapted in the
+  struggle for existence. The existence of such bathymetrical zones has been shown by those
+  important, if not numerous, observations of the Challenger, in which the tow-net was used at
+  different depths at one and the same Station. In several cases the character of the Radiolarian
+  fauna at different depths presented characteristic differences.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">For the present, and until we are better acquainted with the characters of the
+    Radiolarian fauna at different depths, we may distinguish provisionally the following <i>five
+    bathymetrical zones</i>:&mdash;(1) The <i>pelagic</i> zone, extending from the surface to a
+    depth of about 25 fathoms; (2) the <i>pellucid</i> zone, extending from 25 to 150 fathoms, or as
+    far as the influence of the sunlight makes itself felt; (3) the <i>obscure</i> zone, extending
+    from 150 to 2000 fathoms, or from the depth at which sunlight disappears to that at which the
+    influence of the water containing carbonic acid begins and the calcareous organisms vanish; (4)
+    the <i>siliceous</i> zone, extending from 2000 or 2500 to about 3000 fathoms, in which only
+    siliceous not calcareous Rhizopoda are found, and in which the peculiar conditions of the lowest
+    regions have not yet appeared; (5) the <i>abyssal</i> zone, in which the accumulation of the
+    oceanic deposits, and the influence of the bottom currents, create new conditions of existence.
+    So far as our isolated and incomplete observations of the zonarial Radiolarian fauna extend, it
+    appears that the subclass Porulosa (<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+    class="sc">Acantharia</span>) predominates in the two upper zones, and as the depth increases is
+    gradually replaced by the subclass Osculosa (<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span
+    class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>), so that the latter predominates in the two lowest zones. The
+    obscure zone which lies in the middle is probably the poorest in species. In general, the
+    morphological characters of the zonarial fauna appear to change gradually upwards into the
+    delicate form of the pelagic and downwards into the robust constitution of the abyssal; so also
+    the average size of the individuals (within the limits of the same family) appears to increase
+    upwards and decrease downwards.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect235"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">235. <i>The Abyssal Fauna.</i>&mdash;The great majority of Radiolaria which have
+  hitherto been observed, and which are described in the systematic portion of this Report, have
+  been obtained from the bottom of the deep-sea, and more than half of all the species have been
+  <span class="pagenum" id="pageclv">{clv}</span>derived from the pure Radiolarian ooze, which forms
+  the bed of the Central Pacific at depths of from 2000 to 4000 fathoms (� <a
+  href="#sect237">237</a>). Many of these abyssal forms were brought up with the malacoma uninjured,
+  and they show, both when mounted immediately in balsam, and when preserved in alcohol, all the
+  soft parts almost as clearly as fresh preparations of pelagic Radiolaria. These species are to be
+  regarded as truly abyssal, <i>i.e.</i>, as forms which live floating only a little distance above
+  the bottom of the deep-sea, having become adapted to the peculiar conditions of life which obtain
+  in the lowest regions of the ocean. Probably the majority of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>
+  belong to these abyssal Radiolaria, as well as a large number of <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, but on the other hand, only a small number of <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> and <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> are found there. A character
+  common to these abyssal forms, and rarely found in those from the surface or from slight depths,
+  is found in their small size and their heavy massive skeletons, in which they strikingly resemble
+  the fossil Radiolaria of Barbados and the Nicobar Islands. The lattice-work of the shell is
+  coarser, its trabecul� thicker and its pores smaller than in pelagic species of the same group;
+  also the apophyses (spines, spathill�, coronets, &amp;c.), are much less developed than in the
+  latter. From these true abyssal Radiolaria must be carefully distinguished those species whose
+  empty skeletons, devoid of all soft parts, occur also in the Radiolarian ooze of the deep-sea, but
+  are clearly only the sunken remains of dead forms, which have lived at the surface or in some of
+  the upper zones.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect236"></div>
+
+  <p>236. <i>Deposits containing Radiolaria.</i>&mdash;The richest collection of Radiolaria is found
+  in the deposits of ooze which form the bed of the ocean. Although the pelagic material skimmed
+  from the surface of the sea, and the zonarial material taken by sinking the tow-net to various
+  depths, are always more or less rich in Radiolaria, still the number of species thus obtained is,
+  on the whole, much less than has hitherto been got merely from deep-sea deposits. Of course the
+  skeletons found in the mud of the ocean-bed, may belong either to the abyssal species which live
+  there (� <a href="#sect235">235</a>), or to the zonarial (� <a href="#sect234">234</a>), or to the
+  pelagic species (� <a href="#sect233">233</a>), for the siliceous skeletons of these latter sink
+  to the bottom after their death. Almost all these remains found in the deposits belong to the
+  siliceous "Polycystina" (<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>); <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> occur but sparingly, and <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> are entirely wanting, for their acanthin skeleton readily dissolves.
+  The abundance of Radiolaria varies greatly according to the composition and origin of the
+  deposits. In general marine deposits may be divided into two main divisions, terrigenous and
+  abyssal, or, more shortly, muds and oozes. The <i>terrigenous</i> deposits (or muds) include all
+  those sediments which are made up for the most part of materials worn away from the coasts of
+  continents and islands, or brought down into the sea by rivers. Their greatest extent from the
+  coast is about 200 nautical miles. They contain varying quantities of Radiolaria, but much fewer
+  than those of the next group. The <i>abyssal</i> deposits (or oozes) usually commence at a
+  distance of from 100 to 200 nautical miles <span class="pagenum" id="pageclvi">{clvi}</span>from
+  the coast. In general they are characterised by great uniformity, corresponding to the constancy
+  of the conditions under which they are laid down; they may be divided into three categories, the
+  true Radiolarian ooze (� <a href="#sect237">237</a>), Globigerina ooze (� <a
+  href="#sect238">238</a>), and red clay (� <a href="#sect239">239</a>). Of these three most
+  important deep-sea formations the first is by far the richest in Radiolaria, although the other
+  two contain often very many siliceous shells.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">The marvellous discoveries of the Challenger have thrown upon the nature of
+    marine deposits an entirely new light, which justifies most important conclusions regarding the
+    geographical distribution and geological significance of the Radiolaria. Since Dr. John Murray
+    and the Abb� Renard will treat fully of these interesting relations in a forthcoming volume of
+    the Challenger series (Report on the Deep-Sea Deposits), it will be sufficient here to refer to
+    their preliminary publication already published (Narrative of the Cruise of H.M.S. Challenger,
+    1885, vol. ii. part ii. pp. 915-926); see also the earlier communications by John Murray (1876,
+    L. N. <a href="#ln27">27</a>, pp. 518-537), and by Sir Wyville Thomson (The Atlantic, L. N. <a
+    href="#ln31">31</a>, vol. i. pp. 206-246). In the Narrative (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 916) the
+    following table of marine deposits is given<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc smaller" title="Table of marine deposits" summary="Table of marine deposits">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="8">Terrigenous deposits.</td>
+      <td rowspan="8" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>Shore formations,</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="4">Found in inland seas and along the shores of continents.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Blue mud,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Green mud and sand,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Red mud,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Volcanic mud and sand,</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="3">Found around oceanic islands and along the shores of
+      continents.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Coral mud and sand,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Coralline&nbsp;mud&nbsp;and&nbsp;sand,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="5">Abysmal deposits.</td>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td>Globigerina ooze,</td>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi" rowspan="5">Found in the abysmal regions of the ocean basins.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Pteropod ooze,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Diatom ooze,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Radiolarian ooze,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Red clay,</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div id="sect237"></div>
+
+  <p>237. <i>Radiolarian Ooze.</i>&mdash;By Radiolarian ooze, in the strict sense of the term, are
+  understood those oceanic deposits, the greater part of which (often more than three-quarters) is
+  composed of the siliceous skeletons of this class. Such <i>pure</i> Radiolarian ooze has only been
+  found in limited areas of the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is most conspicuous in the Central
+  Pacific, between lat. 12� N. and 8� S., long. 148� W. to 152� W., the depth being everywhere
+  between 2000 and 3000 fathoms (Stations 266 to 268 and 272 to 274). In the deepest of the
+  Challenger soundings (Station 225, 4475 fathoms) the bottom is composed of pure Radiolarian ooze,
+  as well as at the next Station in the Western Tropical Pacific (Station 226, 2300 fathoms), the
+  latitude varying from 12� N. to 15� N., and the longitude from 142� E. to 144� E. In the Indian
+  Ocean also, pure Radiolarian ooze was found in the year 1859 between Zanzibar and the Seychelles,
+  this being the first known example of it (� <a href="#sect230">230</a>). On the other hand, it has
+  not yet been found in the bed of the Atlantic; but the Tertiary formations of Barbados (Antilles,
+  � <a href="#sect231">231</a>) like those of the Nicobar Islands (Further India), are to be
+  regarded as pure Radiolarian <span class="pagenum" id="pageclvii">{clvii}</span>ooze in the fossil
+  condition. <i>Mixed</i> Radiolarian ooze is the name given to those deposits in which the
+  Radiolaria exceed any of the other organic constituents, although they do not make up half the
+  total mass. To this category belong a large number of the Challenger soundings which are entered
+  in the Station list either as red clay or Globigerina ooze. Such mixed Radiolarian ooze has been
+  discovered (A) in the North Pacific in an elongated area of red clay extending from Station 241 to
+  Station 245 (perhaps even from Station 238 to Station 253), that is, at least, from long. 157� E.
+  to 175� E., between lat. 35� N. and 37� N.; (B) in the tropical Central Pacific in the Globigerina
+  ooze of Stations 270 and 271. The ooze from the latter station, situated almost on the equator
+  (lat. 0� 33&prime; S., long. 151� 34&prime; W.), is specially remarkable, for it has yielded more
+  new species of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> than
+  any other Station, not excluding even the neighbouring Stations 268, 269, and 272. Probably such
+  mixed Radiolarian ooze is very widely distributed in the depths of the ocean, as, for example, in
+  the South Pacific (Stations 288, 289, 300, and 302), and in the Southern Ocean (Stations 156 to
+  159); also in the South Atlantic (Stations 324, 325, 331, 332) and in the tropical Atlantic
+  (Stations 348 to 352). When carefully purified and decalcified by acids, Radiolarian ooze appears
+  as a fine shining white powder; in the raw state it is yellowish or reddish, sometimes
+  reddish-brown or dark brown in colour, according to the quantity of oxides of iron, manganese,
+  &amp;c., which it contains. Calcareous skeletons (especially the tests of pelagic Foraminifera) do
+  not occur at all or only in very minute quantities in <i>pure</i> Radiolarian ooze from more than
+  2000 fathoms, whilst specimens of <i>mixed</i> ooze often contain considerable quantities of
+  them.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">Pure Radiolarian ooze was first described by Dr. John Murray as regards its
+    peculiar nature and composition under the name "Radiolarian ooze" (1876, L. N. <a
+    href="#ln27">27</a>, pp. 525, 526); compare also Sir Wyville Thomson (The Atlantic, L. N. <a
+    href="#ln31">31</a>, vol. i. pp. 231-238), and John Murray (Narr. Chall. Exp., L. N. <a
+    href="#ln53">53</a>, vol. i. pt. ii. pp. 920-926, pl. <span class="smaller">N</span>. fig. 2).
+    The different specimens of pure Radiolarian ooze obtained by the Challenger from the Pacific,
+    and handed to me for investigation, are from depths of from 2250 fathoms to 4475 fathoms, and
+    may be divided according to their composition into three different groups:&mdash;I. The
+    Radiolarian ooze of the Western Tropical Pacific, Stations 225 and 226, from depths of 4475 and
+    2300 fathoms (lat. 11� N. to 15� N., and long. 142� E. to 144� E.). II. The Radiolarian ooze of
+    the northern half of the Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 269, from depths of 2550 to 2900
+    fathoms. III. The Radiolarian ooze of the southern half of the Central Pacific, Stations 270 to
+    274, from depths of 2350 to 2925 fathoms. A fourth group would be constituted by the Radiolarian
+    ooze from the Philippines, which was brought up by Brooke in 1860 near the Marianne Islands from
+    3300 fathoms, and described by Ehrenberg (Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1860,
+    p. 765). The Diatom ooze, too, found by the Challenger in the Antarctic regions (Stations 152 to
+    157) is in some parts so rich in Radiolaria that it passes over into true Radiolarian ooze.
+    Regarding the Radiolarian ooze from Zanzibar, obtained by Captain Pullen in 1859 from 2200
+    fathoms (� <a href="#sect230">230</a>), we have only the incomplete communications of Ehrenberg
+    (L. N. <a href="#ln24">24</a>, p. 147). A more accurate knowledge of these deposits from the
+    Indian Ocean, and of <span class="pagenum" id="pageclviii">{clviii}</span>those which we may
+    with probability expect from the tropical eastern Atlantic, will be sure to increase very widely
+    our knowledge of the class.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect238"></div>
+
+  <p>238. <i>Globigerina Ooze.</i>&mdash;Next to the Radiolarian ooze proper the Globigerina ooze is
+  the deposit which is richest in the remains of Radiolaria. Often these are so abundant that it is
+  doubtful to which category the specimen should be referred (<i>e.g.</i>, Stations 270 and 271, see
+  � <a href="#sect237">237</a>). In fact, the two pass without any sharp boundary into each other,
+  and both present transitions to the Diatom ooze. Next to red clay (� <a href="#sect239">239</a>),
+  Globigerina ooze is the most widely distributed of all sediments, and forms a large part of the
+  bed of the ocean at depths of 250 to 2900 fathoms (especially between 1000 and 2000 fathoms). It
+  covers extensive areas at depths below 1800 fathoms, and in still deeper water is replaced by red
+  clay. It is a fine-grained white, grey, or yellowish powder, which sometimes becomes coloured
+  rose, red, or brown owing to the admixture of oxides of iron and manganese. True Globigerina ooze
+  consists for the most part of the accumulated calcareous shells of pelagic Foraminifera,
+  principally <i>Globigerina</i> and <i>Orbulina</i>, but also <i>Hastigerina</i>,
+  <i>Pulvinulina</i>, &amp;c. It contains usually from 50 to 80 per cent. of calcium carbonate, the
+  extreme values being 40 and 95 per cent. After this has been removed by acids, there remains a
+  residue, which consists partly of the siliceous shells of Radiolaria and Diatoms, and partly of
+  mineral particles identical with the volcanic elements of the red clay.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">Regarding the composition and significance of the Globigerina ooze, see John
+    Murray (L. N. <a href="#ln27">27</a>, pp. 523-525, and L. N. <a href="#ln53">53</a>, vol. i. p.
+    919). Recently this author has separated from the Globigerina ooze (<i>sensu stricto</i>), the
+    <i>Pteropod ooze</i>, distinguished from the former by the greater abundance of Pteropod shells
+    and calcareous shells of larger pelagic organisms which it contains. It is found in moderate
+    depths (at most 1500 fathoms), and contains fewer Radiolaria.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect239"></div>
+
+  <p>239. <i>Red Clay.</i>&mdash;This is quantitatively the most important of all deep-sea deposits,
+  covering by far the greatest extent of the three great ocean basins at depths greater than 2200
+  fathoms. It thus far surpasses in area the other deposits, both Radiolaria and Globigerina oozes,
+  and commonly forms a still deeper layer beneath them. Probably these three deep-sea deposits
+  together cover about three-eighths of the whole surface of the earth, that is, about as much as
+  all the continents together, whilst only two-eighths are covered by the terrigenous deposits. Red
+  clay is principally composed of silicate of alumina, mixed in various proportions with other
+  finely granular substances; its usual red colour, which sometimes passes over into grey or brown,
+  is more especially due to admixture of oxides of iron and manganese. Calcareous matter is usually
+  entirely wanting, or present only in traces, whilst free silica is found in very variable, often
+  considerable quantities. The chief mass of the red clay consists of volcanic ashes, pumice,
+  fragments of lava, &amp;c., whilst a large part of it is generally composed of shells of
+  Radiolaria or fragments of <span class="pagenum" id="pageclix">{clix}</span>them; in many places
+  the number of well-preserved skeletons contained in the red clay is very considerable, so that it
+  passes over gradually into the Radiolarian ooze (<i>e.g.</i>, in the North Pacific, Stations 238
+  to 253, see � <a href="#sect237">237</a>). Hence it may be supposed that a large part of the red
+  clay consists of decomposed Radiolarian ooze.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The characteristic composition and fundamental significance of the red clay in
+    the formation of the deep-sea bed were first made known by the discoveries of the Challenger
+    (compare John Murray, 1876, L. N. <a href="#ln27">27</a>, p. 527, and Narr. Chall. Exp., L. N.
+    <a href="#ln53">53</a>, vol. i. pt. ii. pp. 920-926, pl. <span class="smaller">N</span>; also
+    Wyville Thomson, The Atlantic, L. N. <a href="#ln31">31</a>, vol. i. pp. 226-229).  The mineral
+    components of the red clay are for the most part of volcanic origin, due to the decomposition of
+    pumice, lava, &amp;c. Among the organic remains found in it, the siliceous skeletons of
+    Radiolaria are by far the most important, and their number is often considerable. A large
+    portion of the red clay appears to me to consist of broken down Radiolarian shells, in which a
+    peculiar metamorphism probably has taken place. Sir Wyville Thomson was of opinion that a
+    considerable proportion of it consisted of the remains of Globigerina ooze, the calcareous
+    constituents of which had been removed by the carbon dioxide in the deep-sea water (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln31">31</a>, <i>loc. cit.</i>). Among these remains, however, the siliceous skeletons of
+    the Radiolaria play a significant and often the most important part. Furthermore, John Murray
+    has called attention to the fact that in many deep-sea deposits yellow and red insoluble
+    particles remain, which unmistakably present the form of Radiolarian shells (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln27">27</a>, p. 513). At Station 303 he found "amorphous clayey matter, rounded yellow
+    minerals, many Radiolaria-shaped;" at Station 302 there was sediment "consisting almost entirely
+    of small rounded red mineral particles; many of these had the form of both Foraminifera and
+    Radiolaria; and it seemed as if some substance had been deposited in and on these organisms."
+    Similar transitions from well-preserved Radiolarian shells into amorphous mineral particles I
+    have found in several other specimens of Challenger soundings, and consider them a further
+    argument for the supposition that the Radiolaria often take an important share in the formation
+    of the red clay.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect240"></div>
+
+  <p>240. <i>List of Stations at which Radiolaria were observed on the Challenger
+  Expedition.</i>&mdash;The 168 Stations recorded below, in soundings or surface preparations from
+  which I found Radiolaria, belong to the most various parts of the sea which the Challenger
+  traversed during her voyage round the world; they constitute about half of the (364) observing
+  Stations contained in the official list published in the Narrative of the Cruise (Narr. Chall.
+  Exp., vol. i. part ii. Appendix ii.).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">In addition to the particulars given in the list regarding the geographical
+    position of the Station, depth, temperature, and composition of the bottom deposit, I have added
+    the result of my investigations as regards the relative abundance of the Radiolaria in each. The
+    five letters (A to E) denote the following degrees of frequency:&mdash;A, abundant Radiolaria
+    (A<span class="smaller">I</span>, pure Radiolarian ooze; A<span class="smaller">II</span>, mixed
+    Radiolarian ooze); B, very numerous Radiolaria (but not a predominating quantity); C, many
+    Radiolaria (medium quantity); D, few Radiolaria; E, very few Radiolaria (as they occur almost
+    always). In using these symbols regard has been had to abundance of the abyssal as well as of
+    the zonarial and pelagic forms (� <a href="#sect232">232</a>); sometimes also the estimated
+    number of Radiolaria has been inserted, based upon information given by John Murray in his
+    Preliminary Report (L. N. <a href="#ln27">27</a>), and in the Narrative of the Cruise (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln53">53</a>), as well as by Henry B. Brady in his Report on the <span class="pagenum"
+    id="pageclx">{clx}</span>Foraminifera (Zool. Chall. Exp., part xxii., 1884). From Stations 348
+    to 352 in the Eastern Tropical Atlantic no specimens of the bottom were obtained, but a rich
+    pelagic Radiolarian fauna was demonstrated by numerous preparations from the surface. The depths
+    are given in fathoms and the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit. In the column describing the
+    nature of the bottom the following abbreviations are used<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc smaller nothand" title="Abbreviations" summary="Abbreviations">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="br">rad. oz. = Radiolarian ooze (� <a href="#sect237">237</a>).<br/>
+      gl. oz. = Globigerina ooze (� <a href="#sect238">238</a>).<br/>
+      r. cl. = red clay (� <a href="#sect239">239</a>).<br/>
+      pt. oz. = Pteropod ooze (see p. <a href="#pageclviii">clviii</a>).<br/>
+      di. oz. = Diatom ooze (see p. <a href="#pageclvii">clvii</a>).</td>
+      <td>bl. m. = blue mud,<br/>
+      gr. m. = green mud,<br/>
+      volc. m. = volcanic mud,</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi">terrigenous deposits<br/>
+      (see p. <a href="#pageclvi">clvi</a>).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>r. m. = red mud.<br/>
+      &nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc smaller handonly" title="Abbreviations" summary="Abbreviations">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3">rad. oz. = Radiolarian ooze (� <a href="#sect237">237</a>).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3">gl. oz. = Globigerina ooze (� <a href="#sect238">238</a>).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3">r. cl. = red clay (� <a href="#sect239">239</a>).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3">pt. oz. = Pteropod ooze (see p. <a href="#pageclviii">clviii</a>).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3">di. oz. = Diatom ooze (see p. <a href="#pageclvii">clvii</a>).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>bl. m. = blue mud,</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi">terrigenous deposits<br/>
+      (see p. <a href="#pageclvi">clvi</a>).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>gr. m. = green mud,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>volc. m. = volcanic mud,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3">r. m. = red mud.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc ba smaller nothand" title="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition" summary="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat1.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Challenger
+      Station"/></th>
+      <th>Locality 1.</th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat2.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Depth in
+      Fathoms"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat3.png" style="width:4.5em" alt="Bottom
+      Temperature �F"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat4.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Nature of
+      Bottom"/></th>
+      <th>Relative<br/>
+      Abundance of<br/>
+      Radiolaria.</th>
+      <th colspan="2">Date.</th>
+      <th colspan="4">Latitude and Longitude.</th>
+      <th colspan="3">Nearest Land.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br ac" colspan="2">1873.</td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">00</span>1.</td>
+      <td class="br">N. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1890</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Feb.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">15</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">27�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">24&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">16�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">55&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Tenerife.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">00</span>2.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1945</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">25�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">52&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">19�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S.W. of the Canary Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">00</span>5.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2740</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">24�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">20&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">24�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">28&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S.W. of the Canary Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">00</span>9.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3150</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.8</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">26</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">23�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">23&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">11&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>24.</td>
+      <td class="br">Tr. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">390</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">pt. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Mar.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">18�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">38&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">65�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">5&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Culebra (Antilles).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>32.</td>
+      <td class="br">N. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2250</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.7</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+      <td class="pr0">April</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">31�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">49&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">64�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">55&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Bermuda.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>45.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1240</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.2</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">May</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">34&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">72�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">10&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of New York.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>50.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1250</td>
+      <td class="br ac">38.0</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">42�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">8&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">63�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">39&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Halifax.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>64.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2700</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0">June</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">20</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">35&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">50�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">27&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>76.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">40.0</td>
+      <td class="br">pt. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">July</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">11&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">27�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">9&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Azores.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>98.</td>
+      <td class="br">Tr. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1750</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.7</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Aug.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">9�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">21&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">18�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">28&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Sierra Leone.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">106.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1850</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.6</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">1�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">47&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">24�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">26&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">108.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">27</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">1�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">10&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">28�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">23&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">111.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2475</td>
+      <td class="br ac">33.7</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">31</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">1�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">45&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">30�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">58&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">120.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">675</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">r. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Sept.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">8�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">37&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">28&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Pernambuco.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">132.</td>
+      <td class="br">S. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2050</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Oct.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">25&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">23�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">40&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Tristan da Cunha.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">134.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2025</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.0</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">12&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">12�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">16&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Tristan da Cunha.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">137.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2550</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.5</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">59&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">1�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">34&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">138.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2650</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">22&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">8�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">12&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">143.</td>
+      <td class="br">S. Ind.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.6</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Dec.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">19</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">48&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">19�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">24&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Cape of Good Hope.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">144.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1570</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">24</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">45�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">57&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">39&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">145.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">140</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">volc. s.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">27</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">46�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">43&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">4&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Prince Edward Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">146.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1375</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.6</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">29</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">46�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">46&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">45�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">31&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">147.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1600</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.2</td>
+      <td class="br">di. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">30</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">46�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">16&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">48�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">27&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of the Crozet Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br ac" colspan="2">1874.</td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br vmi">148.</td>
+      <td class="br vmi"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar vmi">210</td>
+      <td class="br ac vmi">...</td>
+      <td class="br">gravel,<br/>
+      &nbsp;shells</td>
+      <td class="br vmi">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0 vmi">Jan.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar vmi">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs vmi">46�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs vmi">47&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs vmi">51�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs vmi">37&prime; E.</td>
+      <td class="vmi" colspan="3">E. of the Crozet Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">149<span class="smaller">H</span>.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">127</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">volc. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">29</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">48�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">45&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">69�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">14&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Kerguelen Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">150.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">150</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">gravel</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Feb.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">52�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">4&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">71�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of Heard Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">151.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">75</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">volc. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">7</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">52�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">59&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">73�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">33&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Heard Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">152.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1260</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">di. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">60�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">52&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">80�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">20&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">153.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1675</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">65�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">42&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">79�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">49&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Antarctic Ice.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">154.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1800</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">19</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">64�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">37&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">85�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">49&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Antarctic Ice.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">155.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1300</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">64�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">18&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">94�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">47&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Antarctic Ice.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">156.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1975</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">di. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">26</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">62�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">26&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">95�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">44&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">157.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1950</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.1</td>
+      <td class="br">di. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Mar.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">53�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">55&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">108�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">35&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">158.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1800</td>
+      <td class="br ac">33.5</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">7</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">50�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">1&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">123�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">4&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">159.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2150</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.5</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">47�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">25&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">130�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">160.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2600</td>
+      <td class="br ac">33.9</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">13</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">42�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">42&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">134�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">10&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">162.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">38</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">sand</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+      <td class="pr0">April</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">39�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">10&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">146�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">37&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Bass Strait.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">163.</td>
+      <td class="br">S. Pac.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2200</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.5</td>
+      <td class="br">gr. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">57&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">150�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">34&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Port Jackson.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">164<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1200</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">gr. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">June</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">13</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">9&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">151�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">55&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Sydney.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc ba smaller handonly" title="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition" summary="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat1.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Challenger
+      Station"/></th>
+      <th>Locality 2.</th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat2.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Depth in
+      Fathoms"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat3.png" style="width:4.5em" alt="Bottom
+      Temperature �F"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat4.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Nature of
+      Bottom"/></th>
+      <th>Relative<br/>
+      Abundance of<br/>
+      Radiolaria.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">00</span>1.</td>
+      <td class="br">N. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1890</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">00</span>2.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1945</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">00</span>5.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2740</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">00</span>9.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3150</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.8</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>24.</td>
+      <td class="br">Tr. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">390</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">pt. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>32.</td>
+      <td class="br">N. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2250</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.7</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>45.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1240</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.2</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>50.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1250</td>
+      <td class="br ac">38.0</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>64.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2700</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>76.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">40.0</td>
+      <td class="br">pt. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>98.</td>
+      <td class="br">Tr. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1750</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.7</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">106.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1850</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.6</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">108.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">111.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2475</td>
+      <td class="br ac">33.7</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">120.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">675</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">r. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">132.</td>
+      <td class="br">S. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2050</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">134.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2025</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.0</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">137.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2550</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.5</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">138.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2650</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">143.</td>
+      <td class="br">S. Ind.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.6</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">144.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1570</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">145.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">140</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">volc. s.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">146.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1375</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.6</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">147.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1600</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.2</td>
+      <td class="br">di. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br vmi">148.</td>
+      <td class="br vmi"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar vmi">210</td>
+      <td class="br ac vmi">...</td>
+      <td class="br">gravel,<br/>
+      &nbsp;shells</td>
+      <td class="br vmi">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">149<span class="smaller">H</span>.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">127</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">volc. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">150.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">150</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">gravel</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">151.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">75</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">volc. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">152.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1260</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">di. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">153.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1675</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">154.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1800</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">155.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1300</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">156.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1975</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">di. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">157.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1950</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.1</td>
+      <td class="br">di. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">158.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1800</td>
+      <td class="br ac">33.5</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">159.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2150</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.5</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">160.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2600</td>
+      <td class="br ac">33.9</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">162.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">38</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">sand</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">163.</td>
+      <td class="br">S. Pac.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2200</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.5</td>
+      <td class="br">gr. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">164<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1200</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">gr. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc ba smaller handonly" title="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition" summary="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat1.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Challenger
+      Station"/></th>
+      <th colspan="2">Date.</th>
+      <th colspan="4">Latitude and Longitude.</th>
+      <th colspan="3">Nearest Land.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br ac" colspan="2">1873.</td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">00</span>1.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Feb.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">15</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">27�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">24&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">16�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">55&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Tenerife.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">00</span>2.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">25�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">52&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">19�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S.W. of the Canary Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">00</span>5.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">24�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">20&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">24�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">28&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S.W. of the Canary Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">00</span>9.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">26</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">23�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">23&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">11&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>24.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Mar.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">18�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">38&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">65�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">5&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Culebra (Antilles).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>32.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">April</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">31�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">49&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">64�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">55&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Bermuda.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>45.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">May</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">34&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">72�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">10&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of New York.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>50.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">42�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">8&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">63�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">39&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Halifax.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>64.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">June</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">20</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">35&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">50�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">27&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>76.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">July</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">11&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">27�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">9&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Azores.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>98.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Aug.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">9�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">21&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">18�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">28&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Sierra Leone.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">106.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">1�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">47&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">24�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">26&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">108.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">27</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">1�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">10&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">28�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">23&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">111.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">31</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">1�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">45&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">30�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">58&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">120.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Sept.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">8�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">37&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">28&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Pernambuco.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">132.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Oct.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">25&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">23�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">40&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Tristan da Cunha.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">134.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">12&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">12�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">16&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Tristan da Cunha.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">137.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">59&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">1�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">34&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">138.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">22&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">8�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">12&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">143.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Dec.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">19</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">48&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">19�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">24&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Cape of Good Hope.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">144.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">24</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">45�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">57&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">39&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">145.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">27</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">46�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">43&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">4&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Prince Edward Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">146.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">29</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">46�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">46&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">45�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">31&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">147.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">30</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">46�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">16&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">48�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">27&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of the Crozet Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br ac" colspan="2">1874.</td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br vmi">148.</td>
+      <td class="pr0 vmi">Jan.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar vmi">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs vmi">46�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs vmi">47&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs vmi">51�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs vmi">37&prime; E.</td>
+      <td class="vmi" colspan="3">E. of the Crozet Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">149<span class="smaller">H</span>.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">29</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">48�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">45&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">69�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">14&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Kerguelen Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">150.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Feb.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">52�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">4&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">71�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of Heard Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">151.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">7</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">52�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">59&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">73�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">33&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Heard Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">152.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">60�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">52&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">80�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">20&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">153.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">65�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">42&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">79�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">49&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Antarctic Ice.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">154.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">19</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">64�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">37&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">85�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">49&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Antarctic Ice.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">155.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">64�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">18&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">94�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">47&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Antarctic Ice.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">156.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">26</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">62�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">26&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">95�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">44&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">157.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Mar.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">53�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">55&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">108�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">35&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">158.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">7</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">50�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">1&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">123�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">4&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">159.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">47�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">25&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">130�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">160.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">13</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">42�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">42&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">134�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">10&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">162.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">April</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">39�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">10&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">146�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">37&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Bass Strait.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">163.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">57&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">150�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">34&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Port Jackson.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">164<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">June</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">13</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">9&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">151�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">55&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Sydney.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxi">{clxi}</span></div>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc ba smaller nothand" title="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition" summary="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat1.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Challenger
+      Station"/></th>
+      <th>Locality 1.</th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat2.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Depth in
+      Fathoms"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat3.png" style="width:4.5em" alt="Bottom
+      Temperature �F"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat4.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Nature of
+      Bottom"/></th>
+      <th>Relative<br/>
+      Abundance of<br/>
+      Radiolaria.</th>
+      <th colspan="2">Date.</th>
+      <th colspan="4">Latitude and Longitude.</th>
+      <th colspan="3">Nearest Land.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br ac" colspan="2">1874.</td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">165.</td>
+      <td class="br">S. Pac.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2600</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.5</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0">June</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">50&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">155�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">28&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">166.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">275</td>
+      <td class="br ac">50.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">50&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">169�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">20&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of New Zealand.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">169.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">700</td>
+      <td class="br ac">40.0</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">July</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">34&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">179�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">E. of New Zealand.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">175.</td>
+      <td class="br">Tr. Pac.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1350</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.0</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Aug.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">19�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">2&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">177�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">10&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Fiji Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">181.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2440</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.8</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">13�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">50&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">151�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">49&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Louisiades.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">193.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2800</td>
+      <td class="br ac">38.0</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Sept.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">28</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">5�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">24&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">130�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">37&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Banda Sea.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">195.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1425</td>
+      <td class="br ac">38.0</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Oct.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">4�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">21&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">129�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">7&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Banda Sea.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">197.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1200</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.9</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">0�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">41&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">126�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">37&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">E. of Celebes.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">198.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2150</td>
+      <td class="br ac">38.9</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">20</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">2�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">55&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">124�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">58&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of Celebes.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">200.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">250</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">gr. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">6�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">47&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">122�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">28&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Mindanao.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">201.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">82</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">st. &amp; gra.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">26</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">7�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">3&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">121�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">48&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Mindanao.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">202.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2550</td>
+      <td class="br ac">50.5</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">27</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">8�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">32&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">121�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">55&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Mindanao.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">205.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1050</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.0</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Nov.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">13</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">16�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">42&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">119�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Luzon.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br ac" colspan="2">1875.</td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">206.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2100</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.5</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Jan.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">8</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">17�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">54&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">117�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">14&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Luzon.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">211.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2225</td>
+      <td class="br ac">50.5</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">28</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">8�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">0&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">121�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">42&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Mindanao.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">213.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2050</td>
+      <td class="br ac">38.8</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Feb.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">8</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">5�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">47&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">124�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">1&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Mindanao.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">214.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">500</td>
+      <td class="br ac">41.8</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">4�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">33&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">127�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">6&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of Gilolo.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">215.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2550</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.4</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">4�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">19&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">130�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">15&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of Gilolo.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">216<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2000</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.4</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">16</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">2�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">56&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">134�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">11&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Pelew Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">217.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2000</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">22</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">0�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">39&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">138�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">55&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of New Guinea.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">218.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1070</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.4</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Mar.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">1</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">2�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">33&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">144�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">4&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of New Guinea.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">220.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1100</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.2</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">0�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">42&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">147�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">0&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of New Guinea.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">221.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2650</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.4</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">13</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">0�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">40&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">148�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">41&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">222.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2450</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">16</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">2�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">15&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">146�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">16&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">223.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2325</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.5</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">19</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">5�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">31&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">145�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">13&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Carolines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">224.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1850</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.4</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">7�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">45&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">144�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">20&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Carolines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">225.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">4475</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A very many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">11�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">24&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">143�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">16&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi">North-West Pacific,<br/>
+      between Carolines<br/>
+      and Japan.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">226.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2300</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.5</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">44&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">142�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">13&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">230.</td>
+      <td class="br">N. Pac.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2425</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.5</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0">April</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">26�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">29&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">137�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">57&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">231.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2250</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">31�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">8&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">137�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">8&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">232.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">345</td>
+      <td class="br ac">41.1</td>
+      <td class="br">gr. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">May</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">11&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">139�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">28&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">234.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2675</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.8</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0">June</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">32�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">31&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">135�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">39&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Japan.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">235.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">565</td>
+      <td class="br ac">38.1</td>
+      <td class="br">gr. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">7&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">138�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">0&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Japan.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">236.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">775</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.6</td>
+      <td class="br">gr. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">58&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">139�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">29&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Japan.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">237.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1875</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.3</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">37&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">140�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">32&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Japan.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">238.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3950</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">18</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">18&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">144�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">8&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="19" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace20sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="19" class="vmi">North Pacific, between<br/>
+      Japan and San Francisco<br/>
+      (35�-38� N. lat.,<br/>
+      144�-156� W. long.).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">239.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3625</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">19</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">18&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">147�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">9&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">240.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.9</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">20&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">153�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">39&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">241.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2300</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">A very many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">41&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">157�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">42&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">242.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2575</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">A<span class="smaller">II</span> <span class="hid">ver</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">24</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">29&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">161�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">52&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">243.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2800</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">A<span class="smaller">II</span> <span class="hid">ver</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">26</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">24&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">166�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">35&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">244.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.3</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">A<span class="smaller">II</span> <span class="hid">ver</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">28</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">22&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">169�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">53&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">245.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2775</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.9</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">A<span class="smaller">II</span> <span class="hid">ver</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">30</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">23&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">174�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">31&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">246.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2050</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0">July</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">10&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">178�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">0&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">247.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2530</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">49&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">179�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">57&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">248.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">41&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">177�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">4&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">249.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3000</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">7</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">59&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">171�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">48&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">250.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3050</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">49&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">166�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">47&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">251.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2950</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">37&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">163�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">26&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">252.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2740</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.3</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">52&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">160�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">17&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">253.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3125</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">9&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">156�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">25&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">254.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3025</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">13&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">154�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">43&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="7" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="7" class="vmi">North Pacific (35�-23�<br/>
+      N. lat., 154�-156�<br/>
+      W. long.).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">255.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2850</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">19</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">32�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">28&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">154�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">33&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">256.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2950</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">30�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">22&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">154�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">56&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">257.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2875</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.9</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">27�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">33&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">154�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">55&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">258.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2775</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">24</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">26�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">11&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">155�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">12&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">259.</td>
+      <td class="br">Tr. Pac.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2225</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.9</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">26</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">23�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">3&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">156�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">6&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc ba smaller handonly" title="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition" summary="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat1.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Challenger
+      Station"/></th>
+      <th>Locality 2.</th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat2.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Depth in
+      Fathoms"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat3.png" style="width:4.5em" alt="Bottom
+      Temperature �F"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat4.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Nature of
+      Bottom"/></th>
+      <th>Relative<br/>
+      Abundance of<br/>
+      Radiolaria.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">165.</td>
+      <td class="br">S. Pac.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2600</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.5</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">166.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">275</td>
+      <td class="br ac">50.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">169.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">700</td>
+      <td class="br ac">40.0</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">175.</td>
+      <td class="br">Tr. Pac.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1350</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.0</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">181.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2440</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.8</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">193.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2800</td>
+      <td class="br ac">38.0</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">195.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1425</td>
+      <td class="br ac">38.0</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">197.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1200</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.9</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">198.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2150</td>
+      <td class="br ac">38.9</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">200.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">250</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">gr. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">201.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">82</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">st. &amp; gra.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">202.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2550</td>
+      <td class="br ac">50.5</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">205.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1050</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.0</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">206.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2100</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.5</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">211.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2225</td>
+      <td class="br ac">50.5</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">213.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2050</td>
+      <td class="br ac">38.8</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">214.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">500</td>
+      <td class="br ac">41.8</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">215.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2550</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.4</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">216<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2000</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.4</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">217.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2000</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">218.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1070</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.4</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">220.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1100</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.2</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">221.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2650</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.4</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">222.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2450</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">223.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2325</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.5</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">224.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1850</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.4</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">225.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">4475</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A very many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">226.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2300</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.5</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">230.</td>
+      <td class="br">N. Pac.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2425</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.5</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">231.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2250</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">232.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">345</td>
+      <td class="br ac">41.1</td>
+      <td class="br">gr. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">234.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2675</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.8</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">235.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">565</td>
+      <td class="br ac">38.1</td>
+      <td class="br">gr. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">236.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">775</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.6</td>
+      <td class="br">gr. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">237.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1875</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.3</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">238.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3950</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">239.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3625</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">240.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.9</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">241.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2300</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">A very many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">242.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2575</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">A<span class="smaller">II</span> <span class="hid">ver</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">243.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2800</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">A<span class="smaller">II</span> <span class="hid">ver</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">244.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.3</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">A<span class="smaller">II</span> <span class="hid">ver</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">245.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2775</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.9</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">A<span class="smaller">II</span> <span class="hid">ver</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">246.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2050</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">247.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2530</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">248.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">249.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3000</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">250.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3050</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">251.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2950</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">252.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2740</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.3</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">253.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3125</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">254.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3025</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">255.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2850</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">256.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2950</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">257.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2875</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.9</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">258.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2775</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">259.</td>
+      <td class="br">Tr. Pac.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2225</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.9</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc ba smaller handonly" title="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition" summary="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat1.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Challenger
+      Station"/></th>
+      <th colspan="2">Date.</th>
+      <th colspan="4">Latitude and Longitude.</th>
+      <th colspan="3">Nearest Land.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br ac" colspan="2">1874.</td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">165.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">June</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">50&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">155�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">28&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">166.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">50&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">169�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">20&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of New Zealand.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">169.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">July</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">34&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">179�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">E. of New Zealand.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">175.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Aug.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">19�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">2&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">177�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">10&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Fiji Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">181.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">13�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">50&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">151�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">49&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Louisiades.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">193.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Sept.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">28</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">5�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">24&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">130�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">37&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Banda Sea.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">195.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Oct.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">4�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">21&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">129�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">7&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Banda Sea.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">197.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">0�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">41&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">126�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">37&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">E. of Celebes.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">198.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">20</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">2�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">55&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">124�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">58&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of Celebes.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">200.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">6�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">47&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">122�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">28&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Mindanao.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">201.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">26</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">7�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">3&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">121�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">48&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Mindanao.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">202.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">27</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">8�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">32&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">121�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">55&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Mindanao.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">205.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Nov.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">13</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">16�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">42&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">119�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Luzon.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br ac" colspan="2">1875.</td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">206.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Jan.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">8</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">17�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">54&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">117�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">14&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Luzon.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">211.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">28</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">8�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">0&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">121�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">42&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Mindanao.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">213.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Feb.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">8</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">5�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">47&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">124�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">1&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Mindanao.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">214.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">4�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">33&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">127�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">6&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of Gilolo.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">215.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">4�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">19&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">130�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">15&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of Gilolo.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">216<span class="smaller">A</span>.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">16</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">2�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">56&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">134�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">11&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Pelew Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">217.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">22</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">0�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">39&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">138�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">55&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of New Guinea.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">218.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Mar.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">1</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">2�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">33&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">144�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">4&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of New Guinea.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">220.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">0�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">42&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">147�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">0&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of New Guinea.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">221.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">13</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">0�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">40&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">148�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">41&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">222.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">16</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">2�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">15&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">146�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">16&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">223.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">19</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">5�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">31&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">145�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">13&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Carolines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">224.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">7�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">45&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">144�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">20&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Carolines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">225.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">11�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">24&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">143�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">16&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi">North-West Pacific,<br/>
+      between Carolines<br/>
+      and Japan.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">226.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">44&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">142�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">13&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">230.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">April</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">26�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">29&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">137�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">57&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">231.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">31�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">8&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">137�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">8&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">232.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">May</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">11&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">139�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">28&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">234.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">June</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">32�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">31&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">135�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">39&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Japan.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">235.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">7&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">138�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">0&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Japan.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">236.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">58&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">139�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">29&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Japan.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">237.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">37&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">140�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">32&prime; E.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Japan.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">238.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">18</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">18&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">144�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">8&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="19" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace20sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="19" class="vmi">North Pacific, between<br/>
+      Japan and San Francisco<br/>
+      (35�-38� N. lat.,<br/>
+      144�-156� W. long.).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">239.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">19</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">18&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">147�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">9&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">240.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">20&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">153�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">39&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">241.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">41&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">157�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">42&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">242.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">24</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">29&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">161�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">52&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">243.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">26</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">24&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">166�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">35&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">244.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">28</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">22&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">169�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">53&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">245.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">30</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">23&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">174�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">31&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">246.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">July</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">10&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">178�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">0&prime; E.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">247.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">49&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">179�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">57&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">248.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">41&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">177�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">4&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">249.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">7</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">59&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">171�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">48&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">250.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">49&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">166�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">47&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">251.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">37&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">163�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">26&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">252.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">52&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">160�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">17&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">253.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">9&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">156�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">25&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">254.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">13&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">154�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">43&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="7" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="7" class="vmi">North Pacific (35�-23�<br/>
+      N. lat., 154�-156�<br/>
+      W. long.).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">255.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">19</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">32�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">28&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">154�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">33&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">256.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">30�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">22&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">154�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">56&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">257.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">27�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">33&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">154�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">55&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">258.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">24</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">26�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">11&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">155�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">12&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">259.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">26</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">23�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">3&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">156�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">6&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxii">{clxii}</span></div>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc ba smaller nothand" title="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition" summary="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat1.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Challenger
+      Station"/></th>
+      <th>Locality 1.</th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat2.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Depth in
+      Fathoms"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat3.png" style="width:4.5em" alt="Bottom
+      Temperature �F"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat4.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Nature of
+      Bottom"/></th>
+      <th>Relative<br/>
+      Abundance of<br/>
+      Radiolaria.</th>
+      <th colspan="2">Date.</th>
+      <th colspan="4">Latitude and Longitude.</th>
+      <th colspan="3">Nearest Land.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br ac" colspan="2">1875.</td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">261.</td>
+      <td class="br">Tr. Pac.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2050</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">volc. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Aug.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">20�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">18&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">157�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">14&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Sandwich Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">262.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2875</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">20</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">19�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">12&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">154�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">14&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Sandwich Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">263.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2650</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">17�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">33&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">153�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">36&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="15" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace15sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="15" class="vmi">Tropical Central Pacific,<br/>
+      between Sandwich and<br/>
+      Paumotu (17� N. lat.<br/>
+      to 11� S. lat.).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">264.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3000</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">19&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">152�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">37&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">265.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">A very many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">12�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">42&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">152�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">1&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">266.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2750</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">26</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">11�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">7&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">152�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">3&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">267.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2700</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">28</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">9�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">28&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">150�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">49&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">268.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.8</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">30</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">7�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">35&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">149�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">49&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">269.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2550</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Sept.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">5�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">54&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">147�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">2&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">270.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2925</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.6</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">2�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">34&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">149�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">9&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">271.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2425</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">0�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">33&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">151�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">34&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">272.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2600</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">8</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">3�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">48&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">152�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">56&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">273.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2350</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.5</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">5�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">11&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">152�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">56&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">274.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2750</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">7�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">25&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">152�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">15&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">275.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2610</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">11�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">20&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">150�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">30&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">276.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2350</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">16</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">13�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">28&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">149�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">30&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Paumotu.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">280.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1940</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.3</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Oct.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">18�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">40&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">149�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">52&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Tahiti.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">281.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2385</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.9</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">22�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">21&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">150�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">17&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Tubuai Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">282.</td>
+      <td class="br">S. Pac.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2450</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">7</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">23�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">46&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">149�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">59&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Tubuai Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">283.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2075</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.4</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">26�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">9&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">145�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">17&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of Oparo Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">284.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1985</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">28�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">22&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">141�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Oparo Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">285.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2375</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">32�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">36&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">137�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">43&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="15" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace15sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="15" class="vmi">Open South Pacific<br/>
+      Ocean, between New<br/>
+      Zealand and Valparaiso.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">286.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2335</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.8</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">16</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">33�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">29&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">133�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">287.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2400</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.7</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">19</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">32&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">132�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">52&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">288.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2600</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.8</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">40�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">3&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">132�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">58&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">289.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2550</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.8</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">39�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">41&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">131�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">23&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">290.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2300</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.9</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">39�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">16&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">124�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">7&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">291.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2250</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.6</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">27</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">39�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">13&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">118�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">49&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">292.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1600</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">29</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">43&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">112�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">31&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">293.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2025</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.4</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Nov.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">1</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">39�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">4&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">105�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">5&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">294.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2270</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.6</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">39�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">22&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">98�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">46&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">295.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1500</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.3</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">7&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">94�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">4&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">296.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1825</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.3</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">6&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">88�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">2&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">297.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1775</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.5</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">29&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">83�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">7&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">298.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2225</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.6</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">7&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">73�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">56&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Valparaiso.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">299.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2160</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Dec.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">33�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">31&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">74�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">43&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Valparaiso.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">300.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1375</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.5</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">33�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">42&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">78�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">18&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of Juan Fernandez.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">302.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1450</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.6</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">28</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">42�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">43&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">82�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">11&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">303.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1325</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.0</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">30</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">45�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">31&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">78�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">9&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Patagonia.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">304.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">45</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">gr. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">31</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">46�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">53&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">75�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">12&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Patagonia.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br ac" colspan="2">1876.</td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">318.</td>
+      <td class="br">S. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2040</td>
+      <td class="br ac">33.7</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="correction" title="Should be either 'C many' or 'D few',
+      not clear which.">C few</span></td>
+      <td class="pr0">Feb.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">42�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">32&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">56�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">29&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">319.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2425</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.7</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">41�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">54&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">54�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">48&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">323.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">33.1</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">28</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">39&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">50�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">47&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Buenos Ayres.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">324.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2800</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.6</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">29</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">9&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">48�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="12" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace12sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="12" class="vmi">Open South Atlantic<br/>
+      Ocean, between Buenos<br/>
+      Ayres and Tristan<br/>
+      da Cunha (35�-37� S.<br/>
+      lat., 21�-48� W. long.).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">325.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2650</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.7</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Mar.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">44&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">46�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">16&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">326.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2775</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.7</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">3&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">44�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">17&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">327.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.8</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">48&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">42�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">45&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">328.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.9</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">38&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">39�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">36&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">329.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2675</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.3</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">7</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">31&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">7&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">330.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2440</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.7</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">8</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">45&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">33�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">0&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">331.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1715</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.4</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">47&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">30�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">20&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">332.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2200</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.0</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">29&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">27�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">31&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">333.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2025</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.3</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">13</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">36&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">21�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">12&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">334.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1915</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">45&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">18�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">31&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Tristan da Cunha.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">335.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1425</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.0</td>
+      <td class="br">pt. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">16</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">32�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">24&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">13�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">5&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of Tristan da Cunha.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc ba smaller handonly" title="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition" summary="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat1.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Challenger
+      Station"/></th>
+      <th>Locality 2.</th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat2.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Depth in
+      Fathoms"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat3.png" style="width:4.5em" alt="Bottom
+      Temperature �F"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat4.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Nature of
+      Bottom"/></th>
+      <th>Relative<br/>
+      Abundance of<br/>
+      Radiolaria.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">261.</td>
+      <td class="br">Tr. Pac.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2050</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">volc. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">262.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2875</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">263.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2650</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">264.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3000</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">265.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">A very many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">266.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2750</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">267.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2700</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">268.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.8</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">269.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2550</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">270.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2925</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.6</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">271.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2425</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">272.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2600</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">273.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2350</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.5</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">274.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2750</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">rad. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">A <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">275.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2610</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">276.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2350</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">280.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1940</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.3</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">281.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2385</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.9</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">282.</td>
+      <td class="br">S. Pac.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2450</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">283.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2075</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.4</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">284.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1985</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.1</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">285.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2375</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.0</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">286.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2335</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.8</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">287.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2400</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.7</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">288.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2600</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.8</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">289.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2550</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.8</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">290.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2300</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.9</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">291.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2250</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.6</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">292.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1600</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">293.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2025</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.4</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">294.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2270</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.6</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">295.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1500</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.3</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">296.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1825</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.3</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">297.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1775</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.5</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">298.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2225</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.6</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">299.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2160</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.2</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">300.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1375</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.5</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">302.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1450</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.6</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">303.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1325</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.0</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">304.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">45</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">gr. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">318.</td>
+      <td class="br">S. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2040</td>
+      <td class="br ac">33.7</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="correction" title="Should be either 'C many' or 'D few',
+      not clear which.">C few</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">319.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2425</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.7</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">323.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">33.1</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">324.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2800</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.6</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">325.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2650</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.7</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">326.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2775</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.7</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">327.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.8</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">328.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2900</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.9</td>
+      <td class="br">bl. m.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">329.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2675</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.3</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">330.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2440</td>
+      <td class="br ac">32.7</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C <span class="hid">m</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">331.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1715</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.4</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">332.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2200</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.0</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">333.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2025</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.3</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">334.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1915</td>
+      <td class="br ac">35.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">335.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">S.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1425</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.0</td>
+      <td class="br">pt. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc ba smaller handonly" title="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition" summary="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat1.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Challenger
+      Station"/></th>
+      <th colspan="2">Date.</th>
+      <th colspan="4">Latitude and Longitude.</th>
+      <th colspan="3">Nearest Land.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br ac" colspan="2">1875.</td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">261.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Aug.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">20�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">18&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">157�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">14&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Sandwich Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">262.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">20</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">19�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">12&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">154�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">14&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Sandwich Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">263.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">17�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">33&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">153�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">36&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="15" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace15sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="15" class="vmi">Tropical Central Pacific,<br/>
+      between Sandwich and<br/>
+      Paumotu (17� N. lat.<br/>
+      to 11� S. lat.).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">264.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">19&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">152�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">37&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">265.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">12�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">42&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">152�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">1&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">266.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">26</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">11�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">7&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">152�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">3&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">267.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">28</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">9�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">28&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">150�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">49&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">268.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">30</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">7�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">35&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">149�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">49&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">269.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Sept.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">5�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">54&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">147�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">2&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">270.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">2�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">34&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">149�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">9&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">271.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">0�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">33&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">151�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">34&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">272.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">8</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">3�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">48&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">152�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">56&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">273.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">5�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">11&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">152�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">56&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">274.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">7�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">25&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">152�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">15&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">275.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">11�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">20&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">150�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">30&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">276.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">16</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">13�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">28&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">149�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">30&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Paumotu.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">280.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Oct.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">18�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">40&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">149�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">52&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Tahiti.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">281.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">22�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">21&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">150�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">17&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Tubuai Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">282.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">7</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">23�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">46&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">149�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">59&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Tubuai Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">283.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">26�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">9&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">145�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">17&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of Oparo Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">284.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">28�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">22&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">141�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Oparo Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">285.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">32�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">36&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">137�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">43&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="15" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace15sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="15" class="vmi">Open South Pacific<br/>
+      Ocean, between New<br/>
+      Zealand and Valparaiso.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">286.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">16</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">33�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">29&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">133�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">287.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">19</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">32&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">132�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">52&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">288.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">40�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">3&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">132�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">58&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">289.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">23</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">39�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">41&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">131�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">23&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">290.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">39�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">16&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">124�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">7&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">291.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">27</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">39�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">13&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">118�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">49&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">292.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">29</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">43&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">112�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">31&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">293.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Nov.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">1</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">39�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">4&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">105�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">5&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">294.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">39�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">22&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">98�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">46&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">295.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">7&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">94�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">4&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">296.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">38�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">6&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">88�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">2&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">297.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">29&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">83�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">7&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">298.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">34�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">7&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">73�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">56&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Valparaiso.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">299.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Dec.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">33�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">31&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">74�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">43&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Valparaiso.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">300.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">33�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">42&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">78�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">18&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of Juan Fernandez.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">302.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">28</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">42�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">43&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">82�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">11&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">303.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">30</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">45�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">31&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">78�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">9&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Patagonia.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">304.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">31</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">46�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">53&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">75�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">12&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Patagonia.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br ac" colspan="2">1876.</td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">318.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Feb.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">42�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">32&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">56�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">29&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">319.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">41�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">54&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">54�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">48&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">323.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">28</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">39&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">50�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">47&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Buenos Ayres.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">324.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">29</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">9&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">48�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">22&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="12" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace12sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="12" class="vmi">Open South Atlantic<br/>
+      Ocean, between Buenos<br/>
+      Ayres and Tristan<br/>
+      da Cunha (35�-37� S.<br/>
+      lat., 21�-48� W. long.).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">325.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Mar.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">44&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">46�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">16&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">326.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">3&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">44�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">17&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">327.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">48&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">42�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">45&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">328.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">38&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">39�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">36&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">329.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">7</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">31&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">7&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">330.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">8</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">45&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">33�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">0&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">331.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">47&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">30�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">20&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">332.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">37�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">29&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">27�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">31&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">333.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">13</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">36&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">21�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">12&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">334.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">35�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">45&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">18�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">31&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Tristan da Cunha.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">335.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">16</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">32�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">24&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">13�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">5&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">N. of Tristan da Cunha.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxiii">{clxiii}</span></div>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc ba smaller nothand" title="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition" summary="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat1.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Challenger
+      Station"/></th>
+      <th>Locality 1.</th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat2.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Depth in
+      Fathoms"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat3.png" style="width:4.5em" alt="Bottom
+      Temperature �F"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat4.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Nature of
+      Bottom"/></th>
+      <th>Relative<br/>
+      Abundance of<br/>
+      Radiolaria.</th>
+      <th colspan="2">Date.</th>
+      <th colspan="4">Latitude and Longitude.</th>
+      <th colspan="3">Nearest Land.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br ac" colspan="2">1876.</td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">338.</td>
+      <td class="br">Tr. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1990</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.3</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D  <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Mar.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">21�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">15&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">2&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">340.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1500</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.6</td>
+      <td class="br">pt. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">24</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">33&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">13�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">42&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi">W. of St. Helena.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">341.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1475</td>
+      <td class="br ac">38.2</td>
+      <td class="br">pt. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">12�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">16&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">13�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">44&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">342.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1445</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.5</td>
+      <td class="br">pt. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">26</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">9�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">43&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">13�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">51&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">343.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">425</td>
+      <td class="br ac">40.3</td>
+      <td class="br">volc. s.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">27</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">8�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">3&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">27&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Ascension Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">344.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">420</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">volc. s.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0">April</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">7�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">54&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">28&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Ascension Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">345.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2010</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">5�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">45&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">25&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi">Tropical Atlantic,<br/>
+      between Ascension and<br/>
+      Sierra Leone.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">346.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2350</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.0</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">2�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">42&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">41&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">347.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2250</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.2</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">7</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">0�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">15&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">25&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">348.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">(2450)</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">(Pelag.)</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">3�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">10&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">51&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">349.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">...</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">(Pelag.)</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">5�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">28&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">38&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">350.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">...</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">(Pelag.)</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">7�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">33&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">15�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">16&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Sierra Leone.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">351.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">...</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">(Pelag.)</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">9�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">9&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">16�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">41&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Sierra Leone.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">352.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">...</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">(Pelag.)</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">13</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">10�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">55&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">17�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">46&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Sierra Leone.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">353.</td>
+      <td class="br">N. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2965</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.6</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+      <td class="pr0">May</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">26�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">21&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">33�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">37&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Canary Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">354.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1675</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">32�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">41&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">6&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Azores.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc ba smaller handonly" title="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition" summary="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat1.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Challenger
+      Station"/></th>
+      <th>Locality 2.</th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat2.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Depth in
+      Fathoms"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat3.png" style="width:4.5em" alt="Bottom
+      Temperature �F"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat4.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Nature of
+      Bottom"/></th>
+      <th>Relative<br/>
+      Abundance of<br/>
+      Radiolaria.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">338.</td>
+      <td class="br">Tr. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1990</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.3</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D  <span class="hid">f</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">340.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1500</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.6</td>
+      <td class="br">pt. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">341.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1475</td>
+      <td class="br ac">38.2</td>
+      <td class="br">pt. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">342.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1445</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.5</td>
+      <td class="br">pt. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">343.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">425</td>
+      <td class="br ac">40.3</td>
+      <td class="br">volc. s.</td>
+      <td class="br">E very few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">344.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">420</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">volc. s.</td>
+      <td class="br">E <span class="hid">very</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">345.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2010</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">346.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2350</td>
+      <td class="br ac">34.0</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">347.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2250</td>
+      <td class="br ac">36.2</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">B numerous</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">348.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">(2450)</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">(Pelag.)</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">349.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">...</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">(Pelag.)</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">350.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">...</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">(Pelag.)</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">351.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">...</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">(Pelag.)</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">352.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">Tr.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">...</td>
+      <td class="br ac">...</td>
+      <td class="br">(Pelag.)</td>
+      <td class="br">B <span class="hid">num</span>"</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">353.</td>
+      <td class="br">N. Atl.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2965</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.6</td>
+      <td class="br">r. cl.</td>
+      <td class="br">C many</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">354.</td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">N.</span> "</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1675</td>
+      <td class="br ac">37.8</td>
+      <td class="br">gl. oz.</td>
+      <td class="br">D few</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp5 mc ba smaller handonly" title="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition" summary="Stations at which Radiolaria were
+  observed on the Challenger Expedition">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/stat1.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Challenger
+      Station"/></th>
+      <th colspan="2">Date.</th>
+      <th colspan="4">Latitude and Longitude.</th>
+      <th colspan="3">Nearest Land.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td class="br ac" colspan="2">1876.</td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">338.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">Mar.</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">21�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">15&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">2&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3"><span class="gap" style="width:2em">&nbsp;</span>(Ocean).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">340.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">24</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">33&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">13�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">42&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi">W. of St. Helena.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">341.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">25</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">12�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">16&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">13�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">44&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">342.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">26</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">9�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">43&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">13�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">51&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">343.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">27</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">8�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">3&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">27&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Ascension Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">344.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">April</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">7�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">54&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">28&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">Ascension Island.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">345.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">5�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">45&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">25&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi">Tropical Atlantic,<br/>
+      between Ascension and<br/>
+      Sierra Leone.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">346.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">2�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">42&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">41&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">347.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">7</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">0�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">15&prime; S.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">25&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">348.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">3�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">10&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">51&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">349.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">5�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">28&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">14�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">38&prime; W.</td>
+      <td>Ocean</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">350.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">7�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">33&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">15�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">16&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Sierra Leone.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">351.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">9�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">9&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">16�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">41&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Sierra Leone.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">352.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">13</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">10�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">55&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">17�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">46&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Sierra Leone.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">353.</td>
+      <td class="pr0">May</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">26�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">21&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">33�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">37&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">W. of Canary Islands.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">&nbsp;</td>
+      <td class="pr0"></td>
+      <td class="pl0 br"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td class="prhs"></td>
+      <td class="br wnw plhs"></td>
+      <td colspan="3"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">354.</td>
+      <td class="pr0"><span class="hid">F</span>"</td>
+      <td class="pl0 br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">32�</td>
+      <td class="ar wnw plhs">41&prime; N.,</td>
+      <td class="ar prhs">36�</td>
+      <td class="br wnw ar plhs">6&prime; W.</td>
+      <td colspan="3">S. of Azores.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxiv">{clxiv}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>CHAPTER X.&mdash;GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.</h4>
+
+  <h5><span class="smaller">(�� 241-250.)</span></h5>
+
+  <div id="sect241"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">241. <i>Historical Distribution.</i>&mdash;Radiolaria are found fossil in all the
+  more important groups of the sedimentary rocks of the earth's crust. Whilst a few years ago their
+  well-preserved siliceous skeletons were only known in considerable quantity from Cainozoic marls
+  (� <a href="#sect242">242</a>), very many <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> have recently been found in Mesozoic and a few in Pal�ozoic strata.
+  By the aid of improved modern methods of investigation (especially by the preparation of thin
+  sections of very hard rocks) it has been shown that many hard siliceous minerals, especially
+  cryptocrystalline quartz, contain numerous well-preserved Radiolaria, and sometimes are mainly
+  composed of closely compacted masses of such siliceous shells; of this kind are many quartzites of
+  the Jura (� <a href="#sect243">243</a>). These Jurassic quartzes (Switzerland), as well as the
+  Tertiary marls (Barbados) and clays (Nicobar Islands), are to be regarded as "fossil Radiolarian
+  ooze" (� <a href="#sect237">237</a>). Dense masses of compressed <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> form the principal part of
+  these rocks. Isolated or in smaller quantities, fossil Polycystina, belonging to different
+  families of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, also
+  occur in in other rocks, and even in some of Pal�ozoic origin. Since specimens have also been
+  recently found both in Silurian and Cambrian strata, it may be stated that as regards their
+  historical distribution, Radiolaria occur in all fossiliferous sedimentary deposits, from the
+  oldest to those of the present time.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect242"></div>
+
+  <p>242. <i>Cainozoic Radiolaria.</i>&mdash;The great majority of fossil Radiolaria which have
+  hitherto been described, belong to the Cainozoic or Tertiary period, and in fact, to its middle
+  portion, the Miocene period. At this period the richest and most important of all the Radiolarian
+  formations were deposited, such as the pure "Polycystine marl" of Barbados (see note A), also that
+  of Grotte in Sicily (see note B), and the clay of the Nicobar Islands (see note C). Besides the
+  above-mentioned deposits, which may be designated "pure" fossil Radiolarian ooze, many deposits
+  containing these organisms have recently been discovered in widely separated parts of the earth,
+  partly of the nature of tripoli or marl, partly resembling clay. Among these may be mentioned in
+  the first place many coasts and islands of the Mediterranean, both on the south coast of Europe
+  (Sicily, Calabria, Greece), and the north coast of Africa (from Oran to Tripoli). The extensive
+  layers of tripoli which are found in these Mediterranean Tertiary mountains belong to the upper
+  Miocene (Tortona stage), and consist partly of marl rich in calcareous matter, and resembling
+  chalk, partly passing over into plastic clay or "Kieselguhr" (� <a href="#sect246">246</a>). The
+  quantity of Radiolaria contained varies, and is more conspicuous the fewer the calcareous shells
+  of Foraminifera present. Similar Tertiary Polycystine formations occur in some parts of America
+  (see note D); probably they have a very wide distribution. In their general morphological
+  characters, the Tertiary <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> <span class="pagenum" id="pageclxv">{clxv}</span>are related to
+  those forms which are found in the recent Radiolarian ooze of the depths of the Pacific,
+  especially to the species which are characteristic of the Challenger Stations 225, 226, 265 and
+  268. Many living genera and families (<i>e.g.</i>, most <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> and
+  <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>) have not yet been found in the Tertiary formations.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">A. The famous Polycystine marl of Barbados in the Antilles, which Robert
+    Schomburgk discovered forty years ago, belongs to the Miocene formation, and is the richest and
+    best known of all the important Radiolarian deposits (see L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp.
+    5-8). After Ehrenberg had published in December 1846 the first preliminary communication
+    regarding its composition out of masses of well-preserved Polycystina, he was able in the
+    following year to describe no less than 282 species from it; he distributed these in 44 genera
+    and 7 families (L. N. <a href="#ln4">4</a>, 1847, p. 54). In the year 1854 Ehrenberg published
+    figures of 33 species in his Mikrogeologie (L. N. <a href="#ln6">6</a>,  Taf. xxxvi.); but it
+    was only in 1873 that he published descriptions of 265 species (Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
+    d. Wiss. Berlin, Jan. 30, pp. 213-263). Finally there followed in 1875 his Fortsetzung der
+    Mikrogeologischen Studien, mit specieller R�cksicht auf den Polycystinen-Mergel von Barbados (L.
+    N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>). On the thirty plates which accompany this the last work of
+    Ehrenberg, 282 species are figured and named, of which 54 are <span
+    class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (13 <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, 8 <span
+    class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, 33 <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>), and 228 <span
+    class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (2 <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, 38 <span
+    class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, and 188 <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>). The fourth section of
+    this memoir contains a survey of the Polycystine formation of Barbados (pp. 106-115), and the
+    fifth section the special description of a large specimen of rock from Mount Hillaby in Barbados
+    (see also L. N. <a href="#ln28">28</a>, p. 117, and L. N. <a href="#ln41">41</a>, pp. 476-478).
+    The account given by Ehrenberg of the Polycystina of Barbados is in many respects very
+    incomplete, and very far from exhausting this rich mine of remarkable forms. This may be readily
+    seen from the twenty-five plates of figures of Polycystins in the Barbados Chalk Deposit
+    published by Bury in 1862 (L. N. <a href="#ln17">17</a>). The number of species here figured
+    (140 to 142) is about half of those given by Ehrenberg; and there are among them numerous
+    generic types, some of great interest, which were entirely overlooked by the latter; <i>e.g.</i>
+    <i>Saturnalis</i> (<span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>), <i>Cannartidium</i> (<span
+    class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>), <i>Tympanidium</i> (<span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>),
+    <i>Cinclopyramis</i> (<span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>), &amp;c. Finally, Ehrenberg always
+    (until 1875) ignored Bury's atlas, which had been published thirteen years ago and was quite
+    accessible to him. How different were the contents of the two works may easily be seen from the
+    following abstract.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <h5><i>Comparative View of the Species of Fossil Radiolaria from Barbados made known by the
+  figures of Bury in 1862 and of Ehrenberg in 1875.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc w50 ba smaller nothand" title="Species of Fossil Radiolaria from
+  Barbados" summary="Species of Fossil Radiolaria from
+  Barbados">
+    <tr class="ba">
+      <th>Legion.</th>
+      <th colspan="2">Order.</th>
+      <th>Bury.</th>
+      <th>Ehrenberg.</th>
+      <th>Total.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="br itp05"><span class="hid">I</span>I. Legion<br/>
+      <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span><br/>
+      (<span class="sc">Peripylea</span>).</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="br">1. <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span></td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2 w15">16</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2 w15">13</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2 w15">29</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">2. <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span></td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">10</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">8</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">18</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">3. <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span></td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">37</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">33</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">70</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td>&nbsp;</td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="br itp05">II. Legion<br/>
+      <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span><br/>
+      (<span class="sc">Monopylea</span>).</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="br">4. <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span></td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">5</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">2</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">7</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">5. <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span></td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">13</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">38</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">51</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">6. <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span></td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">60</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">188</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">248</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br ar">Total,</td>
+      <td class="ba ar pr2">141</td>
+      <td class="ba ar pr2">282</td>
+      <td class="ba ar pr2">423</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp2 w100 ba smaller handonly" title="Species of Fossil Radiolaria from
+  Barbados" summary="Species of Fossil Radiolaria from
+  Barbados">
+    <tr class="ba">
+      <th>Legion.</th>
+      <th>Order.</th>
+      <th>Bury.</th>
+      <th>Ehrenberg.</th>
+      <th>Total.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br vmi">
+      <td rowspan="3" class="br bb ac"><span class="hid">I</span>I. Legion<br/>
+      <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span><br/>
+      (<span class="sc">Peripylea</span>).</td>
+      <td class="ac">1. <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span></td>
+      <td class="ar pr2 w15">16</td>
+      <td class="ar pr2 w15">13</td>
+      <td class="ar pr2 w15">29</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br vmi">
+      <td class="ac">2. <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span></td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">10</td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">8</td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">18</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br bb vmi">
+      <td class="ac">3. <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span></td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">37</td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">33</td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">70</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br vmi">
+      <td rowspan="3" class="bb ac">II. Legion<br/>
+      <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span><br/>
+      (<span class="sc">Monopylea</span>).</td>
+      <td class="ac">4. <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span></td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">5</td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">2</td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">7</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br vmi">
+      <td class="ac">5. <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span></td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">13</td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">38</td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">51</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br bb vmi">
+      <td class="ac">6. <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span></td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">60</td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">188</td>
+      <td class="ar pr2">248</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br ar">Total,</td>
+      <td class="ba ar pr2">141</td>
+      <td class="ba ar pr2">282</td>
+      <td class="ba ar pr2">423</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxvi">{clxvi}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>In 1882 B�tschli still further increased the number of known Radiolaria from Barbados both by
+    figures and descriptions (L. N. <a href="#ln40">40</a>), and gave in particular a very accurate
+    morphological analysis of 12 new <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (3 <span
+    class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, 3 <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, and 6 <span
+    class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>; L. N. <a href="#ln40">40</a>, Taf. xxxii., xxxiii.). The number of
+    the fossil species collected in the Barbados marl is, however, greater than would appear from
+    the above-quoted communications. My respected friend, Dr. R. Teuscher, of Jena, has, at my
+    request, made a large number (about a thousand) of very accurate drawings with the camera lucida
+    of Polycystina from Barbados (see p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1760">1760</a>).
+    From these it appears that the variations in the structure of the shells, with respect to
+    number, size, and form of the lattice-pores, of the spines, &amp;c., is much greater than would
+    be supposed from the figures of Ehrenberg and Bury. I have thus come to the conviction that the
+    number of species from Barbados (using the word "species" in the sense understood by those
+    authors) is not less than 400 and probably more than 500. Descriptions of some particularly
+    interesting new species from this series have been included in the systematic account of the
+    Challenger Radiolaria. A complete critical investigation of the Radiolaria of Barbados, and
+    especially an accurate comparison of these Cainozoic species with the Mesozoic forms from the
+    Jura, on the one hand, and with recent types on the other, must be left to the future for its
+    accomplishment (see � <a href="#sect246">246</a>).</p>
+    <p>B. The Cainozoic Polycystine tripoli or marl of the Mediterranean coast, which is probably
+    always of Miocene origin, forms very extensive mountain ranges both in the south of Europe
+    (Sicily, Calabria, Greece) and in the north of Africa (from Oran to Tripoli) (� <a
+    href="#sect246">246</a>). Hitherto, however, only one locality has been thoroughly investigated,
+    namely, Grotte in the province of Girgenti in Sicily (L. N. <a href="#ln35">35</a>). In the
+    accurate account which was given of it by St�hr in 1880, 118 species were described, distributed
+    in 40 genera (L. N. <a href="#ln35">35</a>; pp. 72-84); of these 118 species 78 are quite new,
+    25 are identical with previously known fossils, and 29 identical with living forms. Among them
+    are 73 <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (28 <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, 8 <span
+    class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, and 37 <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>), but only 40 <span
+    class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (1 <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>, 6 <span
+    class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, and 33 <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>), and 5 <span
+    class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (Dictyochida). The other parts of Sicily from which the same upper
+    Miocene tripoli has been investigated (belonging to the Tortona stage) have proved less rich
+    than Grotte. The best known of these places is Caltanisetta, since upon three genera discovered
+    here (<i>Haliomma</i>, <i>Cornutella</i>, <i>Lithocampe</i>) the group Polycystina was founded
+    by Ehrenberg in 1838 (see L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 3). Afterwards 31 species were
+    described from this locality, of which 23 were again found in Grotte. The richest deposit on the
+    Mediterranean coast, however, appears to be at Oran. A small specimen of the Kieselguhr found
+    there, which was recently sent to me by Professor Steinman, proved to be pure Radiolarian ooze,
+    very similar to that now found in the Central Pacific, and contained many hitherto undescribed
+    species; it is deserving of careful investigation and comparison.</p>
+    <p>C. Regarding the Tertiary Radiolarian clay of the Nicobar Islands, see � <a
+    href="#sect247">247</a> and L. N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>, pp. 116-120. Its fauna is incompletely
+    known; probably it is of Miocene or Oligocene origin.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">D. Cainozoic tripoli, containing larger or smaller quantities of Radiolaria,
+    appears to be rather widely distributed in America. Ehrenberg has described such from South
+    America (polishing-slate from Morro di Mijellones, on the coast between Chili and Bolivia), and
+    from North America (Richmond and Petersburg in Virginia, Piscataway in Maryland). Similar
+    deposits are also found in the Bermuda Islands (L. N. <a href="#ln4">4</a>, 1855-56; L. N. <a
+    href="#ln6">6</a>, Taf. 18; L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 3-9; L. N. <a href="#ln41">41</a>,
+    pp. 475-478, and L. N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>, pp. 2-6).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxvii">{clxvii}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect243"></div>
+
+  <p>243. <i>Mesozoic Radiolaria.</i>&mdash;From the Mesozoic or Secondary period numerous
+  well-preserved Radiolaria have recently been described. They belong for the most part to the
+  Jurassic formation (see notes A, B, C), whilst the more recent Chalk (see note D) and the older
+  Trias (see note E) have hitherto yielded but few species. All the main divisions of the Jura, both
+  the upper (Malm) and the middle (Dogger), and especially the lower (Lias) appear in certain
+  localities to be very rich in well-preserved shells of fossil Polycystina. Most of these are
+  aggregated together in coprolites and quartzites (jasper, chert, flint, &amp;c., � <a
+  href="#sect248">248</a>). The majority are <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, the minority <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> in almost equal proportions;
+  a few <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> (<i>Sph�rozoum</i>) and <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span> (Dictyocha) are also found among them. The general morphological
+  character of these Jurassic Radiolaria is very different from that of the nearly related Tertiary
+  and living forms. In general, their siliceous shells are firmer and more massive, usually also
+  somewhat larger, but of simpler structure. The manifold delicate appendages (spines, bristles,
+  feet, wings, &amp;c.) which are so richly developed in the living <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and are also well shown in
+  the Tertiary species, are entirely wanting in the majority of the Jurassic Polycystina. The <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> are all simple spherical or
+  ellipsoidal lattice-shells (Monosph�rida); concentric lattice-shells (Polysph�rida) are entirely
+  wanting. The <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> are, for the most part, devoid of radial processes
+  or basal feet (Eradiata); triradiate and multiradiate forms, such as are found abundantly in the
+  recent and Tertiary formations, are very rare. The large number of many-jointed forms
+  (Stichocyrtida) and of <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> with latticed basal opening is very
+  striking.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">A. The most important work on the Jurassic Radiolaria, regarding which but little
+    was known prior to the year 1885, is the valuable and in some respects very interesting Beitr�ge
+    zur Kenntniss der fossilen Radiolarien aus Gesteinen des Jura, by Dr. R�st of Freiburg i. B.
+    (1885, Pal�ontographica, Bd. xxxi. 51 pp. with 12 plates). Unfortunately this important work was
+    issued only when about half of the present Report was printed off, so that it was no longer
+    possible to include the 234 species there described in its systematic part. I have therefore
+    elsewhere given a list of the Jurassic Radiolaria, and at present only make the following
+    remarks:&mdash;Of the 234 species described, the larger half (130) belong to the <span
+    class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (<span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>), the smaller half (102) to
+    the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (38 <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, 14 <span
+    class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, and 50 <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>). In addition, there are
+    2 <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> depicted, and several spicules which are probably to be
+    referred to the <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>. Among the 130 <span
+    class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> (of which 2 are described as <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>),
+    there are 24 Monocyrtida, 14 Dicyrtida, 22 Tricyrtida, and 70 Stichocyrtida. Just as striking as
+    the predominant number of the last is the fact that there are only very few triradiate (9) and
+    multiradiate (4) species found among these 130 <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, as also the
+    large number of species with latticed basal opening; <span class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> appear
+    to be entirely wanting. The rich material of jasper, chert, flint, and coprolites in which Dr.
+    R�st found these Radiolaria, is derived for the most part from the Jurassic rocks of Germany
+    (Hanover, South Bavaria), Tyrol, and Switzerland (compare � <a href="#sect248">248</a>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxviii">{clxviii}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p>B. Jurassic Radiolaria from Italy, also found in jasper, which are closely related to the
+    forms from Germany and Switzerland described by Dr. R�st, were made known so long ago as 1880 by
+    Dante Pantanelli in his treatise I Diaspri della Toscana e i loro Fossili (Rome, 1880, 33 pp. 60
+    figs.). Pantanelli believes, however, that this jasper is for the most part of Eocene origin;
+    but from his description, and especially from the morphological character of the forms which he
+    figures, it appears very probable "that these Tuscan jaspers from Galestro, like those of the
+    Swiss conglomerates, are found in a secondary locality and belong to the Jurassic period" (R�st,
+    L. N. <a href="#ln51">51</a>, p. 3). Unfortunately the figures of Pantanelli are so small and
+    incomplete that a reliable determination of the species is hardly possible; for example, the
+    lattice-work is only given in ten of the sixty figures. Among the 32 recorded species 15 are
+    <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (6 <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> and 9 <span
+    class="gsp">Discoidea</span>) and 17 <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (4 <span
+    class="gsp">Stephoidea</span> and 13 <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>); many of which seem to
+    be identical with the forms more accurately described by Dr. R�st (compare p. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1762">1762</a>).</p>
+    <p>C. From the Lias of the Alps and more particularly "from the lower Liassic beds of the
+    Schafberg near Salzburg," Dr. Emil von Dunikowski in 1882 described 18 species of fossil
+    Radiolaria (L. N. <a href="#ln44">44</a>, pp. 22-34, Taf. iv.-vi.); most of these are <span
+    class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> and appear to have been
+    more or less altered by petrological changes; their spongy structure is probably secondary.</p>
+    <p>D. Cretaceous Radiolaria have been hitherto described only in very small numbers; quite
+    recently Dr. R�st has found a larger number chiefly in flints from the English chalk, but they
+    have not yet been published. In 1876 Zittel described 6 very well-preserved species from the
+    upper chalk of North Germany (L. N. <a href="#ln29">29</a>, pp. 76-96, Taf. ii.); among them
+    were 1 <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, 1 <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, 1 Dictyocha,
+    and 3 <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">E. Triassic Radiolaria have recently been discovered by Dr. R�st in chert, but
+    have not yet been described.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect244"></div>
+
+  <p>244. <i>Pal�ozoic Radiolaria.</i>&mdash;The number of Radiolaria which are known from the
+  Pal�ozoic or Primary formations is much less than from either the Mesozoic or Cainozoic periods.
+  Here, however, the investigations of recent times have yielded important information; a few
+  species, at all events, of Polycystina (mostly <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>) are now known
+  from various Pal�ozoic formations, and not only from the Permian ("Zechstein") and the
+  Coal-measures, but also from the older Devonian and Silurian systems. Even in the still older
+  Cambrian rocks a few fossil Radiolaria have been found. All these Pal�ozoic Radiolaria are
+  Polycystina of very simple form and primitive structure, mostly simple <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (latticed spheres, ellipsoids, lenses, &amp;c.), but partly also
+  simple <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The important discoveries which have recently been made by Dr. R�st regarding the
+    occurrence of Radiolaria in all the Pal�ozoic formations have not yet been published. From
+    conversations with this estimable pal�ontologist I have learned, however, that he has pursued
+    his fruitful investigation of the Mesozoic quartzites (� <a href="#sect243">243</a>), and has
+    met with no less success in the case of similar Pal�ozoic structures. Although the number of
+    species hitherto discovered is relatively small, the important conclusion appears to be
+    warranted that they extend as far as the Silurian and Cambrian systems. All these very ancient
+    <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (<span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>) and <span
+    class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (<span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>) <span class="pagenum"
+    id="pageclxix">{clxix}</span>exhibit very primitive structural relations. The occurrence of
+    fossil Polycystina in the Carboniferous formation of England has been incidentally mentioned by
+    W. J. Sollas:&mdash;"In the carboniferous beds of North Wales pseudomorphs of Radiolaria in
+    calcite occur, along with minute quartz crystals" (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1880, ser. 5, vol.
+    vi. p. 439); and in the siliceous slate-beds of Saxony Rothpletz has shown the existence of a
+    few <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> (Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geol. Gesellsch., 1800, p.
+    447).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect245"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">245. <i>Abundance of Radiolaria in the Various Rocks.</i>&mdash;The relative
+  quantity of well-preserved or at all events recognisable Radiolaria in the different rocks is very
+  variable. In this respect three different degrees may be distinguished, which may be called
+  shortly "pure, mixed, and poor" Radiolarian formations. The <i>pure</i> Radiolarian rocks consist
+  for the greater part (usually much more than half, sometimes even more than three-quarters) of
+  closely compacted often calcined masses of siliceous Polycystine shells. To this category belong
+  the pure Miocene Polycystine marls of Barbados (� <a href="#sect246">246</a>), the Tertiary
+  Polycystine clay of the Nicobar Islands (� <a href="#sect247">247</a>), and the Polycystine quartz
+  of the Jura (� <a href="#sect248">248</a>). All these pure Radiolarian rocks may be regarded as
+  fossil Radiolarian ooze (� <a href="#sect237">237</a>), and are certainly of deep-sea origin,
+  having probably been deposited at depths greater than 2000 fathoms. Their pal�ontological
+  character also is in favour of this view, for the abyssal Osculosa (� <a href="#sect235">235</a>)
+  are more abundant and richer in species than the pelagic Porulosa (� <a href="#sect233">233</a>).
+  The elevation of this deep-sea layer above the surface of the sea appears to have taken place but
+  seldom; it has only been observed on a large scale at Barbados and in the Nicobar Islands. The
+  <i>mixed</i> Radiolarian rocks are much more common; they were probably deposited at much less
+  depths, or perhaps are not true deep-sea formations at all. The siliceous shells of Polycystina
+  always constitute less than half (sometimes less than one-tenth) of their mass, and are less
+  prominent than other siliceous remains (Diatoms), or calcareous remains (Foraminifera), or in some
+  cases than the mineral constituents (pumice, &amp;c.). To this group belong many of the
+  above-mentioned Tertiary marls and clays (especially the Mediterranean Tripoli), also many flints,
+  cherts, and other quartzites from Mesozoic strata (especially from the Jura), and probably also
+  some pal�ozoic quartzites. The marine ooze from which they have originated may have been deposited
+  at very various, even at slight, depths of the ocean. Formations <i>poor</i> in Radiolaria, which
+  contain only a few species of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> mingled with other fossil remains and mineral particles, occur in
+  all formations and are probably very widely distributed. Further careful examination of thin
+  sections (especially of coprolites) will yield here a rich harvest of new forms. Both the mixed
+  and the pure Radiolarian formations may be divided according to their petrographic characters into
+  three groups, which, however, are connected by intermediate varieties&mdash;(1) soft, chalky marl
+  (� <a href="#sect246">246</a>), (2) plastic clay (� <a href="#sect247">247</a>), and (3) hard,
+  flinty quartz (� <a href="#sect248">248</a>).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxx">{clxx}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect246"></div>
+
+  <p>246. <i>Radiolarian Marl.</i>&mdash;Those soft, friable rocks, which contain a large quantity
+  of calcareous matter, but consist for the most part of the shells of <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, are called Radiolarian or
+  Polycystine marl, often more correctly Polycystine tripoli; the best known example of them is the
+  chalky marl of Barbados in the Antilles (� <a href="#sect242">242</a>). The Tertiary mountain
+  system of this island, which in Mount Hillaby rises to a height of 1147 feet and includes about
+  15,800 acres, consists almost exclusively of these remarkable masses of rock. Most of it appears
+  as a soft, earthy, often chalky marl, with a considerable but variable amount of calcareous
+  matter. Those specimens, the greater half of which is composed of well-preserved siliceous shells
+  of Polycystina, and which contain little lime, approach the tripoli and "Kieselguhr." Those
+  specimens, however, which contain the largest amount of calcareous matter resemble common writing
+  chalk in consistency, and consist for the most part of shells of Foraminifera and their fragments;
+  of these there are only few species but large numbers of individuals, generally in small fragments
+  with a fine calcareous powder between them. They may be regarded as fossil Globigerina ooze (� <a
+  href="#sect238">238</a>). In a third group of specimens from Barbados the quantity of fragments of
+  pumice and other volcanic matters predominates; the amount of clay is also very considerable;
+  these deposits pass over partly into actual clay partly into volcanic tuff. A fourth group
+  exhibits relations to a coarser often ferruginous material, and although the shells of Polycystina
+  are less abundant in it, still it may be shown to be composed largely of fragments and
+  metamorphosed remains of them. The colour of this deposit, which in some places passes over into
+  sandstone, in others into clay, is usually rather dark, grey, brown, sometimes red and
+  occasionally black (bituminous). The Radiolarian marls of the first two groups, which sometimes
+  approach the white chalk, sometimes the Kieselguhr, are grey, or even pure white (see note A). The
+  same constitution is exhibited by the yellowish or white, very light and friable Polycystine marls
+  of Sicily, which in Caltanisetta approach the chalk, and in Grotte the Kieselguhr. In Greece
+  (�gina, Zante, &amp;c.), on the other hand, they pass over into plastic clay, and the same occurs
+  in the Baden marl of the Vienna basin. In North Africa, however, on the Mediterranean shores of
+  which the Radiolarian marl seems to be very widely distributed (from Tripoli to Oran), it
+  sometimes becomes changed into actual firm polishing slate, sometimes into pulverulent Kieselguhr
+  or tripoli (Terra tripolitana, see note B). Most of these Radiolarian marls appear to date from
+  the middle Tertiary (Miocene) period, and to be deep-sea formations.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">A. The Polycystine marl of Barbados appears at different parts of the island to
+    present greater variations in its petrographical and zoographical composition than would appear
+    from Ehrenberg's description (1875, L. N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>, pp. 106-116). Through the
+    kindness of one of my former students, Dr. Dorner, to whom I take this opportunity of expressing
+    my thanks for the favour, I received a large number of specimens of Barbados rock, taken from
+    various parts of the island, and they exhibit very great variations in their external
+    appearance, their chemical composition, and the <span class="pagenum"
+    id="pageclxxi">{clxxi}</span>Radiolaria which they contain. The white specimens resembling
+    Kieselguhr contained approximately 60 to 70 per cent. by volume of Radiolarian shells, the
+    yellowish marl 40 to 50 per cent., and the brown and black (bituminous) marl 10 to 20 per cent.
+    or less. Two analyses of the first, which my friend Dr. W. Weber was good enough to carry out,
+    yielded different results from those which are given by Ehrenberg on the basis of Rammelsberg's
+    analyses (L. N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>, p. 116). The results of both are here given for
+    comparison.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc ba smaller" title="Analysis of Polycystine marl of Barbados"
+  summary="Analysis of Polycystine marl of Barbados">
+    <tr class="ba">
+      <th colspan="2">Ehrenberg-Rammelsberg<br/>
+      (Fragment from Hillaby).</th>
+      <th colspan="2">Weber I.<br/>
+      (Chalk-like Fragment).</th>
+      <th>Weber II.<br/>
+      (Tripoli-like Fragment).</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vbm">
+      <td>Silicate of alumina,</td>
+      <td class="ar br">59.47</td>
+      <td>Silica,</td>
+      <td class="ar br">52.2</td>
+      <td class="ac">71.3</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vbm">
+      <td>Alumina and oxide of iron,</td>
+      <td class="ar br">1.95</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" style="max-width:9.5em">Alumina (with traces of oxide of iron),</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="ar br">12.3</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="ac">11.2</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vbm">
+      <td>Calcium carbonate,</td>
+      <td class="ac br">34.31</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vbm">
+      <td>Water,</td>
+      <td class="ar br">3.67</td>
+      <td>Lime and magnesia,</td>
+      <td class="ar br">31.9</td>
+      <td class="ac">14.8</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vbm">
+      <td colspan="2" class="br"></td>
+      <td>Carbon dioxide,</td>
+      <td class="ar br">3.2</td>
+      <td class="ac"><span class="hid">0</span>2.7</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar br">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar br">&mdash;&mdash;</td>
+      <td class="ac">&mdash;&mdash;<span class="hid">0</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="pl2">Total,</td>
+      <td class="ar br">99.40</td>
+      <td class="pl2">Total,</td>
+      <td class="ar br">99.6</td>
+      <td class="ac">100.0<span class="hid">0</span></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">For further comparison I here add the three different analyses of Miocene
+    Tripoli-marls from Sicily, given by St�hr on the authority of Fremy, Schwager, and Mottura
+    (Tagebl. d. f�nfzigsten Versamml. Deutsch. Naturf. u. Aertzte in M�nchen, 1877, p. 163).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc ba smaller" title="Analysis of Miocene Tripoli-marls from
+  Sicily" summary="Analysis of Miocene Tripoli-marls from
+  Sicily">
+    <tr class="ba">
+      <th colspan="2">Composition.</th>
+      <th>Tripoli from<br/>
+      Licata<br/>
+      (Fremy).</th>
+      <th colspan="2">Tripoli from<br/>
+      Grotte<br/>
+      (Schwager).</th>
+      <th colspan="2">Tripoli from<br/>
+      Caltanisetta<br/>
+      (Mottura).</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br">Silica,</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">30.98</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br ar pr2">58.58</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pr2">68.6</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br">Alumina,</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">17.54</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br ar pr2">11.51</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="ar vmi pr2">3.6</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br">Oxide of iron,</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">0.33</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br ar pr2">1.84</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Lime,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace br"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="br ar vmi pr2">38.09</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">8.49</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="ar vmi pr2">12.1</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Magnesia,</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">0.41</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Water and organic matter,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace br"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="br ar vmi pr2">13.06</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2 vmi">11.26</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="ar vmi pr2">15.2</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>Carbonic acid,</td>
+      <td class="br ar pr2">7.12</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td class="ba ar pr2">100.00</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ba ar pr2">99.21</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ba ar pr2">99.5</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">B. The Radiolarian marl of the Mediterranean appears, judging by the accounts
+    already published, to stretch along a considerable part of the coast in the earlier and middle
+    Tertiary formations; thus it occurs of similar composition in widely separated localities, in
+    Sicily, Calabria, Zante, and Greece; in North Africa from Tripoli to Oran and probably much
+    farther. So long ago as 1854 Ehrenberg, in his Mikrogeologie (L. N. <a href="#ln6">6</a>) gave a
+    series of important, even if incomplete, communications regarding the "chalky white calcareous
+    marl of Caltanisetta" (Taf. xxii.), the "Platten marl of Zante" (Taf. xx.), the "plastic clay of
+    �gina" (Taf xix.), and the "polishing slate of Oran" (Taf. xxi.). In 1880 St�hr showed in his
+    fundamental description of the Tripoli from <span class="pagenum"
+    id="pageclxxii">{clxxii}</span>Grotte in Sicily (L. N. <a href="#ln35">35</a>) that its
+    Radiolarian fauna is much richer than Ehrenberg supposed. The same is the case in the Tripoli of
+    Caltanisetta, and also in the Baden marl of the Vienna basin. The richest deposit appears to be
+    the pure Kieselguhr-like Tripoli from Oran; a small specimen, which was recently sent to me by
+    Professor Steinmann of Freiburg, i. B., contained many hitherto undescribed species, and was at
+    least as rich as the purest Barbados marl.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect247"></div>
+
+  <p>247. <i>Radiolarian Clays.</i>&mdash;Among the Radiolarian or Polycystine clays we include the
+  firm, often plastic, formations, which contain a larger proportion of Radiolaria than of other
+  organic remains. The first of these to be mentioned is the Cainozoic formation of the Nicobar
+  Islands in Further India, which rises to a height of 2000 feet above the level of the sea, and
+  consists for the most part of coloured masses of clay of varying constitution; on Car Nicobar
+  these are mostly grey or reddish, on the Island of Camorta they are partly strongly ferruginous
+  and red and yellow (<i>e.g.</i> at Frederickshaven), partly white and light, like meerschaum
+  (<i>e.g.</i> at Mongkata). The latter varieties appear to pass over into pure loose Polycystine
+  marl like that of Barbados, the former into calcareous sandstone. Although the Polycystine clays
+  of the Nicobar Islands are as yet only very incompletely known, it may be concluded with great
+  probability that they are true deep-sea formations and nearly allied to those recent forms of red
+  clay, which by their abundance in Radiolaria most nearly approach the Radiolarian ooze, such for
+  example as the red clay of the North Pacific between Japan and the Sandwich Islands (Stations 241
+  to 245, compare �� <a href="#sect229">229</a> and <a href="#sect239">239</a>). With this view
+  agrees also the greater or less quantity of pumice dust and other volcanic products. Probably
+  Radiolarian clays like those of the Nicobar Islands occur also in other Tertiary rocks; part of
+  the Barbados marl passes by gradually increasing content of clay into such; and in this case also
+  the amount of included pumice is often considerable. Many mixed Radiolarian marls of the
+  Mediterranean (<i>e.g.</i>, of Greece and Oran) also appear to pass over at certain points into
+  Radiolarian clay.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">The Radiolarian clays of the Nicobar Islands are unfortunately very incompletely
+    known both as regards their geological nature and their pal�ontological composition. The
+    communications of Rink (Die Nikobaren-Inseln, eine geographische Skizze, Kopenhagen, 1847) and
+    of Ehrenberg (L. N. <a href="#ln6">6</a>, p. 160 and L. N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>, pp. 116 to
+    120) leave many important questions unanswered. The latter has only figured twenty-three species
+    in his Mikrogeologie (L. N. <a href="#ln6">6</a>, Taf. xxxvi.). In his tabular list of names (L.
+    N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>, p. 120) he only incompletely records thirty-nine species, although in
+    1850, immediately after the first examination of the Nicobar clay, he had distinguished "more
+    than a hundred species, partly new, partly identical with those of Barbados" (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 8). I have unfortunately been unable in spite of many efforts, to obtain
+    for investigation a specimen of Nicobar clay. The only microscopical preparation (from
+    Ehrenberg's collection), which I was able to examine, contained several hitherto undescribed
+    species. A thorough systematic examination of these important Radiolarian clays is a pressing
+    necessity, especially as they seem to be markedly different from those of the Mediterranean
+    (from �gina, Zante, &amp;c.).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxxiii">{clxxiii}</span></div>
+
+  <div id="sect248"></div>
+
+  <p>248. <i>Radiolarian Quartzes.</i>&mdash;Under the name Radiolarian or Polycystine quartzes are
+  included those hard, siliceous rocks, which consist for the most part of the closely compacted
+  shells of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. To these
+  "cryptocrystalline quartzes," or better, quartzites, belong more especially the pure Radiolarian
+  formations of the Jura, which have been described as flint, chert, jasper, as well as other
+  cryptocrystalline quartzites. Most of the rocks of this nature hitherto examined are from Germany
+  (Hanover, South Bavaria), Hungary, Tyrol, and Switzerland; others are known from Italy (Tuscany).
+  They occur both in the upper and middle, but especially in the lower Jurassic formation (also in
+  the lower layers of the Alpine Lias). A small part of them has been examined in their primary
+  situation (the red jaspers of Allg�u and Tyrol), the greater part, however, only as loose rolled
+  stones in secondary situations (thus in Switzerland in the breccia of the Rigi, in the
+  conglomerate of the Uetli-Berg, and in many boulders of the Rhine, the Limmat, the Reuss, and the
+  Aar). The greatest abundance, however, of Jurassic Radiolaria has been yielded by the silicified
+  coprolites from the Lias of Hanover. These "Radiolarian coprolites" are roundish or cylindrical
+  bodies, which may attain the size of a goose-egg; they probably originated from Fish or
+  Cephalopods, which had fed upon Crustacea, Pteropoda, and similar pelagic organisms, whose
+  stomachs were already full of Radiolarian skeletons. Next to the coprolites the richest is the red
+  jasper, whose colour varies from bright to dark red; it constitutes a true "silicified deep-sea
+  Radiolarian ooze." The "<i>Aptychus</i> beds" also of South Bavaria and Tyrol are very rich, and
+  have furnished about one-third of all the Radiolaria known from the Jura; most of the species too
+  are very well preserved (compare � <a href="#sect243">243</a>).</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp3">
+    <p class="sp0">Regarding the remarkable composition and manifold varieties of the Jurassic
+    Radiolarian quartz, the very full treatise of Dr. R�st may be consulted (L. N. <a
+    href="#ln51">51</a>). The very interesting Radiolarian coprolites, which that author has
+    discovered in the lower and middle Jura of Hanover, occur in astonishing numbers in the iron
+    mines at the village of Gross-Ilsede, four and a half miles south of the town of Peine. They
+    constitute from 2 to 5 per cent. by weight of the Liassic iron ore; of this latter, in the year
+    1883 alone, not less than two hundred and eighty million kilograms were excavated. It is very
+    probable that the careful microscopic examination of thin sections of coprolites, as well as of
+    flints, chert, jasper, and other quartzites, would yield a rich harvest of fossil Radiolaria in
+    other formations also. In Italy Dante Pantanelli has discovered interesting Polycystine jaspers
+    in Tuscany (L. N. <a href="#ln36">36</a>, <a href="#ln45">45</a>); these also appear to occur in
+    the Jura (compare � <a href="#sect243">243</a>, and L. N. <a href="#ln51">51</a>, pp. 3-10).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect249"></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">249. <i>Fossil Groups.</i>&mdash;The preservation of Radiolaria in the fossil state
+  is, of course, primarily dependent on the composition of their skeleton. Hence the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, whose acanthin skeleton although firm is readily soluble, are never
+  found fossil. The same is true of the skeletons of the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, which
+  consist of a silicate of carbon; here, however, a single exception is found in the Dictyochida, a
+  subfamily of the <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Cannorrhapida'.">Cannorrhaphida</span>,
+  the isolated parts of whose skeletons appear to consist of pure silica, and <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pageclxxiv">{clxxiv}</span>are often found fossil. Of the two other legions those families
+  which possess no skeleton are of course excluded; the Nassellida among the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and the Thalassicollida and Collozoida among the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. Thus of the 85 known families there remain scarcely 55 of which the
+  skeletons may be expected in the fossil state; and of these scarcely half have been actually
+  observed in this condition. Of the 20 orders of this class enumerated in � <a
+  href="#sect155">155</a>, the following 9 may be, for pal�ontological and geological purposes,
+  completely excluded:&mdash;(A) The 4 orders of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (1, <span
+  class="gsp">Actinelida</span>; 2, <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>; 3, <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rophracta</span>; 4, <span class="gsp">Prunophracta</span>); (B) 3 orders of <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (5, <span class="gsp">Ph�osph�ria</span>; 6, <span
+  class="gsp">Ph�ogromia</span>; 7, <span class="gsp">Ph�oconchia</span>); (C) 1 order of <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (8, <span class="gsp">Nassoidea</span>); (D) 1 order of <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (9, <span class="gsp">Colloidea</span>). From a geological point of
+  view the following 6 orders, although occasionally found fossil, are of quite subordinate
+  importance:&mdash;(A) Among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (10, <span
+  class="gsp">Beloidea</span>, and 11, <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>); (B) among the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (12, <span class="gsp">Plectoidea</span>; 13, <span
+  class="gsp">Stephoidea</span>; 14, <span class="gsp">Botryodea</span>); (C) among the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> (15, the <span class="gsp">Ph�ocystina</span>). On the other hand the
+  following 5 orders, which are the main constituents of Radiolarian rocks, are of pre-eminent
+  geological importance:&mdash;(A) Among the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (16, <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>; 17, <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>; 18, <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>); (B) among the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (19, <span
+  class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>, and 20, <span class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>). The numerical relation
+  in which the different families of these orders appear in the Radiolarian formations may be seen
+  on consulting � <a href="#sect157">157</a>.</p>
+
+  <div id="sect250"></div>
+
+  <p>250. <i>Fossil and Recent Species.</i>&mdash;The fact that there are many Radiolaria living at
+  the present day, whose shells are found fossil in Tertiary rocks, is of great phylogenetic and
+  geological significance. This appeared to be the case even from the older observations upon the
+  Polycystina of the Barbados marl (see note A), but more recent and extensive observations both
+  upon these and upon the Miocene Radiolaria of Sicily, have shown that the number of these "living
+  fossil" forms is much greater than was previously supposed (see note B). Among the Miocene
+  Radiolaria numerous species, both of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (especially <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>) and of <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span> (especially <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>) are not to be distinguished from the corresponding still living
+  forms (see notes C, D). On the other hand, those genera, which are rich both in species and
+  individuals (recent as well as fossil), present continuous series of forms which lead gradually
+  and uninterruptedly from old Tertiary species to others still living, which are specifically
+  indistinguishable from them. These interesting morphological facts are capable of direct
+  phylogenetic application, and furnish valuable proofs of the truth of the theory of descent.</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller sp5">
+    <p>A. Ehrenberg, in his list of fossil Polycystina (L. N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>, pp. 64-85,
+    1875), records 325 species of which 26 are still living.</p>
+    <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxxv">{clxxv}</span></div>
+    <p>B. St�hr, in his list of Miocene Radiolaria from Grotte (L. N. <a href="#ln35">35</a>, p. 84,
+    1880), records 118 species, of which 29 are still living.</p>
+    <p>C. Teuscher, who at my request has made a large number of comparative measurements and
+    drawings, both of fossil and living Radiolaria, comes to the conclusion that numerous <span
+    class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> from Barbados are to-day
+    extant and unchanged in the Radiolarian ooze of the deep Pacific Ocean (compare � <a
+    href="#sect242">242</a><span class="smaller">A</span>, and p. <a
+    href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1760">1760</a>, Note).</p>
+    <p class="sp0">D. From the comparative investigations, which I have made during the last ten
+    years into the recent deep-sea Radiolaria of the Challenger collection and the Miocene
+    Polycystina of Barbados, it appears that about a quarter of the latter are identical with living
+    species of the former.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxxvi">{clxxvi}</span></div>
+
+  <h3 class="sp3"><b>BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SECTION.</b></h3>
+
+  <h4>CHAPTER XI.&mdash;LITERATURE AND HISTORY.</h4>
+
+  <div id="sect251"></div>
+
+  <p>251. <i>List of Publications from 1834 to 1884</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller it sp3">
+    <div class="bq2 smaller sp2">
+      <p class="sp0"><i>Note.</i>&mdash;In the text the references to the following publications are
+      indicated by the letters L. N.</p>
+    </div>
+    <div id="ln1"></div>
+    <p><b>1</b>. 1834. <span class="sc">Meyen, F.</span>, Palmellaria (Physematium, Sph�rozoum), in
+    Beitr�ge zur Zoologie, gesammelt auf einer Reise um die Erde. <i>Nova Acta Acad. C�s.
+    Leop.-Carol.</i>, vol. xvi., Suppl., p. 160, Taf. xxviii. figs. 1-7.</p>
+    <div id="ln2"></div>
+    <p><b>2</b>. 1838. <span class="sc">Ehrenberg, G.</span>, Polycystina (Lithocampe, Cornutella,
+    Haliomma) in Ueber die Bildung der Kreidefelsen und des Kreidemergels durch unsichtbare
+    Organismen. <i>Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin</i>, p. 117.</p>
+    <div id="ln3"></div>
+    <p><b>3</b>. 1839. <span class="sc">Ehrenberg, G.</span>, Ueber noch jetzt lebende Thierarten
+    der Kreidebildung (Haliomma radians). <i>Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin</i>, p. 154.</p>
+    <div id="ln4"></div>
+    <p><b>4</b>. 1844-1873. <span class="sc">Ehrenberg, G.</span>, Vorl�ufige Mittheilungen �ber
+    Beobachtungen von Polycystinen. <i>Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin</i>.
+    Republished with illustrations in the Mikrogeologie (L. N. <a href="#ln6">6</a>) and in the two
+    treatises of 1872 (L. N. <a href="#ln24">24</a>) and 1875 (L. N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>).
+    Compare the <i>Monatsberichte</i> of 1844 (pp. 57, 182, 257), of 1846 (p. 382), of 1847 (p. 40),
+    of 1850 (p. 476), of 1854 (pp. 54, 205, 236), of 1855 (pp. 292, 305), of 1856 (pp. 197, 425), of
+    1857 (pp. 142, 538), of 1858 (pp. 12, 30), of 1859 (p. 569), of 1860 (pp. 765, 819), of 1861 (p.
+    222), of 1869 (p. 253), of 1872 (pp. 300-321), of 1873 (pp. 214-263). Only one of these small
+    papers is of permanent value, The First Systematic Arrangement of the Polycystina in 7 families,
+    44 genera, and 282 species (<i>Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin</i>, 1847, p. 54).
+    Compare my Monograph (1862, L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>), pp. 3-12, 214-219.</p>
+    <div id="ln5"></div>
+    <p><b>5</b>. 1851. <span class="sc">Huxley, Th.</span>, Upon Thalassicolla, a new Zoophyte.
+    <i>Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.</i>, ser. 2, vol. viii. pp. 433-442, pl. xvi.</p>
+    <div id="ln6"></div>
+    <p><b>6</b>. 1854.  <span class="sc">Ehrenberg, G.</span>, Mikrogeologie. Figures of numerous
+    Polycystina on 8 plates; Taf. xviii. figs. 110, 111; Taf. xix. figs. 48-56, 60-62; Taf. xx. Nr.
+    i., figs. 20-25, 42; Taf. xxi. figs. 51-56; Taf. xxii. figs. 20-40; Taf. xxxv. A., Nr. xix. A.
+    fig. 5; Taf. xxxv. B. figs. 16-23; Taf. xxxvi. figs. 1-33.</p>
+    <div id="ln7"></div>
+    <p><b>7</b>. 1855.  <span class="sc">Bailey, J. W.</span>, Notice of Microscopic Forms of the
+    Sea of Kamtschatka. <i>Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts</i>, vol. xxii. p. 1, pl. i.</p>
+    <div id="ln8"></div>
+    <p><b>8</b>. 1855. <span class="sc">M�ller, Johannes</span>, Ueber Sph�rozoum und Thalassicolla.
+    <i>Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin</i>, p. 229.</p>
+    <div id="ln9"></div>
+    <p><b>9</b>. 1855. <span class="sc">M�ller, Johannes</span>, Ueber die im Hafen von Messina
+    beobachteten Polycystinen (Haliomma, Eucyrtidium, Dictyospyris, Podocyrtis). <i>Monatsber. d. k.
+    preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin</i>, p. 671.</p>
+    <div id="ln10"></div>
+    <p><b>10</b>. 1856. <span class="sc">M�ller, Johannes</span>, Ueber die Thalassicollen,
+    Polycystinen und Acanthometren des Mittelmeeres. <i>Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin</i>, p. 474.</p>
+    <div id="ln11"></div>
+    <p><b>11</b>. 1858. <span class="sc">M�ller, Johannes</span>, Erl�uterung einiger bei St. Tropez
+    am Mittelmeer beobachteter Polycystinen und Acanthometren. <i>Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin</i>, p. 154.</p>
+    <div id="ln12"></div>
+    <p><b>12</b>. 1858. <span class="sc">M�ller, Johannes</span>, Ueber die Thalassicollen,
+    Polycystinen und Acanthometren des Mittelmeeres, <i>Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin</i>,
+    pp. 1-62, Taf. i.-xi. (The fundamental treatise on the Radiolaria.)</p>
+    <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxxvii">{clxxvii}</span></div>
+    <div id="ln13"></div>
+    <p><b>13</b>. 1858.  <span class="sc">Schneider, Anton</span>, Ueber zwei neue Thalassicollen
+    von Messina. <i>Archiv f. Anat. u. Physiol.</i>, p. 38, Taf. iii. B, figs. 1-4.</p>
+    <div id="ln14"></div>
+    <p><b>14</b>. 1858. <span class="sc">Clapar�de</span> et <span class="sc">Lachmann</span>,
+    Echinocystida (Plagiacantha et Acanthometra). �tudes sur les Infusoires et les Rhizopodes, p.
+    458, pl. xxii. figs. 8, 9; pl. xxiii. figs. 1-6.</p>
+    <div id="ln15"></div>
+    <p><b>15</b>. 1860. <span class="sc">Haeckel, Ernst</span>, Ueber neue lebende Radiolarien des
+    Mittelmeeres. <i>Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin</i>, pp. 794, 835.</p>
+    <div id="ln16"></div>
+    <p><b>16</b>. 1862. <span class="sc">Haeckel, Ernst</span>, Die Radiolarien (Rhizopoda
+    radiaria). Eine Monographie. 572 pp. fol. with an Atlas of 35 Copperplates.</p>
+    <div id="ln17"></div>
+    <p><b>17</b>. 1862. <span class="sc">Bury</span>, Mrs., Polycystins, figures of remarkable forms
+    in the Barbados Chalk Deposit. Ed. ii. By M. C. Cooke, 1868. 25 quarto plates, photographed from
+    drawings by hand, containing many forms overlooked by Ehrenberg from Barbados.</p>
+    <div id="ln18"></div>
+    <p><b>18</b>. 1863 <span class="sc">Harting, Paul</span>, Bijdrage tot de Kennis der
+    mikroskopische Fauna en Flora van de Banda-Zee (Diep-Zee-Polycystinen). <i>Verhandl. d. Kon.
+    Akad. van. Wetensch. Amsterdam</i>, vol. ix. p. 30, pls. i.-iii.</p>
+    <div id="ln19"></div>
+    <p><b>19</b>. 1865. <span class="sc">Haeckel, Ernst</span>, Ueber den Sarcode-K�rper der
+    Rhizopoden (Actinelius, Acanthodesmia, Cyrtidosph�ra, &amp;c.). <i>Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.</i>,
+    Bd. xv. p. 342, Taf. xxvi.</p>
+    <div id="ln20"></div>
+    <p><b>20</b>. 1867. <span class="sc">Schneider, Anton</span>, Zur Kenntniss des Baues der
+    Radiolarien (Thalassicolla). <i>Archiv f. Anat. u. Physiol.</i>, 1867, p. 509.</p>
+    <div id="ln21"></div>
+    <p><b>21</b>. 1870. <span class="sc">Haeckel, Ernst</span>, Beitr�ge zur Plastiden Theorie
+    (Myxobrachia; Amylum in den gelben Zellen). <i>Jenaische Zeitschr. f�r Naturw.</i>, Bd. v. p.
+    519-540, Taf. xviii.</p>
+    <div id="ln22"></div>
+    <p><b>22</b>. 1871. <span class="sc">Cienkowski, L.</span>, Ueber Schw�rmer-Bildung bei
+    Radiolarien. <i>Archiv f. mikrosk. Anat.</i>, Bd. vii. p. 372-381, Taf. xxix.</p>
+    <div id="ln23"></div>
+    <p><b>23</b>. 1872. <span class="sc">Wagner, N.</span>, Myxobrachia Cienkowskii. <i>Bull. d.
+    Acad. St. Petersburg</i>, vol. xvii. p. 140.</p>
+    <div id="ln24"></div>
+    <p><b>24</b>. 1872. <span class="sc">Ehrenberg, Gottfried</span>, Mikrogeologische Studien �ber
+    das kleinste Leben der Meeres-Tiefgr�nde aller Zonen und dessen geologischen Einfluss.
+    <i>Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin</i>, 1872. Mit 12 Tafeln. (The Latin diagnoses of 113
+    new species here mentioned are given in the <i>Monatsberichte</i> of April 25, 1872, pp.
+    300-321.)</p>
+    <div id="ln25"></div>
+    <p><b>25</b>. 1875. <span class="sc">Ehrenberg, Gottfried</span>, Polycystinen-Mergel von
+    Barbados (Fortsetzung der Mikrogeologischen Studien). <i>Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin</i>, 1875, 168 pag. mit 30 Tafeln. (The Latin diagnoses of 265 species here recorded are
+    given in Namensverzeichniss der fossilen Polycystinen von Barbados. <i>Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
+    Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin</i>, Jan. 30, 1873, pp. 213-263.)</p>
+    <div id="ln26"></div>
+    <p><b>26</b>. 1876. <span class="sc">Hertwig, Richard</span>, Zur Histologie der Radiolarien.
+    Untersuchungen �ber den Bau und die Entwickelung der Sph�rozoiden und Thalassicolliden. 91 pp.
+    with 5 plates.</p>
+    <div id="ln27"></div>
+    <p><b>27</b>. 1876. <span class="sc">Murray, John</span>, Challengerida. Preliminary Reports on
+    Work done on board the Challenger. <i>Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond.</i>, vol. xxiv. pp. 471-536, pl.
+    xxiv.</p>
+    <div id="ln28"></div>
+    <p><b>28</b>. 1876. <span class="sc">Zittel, Karl</span>, Pal�ozoologie, Bd. i. pp. 114-126,
+    figs. 46-56.</p>
+    <div id="ln29"></div>
+    <p><b>29</b>. 1876. <span class="sc">Zittel, Karl</span>, Ueber fossile Radiolarien der oberen
+    Kreide. <i>Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol. Gesellsch.</i>, Bd. xxviii. pp. 75-96, Taf. ii. (with
+    figures of six Cretaceous species).</p>
+    <div id="ln30"></div>
+    <p><b>30</b>. 1877. <span class="sc">Mivart, St. George</span>, Notes touching recent researches
+    on the Radiolaria. <i>Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond.</i> (Zool.), vol. xiv. pp. 136-186. (Historical
+    sketch of previous literature.)</p>
+    <div id="ln31"></div>
+    <p><b>31</b>. 1877. <span class="sc">Wyville Thomson</span>, The Voyage of the
+    Challenger&mdash;The Atlantic, vol. i. pp. 231-237, figs. 51-54; vol. ii. pp. 340-343, figs. 58,
+    59, &amp;c.</p>
+    <div id="ln32"></div>
+    <p><b>32</b>. 1878. <span class="sc">Haeckel, Ernst</span>, Das Protistenreich, eine popul�re
+    Uebersicht �ber das Formengebiet der niedersten Lebewesen, pp. 101-104.</p>
+    <div id="ln33"></div>
+    <p><b>33</b>. 1879. <span class="sc">Hertwig, Richard</span>, Der Organismus der Radiolarien.
+    <i>Jenaische Denkschriften</i>, Bd. ii. Taf. vi.-xvi. pp. 129-277.</p>
+    <div id="ln34"></div>
+    <p><b>34</b>. 1879. <span class="sc">Haeckel, Ernst</span>, Ueber die Ph�odarien, eine neue
+    Gruppe kieselschaliger mariner Rhizopoden. <i>Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena</i>, December
+    12, 1879.</p>
+    <div id="ln35"></div>
+    <p><b>35</b>. 1880. <span class="sc">St�hr, Emil</span>, Die Radiolarien-Fauna der Tripoli von
+    Grotte (Provinz Girgenti in Sicilien). <i>Pal�ontographica,</i> Bd. xxvi. pp. 71-124, Taf.
+    xvii.-xxiii. A preliminary communication regarding this fauna from the tripoli is given in
+    <i>Tagebl. d. Naturf. Versamml. M�nchen</i>, 1877.</p>
+    <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxxviii">{clxxviii}</span></div>
+    <div id="ln36"></div>
+    <p><b>36</b>. 1880. <span class="sc">Pantanelli, Dante</span>, I Diaspri della Toscana e i loro
+    fossili. <i>Real. Accad. dei Lincei</i>, ser. 3, vol. vii. pp. 13-34, Tab. i. Radiolaria di
+    Calabria. <i>Atti. Soc. Tosc.</i>, p. 59.</p>
+    <div id="ln37"></div>
+    <p><b>37</b>. 1881. <span class="sc">Haeckel, Ernst</span>, Prodromus Systematis Radiolarium,
+    Entwurf eines Radiolarien-Systems auf Grund von Studien der Challenger-Radiolarien. <i>Jenaische
+    Zeitschr. f�r Naturw.</i>, Bd. xv. pp. 418-472.</p>
+    <div id="ln38"></div>
+    <p><b>38</b>. 1881. <span class="sc">Brandt, Karl</span>, Untersuchungen an Radiolarien.
+    <i>Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin</i>, (April 21), pp. 388-404, Taf. i.</p>
+    <div id="ln39"></div>
+    <p><b>39</b>. 1882. <span class="sc">Brandt, Karl</span>, Ueber die morphologische und
+    physiologische Bedeutung des Chlorophylls bei Thieren. I. Artikel. <i>Archiv f. Anat. u.
+    Physiol.</i>, pp. 125-151, Taf. i. II. Artikel. <i>Mittheil. a. d. Zool. Station zu Neapel</i>,
+    Bd. iv. pp. 193-302, Taf. xix., xx.</p>
+    <div id="ln40"></div>
+    <p><b>40</b>. 1882. <span class="sc">B�tschli, Otto</span>, Beitr�ge zur Kenntniss der
+    Radiolarien-Skelette, insbesondere der der Cyrtida. <i>Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.</i>, Bd. xxxvi.
+    pp. 485-540, Taf. xxxi.-xxxiii.</p>
+    <div id="ln41"></div>
+    <p><b>41</b>. 1882. <span class="sc">B�tschli, Otto</span>, Radiolaria. In Bronn's Klassen und
+    Ordnungen des Thierreichs. Bd. i., Protozoa, pp. 332-478, Taf. xvii.-xxxii.</p>
+    <div id="ln42"></div>
+    <p><b>42</b>. 1882. <span class="sc">Geddes, Patrick</span>, Further Researches on Animals
+    containing Chlorophyll. <i>Nature</i>, pp. 303-305.</p>
+    <div id="ln43"></div>
+    <p><b>43</b>. 1882. <span class="sc">Geddes, Patrick</span>, On the Nature and Functions of the
+    "Yellow Cells" of Radiolarians and C&#x0153;lenterates. <i>Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin.</i>, p.
+    377.</p>
+    <div id="ln44"></div>
+    <p><b>44</b>. 1882. <span class="sc">Dunikowski, Emil</span>, Die Spongien, Radiolarien und
+    Foraminiferen der Unter-Liassischen Schichten vom Schafberg bei Salzburg. <i>Denkschr. d. k.
+    Akad. d. Wiss. Wien</i>, Bd. xlv. pp. 22-34. Taf. iv.-vi.</p>
+    <div id="ln45"></div>
+    <p><b>45</b>. 1882. <span class="sc">Pantanelli, Dante</span>, Fauna miocenica di Radiolari del
+    Appennino settentrional. <i>Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital.</i></p>
+    <div id="ln46"></div>
+    <p><b>46</b>. 1883. <span class="sc">Haeckel, Ernst</span>, Die Ordnungen der Radiolarien
+    (Acantharia, Spumellaria, Nassellaria, Ph�odaria). <i>Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena</i>,
+    February 16, 1883.</p>
+    <div id="ln47"></div>
+    <p><b>47</b>. 1883. <span class="sc">Hertwig, Oscar</span>, Die Symbiose oder das
+    Genossenschaftsleben im Thierreich. 56. <i>Versamml. Deutscher Naturf. u. Aerzte</i>, Freiburg
+    i/B.</p>
+    <div id="ln48"></div>
+    <p><b>48</b>. 1883. <span class="sc">R�st, Wilhelm</span>, Ueber das Vorkommen von
+    Radiolarien-Resten in kryptokrystallinischen Quarzen aus dem Jura und in Koprolithen aus dem
+    Lias. 56. <i>Versamml. Deutscher Naturf. u. Aerzte</i>, Freiburg i/B.</p>
+    <div id="ln49"></div>
+    <p><b>49</b>. 1884. <span class="sc">Car, Lazar</span>, Acanthometra hemicompressa (= Zygacantha
+    semicompressa). <i>Zool. Anzeiger</i>, p. 94.</p>
+    <div id="ln50"></div>
+    <p class="sp0"><b>50</b>. 1884. <span class="sc">Haeckel, Ernst</span>, Ueber die Geometrie der
+    Radiolarien (Promorphologie). <i>Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena</i>, November 22,
+    1883.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>251 A. <i>Supplementary List of Works Published in</i> 1885<span
+  class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="smaller it sp2">
+    <div id="ln51"></div>
+    <p><b>51</b>. 1885. <span class="sc">D. R�st</span>, Beitr�ge zur Kenntniss der fossilen
+    Radiolarien aus Gesteinen des Jura. 45 pp. 4to, and 20 plates. <i>Pal�ontographica</i>, Bd.
+    xxxi. (oder iii. Folge, vii. Band).</p>
+    <div id="ln52"></div>
+    <p><b>52</b>. 1885. <span class="sc">Karl Brandt</span>, Die koloniebildenden Radiolarien
+    (Sph�rozoeen) des Golfes von Neapel und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. 276 pp. 4to, and 8
+    plates.</p>
+    <div id="ln53"></div>
+    <p><b>53</b>. 1885. <span class="sc">John Murray</span>, Narrative of the Cruise of H.M.S.
+    Challenger, with a general account of the scientific results of the Expedition. Vol i. First
+    part, pp. 219-227, pl. A. Second part, pp. 915-926, pl. N. fig. 2.</p>
+    <div id="ln54"></div>
+    <p><b>54</b>. 1885. <span class="sc">Ernst Haeckel</span>, System der Acantharien. <i>Sitzungsb.
+    med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena</i>, November 13.</p>
+    <div class="bq2 smaller sp0">
+      <p class="sp0">Since the printing of this Report began in 1884 and was far advanced in 1885,
+      it was impossible to include the important works of R�st and Brandt (L. N. <a
+      href="#ln51">51</a>, <a href="#ln52">52</a>) in the descriptive portion, so that they are only
+      referred to in the Introduction.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>251 B. <i>Phaulographic Appendix</i>:&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="smaller it sp3">
+    <div class="bq2 smaller sp2">
+      <p class="sp0">A list of absolutely worthless literature, which contains either only long
+      known facts or false statements, and may hence be entirely neglected with advantage. Compare �
+      <a href="#sect252">252</a>, and also L. N. <a href="#ln26">26</a>, p. 9.</p>
+    </div>
+    <div id="ln55"></div>
+    <p><b>55</b>. 1865. <span class="sc">Wallich, G. C.</span>, On the structure and affinities of
+    Polycystina. <i>Trans. Micr. Soc. Lond.</i>, vol. xiii. pp. 57-84. (Compare L. N. <a
+    href="#ln26">26</a>, p. 9.)</p>
+    <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxxix">{clxxix}</span></div>
+    <div id="ln56"></div>
+    <p><b>56</b>. 1879. <span class="sc">Wallich, G. C.</span>, Observations on the Thalassicollid�.
+    <i>Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.</i>, ser. 4, vol. iii. p. 97.</p>
+    <div id="ln57"></div>
+    <p><b>57</b>. 1866. <span class="sc">Stuart, Alexander</span>, Ueber Coscinosph�ra ciliosa, eine
+    neue Radiolarie (= Globigerina echinoides!!). <i>Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.</i>, Bd. xvi. p. 328,
+    Taf. xviii. (Compare L. N. <a href="#ln26">26</a>, p. 9.)</p>
+    <div id="ln58"></div>
+    <p><b>58</b>. 1870. <span class="sc">Stuart, Alexander</span>, Neapolitanische Studien.
+    <i>G�ttinger Nachr.</i>, p. 99, and <i>Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool.</i>, Bd. xxii. p. 290 ("Blue
+    Siliceous Crystals" in Collozoum inerme!).</p>
+    <div id="ln59"></div>
+    <p><b>59</b>. 1871. <span class="sc">Macdonald, John Denis</span>, Remarks on the Structure of
+    Polycystina (Astromma Yelvertoni = Euchitonia M�lleri). <i>Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.</i>, ser. 4,
+    vol. viii. p. 226.</p>
+    <div id="ln60"></div>
+    <p class="sp0"><b>60</b>. 1871. <span class="sc">Doenitz, W.</span>, Beobachtungen �ber
+    Radiolarien. <i>Archiv f. Anat. u. Physiol.</i>, 1871, p. 71, Taf. ii. (Compare L. N. <a
+    href="#ln26">26</a>, p. 7.)</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect252"></div>
+
+  <p>252. <i>Progress of our Knowledge of the Radiolaria from</i> 1862 <i>to</i> 1885.&mdash;The
+  history of our scientific knowledge of the Radiolaria extends over about half a century (from 1834
+  to 1885). A historical and critical discussion of the works which appeared within the first
+  twenty-eight years of this period (from 1834 to 1862) is contained in the historical introduction
+  to my Monograph (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 1-24); I shall therefore give here only a brief
+  survey of the investigations published during the last twenty-three years (from 1862 to 1885). The
+  most important steps in our progress during this period we owe to the following
+  naturalists:&mdash;Cienkowski (1871), Ehrenberg (1872 and 1875), Richard Hertwig (1876 and 1879),
+  <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Karlt'.">Karl</span> Brandt (1881 and 1885),
+  B�tschli (1882), and R�st (1885). To the valuable works of these authors must be added a number of
+  smaller contributions, which are recorded in the foregoing Bibliography. Some communications from
+  dilettanti, written with insufficient knowledge of the subject, and hence of no value, are
+  mentioned for the sake of completeness in the "Phaulographic Appendix" (compare L. N. <a
+  href="#ln55">55</a>-<a href="#ln60">60</a>, also L. N. <a href="#ln26">26</a>, p. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>The first important advance in our knowledge of the organisation of the Radiolaria, made after
+  the publication of my Monograph (1862), was the demonstration of the nature of the extracapsular
+  "yellow cells." In the year 1870 I showed that these yellow cells contain starch (L. N. <a
+  href="#ln21">21</a>, p. 519). I regarded them, as did all authors up to that time, as integral
+  parts of the Radiolarian organism, and hence considered this to be multicellular; for no doubt was
+  possible regarding the true cellular nature of these remarkable, nucleated, yellow globules, which
+  I had thoroughly studied in 1862. It was first shown by Cienkowski in 1871 that the yellow cells
+  of the <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span> remain unchanged even after the death of these
+  organisms, "that they continue to grow uninterruptedly, and eventually multiply by division" (L.
+  N. <a href="#ln22">22</a>, pp. 378-380, Taf. xix. figs. 30-36). Cienkowski concluded from these
+  important observations that the yellow cells are not integral parts of the Radiolarian body, but
+  "parasitic structures," independent, unicellular organisms, which live only as parasites in the
+  body of the Radiolaria (compare � <a href="#sect90">90</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>This important recognition underwent ten years later a further development and complete
+  establishment by the extensive investigations of Karl Brandt (L. N. <a href="#ln38">38</a>, <a
+  href="#ln39">39</a>) <span class="pagenum" id="pageclxxx">{clxxx}</span>and Patrick Geddes (L. N.
+  <a href="#ln42">42</a>, <a href="#ln43">43</a>). This arrangement was compared by Brandt to the
+  remarkable symbiosis of the Algoid gonidia and Fungoid hyph� in the organisation of the Lichens,
+  which had been recently discovered, and since he recognised the independent nature of the yellow
+  cells, as unicellular Alg�, in all divisions of the Radiolaria, he founded for them the genus
+  <i>Zooxanthella</i>. Geddes named them <i>Philozoon</i>, and showed experimentally that they give
+  out oxygen under the influence of sunlight (compare � <a href="#sect90">90</a>). The great
+  physiological importance of the yellow cells in the metastasis of the Radiolaria, and, when they
+  are developed in large quantities, in the economy of marine organisms in general, has recently
+  been insisted upon by Brandt (see � <a href="#sect205">205</a> and L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a>,
+  pp. 65-71, 86-94).</p>
+
+  <p>The proof that the yellow cells do not belong to the Radiolarian organism itself, but only live
+  parasitically in it, was a necessary preliminary to the very important step which next took place
+  in our knowledge of the organisation of the Radiolaria. This step consisted in the demonstration
+  that the whole body of the Radiolaria, like that of all other Protista, is only a single cell. It
+  was Richard Hertwig who in two remarkable works (L. N. <a href="#ln26">26</a>, <a
+  href="#ln33">33</a>) firmly established this fundamental theorem of the unicellular nature of the
+  Radiolaria. In his treatise on the histology of the Radiolaria (L. N. <a href="#ln26">26</a>,
+  1876) he published complete investigations into the structure and development of the Sph�rozoida
+  and Thalassicollida. Since he made use of the modern methods of histological examination, and
+  especially of staining fluids, which he was the first to apply to the study of the Radiolaria, he
+  was able to show that no true cells (apart from the parasitic yellow cells) are to be found in
+  their bodies, but rather that all their morphological components are to be regarded as
+  differentiated parts of a single true cell, and in particular that the central capsule includes a
+  genuine nucleus.</p>
+
+  <p>A wider foundation for this important discovery and its applicability to all divisions of this
+  extensive class, was given by Hertwig in a second work on the organisation of the Radiolaria (L.
+  N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, 1879). Among the numerous discoveries by which this work enriched the
+  natural history of the Radiolaria must be specially mentioned the recognition of the fundamental
+  differences exhibited by the main divisions of the class in the structure of their central
+  capsule. Hertwig first observed that the capsular membrane is double in the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> but single in the other Radiolaria (� <a href="#sect56">56</a>); the
+  former he named "<span class="sc">Tripylea</span>" because he discovered in their capsular
+  membrane a large, peculiarly constructed main opening and two small accessory openings. The <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, in which he found a single porous area at the basal pole of the
+  main axis, with a cone of pseudopodia rising from it, he called on this account "<span
+  class="sc">Monopylea</span>"; whilst the other Radiolaria, whose capsular membrane is perforated
+  on all sides with fine pores, were termed "<span class="sc">Peripylea</span>." Besides the central
+  capsule, Hertwig laid stress upon the significance of the gelatinous envelope as a constant and
+  important constituent of the body. He also devoted attentive consideration to the morphology of
+  the skeleton, and on the basis of certain <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pageclxxxi">{clxxxi}</span>phylogenetic conclusions which he drew from it, he arrived at an
+  improved systematic arrangement in which he distinguished six orders:&mdash;(1) <span
+  class="gsp">Thalassicollea</span>, (2) <span class="gsp">Sph�rozoea</span>, (3) <span
+  class="gsp">Peripylea</span>, (4) <span class="gsp">Acanthometrea</span>, (5) <span
+  class="gsp">Monopylea</span>, (6) <span class="gsp">Tripylea</span>. The numerous isolated
+  discoveries with which Hertwig enriched the morphology of the Radiolaria, have been already
+  alluded to in the appropriate paragraphs in the anatomical portion of this Introduction (see L. N.
+  <a href="#ln42">42</a>, pp. 340, 341).</p>
+
+  <p>The new and interesting group, which was thus erected into an order under the name <span
+  class="sc">Tripylea</span>, I had already a year previously separated from the other Radiolaria as
+  "<i>Pansolenia</i>" in my Protistenreich (L. N. <a href="#ln32">32</a>, p. 102). Since, however,
+  neither the three capsular openings of the <span class="sc">Tripylea</span> nor the skeletal tubes
+  of the Pansolenia are present in all the families of this extensive order, I substituted in 1879
+  the more suitable name <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, which is applicable to all members of
+  the group (L. N. <a href="#ln34">34</a>). In the preliminary memoir then published regarding the
+  Ph�odaria, a New Group of Siliceous Marine Rhizopods, I distinguished four orders, ten families,
+  and thirty-eight genera. The great majority of these new forms (among which were no less than 465
+  different species) were first discovered by the deep-sea investigations of the Challenger. John
+  Murray was the first who called attention to the great abundance in the deep sea of these
+  remarkable Rhizopods, and to the constant presence of their peculiar, dark, extracapsular pigment
+  body (ph�odium); even in 1876 he described a portion of them as Challengerida (L. N. <a
+  href="#ln27">27</a>, p. 536; L. N. <a href="#ln53">53</a>, p. 226). The earliest observations on
+  the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> were made at Messina in 1859, where I examined five genera
+  of this remarkable group alive (compare p. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1522">1522</a>
+  and L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>By the discovery that the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, although differing in important
+  respects from the other Radiolaria, still conform to the definition of the class, a new and
+  extensive series of forms was added to this latter, and by their closer investigation a fresh
+  source of interesting morphological problems was disclosed. In other groups, however, morphology
+  was advanced by comparative anatomical studies. In addition to the smaller contributions of
+  various authors, mentioned in the foregoing bibliography, I may specially refer to the valuable
+  Beitr�ge zur Kenntniss der Radiolarien-Skelete, insbesondere der der Cyrtida by O. B�tschli (L. N.
+  <a href="#ln40">40</a>, 1882). On the basis of careful comparative anatomical studies,
+  investigations into the skeletal structure of a number of fossil <span
+  class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span> and critical application of the recently published researches of
+  Ehrenberg into the Polycystina of Barbados (L. N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>), B�tschli attempted to
+  derive the complicated relations of the Monopylean skeletons phylogenetically from a simple
+  primitive form,&mdash;the primary sagittal ring. Even if this attempt did not actually solve the
+  very difficult morphological problem in question, still the critical and synthetic mode in which
+  it was carried out deserves full recognition, and furnishes the proof that the comparative anatomy
+  of the skeleton in the Radiolaria not less than in the Vertebrata, is a most interesting and
+  fruitful field of phylogenetic investigation. A <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pageclxxxii">{clxxxii}</span>further demonstration of this was furnished by B�tschli in the
+  general account of the organisation of the Radiolaria which he published in 1882 in Bronn's
+  Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs (L. N. <a href="#ln41">41</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>In our knowledge of the developmental history of these Protista the last two decades have
+  witnessed less progress than in their comparative anatomy. The most important advance in this
+  direction has been the proof that in all the main groups of the class the contents of the central
+  capsule are used in the formation of swarm-spores. The movements of these zoospores in the central
+  capsule had indeed been observed by several previous authors in the case of the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> and <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (L. N. <a
+  href="#ln10">10</a>, <a href="#ln13">13</a>, <a href="#ln16">16</a>; compare also � <a
+  href="#sect142">142</a>, Note A). The origin of the flagellate spores from the contents of the
+  central capsule and their peculiar constitution were, however, first described fully by Cienkowski
+  in 1871 (L. N. <a href="#ln22">22</a>, p. 372). Soon after this, R. Hertwig discovered that in the
+  social Radiolaria (Polycyttaria or Sph�rozoea) two different forms of zoospores are formed, one
+  with, the other without crystals, and that the latter are also divided into macrospores and
+  microspores (compare L. N. <a href="#ln26">26</a>, and � <a href="#sect142">142</a>). Recently
+  this sexual differentiation has been shown by Karl Brandt to exist in all the groups of
+  Sph�rozoea, and its regular interchange with the formation of crystal-spores has been interpreted
+  as a true "alternation of generations" (compare L. N. <a href="#ln52">52</a> and also � <a
+  href="#sect216">216</a>). The other forms of development also, especially reproduction by
+  cell-division (� <a href="#sect213">213</a>) and gemmation (� <a href="#sect214">214</a>), have
+  been elucidated by the recent investigations of the same author.</p>
+
+  <p>The pal�ontology of the Radiolaria has of late made important and interesting advances. Until
+  ten years ago fossil remains of this class were known exclusively from the Tertiary period; almost
+  the only source of our information was to be found in the researches of Ehrenberg, commenced in
+  1838, continued in his Mikrogeologie in 1854, and concluded in his last work (L. N. <a
+  href="#ln25">25</a>) published in 1875 (compare L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 3-9, 191-193).
+  In the year 1876 a number of Mesozoic Radiolaria from the chalk were described by Zittel (L. N. <a
+  href="#ln28">28</a>), and afterwards others from the Jura by Dunikowski (L. N. <a
+  href="#ln44">44</a>). That fossil Radiolaria occur in Mesozoic formations, especially in the Jura,
+  as well preserved and as abundantly as in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados, was shown in 1883 by
+  R�st (L. N. <a href="#ln48">48</a>). By the examination of numerous thin sections he discovered
+  that in all the main divisions of the Jurassic formation (Lias, Dogger, Malm) there are
+  distributed jaspers, flints, cherts, and other quartzites, which consist largely of the siliceous
+  shells of Polycystina; the same is true also of many Coprolites found in the Jura. The full
+  account of these and the descriptions and figures of 234 Jurassic species, distributed in 76
+  genera, are contained in the Beitr�ge zur <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads 'Kentniss'.">Kenntniss</span> der fossilen Radiolarien aus Gesteinen des
+  Jura (L. N. <a href="#ln51">51</a>, 1885). But even in the older rocks, the Trias, the Permian,
+  and Carboniferous systems, and even as far downwards as the Silurian and Cambrian formations, R�st
+  has recently shown the existence of fossil Radiolaria, <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pageclxxxiii">{clxxxiii}</span>and thus increased the known period of the developmental
+  history of the class by many millions of years (� <a href="#sect244">244</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>The great significance of the Radiolaria in geology and pal�ontology has been brought into new
+  light not only by these extensive discoveries, but also by the important relations which have been
+  shown to exist between the Radiolarian rocks and the deep-sea deposits of the present day. In this
+  direction the wonderful discoveries of the Challenger, and especially the investigation of the
+  deep-sea deposits by Wyville Thomson (L. N. <a href="#ln31">31</a>) and John Murray (L. N. <a
+  href="#ln27">27</a>), have furnished us with new and valuable information (compare �� <a
+  href="#sect236">236</a>-<a href="#sect239">239</a>, and �� <a href="#sect245">245</a>-<a
+  href="#sect250">250</a>). The Tertiary Polycystine formations of Barbados and the Nicobar Islands,
+  with which we have been acquainted for the last forty years, as also the Mesozoic Radiolarian
+  quartzes, which have only recently been made known to us from the Jura, are ascertained to be
+  fossil representatives of the same deep-sea deposits which now occur in the form of Radiolarian
+  ooze (� <a href="#sect237">237</a>), and to some extent also of Globigerina ooze and red clay (��
+  <a href="#sect238">238</a>, <a href="#sect239">239</a>), on the bottom of the ocean, at depths of
+  from 2000 to 4500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>These investigations into fossil Radiolaria and their comparison with recent deep-sea forms
+  have a further general significance, inasmuch as the identity of many living and fossil species
+  from the Tertiary formation has been shown beyond all doubt. In this direction the numerous
+  measurements and accurate comparisons which I have made during the last ten years of the abyssal
+  forms in the Challenger collection, and of fossil species from Barbados and Caltanisetta, have
+  brought to light many important facts. In this I had the able assistance of my friend, Dr.
+  Reinhold Teuscher (compare � <a href="#sect250">250</a>, and p. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44526/44526-h/44526-h.htm#page1760">1760</a>). Further
+  valuable contributions in this direction are found in the careful observations and comparative
+  measurements recently published by Emil St�hr (L. N. 35, 1880), regarding the Radiolarian fauna of
+  the Tripoli of Grotte in the province of Girgenti, Sicily. From these it appears that the number
+  of Miocene species which are still extant, is much greater than would appear from the results of
+  Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <p>Ehrenberg himself, towards the end of his long and laborious life, collected the results of the
+  systematic and pal�ontological researches, which he had begun thirty-seven years previously (L. N.
+  <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 3-12) into the Polycystina, in two large works (L. N. <a
+  href="#ln24">24</a>, <a href="#ln25">25</a>). The first treatise (L. N. <a href="#ln24">24</a>,
+  1872) contains the Mikrogeologische Studien �ber das Kleinste Leben der Meeres-Tiefgr�nde aller
+  Zonen und dessen geologischen Einfluss, with a list of 279 Polycystina observed by him from the
+  deep-sea, as well as figures of 127 species. The second work (L. N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>, 1875)
+  contains the Fortsetzung der Mikrogeologischen Studien, mit specieller R�cksicht auf den
+  Polycystinen-Mergel von Barbados; the list of fossil Polycystina observed by him includes 325
+  species, of which 26 are still extant; 282 of them are figured on the thirty plates accompanying
+  the memoir. By means of these numerous figures, as well as by the appended systematic and
+  chorological tables, Ehrenberg furnished a welcome <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pageclxxxiv">{clxxxiv}</span>supplement to the numerous communications regarding the
+  Polycystina, which he had made to the Berlin Academy since 1838, and which he had published in his
+  Mikrogeologie in 1854. It will always be the merit of this zealous and indefatigable microscopist
+  that he first called attention to the great wealth of forms existing in this class; he separated
+  systematically about 500 species, and published drawings of about 400; in addition to which he was
+  the first to lay stress upon the great chorological and geological importance of the
+  Radiolaria.</p>
+
+  <p>With these systematic and descriptive, chorological and pal�ontological works, however, which
+  relate exclusively to the Polycystina, the merits of the famous naturalist of Berlin are exhausted
+  as regards this class of animals. Of the organisation of the Radiolaria, Gottfried Ehrenberg
+  remained entirely ignorant up till his death in 1876. All that a number of famous naturalists had
+  observed during a quarter of a century as to the structure and life-history of the Radiolaria, all
+  the important discoveries of Huxley (1851), Johannes M�ller (1858), Clapar�de (1858), Cienkowski
+  (1871), and many others (L. N. <a href="#ln1">1</a>-22), and all that I had published in my
+  Monograph (1862) on the basis of three years' study of their anatomy and physiology&mdash;all this
+  Ehrenberg ignored, or rather, he regarded it all as worthless rubbish of science, as a chaos of
+  devious errors, resting upon incomplete observations and false conclusions. His strange "special
+  considerations regarding the Polycystina" (L. N. <a href="#ln24">24</a>, pp. 339-346) and the
+  general "concluding remarks" (L. N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>, pp. 146-147) leave no room for doubt
+  on this point. Ehrenberg indeed doubted to the last whether any observer had seen living
+  Radiolaria at all (L. N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>, p. 108).</p>
+
+  <p>The invincible obstinacy with which Ehrenberg maintained his preconceived opinion of the high
+  organisation of the Radiolaria, and entirely ignored the contrary observations of other
+  naturalists, is explained by the consistency with which he held to the end the "principle peculiar
+  to himself of the universally equal development of the animal kingdom" (L. N. <a
+  href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 7). From the complicated arrangement of their siliceous shells he
+  concluded that the animals inhabiting them must possess a structure correspondingly complex, and
+  nearly related to that of the Echinodermata (Holothuria). Like all other animals the Radiolaria
+  must possess systems of organs for locomotion, sensation, nutrition, circulation, and
+  reproduction. Whilst Ehrenberg originally interpreted the Polycystina as siliceous Infusoria
+  polygastrica, and regarded them as compound Arcellina, he afterwards classed them sometimes with
+  the Echinodermata (Holothuria), sometimes with the Bryozoa, sometimes with the Oscillaria (see L.
+  N. <a href="#ln41">41</a>, p. 336). Although a decided opponent of the cell-theory he called them
+  "multicellular animalcules" (Polycystina), interpreting the pores of the siliceous shell as cells.
+  To-day the opposite term (Monocystina) might be adopted to express their unicellular organisation.
+  It was a remarkable irony of fate that in the self-same year (1838) in which Schwann of Berlin
+  made by his foundation of the cell theory the greatest advance in the whole <span class="pagenum"
+  id="pageclxxxv">{clxxxv}</span>of Biological Science, that Ehrenberg, all his life the most
+  zealous opponent of that theory, published his great work on the Infusoria, and at the same time
+  established the "family of multicellular animalcules or Polycystina" (L. N. <a
+  href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>The "short systematic survey of the genera of cellular animalcules" given by Ehrenberg in 1875
+  (L. N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>, p. 157), is only a new edition, increased by sixteen genera, of his
+  first systematic arrangement of the Polycystina of 1847 (L. N. <a href="#ln4">4</a>, p. 53). Since
+  I have already given a full discussion of this in my Monograph (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp.
+  214-219), I need only here remark that a correct understanding of his very inadequate generic
+  diagnoses is only possible by the aid of his figures. Relying upon these I have retained almost
+  all Ehrenberg's genera, although entirely new definitions of most of them have been necessary.</p>
+
+  <p>The same is true also of the two orders which Ehrenberg distinguished in his class of
+  "Zellenthierchen." The first order is constituted by his "Netzk�rbchen" (Monodictya or <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>) formerly known as "Polycystina solitaria"; they include our <span
+  class="gsp">Cyrtoidea</span>, the greater part of Hertwig's Monopylea. Ehrenberg's second order is
+  the "Schaumsternchen" (Polydictya or <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>), previously called
+  "Polycystina composita"; they include the Peripylea of Hertwig, as well as the Spyridina (our
+  <span class="gsp">Spyroidea</span>), which belong properly to the <span
+  class="sc">Nassellaria</span>. Although Ehrenberg's statements regarding the organisation of both
+  these orders were quite erroneous, and his knowledge even of the structure of their shells very
+  defective, I still thought it advisable to retain his names for the groups, since they constituted
+  his one successful effort in the systematic treatment of the Radiolaria (compare L. N. <a
+  href="#ln41">41</a>, p. 336).</p>
+
+  <p>The sketch of a systematic arrangement of the Radiolaria (L. N. <a href="#ln37">37</a>), which
+  I published in 1881 on the basis of the study of the Challenger Radiolaria, resembles, in respect
+  of seven orders being distinguished, the new system which R. Hertwig founded in 1879, in
+  consequence of the variations which he discovered in the structural relations of the central
+  capsule (L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>, p. 133). It differs, however, inasmuch as his Sph�rozoea
+  (my Polycyttaria) are here divided into two orders, Symbelaria (<span
+  class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span>) and Syncollaria (<span class="gsp">Sph�rozoida</span>). In that
+  sketch too I separated for the first time the two subclasses Holotrypasta (Porulosa) and
+  Merotrypasta (Osculosa). The fifteen families established by Hertwig were then raised to
+  twenty-four. The six hundred and thirty genera, which I then distinguished, are still for the most
+  part retained, some, however, in a restricted sense, or with amended definitions.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The differential characters of the orders and families of the Radiolaria, given in
+  the Prodromus in 1881, were amended in a further communication which I gave in 1883 regarding the
+  orders of the Radiolaria (L. N. <a href="#ln46">46</a>, p. 17). There I reduced the seven orders
+  to four, the structural relations of the central capsule being precisely the same in the
+  Polycyttaria and <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span> as in the <span class="gsp">Peripylea</span>.
+  The survey of the affinities of the class was thus rendered much simpler and clearer, and the
+  <span class="pagenum" id="pageclxxxvi">{clxxxvi}</span>hypothetical genealogical tree, which I
+  then published, has been still further carried out in Chapter VI. of the present Introduction (see
+  �� <a href="#sect153">153</a>-<a href="#sect200">200</a>).</p>
+
+  <div id="sect253"></div>
+
+  <p>253. <i>General Survey of the Growth of our Systematic Acquaintance with the Radiolaria from
+  1834 to 1885.</i></p>
+
+  <div class="smaller it sp2">
+    <p>1834. <span class="sc">Meyen</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln1">1</a>) describes 2 genera and
+    species of <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span>:&mdash;<i>Sph�rozoum fuscum</i> and
+    <i>Physematium atlanticum</i>.</p>
+    <p>1838. <span class="sc">Ehrenberg</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln2">2</a>) founds the family
+    Polycystina upon 3 fossil genera (with 6 species):&mdash;<i>Lithocampe</i>, <i>Cornutella</i>,
+    <i>Haliomma</i>.</p>
+    <p>1847. <span class="sc">Ehrenberg</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln4">4</a>) publishes his
+    preliminary communications regarding the fossil Polycystina of Barbados and distinguishes 282
+    species, distributed in 44 genera and 7 families. In the tabular view of the genera he
+    distinguishes two orders:&mdash;I. <span class="gsp">Solitaria</span>&mdash;(1) Halicalyptrina,
+    (2) Lithochytrina, (3) Eucyrtidina; and II. <span class="gsp">Composita</span>&mdash;(4)
+    Spyridina, (5) Calodictya, (6) Haliommatina, (7) Lithocyclidina (compare L. N. <a
+    href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 214-219).</p>
+    <p>1851. <span class="sc">Huxley</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln5">5</a>) gives the first accurate
+    account of living Radiolaria, and describes 2 species of the genus <i>Thalassicolla</i>
+    (<i>nucleata</i> and <i>punctata</i>); under the latter are included 4 genera of <span
+    class="gsp">Sph�rozoea</span>:&mdash;<i>Collozoum</i>, <i>Sph�rozoum</i>, <i>Collosph�ra</i>,
+    <i>Siphonosph�ra</i> (compare L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 12-14).</p>
+    <p>1854. <span class="sc">Ehrenberg</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln6">6</a>) publishes in his
+    Mikrogeologie, figures of seventy-two species of fossil Polycystina (without descriptions).</p>
+    <p>1855. <span class="sc">Johannes M�ller</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln8">8</a>, p. 248) describes
+    the first <i>Acanthometra</i>, and elucidates its affinity to Huxley's <i>Thalassicolla</i> and
+    Ehrenberg's Polycystina.</p>
+    <p>1858. <span class="sc">Johannes M�ller</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln12">12</a>) establishes the
+    new group Radiolaria as a special order of the Rhizopoda, and includes in it the Thalassicolla,
+    Polycystina, and Acanthometra as closely related families. He opposes these radiate Rhizopoda to
+    the Polythalamia, and describes 50 species observed by him living in the Mediterranean, these he
+    arranges in 20 genera, of which 10 are new. The figures are contained in eleven plates (see L.
+    N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 22-24).</p>
+    <p>1858. <span class="sc">Clapar�de</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln14">14</a>) describes the first
+    <span class="gsp">Plectoidean</span> (<i>Plagiacantha arachnoides</i>) and two species of
+    <i>Acanthometra</i>, which he had observed living in Norway (see L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>,
+    p. 18).</p>
+    <p>1860. <span class="sc">Ehrenberg</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln4">4</a>) gives a short diagnosis
+    of 22 new genera of Polycystina, based on the investigation of numerous deep-sea species brought
+    up by Brooke from the depths of the Pacific Ocean. The number of his genera is thus increased to
+    66 (compare L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, pp. 10, 11).</p>
+    <p class="sp0">1862. <span class="sc">Ernst Haeckel</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>)
+    embraces in his Monograph of the Radiolaria all the species hitherto known either by figures or
+    descriptions, and arranges them in 15 families and 113 genera; of which latter 46 are new. The
+    number of new species observed living amounts to 144. In a "survey of the Radiolarian fauna of
+    Messina" (p. 565) he records 72 genera and 169 species. Most of these are figured in the
+    accompanying atlas of thirty-five plates.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxxxvii">{clxxxvii}</span></div>
+
+  <div class="smaller it sp3">
+    <p>1862. <span class="sc">Bury</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln17">17</a>) gives in an atlas of
+    twenty-five plates, photographed from drawings, the figures of numerous fossil Polycystina of
+    Barbados (without descriptions), of which many are new species overlooked by Ehrenberg (compare
+    � <a href="#sect242">242</a>, above).</p>
+    <p>1872. <span class="sc">Ehrenberg</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln24">24</a>) gives a list of names
+    (without description) of all the Polycystina observed by him from the bottom of the sea, 279
+    species, of which 127 are figured on twelve plates.</p>
+    <p>1875. <span class="sc">Ehrenberg</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln25">25</a>) gives a list of names
+    of all the fossil Polycystina observed by him (from Barbados, the Nicobar Islands and Sicily),
+    326 species, of which 282 are figured (compare � <a href="#sect242">242</a> above). In a new
+    "Systematic Survey of the Genera" the number of these is given as 63. The 7 families are the
+    same as given in 1847 (see above), as also the two orders (<span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> =
+    Solitaria, <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> = Composita).</p>
+    <p>1876. <span class="sc">Zittel</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln29">29</a>) describes the first
+    fossil Radiolaria from the chalk (6 species) and establishes the new Cyrtoid genus
+    <i>Dictyomitra</i>.</p>
+    <p>1876. <span class="sc">John Murray</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln27">27</a>) establishes the new
+    family Challengerida, and figures 6 new generic types of <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>.</p>
+    <p>1879. <span class="sc">Richard Hertwig</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln33">33</a>) first describes
+    the fundamental differences in the structure of the central capsule, and in accordance with them
+    divides the Radiolaria into six orders:&mdash;(1) Thalassicollea, (2) Sph�rozoea, (3) Peripylea,
+    (4) Acanthometrea, (5) Monopylea, (6) Tripylea (p. 133). These are subdivided into 18 families,
+    and their phylogenetic affinities discussed (p. 137). On the ten plates, several new species
+    from Messina are figured, among them the types of several new genera (<i>Cystidium</i>,
+    <i>C&#x0153;lacantha</i>, <i>Echinosph�ra</i>) (compare � <a href="#sect252">252</a>).</p>
+    <p>1879. <span class="sc">Ernst Haeckel</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln34">34</a>) founds the order
+    <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> as a "new group of marine siliceous Rhizopods," and
+    distinguishes in it 4 suborders, 10 families and 38 genera.</p>
+    <p>1880. <span class="sc">Emil St�hr</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln35">35</a>) describes the Miocene
+    "Radiolarian fauna of the tripoli from Grotte in Sicily," 118 species, of which 78 are new;
+    among them is the new genus <i>Ommatodiscus</i>, the type of a new family, Ommatodiscida. The
+    new species are figured on seven plates.</p>
+    <p>1880. <span class="sc">Dante Pantanelli</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln36">36</a>) describes 30
+    species of fossil Polycystina from the jaspers of Tuscany, which he regarded as Eocene, but
+    which were probably of Jurassic origin (compare � <a href="#sect243">243</a>, note B,
+    above).</p>
+    <p>1881. <span class="sc">Ernst Haeckel</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln37">37</a>) publishes a
+    "Sketch of a classification of the Radiolaria on the basis of the study of the Challenger
+    Collection," and distinguishes in his "conspectus ordinum" (p. 421) 2 subclasses and 7 orders,
+    and in the "prodromus systematis Radiolarium" (pp. 423-472) 24 families with 630 genera, among
+    which are more than 2000 new species.</p>
+    <p>1882. <span class="sc">B�tschli</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln40">40</a>) on the basis of studies
+    of the fossil Monopylea of Barbados, investigates the "mutual relations of the Acanthodesmida,
+    Zygocyrtida and Cyrtida," and gives a critical revision of the genera of these "Cricoidea;" a
+    number of new species are described and figured (Tafs. xxxii., xxxiii.), and some new genera of
+    Stichocyrtida established (<i>Lithostrobus</i>, <i>Lithomitra</i>, &amp;c.).</p>
+    <p>1882. <span class="sc">Dunikowski</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln44">44</a>) describes 18 new
+    fossil Polycystina from the lower lias of the Salzburg Alps, among them the types of 3 new
+    genera (<i>Ellipsoxiphus</i>, <i>Triactinosph�ra</i>, and <i>Spongocyrtis</i>).</p>
+    <div><span class="pagenum" id="pageclxxxviii">{clxxxviii}</span></div>
+    <p>1883. <span class="sc">Ernst Haeckel</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln46">46</a>) revises the 4
+    orders and 32 families of Radiolaria, and gives more accurate definitions of them, as well as of
+    the 2 subclasses (I. <i>Holotrypasta</i> = <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> and <span
+    class="sc">Spumellaria</span>; II. <i>Merotrypasta</i> = <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and
+    <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>).</p>
+    <p class="sp0">1885. <span class="sc">D. R�st</span> (L. N. <a href="#ln51">51</a>) describes
+    234 new species of fossil Radiolaria from the Jura, and illustrates them by twenty plates. Among
+    them are 103 <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, 130 <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, and 1
+    <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>; these are contained in 35 genera, of which 20 belong to the
+    Porulosa, and 15 to the Osculosa.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div id="sect254"></div>
+
+  <p>254. <i>Statistical Synopsis of the Twenty Orders</i><span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <table class="sp2 ba mc nothand smaller" title="Statistical Synopsis of the Twenty
+  Orders" summary="Statistical Synopsis of the Twenty
+  Orders">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <th>Legion.</th>
+      <th colspan="2">Sublegion.</th>
+      <th colspan="2">Order.</th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync1.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Number of
+      Families"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync2.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Number of
+      Genera"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync3.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Number of
+      Species"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync4.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Previously
+      known Species"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync5.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="New
+      Species"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync6.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Fossil
+      Species"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync7.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Pelagic
+      Abundance"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync8.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Abyssal
+      Abundance"/></th>
+      <th colspan="2">Figured on<br/>
+      Plates.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="br ac vmi">I. Legion<br/>
+      <b>Spumellaria</b><br/>
+      (Porulosa peripylea)</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace10sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="br ac vmi">I. <b>Collodaria</b><br/>
+      (Spumellaria palliata)</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>1. Colloidea</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="br ar">36</td>
+      <td class="br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="br ar">27</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>2. Beloidea</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="br ar">8</td>
+      <td class="br ar">56</td>
+      <td class="br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="br ar">47</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="br ac">D</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>,
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td rowspan="4" class="br ac">II. <b>Sph�rellaria</b><br/>
+      (Spumellaria loricata)</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>3. Sph�roidea</td>
+      <td class="br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="br ar">107</td>
+      <td class="br ar">660</td>
+      <td class="br ar">105</td>
+      <td class="br ar">555</td>
+      <td class="br ar">66</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a><br/>
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>4. Prunoidea</td>
+      <td class="br ar">7</td>
+      <td class="br ar">53</td>
+      <td class="br ar">280</td>
+      <td class="br ar">35</td>
+      <td class="br ar">245</td>
+      <td class="br ar">36</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a><br/>
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, <a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>5. Discoidea</td>
+      <td class="br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="br ar">91</td>
+      <td class="br ar">503</td>
+      <td class="br ar">126</td>
+      <td class="br ar">376</td>
+      <td class="br ar">102</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a><br/>
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>6. Larcoidea</td>
+      <td class="br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="br ar">51</td>
+      <td class="br ar">260</td>
+      <td class="br ar">8</td>
+      <td class="br ar">252</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a><br/>
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, <a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="br bb ac vmi">II. Legion<br/>
+      <b>Acantharia</b><br/>
+      (Porulosa actipylea)</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace bb"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="br ac vmi">III. <b>Acanthometra</b><br/>
+      (Acantharia palliata)</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>7. Actinelida</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="br ar">22</td>
+      <td class="br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="br ar">16</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pl0 pr0"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>
+      (figs. 1-3)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>8. Acanthonida</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="br ar">138</td>
+      <td class="br ar">50</td>
+      <td class="br ar">88</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="br bb ac vmi">IV. <b>Acanthophracta</b><br/>
+      (Acantharia loricata)</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace bb"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="br"><span class="hid">0</span>9. Sph�rophracta</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="br ar">22</td>
+      <td class="br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="br ar">16</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="bb">
+      <td class="br">10. Prunophracta</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="br ar">63</td>
+      <td class="br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="br ar">58</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">D</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="br ac vmi">III. Legion<br/>
+      <b>Nassellaria</b><br/>
+      (Osculosa monopylea)</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="br ac vmi">V. <b>Plectellaria</b><br/>
+      (Nassellaria palliata)</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="br">11. Nassoidea</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1</td>
+      <td class="br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>
+      (fig. 1)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">12. Plectoidea</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="br ar">61</td>
+      <td class="br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="br ar">56</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">D</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pl0 pr0"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>
+      (figs. 2-12)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br">13. Stephoidea</td>
+      <td class="br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="br ar">40</td>
+      <td class="br ar">205</td>
+      <td class="br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="br ar">191</td>
+      <td class="br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>,
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a><br/>
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="br ac vmi">VI. <b>Cyrtellaria</b><br/>
+      (Nassellaria loricata)</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="br">14. Spyroidea</td>
+      <td class="br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="br ar">45</td>
+      <td class="br ar">239</td>
+      <td class="br ar">51</td>
+      <td class="br ar">188</td>
+      <td class="br ar">53</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">15. Botryodea</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="br ar">55</td>
+      <td class="br ar">15</td>
+      <td class="br ar">40</td>
+      <td class="br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">16. Cyrtoidea</td>
+      <td class="br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="br ar">160</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1122</td>
+      <td class="br ar">328</td>
+      <td class="br ar">794</td>
+      <td class="br ar">250</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td colspan="2"></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td rowspan="4" class="br ac">IV. Legion<br/>
+      <b>Ph�odaria</b><br/>
+      (Osculosa cannopylea)</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="br ac">VII. <b>Ph�ocystina</b><br/>
+      (Ph�odaria palliata)</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="br">17. Ph�ocystina</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="br ar">15</td>
+      <td class="br ar">112</td>
+      <td class="br ar">30</td>
+      <td class="br ar">82</td>
+      <td class="br ar">24</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="br ac vmi">VIII. <b>Ph�ocoscina</b><br/>
+      (Ph�odaria loricata)</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="br">18. Ph�osph�ria</td>
+      <td class="br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="br ar">22</td>
+      <td class="br ar">121</td>
+      <td class="br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="br ar">116</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br">19. Ph�ogromia</td>
+      <td class="br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="br ar">27</td>
+      <td class="br ar">159</td>
+      <td class="br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="br ar">154</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>,
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a><br/>
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="br">20. Ph�oconchia</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="br ar">20</td>
+      <td class="br ar">73</td>
+      <td class="br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="br ar">69</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">D</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pr1"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br"></td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="br ar pr2 pt1 pb1">Total,</td>
+      <td class="ba ar">85</td>
+      <td class="ba ar">739</td>
+      <td class="ba ar">4318</td>
+      <td class="ba ar">810</td>
+      <td class="ba ar">3508</td>
+      <td class="ba ar">558</td>
+      <td class="ba">...</td>
+      <td class="ba">...</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ar pr2"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp2 ba w100 handonly smaller" title="Statistical Synopsis of the Twenty
+  Orders" summary="Statistical Synopsis of the Twenty
+  Orders">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <th>Legion.</th>
+      <th colspan="2">Sublegion.</th>
+      <th colspan="2">Order.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="br ac vmi">I. Legion<br/>
+      <b>Spumellaria</b><br/>
+      (Porulosa peripylea)</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="br ac vmi">I. <b>Collodaria</b><br/>
+      (Spumellaria palliata)</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw"><span class="hid">0</span>1. Colloidea</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw"><span class="hid">0</span>2. Beloidea</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td rowspan="4" class="br ac">II. <b>Sph�rellaria</b><br/>
+      (Spumellaria loricata)</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw"><span class="hid">0</span>3. Sph�roidea</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="vmi wnw"><span class="hid">0</span>4. Prunoidea</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="vmi wnw"><span class="hid">0</span>5. Discoidea</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="vmi wnw"><span class="hid">0</span>6. Larcoidea</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="br bb ac vmi">II. Legion<br/>
+      <b>Acantharia</b><br/>
+      (Porulosa actipylea)</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace bb"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="br ac vmi">III. <b>Acanthometra</b><br/>
+      (Acantharia palliata)</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw"><span class="hid">0</span>7. Actinelida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw"><span class="hid">0</span>8. Acanthonida</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="br bb ac vmi">IV. <b>Acanthophracta</b><br/>
+      (Acantharia loricata)</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace bb"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw"><span class="hid">0</span>9. Sph�rophracta</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="bb">
+      <td class="vmi wnw">10. Prunophracta</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="br ac vmi">III. Legion<br/>
+      <b>Nassellaria</b><br/>
+      (Osculosa monopylea)</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="br ac vmi">V. <b>Plectellaria</b><br/>
+      (Nassellaria palliata)</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">11. Nassoidea</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">12. Plectoidea</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="vmi wnw">13. Stephoidea</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="br ac vmi">VI. <b>Cyrtellaria</b><br/>
+      (Nassellaria loricata)</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">14. Spyroidea</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">15. Botryodea</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">16. Cyrtoidea</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td rowspan="4" class="br ac">IV. Legion<br/>
+      <b>Ph�odaria</b><br/>
+      (Osculosa cannopylea)</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="br ac">VII. <b>Ph�ocystina</b><br/>
+      (Ph�odaria palliata)</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">17. Ph�ocystina</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="br ac vmi">VIII. <b>Ph�ocoscina</b><br/>
+      (Ph�odaria loricata)</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">18. Ph�osph�ria</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="vmi wnw">19. Ph�ogromia</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">20. Ph�oconchia</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp2 ba w100 handonly smaller" title="Statistical Synopsis of the Twenty
+  Orders (contd.)" summary="Statistical Synopsis of the Twenty
+  Orders (contd.)">
+    <tr class="ba smaller">
+      <td></td>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync1.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Number of
+      Families"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync2.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Number of
+      Genera"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync3.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Number of
+      Species"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync4.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Previously
+      known Species"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync5.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="New
+      Species"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync6.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Fossil
+      Species"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync7.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Pelagic
+      Abundance"/></th>
+      <th class="pt0 pb0 pl0 pr0"><img src="images/sync8.png" style="width:3.0em" alt="Abyssal
+      Abundance"/></th>
+      <th>Figured on<br/>
+      Plates.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0"><span class="hid">0</span>1.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="br ar">36</td>
+      <td class="br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="br ar">27</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0"><span class="hid">0</span>2.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="br ar">8</td>
+      <td class="br ar">56</td>
+      <td class="br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="br ar">47</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="br ac">D</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>,
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0"><span class="hid">0</span>3.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="br ar">107</td>
+      <td class="br ar">660</td>
+      <td class="br ar">105</td>
+      <td class="br ar">555</td>
+      <td class="br ar">66</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>,<br/>
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0"><span class="hid">0</span>4.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">7</td>
+      <td class="br ar">53</td>
+      <td class="br ar">280</td>
+      <td class="br ar">35</td>
+      <td class="br ar">245</td>
+      <td class="br ar">36</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>,<br/>
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, <a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0"><span class="hid">0</span>5.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="br ar">91</td>
+      <td class="br ar">503</td>
+      <td class="br ar">126</td>
+      <td class="br ar">376</td>
+      <td class="br ar">102</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>,<br/>
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0"><span class="hid">0</span>6.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">9</td>
+      <td class="br ar">51</td>
+      <td class="br ar">260</td>
+      <td class="br ar">8</td>
+      <td class="br ar">252</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>,<br/>
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, <a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0"><span class="hid">0</span>7.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="br ar">22</td>
+      <td class="br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="br ar">16</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>
+      (figs.<br/>
+      1-3)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0"><span class="hid">0</span>8.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="br ar">21</td>
+      <td class="br ar">138</td>
+      <td class="br ar">50</td>
+      <td class="br ar">88</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0"><span class="hid">0</span>9.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="br ar">22</td>
+      <td class="br ar">6</td>
+      <td class="br ar">16</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi bb">
+      <td class="br pr0">10.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="br ar">11</td>
+      <td class="br ar">63</td>
+      <td class="br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="br ar">58</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">D</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0">11.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1</td>
+      <td class="br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>
+      (fig. 1)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0">12.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">2</td>
+      <td class="br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="br ar">61</td>
+      <td class="br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="br ar">56</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">D</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate91"><b>91</b></a>
+      (figs.<br/>
+      2-12)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0">13.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="br ar">40</td>
+      <td class="br ar">205</td>
+      <td class="br ar">14</td>
+      <td class="br ar">191</td>
+      <td class="br ar">17</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate81"><b>81</b></a>,
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate82"><b>82</b></a>,<br/>
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate92"><b>92</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate94"><b>94</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0">14.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="br ar">45</td>
+      <td class="br ar">239</td>
+      <td class="br ar">51</td>
+      <td class="br ar">188</td>
+      <td class="br ar">53</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate83"><b>83</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate90"><b>90</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0">15.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="br ar">55</td>
+      <td class="br ar">15</td>
+      <td class="br ar">40</td>
+      <td class="br ar">10</td>
+      <td class="br ac">E</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate96"><b>96</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0">16.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">12</td>
+      <td class="br ar">160</td>
+      <td class="br ar">1122</td>
+      <td class="br ar">328</td>
+      <td class="br ar">794</td>
+      <td class="br ar">250</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate51"><b>51</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate80"><b>80</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0">17.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="br ar">15</td>
+      <td class="br ar">112</td>
+      <td class="br ar">30</td>
+      <td class="br ar">82</td>
+      <td class="br ar">24</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate101"><b>101</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate105"><b>105</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0">18.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="br ar">22</td>
+      <td class="br ar">121</td>
+      <td class="br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="br ar">116</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate106"><b>106</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate112"><b>112</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0">19.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="br ar">27</td>
+      <td class="br ar">159</td>
+      <td class="br ar">5</td>
+      <td class="br ar">154</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">C</td>
+      <td class="br ac">A</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate99"><b>99</b></a>,
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate100"><b>100</b></a>,<br/>
+      <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate120"><b>120</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br pr0">20.</td>
+      <td class="br ar">3</td>
+      <td class="br ar">20</td>
+      <td class="br ar">73</td>
+      <td class="br ar">4</td>
+      <td class="br ar">69</td>
+      <td class="br ar">0</td>
+      <td class="br ac">D</td>
+      <td class="br ac">B</td>
+      <td class="ar"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate121"><b>121</b></a>-<a
+      href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate128"><b>128</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="vmi">
+      <td class="br ar pt1 pb1">T.</td>
+      <td class="ba ar">85</td>
+      <td class="ba ar">739</td>
+      <td class="ba ar">4318</td>
+      <td class="ba ar">810</td>
+      <td class="ba ar">3508</td>
+      <td class="ba ar">558</td>
+      <td class="ba">...</td>
+      <td class="ba">...</td>
+      <td class="ac"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <p class="sp5"><i>Note.</i>&mdash;In the tenth and eleventh columns the relative abundance of each
+  order at or near the surface and near the bottom is approximately indicated by the letters A-E,
+  which have the following significance:&mdash;A, abundant; B, very numerous; C, many (medium
+  quantity); D, few; E, very few.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page1">{1}</span></div>
+
+  <h1 class="ac" style="margin-bottom:2ex;"><span class="larger">SYSTEMATIC PART.</span></h1>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h1><span class="sc">Class</span> <b>RADIOLARIA</b>.</h1>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc21">
+    <p><b>Radiolaria</b>, Johannes M�ller, 1858.</p>
+    <p><b>Rhizopoda radiaria</b>, Johannes M�ller, 1858.</p>
+    <p><b>Polycystina</b> (<i>pro parte</i>), Ehrenberg, 1838.</p>
+    <p><b>Echinocystida</b>, Clapar�de, 1858.</p>
+    <p><b>Rhizopoda capsularia</b>, Haeckel, 1861.</p>
+    <p><b>Cytophora</b>, Haeckel, 1862.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition of the Class:</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Rhizopoda with unicellular
+  body, divided by a porous membrane into an internal or intracapsular part (with nucleus), and an
+  external or extracapsular part (with calymma); propagating by flagellated spores.</span></p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="sc">Radiolaria</span> or <span class="sc">Capsulate Rhizopoda</span>, first
+  constituted by Johannes M�ller in the year 1858 as a separate group of the Rhizopoda, form a
+  peculiar class of the <span class="sc">Protista</span>, or unicellular organisms. This class is
+  exclusively marine, and has in general the characteristic organisation of the Rhizopoda, with the
+  development of numerous <i>pseudopodia</i> from the surface of the cell; but it differs from all
+  other Rhizopoda in the possession of a peculiar <i>membrane</i>, dividing the cell-body into two
+  different parts; the <i>central capsule</i> or the internal part with the <i>nucleus</i>, and the
+  external part or <i>extracapsulum</i> with the <i>calymma</i>; propagation by flagellated spores
+  produced in the central capsule; the sarcode or the <i>protoplasm</i> of both parts communicates
+  by fine <i>pores</i>, piercing the separating membrane, which is called the
+  <i>capsule-membrane</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>The <i>Central Capsule</i> or the inner part of the Radiolarian body is constantly composed of
+  three essential parts, viz.<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 divsp0 it sp2">
+    <p>1. <i>The Central Nucleus</i> (a true cell-nucleus).</p>
+    <p>2. <i>The Intracapsular Sarcode</i> (endosarc) or surrounding internal protoplasm.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">3. <i>The Capsule Membrane</i> or enveloping porous membrane.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page2">{2}</span></div>
+
+  <p>Besides these constant and essential elements, the central capsule contains very commonly (but
+  not constantly) some other enclosed structures, viz.<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 divsp0 it sp2">
+    <p>4. An internal or intracapsular skeleton.</p>
+    <p>5. Intracapsular vacuoles or alveoli.</p>
+    <p>6. Fat-granules or oil-globules.</p>
+    <p>7. Crystals of different composition.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">8. Pigment-granules.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>The Extracapsulum</i>, or the outer part of the Radiolarian body is also constantly composed
+  of three essential elements,&mdash;</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 divsp0 it sp2">
+    <p>1. <i>The Calymma</i>, or the thick extracapsular <i>jelly-veil</i>, completely enveloping
+    the whole central capsule.</p>
+    <p>2. <i>The Matrix</i>, or the maternal tissue of the external protoplasm, enveloping
+    immediately the capsule-membrane as a thin continuous layer of <i>extracapsular sarcode</i>
+    (ectosarc).</p>
+    <p class="sp0">3. <i>The Pseudopodia</i>, or the very numerous thread-like filaments of
+    protoplasm, which radiate from the matrix; whilst their inner part is enclosed in the calymma,
+    their outer part floats freely in the sea-water.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Besides these three constant and essential elements, the extracapsulum contains very commonly
+  (but not constantly) some other enclosed structures, viz.<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 divsp0 it sp2">
+    <p>4. An external or extracapsular skeleton.</p>
+    <p>5. Extracapsular vacuoles or alveoli.</p>
+    <p>6. Fat-granules or oil-globules.</p>
+    <p>7. Pigment-granules or a peculiar large body of dark extracapsular pigment, the
+    "ph�odium."</p>
+    <p class="sp0">8. "Xanthell�" or "zooxanthell�," peculiar yellow cells, which contain starch and
+    are unicellular yellow Alg�, living as "Symbiontes" in true Symbiosis with a great many
+    Radiolaria.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>The Nucleus</i> of the Radiolaria is a large true simple cell-nucleus, originally a solid
+  spherical, roundish or longish body of nuclein. It is placed either in the centre of the capsule
+  (in most Peripylea) or excentrically (in most other Radiolaria). Originally solid, the nucleus is
+  commonly differentiated later into an outer dense nuclear-membrane and an inner softer or fluid
+  content; either with one single nucleolus or with a variable number of nucleoli. Originally always
+  simple, the nucleus becomes afterwards constantly divided into numerous small nuclei, each of
+  which, together with a part of the surrounding <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page3">{3}</span>protoplasm, forms a vibratile-spore or "flagellate-spore." This division in
+  the Acantharia and in the social (or colonial) Peripylea begins very early, in all other
+  Radiolaria much later, immediately before propagation.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Endoplasm</i> or "endosarc," or "intracapsular protoplasm" or "inner sarcode," in all
+  Radiolaria originally fills that space within the capsule, which is not taken up by the nucleus.
+  It seems to be employed mainly for the purpose of propagation, becoming divided earlier or later
+  into numerous small particles, each of which surrounds a small particle of the nucleus and forms
+  together with it a flagellate-spore. Besides this the endoplasm of the Radiolaria seems to have a
+  great significance for the nutrition, mainly for the interchange of materials. It becomes very
+  often vacuolate or alveolate, filled with smaller or larger spherical drops of fluid; it produces
+  very commonly smaller fat-granules or larger oil-globules, and further pigment-granules of
+  different colours, more rarely crystals and other peculiar enclosed parts.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Membrane</i> or "capsule-membrane" is the most typical and characteristic part of the
+  body of a Radiolarian, sufficient of itself to separate this class from all other Rhizopoda. At
+  the same time, by its different shape it presents the best means for the systematic distinction of
+  the four subclasses or "legions" of the class. The membrane is composed of a special organic
+  matter (probably nearly related to chitin) and combines density with elasticity to a high degree.
+  Observed with a high power of the microscope its margin (or section) appears commonly
+  simple-edged, but often in larger forms distinctly double-edged.</p>
+
+  <p>The legion <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> is distinguished by a double membrane (the thinner
+  inner and thicker outer membranes being separated by an interval); in the three other legions it
+  is simple. The membrane completely separates the intracapsular from the extracapsular body, both
+  communicating only by certain pores or openings in the membrane. With reference to this important
+  communication, the whole class can be divided into two subclasses, Holotrypasta and Merotrypasta:
+  the <span class="sc">Holotrypasta</span> contain the Peripylea and Actipylea, in which the
+  membrane is pierced by innumerable very small pores; the <span class="sc">Merotrypasta</span>
+  consist of the Monopylea and the Cannopylea, in which the membrane exhibits only one large main
+  opening, distinguished in the former by a peculiar "porous area," in the latter by an "osculum" or
+  a prolonged tubule.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Calymma</i> or "jelly-veil" is the most characteristic part of the extracapsular body in
+  all Radiolaria; in the majority of the class it is the most voluminous part of the whole body,
+  being much more voluminous than all the other parts taken together. The calymma is a
+  structureless, clear, and transparent jelly-envelope which always includes the whole central
+  capsule and often also the whole extracapsular skeleton. Owing to the high degree of its
+  consistence, this jelly-veil takes a very important part in the formation of the extracapsular
+  skeleton, furnishing the matrix for the deposition of its tangential parts.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page4">{4}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>The Matrix</i> or the "maternal tissue of the pseudopodia" is formed in all Radiolaria by
+  the thin layer of exoplasm or of extracapsular sarcode, which immediately envelops the central
+  capsule and is itself enclosed by the calymma. This continuous sarcode-cover of the capsule
+  communicates by its pores or openings with the endoplasm or the intracapsular sarcode; whilst from
+  its outer surface arise the pseudopodia. The morphological signification of the matrix is very
+  small, but the physiological importance is very great, for it seems to be the chief organ of many
+  vital functions.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Pseudopodia</i> or the very fine, long, thread-like filaments of exoplasm arise in all
+  Radiolaria in very great numbers from the surface of the matrix, and exhibit in general the same
+  characteristic shape as in the other Rhizopoda. Their inner or proximal part is enclosed within
+  the jelly-veil or calymma, whilst their outer or distal part floats freely in the sea-water. Their
+  special motions and modifications exhibit considerable variations in different groups, their
+  tendency to ramify, anastomose, and form networks being in some cases very small, in others very
+  great. Also the characteristic motion of granules in the pseudopodia is very different. In general
+  those most important exoplasmatic filaments serve as organs both for the vegetative functions of
+  nutrition, and for the animal functions of motion and sensation.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>The class</i> Radiolaria can be divided according to its varying structure into
+  four different legions or subclasses, the characters of which are the following<span
+  class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <h5><b>I. PERIPYLEA or SPUMELLARIA.</b></h5>
+
+  <div class="bq1 divsp0 it sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">Membrane of the central capsule simple, perforated by innumerable very fine
+    pores. Fundamental form originally homaxon or spherical. Skeleton wanting or siliceous. No
+    ph�odium in the extracapsular calymma. The Peripylea comprise two orders<span
+    class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc18">
+    <p>A.  <span class="sc">Collodaria</span> (without lattice-shell).</p>
+    <p>B.  <span class="sc">Sph�rellaria</span> (with lattice-shell).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <h5><b>II.  ACTIPYLEA or ACANTHARIA.</b></h5>
+
+  <div class="bq1 divsp0 it sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">Membrane of the central capsule simple, perforated by innumerable fine pores.
+    Fundamental form originally homaxon or spherical. Skeleton acanthinic (not siliceous). No
+    ph�odium in the extracapsular calymma. The Actipylea consist of two orders<span
+    class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc23 sp3">
+    <p>A.  <span class="sc">Acanthometra</span> (without complete lattice-shell).</p>
+    <p>B.  <span class="sc">Acanthophracta</span> (with complete lattice-shell).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page5">{5}</span></div>
+
+  <h5><b>III. MONOPYLEA or NASSELLARIA.</b></h5>
+
+  <div class="bq1 divsp0 it sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">Membrane of the central capsule simple, perforated by a porous-area, or by one
+    single large opening, divided into numerous very fine pores. Fundamental form originally monaxon
+    or egg-shaped. Skeleton siliceous. No ph�odium in the extracapsular calymma. The Monopylea
+    comprise two orders<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc22">
+    <p>A.  <span class="sc">Plectellaria</span> (without complete lattice-shell).</p>
+    <p>B.  <span class="sc">Cyrtellaria</span> (with complete lattice-shell).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <h5><b>IV. CANNOPYLEA or PH�ODARIA.</b></h5>
+
+  <div class="bq1 divsp0 it sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">Membrane of the central capsule double, perforated by one simple main-opening,
+    prolonged into a tubulus, and besides this commonly by one or two (rarely more) small accessory
+    openings. Fundamental form originally monaxon or egg-shaped. Skeleton siliceous. Constantly a
+    peculiar dark pigment-body or "ph�odium" in the extracapsular calymma. The Cannopylea comprise
+    two orders<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc19">
+    <p>A.  <span class="sc">Ph�ocystina</span> (without lattice-shell).</p>
+    <p>B.  <span class="sc">Ph�ocoscina</span> (with lattice-shell).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the four Subclasses or Legions of Radiolaria.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp4 mc ba w50 smaller" title="Synopsis of the four Subclasses or
+  Legions of Radiolaria" summary="Synopsis of the four Subclasses or
+  Legions of Radiolaria">
+    <tr class="pb05 pt05">
+      <td colspan="2" class="br ac">A. HOLOTRYPASTA.</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="ac">B. MEROTRYPASTA.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pb05">
+      <td colspan="2" class="br it1p05">Central capsule everywhere perforated by innumerable small
+      pores.</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="it1p05">Central capsule with one large main-opening (with or without
+      small accessory openings).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pb05">
+      <td colspan="2" class="br bb it1p05">Fundamental form originally homaxon (spherical or derived
+      from a sphere).</td>
+      <td colspan="2" class="bb it1p05">Fundamental form originally monaxon (egg-shaped or perhaps
+      dipleural).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pb05">
+      <td class="br ac w25">I.</td>
+      <td class="br ac w25">II.</td>
+      <td class="br ac w25">III.</td>
+      <td class="ac w25">IV.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pb05">
+      <td class="br ac"><span class="sc">Spumellaria.</span></td>
+      <td class="br ac"><span class="sc">Acantharia.</span></td>
+      <td class="br ac"><span class="sc">Nassellaria.</span></td>
+      <td class="ac"><span class="sc">Ph�odaria.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pb05">
+      <td class="br ac">(<i>Peripylea.</i>)</td>
+      <td class="br ac">(<i>Actipylea.</i>)</td>
+      <td class="br ac">(<i>Monopylea.</i>)</td>
+      <td class="ac">(<i>Cannopylea.</i>)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pb05 vtp">
+      <td class="br it1p05">Wall-pores of the capsule equally disposed.</td>
+      <td class="br it1p05">Wall-pores of the capsule symmetrically disposed.</td>
+      <td class="br it1p05">Main-opening of the capsule with a porous operculum.</td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Main-opening of the capsule with a short tubule.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pb05 vtp">
+      <td class="br it1p05">Skeleton siliceous or wanting.</td>
+      <td class="br it1p05">Skeleton acanthinic (organic).</td>
+      <td class="br it1p05">Skeleton siliceous (rarely wanting).</td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Skeleton siliceous (rarely wanting).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pb05 vtp">
+      <td class="br it1p05">Calymma without ph�odium.</td>
+      <td class="br it1p05">Calymma without ph�odium.</td>
+      <td class="br it1p05">Calymma without ph�odium.</td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Calymma constantly with a ph�odium.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page6">{6}</span></div>
+
+  <h2><b>Legion I. <span class="gsp">SPUMELLARIA</span>,</b></h2>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>vel Peripylea, vel Peripylaria (Pls. 1-50).</b></p>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc27">
+    <p><i>Spumellaria</i> (<i>exclusis</i> Spyridinis), Ehrenberg, 1875.</p>
+    <p><i>Peripylea</i> (<i>inclusis</i> Thalassicollis et Sph�rozois), Hertwig, 1879.</p>
+    <p><i>Peripylaria</i> (<i>inclusis</i> Collodariis et Polycyttariis), Haeckel, 1881.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radiolaria with simple membrane of the central capsule, which is
+  everywhere perforated by innumerable very fine pores. Extracapsulum without ph�odium. Skeleton
+  wanting or siliceous. Fundamental form originally spherical.</p>
+
+  <p>The legion <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> vel <span class="sc">Peripylea</span>, in the
+  extent here defined, was constituted by me in 1883 in my paper on Die Ordnungen der Radiolarien.<a
+  id="NtA_2" href="#Nt_2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> I propose to retain for this legion either the name
+  <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> of Ehrenberg (1875) or <span class="sc">Peripylea</span> of
+  Hertwig (1879), although both groups have not quite the same extension. We exclude from the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> the Spyridina (united with them by Ehrenberg) and include the
+  Collodaria. With the Peripylea of Hertwig we unite his Thalassicollea and Sph�rozoea. To avoid any
+  confusion it would perhaps be better to name this legion "Peripylaria."</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> agree with the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> in
+  the structure of the simple capsule-membrane, which is perforated by numerous small pores (but
+  devoid of the large main opening, which the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> possess), whence we unite both the former as Holotrypasta, both the
+  latter as Merotrypasta.</p>
+
+  <p>The difference between the two legions of Holotrypasta is determined by the skeleton, which in
+  the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> is either siliceous or wanting, whilst in the Acantharia
+  it consists of the peculiar organic substance, acanthin.</p>
+
+  <p>The legion <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> is by far the largest and most important of the
+  four legions of Radiolaria, as well with respect to the number of different forms, as to the
+  enormous masses of individuals, which we encounter living and fossil. We distinguish in this
+  legion not less than thirty-two different families, three hundred and sixteen genera, and more
+  than seventeen hundred species.</p>
+
+  <p>The classification of this large group requires for its better comprehension a careful division
+  into larger and smaller groups. We divide it therefore first of all into two orders, <span
+  class="gsp">Collodaria</span> and <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, as proposed in the paper
+  mentioned above.<a id="NtA_3" href="#Nt_3"><sup>[3]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span> have no perfect latticed skeleton, and comprise two
+  suborders or sections: in the <span class="gsp">Colloidea</span> the skeleton is entirely wanting,
+  in the <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> it is represented by a variable number of siliceous
+  needles or spicules, scattered in the calymma around the central capsule.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page7">{7}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> differ from the <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span>
+  in the possession of a perfect siliceous skeleton, which is originally a latticed spherical shell,
+  enveloping the central capsule. By modification of this fenestrated sphere arises an enormous mass
+  of different forms, which we dispose in twenty-eight families, and these in four larger groups,
+  suborders or sections,&mdash;<span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, and <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, the common ancestral group of the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, possess a skeleton which is either a simple fenestrated sphere,
+  or composed of two or more concentric latticed spheres, which are united by radial beams; more
+  rarely it becomes more or less spongy.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> are derived from the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>
+  by prolongation of the latticed sphere in one axis; the skeleton therefore becomes here
+  ellipsoidal or cylindrical (often with annular transversal constrictions).</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> on the contrary must be derived from the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> by shortening in one axis; here therefore the fenestrated shell
+  becomes more or less lenticular or iscoidal (often with radial spines or arms in the equatorial
+  plane, on the circular margin).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5">The <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, the fourth section, differ from the three
+  foregoing sections by the different growth of the shell in three different dimensions of space;
+  therefore here the fenestrated shell becomes "lentelliptical," or a "triaxial ellipsoid," its
+  length, breadth, and height being different.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Skeleton</i> consists in all <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> either of pure
+  <i>silica</i> or of a peculiar silicate. The siliceous bars and beams constituting it are
+  invariably <i>solid</i>, as also in the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span>, never hollow, as in
+  the <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>. Never is the skeleton composed of acanthin, as in all <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>. Whilst in the first order of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>,
+  <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span>, the form of the spicula, or the scattered needles, composing
+  the skeleton, is very simple, <i>never latticed</i>, in the second order, the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, it is constantly latticed or fenestrated, often also spongy.</p>
+
+  <p>The geometrical fundamental form of the lattice-shell in the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> is originally spherical (homaxon), as preserved in all <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>; in the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> it becomes monaxon, with one single axis (prolonged in the former,
+  shortened in the latter); in the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> it becomes triaxon, by
+  different growth in three principal axes, perpendicular one to another. The further development of
+  radial parts of the skeleton in these three axes is very important for the "promorphology" of the
+  Radiolaria.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Malacoma</i>, or the whole soft body of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> as
+  opposed to the skeleton, exhibits some differences of structure in two different groups, which
+  were separated formerly (1862) as Monocyttaria and Polycyttaria, corresponding to the "Radiolaria
+  monozoa and polyzoa" of Johannes M�ller (1858).</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Monocyttaria</span> (or the Spumellaria solitaria) live isolated as
+  single cells&mdash;like <span class="pagenum" id="page8">{8}</span>all other Radiolaria&mdash;and
+  are never aggregated in colonies; the calymma includes one single central capsule, and this again
+  one central nucleus, which does not become divided until full maturity.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Polycyttaria</span> on the contrary (or the Spumellaria socialia) live
+  aggregated in large colonies; the calymma includes a variable number of associated central
+  capsules and each of these commonly one central oil-globule, whilst the original simple nucleus
+  commonly becomes very early divided into numerous small nuclei.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Nucleus</i> of the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> is originally constantly
+  <i>central</i>, placed quite in the centre of the concentric capsule, and it retains this central
+  position in all Monocyttaria or solitary Peripylea; whereas in the Polycyttaria&mdash;in
+  consequence of its early division&mdash;its place is commonly taken by a central oil-globule.
+  Whilst the numerous nuclei of the latter are very small, the single nucleus of the former is
+  comparatively large, extremely large (more than a millimeter in diameter) in some gigantic <span
+  class="gsp">Collodaria</span>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Endoplasm</i> or the intracapsular sarcode exhibits in the greater number of <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> a more or less distinct radial striation. It encloses a great
+  variety of different parts; vacuoles, oil-globules, pigment-granules, crystals, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Membrane</i> of the capsule in all <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> is simple (never
+  double as in the <i>Ph�odaria</i>) and everywhere equally perforated by innumerable small pores;
+  in the thick, double-edged membrane of many large <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span> these pores
+  appear (in the optical section of the capsule-wall) as distinct fine radial canals, very densely
+  and regularly disposed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> is originally a
+  <i>geometrical sphere</i>, and this simple globular form is preserved in all <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, and in the greatest part of <span class="gsp">Colloidea</span> and
+  <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>. By prolongation of one axis the form becomes <i>ellipsoidal</i>
+  (or even cylindrical) in the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, and in some few forms of <span
+  class="gsp">Colloidea</span>. By shortening of one axis it becomes <i>lenticular</i> (or even
+  discoidal) in the <i>Discoidea</i>, and in some few forms of <span class="gsp">Colloidea</span>.
+  By unequal growth in three different axes, perpendicular one to another, the capsule becomes
+  <i>lentelliptical</i> in all <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>. Very rarely the capsule assumes
+  in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> a polyhedral or irregular (sometimes even
+  am&#x0153;boid) form, only in a few <span class="gsp">Colloidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Calymma</i>, or the jelly-veil including the central capsule, is very voluminous in many
+  <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> of gigantic size, mainly in the large <span
+  class="gsp">Colloidea</span>, and in all Polycyttaria or social Radiolaria. It includes here a
+  considerable number of large vacuoles or "alveoli." The calymma never exhibits in this legion the
+  dark voluminous ph�odium, possessed by all <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Xanthell�</i> or "zooxanthell�" are numerous in the calymma of most <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, but by no means constant; they are very variable in number and
+  size.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Matrix</i>, placed between the calymma and central capsule, is, in the majority of the
+  <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, a rather thick layer of granular exoplasm.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Pseudopodia</i> arising from it are very numerous, equally disposed over the whole <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page9">{9}</span>surface, and are in general rather fluid, exhibiting a
+  considerable tendency to ramify, anastomose, and form networks. The movement of granules is
+  commonly lively. In the Polycyttaria all capsules of one colony or "c&#x0153;nobium" are connected
+  by the dense variable network of anastomosing pseudopodia.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of</i> <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>.</h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller nothand" title="Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of
+  Spumellaria" summary="Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of
+  Spumellaria">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05" style="width:10em;">
+        <p class="ac sp0">I. COLLODARIA.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Skeleton wanting or quite imperfect, not latticed.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05 pb05">Skeleton entirely wanting,</td>
+      <td class="pb05">1. <span class="gsp">Colloidea.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">Skeleton represented by numerous scattered spicules,</td>
+      <td>2. <span class="gsp">Beloidea.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>&nbsp;</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">
+        <p class="ac sp0">II. SPH�RELLARIA.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Skeleton a perfect shell of lattice work, or spongy and resembling
+        wicker-work.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05 pb05">Lattice-shell spherical or composed of concentric spheres,</td>
+      <td class="pb05">3. <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05 pb05">Lattice-shell ellipsoidal or prolonged in one axis,</td>
+      <td class="pb05">4. <span class="gsp">Prunoidea.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05 pb05">Lattice-shell discoidal or shortened in one axis,</td>
+      <td class="pb05">5. <span class="gsp">Discoidea.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">Lattice-shell lentelliptical, with different extent of growth in three
+      axes,</td>
+      <td>6. <span class="gsp">Larcoidea.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp3 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of
+  Spumellaria" summary="Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of
+  Spumellaria">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">I. COLLODARIA. Skeleton wanting or quite imperfect, not latticed.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Skeleton entirely wanting,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. <span class="gsp">Colloidea.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Skeleton represented by numerous scattered spicules,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. <span class="gsp">Beloidea.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">II. SPH�RELLARIA. Skeleton a perfect shell of lattice work, or spongy and
+      resembling wicker-work.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Lattice-shell spherical or composed of concentric spheres,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Lattice-shell ellipsoidal or prolonged in one axis,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. <span class="gsp">Prunoidea.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Lattice-shell discoidal or shortened in one axis,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">5. <span class="gsp">Discoidea.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Lattice-shell lentelliptical, with different extent of growth in
+      three axes,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">6. <span class="gsp">Larcoidea.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h3>Order I. COLLODARIA, Haeckel, 1881.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc31">
+    <p><i>Collodaria</i>, Haeckel, Prodromus, 1881, p. 469.</p>
+    <p><i>Collida</i> et <i>Sph�rozoida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., pp. 246, 522.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> without latticed shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The order <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span>, the first order of Radiolaria, comprises all
+  those <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> in which the skeleton is either entirely wanting, or
+  represented by numerous single, solid, siliceous needles or spicules, loosely scattered in the
+  calymma around the central capsule. Never in this order is there any trace of the latticed or
+  fenestrated shell, which characterises the second order, <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>.
+  The skeleton exhibits no trace of phylogenetic connection in the two orders.</p>
+
+  <p>In my monograph (1862) two families appertaining to this order are described, the Collida (p.
+  <a href="#page244">244</a>) and the Sph�rozoida (p. <a href="#page521">521</a>). Both families
+  contain forms with and without a skeleton. Of the solitary or monozous Collida the Thalassicollida
+  are devoid of a skeleton, whilst the Thalassosph�rida are provided with a skeleton. Of the social
+  or polyzous Sph�rozoida the Collozoida are without a skeleton, the Rhaphidozoida provided with
+  one. As the special form in both skeletophorous subfamilies is exactly the same, I prefer now to
+  associate them in the suborder <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>, and to oppose them to the other
+  two skeletonless subfamilies, which are united under the name of <span
+  class="gsp">Colloidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page10">{10}</span></div>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the four Families of Collodaria.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the four Families of
+  Collodaria" summary="Synopsis of the four Families of
+  Collodaria">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0" style="width:15em;">
+        <p>Suborder I. COLLOIDEA.</p>
+        <p class="sp0"><span class="smaller">Skeleton entirely wanting.</span></p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Solitary cells, living as isolated individuals (<i>Colloidea
+      monozoa</i>),</td>
+      <td class="vbm">1. <span class="sc">Thalassicollida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">Associated cells, living in colonies or c&#x0153;nobia (<i>Colloidea
+      polyzoa</i>),</td>
+      <td class="vbm">2. <span class="sc">Collozoida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0" style="width:10em;">
+        <p>Suborder II. BELOIDEA.</p>
+        <p class="sp0"><span class="smaller">Skeleton composed of numerous needles or  spicula,
+        scattered in the calymma.</span></p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Solitary cells, living as isolated individuals (<i>Beloidea
+      monozoa</i>),</td>
+      <td class="vbm">3. <span class="sc">Thalassosph�rida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">Associated cells, living in colonies or c&#x0153;nobia (<i>Beloidea
+      polyzoa</i>),</td>
+      <td class="vbm">4. <span class="sc">Sph�rozoida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp3 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the four Families of
+  Collodaria" summary="Synopsis of the four Families of
+  Collodaria">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Skeleton entirely wanting.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Solitary cells, living as isolated individuals (<i>Colloidea
+      monozoa</i>),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. <span class="sc">Thalassicollida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Associated cells, living in colonies or c&#x0153;nobia
+      (<i>Colloidea polyzoa</i>),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. <span class="sc">Collozoida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Suborder II. BELOIDEA. Skeleton composed of numerous needles or spicula,
+      scattered in the calymma.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Solitary cells, living as isolated individuals (<i>Beloidea
+      monozoa</i>),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. <span class="sc">Thalassosph�rida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Associated cells, living in colonies or c&#x0153;nobia
+      (<i>Beloidea polyzoa</i>),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. <span class="sc">Sph�rozoida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h3>Suborder I. COLLOIDEA, Haeckel.</h3>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> without skeleton.</p>
+
+  <p>The suborder <span class="gsp">Colloidea</span> comprises all those <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> in which no skeleton is developed. The whole body is therefore
+  soft&mdash;a true malacoma&mdash;and is composed only of two essential parts, the central capsule
+  and the enveloping extracapsulum. The suborder contains only two different families, the solitary
+  <span class="gsp">Thalassicollida</span> (or Colloidea monozoa) and the associated <span
+  class="gsp">Collozoida</span> (or Colloidea polyzoa). Both families are very nearly allied, and
+  differ only in one single essential character: the solitary life of the former, the social union
+  of the latter. It seems to be merely in consequence of this difference that the cleavage of the
+  nucleus commonly takes place very late in the former, very early in the latter.</p>
+
+  <p>Therefore the full-grown Thalassicollida (till immediately before propagation) commonly exhibit
+  one single nucleus in the centre of the capsule, whilst in the Collozoida the capsule is distended
+  by numerous small nuclei. In these latter the centre of the capsule usually contains one large
+  oil-globule, whilst in the former oil-globules are either wanting, or scattered in large numbers
+  in the endoplasm, or disposed in one layer on the inside of the capsule membrane.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">In the solitary Thalassicollida each capsule is enclosed in its own peculiar
+  spherical calymma, whilst in the associated Collozoida all capsules of the colony are united in
+  one common, very voluminous calymma.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family I. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Thalassicollida</span></span>, Haeckel,
+  1862.</h4>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc25">
+    <p><i>Thalassicollida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 246.</p>
+    <p><i>Thalassicollida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 469.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Colloidea</span> solitaria.</p>
+
+  <p>The family Thalassicollida comprises all solitary <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> without a
+  skeleton. The oldest and best known form of this family is the genus <i>Thalassicolla</i>, as
+  restricted by <span class="pagenum" id="page11">{11}</span>Johannes M�ller.<a id="NtA_4"
+  href="#Nt_4"><sup>[4]</sup></a> The most common representative of it, the cosmopolitan
+  <i>Thalassicolla nucleata</i>, was first described by Huxley in 1851. But as early as 1834 another
+  large Radiolarian, appertaining either to this or to a nearly allied family, had been described by
+  Meyen as <i>Physematium atlanticum</i>. A third genus was detected by me in 1859 at Messina and
+  figured under the name <i>Thalassolampe margarodes</i>.<a id="NtA_5"
+  href="#Nt_5"><sup>[5]</sup></a> A very accurate histological description of these forms was given
+  in 1876 by Richard Hertwig.<a id="NtA_6" href="#Nt_6"><sup>[6]</sup></a> The same author figured
+  in his Organismus in 1879 a very interesting simpler form under the name <i>Thalassolampe
+  primordialis</i> (Taf. iii. fig. 5). Some similar forms had already been observed by me, and are
+  here united with it to form the first genus <i>Actissa</i>.<a id="NtA_7"
+  href="#Nt_7"><sup>[7]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p><i>Actissa</i> is of the highest general interest as the most simple and typical form of all
+  Radiolaria, and as the common ancestral form, from which all other forms of this large class may
+  be derived. Its unicellular body exhibits neither the extracapsular alveoli of
+  <i>Thalassicolla</i>, nor the intracapsular alveoli of <i>Thalassolampe</i>, and shows all
+  essential characters of the Radiolarian type in its most simple form (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, figs. 1 to
+  1<i>c</i>). The simple cell-body is composed of a spherical central capsule and a concentric,
+  spherical, enveloping calymma, both separated by a thin membrane which is perforated by
+  innumerable pores. The capsule includes the endoplasm and in the centre a simple spherical nucleus
+  with nucleolus; at the time of propagation this latter becomes cleft into numerous small nuclei,
+  each of which, together with a small piece of the surrounding endoplasm, forms a flagellated
+  zoospore (fig. 1<i>c</i>). The extracapsulum is formed by the large, structureless, spherical
+  calymma or concentric jelly-veil enveloping the capsule, and by the thin granular matrix or the
+  layer of exoplasm which separates the calymma from the membrane. From this matrix or maternal
+  tissue arise innumerable very long and thin pseudopodia, as simple radiating filaments, the
+  proximal part of which is included in the calymma, whilst the distal part floats freely in the
+  sea-water (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>The other Thalassicollida differ from their common ancestral form, <i>Actissa</i>, mainly by
+  the higher histological differentiation of the unicellular body. Whilst in <i>Thalassicolla</i>
+  and <i>Thalassolampe</i> the nucleus remains a single sphere as in <i>Actissa</i>, it becomes
+  branched or covered with radial blind saccules in <i>Thalassopila</i> and <i>Thalassophysa</i>;
+  also the intracapsular protoplasm develops here a great variety of peculiar different corpuscles,
+  as oil-globules, pigment-granules, concentric concretions, crystals, &amp;c. But the most striking
+  peculiarity by which the other Thalassicollida differ from <i>Actissa</i> is the development of
+  large vesicular alveoli, either within or without the capsule; the unicellular body reaches by
+  this inflation the extraordinary size of 5 to 10 mm. or more.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page12">{12}</span></div>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Thalassicollida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc w50 smaller vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of
+  Thalassicollida" summary="Synopsis of the Genera of
+  Thalassicollida">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05 vmi">A. Alveoli neither within nor without the central capsule.</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05 vmi">Nucleus spherical (sometimes ellipsoidal), not branched,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">1. <i>Actissa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="it1p05 vmi">B. Numerous large alveoli within the central capsule (not
+      in the calymma).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05 vmi pb05">Nucleus spherical,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw pb05">2. <i>Thalassolampe</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05 vmi">Nucleus branched or covered with radial sacs,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">3. <i>Thalassopila</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="it1p05 vmi">C. Numerous large alveoli without the central capsule,
+      within the jelly-veil or calymma.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05 vmi pb05">Nucleus spherical,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw pb05">4. <i>Thalassicolla</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05 vmi">Nucleus branched or covered with radial sacs,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">5. <i>Thalassophysa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of
+  Thalassicollida" summary="Synopsis of the Genera of
+  Thalassicollida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">A. Alveoli neither within nor without the central capsule.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Nucleus spherical (sometimes ellipsoidal), not branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. <i>Actissa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">B. Numerous large alveoli within the central capsule (not in the
+      calymma).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Nucleus spherical,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. <i>Thalassolampe</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Nucleus branched or covered with radial sacs,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. <i>Thalassopila</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">C. Numerous large alveoli without the central capsule, within the jelly-veil
+      or calymma.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Nucleus spherical,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. <i>Thalassicolla</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Nucleus branched, or covered with radial sacs,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">5. <i>Thalassophysa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 1. <i>Actissa</i>,<a id="NtA_8" href="#Nt_8"><sup>[8]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Thalassicollida</span> with simple spherical
+  nucleus, without any alveoli (either within or outside the central capsule).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Actissa</i> is the most simple and typical form of all Radiolaria, and
+  may be regarded as the common ancestral form of the whole class. The spherical body is composed of
+  a simple spherical capsule and a concentric spherical calymma or jelly-envelope. Neither the
+  former nor the latter contains alveoli. The central capsule possesses a strong membrane perforated
+  by small pores, and contains in the intracapsular sarcode numerous small pellucid vacuoles, and in
+  its middle a simple, concentric, spherical nucleus (often with some nucleoli); sometimes also one
+  or more oil-globules. The extracapsularium forms a soft, voluminous, structureless calymma or
+  enveloping jelly-sphere, perforated by the numberless, fine pseudopodia, which radiate outwards
+  from the matrix or the thin granulated sarcode-layer, surrounding the capsule. Often (but not
+  constantly) xanthell� or yellow cells are scattered in it. <i>Actissa</i> differs from the
+  following skeletonless genera in the absence of all alveoli; it has neither intracapsular alveoli
+  (like <i>Thalassolampe</i>) nor extracapsular alveoli (like <i>Thalassicolla</i>). The first
+  observed species of this genus is that which I found in 1866 at the Canary Islands, <i>Actissa
+  prototypus</i>; the second is that which Hertwig accurately described in 1879, from the
+  Mediterranean (Messina), <i>Actissa primordialis</i>; the third I observed in 1881 at Ceylon,
+  frequent and sporiparous, <i>Actissa princeps</i>. A fourth species (<i>Actissa radiata</i>)
+  exhibited a distinct radial segmentation of the capsule-contents. These four species are quite
+  spherical. Six other species, occurring in different preparations from the Challenger, are
+  distinguished by modifications of the spherical capsule-form and may represent three different
+  subgenera (or, perhaps better, genera?)&mdash;<i>Actiprunum</i> ellipsoidal, <i>Actidiscus</i>
+  lenticular, <i>Actilarcus</i> lentelliptical; perhaps these are the ancestral forms of the three
+  sections: <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page13">{13}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Procyttarium</i>, Haeckel, 1879.</h5>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Procyttarium</i>, Haeckel, Nat�rl. Sch�pfungsgeschichte, ed. vii. p. 705.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Central capsule spherical.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Actissa princeps</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Central capsule spherical, colourless or a little reddish, transparent, with a thick
+  double-edged membrane. Nucleus central, spherical, one-third as broad as the central capsule,
+  containing a single, central, glossy nucleolus. Protoplasm finely granulated, without
+  oil-globules, with numerous clear spherical vacuoles of equal size and at equal distances; the
+  superficial layer of protoplasm (immediately below the membrane) radially striated (fig. 1). In
+  some older specimens the nucleus was divided into numerous small nuclei (fig. 1<i>a</i>), which by
+  further division gave the nuclei of the flagellated spores (fig. 1<i>b</i>); each spore with a
+  very thin lateral flagellum (fig. 1<i>c</i>). Jelly-like calymma twice as broad as the enclosed
+  capsule, without xanthell� or yellow cells, pierced by innumerable, very thin and long, undivided
+  pseudopodia, which arise from the sarcode-matrix on the outside of the membrane (six to eight
+  times longer than shown in fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.1 to 0.12, of the nucleus 0.03 to
+  0.04, of the jelly calymma 0.2 to 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, Belligemma, Haeckel, 1881; also in a
+  preparation from Station 271, Central Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Actissa primordialis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Thalassolampe primordialis</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus der Radiolarien, p. 32, Taf.
+    iii. fig. 5.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Procyttarium primordiale</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Nat�rl. Sch�pf., ed. vii. p. 705,
+    Taf. xvi. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsule spherical, dim-yellowish, with a thin, simple-edged but compact membrane.
+  Nucleus large, central (about half as broad), with one or two dark nucleoli; on its side an
+  excentric oil-globule, nearly of the same size. Protoplasm between nucleus and membrane, in the
+  younger specimens finely granulated and radially striped; in the older specimens with numerous
+  hyaline globules (vacuoles). Jelly-envelope or calymma very voluminous, ten to twelve times as
+  broad as the central capsule, structureless, containing numerous yellow bodies (xanthell�?),
+  pierced by very numerous simple pseudopodia.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.11 to 0.18, of the nucleus 0.04 to
+  0.09, of the jelly-like calymma 1.2 to 1.5.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Messina, Hertwig, 1878, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Actissa prototypus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central capsule spherical, red-coloured, with a thick, double-edged membrane. Nucleus central,
+  spherical, half as large as the radius of the capsule, containing a large number (forty to sixty)
+  of small <span class="pagenum" id="page14">{14}</span>dark nucleoli. Protoplasm filled up with
+  numerous small clear vacuoles, and between them fine red pigment granules; on the inside of the
+  membrane one layer of dark oil-globules. Jelly-like calymma four times as broad as the enclosed
+  capsule, with very numerous small xanthell�.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsule 0.2, of the nucleus 0.05, of the calymma
+  0.8.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Atlantic, Canary Islands (Lanzerote, Haeckel), 1866; also at
+  Station 348, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Actissa radiata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central capsule spherical, dark, with a thick, double-edged membrane. Nucleus central,
+  spherical, half as large as the capsule, transparent. Protoplasm divided into numerous cuneiform
+  radial pieces which are separated by clear intervals, and filled with very fine dark granules
+  (darker in the distal half). The equatorial optical section exhibits around the circular clear
+  nucleus a coronal of twenty-five such wedge-shaped pieces (mother-cells of spores?) No
+  oil-globules in the central capsule. Jelly-like calymma one and a half times as broad as the
+  enclosed capsule, with numerous small xanthell�.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsule 0.15, of the nucleus 0.07, of the calymma
+  0.24.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Actiprunum</i>, Haeckel, 1882.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Central capsule ellipsoidal, with one prolonged axis.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Actissa prunoides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actiprunum prunoideum</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsule ellipsoidal, colourless, with a thin, simple-edged membrane. Proportion of its
+  major axis to the minor 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Nucleus spherical, its diameter equal to one-third of the
+  minor axis, in its centre a large, dark, spherical nucleolus. Protoplasm clear, containing
+  numerous small vacuoles, separated by regular distances, and on the inside of the
+  capsule-membrane, numerous (forty to fifty) small oil-globules. Calymma (or jelly-veil)
+  ellipsoidal, with a thin sarcode-stratum on the outside of the capsule; its diameter twice as
+  large as that of the central capsule.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the capsule 0.16, minor 0.12; diameter of the nucleus
+  0.04; major axis of the calymma 0.32, minor 0.24.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Actissa ellipsoides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actiprunum ellipsoides</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsule ellipsoidal, red-coloured, with a thick, double-edged membrane. Proportion of
+  its major axis to the minor 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Nucleus ellipsoidal, one-third as large as the
+  capsule, containing eight small dark nucleoli.  Protoplasm dusky, filled with dark pink
+  pigment-granules; in the <span class="pagenum" id="page15">{15}</span>major axis, on both poles of
+  the nucleus-axis, two large oil-globules, half as large as the nucleus. Calymma ellipsoidal, with
+  numerous xanthell�; its diameter four times as large as that of the capsule.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the capsule 0.2, minor 0.12; major axis of the nucleus
+  0.07, minor 0.04; major axis of the calymma 0.8, minor 0.5.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Corfu, 1877, Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Actidiscus</i>, Haeckel, 1882.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Central capsule lenticular, with one shortened axis.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Actissa discoides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actidiscus discoides</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsule lenticular, red-coloured, about twice as broad as high, with a thick,
+  double-edged membrane. Nucleus spherical, one-third as broad as the capsule, with one single,
+  large central nucleolus. Protoplasm dusky, filled with scarlet pigment; granules and small
+  oil-globules between them. Calymma lenticular, three times as broad as the capsule.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the capsule 0.16, minor 0.08; diameter of the nucleus
+  0.05; breadth of the calymma 0.5.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Actissa lenticularis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central capsule lenticular, flattened, about three times as broad as high, with a thin,
+  simple-edged membrane. Nucleus lenticular, one-third as large as the capsule, with ten small dark
+  nucleoli. Protoplasm transparent, colourless, filled with small vacuoles at regular distances; on
+  the inside of the membrane in the circular periphery of the lens twenty dark oil-globules. Calymma
+  lenticular, twice as broad as the capsule.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the capsule 0.15, minor 0.05; breadth of the nucleus
+  0.05, height 0.02; breadth of the calymma 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;East Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Actissa phacoides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actidiscus phacoides</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsule lenticular, strongly flattened, about four times as broad as high, with a thin,
+  simple-edged membrane. Nucleus lenticular, one-fourth as broad as the capsule, with numerous
+  (twenty or more) small nucleoli. Protoplasm filled with dark pigment-granules; on the inside of
+  the membrane in the circular periphery of the lens thirty-two dark oil-globules. Calymma
+  lenticular, three times as broad as the capsule.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page16">{16}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the capsule 0.2, minor 0.05; breadth of the nucleus
+  0.05, height 0.015; breadth of the calymma 0.6.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Actilarcus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Central capsule lentelliptical, with three different
+  axes.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Actissa larcoides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central capsule lentelliptical; with three different axes, bearing the proportion
+  4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Nucleus spherical; its diameter equal to the shortest radius of the
+  capsule. No nucleoli visible. Protoplasm transparent, with small vacuoles; on the inside of the
+  thin capsule-membrane numerous (fifty to sixty) small oil-globules, regularly disposed. Calymma
+  lentelliptical, twice as large as the central capsule.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis or length of the capsule 0.2, middle axis or breadth 0.15,
+  minor axis or height 0.1; diameter of the nucleus 0.05, of the calymma 0.3-0.4.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 2. <i>Thalassolampe</i>,<a id="NtA_9" href="#Nt_9"><sup>[9]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1862,
+  Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 253.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Thalassicollida</span> without extracapsular
+  alveoles, but with large roundish or globular alveoles within the central capsule, with a simple
+  spherical, not branched nucleus in the centre.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Thalassolampe</i> is, next to <i>Actissa</i>, the most simple of all
+  Radiolaria, but differs from it by the large intracapsular alveoles. By these the central capsule
+  is inflated to an extraordinary size, which in <i>Thalassolampe maxima</i> exceeds that of most
+  other Radiolaria. From the nearly allied <i>Thalassopila</i> it differs by the simple spherical
+  nucleus, from <i>Physematium</i> by the absence of spicula. Of the two species of the genus the
+  first observed <i>Thalassolampe margarodes</i>, 1862, is Mediterranean, the second,
+  <i>Thalassolampe maxima</i>, 1882, is Indian.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Thalassolampe margarodes</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Thalassolampe margarodes</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 253, Taf. ii. figs. 4,
+    5.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Thalassolampe margarodes</i>, R. Hertwig, 1876, Histologie d. Radiol., p. 68,
+    Taf. iii. figs. 1-5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spherical body very soft and limpid, somewhat pearl-like opalescent, yellowish or bluish.
+  Central capsule with a very thin structureless membrane, its diameter six to eight times as large
+  as that of the central spherical nucleus. Wall of the vesicular nucleus thick, perforated by fine
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page17">{17}</span>pore-canals; on its inside often numerous oval
+  nucleoli. In the movable protoplasmic network between the large alveoles a considerable number of
+  large yellowish or orange oil-globules. Extracapsular jelly-envelope very thin, contains small
+  yellow bodies (zooxanthell�). (Compare the accurate description of this Mediterranean species in
+  my monograph and in Hertwig's work.) In the Canary Islands I found very often a large variety of
+  it, of double and triple the size, distinguished by the delicate orange colour of the
+  intracapsular oil-globules. This may be distinguished as <i>Thalassolampe aurantiaca</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the whole jelly-sphere 2 to 4 mm., of the central capsule
+  2 to 3 mm., of its nucleus 0.2 to 0.4 mm.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Messina, Haeckel, Hertwig; Canary Islands,
+  Lanzerote, Haeckel; surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Thalassolampe maxima</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>,
+  fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>Spherical body quite pellucid, like a glass globule, colourless. Central capsule with a
+  moderately thick, but quite transparent, structureless membrane, its diameter ten to twelve times
+  as large as that of the central spherical nucleus. Wall of the vesicular nucleus thick, perforated
+  by fine pore-canals; on its inside numerous small spherical nucleoli. No large oil-globules in the
+  movable protoplasmic network between the large alveoles. Extracapsular jelly-envelope very thin,
+  containing no yellow bodies. This differs from the preceding nearly allied species in the want of
+  the intracapsular oil-globules and of the extracapsular yellow bodies. It possesses the largest
+  central capsule of all known Radiolaria. I found them living and floating in water taken from the
+  surface of the Indian Ocean by a bucket.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the whole jelly-body 12 to 15 mm., of the central capsule
+  10 to 12 mm., of the nucleus 0.8 to 1.2 mm.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, near the Maldive Islands, Haeckel, 1882,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 3. <i>Thalassopila</i>,<a id="NtA_10" href="#Nt_10"><sup>[10]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 469.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Thalassicollida without extracapsular alveoles, but with large
+  roundish or globular alveoles within the central capsule, with a papillate or branched nucleus in
+  its centre.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Thalassopila</i> has, like <i>Thalassolampe</i>, a voluminous foamy
+  central capsule, inflated by numerous large alveoles; but it differs in the complicated form of
+  the nucleus, which is like that of <i>Thalassophysa</i>, and is either branched or occupied by
+  conical or roundish papill�.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Thalassopila cladococcus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Spherical body dark-spotted, with a thin yellowish jelly-envelope. Central capsule with a thick
+  and firm membrane, perforated by pores; its diameter three times that of the central nucleus,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page18">{18}</span>three-fourths that of the whole jelly-sphere. Nucleus
+  profusely branched or papillated, its spherical surface covered with numerous (more than a
+  hundred) finger-shaped obtuse blind sacs, about as long as its radius. Protoplasm of the central
+  capsule forming a loose network between the large roundish alveoles, in the cortical zone radially
+  striped and containing one layer of large dark oil-globules. These are regularly distributed on
+  the inside of the capsule-membrane and separated by intervals, twice as broad as its diameter,
+  giving to the capsule-surface a spotted appearance. Extracapsular jelly-envelope thin, yellowish,
+  with very numerous and small xanthell�.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the whole jelly-sphere 5 mm., of the central capsule 4
+  mm., of the nucleus 1.3 mm.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 154 (south of Kerguelen),
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 4. <i>Thalassicolla</i>,<a id="NtA_11" href="#Nt_11"><sup>[11]</sup></a> Huxley, 1851,
+  Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. viii. p. 433.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Thalassicollida without intracapsular alveoles, but with large
+  roundish or globular alveoles within the extracapsular calymma. Nucleus in the centre of the
+  capsule simple spherical, not branched.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Thalassicolla</i> was proposed by Huxley in 1851, for a certain number
+  of different voluminous jelly-like Radiolaria, which he had observed living during his voyage in
+  the "Rattlesnake" through the tropical seas, and of which he gives an excellent
+  description&mdash;the first accurate observations on living Radiolaria. Johannes M�ller afterwards
+  removed from this genus the social genera <i>Sph�rozoum</i> and <i>Collosph�ra</i> (formerly
+  <i>Thalassicolla punctata</i>), and retained as type of the genus <i>Thalassicolla nucleata</i>.
+  In 1862 in my Monograph I added two other species, <i>Thalassicolla pelagica</i> and
+  <i>Thalassicolla zanclea</i>, and later (1870) <i>Thalassicolla sanguinolenta</i>. Now I think it
+  better to separate the last two species as a new genus, <i>Thalassophysa</i>, characterised by the
+  papillate or branched nucleus, and to retain in <i>Thalassicolla</i> only those forms with simple
+  spherical nucleus. For both genera the extracapsular, voluminous, spherical calymma or
+  jelly-envelope, with numerous large alveoles, is characteristic. The membrane of the central
+  capsule in <i>Thalassicolla</i> is now structureless (subgenus <i>Thalassicollarium</i>, with
+  three species), now characterised by a peculiar structure, prominent ridges on the inside of the
+  membrane, which form a network with polygonal plates, resembling an epithelium (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, fig.
+  5<i>b</i>; subgenus <i>Thalassicollidium</i>, with four species). Of the seven species here
+  described, two are cosmopolitan, widely distributed, and common; one is Mediterranean, one
+  Atlantic, and three Pacific.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Thalassicollarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Membrane of the central capsule structureless, only
+  perforated by innumerable very small radial pores.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page19">{19}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Thalassicolla pellucida</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spherical body very soft, transparent, clear and colourless, without any pigment. Central
+  capsule soft, hyaline, with a thin, structureless, not areolated membrane. Diameter of the central
+  capsule about three times that of the nucleus, one-fourth to one-sixth that of the jelly-envelope.
+  Nucleus delicate, transparent, with one single central nucleolus, about one-third its diameter.
+  Protoplasm of the central capsule contains only small, pellucid, densely packed globules
+  (vacuoles?), no oil-globules. Extracapsular body quite transparent, without pigment or
+  oil-globules, only composed of the large alveoles imbedded in the jelly-cover, and of the fine
+  protoplasmic network between them. No xanthell�.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.8 to 1.2, of the nucleus 0.3 to 0.4,
+  of the calymma 3 to 6 mm.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan, Canary Islands, Haeckel; Cape, Australia,
+  Pacific, Challenger; surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Thalassicolla spumida</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spherical body nearly transparent, yellowish, without dark pigment. Central capsule pellucid,
+  with a thick, structureless, not areolated membrane. Diameter of the central capsule about twice
+  that of the nucleus, one-sixth to one-eighth that of the jelly-cover. Nucleus delicate, somewhat
+  opaque, with numerous small nucleoli. Protoplasm of the central capsule contains small pellucid
+  globules (vacuoles?), and immediately under its membrane (on its inside) one single layer of
+  large, dark, refractive oil-globules. Extracapsular body very voluminous, foamy, with innumerable
+  alveoles in the jelly, and many xanthell� between them.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.6 to 0.8, of the nucleus 0.3 to 0.4,
+  of the calymma 3 to 5 mm.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Atlantic, Canary Islands, Haeckel; Cape Verde Islands,
+  Challenger Station 350; Brazil, Rabbe; surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Thalassicolla zanclea</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Thalassicolla zanclea</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 252, Taf. ii.
+    fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spherical body opaque, transparent only in the periphery, with colourless central capsule, but
+  with brown or black pigment-powder scattered everywhere through the extracapsular alveolated
+  jelly-cover. Central capsule soft, transparent, colourless, with a thin structureless, not
+  areolated membrane. Diameter of the central capsule about one and a half times that of the
+  nucleus, one-half or one-third that of the jelly-cover. Nucleus delicate, transparent, with a
+  thin, finely punctated membrane, with one or more nucleoli. Protoplasm of the central capsule
+  contains only small, pellucid, densely packed globules (vacuoles?), no oil-globules. Extracapsular
+  body very dark and opaque, with a great mass of brown or blackish-brown pigment between the
+  alveoles of the jelly-cover. Numerous xanthell�.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.1 to 0.12, of the nucleus 0.07 to
+  0.08, of the calymma 0.2 to 0.4.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Messina, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page20">{20}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Thalassicollidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Membrane of the central capsule areolated, with small
+  polygonal plates, resembling an epithelial cell-tissue, spotted by innumerable fine radial
+  pores.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Thalassicolla australis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spherical body nearly transparent, without dark pigment. Central capsule colourless, somewhat
+  opaque, with a thick and firm, very elastic membrane, areolated by polygonal, punctated figures
+  resembling cells. Diameter of the central capsule about three times that of the nucleus, one-third
+  that of the jelly-cover. Nucleus thin-walled, with many small nucleoli. Protoplasm of the central
+  capsule finely granulated, containing numerous hyaline globules (vacuoles?) of different size, and
+  in each of these one single roundish, dark refringing corpuscle, concentrically lamellated like an
+  amylum grain. Extracapsular body without pigment or oil-globules, only composed of the large
+  alveoles imbedded in the jelly-cover, and of the fine protoplasmic network between them. No
+  xanthell�.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 1 to 2, of its nucleus 0.3 to 0.4, of
+  the nucleoli 0.12 to 0.16, of the hyaline globules in the protoplasm of the capsule 0.02 to 0.05;
+  calymma, 4 to 6 mm.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-west Pacific, east coast of Australia, New Zealand,
+  &amp;c.; Challenger Stations 163, 171; surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Thalassicolla nucleata</i>, Huxley.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Thalassicolla nucleata</i>, Huxley, 1851, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. viii. p.
+    435, pl. xvi. fig. 4.</p>
+    <p><i>Thalassicolla nucleata</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+    28.</p>
+    <p><i>Thalassicolla coerulea</i>, Schneider, 1858, Archiv f. Anat. u. Physiol., p. 40, Taf. iii.
+    Bd. i. figs. 5-7.</p>
+    <p><i>Thalassicolla nucleata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 249, Taf. iii. figs.
+    1-5.</p>
+    <p><i>Thalassicolla nucleata</i>, R. Hertwig, 1876, Histologie d. Radiol., p. 43, Taf. iii.
+    figs. 61-5, Taf. iv., v.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Thalassicolla nucleata</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p.
+    34.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spherical body in the central part opaque, black or dark coloured, in the periphery
+  transparent, whitish, or yellowish. Central capsule rather compact, yellowish, opaque, with a
+  thick and firm, very elastic membrane, areolated by polygonal, punctated figures resembling cells.
+  Diameter of the central capsule about twice as large as that of the nucleus, one-half to
+  one-fourth that of the jelly-cover. Nucleus with a very thick, finely punctated membrane,
+  containing a viscous fluid (when coagulated finely granular), and sometimes one large, central,
+  spherical, or ramified nucleolus, sometimes a variable number of smaller roundish nucleoli.
+  Protoplasm of the central capsule containing many very variable corpuscles, mostly pellucid
+  (albuminous?) spherules, containing oil-globules, or concentric amyloid concretions, or crystals,
+  &amp;c. Extracapsular body with dark pigment-powder of variable colour (black, brown, violet,
+  blue, &amp;c.), densely aggregated around the central capsule, more loosely dissipated between the
+  alveoles of the outer jelly-cover. Xanthell� very numerous.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page21">{21}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.4 to 0.8, of the nucleus 0.02 to
+  0.05, of the calymma 1 to 5 mm.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; common in all warmer seas; Mediterranean,
+  Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Pacific, mainly between lat. 40� N. and lat. 40� S.; surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Thalassicolla maculata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Spherical body in the central part opaque, black or dark coloured, in the periphery
+  semi-transparent, spotted. Central capsule compact, yellowish, opaque, with a thick and firm, very
+  elastic membrane, areolated by polygonal, punctated figures resembling cells. Diameter of the
+  central capsule about twice that of the nucleus, one-third to one-fifth that of the jelly-cover.
+  Nucleus thin-walled, with one large spherical nucleolus. Protoplasm of the central capsule
+  contains innumerable very small, hyaline, spherical vesicles of equal size (or vacuoles?), two to
+  four times as broad as the separating bridges of protoplasm. Extracapsular body with dark
+  pigment-powder of black or brown colour, densely accumulated around the central capsule (in the
+  matrix), loosely scattered between the alveoles of the outer jelly-cover. The latter appears
+  spotted by numerous large, roundish lumps of protoplasm, scattered between the alveoles. No
+  xanthell�.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.3 to 0.6, of the nucleus 0.2 to 0.3,
+  of the hyaline globules in the protoplasm of the capsule 0.02 to 0.03; calymma, 2 to 3 mm.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Challenger Station 289.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Thalassicolla melacapsa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate1"><b>1</b></a>, fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Spherical body in the central part opaque, black or dark coloured, in the periphery
+  semi-transparent, spotted. Central capsule compact, black, with a thick and firm, very elastic
+  membrane, areolated by polygonal, punctated figures resembling cells. Diameter of the central
+  capsule about twice that of the nucleus, one-third or half that of the jelly-cover. Nucleus
+  thin-walled, transparent, containing very numerous and small nucleoli. Protoplasm of the central
+  capsule filled with small black pigment-granules, quite intransparent, contains densely packed
+  hyaline (albuminous?) globules of equal size; every pellucid globule includes a smaller globule
+  (one-third or one-fourth its diameter), which appears to be composed of aggregated oil-bubbles.
+  Extracapsular body without pigment, contains between its alveoles in the inner half numerous, dark
+  refractive oil-globules, in the outer half numerous am&#x0153;boid lumps of protoplasm,
+  irregularly scattered. No xanthell�.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 2 to 2.5, of the nucleus 1 to 1.5, of
+  the hyaline globules in the protoplasm of the capsule 0.03 to 0.04; calymma, 3 to 5 mm.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-east Pacific (near Valparaiso), Challenger Station 300,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 5. <i>Thalassophysa</i>,<a id="NtA_12" href="#Nt_12"><sup>[12]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 470.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Thalassicollida without intracapsular alveoles, but with large
+  roundish or globular alveoles within the extracapsular calymma. Nucleus in the centre of the
+  capsule papillate or branched.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page22">{22}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Thalassophysa</i> contains those species of Thalassicollida formerly
+  associated with <i>Thalassicolla</i>, which are distinguished by the complicated, ramose, or
+  papillate form of the large nucleus. All three species here described are found in the
+  Mediterranean and the Atlantic. To this genus appertains also that strange form of Radiolaria
+  which I described in 1870 as <i>Myxobrachia</i> (compare <i>Thalassophysa sanguinolenta</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Thalassophysa papillosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Thalassicolla papillosa</i>, Haeckel, 1867, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spherical body transparent, colourless, or somewhat yellowish. Central capsule soft,
+  colourless, with a very thin but firm, elastic, structureless membrane. Diameter of the central
+  capsule about twice that of the nucleus, one-fourth to one-sixth that of the jelly-envelope.
+  Nucleus papillated, its spherical surface covered with a great number (50 to 80) of conical or
+  finger-like protuberances or blind sacs, not longer than half its radius. Protoplasm of the
+  central capsule filled with very small and numerous spherical vacuoles, without oil-globules.
+  Extracapsular jelly-body, without dark pigment, oil-globules, and large protoplasmic lumps,
+  contains between its alveoles very numerous xanthell�.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the whole jelly sphere 4 to 5 mm., of the central capsule
+  0.8 to 1 mm., of its nucleus 0.4 to 0.5.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Canary Islands, Lanzerote, common, Haeckel; Cape Verde
+  Islands, Challenger; surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Thalassophysa sanguinolenta</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Thalassicolla sanguinolenta</i>, Haeckel, 1870, Jenaische Zeitschr., Bd. v. p. 526, Taf.
+    18.</p>
+    <p><i>Thalassicolla sanguinolenta</i>, Haeckel, 1870, Biolog. Studien, i. p. 113, Taf. iv.</p>
+    <p><i>Thalassicolla sanguinolenta</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 37, Taf. iii.
+    fig. 1.</p>
+    <p><i>Myxobrachia rhopalum</i>, Haeckel, 1870, Jenaische Zeitschr., Bd. v. p. 519, Taf. 18 (et
+    in Biol. Stud., <i>loc. cit.</i>).</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Myxobrachia pluteus</i>, Haeckel, 1870, Jenaische Zeitschr., Bd. v. p. 520,
+    Taf. 18 (et in Biol. Stud., <i>loc. cit.</i>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spherical body in the central part opaque, reddish, in the periphery transparent, yellowish.
+  Central capsule compact, white, red spotted, with a thick elastic membrane, perforated by pores,
+  but not areolated. Diameter of the central capsule three times that of the nucleus, one-fifth to
+  one-eighth that of the jelly-envelope. Nucleus papillated, its spherical surface covered with
+  numerous (80 to 120) conical or finger-like protuberances not longer than one-fourth or one-third
+  of its radius. On the inside of these blind sacs lie numerous small roundish nucleoli. Protoplasm
+  of the central capsule in the outer (cortical) zone (on the inside of the membrane) radially
+  striped, with one layer of very numerous red oil-globules of equal size, producing its
+  blood-spotted appearance; in the inner (medullary) zone foamy, with numerous small spherical
+  vacuoles. Extracapsular jelly-body without dark pigment, contains between its alveoles no large
+  protoplasmic lumps (as in <i>Thalassophysa pelagica</i>), but numerous small oil-globules and
+  xanthell�. This species sometimes amasses in its jelly-envelope large accumulations of Coccoliths
+  and Coccospheres, <span class="pagenum" id="page23">{23}</span>which are much heavier than the
+  jelly-body, and produce arm-like protuberances of it; this modified form, often of very regular
+  and peculiar appearance, I formerly described as <i>Myxobrachia</i> (compare my Biolog. Studien,
+  <i>loc. cit.</i>, and Hertwig, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 37). <span class="correction"
+  title="Added by Addenda">Compare also <i>Myxobrachia cienkowski</i>, Wagner, 1872, L. N. <a
+  href="#ln23">23</a>.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the whole jelly-sphere 5 to 8 mm., of the central capsule
+  1 to 1.2 mm., of its nucleus 0.3 to 0.4.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Canary Islands, Lanzerote; common, Haeckel; Mediterranean,
+  Messina, Hertwig; surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Thalassophysa pelagica</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Thalassicolla pelagica</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 247, Taf. i.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Thalassicolla pelagica</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 35,
+    Taf. iii. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spherical body in the central part opaque, yellowish, in the periphery semi-transparent,
+  spotted. Central capsule compact, yellowish-white, with a thick and compact membrane, perforated
+  by pores, but not areolated. Diameter of the central capsule about twice that of the nucleus,
+  one-half to one-sixth that of the jelly-envelope. Nucleus papillated, its spherical surface
+  covered with numerous (20 to 60) conical, roundish, or finger-like protuberances, not longer than
+  its radius (commonly only one-half or one-third as long). Enclosed in the semi-fluid substance of
+  the nucleus are very long and thin cylindrical nucleoli snake-like, contorted, and penetrating
+  into the protuberances of the nucleus. Protoplasm of the central capsule in the outer (cortical)
+  zone (on the inside of the membrane) radially striped, with one layer of large oil-globules of
+  different sizes; in the inner (medullary) zone foamy, with numerous small spherical vacuoles,
+  mostly of equal size. Extracapsular jelly-body without dark pigment, contains between its alveoles
+  a large number of large roundish or am&#x0153;boid lumps of protoplasm, and very numerous yellow
+  cells or xanthell� (compare the detailed description in my Monograph, and in R. Hertwig's
+  work).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the whole jelly-sphere 1 to 4 mm., of the central capsule
+  0.5 to 0.6, of the nucleus 0.2 to 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean&mdash;Messina, Corfu, Nizza, Genoa, Haeckel;
+  Messina, R. Hertwig; surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family II. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Collozoida</span></span>, Haeckel, 1862 (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Collozoida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 522.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Colloidea</span> socialia.</p>
+
+  <p>The family Collozoida comprises all associated or colony-building Radiolaria without skeleton.
+  We unite here all these skeletonless Radiolarian colonies into one single genus <i>Collozoum</i>,
+  constituted (1862) in my Monograph (p. 522). The oldest known form of it was the <i>Collozoum
+  inerme</i>, described firstly by Johannes M�ller (1856) as <i>Sph�rozoum inerme</i>. Two other
+  species of the genus were figured (1862) in my Monograph (p. 522, Tafn. xxxii., xxxv.). A most
+  accurate description of its histological structure and <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page24">{24}</span>development was given in 1876 by Richard Hertwig in his Histologie der
+  Radiolarien (pp. 12-42, Tafn. i., ii.). A number of other very remarkable forms of
+  <i>Collozoum</i> have been observed by me during the last few years, and partly figured in Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Collozoum</i>, as the only representative of this family, is sufficiently
+  distinguished from all other Radiolaria by the definition "<i>Skeletonless Radiolarian
+  Colonies.</i>" These occur floating on the surface of all warmer seas, often in astonishing
+  masses, and may be easily confounded, owing to their external resemblance, with the jelly-like
+  egg-masses of certain Mollusca. <i>Collozoum</i> is derived either from <i>Actissa</i> or from
+  <i>Thalassicolla</i>, simply by multiplication of the unicellular body and by reunion of the
+  associated capsules in one common calymma or jelly-veil; this is constantly alveolated, as in
+  <i>Thalassicolla</i>. As in <i>Actissa</i>, the form of the central capsule remains either
+  spherical, or it becomes ellipsoidal or discoidal, rarely polyhedral or am&#x0153;boid. In
+  <i>Collozoum</i> as in all colonial Radiolaria, the original central nucleus commonly undergoes
+  cleavage very early into numerous small nuclei, whilst its place is usually taken by a central
+  oil-globule. This peculiarity may serve often (but not constantly) for the distinction of isolated
+  capsules of <i>Collozoum</i> from <i>Actissa</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 6. <i>Collozoum</i>,<a id="NtA_13" href="#Nt_13"><sup>[13]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1862,
+  Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 522.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Skeletonless colonies of Radiolaria.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Collozoum</i>, as already mentioned, is the only representative of its
+  family, and comprises all Radiolaria living associated in colonies, and having no skeleton.
+  Therefore <i>Collozoum</i> possesses all the peculiarities described above. Although the floating
+  colonies of this genus occur in enormous masses on the surface of all warmer seas, nevertheless
+  the number of different species in this genus is not great, and amounts only to thirteen. If this
+  number increase by further investigations, the subgenera distinguished in the following
+  description can be advanced to the range of genera; in which case <i>Collodinium</i> (or
+  <i>Collozoum</i> sensu restricto) will be characterised by the spherical form of its central
+  capsules, <i>Colloprunum</i> by the ellipsoidal form (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>, fig. 9),
+  <i>Collophidium</i> by the cylindrical, very prolonged form (figs. 2, 3), <i>Collodiscus</i> by
+  the lenticular or discoidal form, and <i>Collodastrum</i> by the indefinite, polyhedral, or
+  am&#x0153;boid form (figs. 4, 5).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Collodinium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Form of the central capsules spherical or subspherical,
+  never polyhedral, ellipsoidal, or cylindrical.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page25">{25}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Collozoum inerme</i>, Haeckel (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>,
+  figs. 10-12).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Collozoum inerme</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 522, Taf. xxxv.</p>
+    <p><i>Collozoum inerme</i>, Cienkowski, 1871, Archiv. f. mikrosk. Anat., vol. vii. p. 376, Taf.
+    xxix. figs. 18-36.</p>
+    <p><i>Collozoum inerme</i>, R. Hertwig, 1876, Histologie der Radiol., p. 12, Taf. i., ii.</p>
+    <p><i>Collozoum inerme</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 31, Taf. iii. fig.
+    12.</p>
+    <p><i>Sph�rozoum inerme</i>, J. M�ller, 1856, Monatsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 478;
+    Abhandl., p. 54.</p>
+    <p><i>Sph�rozoum bicellulare</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54,
+    Taf. viii. fig. 5.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Thalassicolla punctata</i>, Huxley (<i>pro parte</i>), 1851, Ann. and Mag.
+    Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. viii. p. 433.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsules spherical, with thin, simple-edged membrane, with one single oil-globule in
+  the centre. (If the capsules multiply by division, the spherical form becomes violin-shaped,
+  constricted in the middle; and in this condition the number of oil-globules increases; but in the
+  ordinary mature state the capsule of this species remains spherical, and its oil-globule solitary.
+  In quite young capsules the oil-globules are wanting; Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>, fig. 12.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.04 to 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan, common in all warmer seas (Mediterranean,
+  Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Collozoum nostochinum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central capsules spherical, very large, opaque, distended with red pigment-granules and with
+  very numerous (two hundred to three hundred) small oil-globules. Membrane thick, double-edged.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.3 to 0.5.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, off Socotra, surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Collozoum volvocinum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central capsules spherical, very large, opaque, containing a great number (ten to thirty) of
+  large oil-globules, and between them densely packed masses of dark pigment. Membrane thick,
+  double-edged. This species differs from <i>Collozoum inerme</i>, mainly by the great size of the
+  central capsules (three to five times as big as in the former) and the great number of
+  oil-globules in them.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.2 to 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Colloprunum</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Form of the central capsules ellipsoidal, with one
+  prolonged axis.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Collozoum ovatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Colloprunum ovatum</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsules ovate or ellipsoidal, its longer diameter twice to three times as large as the
+  shorter. In the centre of every capsule one single oil-globule.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page26">{26}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central capsules 0.2 to 0.3, breadth of them 0.1 to
+  15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Collozoum ellipsoides</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>, figs. 8,
+  9).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Colloprunum ellipsoides</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsules regularly ellipsoidal, very large; their longer diameter once and a half to
+  twice as large as the shorter. In every capsule fifty to eighty oil-globules.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central capsules 0.3 to 4, breadth of them 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel (Gulf Stream), surface, John
+  Murray.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Collophidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Form of the central capsules cylindrical, often
+  snake-like, contorted, with one axis much prolonged, several times longer than the transverse
+  axis.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Collozoum contortum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Collophidium contortum</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsules cylindrical, three to four times as long as broad, C- or S-like curved,
+  transparent, without oil-globules.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central capsules 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.06 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Collozoum serpentinum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>, figs.
+  1-3).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Collophidium serpentinum</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsules cylindrical, filiform, much elongated, ten to one hundred times, sometimes two
+  hundred to four hundred times as long as broad, snake-shaped or worm-shaped, curved and contorted
+  in the most irregular manner, often spiral or twisted into a large nodule. Numerous oil-vesicles
+  constantly present, forming one series of globules in the axis of every capsule; distance of the
+  globules, one from another, and also from the capsule-membrane, about equal to their diameter.
+  (This interesting and very curious form was very frequently observed living by me in the Canary
+  Islands, in January 1867; the jelly-colonies were commonly spherical, and contained fifty to two
+  hundred or more capsules of very different size and form.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central capsules 1 to 10, sometimes 20 to 40 mm.;
+  average breadth 0.1 mm.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Canary Islands, Lanzerote, Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page27">{27}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Collozoum vermiforme</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>,
+  figs. 6, 7).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Collophidium vermiforme</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsules cylindrical, much elongated, five to ten times (sometimes twenty to fifty
+  times) as long as broad, snake-shaped or worm-shaped, very irregularly curved and contorted.
+  Numerous oil-globules constantly present, forming in the axis of every capsule a double series of
+  alternating rose-coloured globules. (This species is nearly allied to the preceding; but its
+  capsules are thicker and shorter, and the oil-vesicles in them are arranged not in a single, but
+  in a double row.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central capsules 0.6 to 1.2 mm., sometimes 3 to 6 mm.;
+  breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, near the west coast of Africa, Station
+  349, Canary Islands, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Collodiscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Form of the central capsules discoidal or lenticular, with
+  one shortened axis.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Collozoum coeruleum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Collozoum coeruleum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 523, Taf. xxxii. figs.
+    6-8.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Collodiscus coeruleus</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsule lenticular or discoidal, flattened, blue coloured, with one single oil-globule
+  in the centre. Protoplasm containing numerous crystals and dark blue pigment-granules. Membrane
+  very thick, double-edged. (Whilst at Messina in 1859 I found this form not constantly discoidal,
+  in 1867 in the Canary Islands I observed it constantly lenticular.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Breadth of the central capsules 0.1 to 0.15, height 0.04 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Atlantic (Canary Islands),
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Collozoum discoideum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Collodiscus discoideus</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsule discoidal, flattened, transparent, with a ring of twenty to twenty-five
+  oil-globules in its circular periphery (on the inside of the thin membrane).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Breadth of the central capsules 0.2, height 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific (Juan Fernandez), Station 300, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 5. <i>Collodastrum</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Form of the central capsules irregular and indefinite,
+  variable, commonly polyhedral or polygonal, or am&#x0153;boid, often with irregular, finger-like
+  processes.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page28">{28}</span></div>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Collozoum pelagicum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Collozoum pelagicum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 525, Taf. xxxii. figs. 4,
+    5.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Sph�rozoum pelagicum</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, 1860, p. 845.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsules small, quite irregularly formed, roundish-polyhedral or depressed-polygonal,
+  transparent, without oil-globules. Often many extracapsular oil-vesicles in the common jelly-body
+  between the central capsules. Membrane very thin and delicate.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.02 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Messina, Haeckel; Naples, Brandt; surface.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Collozoum stellatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Collodastrum stellatum</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsules star-shaped, irregularly radiating, with a great number (eight to twenty or
+  more) of radial, short, conical, acute processes, very variable in size and number. Membrane thin.
+  In every capsule several (four to eight) oil-globules.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.12 to 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Collozoum am&#x0153;boides</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate3"><b>3</b></a>, figs. 4,
+  5).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Collodastrum am&#x0153;boides</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central capsules am&#x0153;biform, of moderate size, quite irregularly formed, with a variable
+  number of finger-like, obtuse, irregular prolongations (commonly three to six), very variable in
+  size and form. Membrane thin. In the centre of every capsule one single oil-globule.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.04 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, Haeckel; Madagascar, Rabbe;
+  surface.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h3>Suborder II. BELOIDEA, Haeckel.</h3>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> with an imperfect
+  skeleton, composed of numerous solid needles or spicula, scattered irregularly in the calymma.</p>
+
+  <p>The suborder <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> comprises all those <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> which possess an imperfect or rudimentary skeleton, composed of a
+  variable number of isolated spicula scattered in the extracapsulum. The suborder contains only two
+  different families, the solitary Thalassosph�rida (or Beloidea monozoa) and the associated
+  Sph�rozoida (or Beloidea polyzoa). Both families are very nearly allied, and differ only in one
+  single character: the solitary life of the former, the social union of the <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page29">{29}</span>latter. It seems to be merely a consequence of this difference that the
+  cleavage of the nucleus commonly takes place very late in the former, very early in the
+  latter.</p>
+
+  <p>Commonly, therefore, the full-grown Thalassosph�rida (until immediately before their
+  propagation) exhibit one single nucleus in the centre of the capsule, whilst in the Sph�rozoida
+  the capsule is distended with numerous small nuclei. In these latter the centre of the capsule
+  usually contains one large oil-globule, whilst in the former oil-globules are either wanting or
+  scattered in large numbers in the endoplasm, or disposed in one layer on the inside of the capsule
+  membrane.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">In the solitary Thalassosph�rida each capsule is enclosed in its own peculiar
+  spherical calymma, whilst in the associated Sph�rozoida all the capsules of the colony are united
+  into one common, very voluminous, alveolated calymma.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family III. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Thalassosph�rida</span></span>, Haeckel, 1862,
+  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Thalassosph�rida</i>, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 255.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> solitaria.</p>
+
+  <p>The family Thalassosph�rida comprises all solitary <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> with an
+  imperfect skeleton, composed of numerous solid needles or spicula, scattered around the central
+  capsule in the calymma. The structure of the unicellular soft body is quite the same as in the
+  Thalassicollida; it differs from these only in the possession of the extracapsular skeleton. All
+  needles of this skeleton are solid siliceous spicula, never hollow, as in the similar <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'Cannorhaphida'.">Cannorrhaphida</span> among the <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>. In the special structure and form of the skeleton the
+  Thalassosph�rida agree perfectly with the well-known, colony-building Sph�rozoida; they differ
+  from these only by their hermit-like life and by some peculiarities derived from this solitary
+  development.</p>
+
+  <p>The oldest known form of this family is probably the first Radiolarian, observed in the living
+  state, described in 1834 by Meyen as <i>Physematium atlanticum</i> (see p. <a
+  href="#page35">35</a>). A second form was figured in my Monograph (1862) as <i>Thalassosph�ra
+  bifurca</i> (p. 260, Taf. xii. fig. 1). A third form was there described under the name
+  <i>Thalassosph�ra morum</i>; this remarkable form was first observed by Johannes M�ller, and
+  figured under the name <i>Thalassicolla morum</i> (1858, Abhandl., p. 28, Taf. vii. figs. 1, 2).
+  The same form was afterwards observed living by myself in the Mediterranean, as well as in the
+  Atlantic, and in great numbers by the late Sir Wyville Thomson in the Pacific. The latter gave a
+  good figure of it with some valuable remarks in his excellent work, The Atlantic (1877, vol. i. p.
+  233, fig. 51). He called this peculiar Rhizopod <i>Calcaromma calcarea</i>, on account of the very
+  peculiar <i>calcareous</i> bodies "looking in outline like the rowels of spurs," which are
+  accumulated in great quantity around the central capsule, in the calymma. Further investigations
+  have convinced me that these peculiar stellate <span class="pagenum" id="page30">{30}</span>bodies
+  of carbonate of lime, for which we propose the name "Calcastrella," are not parts of the skeleton
+  produced by the Radiolarian, but foreign bodies picked up by its extracapsular sarcode (in the
+  same way as the Coccoliths are picked up by <i>Thalassicolla sanguinolenta = Myxobrachia!</i>).
+  These Calcastrella occur also in the calymma of some Discoidea and other Radiolaria; they are
+  either unicellular calcareous Alg�, or foreign bodies of other origin. The <i>Collodarium</i>,
+  however, described as <i>Thalassicolla morum</i> and <i>Calcaromma calcarea</i>, seems to be a
+  simple <i>Actissa</i>, which has picked up a number of Calcastrella.</p>
+
+  <p>The Challenger collection has yielded a number of other true Thalassosph�rida, which partly
+  agree with <i>Thalassosph�ra</i> in the simple structure of the unicellular body (resembling
+  <i>Actissa</i>), and partly differ from it in the development of alveoles, either within or
+  without the central capsule (similar to <i>Thalassolampe</i> and <i>Thalassicolla</i>). The solid
+  siliceous spicula, which occur in great numbers scattered in the calymma, agree perfectly in form
+  with the spicula of the colony-building Sph�rozoida. A characteristic difference between the
+  social and the solitary <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> seems to be determined by the cleavage
+  of the nucleus, which takes place in the latter very late, in the former very early. Therefore in
+  the large central capsule of the mature solitary Thalassosph�rida, we commonly find one large
+  nucleus in the centre, and a number of oil-globules around it in the endosarc, or disposed in one
+  layer on the inside of the capsule-membrane (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>, figs. 2, 5);
+  whereas in the much smaller associated capsules of the Sph�rozoida one large oil-globule is placed
+  commonly in the centre, and a great number of small nuclei scattered in the endoplasm (compare
+  above, p. <a href="#page24">24</a>).</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Thalassosph�rida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc w50 smaller nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of
+  Thalassosph�rida" summary="Synopsis of the Genera of
+  Thalassosph�rida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="it1p05 vmi wnw">A. Alveoles neither within nor without the central
+      capsule.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw pb05">Spicula simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw pb05"><span class="hid">0</span>7. <i>Thalassosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Spicula branched,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw"><span class="hid">0</span>8. <i>Thalassoxanthium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05 vmi">B. Numerous large alveoles within the central capsule (not in the
+      calymma).</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Spicula simple,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw"><span class="hid">0</span>9. <i>Physematium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="it1p05 vmi">C. Numerous large alveoles within the calymma (not in the
+      central capsule).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw pb05">Spicula simple,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw pb05">10. <i>Thalassoplancta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Spicula branched,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">11. <i>Lampoxanthium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp3 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of
+  Thalassosph�rida" summary="Synopsis of the Genera of
+  Thalassosph�rida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">A. Alveoles neither within nor without the central capsule.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spicula simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">7. <i>Thalassosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spicula branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">8. <i>Thalassoxanthium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">B. Numerous large alveoles within the central capsule (not in the
+      calymma).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spicula simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">9. <i>Physematium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">C. Numerous large alveoles within the calymma (not in the central
+      capsule).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spicula simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">10. <i>Thalassoplancta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spicula branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">11. <i>Lampoxanthium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 7. <i>Thalassosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_14" href="#Nt_14"><sup>[14]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1862,
+  Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 259.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Thalassosph�rida without alveoles, with simple, unbranched,
+  needle-shaped spicula in the calymma.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Thalassosph�ra</i> was founded by me in 1862 for those solitary <span
+  class="gsp">Collodaria</span> in which the simple central capsule is surrounded by scattered solid
+  spicula. <span class="pagenum" id="page31">{31}</span>I described these two different species, the
+  new <i>Thalassosph�ra bifurca</i> and the <i>Thalassosph�ra morum</i>, which J. M�ller had
+  formerly called <i>Thalassicolla morum</i>. This latter form is characterised by peculiar
+  <i>calcareous</i> bodies "looking in outline like the rowels of spurs, scattered irregularly in
+  the gelatinous envelope," and was therefore afterwards called "<i>Calcaromma calcarea</i>" by Sir
+  Wyville Thomson.<a id="NtA_15" href="#Nt_15"><sup>[15]</sup></a> As already mentioned above, these
+  calcareous rowels are foreign bodies, picked up by an <i>Actissa</i> (see p. <a
+  href="#page29">29</a>). I here confine the genus <i>Thalassosph�ra</i> to those solitary <span
+  class="gsp">Beloidea</span> in which the body exhibits no alveoles, and the siliceous solid
+  spicula in the calymma are quite simple needles.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Thalassosph�ra belonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula thin cylindrical rods, more or less curved, pointed at both ends, with smooth surface
+  (similar to the needles of <i>Rhaphidozoum italicum</i>). Central capsule spherical, three times
+  as large as the central nucleus, without larger oil-globules.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.1 to 0.12, length of the spicula
+  0.04 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Thalassosph�ra rhaphidium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula thick cylindrical rods, more or less curved, pointed at both ends, covered with
+  numerous strong conical thorns, perpendicular to the axis. Central capsule spherical, four times
+  as broad as the central nucleus, with twenty to thirty large oil-globules on the inside of the
+  membrane.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.2, length of the spicula 0.12 to
+  0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 8. <i>Thalassoxanthium</i>,<a id="NtA_16" href="#Nt_16"><sup>[16]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 470.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Thalassosph�rida without alveoles, with numerous branched or compound
+  spicula in the calymma.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Thalassoxanthium</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Thalassosph�ra</i>,
+  by the ramification of the spicula, and has therefore the same relation to it as <i>Sph�rozoum</i>
+  to <i>Belonozoum</i>. The soft unicellular body is as simple as in <i>Actissa</i>, and exhibits
+  alveoles neither in the capsule nor in the calymma.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Thalassoxanthella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spicula not geminate, but simply radiate, consisting of
+  three, four, or more needles or shanks, radiating in different directions from one and the same
+  point; shanks now simple or needle-like, now furcate or branched.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page32">{32}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Thalassoxanthium triactinium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) triradiate, composed of three (or sometimes in a few spicula four)
+  needle-like shanks of equal length, diverging from one common point. Shanks straight or somewhat
+  curved, smooth, pointed. Central capsule pellucid, twice as broad as its dark nucleus, without
+  larger oil-globules. Jelly-envelope very thin, with numerous xanthell�.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.1, of its nucleus 0.05, length of
+  the spicule-shanks 0.6 to 0.8.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Thalassoxanthium triradiatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) triradiate, composed of three (or sometimes in a few spicula four)
+  needle-like shanks of different length, diverging from one common point. Shanks curved or bent,
+  covered with small conical thorns. Central capsule dark, three times as large as the nucleus, with
+  numerous large oil-globules. Jelly-envelope thick, without xanthell�.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsule 0.2, of the nucleus 0.07, length of the
+  spicule-shanks 0.1 to 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 302, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Thalassoxanthium medusinum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>, fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) quadriradiate, irregular, composed of four (or sometimes in a few
+  spicula three) needle-like shanks (mostly of unequal length), diverging from one common point.
+  Shanks curved, pointed, thorny, covered with small spinules. Central capsule dusky, twice to three
+  times as large as its dark central nucleus. On the inside of the membrane numerous large
+  oil-globules. Jelly-envelope thin, with numerous xanthell�.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.45 to 0.5, of its nucleus 0.18 to
+  0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Thalassoxanthium hexactinium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) hexaradiate, composed of six (or sometimes in a few spicula three)
+  needle-like shanks, diverging in two opposite hemispheres (three needles upwards, three needles
+  downwards). Shanks somewhat curved, pointed, smooth. Central capsule yellowish-brown, dark, four
+  times as broad as its dark central nucleus. Jelly-envelope thick (about twice as broad as the
+  capsule), with very numerous xanthell�.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.3 to 0.4, of its nucleus 0.1 to
+  0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page33">{33}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Thalassoxanthium cervicorne</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>, figs. 3,
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all triradiate, trichotomously branched, with three equal shanks, which diverge from
+  one common point, and are again provided each with three branches on the distal end. These nine
+  branches are commonly once or twice forked (each fork rarely provided with three ramules). The
+  ramules are thin, unequal, curved, or bent, and the ramification nearly resembles a stag's horn.
+  Central capsule transparent, without oil-globules, two to three times as broad as the dark
+  nucleus, which contains one single long central nucleolus. Calymma thin, scarcely as thick as the
+  radius of the nucleus.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.2 to 0.25, of the nucleus 0.08 to
+  0.1, length of the spicula 0.05 to 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 271, 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Thalassoxanthomma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spicula all or partly geminate, consisting of one middle
+  or axial rod, from the two poles of which diverge two, three, or more shanks in different
+  directions. Shanks or needle-rays sometimes simple, needle-like, sometimes bifurcated or
+  branched.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Thalassoxanthium furcatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) geminate and simply forked, composed of a simple axial rod and two
+  simple, needle-like shanks on each end of it. Shanks straight, pointed, smooth, somewhat shorter
+  than the middle rod. Central capsule yellowish, dark, three times as broad as its central dark
+  nucleus; besides this a single oil-globule, nearly of the same size.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.1, of its nucleus 0.03; length of
+  the axial rod of the spicula 0.04, of its shanks 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cape Verde Islands.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Thalassoxanthium bifurcum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Thalassosph�ra bifurca</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 260, Taf. xii. fig.
+    1.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Sph�rozoum bifurcum</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 845.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate and double forked, composed of a simple axial rod and two forked branches
+  on each end; these branches are again forked, so that each spiculum exhibits eight thin distal
+  ends. All branches are thin, slender and straight. Central capsule red, four times as broad as the
+  central nucleus, containing between the red pigment-granules numerous, peculiar, violin-shaped
+  bodies (fat-corpuscles?). Compare fig. 1, <i>loc. cit.</i></p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.08, of the nucleus 0.02, length of
+  the spicula 0.05 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page34">{34}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Thalassoxanthium ovodimare</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate, composed of a simple, very short axial rod and three diverging shanks or
+  branches on each end of it; the shanks are very thin, straight, or little curved, and eight to ten
+  times as long as the axial rod. The spicula are quite smooth, as in the similar <i>Sph�rozoum
+  ovodimare</i> (in which, however, the axial rod is much longer). Central capsule transparent,
+  without oil-globules, twice as broad as the nucleus.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsule 0.4, of the nucleus 0.2, length of the spicula
+  0.1 to 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 273, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Thalassoxanthium punctatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate-triradiate, composed of a simple middle rod and of three diverging shanks
+  on each end of it; the shanks are thorny with small spinules and shorter than the axial rod, very
+  similar to the common <i>Sph�rozoum punctatum</i>. Central capsule dark, with numerous (twenty to
+  thirty) oil-globules on the inside of the membrane, three times as broad as the nucleus.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsule 0.3, of the nucleus 0.1, length of the spicula
+  0.05 to 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Thalassoxanthium octoceras</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>, fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate-quadriradiate, composed of a simple short middle rod and of four diverging
+  shanks on each end of it; the shanks are quite smooth, irregularly curved or bent, and four to
+  eight times as long as the middle rod. Central capsule dark, filled with pigment-granules, without
+  oil-globules, four times as large as the nucleus.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsule 0.5, of the nucleus 0.12, length of the
+  spicula 0.2 to 0.4.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 9. <i>Physematium</i>,<a id="NtA_17" href="#Nt_17"><sup>[17]</sup></a> Meyen, 1834, Nova
+  Acta Acad. Nat. Curios., vol. xvi., Suppl., p. 286 (p. 162).</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Thalassosph�rida</span> with large numerous alveoles
+  within the central capsule (not in the calymma), and with numerous simple, needle-shaped spicula
+  in the calymma.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Physematium</i> is, together with the colony-forming
+  <i>Sph�rozoum</i>, the first Radiolarian which was observed in the living state, described in 1834
+  by Meyen. It is most nearly allied to <i>Thalassolampe</i>, and has the same large roundish
+  alveoles within the central capsule, which reaches therefore an extraordinary size, 5 to 10 mm. It
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page35">{35}</span>differs from the latter by the possession of spicula
+  in the calymma. The peculiar "centripetale Zell-gruppen" on the inside of the capsule-membrane are
+  probably due to radial cleavages of the endoplasm; as also occurs in other <span
+  class="gsp">Collodaria</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Physematium m�lleri</i>, Schneider.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Physematium m�lleri</i>, Schneider, 1858, Archiv. f. Anat. u. Physiol., p. 38, Taf. iii.
+    B, figs. 1-5.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Physematium m�lleri</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 256, Taf. iii.
+    figs. 6-9.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spherical body limpid, somewhat opalescent, sometimes a little yellowish or brownish, rather
+  soft. Central capsule with a thin, but firm, transparent membrane, its diameter eight to ten times
+  as large as that of the central spherical nucleus. Membrane of the nucleus thick, porous, on its
+  inside with some nucleoli. In the protoplasmic network between the large intracapsular alveoles,
+  numerous large, pale, yellowish, or orange oil-globules. On the inside of the membrane numerous
+  conical bodies, centripetally directed with the apex towards the centre; every conical body
+  ("kegelf�rmige centripetale Zellgruppe") composed of three to nine (commonly four or five)
+  nucleated cells (mother-cells of the spores?); in the axis of the cone there is often a yellowish,
+  orange, or brown oil-globule. Extracapsular jelly-envelope thin, with short pseudopodia. Xanthell�
+  scarce or wanting. Spicula scattered in the jelly numerous, small, simple needles, commonly C- or
+  S-like curved, smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the whole jelly-sphere 3 to 6 mm., of the central capsule
+  1 to 5 mm., of the nucleus 0.1 to 0.5, length of the spicula 0.05 to 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Messina; Schneider, Haeckel; surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Physematium atlanticum</i>, Meyen.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Physematium atlanticum</i>, Meyen, 1834, Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Curios., vol.
+    xvi., Suppl., p. 286 (162), Taf. xxxviii. (xxviii.) figs. 1-3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spherical body opalescent, pearl-like, with a violet or purple lustre, very soft. Central
+  capsule with a strong, semi-transparent membrane, its diameter six to eight times as large as that
+  of the central spherical nucleus. Membrane of the nucleus very thick, porous, on its inside with
+  many small nucleoli. In the protoplasmic network between the alveoles very numerous, small, purple
+  oil-globules. On the inside of the membrane a continuous simple layer of small nuclei, enclosed in
+  radially striped protoplasm (mother-cells of the spores?). No centripetal conical bodies.
+  Extracapsular jelly-envelope very thin, with short pseudopodia. No xanthell�. Spicule scattered in
+  the jelly numerous, small needles, straight or slightly curved, thorny owing to numerous small
+  vertical spinules. This species and <i>Thalassolampe maxima</i> (p. <a href="#page17">17</a>)
+  possess the largest central capsule.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the whole jelly-sphere 8 to 12 mm., of the central capsule
+  5 to 10 mm., of the nucleus 1 to 2 mm., length of the spicula 0.1 to 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Eastern Atlantic, between Canary Islands and Cape Verde
+  Islands, Meyen; Lanzerote, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page36">{36}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 10. <i>Thalassoplancta</i>,<a id="NtA_18" href="#Nt_18"><sup>[18]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 261.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Thalassosph�rida</span> with numerous large alveoles
+  in the calymma (but not in the central capsule), and with numerous simple, needle-shaped spicula
+  around the central capsule.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Thalassoplancta</i> was founded by me in 1862 for a Radiolarian with
+  simple hollow needles in the calymma, which was afterwards recognised as a Ph�odarium, belonging
+  to <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Cannorhaphis'.">Cannorrhaphis</span></i>. We
+  here retain this name for a true Thalassosph�rid, very similar to the latter, but distinguished by
+  the absence of the ph�odium and the solid&mdash;not hollow&mdash;needle-shaped spicula, which are
+  scattered in the alveolated calymma. <i>Thalassoplancta</i> can be regarded as the solitary form
+  of the social <i>Belonozoum</i>.<a id="NtA_19" href="#Nt_19"><sup>[19]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Thalassoplancta longispicula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula long and thin, cylindrical, smooth, more or less bent, pointed at both ends, similar to
+  those of <i>Thalassoplancta cavispicula</i>. Central capsule thin-walled, without oil-globules,
+  four times as broad as the nucleus, which encloses one single nucleolus.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsule 0.6, of the nucleus 0.15, of the calymma 4
+  mm.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Thalassoplancta brevispicula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>, fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lampoxanthium brevispiculum</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Atlas.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spicula short and thick, thorny, irregularly curved, pointed at both ends, very numerous. In
+  the observed specimen all spicula were aggregated in the outer part of the voluminous calymma,
+  whilst the inner alveolated part was devoid of them. Central capsule thick walled, with a layer of
+  large oil-globules on its inner surface, twice as broad as the large nucleus which contains
+  numerous nucleoli.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.5, of the nucleus 0.2, of the
+  calymma 2.5.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 334, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 11. <i>Lampoxanthium</i>,<a id="NtA_20" href="#Nt_20"><sup>[20]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Thalassosph�rida</span> with numerous large alveoles
+  in the calymma (but not in the central capsule), and with numerous branched or compound spicula in
+  the calymma.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page37">{37}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lampoxanthium</i> differs from the foregoing, <i>Thalassoplancta</i>,
+  by the composite form of the spicula, which are not simple needles, but radiate or geminate, or
+  branched in different forms; the former stands therefore in the same relation to the latter as the
+  social <i>Belonozoum</i> to <i>Sph�rozoum</i>. The spicula of some species of <i>Lampoxanthium</i>
+  are identical with those of some species of <i>Sph�rozoum</i>, so that the latter may be derived
+  from the former by forming colonies. The large central capsule is enveloped by a very voluminous
+  alveolated calymma, and includes a large central nucleus with numerous nucleoli.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Lampoxanthella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spicula all (or nearly all) of one kind, radiate.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Lampoxanthium tetractinium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) tetraradiate, with four thorny, straight, pointed shanks, radiating
+  from one common point. (Intermingled with these are often some few, thorny, triradiate spicula.)
+  On the inside of the capsule a layer of large oil-globules as in <i>Thalassoplancta</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>, fig. 2.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.2, of the nucleus 0.08, of the
+  calymma 0.8.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Lampoxanthomma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spicula all (or nearly all) of one kind, geminate-radiate,
+  with a simple middle rod and two to four diverging shanks on each end of it.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Lampoxanthium punctatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate-triradiate, thorny, of the same form as in the common <i>Sph�rozoum
+  punctatum</i>, of which this species is the large solitary representative. The spicula are
+  aggregated in a very condensed layer on the surface of the large calymma.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsule 0.8, of the nucleus 0.6, of the calymma
+  2.0.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 248, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Lampoxanthium octoceras</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate-quadriradiate, with a very short simple middle rod and four very long
+  divergent shanks on both ends of it; the shanks are smooth, five to ten times as long as the
+  middle <span class="pagenum" id="page38">{38}</span>rod, irregularly bent and curved. (Differs
+  from the similar <i>Thalassoxanthium octoceras</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>, fig. 6, by
+  slender, more curved shanks, and by the voluminous calymma, there entirely wanting.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsule 0.5, of the nucleus 0.2, of the calymma
+  3.0.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 331, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Lampoxanthura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spicula of two or three different kinds, simple, radiate,
+  and geminate-radiate mixed.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Lampoxanthium pandora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>, fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula mixed, of three different kinds&mdash;simple, radiate and geminate-radiate; all three
+  kinds partly smooth, partly thorny. The simple needles short, thin spindle-shaped, often curved.
+  The radiate spicula commonly with three or four, rarely five or six, unequal rays, straight or
+  curved. The radiate-geminate spicula commonly with three, rarely four, shanks on each end, often
+  different on both ends of the middle rod. The size, number, and form of the irregular spicula are
+  here quite as variable as in the social <i>Rhaphidozoum pandora</i>, of which it is the solitary
+  representative. The wall of the large central capsule is very thick, with evident pore-canals,
+  separated by a clear interval from the coagulated and vacuolated endoplasm, which contains no
+  oil-globules. Nucleus with numerous nucleoli.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.5 to 0.6, of the nucleus 0.1 to 0.2,
+  of the calymma 2 to 4 mm.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family IV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Sph�rozoida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Sph�rozoida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 521.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> socialia.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Sph�rozoida</span> comprises all associated or colony-forming
+  Radiolaria, which are provided with an imperfect skeleton, composed of numerous solid needles or
+  spicula, scattered around the central capsule in the calymma. The structure and form of this
+  skeleton is quite the same as in the preceding solitary Thalassosph�rida, but on the other hand,
+  the structure and form of the colonies and of the included numerous central capsules is the same
+  as in the skeletonless Collozoida.</p>
+
+  <p>The oldest well-known form of Sph�rozoida is the common cosmopolitan <i>Sph�rozoum
+  punctatum</i>, probably first observed in 1834 by Meyen, and called <i>Sph�rozoum fuscum</i>,
+  afterwards more accurately described by Huxley in 1851.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page39">{39}</span></div>
+
+  <p>Other forms were afterwards described by M�ller and by myself in 1862.<a id="NtA_21"
+  href="#Nt_21"><sup>[21]</sup></a> Further investigations have shown me that some species of this
+  family are among the most common Radiolaria, and occur in astonishing numbers on the surface of
+  all warmer seas. But the number of species is comparatively small, and their distinction is very
+  difficult, as all the different forms are very variable and connected by intermediate
+  forms&mdash;a truly "<i>transformistic</i>" group.</p>
+
+  <p>The only character sufficient for the constitution of genera in this transformistic group is
+  found in the form and composition of the spicula; the very variable form of the jelly-calymma and
+  the enclosed central capsule being without value for this purpose. But also the form of the
+  spicula is very variable, and not always constant. In some species the particular form of the
+  spicula is transmitted by constant heredity, whilst in others it is very inconstant, even in one
+  and the same individual. (Compare the remarks on variability in the general introduction.)</p>
+
+  <p>As the number of various forms is rather great, it seems to be advisable to distinguish the
+  three following genera.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Sph�rozoida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Sph�rozoida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Sph�rozoida">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">A. Spicula all of one kind, simple or needle-shaped,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">12. <i>Belonozoum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">B. Spicula all of one kind, branched or radiate, or geminate,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">13. <i>Sph�rozoum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05 pr2">C.  Spicula of two more different kinds, partly simple, partly
+      branched,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">14. <i>Rhaphidozoum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 12. <i>Belonozoum</i>,<a id="NtA_22" href="#Nt_22"><sup>[22]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Sph�rozoida</span> with simple needle-shaped
+  spicula, which are neither radiate nor branched.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Belonozoum</i> comprises the Sph�rozoida with simple needle-shaped
+  spicula, and may be regarded as the colonial form of <i>Thalassosph�ra</i> or
+  <i>Thalassoplancta</i>, derived from these solitary <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span> by
+  multiplication of the capsules and union in a common calymma.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Belonozoum bacillosum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Sph�rozoum bacillosum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spicula all simple rods, straight cylindrical, obtuse at both ends, quite smooth. Central
+  capsule pellucid, with one single central oil-globule.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.08 to 0.12, length of the spicula
+  0.05 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page40">{40}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Belonozoum spinulosum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Sph�rozoum spinulosum</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54,
+    Taf. viii. fig. 4.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Sph�rozoum spinulosum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 527, Taf.
+    xxxiii. figs. 3, 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spicula all simple rods, straight cylindrical, obtuse on both ends, thorny with numerous small
+  spines, placed vertically on the rods.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.08 to 0.1, length of the spicula
+  0.05 to 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Nice, J. M�ller; Messina, Haeckel; Naples,
+  Brandt; surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Belonozoum italicum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Sph�rozoum italicum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 526, Taf.
+    xxxiii. figs. 1, 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spicula all simple rods, more or less curved or bent, pointed at both ends, quite smooth.
+  Central capsule with a variable number (commonly five to twenty) of oil-globules.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.1 to 0.3, length of the spicula 0.05
+  to 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Nice, Naples, Messina, Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Belonozoum atlanticum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Sph�rozoum atlanticum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spicula all together simple rods, more or less curved or bent, pointed at both ends, thorny
+  from numerous small spines, placed vertically on the rods.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.1 to 0.2, length of the spicula 0.07
+  to 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 13. <i>Sph�rozoum</i>,<a id="NtA_23" href="#Nt_23"><sup>[23]</sup></a> Meyen, 1834, Nova
+  Acta Acad. Nat. Curios., Bd. xvi., Suppl., p. 287 (p. 163).</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Sph�rozoida</span> with branched or radiate spicula
+  of one kind.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sph�rozoum</i>, with <i>Physematium</i> one of the two oldest
+  Radiolaria, observed in the living state, was founded 1834 by Meyen for one of the social <span
+  class="gsp">Beloidea</span>, which was probably the common cosmopolitan <i>Sph�rozoum
+  punctatum</i>, the true type of this genus. Johannes M�ller described a number of species, which
+  were partly skeletonless (<i>Collozoum</i>), partly armed with simple or with compound spicula.
+  The species with simple spicula we refer here to <i>Belonozoum</i>, the species with two or more
+  different kinds of spicula to <i>Rhaphidozoum</i>, while we unite in <i>Sph�rozoum</i> all species
+  with one kind of branched or compound spicula. <span class="correction"
+  title="Added by Addenda.">The two following species are incompletely known:&mdash;<i>Sph�rozoum
+  orientale</i>, Dana, 1863, <i>Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.</i>, vol. xii. p. 54. <i>Sph�rozoum
+  sanderi</i>, D&#x0153;nitz, 1871, L. N. <a href="#ln60">60</a>, p. 71.</span></p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page41">{41}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Sph�rozonactis</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spicula radiate, not geminate, consisting of three, four,
+  or more needles or shanks, radiating in different directions from one common central point.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Sph�rozoum triactinium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) triradiate, composed of three (or sometimes in few spicula four)
+  needle-like shanks, diverging from one common point. Shanks straight or somewhat curved, smooth,
+  pointed. Central capsules spherical, with one central oil-vesicle. This species may be regarded as
+  the social form of <i>Thalassoxanthium triactinium</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.1 to 0.12, length of the
+  spicula-shanks 0.05 to 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Sph�rozoum medusinum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) quadriradiate, composed of four (or sometimes in few spicula three)
+  needle-like shanks (mostly of unequal length), diverging from one common point. Shanks slightly
+  curved, pointed, thorny, covered with small spinules. Central capsules ellipsoidal, containing
+  several (four to eight) oil-vesicles. This species may be regarded as the social form of the
+  solitary <i>Thalassoxanthium medusinum</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>, fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.15 to 0.18, length of the
+  spicula-shanks 0.08 to 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Sph�rozoum hamatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) quadriradiate, composed of four (or sometimes in few spicula three)
+  needle-like shanks, mostly of very different size, diverging from one common point. Shanks strong,
+  straight, curved, or hook-like; thorny, covered with small spinules on the distal extremity.
+  Central capsules ellipsoidal, large, containing many (ten to twenty) oil-globules. This large
+  species is distinguished by the very irregular form and size of the spicula.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.2 to 0.25, length of the
+  spicula-shanks 0.12 to 0.18.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Sph�rozoum hexactinium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) hexaradiate, composed of six (or sometimes in few spicula five or
+  seven) needle-like shanks, mostly of equal size, diverging from one common point in two opposite
+  hemispheres (three needles upwards, three needles downwards). Shanks somewhat curved, pointed,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page42">{42}</span>smooth. Central capsules spherical, small, with one
+  central oil-globule. This species may be regarded as the social form of <i>Thalassoxanthium
+  hexactinium</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.06 to 0.08, length of the
+  spicula-shanks 0.05 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Sph�rozonoceras</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spicula all geminate-radiate, consisting of one middle
+  rod, which bears an equal and constant number of rays (two, three, or four) at each end.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Sph�rozoum furcatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) geminate and simply forked, composed of a simple axial rod and two
+  simple needle-like shanks on each end of it. Shanks straight, pointed, smooth, commonly somewhat
+  longer than the middle rod.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.1 to 0.15, length of the axial rod
+  of the spicula 0.03, of its shanks 0.04 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical zone of the Atlantic, near Ascension Island, Station
+  344, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Sph�rozoum furculosum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) geminate and simply forked, composed of a simple axial rod and two
+  simple needle-like shanks on each end of it. Shanks curved or bent, pointed, thorny, with many
+  small spinules, commonly somewhat shorter than the middle rod.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.2 to 0.25, length of the axial rod
+  of the spicula 0.1, of its shanks 0.05 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, near Tristan da Cunha, Station 334,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Sph�rozoum ovodimare</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp3">
+    <p><i>Sph�rozoum ovodimare</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 527, Taf. xxxiii. figs. 5,
+    6.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Sph�rozoum punctatum</i>, var., Brandt, 1881, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
+    d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf. i. fig. 54.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) geminate and triradiate, composed of a long simple axial rod and
+  three simple needle-like shanks on each end of it. Shanks straight, pointed, smooth, commonly
+  shorter than the middle rod. (Often few furcate or four-rayed spicula are intermixed, or few
+  spicula are not smooth, but thorny.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.05 to 0.2, length of the middle rod
+  of the spicula 0.02 to 0.06, of its shanks 0.01 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Naples, Messina, Haeckel; Atlantic, Canary
+  Islands, Cape Verde Islands, West Coast of Africa, Stations 351 to 354; surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page43">{43}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Sph�rozoum trigeminum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) geminate-triradiate, composed of a short simple axial middle rod
+  and three simple needle-like shanks on each end of it. Shanks curved or bent, very thin, smooth,
+  commonly much longer than the middle rod. (Often few quadriradiate or few thorny triradiate
+  spicules are interspersed among the others.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the middle rod of the spicula 0.02 to 0.04, of its shanks
+  0.03 to 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Stations 244 to 248, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Sph�rozoum punctatum</i>, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Sph�rozoum punctatum</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54,
+    Taf. viii. figs. 1, 2.</p>
+    <p><i>Sph�rozoum punctatum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 528, Taf. xxxiii. figs.
+    7-9.</p>
+    <p><i>Sph�rozoum fuscum</i>, Meyen, 1834, Nova Acta Acad. Nat. Cur., vol. xvi. Taf. xxxviii.
+    fig. 7.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Thalassicolla punctata</i>, Huxley, 1851, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2,
+    vol. viii. p. 434, pl. xvi. figs. 1, 2, 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spicula all (or nearly all) geminate-triradiate, composed of a long simple axial middle rod and
+  three simple needle-like shanks on each end of it. Shanks straight, pointed, thorny, with many
+  small spines, commonly somewhat shorter than the middle rod. (Often few furcate or four-rayed
+  spicula are intermingled, or some of the spicula are smooth.) This cosmopolitan species is
+  extremely variable, and produces interesting transitional forms to many other species of the
+  genus. Compare also the general remarks on the genus, and the chapter on "Transformation" in the
+  general introduction.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the middle rod of the spicula 0.02 to 0.06, of its shanks
+  0.01 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan, common in nearly all warmer seas,
+  Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Pacific; surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Sph�rozoum armatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>,
+  <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'figs. 1, 9', but fig. 1
+  does not relate">fig. 9</span>).</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate-triradiate, with a stout and short middle rod and three arborescent shanks
+  on each end of it. Shanks longer than the middle rod, very stout, straight, pine-shaped, with six
+  to twelve irregular, spinulated, lateral branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.04 to 0.08, length of the middle
+  rod of the spicula 0.02 to 0.03, of its shanks 0.05 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Japan, Station 239, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Sph�rozoum alveolatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>, figs. 2,
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all together geminate-triradiate, with a simple stout middle rod and three arborescent
+  shanks on each end of it. Shanks more or less curved, slender, pine-shaped, with four to eight
+  short, thorny lateral branches. In all c&#x0153;nobia of this remarkable species the central
+  capsules are enclosed in large thick-walled alveoles (of three times their breadth), and in each
+  alveole is placed besides <span class="pagenum" id="page44">{44}</span>the capsule one single very
+  large spiculum, whilst the others are much smaller (fig. 3). All the alveolated capsules are
+  placed in one single stratum on the surface of the jelly-like spherical c&#x0153;nobium,
+  comparable to the blastoderm-cells of a blastula.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.08 to 0.1, of the alveoles 0.2 to
+  0.4, length of the spicula 0.1 to 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific (Juan Fernandez), Station 300, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Sph�rozoum verticillatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>, fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate-triradiate, with a short simple middle rod and three much longer
+  arborescent shanks on each end of it. Shanks straight, slender, pine-shaped, each in the distal
+  half with three to four elegant verticils of thorny lateral branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsules 0.1 to 0.12, middle rod of the spicula 0.03
+  to 0.05, shanks 0.1 to 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, Haeckel; Madagascar, Rabbe;
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Sph�rozoum octoceras</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate-quadriradiate, with a short simple middle rod and four diverging shanks on
+  each end of it. Shanks smooth, irregularly curved or bent, three to six times as long as the
+  middle rod. It may be regarded as the social form of <i>Thalassoxanthium octoceras</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate2"><b>2</b></a>, fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsules 0.12 to 0.16, middle rod of the spicula 0.02,
+  shanks 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Australia, south coast, Faber; Station 163, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Sph�rozoum quadrigeminum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate-quadriradiate, with a long thick middle rod and four shorter diverging
+  shanks on each end of it. Shanks straight, thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsules 0.06 to 0.08, length of the spicula 0.05 to
+  0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Azores, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Sph�rozoum araucaria</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate-quadriradiate, with stout straight middle rod and four longer diverging
+  shanks on each end of it. Shanks arborescent, with six to twelve thorny lateral branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsules 0.1 to 0.15, length of the spicula 0.05 to
+  0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, coast of Brazil, Rabbe; surface.</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Sph�rozoum arborescens</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>, fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate-quadriradiate, with a stout straight middle rod and four longer diverging
+  shanks on each end of it. Shanks arborescent, pine-shaped, with four to six verticils of lateral
+  branches, which again are ramified and thorny.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page45">{45}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsules 0.16 to 0.18, length of the spicula 0.1 to
+  0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic (Tristan da Cunha), Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Sph�rozonura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spicula all geminate-radiate, but with a different and
+  variable number of shanks on each end of the middle rod.</p>
+
+  <p>17. <i>Sph�rozoum stellatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate-radiate, with a strong middle rod and a variable number of shorter
+  radiating shanks on the two ends of it. Shanks straight, nearly conical, smooth; for the most part
+  three or four shanks on each end, but sometimes also five or six; very often this number is
+  unequal on the two ends.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.1 to 0.2, length of the spicula
+  0.05 to 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>18. <i>Sph�rozoum geminatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>, fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate-radiate, with a strong middle rod and a variable number of longer radiant
+  shanks on each end of it. Shanks straight, conical, in the distal half thorny; commonly either
+  three or four shanks on each end of the middle rod, often also three on one end, four on the other
+  end; rarely five or six rays on one end.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsules 0.15 to 0.2, length of the spicula 0.05 to
+  0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, Haeckel; surface.</p>
+
+  <p>19. <i>Sph�rozoum circumtextum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate-radiate, with a very variable number of rays (two to six) on each end of
+  the thin middle rod. All spicula very thin and delicate, smooth, with curved or bent shanks,
+  densely covering the central capsule like a cobweb. The number of rays on each end is usually
+  different, generally four or five, often also two or three, rarely six.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsule 0.1 to 0.2, length of the spicula 0.04 to
+  0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Southeast part of the Indian Ocean, Station 160, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>20. <i>Sph�rozoum variabile</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>, fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula all geminate-radiate, with a short middle rod and a variable number of shanks on each
+  end of it. Shanks four to eight times as long as the middle rod, curved or bent, in the distal
+  half thorny; their number is commonly different on the two ends of it, three or five, often also
+  four or six, rarely two; their size and form very variable.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page46">{46}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsules 0.1 to 0.3, length of the spicula 0.1 to
+  0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 248, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 14. <i>Rhaphidozoum</i>,<a id="NtA_24" href="#Nt_24"><sup>[24]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1862,
+  Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 529.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Sph�rozoida with two or more different kinds of spicula; one kind
+  simple, needle-shaped; the other kinds compound, radiate, or branched.</p>
+
+  <p>The genus <i>Rhaphidozoum</i> differs from <i>Sph�rozoum</i> by the composition of the skeleton
+  of two or more different kinds of spicula, and has therefore the same relation to it as the
+  solitary <i>Lampoxanthura</i> to <i>Lampoxanthella</i>.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">In some species nearly all the different forms, which characterise the numerous
+  species of <span class="gsp">Beloidea</span>, may be united in one and the same individual.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Rhaphidonactis</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spicula of two different kinds; one kind simple,
+  needle-shaped, the other radiate (composed of three, four, or more shanks, diverging from one
+  common point).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Rhaphidozoum pelagicum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula of two different kinds; one kind simple thin needles, a little curved or bent, the
+  other kind triradiate, with three thin, curved shanks. Both kinds smooth, without thorns.
+  Resembles a combination of <i>Belonozoum italicum</i> and <i>Sph�rozoum triactinium</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.1 to 0.12, length of the spicula
+  0.05 to 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 267, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Rhaphidozoum pacificum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula of two different kinds; one kind simple needles, stout and straight, pointed at both
+  ends, the other kind triradiate, with three straight and stout shanks. Both kinds thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsule 0.06 to 0.08, length of the spicula
+  0.05 to 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Rhaphidozoum acuferum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Rhaphidozoum acuferum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 529, Taf. xxxii. figs.
+    9-11.</p>
+    <p><i>Sph�rozoum acuferum</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54,
+    Taf. viii. fig. 3.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Thalassicolla acufera</i>, J. M�ller, 1855, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 237.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spicula of two different kinds, simple needles and quadriradiate; both strong, thorny, covered
+  with small spinules. Simple needles mostly curved, C-shaped. Four shanks of the quadriradiate
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page47">{47}</span>spicula now straight, now curved, commonly of very
+  different size. (Often one single quadriradiate spiculum is distinguished by its extraordinary
+  size.) For the detailed description of this species compare my Monograph (<i>loc. cit.</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.05 to 0.35, length of the simple
+  needles 0.05 to 0.25, shanks of the quadriradiate spicula 0.05 to 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Messina, Naples, Nice.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Rhaphidozoum arachnoides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula of two different kinds; one kind simple, needle-like, the other quadriradiate; both
+  very thin and slender, smooth, without spicules. Simple needles curved, C-shaped. Four shanks of
+  the quadriradiate spicula also curved, commonly of nearly equal size. The numerous thread-like
+  spicula of this species are so densely packed around the central capsule, that they extend all
+  around its surface like the network round a balloon.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.12 to 0.15, length of the simple
+  needles 0.1 to 0.12, shanks of the quadriradiate spicula 0.06 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 345, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Rhaphidozoum asperum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula of two different kinds; one kind simple, needle-shaped, stout, and straight, the other
+  kind hexaradiate; its six shanks about half as long as the former, conical. Both kinds very
+  thorny, covered with short conical spinules.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsules 0.06 to 0.08, length of the simple needles
+  0.05 to 0.07, shanks of the hexaradiate spicula 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Rhaphidoceras</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spicula of two different kinds; one kind simple,
+  needle-shaped, the other kind geminate-radiate, with rays on both poles of a middle rod.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Rhaphidozoum neapolitanum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Sph�rozoum neapolitanum</i>, C. Brandt, 1881, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
+    d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 390, Taf. i. figs. 14, 16-18.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spicula mixed, of two different kinds; simple needles and geminate-forked. Simple rods, like
+  those of <i>Belonozoum italicum</i>, more or less curved, pointed at both ends, smooth (sometimes
+  a little thorny at both ends). Geminate spicula simply forked, like those of <i>Sph�rozoum
+  furcatum</i>, composed of a short, simple, axial rod, and two simple, smooth, straight shanks on
+  each end of it, commonly somewhat longer than the middle rod. This species, which I have observed
+  myself in Spezzia in great quantity, is quite as variable as all the other species of the genus,
+  and has not more claim to specific rights than the others. Commonly the simple needles are much
+  more numerous <span class="pagenum" id="page48">{48}</span>than the geminate-forked, but sometimes
+  the contrary is the case. On their variability compare the general remarks on the genus, and the
+  chapter on "Transformation" in the general introduction.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the simple spicula 0.05 to 0.1, of the middle rod of the
+  forked spicule 0.05 to 0.08, of their shanks 0.01 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Naples, Spezzia, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Rhaphidozoum patagonicum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula mixed, of two different kinds, simple needles and geminate-triradiate. Simple rods,
+  like those of <i>Belonozoum spinulosum</i>, straight, thorny, pointed at both ends. Geminate
+  spicula double-triradiate, like those of <i>Sph�rozoum punctatum</i>, composed of a simple, short,
+  axial rod and three simple pointed shanks on each end of it. Shanks straight, thorny, with many
+  small spinules, commonly somewhat longer than the middle rod. (Often some of the spicula of both
+  kinds are smooth, not thorny, or not straight, but a little curved, or a few forked or
+  four-radiated geminate spicula are mingled with the others.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.08 to 0.2, length of the simple
+  spicula 0.1 to 0.15, of the geminate 0.08 to 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, west coast of Patagonia, Station 302,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Rhaphidozoum ascensionis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula mixed, of two different kinds, simple needles and geminate-triradiate; both kinds thin,
+  smooth, without spinules. Simple needles somewhat curved, C- or S-shaped. Geminate spicula
+  double-triradiate, composed of a simple, short, straight axial rod and three slender curved shanks
+  on each end of it. Shanks two to four times longer than the middle rod. (Sometimes few simple
+  hexaradiate and geminate tetraradiate spicula are mingled.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central capsules 0.12 to 0.15, length of the simple
+  spicula 0.1, of the double-triradiate 0.05 to 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, off Ascension Island, Station 342,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Rhaphidozoum capense</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula of two different kinds; one kind simple, needle-shaped, straight, pointed at both ends,
+  the other kind geminate-quadriradiate, with a stout short middle rod and four longer bent shanks
+  on each end of it. Both kinds smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsules 0.2 to 0.25, length of the simple needles
+  0.01 to 0.3, of the geminate spicula 0.05 to 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cape of Good Hope (Agulhas), Station 142, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Rhaphidozoum australe</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula of two different kinds; one kind simple, needle-shaped, curved, thin; the other kind
+  geminate, with a variable number of shanks on both ends of the shorter middle rod, often <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page49">{49}</span>different on the two poles of it. The prevalent number of
+  rays on each end is three or four, often also two or five, rarely six. All spicula smooth, more or
+  less bent.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsules 0.1 to 0.2, length of the spicula 0.05 to
+  0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South West Pacific, Station 165, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Rhaphidonura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spicula of three different kinds: one kind simple,
+  needle-shaped; the second kind radiate, with three to six shanks radiating from a common central
+  point; the third kind geminate-radiate, with rays on both poles of a middle rod.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Rhaphidozoum polymorphum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula of three different kinds; simple needles, radiate, and geminate mixed. The simple
+  needles straight and stout. The radiate spicula commonly with three or six, rarely four or five,
+  rays. The geminate-radiate spicula prevalent, with three or four, rarely two or five, shanks on
+  each end of the middle rod. Number very variable. All shanks straight and smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsule 0.1 to 0.2, length of the spicula 0.05 to
+  0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Rhaphidozoum pandora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate4"><b>4</b></a>, fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Spicula of three different kinds; simple needles, radiate and geminate mixed. The simple
+  needles thin spindle-shaped, often curved. The radiate spicula commonly with three or four, rarely
+  five or six, curved rays. The geminate-radiate spicula commonly with three or four, rarely two or
+  five, shanks on each end, often different on the two ends of the middle rod. Number and form very
+  variable. All or most of the shanks more or less bent and thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the capsule 0.1 to 0.3, length of the spicula 0.05 to
+  0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic (near Ascension Island), Station 343,
+  surface.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h3>Order II. SPH�RELLARIA, Haeckel, 1881.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc31">
+    <p><i>Sph�rellaria</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 421.</p>
+    <p><i>Sph�ridea</i> vel <i>Peripylea</i>, Hertwig, 1879, Organismus der Radiol., p. 133.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> with latticed or spongy shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The order <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, the second order of Radiolaria, comprises all
+  those <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> in which the skeleton is a latticed or fenestrated,
+  often more or less spongy, siliceous shell. Originally this shell is a simple extracapsular
+  lattice-sphere, in which the central capsule is included; from this simple ancestral form an
+  enormous <span class="pagenum" id="page50">{50}</span>mass of different and often very complicated
+  forms is derived; this order is by far the largest, and in morphological respects the most
+  important and most interesting, of all Radiolaria. It contains not less than twenty-eight
+  different families, three hundred and five genera, and more than sixteen hundred species.</p>
+
+  <p>In my Monograph (1862) seven families appertaining to this group are described&mdash;the
+  Ethmosph�rida, Cladococcida, Ommatida, Spongurida, Discida, Lithelida, and Collosph�rida. The
+  astonishing increase of this group by the detection of a large series of new and interesting
+  forms, and particularly of important connecting forms between very different branches of it, now
+  enables me to give a much better arrangement. I discern now four suborders or sections of <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, according to the different geometrical form of the central
+  capsule and of the latticed shell enveloping it. The first of these, and the common ancestral
+  group of the whole order, is the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, with spherical capsule; in
+  the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> it becomes ellipsoidal or cylindrical by prolongation of
+  one axis; in the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> lenticular or discoidal by shortening of one
+  axis; in the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> lentelliptical, or triaxon-ellipsoid, by different
+  growth of the capsule in three different "dimensive axes."</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Four Suborders of</i> <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>.</h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Four Suborders of
+  Sph�rellaria" summary="Synopsis of the Four Suborders of
+  Sph�rellaria">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05" style="width:16.3em">Central capsule spherical.</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05" style="width:16.5em">Shell a simple sphere or a system of concentric
+      spheres,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">1. <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Central capsule ellipsoidal or cylindrical.</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Shell a simple ellipsoid or a cylinder with annular transverse
+      constrictions,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">2. <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Central capsule lenticular or discoidal.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Shell a biconvex lens or a flat disk,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">3. <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Central capsule lentelliptical or triaxon.</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Shell a triaxon-ellipsoid, with three different axes,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">4. <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp3 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Four Suborders of
+  Sph�rellaria" summary="Synopsis of the Four Suborders of
+  Sph�rellaria">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Central capsule spherical.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell a simple sphere or a system of concentric spheres,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Central capsule ellipsoidal or cylindrical.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell a simple ellipsoid or a cylinder with annular transverse
+      constrictions,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Central capsule lenticular or discoidal.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell a biconvex lens or a flat disk,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Central capsule lentelliptical or triaxon.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell a triaxon-ellipsoid, with three different axes,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h3>Suborder I. SPH�ROIDEA, Haeckel.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem pc30">
+    <p><i>Sph�roida</i>, <i>Sph�ridea</i>, <i>Sph�rida</i>, Haeckel, 1878, Protistenreich, p.
+    103.</p>
+    <p><i>Sph�ridea</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus der Radiol., p. 39.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> with spherical central capsule
+  (very rarely somewhat modified, or allomorphous); with spherical fenestrated siliceous shell
+  (often an endospherical polyhedron, very rarely of more modified, subspherical form or
+  allomorphous). Growth of the shell in the three dimensive axes equal.</p>
+
+  <p>The suborder <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, the first and most important of the four of
+  the <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, comprises those <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> in
+  which the original geometrical <span class="pagenum" id="page51">{51}</span>spherical form is
+  quite constantly preserved in the central capsule, and commonly also in the fenestrated shell
+  enveloping the latter, although in many forms the sphere is more or less modified; very frequently
+  it is an "endospherical polyhedron," <i>i.e.</i>, a polyhedron all the angles (or the nodes of the
+  network) of which lie upon the surface of a geometrical sphere; more rarely the spherical form is
+  more or less modified and irregular. In the great majority of <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>
+  there is no external indication of the three dimensive axes; but in many forms they are indicated
+  by the regular position of certain external radial spines or internal radial beams. However, in no
+  case are those three axes expressed in the form of the shell itself and of the enclosed spherical
+  central capsule; this is the main character by which the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>
+  differ from the following sections:&mdash;<span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, all three of which arise from
+  them.</p>
+
+  <p>The section <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, in the sense here restricted, was founded by
+  me in my Protistenreich (1878, p. 103) and adopted by Hertwig (1879) in his Organismus der
+  Radiolarien (p. 39). The different groups appertaining to this large section were characterised
+  more accurately in my Prodromus (1881, pp. 448-456); there I gave the characters of six
+  subfamilies with thirty tribes, containing ninety-three genera. Formerly, in my Monograph (1862),
+  the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> were disposed in five different
+  families:&mdash;Ethmosph�rida, Cladococcida, Ommatida, Spongosph�rida, Collosph�rida. At that time
+  I could not separate them sufficiently from some <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> and <span
+  class="sc">Ph�odaria</span>, which have a similar spherical lattice-shell.</p>
+
+  <p>As the number of different genera and species in the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> is
+  much greater than in all other sections of <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, many forms were
+  already described by former authors. In the oldest system of Ehrenberg (1847, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p.
+  53) they represent one part of his Haliommatina (with four genera, <i>Haliomma</i>,
+  <i>Chilomma</i>, <i>Stylosph�ra</i>, <i>Spongosph�ra</i>). Most species, however, of these genera
+  are <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>. Also in the latest system of Ehrenberg (1875, <i>loc.
+  cit.</i>, p. 157) his Haliommatina are a confused conglomeration of different <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> (<span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, and <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>).</p>
+
+  <p>The section <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> is the largest division of <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, comprising not less than one hundred and seven genera and six
+  hundred and fifty species. This enormous number (easily to be augmented by further investigations)
+  requires a careful disposition in different families and subfamilies. For this disposition two
+  different principles only can be employed: firstly, the number and disposition of the <i>radial
+  spines</i>; secondly, the number of the <i>concentric latticed spheres</i>, which are connected by
+  radial beams. I give here the preference to the first principle, whilst in my Prodromus (1881) I
+  had preferred the second. The question, which of the two principles is more important for the
+  classification of <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, is very difficult to answer; probably in
+  many cases the former, in many the latter is more important for their phylogeny.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page52">{52}</span></div>
+
+  <p>Regarding the number of the concentric shells which compose the latticed carapace of the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, we can distinguish six families, viz.<span
+  class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <p><span class="hid">VII</span>I. Monosph�rida (with one single shell).</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">VI</span>II. Dyosph�rida (with two concentric shells).</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">V</span>III. Triosph�rida (with three concentric shells).</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">II</span>IV. Tetrasph�rida (with four concentric shells).</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">III</span>V. Polysph�rida (with five or more concentric shells).</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">II</span>VI. Spongosph�rida (with spongy shells).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>On the other hand, regarding the number of the radial spines and their regular disposition on
+  the shell-surface, we can distinguish five families, viz.<span class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <div class="poem">
+    <p><span class="hid">VII</span>I. Liosph�rida (without radial spines).</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">VI</span>II. Stylosph�rida (with two radial spines, opposite in one
+    axis).</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">V</span>III. Staurosph�rida (with four radial spines, opposite in pairs in
+    two axes, perpendicular one to another).</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">II</span>IV. Cubosph�rida (with six radial spines, opposite in pairs in the
+    three dimensive axes).</p>
+    <p><span class="hid">III</span>V. Astrosph�rida (with numerous&mdash;eight, twelve, twenty, or
+    more&mdash;radial spines, often more than a hundred).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All five latter groups contain representatives of all six former groups; therefore we get
+  together not less than thirty different subfamilies of <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>,
+  already enumerated in my Prodromus, 1881, p. 449. I repeat them here to give a better survey of
+  the system there employed.</p>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc ba smaller nothand" title="Families and Subfamilies of Sph�roidea"
+  summary="Families and Subfamilies of Sph�roidea">
+    <tr class="ba">
+      <th class="ac pb05" style="width:5.7em">Families and Subfamilies of SPH�ROIDEA.</th>
+      <th class="w16"><span class="sc">Liosph�rida</span><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(anacantha).</span></th>
+      <th class="w16"><span class="sc">Stylosph�rida</span><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(diacantha).</span></th>
+      <th class="w16"><span class="sc">Staurosph�rida</span><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(tetracantha).</span></th>
+      <th class="w16"><span class="sc">Cubosph�rida</span><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(hexacantha).</span></th>
+      <th class="w16"><span class="sc">Astrosph�rida</span><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(polyacantha).</span></th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Monosph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(One single shell.)</span></td>
+      <td>Ethmosph�rida.</td>
+      <td>Xiphostylida.</td>
+      <td>Staurostylida.</td>
+      <td>Hexastylida.</td>
+      <td>Coscinommida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Dyosph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Two concentric shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Carposph�rida.</td>
+      <td>Sph�rostylida.</td>
+      <td>Staurolonchida.</td>
+      <td>Hexalonchida.</td>
+      <td>Haliommida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Triosph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Three concentric shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Thecosph�rida.</td>
+      <td>Amphistylida.</td>
+      <td>Stauracontida.</td>
+      <td>Hexacontida.</td>
+      <td>Actinommida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Tetrasph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Four concentric shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Cromyosph�rida.</td>
+      <td>Cromyostylida.</td>
+      <td>Staurocromyida.</td>
+      <td>Hexacromyida.</td>
+      <td>Cromyommida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Polysph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Five or more concentric shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Caryosph�rida.</td>
+      <td>Caryostylida.</td>
+      <td>Staurocaryida.</td>
+      <td>Hexacaryida.</td>
+      <td>Arachnommida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Spongosph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Spongy shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Plegmosph�rida.</td>
+      <td>Spongostylida.</td>
+      <td>Staurodorida.</td>
+      <td>Hexadorida.</td>
+      <td>Spongiommida.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp3 w100 ba smaller handonly" title="Families and Subfamilies of Sph�roidea"
+  summary="Families and Subfamilies of Sph�roidea">
+    <tr class="ba">
+      <th class="ac pb05" style="width:5.7em">Families and Subfamilies of SPH�ROIDEA.</th>
+      <th class="w16"><span class="sc">Liosph�rida</span><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(anacantha).</span></th>
+      <th class="w16"><span class="sc">Stylosph�rida</span><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(diacantha).</span></th>
+      <th class="w16"><span class="sc">Staurosph�rida</span><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(tetracantha).</span></th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Monosph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(One single shell.)</span></td>
+      <td>Ethmosph�rida.</td>
+      <td>Xiphostylida.</td>
+      <td>Staurostylida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Dyosph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Two concentric shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Carposph�rida.</td>
+      <td>Sph�rostylida.</td>
+      <td>Staurolonchida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Triosph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Three concentric shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Thecosph�rida.</td>
+      <td>Amphistylida.</td>
+      <td>Stauracontida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Tetrasph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Four concentric shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Cromyosph�rida.</td>
+      <td>Cromyostylida.</td>
+      <td>Staurocromyida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Polysph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Five or more concentric shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Caryosph�rida.</td>
+      <td>Caryostylida.</td>
+      <td>Staurocaryida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Spongosph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Spongy shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Plegmosph�rida.</td>
+      <td>Spongostylida.</td>
+      <td>Staurodorida.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp2 w100 ba smaller handonly" title="Families and Subfamilies of Sph�roidea
+  (contd.)" summary="Families and Subfamilies of Sph�roidea
+  (contd.)">
+    <tr class="ba">
+      <th class="ac pb05" style="width:5.7em">Families and Subfamilies of SPH�ROIDEA.</th>
+      <th class="w16"><span class="sc">Cubosph�rida</span><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(hexacantha).</span></th>
+      <th class="w16"><span class="sc">Astrosph�rida</span><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(polyacantha).</span></th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Monosph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(One single shell.)</span></td>
+      <td>Hexastylida.</td>
+      <td>Coscinommida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Dyosph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Two concentric shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Hexalonchida.</td>
+      <td>Haliommida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Triosph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Three concentric shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Hexacontida.</td>
+      <td>Actinommida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Tetrasph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Four concentric shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Hexacromyida.</td>
+      <td>Cromyommida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Polysph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Five or more concentric shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Hexacaryida.</td>
+      <td>Arachnommida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="ac pb05"><i>Spongosph�rida.</i><br/>
+      <span class="smaller">(Spongy shells.)</span></td>
+      <td>Hexadorida.</td>
+      <td>Spongiommida.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page53">{53}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Monosph�rida</span> comprise all those <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> in which the carapace is represented only by one single
+  lattice-shell. Originally this shell is probably everywhere an extracapsular or "cortical shell,"
+  which is developed on the outside of the jelly-veil enveloping the central capsule, and serves as
+  a protective carapace for these soft enclosed parts. But with the progress of growth the central
+  capsule becomes larger than the including shell, and sends out through its pores club-shaped
+  prolongations or c�cal-sacs (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 5; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 3, 5; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>,
+  fig. 1<i>a</i>; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate27"><b>27</b></a>,
+  fig. 3). These protruded sacs may fuse together again outside the shell and form a spherical
+  bladder, now enveloping the smaller shell; the latter now becomes an intracapsular or "medullary
+  shell."</p>
+
+  <p>As <span class="gsp">Pliosph�rida</span> (or <i>Sph�roidea concentrica</i>) we can oppose to
+  the simple Monosph�rida all other <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, the lattice-shell of which
+  is composed of two or more concentric shells, connected by radial beams. Probably all Pliosph�rida
+  (or at least the greater part of them) arise from the Monosph�rida by centrifugal growth; two or
+  more radial spines are developed from the surface of the simple lattice-sphere, and are united
+  together by communicating lateral branches, developed at equal distances from the centre; and this
+  same process may be repeated, two, three, four, or more times. In this way originate the
+  characteristic systems of concentric spheres, all united by piercing radial beams which arise from
+  the surface of the innermost sphere (not from its centre). Regarding this mode of growth, we can
+  distinguish the innermost as "original" or "primary" shell, and all subsequent ones as "apposed"
+  or "secondary" shells; if the number of concentric shells amount to three or more, commonly both
+  innermost shells lie within the central capsule and are medullary shells, whilst all others lie
+  outside it and are therefore cortical shells. This difference can be commonly recognised also in
+  the isolated shell, without its central capsule; the distance between the cortical and the
+  medullary shells being commonly much larger than the distance between the two medullary
+  shells.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Dyosph�rida</span>, or the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> with two
+  concentric shells, are the most numerous among the Pliosph�rida. Commonly in this group the inner
+  or primary shell lies within the central capsule as a true "medullary shell," whilst the outer
+  lies outside it as a "cortical shell"; therefore the radial beams, connecting both, pierce the
+  wall of the capsule. But in several forms, mainly in the peculiar group of Diplosph�rida, both
+  concentric shells remain outside the central capsule, and both are therefore "cortical
+  shells."</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Triosph�rida</span>, or the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> with
+  three concentric shells, are also very rich in different forms, though not so numerous by far as
+  the Dyosph�rida. Commonly in the Triosph�rida both inner shells lie within the central capsule as
+  "medullary shells," whilst the third lies outside it as a "cortical shell"; therefore the central
+  capsule remains intermediate in size between the outer and the middle shell. But in some genera
+  (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Rhodosph�ra</i>) both outer shells are cortical and only the <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page54">{54}</span>innermost is a medullary shell. In this case the size of
+  the capsule remains intermediate between the inner and the middle shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Tetrasph�rida</span>, or the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> with
+  four concentric shells, are in general not frequent, and not rich in different forms. In most of
+  the observed species two inner shells are medullary, two outer cortical shells, the former within,
+  the latter without, the central capsule; and the wall of the capsule, pierced by the connecting
+  radial beams, lies between the two middle shells. But there are some Tetrasph�rida in which all
+  four shells seem to be external or cortical shells.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Polysph�rida</span>, or the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> with five
+  or more concentric shells, seem of course to offer the greatest possibility for the development of
+  very different forms; but in reality this group is the poorest and smallest of all; and only one
+  part of it, the Arachnosph�rida, is rather common. In this peculiar division the shell is composed
+  of five to ten or more, very delicate, cobweb-like concentric shells, which are connected by
+  radial beams; all are cortical shells, and lie outside the central capsule. Much more rare are
+  those Polysph�rida, in which both innermost shells, as true medullary shells, lie within the
+  central capsule, all others being outside it. The total number of concentric shells in this group
+  is commonly between five and ten, rarely more.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Spongosph�rida</span> are distinguished from all other <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> by the spongy structure of the spherical shell, which is composed
+  wholly or partially of an irregular spongy framework. The relation of this group to the other
+  groups of <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> is probably rather complicated, for in some
+  Spongosph�rida the whole shell is composed of massive spongy reticulation, whilst in others it
+  contains a spherical central cavity, and in a third group this cavity is filled up by one or two
+  concentric lattice-shells, connected by radial beams. Many of these Spongosph�rida are very
+  common, and of considerable size.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The <span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> form a peculiar separate group of <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, distinguished from all others by their social life or aggregation
+  in colonies (c&#x0153;nobia). They represent the only group of <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> in which this association of numerous individual capsules or cells
+  is realised. The shell is almost constantly simple, without regularly disposed radial spines;
+  therefore they may be called "social Monosph�rida," or better "polyzoic Ethmosph�rida." Only in
+  one small group (Clathrosph�rida) the shell, enveloping every central capsule, is double or
+  surrounded by an external mantle; these may be compared to the Diplosph�rida (or better to a part
+  of the Carposph�rida, <i>Liosph�ra</i>, p. <a href="#page76">76</a>). In most of the Collosph�rida
+  the lattice-shell is more or less irregular in form and structure.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Lattice Work</i> of the fenestrated shells is in the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>
+  of the greatest variability, and its innumerable modifications serve mainly for the distinction of
+  species. In general we can distinguish as the most important modifications a <i>regular</i>
+  network (with equal size, form, and distance of the pores or meshes) and an <i>irregular</i>
+  network (with <span class="pagenum" id="page55">{55}</span>differences in the size, form, or
+  distance of the meshes or pores). In both groups the pores may be either angular or round; so that
+  there may exist together four different main forms of network&mdash;(A) regular lattice with equal
+  hexagonal pores; (B) regular lattice with equal circular pores; (C) irregular lattice with unequal
+  polygonal pores; (D) irregular lattice with unequal roundish pores. Besides these modifications,
+  the pores may be prolonged into tubules which are directed radially towards the outside (rarely
+  towards the inside) of the sphere. In other cases they are surrounded by elevated or
+  honeycomb-like frames.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Radial Spines</i> exhibit in the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> the greatest
+  variety in form, size, disposition, &amp;c., and their numerous modifications serve mainly for the
+  distinction of genera, their peculiar formation and size also for the distinction of species. In
+  general we may distinguish as the most important modifications primary and secondary spines. The
+  primary spines or "main spines" are commonly direct outward prolongations of the internal radial
+  beams, connecting the concentric shells. The secondary or "by-spines" arise only from the surface
+  of the lattice-shell, without reference to the internal beams. The by-spines are commonly smaller,
+  and much more numerous than the main spines. Regarding the form, the radial spines are either
+  roundish (cylindrical or conical, often also club-shaped, rarely spindle-shaped) or angular
+  (commonly three-sided, prismatic or pyramidal). The spines are constantly solid, never hollow; the
+  "internal canals," described by some authors, are only microscopic views of the transparent edges.
+  In many cases the spines are branched or forked. The most important difference in the variable
+  shape of the spines is their regular or irregular number and disposition, which afford characters
+  for the distinction of our five families.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Three Dimensive Axes</i>&mdash;or the three diameters of the sphere, perpendicular one
+  to another&mdash;are in the great majority of the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> significant
+  in the promorphological consideration of the body, and are indicated either by the position of the
+  external radial spines, or at least of the internal radial beams, connecting the concentric
+  spheres. Commonly two radial spines are placed opposite in each axis. The most perfect group in
+  this respect seems to be that of the Cubosph�rida, in which the three axes are represented by
+  three pairs of spines. Next come the Staurosph�rida, in which two axes in cross-form are exhibited
+  by two pairs of spines. The most simple group are the Stylosph�rida, in which only one pair of
+  spines is developed, indicating one single axis. These three families form together a continuous
+  natural series,&mdash;the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> with real dimensive axes,&mdash;and
+  exhibit at the same time relations to the three other suborders of <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, and <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> respectively. At both ends of
+  this series stand two other families, on one side the Liosph�rida, without any radial spines on
+  the surface of the sphere, on the other side the Astrosph�rida, in which the radial spines are
+  developed in great and variable numbers, at least eight to twelve, commonly twenty to forty, often
+  more than a hundred or even a thousand.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page56">{56}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> comprise all those <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>
+  in which the surface of the shell is smooth, without radial spines (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>). The
+  simplest of these are the Ethmosph�rida, with one single lattice-shell, enveloping the spherical
+  central capsule. <i>Cenosph�ra</i>, the most simple form of the Ethmosph�rida, may be regarded as
+  the common ancestral form of all <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, in an ontogenetical as well
+  as in a phylogenetical and morphological sense. From this simple lattice sphere all other <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> can be derived either by radial or by tangential growth. If the
+  radial beams, arising from the surface of the simple fenestrated sphere, become connected (at
+  equal distances from the centre) by tangential beams, we get the compound shells of the
+  "Liosph�rida concentrica" (with two, three, four, or more concentric spheres). The radial beams
+  connecting these exhibit in many Liosph�rida the same regular disposition and number as the
+  external radial spines in the Astrosph�rida. Perhaps these forms in a "natural system" would be
+  better united (<i>e.g.</i>, Liosph�rida with twelve or twenty internal radial beams, and
+  Astrosph�rida with twelve or twenty external radial spines); but in many cases (mainly for higher
+  numbers) the certain determination of their number and disposition is very difficult or quite
+  impossible.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>) represent
+  the large and very important family of <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, in which all three
+  dimensive axes are equally distinguished by pairs of spines, corresponding to three axes of a cube
+  or of a regular octahedron, agreeing therefore also with the three axes of the cubic or regular
+  crystalline system. In the majority of the Cubosph�rida the six radial spines are accurately
+  opposite each other in pairs in three axes, perpendicular one to another, and commonly they are of
+  equal size and form; but in some genera the three pairs of spines become differentiated, whilst
+  both spines of each pair remain equal. Either one pair is larger than the two others (which are
+  equal), corresponding to the axes of the quadratic crystalline system; or all three pairs are
+  different (corresponding to the three unequal axes of the rhombic crystalline system); the former
+  nearer to the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, the latter to the <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>. We may suppose with some probability, that the Cubosph�rida are for
+  the most part the common ancestral group of those <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, in which a
+  certain number of radial spines or beams is disposed in a regular order; the Staurosph�rida may be
+  derived from them by loss of one pair of spines, the Stylosph�rida by loss of two pairs of spines,
+  and most Astrosph�rida by multiplying the radial spines, six to fourteen or more secondary spines
+  being added to the six primary "dimensive spines." However, in many Astrosph�rida (<i>e.g.</i>, in
+  those with eight spines, <i>Centrocubus</i>, <i>Octodendron</i>, &amp;c.) the regular geometrical
+  disposition of the radial spines seems to follow another mathematical order, quite independent of
+  the Cubosph�rida.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>) are
+  distinguished by the possession of four radial spines, opposite in pairs in two axes,
+  perpendicular one to another. This rectangular cross determines a certain plane, the "equatorial
+  plane," and this brings the Staurosph�rida near <span class="pagenum" id="page57">{57}</span>to
+  the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, mainly to those which also bear on the periphery of the
+  circular equatorial plane four crossed spines (such as <i>Staurodisculus</i>,
+  <i>Stethostaurus</i>, <i>Staurodictya</i>, &amp;c.). But in these cruciform <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> the shell and the enclosed central capsule are discoidal or
+  lenticular, whilst in the Staurosph�rida they remain spherical. Commonly the cross is quite
+  regular, with four right angles and four equal beams; but often also it becomes more or less
+  irregular. In some genera one pair of equal opposite spines is larger than the other pair. These
+  forms represent the three different axes of the rhombic crystal system, whilst the common regular
+  Staurosph�rida represent those of the quadratic crystal system. The latter can be derived from the
+  Cubosph�rida (representing the regular crystal system) by reduction of one axis and loss of its
+  pair of spines. In general the number of species (and particularly of the individuals) is much
+  smaller in the Staurosph�rida than in all other families of <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>) can be
+  derived from the Cubosph�rida by reduction of two dimensive axes and loss of two pairs of spines.
+  Therefore, here one pair of spines only is developed, opposite in one single axis. This
+  "monaxonial" form brings the Stylosph�rida very near to the ellipsoidal <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> (mainly to many two-spined forms of Ellipsida and Druppulida); but
+  they differ from these by the spherical (not ellipsoidal) form of the central capsule and of the
+  enclosing lattice-shell. In the greater part of the Stylosph�rida both spines are of equal size
+  and form, accurately opposite in the "main axis." But in many forms both spines become unequal in
+  size or form, often very different. More rarely they are not accurately opposed, but placed in two
+  different axes, intersecting at a small variable angle. The small group of Saturnalida presents a
+  very remarkable and peculiar structure, in which both spines (at equal distances from the centre)
+  are united by a circular or elliptical ring (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, figs. 15,
+  16; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+  figs. 16, 17).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The <span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> are distinguished from the other <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> by the great and variable number of their external radial spines
+  (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>). Commonly
+  this number amounts to from twelve to twenty, rarely to only eight to ten, very often to
+  thirty-two to forty or more; in many species more than one hundred are present. As already
+  mentioned above, it would be important to distinguish between primary spines (as outer
+  prolongations of the inner radial beams) and secondary spines (developed from the surface of the
+  shell), but in many cases this distinction is difficult or impossible. More practical is the
+  distinction between larger "main spines" and smaller "by-spines." The size and form of the radial
+  spines is extremely variable. Much more important is their number and disposition. In general we
+  can here distinguish the following different cases:&mdash;(A) radial spines are developed from all
+  the nodal points of the network on the shell surface; (B) the number of the spines is smaller than
+  that of the nodal points, but they are irregularly scattered; (C) the radial spines exhibit a
+  limited number and a certain regular disposition. In this latter case the following modes of
+  distribution seem to be the most important:&mdash;(<i>a</i>) eight spines placed in the four
+  diagonal axes of the <span class="pagenum" id="page58">{58}</span>regular cube (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>, figs. 1-3);
+  (<i>b</i>) twelve spines (placed in the corner axes of the regular icosahedron); (<i>c</i>)
+  fourteen spines (six placed in the three dimensive axes of the regular octahedron, eight in the
+  centres of its eight faces); (<i>d</i>) twenty spines (placed either in the same order as in many
+  <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> and <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> [?], or in the twenty
+  corners of the regular dodecahedron); (<i>e</i>) thirty-two spines (twelve placed in the twelve
+  corners of the regular icosahedron, twenty in the centre of its triangular faces). Besides these
+  most important and quite geometrical modes of disposition there also seem to occur in the
+  Astrosph�rida the following subregular (or symmetrical?) modes: 9, 10, 16, 18, 24, 40, 60, 80. But
+  it is very difficult to give a correct account of these modes. In every case this manifold and
+  regular disposition of the radial spines is of the highest interest for the study of general
+  "Promorphology."</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> is in all <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> (without any
+  exception) a perfect sphere in the geometrical sense, even in those forms in which the enclosing
+  lattice-shell is more or less irregular (<i>i.e.</i>, many Collosph�rida). This is the most
+  important character, which separates the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> from all other <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>. For in the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> the capsule is
+  ellipsoidal, with one prolonged axis; in the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> lenticular, with
+  one shortened axis; in the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> lentelliptical, with three different
+  dimensive axes. The central capsule is originally always enclosed by the lattice-shell; but in
+  many cases with increasing growth this relation becomes inverted; the capsule sending out many
+  club-shaped blind sacs through the meshes of the lattice-shell, and these melting together outside
+  the latter, a new membrane is formed, enclosing a "medullary shell."</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Nucleus</i> of the cell exhibits a very different shape in the solitary and the social
+  <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>. In the solitary or monozoic <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> the centre of the central capsule is occupied by a large spherical
+  concentric nucleus, with or without nucleoli; also this nucleus is originally always within the
+  innermost lattice-shell, but with increasing size may overgrow and enclose it. A short time before
+  the formation of the vibratile spores the central nucleus becomes resolved into many small nuclei.
+  In the social or polyzoic <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>&mdash;the
+  Collosph�rida&mdash;commonly the simple central nucleus very early (a long time before the
+  formation of the spores) is divided into a great number of small nuclei, whilst the centre of the
+  capsule becomes filled with a large oil-globule. Therefore we find the same difference between the
+  solitary and social forms in the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> as in the <span
+  class="gsp">Colloidea</span>. Here also the calymma, or the jelly-mantle, enveloping the central
+  capsule, is in the social forms very large and voluminous, differentiated into alveoles, whilst in
+  the solitary forms it is much smaller, without alveoles.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page59">{59}</span></div>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Families of</i> <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>.</h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller vx nothand" style="max-width:50em"
+  title="Synopsis of the Families of Sph�roidea" summary="Synopsis of the Families of Sph�roidea">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Surface of the spherical shell smooth, rough, or thorny,
+      but not armed with radial spines.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace11sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">A. Liosph�rida monozoa. Single cells (each with shell) living
+      solitary.</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 pr0">Spherical shell commonly quite regular, simple, or composed of two
+      or more concentric spheres,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw pl0"><span class="hid">0</span>5. <span class="sc">Liosph�rida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">B. Liosph�rida polyzoa. Aggregated cells (each with shell) living in
+      colonies.</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 pr0">Spherical shell commonly more or less irregular, simple (rarely
+      composed of two concentric spheres),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw pl0"><span class="hid">0</span>6. <span
+      class="sc">Collosph�rida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Surface of the spherical shell armed with two, four, or six
+      radial main spines, opposite in pairs in one, two, or three dimensive axes (always
+      solitary).</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 pr0">Two radial main-spines, opposite in one axis of the
+      shell</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw pl0"><span class="hid">0</span>7. <span
+      class="sc">Stylosph�rida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 pr0">Four radial main-spines, opposite in pairs in two
+      dimensive axes, perpendicular one to another,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw pl0"><span class="hid">0</span>8. <span
+      class="sc">Staurosph�rida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 pr0">Six radial main-spines, opposite in pairs in three
+      dimensive axes (perpendicular one to another),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw pl0"><span class="hid">0</span>9. <span
+      class="sc">Cubosph�rida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5" class="vmi it1p05 pr0">Surface of the spherical shell covered with numerous
+      (commonly irregularly disposed) radial spines, often also twelve to twenty, more or less
+      regularly disposed,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw pl0" style="width:8.8em">10. <span class="sc">Astrosph�rida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Families of Sph�roidea"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Families of Sph�roidea">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">Surface of the spherical shell smooth, rough, or thorny, but not armed with
+      radial spines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">A. Liosph�rida monozoa. Single cells (each with shell) living
+      solitary.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spherical shell commonly quite regular, simple, or composed of two
+      or more concentric spheres,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">5. <span class="sc">Liosph�rida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">B. Liosph�rida polyzoa. Aggregated cells (each with shell) living
+      in colonies.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spherical shell commonly more or less irregular, simple (rarely
+      composed of two concentric spheres),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">6. <span class="sc">Collosph�rida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">Surface of the spherical shell armed with two, four, or six radial main
+      spines, opposite in pairs in one, two, or three dimensive axes (always solitary).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two radial main-spines, opposite in one axis of the shell</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">7. <span class="sc">Stylosph�rida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four radial main-spines, opposite in pairs in two dimensive axes,
+      perpendicular one to another,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">8. <span class="sc">Staurosph�rida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Six radial main-spines, opposite in pairs in three dimensive axes
+      (perpendicular one to another),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">9. <span class="sc">Cubosph�rida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">Surface of the spherical shell covered with numerous (commonly irregularly
+      disposed) radial spines, often also twelve to twenty, more or less regularly disposed,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">10. <span class="sc">Astrosph�rida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Family V. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Liosph�rida</span></span>, Haeckel, 1881.</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Liosph�rida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 449.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> without radial spines on the
+  surface of the spherical shell; living solitary (not associated in colonies).</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> comprises all those solitary <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> in which the surface of the spherical shell is not armed with radial
+  spines. Nearly the half of this large group is formed by the Ethmosph�rida, in which the carapace
+  is a quite simple, spherical lattice-shell; this subfamily is probably the common ancestral group
+  from which all other <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, or even all <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, can be derived in a phylogenetical as well as in a morphological
+  sense. The central capsule in this first subfamily is constantly enclosed by the fenestrated
+  shell, and separated from it by the jelly-veil. The shell is therefore an extracapsular or
+  medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>To these simple Ethmosph�rida all other subfamilies can be opposed as "Liosph�rida
+  concentrica," as their carapace is composed of two or more concentric lattice-shells; two in the
+  Carposph�rida, three in the Thecosph�rida, four in the Cromyosph�rida, five or more in the
+  Caryosph�rida. In all these four subfamilies the concentric shells are simple (not spongy)
+  fenestrated shells. In a sixth subfamily, in the Plegmosph�rida, the shell is wholly or partially
+  composed of spongy wicker-work, with or without a latticed medullary shell in the centre.</p>
+
+  <p>The internal radial beams, in the "Liosph�rida composita" connecting the concentric spheres,
+  exhibit in their number and disposition similar important differences, such as the external radial
+  spines in the Astrosph�rida. The following eight <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page60">{60}</span>different cases of regular disposition were observed:&mdash;(A) two
+  opposite beams in one axis; (B) four beams, opposite in pairs in two axes perpendicular one to
+  another; (C) six beams, opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes; (D) eight beams, opposite
+  in pairs in the four diagonals of the regular cube; (E) twelve beams corresponding to the twelve
+  axes of the regular icosahedron; (F) fourteen beams quite regularly disposed (six corresponding to
+  the three axes of the regular octahedron, eight to the central points of its faces); (G) twenty
+  beams (probably corresponding to the twenty corners of a regular dodecahedron); (H) thirty-two
+  beams, regularly disposed. Rarely the number of the radial beams is intermediate between these
+  eight cases, and rarely it is higher; then commonly the disposition is irregular. The regularity
+  of their disposition in the great majority of cases is very remarkable and evident.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Liosph�rida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w50 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Liosph�rida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Liosph�rida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>I. Subfamily Ethmosph�rida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Shell one single latticed sphere.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace11sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Pores of the shell simple, not prolonged into free
+      tubuli.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Shell cavity simple,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">15. <i>Cenosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">Shell cavity with radial beams united in the centre,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">16. <i>Stigmosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Pores prolonged into free conical or cylindrical
+      tubuli.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Tubuli external, centrifugal,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">17. <i>Ethmosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">Tubuli internal, centripetal,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">18. <i>Sethosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Carposph�rida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Two concentric spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3">One shell medullary (intracapsular), the other cortical (extracapsular),</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">19. <i>Carposph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3">Both shells cortical (near together),</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">20. <i>Liosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Subfamily Thecosph�rida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Three concentric spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3">Two shells medullary (intracapsular), one shell cortical (extracapsular),</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">21. <i>Thecosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3">One shell medullary (intracapsular), two shells cortical (extracapsular),</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">22. <i>Rhodosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>IV. Subfamily Cromyosph�rida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Four concentric spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi">Two inner medullary shells (intracapsular), and two outer cortical
+      shells (extracapsular),</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">23. <i>Cromyosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>V. Subfamily Caryosph�rida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Five or more concentric spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace4sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi">Two inner medullary shells, and three  or more outer cortical
+      shells,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">24. <i>Caryosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>VI. Subfamily Plegmosph�rida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Spherical shell wholly or partially of spongy structure.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace9sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Spongy sphere without latticed medullary shell in the
+      centre.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Sphere solid,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">25. <i>Styptosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">Sphere with a central cavity,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">26. <i>Plegmosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Spongy sphere with one or two latticed medullary shells in
+      the centre.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05">One single medullary shell,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">27. <i>Spongoplegma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">Two concentric medullary shells,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">28. <i>Spongodictyon</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Liosph�rida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Liosph�rida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Ethmosph�rida. (Shell one single latticed sphere.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Pores of the shell  simple, not prolonged into free tubuli.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell cavity simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">15. <i>Cenosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell cavity with radial beams united in the centre,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">16. <i>Stigmosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Pores prolonged into free conical or cylindrical tubuli.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Tubuli external, centrifugal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">17. <i>Ethmosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Tubuli internal, centripetal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">18. <i>Sethosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Carposph�rida. (Two concentric spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">One shell medullary (intracapsular), the other cortical
+      (extracapsular),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">19. <i>Carposph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Both shells cortical (near together),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">20. <i>Liosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">III. Subfamily Thecosph�rida. (Three concentric spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two shells medullary (intracapsular), one shell cortical
+      (extracapsular),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">21. <i>Thecosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">One shell medullary (intracapsular), two shells cortical
+      (extracapsular),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">22. <i>Rhodosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">IV. Subfamily Cromyosph�rida. (Four concentric spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two inner medullary shells (intracapsular), and two outer cortical
+      shells (extracapsular),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">23. <i>Cromyosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">V. Subfamily Caryosph�rida. (Five or more concentric spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two inner medullary shells, and three  or more outer cortical
+      shells,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">24. <i>Caryosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">VI. Subfamily Plegmosph�rida. (Spherical shell wholly or partially of spongy
+      structure.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spongy sphere without latticed medullary shell in the centre.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Sphere solid,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">25. <i>Styptosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Sphere with a central cavity,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">26. <i>Plegmosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spongy sphere with one or two latticed medullary shells in the
+      centre.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One single medullary shell,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">27. <i>Spongoplegma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two concentric medullary shells,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">28. <i>Spongodictyon</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page61">{61}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Ethmosph�rida</span>,<a id="NtA_25"
+  href="#Nt_25"><sup>[25]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 348 (<i>sensu
+  restricto</i>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with one single
+  spherical lattice-shell; living solitary, not aggregated in colonies.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 15. <i>Cenosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_26" href="#Nt_26"><sup>[26]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, 1854,
+  Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 237.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with one single latticed sphere,
+  with simple shell-pores (not prolonged into free tubuli) and with simple shell-cavity (without
+  internal radial beams).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cenosph�ra</i> is the most simple form of all <span
+  class="sc">Sph�roidea</span>, and may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this order. The
+  siliceous latticed shell, in which the central capsule is enclosed, represents a simple regular
+  sphere, with simple cavity. The pores of the shell-wall are simple, not prolonged into radial
+  tubuli (as in <i>Ethmosph�ra</i> and <i>Sethosph�ra</i>). According to the different form of the
+  pores, the numerous species of this genus can be disposed in four different subgenera. Some
+  species may be easily confounded with isolated shells of the corresponding social
+  <i>Collosph�ra</i>; but in this latter the spherical shell-form is commonly more or less
+  irregular, in <i>Cenosph�ra</i> quite regular.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Phormosph�ra</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 448.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the shell regular or subregular, hexagonal or
+  circular, with hexagonal frames or lobes; all nearly of equal size and form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cenosph�ra primordialis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very thin walled, smooth. Pores hexagonal, regular, or subregular; twelve to fifteen on
+  the half meridian of the shell; bars between them extremely delicate (only visible when three
+  hundred or four hundred times enlarged). Diameter of the shell nine to ten times that of the
+  meshes. This species is remarkable for the extreme delicacy of the arachnoidal network of the
+  simple spherical shell; it may be regarded as the common ancestral form of all <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>. The shell equals that of <i>Heliosph�ra tenuissima</i> (figured in
+  my Monograph, 1862, pl. ix. fig. 2), but differs from it by the smooth surface and the absence of
+  all spines or thorns. I observed this species living in the Indian Ocean, near Ceylon, in 1882;
+  the spherical diameter of the central capsule is about one-third of that of the shell; the
+  contents of the central capsule are colourless <span class="pagenum" id="page62">{62}</span>and
+  transparent, except the central dark globular nucleus. The same shells also occur in some mounted
+  preparations of surface organisms from the Challenger.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the pores 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, Haeckel; Central Pacific, Stations 266,
+  271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cenosph�ra inermis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliosph�ra inermis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 351, Taf. ix.
+    fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Surface of the thin-walled shell smooth. Pores regular, hexagonal, twelve to fifteen times as
+  broad as the bars, seven to nine on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.12, pores 0.012 to 0.015, bars
+  0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cenosph�ra hexagonalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the thick-walled shell smooth. Pores regular, hexagonal, five to six times as broad
+  as the bars, six to eight on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.15, pores 0.01 to 0.012, bars
+  0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, at various depths.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Cenosph�ra mellifica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the thick-walled shell smooth. Pores regular, circular, with thin hexagonal frames,
+  four times as broad as the bars, six to eight on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.12, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Cenosph�ra favosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>,
+  fig. 10).</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the thick-walled shell rough. Pores regular, circular, with thin hexagonal frames,
+  three times as broad as the bars, ten to twelve on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.09, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Cenosph�ra vesparia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>,
+  fig. 11).</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the thick-walled shell smooth.  Pores regular, circular, with thick hexagonal
+  frames, twice as broad as the bars, ten to twelve on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25, pores 0.016, bars 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms, and
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page63">{63}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Cenosph�ra bombus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, rough. Pores regular, circular, with thin hexagonal frames, of the same
+  breadth as the bars, twenty to twenty-two on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.3, pores and bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Cenosph�ra melecta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, papillate. Pores regular, circular, double-edged, with thick hexagonal
+  frames, of the same breadth as the bars; a short conical papilla in the corner of each hexagon;
+  fourteen to sixteen pores on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores and bars 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Cenosph�ra anthophora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, papillate. Pores regular, circular, with an elegant six-lobed frame and a
+  coronal of six short papill�; the latter alternating with the six lobes (quite as in Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>, fig.
+  1<i>b</i>). Pores twice as broad as the bars, ten to twelve on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.13, pores 0.01, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Cenosph�ra rosetta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth. Pores regular, circular, with an elegant six-lobed outer opening,
+  without papill�. Pores of the same breadth as the bars, six to eight on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores and bars 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 323, depth 1900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Circosph�ra</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell regular or subregular,
+  circular, without hexagonal frames or lobes, all nearly of equal size and form.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Cenosph�ra poroph�na</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cenosph�ra poroph�na</i>, Ehrenberg, 1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 31.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth. Pores regular, circular, six to eight times as broad as the bars,
+  five to six on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores 0.012, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Crete, depth 1100 fathoms; Corfu,
+  surface).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page64">{64}</span></div>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Cenosph�ra setosa</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cenosph�ra setosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 287, Taf. vii. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, covered with very short and numerous bristles. Pores regular, circular, five
+  to six times as broad as the bars, six to eight on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.17, pores 0.2, bars 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Tropical Pacific, 3300 fathoms; Philippine Sea, Station
+  200, depth 250 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Cenosph�ra plutonis</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cenosph�ra plutonis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxv. B, <span
+    class="smaller">B.</span> iv. fig. 20.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, covered with short conical papill�. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad
+  as the bars, eight to nine on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.09, pores 0.006, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Cenosph�ra proserpin�</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth. Pores regular, circular, four times as broad as the bars, five to
+  six on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.008, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Cenosph�ra eridani</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth. Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars, eleven to
+  twelve on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.01, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Cenosph�ra lethe</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth. Pores regular, circular, double-edged, five times as broad as the
+  bars, sixteen to eighteen on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25, pores 0.01, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 64, depth 2700 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>17. <i>Cenosph�ra elysia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>,
+  fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, rough. Pores regular, circular, double-edged, twice as broad as the bars,
+  twelve to fourteen on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.01, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page65">{65}</span></div>
+
+  <p>18. <i>Cenosph�ra nirwana</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars, twenty-four to
+  twenty-five on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25, pores 0.004, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Belligemma, Ceylon, surface; Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>19. <i>Cenosph�ra maxima</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars, thirty to
+  thirty-three on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.4, pores 0.012, bars 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475; also fossil
+  in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>20. <i>Cenosph�ra compacta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very thick walled, rough (its wall one-fourth to one-third as thick as the radius). Pores
+  subregular, circular, of the same breadth as the bars, seven to eight on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores and bars 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda."><i>Cenosph�ra radiata</i>,
+  Zittel, 1876 (L. N. <a href="#ln29">29</a>, p. 84, Taf. ii. figs. 7, 8), a fossil Cretaceous
+  species, is closely allied to <i>Cenosph�ra compacta</i>.</span></p>
+
+  <p>21. <i>Cenosph�ra crassa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very thick walled, rough (its wall nearly half as thick as the radius). Pores tubular,
+  double-edged, regular, circular, ten times as broad as the thin united bars, twelve to fourteen on
+  the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14, pores 0.01, bars 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>22. <i>Cenosph�ra solida</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very thick walled, covered with innumerable short bristles (its wall one-third as thick
+  as the radius). Pores regular, circular, four times as broad as the bars, tubular, eight to ten on
+  the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.02, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Cyrtidosph�ra</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 348.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell irregularly polygonal, of
+  unequal size or form, sometimes roundish with polygonal frames.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page66">{66}</span></div>
+
+  <p>23. <i>Cenosph�ra reticulata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cyrtidosph�ra reticulata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 349, Taf.
+    xi. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell very thin walled, smooth. Pores irregular, polygonal, two to eight times as broad as the
+  bars, fifteen to twenty on the quadrant (groups of four to eight smaller meshes are scattered on
+  the surface, and separated by reticular rows of larger meshes).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.004 to 0.016, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>24. <i>Cenosph�ra tenerrima</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell extremely thin walled, smooth, like a cobweb. Pores very irregular and small, polygonal
+  with thread-like bars, thirty to forty on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25, pores 0.002 to 0.008, bars under
+  0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>25. <i>Cenosph�ra polygonalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular, polygonal pores, three to four times as broad as the
+  bars, eight to ten on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.012 to 0.02, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>26. <i>Cenosph�ra papillata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, covered with short conical papill�. Pores irregular, polygonal, three to
+  five times as broad as the bars, fourteen to sixteen on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores 0.004 to 0.007, bars 0.0015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>27. <i>Cenosph�ra cristata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, rough. Pores irregular, roundish, surrounded by polygonal crested frames
+  two to three times as broad as the bars, eight to twelve on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.006 to 0.01, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 254, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>28. <i>Cenosph�ra perforata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ceriosph�ra perforata</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, <i>loc.
+    cit.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, rough. Pores irregular, roundish, surrounded by high polygonal
+  funnel-shaped frames, which are solid in the inner half, perforated by numerous very small pores
+  in the <span class="pagenum" id="page67">{67}</span>outer half, sieve-shaped. Pores one to three
+  times as broad as the bars, of very different size, four to six on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.005 to
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>29. <i>Cenosph�ra coronata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>,
+  fig. 11).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, rough. Pores irregular, roundish, surrounded by high polygonal frames
+  bearing on their sharp crest a series of small papill�, so that each pore is surrounded by a
+  coronal of such spinules. Pores four to eight times as broad as the bars, four to five on the
+  quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.002 to
+  0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Porosph�ra</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell irregular, roundish, without
+  polygonal frames, of unequal size or form.</p>
+
+  <p>30. <i>Cenosph�ra antiqua</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Cenosph�ra plutonis</i>, var., Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, Bd.
+    xlv. p. 25, Taf. iv. figs. 47, 48.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cenosph�ra plutonis</i>, var., St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr. xxvi. p. 85, Taf. i.
+    fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth. Pores irregular, roundish, two to eight times as broad as the bars,
+  ten to fifteen on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.2, pores 0.007 to 0.015, bars 0.002 to
+  0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary formations;
+  living in the depths of the Atlantic and Pacific; Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms; Station 225,
+  depth 4475 fathoms, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>31. <i>Cenosph�ra gigantea</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth. Pores irregular, roundish, two to five times as broad as the bars,
+  thirty to forty on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.4 to 0.5, pores 0.004 to 0.01, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
+  in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>32. <i>Cenosph�ra marginata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very thick walled, smooth. Pores irregular, roundish, double-edged, three to eight times
+  as broad as the bars, six to eight on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page68">{68}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>33. <i>Cenosph�ra aspera</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cenosph�ra aspera</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr. Bd. xxvi. p. 85, Taf. i. fig.
+    2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, rough, covered with short conical papill�. Pores irregular, roundish, of
+  about the same breadth as the bars, eight to twelve on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.17, pores and bars 0.01 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>34. <i>Cenosph�ra hirsuta</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cenosph�ra hirsuta</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.,
+    Berlin, p. 287, Taf. x. fig. 18.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, rough, covered with innumerable very short bristles. Pores very irregular,
+  roundish, of about the same breadth as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.11, pores and bars 0.002 to 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Pullen; depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 16. <i>Stigmosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_27" href="#Nt_27"><sup>[27]</sup></a> Haeckel, n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with one single latticed sphere,
+  with simple shell-pores (not prolonged into free tubuli); in the central point of the spherical
+  shell-cavity are united a number of radial beams, which become forked and inserted into the inner
+  surface of the shell by their distal ends.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stigmosph�ra</i> differs from <i>Cenosph�ra</i> (and from all other
+  Monosph�rida) by internal radial beams, which are united in the centre of the simple spherical
+  shell; these beams are branched, and the distal ends of the branches inserted on the internal
+  surface of the shell. I have observed only two, nearly identical specimens of this genus, both
+  with regular, hexagonal pores and thin bars; the beams were implanted in the corners of the
+  hexagons. In one specimen the surface was covered with short radial bristles, whilst these in the
+  other specimen were prolonged into radial spines (like <i>Acanthosph�ra</i>). Possibly this
+  peculiar genus is derived from <i>Carposph�ra</i>, by reduction and loss of a central medullary
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Stigmosph�ra actinocentra</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very thin walled, rough, with regular circular, hexagonally framed pores, six times as
+  broad as the bars, eight to ten on the quadrant; in the corner of each hexagon a small bristle. In
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page69">{69}</span>the central point of the shell are united about
+  twelve (?) thin and straight radial beams, which are forked, with dichotomous branches; the distal
+  ends of the branches are inserted in the corners of the hexagons on the inside of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.02, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 17. <i>Ethmosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_28" href="#Nt_28"><sup>[28]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1862,
+  Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 349.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with one single latticed sphere,
+  with simple shell-cavity; with shell-pores which are prolonged on the outside in centrifugal,
+  conical, or cylindrical tubuli.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Ethmosph�ra</i> differs from the simple <i>Cenosph�ra</i>, its
+  ancestral form, by the peculiar formation of the shell-pores; in all observed species of the genus
+  these are quite regular, of nearly equal size and form; their base in the spherical shell-face is
+  hexagonal, but on the outside prolonged into centrifugal, external, radial tubuli, which are
+  either conical or cylindrical (in the latter case both openings of the tubes being equal, in the
+  former the outer opening being smaller than the inner). The solitary <i>Ethmosph�ra</i>
+  corresponds to the social <i>Siphonosph�ra</i>; but in the former the formation of the shell and
+  of its tubuli is quite regular, in the latter more or less irregular.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Ethmosph�rella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Tubuli conical, their outer opening smaller than the
+  inner.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Ethmosph�ra siphonophora</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ethmosph�ra siphonophora</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 350, Taf.
+    xi. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Tubuli conical, their outer opening half as broad as the inner and three times as broad as
+  their height. Five to six pores on the quadrant. Diameter of the outer pores one and a half times
+  as large as their distance from each other.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, outer pores 0.01, their distance 0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Ethmosph�ra conosiphonia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>, figs. 5,
+  5<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Tubuli conical, their outer opening two thirds as broad as the inner, and scarcely broader than
+  their height. Ten to twelve pores on the quadrant. Diameter of the outer pores twice as large as
+  their distance from each other.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.17, outer pores 0.01, their distance
+  0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page70">{70}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Ethmosph�ra polysiphonia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Tubuli conical, their outer opening three-fourths as broad as the inner and three times as
+  broad as their height. Sixteen to eighteen pores on the quadrant. Diameter of the outer pores
+  three times as large as their distance apart.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, outer pores 0.008, their distance
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms; also
+  fossil in Barbados and in Sicily.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Ethmosph�romma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Tubuli cylindrical, their outer opening about as large as
+  the inner.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Ethmosph�ra stenosiphonia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Tubuli cylindrical, short, quite contiguous, so that their diameter is six times as large as
+  their distance apart, but about equal to their height. Nine to ten pores on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14, outer pores 0.012, their distance
+  0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Ethmosph�ra pachysiphonia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Tubuli cylindrical, twice as long as broad, very thick-walled, and nearly contiguous, so that
+  their diameter is five times as large as their distance apart. The thickness of their wall is
+  equal to their lumen. Twelve to fourteen pores on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, outer pores 0.01, their distance
+  0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Ethmosph�ra leptosiphonia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Tubuli cylindrical, short, about as long as broad, very thin-walled and fragile, separated by
+  wide distances, which are three times as large as their diameter. Six to seven pores on the
+  quadrant. (Very similar to <i>Siphonosph�ra cyathina</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>, fig. 10, but
+  quite regular, all tubuli retaining the same size and distance.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, outer pores 0.01, their distance 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel, John Murray; surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Ethmosph�ra macrosiphonia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Tubuli cylindrical, very elongated, four times as long as broad; their bases separated by
+  distances which are equal to their breadth. Eight to ten tubuli on the quadrant. (The tubes are
+  similar to those of <i>Siphonosph�ra serpula</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>, fig. 6, but
+  quite regular, straight, not curved, all of the same size and at equal distances apart.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page71">{71}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, length of the tubes 0.04, breadth 0.01,
+  basal distance 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, surface, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 18. <i>Sethosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_29" href="#Nt_29"><sup>[29]</sup></a> H�ckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 452 (<i>sensu emendato</i>).</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with one single latticed sphere,
+  with simple shell-cavity; with shell-pores, which are prolonged on the inside into centripetal,
+  conical, or cylindrical tubuli.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sethosph�ra</i> differs from its ancestral form, <i>Cenosph�ra</i>, by
+  the production of internal, centripetal, radial tubuli on the inside of the shell (the contrary of
+  the preceding genus <i>Ethmosph�ra</i>). It corresponds therefore to the social
+  <i>Pharyngosph�ra</i>; but in the latter the formation of the shell and its tubes is more or less
+  irregular, whilst in the former each regular pore is prolonged into a regular tubule.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Sethosph�ra entosiphonia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with smooth surface and regular circular pores, separated by hexagonal frames, twice as
+  broad as the bars. Six to eight on the quadrant. Each pore is prolonged on the inside of the shell
+  in a short conical centripetal tube, twice as long as its diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, outer pores 0.008, bars 0.004, length of
+  the tubuli 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Sethosph�ra entosolenia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with smooth surface and regular circular pores, without hexagonal frames, of about the
+  same breadth as the bars. Ten to twelve on the quadrant. Each pore is prolonged on the inside of
+  the shell into a thin cylindrical centripetal tube, three times as long as its diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, outer pores and bars 0.006, length of the
+  tubuli 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Carposph�rida</span>,<a id="NtA_30"
+  href="#Nt_30"><sup>[30]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 449.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with two concentric
+  spherical lattice-shells, which are united by radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Carposph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_31" href="#Nt_31"><sup>[31]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus,
+  p. 451.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Liosph�rida with one medullary (intracapsular) and one cortical
+  (extracapsular) shell, both connected by radial beams piercing the central capsule.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page72">{72}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Carposph�ra</i> comprises a large number of double-shelled <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, formerly united with <i>Haliomma</i>, but different from this genus
+  by the absence of radial spines. The shell is composed of two concentric latticed spheres, the
+  inner of which (or the medullary shell) is situated within the central capsule, the other (or the
+  cortical shell) outside it. Both shells are connected by radial beams which pierce the wall of the
+  central capsule. The distance between the shells is at least as large as (commonly much larger
+  than) the radius of the inner shell, whilst in the following genus, <i>Liosph�ra</i>, that
+  distance is much smaller than this radius.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Melittosph�ra</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 451.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, hexagonal (or
+  circular, with hexagonal frames or lobes), all of nearly equal size and form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Carposph�ra capillacea</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very delicate, four times as broad as the similarly constructed medullary shell,
+  with regular hexagonal meshes (twenty to twenty-five on the quadrant) and very thin thread-like
+  bars. Both shells connected by twenty (?) very thin radial beams. (Similar to <i>Heliosoma
+  radians</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>,
+  fig. 3, 3<i>a</i>, but with smooth surface, without any radial spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.05, pores 0.01, bars below
+  0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Carposph�ra cubaxonia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular hexagonal
+  pores, four times as broad as the bars. Eight to ten pores on the quadrant. Medullary shell with
+  regular circular pores, twice as broad as the bars. Both shells connected by six radial beams,
+  which are three-sided prismatical, opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, inner 0.05; outer pores 0.01, inner
+  0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Carposph�ra infundibulum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma infundibuliforme</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr. Bd. xxvi. p. 87, Taf.
+    i. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thick-walled, two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell, with
+  rough surface and regular hexagonal, funnel-shaped pores, of about the same breadth as the bars.
+  Five to six on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, inner 0.04, outer pores and bars
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354; fossil in Tertiary rocks
+  (Barbados and Sicily).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page73">{73}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Carposph�ra melissa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, four times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular circular,
+  hexagonally framed pores, three times as broad as the bars. Eight to ten pores on the quadrant.
+  Medullary shell with simple circular pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, inner 0.04, outer pores 0.012, bars
+  0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Carposph�ra melitomma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Melitomma melittosph�ra</i>, Haeckel, 1881; Prodromus et Atlas, <i>loc.
+    cit.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with thorny surface, two and a half times as broad as the
+  medullary shell. Its pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars, elegantly six-lobed,
+  separated by crested hexagonal frames; in each hexagon-corner a short conical papilla (alternating
+  with a lobe). Eight to ten pores on the quadrant. Medullary shell with small simple circular
+  pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.17, inner 0.07, outer pores 0.01, bars
+  0.005, inner pores 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, in various depths.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cerasosph�ra</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 451.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, circular, without
+  hexagonal frames, all of nearly equal size and form.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Carposph�ra cerasus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, twice as broad as the medullary shell; both with regular
+  circular pores, six times as broad as the bars. Twelve to fifteen pores on the quadrant. Outer
+  pores twice as large as the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.24, inner 0.12; outer pores 0.016, inner
+  0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Carposph�ra apiculata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Haliomma apiculatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872; Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 313.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin-walled, covered with numerous short conical thorns, three times as broad as
+  the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular, four times as broad as the bars. Six to eight pores
+  on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, inner 0.05, outer pores 0.012, bars
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, California, depth 2000 fathoms; Station 254,
+  depth 3025 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page74">{74}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Carposph�ra entactinia</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma entactinia</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 74, Taf. xxvi. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, rough, twice as broad as the medullary shell; both shells with
+  regular circular pores, twice as broad as the bars. Six to eight pores on the quadrant. Outer
+  pores half as broad as the inner. Both shells connected by very numerous (twenty-four to
+  forty-eight or more) radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.06, outer pores 0.008, bars
+  0.004, inner pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Atlantic and Pacific, in various depths; fossil
+  in Barbados and Sicily.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Carposph�ra modesta</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma modestum</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr. Bd. xxvi. p. 86, Taf. i. fig.
+    5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, rough, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular
+  circular pores of the same breadth as the bars. Eight to twelve pores on the quadrant. (Very
+  common, like the preceding species, and connected with it by numerous intermediate forms.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12 to 0.2, inner 0.04 to 0.07, pores and
+  bars 0.006 to 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Atlantic and Pacific, from many Stations and at various
+  depths; fossil in Barbados and Sicily.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Carposph�ra belladonna</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, five times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular
+  circular pores of the same breadth as the bars. Twenty to twenty-two pores on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.3, inner 0.06, outer pores and bars
+  0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel, John Murray.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Carposph�ra areca</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thick walled, rough, twice as broad as the medullary shell, with regular
+  circular pores half as broad as the bars. Eight to ten pores on the quadrant.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.06, outer pores 0.03, bars
+  0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Prunosph�ra</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 451.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular polygonal, of
+  unequal size or dissimilar form.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Carposph�ra prunulum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, four times as broad as the medullary shell, with large
+  irregular polygonal pores, four to eight times as broad as the bars.  Connecting beams between
+  them numerous.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page75">{75}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.24, inner 0.06, outer pores 0.008 to
+  0.016, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Carposph�ra corypha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, rough, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with irregular
+  polygonal pores, three to six times as broad as the bars. Connecting beams between the two shells
+  twenty, regularly disposed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, inner 0.05, outer pores 0.01 to
+  0.02, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Carposph�ra borassus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with
+  irregular polygonal pores, two to four times as broad as the bars. Connecting beams between the
+  two shells six, opposite by pairs in the three dimensive axes. (Similar to <i>Hexalonche
+  aristarchi</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>,
+  fig. 3, but without external radial spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.04, outer pores 0.01 to
+  0.02, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Ph&#x0153;nicosph�ra</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular roundish, of unequal
+  size or form.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Carposph�ra nobilis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma nobile</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 268; Abhandl., 1875, Taf.  xxvii. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, rough, twice as broad as the medullary shell, with irregular
+  roundish pores, two to four times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, inner 0.05, outer pores 0.01 to 0.02,
+  bars 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, at various depths;
+  fossil in Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary rocks.</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Carposph�ra micrococcus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, rough, seven times as broad as the medullary shell, with irregular
+  roundish pores, three to six times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.03, outer pores 0.012 to
+  0.025, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page76">{76}</span></div>
+
+  <p>17. <i>Carposph�ra maxima</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, five times as broad as the medullary shell, with irregular
+  roundish pores, of about the same breadth as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.4, inner 0.08, pores and bars 0.004 to
+  0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>18. <i>Carposph�ra nodosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 2<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Anthomma nodosum</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, <i>loc. cit.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, covered with forty to fifty scattered pyramidal nodules, two and a
+  half times as broad as the medullary shell, connected with it by very numerous thin radial beams.
+  Outer and inner pores irregular roundish or polygonal, two to three times as broad as the bars.
+  (This species in consequence of the cortical nodules may represent a peculiar genus, analogous to
+  <i>Conosph�ra</i>, called <i>Anthomma</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.13, inner 0.05, inner and outer pores
+  0.008 to 0.012, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 20. <i>Liosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_32" href="#Nt_32"><sup>[32]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 449.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with two cortical (extracapsular)
+  shells (without a medullary or intracapsular shell).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Liosph�ra</i> agrees with the preceding <i>Carposph�ra</i> in the
+  possession of two concentric latticed spheres; but whilst in the latter genus the inner sphere is
+  a medullary one (intracapsular), the outer a cortical shell (extracapsular), both connected by
+  radial beams piercing the capsule-wall, here in <i>Liosph�ra</i> the central capsule lies freely
+  within the inner lattice shell and is not pierced by radial beams. Therefore both shells are here
+  cortical shells, both separated by a distance, which is constantly much smaller than the radius of
+  the inner shell; whereas in <i>Carposph�ra</i> this distance is at least as large as that radius
+  (commonly much larger). In <i>Carposph�ra</i> the number of pores in both shells is never the
+  same; in several species of <i>Liosph�ra</i> this number is the same, each outer regular hexagonal
+  pore exactly corresponding to an inner; the six corners of each connected by six short radial
+  beams.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Melitomma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of both shells regular, in each shell all of nearly
+  equal size and form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Liosph�ra hexagonia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>,
+  fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Both shells with the same number of pores, exactly corresponding, about ten on the quadrant.
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page77">{77}</span>All pores regular, or subregular, hexagonal; the
+  outer twice as broad as the inner. Outer bars very thin, thread-like; inner bars thick, one-third
+  as broad as the pores. Surface smooth. Both shells connected by numerous radial beams, their
+  distance one-third as large as the radius of the inner shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, inner 0.12, distance of both 0.02;
+  outer pores 0.014, inner pores 0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Liosph�ra rhodococcus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both shells with the same number of pores, exactly corresponding, about twelve on the quadrant.
+  All pores regular or subregular; the inner circular, with elegant six-lobed frames, twice as broad
+  as the bars; the outer hexagonal, with very thin thread-like bars. All corners of the outer and
+  inner hexagons connected by thin, bristle-shaped radial beams. (Similar to <i>Haliomma
+  rhodococcus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>,
+  fig. 6; but with smooth surface and regular hexagonal pores of the outer shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.16, distance of both 0.02;
+  outer pores 0.03, inner 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Liosph�ra porulosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both shells with regular hexagonal pores; their number in the outer shell seven times as great
+  as in the inner. Pores of the stout inner shell large, three times as broad as the bars, about
+  eight on the quadrant. From each hexagon-corner arises one bristle-shaped radial beam; their
+  distal ends are united by threads (three from each), forming the large meshes of the delicate
+  outer shell. Each of these is divided by very thin threads into seven small circular porules, one
+  central and six around it.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.25, inner 0.2, distance of both 0.025;
+  outer pores 0.04, their porules 0.012, inner pores 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Rabbe; surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Craspedomma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of both shells irregular, in each shell differing
+  either in form or size.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Liosph�ra peridromium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both shells with the same number of large, polygonal, very irregular pores, exactly
+  corresponding (about eight to ten on the quadrant); both with a very delicate thin framework. From
+  the thread-like bars of the inner, very large and thin-walled, sphere arise perpendicularly
+  innumerable short bristles of equal length, which are united at equal distances by tangential
+  thread-like bars, parallel to the former, composing the outer shell. Each mesh is, therefore,
+  surrounded by a delicate ballister or rail.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page78">{78}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.42, inner 0.4, distance of both 0.01;
+  diameter of the meshes 0.02 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 250, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Liosph�ra polypora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>,
+  fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>Both shells with small irregular roundish pores, of about the same size as the bars between
+  them; twenty to thirty on the quadrant. The pores of the outer shell somewhat smaller, therefore
+  much more numerous than the pores of the inner shell. Distance between the two shells about
+  one-third as great as the radius of the inner. Both shells connected by numerous thin radial
+  beams. Surface smooth or a little rough.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.18, inner 0.14, distance of both 0.02;
+  pores and bars 0.003 to 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Thecosph�rida</span>,<a id="NtA_33"
+  href="#Nt_33"><sup>[33]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 452.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with three concentric
+  spherical lattice-shells, which are united by radial beams.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 21. <i>Thecosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_34" href="#Nt_34"><sup>[34]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 452.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with two medullary
+  (intracapsular) shells and one cortical (extracapsular) shell.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Thecosph�ra</i> comprises a large number of triple-shelled <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, formerly united with <i>Actinomma</i>, but different from this
+  genus in the absence of radial spines. The latticed shell is composed of three concentric spheres,
+  two of which lie within the central capsule (medullary shells), and one outside (cortical shell).
+  This latter is connected with the former by radial beams piercing the wall of the central capsule.
+  From the following <i>Rhodosph�ra</i> (with one medullary and two cortical shells)
+  <i>Carposph�ra</i> differs also by the distance of the three shells. In the former the distance
+  between the two outer shells is much smaller, in the latter much larger, than the distance between
+  the inner shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Thecosph�rantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, hexagonal, or
+  circular, with hexagonal frames or lobes, all of nearly equal size and form.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page79">{79}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Thecosph�ra triplodictyon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, hexagonal pores, four times as broad as the
+  bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Both medullary
+  shells with regular circular pores, twice as broad as the bars, the inner half as broad as the
+  outer. All three shells connected by six thin radial beams, opposite in pairs in the three
+  dimensive axes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.05, inner 0.025; cortical
+  pores 0.012, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Thecosph�ra ph�naxonia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as
+  broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Both
+  medullary shells with regular hexagonal pores and thin bars. All three shells connected by six
+  prismatic radial beams, opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes. (Shell similar to
+  <i>Hexacontium sceptrum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate24"><b>24</b></a>,
+  fig. 1, 1<i>a</i>, but without external spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.04, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores 0.01, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Thecosph�ra favosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, thorny, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, of the
+  same breadth as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;10.
+  Both medullary shells with regular circular pores, connected with the former by twelve short
+  prismatic, regularly disposed radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.06, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores and bars 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, surface; also fossil in
+  Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Thecosph�ra floribunda</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, elegantly six-lobed pores, three times as
+  broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Both
+  medullary shells with simple regular circular pores, connected with the former by six dimensive
+  radial beams. (Similar to <i>Hexacontium floridum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate24"><b>24</b></a>, fig. 4, but
+  without external spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.06, inner 0.03; cortical
+  pores 0.01, bars 0.0033.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page80">{80}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Thecosph�rella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, circular, without
+  hexagonal frames or lobes, all of nearly equal size and form.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Thecosph�ra inermis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Actinomma inerme</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 440, Taf. xxiv. fig. 5.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma inerme</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 815.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, rough, with regular circular pores, twice as broad as the bars.
+  Radial proportion of the three spheres and of their circular regular pores =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. All three spheres connected by twelve regularly disposed radial
+  beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, middle 0.05, inner 0.025; cortical
+  pores 0.006, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, at
+  many Stations and at various depths.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Thecosph�ra �quorea</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma �quorea</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+    83; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 35.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma �quorea</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 443.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with regular circular pores of the same breadth as the
+  bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres and of their regular pores =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;6 or = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;9; they are connected by six radial
+  beams, opposite by pairs in the three dimensive axes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.08 to 0.12, middle 0.03 to 0.04, inner
+  0.09 to 0.12; cortical pores and bars about 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Corfu, surface; fossil in Greece and
+  Sicily.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Thecosph�ra medusa</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma medusa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1838, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 130;
+    Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. figs. 33, 34.</p>
+    <p><i>Actinomma medusa</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 444.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma medusa</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., Bd. xxvi. p. 90, Taf. ii. fig.
+    3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, rough or thorny, with regular circular pores of the same breadth
+  as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4 (or
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;6); they are connected by four radial beams, crossed by pairs in two
+  diameters, perpendicular one to another.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.08 to 0.12, middle 0.04 to 0.06, inner
+  0.02 to 0.025; cortical pores and bars in average 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados and the
+  Mediterranean.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page81">{81}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Thecosph�ra entactinia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with regular circular pores of the same breadth as the
+  bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;12; they are connected
+  by very numerous (forty to fifty, or more) thin radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.24, middle 0.06, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores and bars 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Thecosph�ra micropora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with very small and numerous, regular, circular pores, half
+  as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three shells = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;5; they
+  are connected by twenty regularly disposed radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.08, inner 0.04; cortical
+  pores 0.002, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Thecosph�rina</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular polygonal, of
+  unequal size or dissimilar form.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Thecosph�ra capillacea</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular polygonal pores, three to six times as broad
+  as the bars. Both medullary shells with similar, but smaller, pores. Radial proportion of the
+  three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;8; they are connected by very numerous (sixty to
+  eighty or more) thin radial beams.  (Similar to <i>Actinomma capillaceum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate29"><b>29</b></a>, fig. 6, but
+  without external spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.075, inner 0.025; cortical
+  pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 250, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Thecosph�ra diplococcus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with large irregular polygonal pores, two to three times as
+  broad as the bars. Both medullary shells with small regular circular pores. Radial proportion of
+  the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;6; they are connected by twenty (?) stout radial
+  beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.04, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores 0.008 to 0.012, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Thecosph�romma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, roundish, of
+  unequal size or dissimilar form.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page82">{82}</span></div>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Thecosph�ra dodecactis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with large irregular roundish pores, two to eight times as
+  broad as the bars. Both medullary shells with regular circular pores, twice as broad as the bars.
+  Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;5; they are connected by
+  twelve regularly disposed stout radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.08, inner 0.04; cortical
+  pores 0.004 to 0.016, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Thecosph�ra icosactis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with small irregular roundish pores, two to four times as broad as
+  the bars. Both medullary shells with similar but smaller pores. Radial proportion of the three
+  spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;8; they are connected by twenty thin radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.32, middle 0.12, inner 0.04; cortical
+  pores 0.005 to 0.012, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Thecosph�ra maxima</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with small irregular roundish pores, two to six times as broad as
+  the bars. Both medullary shells with similar, but smaller, pores. Radial proportion of the three
+  spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;9; they are connected by numerous (forty to sixty or more)
+  thin radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.45, middle 0.15, inner 0.05; cortical
+  pores 0.008 to 0.024, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 22. <i>Rhodosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_35" href="#Nt_35"><sup>[35]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 452.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with one medullary
+  (intracapsular) shell and two cortical (extracapsular) shells.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Rhodosph�ra</i> differs from the preceding <i>Thecosph�ra</i> in the
+  same manner in which, among the Dyosph�rida, <i>Liosph�ra</i> differs from <i>Carposph�ra</i>. The
+  cortical shell is double, composed of two not far distant shells, lying outside the central
+  capsule. The distance between the shells is much smaller than the radius of the inner shell. This
+  is connected by radial beams (piercing the central capsule) with the small central medullary
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Rhodosph�rella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of both cortical shells regular, in each shell all
+  of nearly equal size and form.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page83">{83}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Rhodosph�ra hexagonia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both cortical shells with the same number of regular hexagonal pores; the inner four times as
+  broad as the bars, and half as broad as the outer pores, which are separated by thread-like bars.
+  Medullary shell only one-fourth as broad as the inner cortical shell, with regular hexagonal pores
+  of half the size. (Differs from the similar <i>Liosph�ra hexagonia</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>, fig. 3, by
+  the possession of a medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.16, inner 0.04; outer pores
+  0.013, middle 0.008, inner 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Rhodosph�ra melitomma</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both cortical shells with the same number of regular pores; the inner regular, circular, twice
+  as broad as the bars, with elegant hexagonal frames and six roundish lobes alternating with the
+  six radial spines which arise from the hexagon-corners; these short conical spines are connected
+  at the distal end (at equal distances from the centre) by delicate threads (three from each
+  spine), which form the delicate external shell. Medullary shell one-third as broad as the inner
+  cortical shell, with small, simple, regular circular pores. (If in <i>Carposph�ra melitomma</i>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>, fig.
+  4, the distal ends of the spines became united by a cobweb-like outer shell, this species would be
+  formed.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.22, middle 0.18, inner 0.06; outer pores
+  0.025, middle 0.0125, inner 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Rhodosph�romma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of both cortical shells irregular, in each shell of
+  unequal size or dissimilar form.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Rhodosph�ra palliata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both cortical shells with an unequal number of irregular roundish pores; the outer pores
+  somewhat smaller and much more numerous than the inner pores; the bars between the latter are
+  thicker. Medullary shell about one quarter as broad as the inner cortical shell, with regular
+  circular pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.4, middle 0.36, inner 0.08; outer pores
+  on an average 0.008, middle 0.012, inner 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Rhodosph�ra pentaphylla</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both cortical shells with unequal number of irregular roundish pores; the inner pores large,
+  three to four times as broad as the bars; to each inner pore corresponds a group of five smaller
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page84">{84}</span>outer pores, like the five petals of a flower.
+  Medullary shell half as broad as the inner cortical shell, with regular circular pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.25, middle 0.2, inner 0.1; outer pores
+  on an average 0.006, middle 0.012, inner 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Cromyosph�rida</span>,<a id="NtA_36"
+  href="#Nt_36"><sup>[36]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 453.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with four concentric
+  spherical latticed shells, united by radial beams.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 23. <i>Cromyosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_37" href="#Nt_37"><sup>[37]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 453.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with two intracapsular
+  (medullary) shells and two extracapsular (cortical) shells; the former united with the latter by
+  radial beams piercing the wall of the central capsule.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cromyosph�ra</i> is the only known genus of Cromyosph�rida, or of such
+  <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, the smooth shell of which is composed of two medullary and
+  two cortical shells. There may possibly be other Cromyosph�rida, in which the shell is composed of
+  one simple medullary and three cortical shells, or only of four extra-capsular cortical shells;
+  but such have not as yet been observed. <span class="correction"
+  title="Added by Addenda."><i>Caryosph�ra polysph�rica</i>, B�tschli, 1882 (L. N. <a
+  href="#ln41">41</a>, Taf. xxiii. fig. 12) is probably a <i>Cromyosph�ra</i> (fossil in
+  Barbados).</span></p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cromyosph�ra quadruplex</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Outer
+  cortical shell smooth, with large regular hexagonal pores, ten times as broad as the bars; inner
+  cortical shell with irregular polygonal pores, five times as broad as the bars. Both medullary
+  shells with regular circular pores of the same breadth as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four spheres&mdash;(A) 0.16, (B) 0.12, (C) 0.06, (D)
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cromyosph�ra rosetta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;8&nbsp;:&nbsp;10. Outer
+  cortical shell smooth, with regular hexagonal pores and very thin bars; inner cortical shell with
+  the same number of exactly corresponding, regular circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as
+  broad as the bars; the corners of the outer and inner hexagons united by radial bristles. Both
+  medullary shells with regular circular pores, twice as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four spheres&mdash;(A) 0.2, (B) 0.16, (C) 0.04, (D)
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page85">{85}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cromyosph�ra bigemina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;7&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Outer
+  cortical shell smooth, with regular hexagonal pores and very thin bars; inner cortical shell with
+  the same number of exactly corresponding, regular circular pores. Both medullary shells with
+  regular circular pores of the same breadth as the bars. (Somewhat similar to <i>Hexacromyon
+  elegans</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate24"><b>24</b></a>,
+  fig. 9, also with six inner radial beams, but without external radial spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four spheres&mdash;(A) 0.2, (B) 0.17, (C) 0.05, (D)
+  0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Cromyosph�ra cepa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. All four
+  shells of the same structure, thick-walled, with regular circular pores, two to four times as
+  broad as the bars; the size of the pores increases gradually from the inner to the outer shell.
+  Surface thorny. Distance between the second and third shells twice as great as that between the
+  others.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four spheres&mdash;(A) 0.125, (B) 0.1, (C) 0.05, (D)
+  0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Cromyosph�ra scorodonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. All four
+  shells of the same structure, thin-walled, with irregular roundish pores, two to four times as
+  broad as the bars; the size of the pores increasing gradually from the inner to the outer shell.
+  Surface smooth. Distance between each two shells equal to the diameter of the innermost.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four spheres&mdash;(A) 0.12, (B) 0.09, (C) 0.06, (D)
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
+  in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Cromyosph�ra antarctica</i>, <span class="correction"
+  title="Original refers to Pl. 30, fig. 8 but
+  that does not show this species">n. sp.</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;5&nbsp;:&nbsp;7. Both
+  cortical shells with irregular polygonal roundish pores; the outermost with thinner bars and rough
+  surface, the inner with thicker bars. Both medullary shells with irregular roundish pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four spheres&mdash;(A) 0.18, (B) 0.12, (C) 0.05, (D)
+  0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean; in very large number, together with
+  <i>Rhizosph�ra antarctica</i>, in the diatomaceous ooze of Station 157 (3rd March 1874); depth
+  1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Caryosph�rida</span>,<a id="NtA_38"
+  href="#Nt_38"><sup>[38]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 454.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with numerous (five
+  or more) concentric spherical latticed shells, united by radial beams.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page86">{86}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 24. <i>Caryosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_39" href="#Nt_39"><sup>[39]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 454.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with two intracapsular
+  (medullary) shells and three or more extracapsular (cortical) shells; the former united with the
+  latter by radial beams piercing the wall of the central capsule.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Caryosph�ra</i>, the only observed form of this subfamily, comprises
+  those <span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> in which the shell is composed of two medullary and
+  three or more cortical shells. Such forms (without radial spines) are very rare; I observed only
+  two species, one with five, the other with six shells. They are derived from <i>Cromyosph�ra</i>
+  by further apposition of outer cortical shells.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Caryosph�ra pentalepas</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell composed of five concentric spheres, with radial proportion =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;8&nbsp;:&nbsp;10&nbsp;:&nbsp;12. Both medullary shells with regular
+  circular pores, twice as broad as the bars. First cortical shell with regular, circular,
+  hexagonally framed pores, three times as broad as the bars; second cortical shell with regular
+  hexagonal pores, four times as broad as the bars; third (outermost) cortical shell with regular
+  hexagonal pores and very thin thread-like bars. Surface smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the five shells&mdash;(A) 0.02, (B) 0.04, (C) 0.16, (D)
+  0.2, (E) 0.24.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Caryosph�ra hexalepas</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell composed of six concentric spheres, with the radial proportion =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5&nbsp;:&nbsp;6&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. All six shells with
+  regular circular pores, two to four times as broad as the bars, with increasing size from the
+  centrum against the smooth surface.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the six shells&mdash;(A) 0.025, (B) 0.05, (C) 0.1, (D)
+  0.13, (E) 0.16, (F) 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also fossil
+  in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Plegmosph�rida</span>,<a id="NtA_40"
+  href="#Nt_40"><sup>[40]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 455.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> with spongy spherical
+  shell, with or without latticed medullary shell in the centre.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 25. <i>Styptosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_41" href="#Nt_41"><sup>[41]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 455.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> forming a solid sphere of spongy
+  framework, without enclosed medullary shell, and without central cavity.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page87">{87}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Styptosph�ra</i> presents a spherical shell with smooth or rough
+  surface (without radial spines), the whole mass of which is composed of looser or denser spongy
+  wicker-work.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Styptosph�ra spumacea</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the solid sphere loose, with large polygonal meshes of slightly different
+  size, ten to twenty times as broad as the bars. Structure of the whole spongy sphere the same.
+  Central capsule filled with crystals. Surface smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.32, of the central capsule 0.26, meshes 0.01
+  to 0.02, bars 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Styptosph�ra spongiacea</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework in the central part of the solid sphere much more compact than in the
+  peripheral part, becoming gradually looser towards the rough surface. Meshes in the centre three
+  to five times, in the periphery fifteen to twenty times as broad as the bent bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.45, inner meshes 0.006 to 0.01, outer meshes
+  0.03 to 0.04, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Styptosph�ra stupacea</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the solid sphere rather compact, everywhere of the same structure, with
+  roundish, nearly equal meshes, six to eight times as broad as the bars. Surface rough with
+  prominent thorns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.22, meshes 0.01 to 0.012, bars 0.0015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 26. <i>Plegmosph�ra</i>, Haeckel,<a id="NtA_42" href="#Nt_42"><sup>[42]</sup></a> 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 455.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Liosp�rida'."><span
+  class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span></span> forming a hollow sphere of spongy framework, without a
+  medullary shell in the central cavity.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Plegmosph�ra</i> develops a large hollow sphere, the wall of which is
+  composed of looser or denser spongy wicker-work. On the inner as well as on the outer face of the
+  spongy shell-wall may be present a simple lattice-sphere from which the threads of the framework
+  arise; but in some species these lattice-plates are quite absent.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page88">{88}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Plegmosph�rantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Inside and outside of the spongy shell-wall smooth, closed
+  by a lattice-plate with polygonal meshes.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Plegmosph�ra maxima</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radius of the spherical shell-cavity eight to ten times as great as the thickness of the thin
+  spongy wall. Inside and outside of the wall smooth, closed by a lattice-plate with irregular
+  polygonal meshes. Only three or four meshes in the thickness of the wall.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy sphere 0.8 to 1.0 mm., of its inner cavity 0.7
+  to 0.8, meshes 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.002 to 0.003, central capsule 0.5 to 0.6, nucleus 0.1 to
+  0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Plegmosph�ra coelopila</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radius of the spherical shell-cavity eight to ten times as great as the thickness of the spongy
+  wall. Inside and outside of the wall closed by a smooth lattice-plate with irregular polygonal
+  meshes, five to ten times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.32, of its cavity 0.26, meshes 0.01 to 0.02,
+  bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel, Gulf Stream, John Murray.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Plegmosph�ra pachypila</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radius of the spherical shell-cavity about equal to the thickness of the spongy wall. Inside
+  and outside of the wall closed by a smooth lattice-plate with irregular polygonal meshes, three to
+  six times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.24, of its cavity 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 250, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Plegmosph�rella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Inside of the spongy shell-wall closed by a smooth
+  lattice-plate, outside rough, spongy, with prominent thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Plegmosph�ra entodictyon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radius of the spherical shell-cavity half as great as the thickness of the spongy wall. Inside
+  of the wall closed by a smooth lattice-plate, outside rough, spongy.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.24, of its cavity 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page89">{89}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Plegmosph�ra leptodictyon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radius of the spongy shell-cavity six times as great as the thickness of the spongy wall.
+  Inside of the wall closed by a smooth lattice-plate, outside rough spongy.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.44, of its cavity 0.36.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Plegmosph�romma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Inside of the spongy shell-wall rough spongy, without
+  lattice-plate, outside closed by a smooth lattice-plate.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Plegmosph�ra exodictyon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Radius of the spongy shell-cavity only one-fourth as great as the thickness of the spongy
+  shell-wall. Outside of the wall closed by a smooth lattice-plate, inside rough, spongy.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.4, of its cavity 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Plegmosph�rusa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Inside and outside of the spongy shell-wall rough, with
+  spongy or spiny surface, without lattice-plate.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Plegmosph�ra leptoplegma</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radius of the spherical shell-cavity half as great as the thickness of the loose spongy
+  shell-wall. Inside and outside of the wall rough spongy, not closed by a lattice-plate. Meshes ten
+  to twenty times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.3, of its cavity 0.088.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Plegmosph�ra pachyplegma</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radius of the spherical shell-cavity about equal to the thickness of the dark and dense spongy
+  shell-wall. Inside and outside of the wall rough spongy, not closed by a lattice-plate. Meshes
+  three to five times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, of its cavity 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 27. <i>Spongoplegma</i>,<a id="NtA_43" href="#Nt_43"><sup>[43]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 455.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> forming a sphere of spongy
+  framework, which encloses in the centre one single latticed medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page90">{90}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongoplegma</i> may be regarded as a <i>Carposph�ra</i>, in which the
+  simple latticed cortical shell is represented by an irregular spongy framework, immediately
+  enclosing the simple latticed medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongoplegma antarcticum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with loose spongy framework and rough surface, four to six times as broad as the
+  enclosed simple medullary shell. Pores of the latter regular circular, twice as broad as the bars.
+  From its surface arise numerous (forty to fifty or more) short radial beams, which become forked
+  and compose, by communication of lateral branches, the spongy cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy cortical shell 0.2 to 0.3 of the latticed
+  medullary shell 0.05 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, in large number, together with
+  <i>Cromyosph�ra antarctica</i>; in the Diatom ooze of Station 157 (depth 1950 fathoms).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 28. <i>Spongodictyon</i>,<a id="NtA_44" href="#Nt_44"><sup>[44]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1862,
+  Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 459.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Liosph�rida</span> forming a sphere of spongy
+  framework, which encloses in the centre a double latticed concentric medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spongodictyon</i> can be regarded as a <i>Thecosph�ra</i>, in which
+  the simple latticed cortical shell is represented by an irregular spongy framework, which
+  immediately encloses the double latticed medullary shell. Sometimes this latter appears triple,
+  the inner surface of the spongy cortical shell forming a smooth spherical lattice-plate, separated
+  by an interval from the double medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Dictyoplegma</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol, p. 458.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spongy cortical shell enveloping immediately the double
+  medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongodictyon spongiosum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Dictyosoma spongiosum</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 31,
+    Taf. ii. figs. 9-11.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyoplegma spongiosum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 458.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the cortical shell loose, with large, polygonal roundish meshes, on an
+  average as large as the double medullary shell, which is immediately enveloped by it. Both
+  concentric medullary shells with subregular roundish pores, twice as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.2 to 0.3 or more; of the outer
+  medullary shell 0.03, inner 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (French south coast, surface), J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page91">{91}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongodictyon cavernosum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the cortical shell rather compact in the inner part, which immediately
+  envelops the double medullary shell; very loose, with large caverns in the outer part, caverns of
+  the surface larger than the medullary shell. Both medullary shells with regular circular pores,
+  three times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.3 to 0.4, outer medullary shell 0.1,
+  inner 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spongodictyoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spongy cortical shell on the inner surface with a smooth
+  lattice-plate (or third medullary shell), which is connected by radial beams with the inner double
+  medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongodictyon trigonizon</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Spongodictyon trigonizon</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 459, Taf. xxvi. figs.
+    4-6.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyosoma trigonizon</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 841.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the cortical shell very loose, with very large, for the most part
+  triangular meshes, which are two to six times as large as the enclosed double medullary shell.
+  From the surface of the latter arise numerous radial beams, which are connected by a spherical
+  lattice-plate, forming the smooth inner surface of the spongy sphere (or a third medullary shell).
+  The structure of the framework reminds one of the <span class="sc">Ph�odarium</span> <i>Sagena</i>
+  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate108"><b>108</b></a>).
+  Pores of both medullary shells regular circular, twice as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.5 to 1.15, outer medullary 0.05,
+  inner 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Messina, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spongodictyon arcadophoron</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the cortical shell in the inner part very loose, in the outer part more
+  compact; outer meshes scarcely as large as the inner medullary shell (or only half as large),
+  inner meshes two to four times as large. From the surface of the double medullary shell arise
+  numerous radial beams, which are forked at equal distances from the centre; the fork branches are
+  curved and united together by dichotomous branches, like elegant arcades; and these arcades form
+  together the large polygonal meshes on the inside of the cortical shell (or a third medullary
+  shell). Both medullary shells with regular circular pores, of the same breadth as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.2, outer medullary shell 0.04, inner
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 349, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page92">{92}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Family VI. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Collosph�rida</span></span>, J. M�ller<a
+  id="NtA_45" href="#Nt_45"><sup>[45]</sup></a> (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> living associated in colonies,
+  united by an alveolar jelly-body, and connected by the network of anastomosing pseudopodia.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> comprises all polyzous or social <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, and constitutes the only polyzoic group among the <span
+  class="sc">Sph�rellaria</span>. This group was first constituted by J. M�ller as "<i>Radiolaria
+  polyzoa</i> with shells."<a id="NtA_46" href="#Nt_46"><sup>[46]</sup></a> Formerly following his
+  authority, in my Monograph I had separated them from the other <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>
+  and united them with the social Collodaria (Sph�rozoida).<a id="NtA_47"
+  href="#Nt_47"><sup>[47]</sup></a> Also R. Hertwig in his Organismus der Radiolarien<a id="NtA_48"
+  href="#Nt_48"><sup>[48]</sup></a> united them with his Sph�rozoea. In my Prodromus<a id="NtA_49"
+  href="#Nt_49"><sup>[49]</sup></a> I had retained this isolated position. But a further careful
+  study has convinced me that this isolation is not truly natural, and that the Collosph�rida are
+  only "social Ethmosph�rida" which have arisen from this solitary subfamily by adaptation to
+  colonial life. There are some forms of Collosph�rida which are nearly identical with some forms of
+  Ethmosph�rida, only differing from the latter by their association in colonies; and in some forms
+  of both groups it is quite impossible to decide whether the isolated shells appertain to one or to
+  the other family.</p>
+
+  <p>The isolated shell of the Collosph�rida is almost constantly (with few exceptions) a simple
+  extracapsular lattice-shell, as in the Monosph�rida; only the small group of Clathrosph�rida (with
+  the genera <i>Clathrosph�ra</i> and <i>Xanthiosph�ra</i>) exhibit an exception, the simple
+  lattice-shell being overgrown by an external mantle or veil of very thin, cobweb-like, irregular
+  lattice-work (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>,
+  figs. 6-11). Therefore these Clathrosph�rida bear to the Acrosph�rida (or the common simple
+  Collosph�rida) a relation similar to that which <i>Liosph�ra</i> (p. <a href="#page76">76</a>)
+  bears to <i>Cenosph�ra</i>; both shells are extracapsular "cortical shells" at a very short
+  distance apart. In the Collosph�rida true concentric medullary shells never occur; the central
+  capsule always lies quite freely in the simple or double cortical shell, separated from it by a
+  jelly-veil.</p>
+
+  <p>Although a well marked difference in the simple lattice-shell of the social Collosph�rida and
+  the solitary Ethmosph�rida does not exist, nevertheless in most cases the two shells can be
+  distinguished by a practiced observer. The simple fenestrated shells of the monozoic Ethmosph�rida
+  are commonly quite regular spheres in a mathematical sense, or regular "endospherical polyhedra";
+  whereas in the Collosph�rida they are commonly more or less irregular, often to an extraordinary
+  degree (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>). Some species
+  of Collosph�rida, however, also possess quite regular spherical shells. Another difference is
+  often shown in the lattice-work of the shells, which in the Collosph�rida is nearly always very
+  irregular, and exhibits a peculiar tendency to the <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page93">{93}</span>production of radial, conical, or cylindrical tubules. These occur as well
+  on the inside as on the outside of the shell, and the tubules are now more conical, now more
+  cylindrical; their wall either solid or pierced by pores (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>). The tubules
+  are commonly very irregular in form, size, and disposition; distinguished, however, by a number of
+  hereditary peculiarities, which are sufficient for the distinction of genera. Similar tubules
+  occur also in some genera of solitary Ethmosph�rida (<i>Coscinomma</i>, <i>Ethmosph�ra</i>,
+  <i>Conosph�ra</i>, &amp;c., Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>);
+  but the tubules are here much more regular and not so highly developed.</p>
+
+  <p>Besides the tubules of the fenestrated shells, in some genera of Collosph�rida the surface is
+  armed with irregular thorns, rarely with more regular radial spines. But these spines obtain
+  constantly the character of accessory by-spines, and remain short and thin. In this family typical
+  radial spines never occur in a regular and characteristic disposition, corresponding to dimensive
+  axes, as is the case in nearly all solitary <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, only excepting
+  the Liosph�rida. Commonly these spines or thorns serve as protective arms for the shell-meshes,
+  surrounding them often in the form of coronels. Often the lattice-plate of the irregular roundish
+  shell is tubercular, elevated into irregular protuberances, bearing on the top a short spine or
+  thorn (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>).</p>
+
+  <p>The <i>Central Capsule</i> of the Collosph�rida is always a regular sphere, as in all other
+  <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>; it is constantly placed within the lattice-shell, and
+  commonly much smaller than it, separated from it by a thick jelly-veil. A remarkable difference
+  from the solitary <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> is shown in the early division of the
+  nucleus. Commonly the central capsule of the Collosph�rida contains in its centre a large
+  oil-globule, surrounded by very numerous small nuclei. R. Hertwig estimated this difference as so
+  important, that he separated the social "Sph�rozoea" and the solitary "Peripylea" as two different
+  orders. As already shown above (p. <a href="#page7">7</a>, <a href="#page24">24</a>), we cannot
+  support this separation, and are now convinced that this difference in the development of the
+  spores&mdash;just as in the <span class="gsp">Collodaria</span>&mdash;is the consequence of an
+  adaptation to social life.</p>
+
+  <p>The common jelly-body, in which the numerous central capsules and their enveloping shells are
+  united, exhibits in the Collosph�rida quite the same characters as in the other social Radiolaria,
+  the Collozoida and Sph�rozoida. The jelly-body is very voluminous, commonly spherical, often
+  cylindrical, of considerable size; constantly containing numerous large alveoles. Often each shell
+  is enclosed in a separate alveole with rather solid wall (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>, fig. 2).
+  Sometimes in the dead colonies all shells are united in the central part of the jelly-body, whilst
+  its peripheral part is composed of a stratum of large alveoles (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>, fig. 11); at
+  other times no alveoles are visible (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate7"><b>7</b></a>,
+  fig. 11). In many living colonies I found a very large spherical alveole with thick wall in the
+  centre of the spherical colony, surrounded by many strata of delicate thin-walled alveoles (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>, fig. 1).  In
+  this case often the inner younger capsules were naked, <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page94">{94}</span>without shells, the outer only surrounded by shells. Already in my
+  Monograph I had described the same peculiar formation.<a id="NtA_50"
+  href="#Nt_50"><sup>[50]</sup></a></p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Collosph�rida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Collosph�rida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Collosph�rida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="14" class="vmi it1p05">I. Subfamily Acrosph�rida. (Lattice-shell simple, without
+      an external mantle of network.)</td>
+      <td rowspan="14" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace35sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Outside of the shell smooth, without spines or tubuli.</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Inside without tubuli.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">Inside smooth,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">29. <i>Collosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">Inside spiny,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">30. <i>Tribonosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Inside with centripetal tubuli.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">Tubuli imperforated,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">31. <i>Pharyngosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">Tubuli fenestrated,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">32. <i>Buccinosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="3" class="it1p05 vmi">Outside of the shell armed with solid spines,
+      but with hollow tubuli.</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace9sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Spines irregularly scattered on the surface,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">33. <i>Acrosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Each larger pore with one single spine,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">34. <i>Odontosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">Each larger pore with a coronal of spines,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">35. <i>Ch&#x0153;nicosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Outside of the shell with irregular radial tubuli, the wall
+      of which is solid, not fenestrated.</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace10sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Tubuli simple, not branched.</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Mouth of the tubuli truncated, smooth,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">36. <i>Siphonosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">Mouth with one single large tooth,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">37. <i>Mazosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">Mouth with a coronal of teeth,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">38. <i>Trypanosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="it1p05">Tubuli irregularly branched, each with two to four or more
+      openings,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">39. <i>Caminosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="3" class="it1p05 vmi">Outside of the shell with irregular radial
+      tubuli, open on both ends, with fenestrated wall.</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Mouth of the tubuli truncated, smooth,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">40. <i>Solenosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">Mouth with one single large tooth,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">41. <i>Otosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">Mouth with a coronal of teeth,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">42. <i>Coronosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5" rowspan="2" class="it1p05 vmi">II. Subfamily Clathrosph�rida. (Lattice-shell
+      double, with an external mantle of network.)</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="it1p05">Surface of the outer shell smooth,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">43. <i>Clathrosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="it1p05">Surface of the outer shell thorny,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">44. <i>Xanthiosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Collosph�rida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Collosph�rida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="9">I. Subfamily Acrosph�rida. (Lattice-shell simple, without an external mantle
+      of network.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Outside of the shell smooth, without spines or tubuli.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Inside without tubuli.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Inside smooth,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">29. <i>Collosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Inside spiny,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">30. <i>Tribonosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Inside with centripetal tubuli.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Tubuli imperforated,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">31. <i>Pharyngosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Tubuli fenestrated,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">32. <i>Buccinosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Outside of the shell armed with solid spines, but with hollow
+      tubuli.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines irregularly scattered on the surface,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">33. <i>Acrosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Each larger pore with one single spine,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">34. <i>Odontosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Each larger pore with a coronal of spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">35. <i>Ch&#x0153;nicosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Outside of the shell with irregular radial tubuli, the wall of
+      which is solid, not fenestrated.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Tubuli simple, not branched.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth of the tubuli truncated, smooth,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">36. <i>Siphonosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth with one single large tooth,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">37. <i>Mazosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth with a coronal of teeth,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">38. <i>Trypanosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Tubuli irregularly branched, each with two to four or more
+      openings,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">39. <i>Caminosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Outside of the shell with irregular radial tubuli, open on both
+      ends, with fenestrated wall.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth of the tubuli truncated, smooth,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">40. <i>Solenosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth with one single large tooth,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">41. <i>Otosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Mouth with a coronal of teeth,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">42. <i>Coronosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="9">II. Subfamily Clathrosph�rida. (Lattice-shell double, with an external mantle
+      of network.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface of the outer shell smooth,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">43. <i>Clathrosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface of the outer shell thorny,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">44. <i>Xanthiosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Acrosph�rida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 471.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with one simple
+  lattice-shell around every central capsule of the c&#x0153;nobium.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page95">{95}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 29. <i>Collosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_51" href="#Nt_51"><sup>[51]</sup></a> J. M�ller,
+  1855.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with simple shells, smooth on
+  the inside and on the outside, without any spines or tubuli.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Collosph�ra</i> is the most simple form of all Collosph�rida, and must
+  be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family. As the lattice-shell is quite a simple
+  sphere, without any spines, tubules, or other peculiar productions, it agrees perfectly with
+  <i>Cenosph�ra</i>, and represents the social or polyzoid aggregate of this solitary or monozoid
+  genus. Therefore a certain distinction between the isolated shells of the two genera is often very
+  difficult or even impossible; but commonly this distinction is possible owing to the circumstance,
+  that in the majority of the <i>Collosph�r�</i> the shell is more or less irregular roundish or
+  polyhedral, not quite spherical, as in <i>Cenosph�ra</i>. <span class="correction"
+  title="Added by Addenda."><i>Dermatosph�ra</i>, Ehrenberg, is a <i>Collosph�ra</i> with small
+  pores (compare L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 533).</span></p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Eucollosph�ra</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell a regular or subregular sphere.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Collosph�ra primordialis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular sphere, with very delicate and regular network of hexagonal meshes. Six to
+  eight meshes in the half meridian of the shell. Diameter of the meshes ten to fifteen times as
+  broad as the thin bars between them. Can be regarded as social form of <i>Cenosph�ra
+  primordialis</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Collosph�ra regularis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular sphere, with a perfectly regular network of circular meshes, all of the same
+  size. Ten to twelve meshes in the half meridian of the shell. Diameter of the meshes the same as
+  that of the bars between them.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.005 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, surface, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Collosph�ra globularis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular sphere, with subregular network of circular meshes of different sizes; few
+  large pores between many smaller pores. Ten to twenty meshes in the half meridian of the shell.
+  Diameter of the meshes from half to twice as broad as that of the bars.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page96">{96}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.002 to 0.008,
+  breadth of the bars 0.004 to 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical and subtropical zone of both hemispheres, widely
+  distributed; Canaries, Azores, Cape Verde Islands, Guinea Coast, Brazil Coast, Indian Ocean,
+  Madagascar, Ceylon, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Dyscollosph�ra</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell not a regular sphere, but irregular roundish, in all
+  degrees of variation between subspherical and polyhedral or quite irregular forms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Collosph�ra huxleyi</i>, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Collosph�ra huxleyi</i>, J. M�ller, 1855, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, pp. 55-59,
+    Taf. viii. figs. 6-9.</p>
+    <p><i>Collosph�ra huxleyi</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 534, Taf. xxxiv.</p>
+    <p><i>Collosph�ra huxleyi</i>, Cienkowski, 1871, Archiv f. mikrosk. Anat., Bd. vii. p. 374, Taf.
+    xxix. figs. 1-6.</p>
+    <p><i>Collosph�ra ligurina</i>, J. M�ller, 1856, Monatsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+    481.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Thalassicolla punctata</i>, var., Huxley, 1851, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
+    2, vol. viii. p. 434, pl. xvi. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell subspherical, somewhat irregular, sometimes with more or less superficial impressions,
+  with irregular network of roundish meshes. Eight to sixteen meshes in the half meridian of the
+  shell, one to three times as broad as their bars. Very variable, with direct transition-forms to
+  other species of this genus, especially to <i>Collosph�ra globularis</i>, <i>Collosph�ra
+  tuberosa</i>, <i>Collosph�ra pyriformis</i>, and <i>Collosph�ra polyedra</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.16, of the pores 0.004 to 0.012, of the
+  bridges 0.003 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; common in the greater part of the warmer seas,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Collosph�ra polygona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>,
+  fig. 13).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Collosph�ra huxleyi</i> var., Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., Taf. xxxiv.
+    fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell irregular polygonal, with very delicate, irregular network of polygonal meshes, four to
+  twelve times as broad as the bars.  Ten to twenty pores on the half meridian of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.2, of the pores 0.012 to 0.004, of the
+  bars 0.001 to 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Atlantic, surface; Stations 348 to 354.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Collosph�ra pyriformis</i>, Haeckel, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell irregular, rounded, ovate or pear-shaped, with irregular network of rounded or nearly
+  polygonal meshes. Ten to twenty meshes in the half meridian of the shell, one to three times as
+  broad as the bars. Commonly one large opening (two to three times as broad as the largest <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page97">{97}</span>meshes) on the thinner end of the ovate shell
+  (corresponding to the insertion of a pear-stalk); sometimes two or three such large openings.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.15, of the pores 0.008 to 0.016, of the
+  bridges 0.004 to 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical zone&mdash;Cape Verde Islands, Ceylon; Central
+  Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, 348 to 352, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Collosph�ra polyedra</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Trisolenia zanguebarica</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 301, Taf. x. fig. 11.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell irregular, polyhedral, with even or somewhat vaulted sides, and obtuse ridges between
+  them. Network more or less irregular, with small rounded meshes, quite as broad or twice as broad
+  as their bars. Besides these small pores constantly some large round openings (commonly three to
+  six), situated on the corners of the polyhedral shell, four to six times as large as the pores.
+  Often an acute tooth on the edge of each large opening. Transition-form between <i>Collosph�ra</i>
+  and <i>Solenosph�ra</i> or <i>Odontosph�ra</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.15, of the pores 0.004 to 0.008, of
+  their bridges 0.004, of the large openings 0.24 to 0.032.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical zone of the Pacific and the Indian Ocean; Stations
+  266 to 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Collosph�ra tuberosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Collosph�ra huxleyi</i>, var., Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., Taf. xxxiv.
+    figs. 3, 9.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell very irregular, between subspherical and polyhedral in form, but always with irregular
+  impressions, boils or bosses, and between these different rounded prominent tubercles and ridges.
+  Network irregular, strong, with rounded, subcircular or nearly polygonal meshes. Ten to thirty
+  pores in the half meridian of the shell. Diameter of the meshes half to four times as broad as
+  that of the thick bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell very variable in the same c&#x0153;nobium, 0.05
+  to 0.2, of the pores 0.002 to 0.008, breadth of the bridges 0.004 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan, common in all warmer seas, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Collosph�ra irregularis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Collosph�ra huxleyi</i>, var., Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., Taf. <span
+    class="correction" title="Printed 'xxiv.', corrected by Errata.">xxxiv.</span> fig. 8.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell quite irregular, knotty or bulbous, with irregular impressions, and prominent knobs or
+  bulbs between them. Network thin, fragile, quite irregular, with polygonal meshes of most unequal
+  size and form. Five to twenty pores in the half meridian of the shell. Diameter of the meshes two
+  to ten times as broad as that of the thin bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell very variable in the same c&#x0153;nobium, 0.04
+  to 0.24, of the pores 0.005 to 0.05, of the bridges 0.002 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Atlantic, not common; Stations 348, 352,
+  &amp;c., surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page98">{98}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 30. <i>Tribonosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_52" href="#Nt_52"><sup>[52]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 471.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with simple shells, on the
+  inside with radial centripetal beams.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tribonosph�ra</i> differs from <i>Collosph�ra</i> by a very peculiar
+  and rare character, the development of centripetal radial sticks on the internal face of the
+  shell; these beams are not united in the centrum, but finish freely in a certain distance from
+  it.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Tribonosph�ra centripetalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>, fig. 12).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell roundish or subspherical, with numerous small circular or roundish pores, about twice as
+  broad as the bars. Twenty to thirty pores on the half meridian of the shell. Outside of the shell
+  smooth, inside a variable number (ten to twenty) of thin, radial, centripetal sticks or spines,
+  one-third or one-half as long as the radius of the shell. (In the central capsule many very large
+  crystals, resting after the destruction of the capsule.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.003 to 0.005, of the
+  bridges 0.001 to 0.002; length of the inner centripetal sticks 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 31. <i>Pharyngosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_53" href="#Nt_53"><sup>[53]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with simple shells, having on
+  the inside radial centripetal tubes, the walls of which are solid.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pharyngosph�ra</i> differs from <i>Collosph�ra</i> by the development
+  of radial tubules on the inside of the shell, which are directed centripetally towards its centre.
+  The wall of the tubule is solid, not latticed as in the following genus.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pharyngosph�ra stomod�a</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>, fig. 10).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell irregular polyhedral, with ten to fifteen polygonal faces and rounded edges. Pores very
+  small, circular, irregularly scattered, smaller than the bars. Twelve to fifteen pores on the half
+  meridian of the shell. On the inside of every shell-face one short, nearly cylindrical,
+  centripetal tubule, twice as long as broad, and about one-third as long as the shell radius. Outer
+  umbilical mouth of the tubules somewhat wider than the inner truncated mouth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.11 to 0.12, of the pores 0.003 to 0.005, of
+  the bars 0.01 to 0.02; length of the inner tubuli 0.02, breadth of them 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page99">{99}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 32. <i>Buccinosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_54" href="#Nt_54"><sup>[54]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with simple shells, having on
+  the inside radial centripetal tubes, the walls of which are fenestrated.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Buccinosph�ra</i> exhibits, on the inner surface of the shell, radial
+  centripetal tubules similar to those of the foregoing <i>Pharyngosph�ra</i>; but the walls of
+  these tubes are here latticed, not solid; they represent therefore true invaginations of the whole
+  shell-wall.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Buccinosph�ra invaginata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>, fig. 11).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell irregular roundish or nearly polyhedral, with a variable number of umbilical depressions,
+  which are prolonged on the inside into cylindrical or somewhat conical, centripetal, fenestrated
+  tubes, about one-third as long as the shell radius. Inner mouth of the tubes narrower, scarcely
+  half as broad as the outer mouth, about equal to one-fourth the shell radius, truncated. Pores of
+  the tubes and of the shell small, roundish, irregular in size and distribution, about as broad as
+  the bars. Twenty-five to thirty pores in the half meridian of the shell. In all observed specimens
+  the spherical central capsule (half as broad as the shell) contained a large number of
+  crystals.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.001 to 0.003, of the
+  bars 0.002 to 0.003; length of the tubuli 0.02; outer mouth 0.026, inner mouth 0.013; crystals in
+  the central capsule 0.002 to 0.004, sometimes <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.088'.">0.008</span>.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Philippine Islands (Samboangan), Station 213, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Buccinosph�ra tubaria</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell irregular polyhedral with rounded edges, with a variable number of umbilical depressions,
+  which are prolonged on the inside into large, nearly cylindrical, centripetal, fenestrated tubes,
+  half as long as the shell radius. In the middle the tubes are somewhat constricted and narrower.
+  Inner mouth of the tubes dilated, nearly as broad as the outer mouth, about equal to one-half the
+  shell-radius, truncated. Pores of the tubes and of the shell large, roundish polygonal, irregular
+  in size and distribution, three to four times as broad as the bars. Fifteen to twenty pores in the
+  half meridian of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.14, of the pores 0.008 to <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads '0.002'.">0.012</span>, of the bars 0.002 to 0.004;
+  length of the tubuli 0.03; outer mouth 0.04, inner mouth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North coast of New Guinea, Station 217, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 33. <i>Acrosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_55" href="#Nt_55"><sup>[55]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 471.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with simple shells, the outer
+  surface of which is covered with radial, irregularly scattered spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page100">{100}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Acrosph�ra</i> differs from its ancestral genus <i>Collosph�ra</i> by
+  the development of spines on the outer surface of the shell. These are either short, straight,
+  radial spines, or oblique and often curved; their base is often inflated; they are irregularly
+  scattered on the whole surface between the pores.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Acrosph�ra erinacea</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular sphere, everywhere covered with small, very numerous, straight radial spines,
+  regularly scattered between the pores. In the half meridian of the shell ten to twelve circular
+  pores, all of the same form and size, double as broad as the bars. Spines bristle-shaped, very
+  thin, solid, about as long as the diameter of the pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.008 to 0.012; length
+  of the spines 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical zone of the Atlantic, coast of Brazil, Rabbe,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Acrosph�ra echinoides</i>, n. sp. (Pl <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular sphere, covered with numerous, straight, radial spines, irregularly scattered
+  over the whole surface. In the half meridian of the shell twenty to thirty irregular roundish
+  pores of variable size, one to four times as broad as the bars. Spines conical, strong, quite
+  radial, at the top of small conical elevations, which are perforated by from three to six
+  pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, of the pores 0.002 to 0.008;
+  length of the spines 0.015, of their basal zones 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-east corner of the Pacific, Valparaiso, Station 298,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Acrosph�ra setosa</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Polysolenia setosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 299, Taf. viii. fig. 10.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular sphere, covered with numerous bristle-shaped radial spines, irregularly
+  scattered between the pores. In the half meridian of the shell two to four very large circular
+  pores (equal to one-third the radius), and between them numerous very small, point-like pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.05 to 0.08, of the large pores 0.01, of the
+  small 0.001; length of the spines 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Tropical Pacific, Philippine Sea, Station 206, depth
+  2100 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Acrosph�ra spinosa</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Collosph�ra spinosa</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 536, Taf. xxxiv. figs. 12,
+    13.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Collosph�ra spinosa</i>, Cienkowsky, 1871, Archiv f. mikrosk. Anat., vii. p.
+    374, Taf. xxix. figs. 7-17.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular or subregular sphere, covered with numerous, obliquely standing spines,
+  irregularly scattered over the surface. In the half meridian of the shell fifteen to twenty
+  irregular <span class="pagenum" id="page101">{101}</span>roundish pores of very different form and
+  size, one to four times as broad as their bars. Spines conical, irregularly diverging and curved,
+  their hollow base perforated by several pores, not longer than the diameter of the largest
+  pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.2, of the pores 0.001 to 0.04; length
+  of the spines 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Messina; Canary Islands, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Acrosph�ra collina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>,
+  fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell quite irregular, polyhedrical, hilly, with a variable number (eight to sixteen) of large
+  conical hill-like prominences; every cone or hill about as high as broad, perforated by the same
+  pores as the shell, on its top bearing a larger irregular roundish pore, and on its edge one
+  single bristle-like spine, not larger than the diameter of this pore, obliquely inserted. In the
+  half meridian of the shell twenty to thirty irregular roundish pores of very different size, one
+  to six times as broad as the bars. A very characteristic species, closely resembling the following
+  <i>Odontosph�ra</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.25, of the pores 0.005 to 0.02; length
+  of the spines 0.01 to 0.02, height of the hills from which they rise 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North coast of New Guinea, Station 218, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Acrosph�ra inflata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Mazosph�ra inflata</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, <i>loc. cit.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell more or less irregular, polyhedral, hilly, with a variable number (six to twelve) of
+  large pyramidal, hill-like prominences; every hill about as high as broad, on the top a strong
+  conical, radial, or obliquely inserted spine, inflated, with three to six very large polygonal
+  meshes, much larger than the other pores between the hills, which are also polygonal, two to six
+  times as broad as the bars. Ten to fifteen pores on the half meridian.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.14, of the largest pores 0.05, of the
+  smallest 0.005; length of the spines 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 64, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 34. <i>Odontosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_56" href="#Nt_56"><sup>[56]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with simple shells, the outside
+  of which bears single scattered spines, one single spine on the margin of each larger pore.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Odontosph�ra</i> is distinguished from the foregoing <i>Acrosph�ra</i>
+  by the peculiar disposition of the spines, which are not scattered on the outside of the shell
+  between the pores, but so disposed that each larger pore is protected by one single spine,
+  obliquely placed over it.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page102">{102}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Odontosph�ra monodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical or subspherical, with very small and numerous circular pores, much smaller than
+  the bars. Twelve to fifteen pores on the half meridian of the shell. Between them a variable
+  number of larger roundish apertures (mostly twelve to sixteen) irregularly scattered, one-fourth
+  to one-fifth as broad as the shell radius. On the margin of every larger aperture a single (rarely
+  two or three) sharp conical tooth, about as long as the diameter of the aperture, and obliquely
+  laid over them.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.13, of the pores 0.001 to 0.003, of the
+  bars 0.01 to 0.02, of the larger apertures 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Sunda Archipelago, Station 192, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Odontosph�ra cyrtodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>, fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical or subspherical, with numerous roundish pores of very irregular size and
+  distribution, mostly larger than the bars. Ten to twelve pores on the half meridian of the shell.
+  Between them a variable number (mostly six to nine) of large roundish pores, about half as broad
+  as the shell radius, armed on one side of the margin with one single large tooth, about as long as
+  the diameter of the aperture, hook-like, curved, and obliquely laid over them.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.14, of the pores 0.01 to 0.02, of the
+  bars 0.003 to 0.006, of the larger apertures 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, near the Cocos Islands, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 35. <i>Ch&#x0153;nicosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_57" href="#Nt_57"><sup>[57]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with simple shells, armed on
+  the outside with radial spines, forming elegant coronals around the larger pores.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Ch&#x0153;nicosph�ra</i> is characterised by the peculiar disposition
+  of its radial spines, which form protective coronals around the larger pores, or even around all
+  pores of the shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Ch&#x0153;nicosph�rula</i>.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;A coronal of spines around every pore of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Ch&#x0153;nicosph�ra murrayana</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>, fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical, with large circular or roundish pores of unequal size, two to four times as
+  broad as the bars. Ten to twelve pores in the half meridian of the shell. Margin of every pore
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page103">{103}</span>with a coronal of six to nine short and acute
+  spines, not longer than the half diameter of the pore. No spines between the pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16 to 0.2, of the pores 0.02 to 0.03; length
+  of the spines 0.008 to 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;F�r�e Channel (Gulf Stream), common. Expedition of H.M.S.
+  "Triton," John Murray.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Ch&#x0153;nicosph�ra flosculenta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical, with large circular or roundish pores of different size, three to six times as
+  broad as the bars. Six to eight pores in the half meridian of the shell. Margin of every pore
+  somewhat prominent, with a coronal of ten to twenty parallel acute spines of different length, the
+  largest somewhat longer than the diameter of the pore. No spines between the pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, of the pores 0.02 to 0.04; length
+  of the spines 0.02 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Ch&#x0153;nicosph�rium</i>.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;A coronal of spines only around the larger pores, not
+  around the smaller.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Ch&#x0153;nicosph�ra nassiterna</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>, fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical, with circular or roundish pores of very different size. The smaller pores very
+  numerous, without coronal of spines, roundish, about as broad as the bridges. Twenty to thirty
+  pores in the half meridian of the shell. Between them, irregularly scattered, a small number
+  (eight to twelve) of very large circular pores, one-third to one-half as broad as the radius of
+  the shell, armed with a coronal of six to nine parallel, straight, acute spines, about half as
+  long as the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.13, of the smaller pores 0.002 to
+  0.004, of the larger armed pores 0.02 to 0.03; length of the spines 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Philippine Islands, Mindanao, Station 213, depth 2050
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Ch&#x0153;nicosph�ra flammabunda</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>, fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical, with circular or roundish pores of very different size. The smaller pores very
+  numerous and unequal, very irregularly scattered, hardly one-fourth to one-half as broad as the
+  bridges between them. Twelve to twenty-four pores in the half meridian of the shell. Between them,
+  irregularly scattered, a variable number (ten to twenty) of very large circular pores, about
+  one-fourth as broad as the radius of the shell. The margin of these large pores is armed with a
+  very irregular coronal of four to twelve unequal, curved acute spines, partly simple, partly
+  branched like <span class="pagenum" id="page104">{104}</span>a deer-horn, one-fourth to one-half
+  as long as the radius of the shell. Some other small spines irregularly scattered over the
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.16, of the smaller pores 0.001 to
+  0.004, of the larger armed pores 0.016 to 0.024; length of the spines 0.02 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Stations 266 to 272,
+  depth 2425 to 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 36. <i>Siphonosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_58" href="#Nt_58"><sup>[58]</sup></a> J. M�ller,
+  1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with simple shells, the pores
+  of which are prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with solid wall; outer mouth of the
+  tubuli truncated, smooth.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Siphonosph�ra</i> is, next to <i>Collosph�ra</i>, the most common of
+  all Collosph�rida, and rich in different species; all agreeing in the tubular prolongation of the
+  pores, and corresponding therefore to <i>Ethmosph�ra</i> among the simple Liosph�rida.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Holosiphonia</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All the pores or apertures of the shell prolonged into
+  tubules.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Siphonosph�ra pansiphonia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular sphere, everywhere occupied by short, regular cylindrical tubes, all of the
+  same size and form. Length of the tubules equal to their breadth and to the intervals between
+  them. Ten to twelve tubules in the half meridian of the shell. This most regular species is nearly
+  allied to <i>Collosph�ra regularis</i>, and may be derived from it by tubular prolongation of all
+  the regular pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, length and breadth of the tubules
+  0.005 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Siphonosph�ra marginata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular or subregular sphere, occupied by numerous short cylindrical tubules of
+  different sizes. Six to eight tubules in the half meridian of the shell. Diameter of the tubules
+  about equal to their distance apart, but two to four times as large as their length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 14; length of the tubules 0.004 to 0.006,
+  breadth of the tubules and the intervals 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page105">{105}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Siphonosph�ra tubulosa</i>, J. M�ller (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>, fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Siphonosph�ra tubulosa</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+    59.</p>
+    <p><i>Siphonosph�ra tubulosa</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 532.</p>
+    <p><i>Collosph�ra tubulosa</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+    59.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Thalassicolla punctata</i>, var., Huxley, 1851, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser.
+    2, vol. viii. p. 435, pl. xvi. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell subspherical or roundish, somewhat irregular, occupied by a small number (five to ten) of
+  short cylindrical tubules, irregularly scattered at great distances; intervals between the tubules
+  very large, two to four times as broad as the length of the tubules, which is equal to their
+  breadth and about one-fifth or one-sixth of the shell diameter. Only two or three tubules in the
+  half meridian of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, length and breadth of the tubules
+  0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial zone of the Pacific, Stations 225, 265, 268,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Siphonosph�ra cyathina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>, fig. 10).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular sphere, everywhere occupied by short cup-like tubules of somewhat different
+  size. In the half meridian of the shell about ten to twelve tubules, nearly cylindrical, but
+  constricted in the middle. Inner and outer aperture of the tubule of the same size; their diameter
+  equal to their length and distance.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, length and breadth of the tubules
+  0.005 to 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West coast of Tropical Africa, Stations 348 to 352,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Siphonosph�ra patinaria</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>, figs. 7,
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular or subregular sphere, occupied by numerous broad cup-like tubules of very
+  different sizes. In the half meridian of the shell about six to eight tubules, very flat, circular
+  or subcircular, much constricted in the middle. Diameter of the inner aperture larger than that of
+  the middle stricture, smaller than that of the outer aperture of the tubule; outer diameter two to
+  four times as great as their length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.15, of the pores 0.01 to 0.04; length
+  of the tubules 0.01, breadth 0.02 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Siphonosph�ra infundibulum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell subspherical or irregular rounded, occupied by a small number (six to twelve) of large
+  funnel-like tubules of very different size, scattered irregularly at great distances. Intervals
+  between the tubules larger than their length, which surpasses the radius of the shell. Outer
+  opening of the funnels three to four times as broad as the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15; length of the tubules 0.05 to 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page106">{106}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Siphonosph�ra conifera</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>, fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell subspherical, everywhere occupied by irregular conical tubules, the length of which
+  nearly reaches the shell radius. Inner aperture of the cones two to three times as large as the
+  outer. Four to five tubules in the half meridian of the shell. Distances between the bases of the
+  cones small and irregular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.06 to 0.08, length of the tubules 0.03 to
+  0.04; inner aperture of the cones 0.01 to 0.02, outer aperture 0.008 to 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Siphonosph�ra fragilis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell quite irregular roundish or nearly ovate, very thin and fragile, everywhere occupied by
+  irregular, short, and broad cylindrical or conical tubes. Six to ten tubes in the half meridian of
+  the shell. Diameter of the tubules about one-eighth that of the shell, three to four times as
+  large as the length of the tubules, and the distance apart of their bases.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16 to 0.24, of the tubules 0.02 to 0.03;
+  length of the tubules 0.006 to 0.008, distance of them 0.005 to 0.009.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;East coast of Australia, Sydney, Faber; Station 165,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Merosiphonia</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Only part of the shell apertures prolonged in tubules, the
+  others simple.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Siphonosph�ra socialis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular or subregular sphere, bearing only a small number (one to four, commonly two to
+  three) of short and broad cylindrical tubules, irregularly scattered. Between them many small
+  circular or subcircular pores of different sizes, double as broad as their bars. Eight to ten
+  pores in the half meridian of the shell. Tubules three to six times as broad as the pores, about
+  as long as broad, now quite cylindrical, now somewhat dilated at the outer opening. (Although the
+  shells and cells of this common species are among the smallest, their colonies are among the
+  largest, often containing more than one hundred social individuals, often enclosed in
+  alveoles.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.04 to 0.05, of the pores 0.002 to 0.004, of
+  the tubules 0.015 to 0.02; length of them about the same.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical and subtropical part of the Eastern Atlantic, Cape
+  Verde Islands, Canaries, very common, Haeckel; Stations 338 to 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Siphonosph�ra polysiphonia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular or subregular sphere, bearing twelve to sixteen circular pores in its half
+  meridian. Nearly one half the pores simple, very small; the other half prolonged into short
+  cylindrical tubules, <span class="pagenum" id="page107">{107}</span>half as long as broad, two to
+  four times as broad as the pores and their intervals. This species is nearly related to the
+  foregoing, which it represents in the western tropical part of the Atlantic, but differs
+  constantly in the double size of the shell and the much larger number of the tubules.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.06 to 0.09, of the pores 0.002 to 0.004, of
+  the tubules 0.01 to 0.012; their length 0.006 to 0.008, surface.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical and subtropical part of the Western Atlantic, coast
+  of Brazil, &amp;c., Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Siphonosph�ra macrosiphonia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular sphere, with numerous very small pores of equal size and distribution. Twelve
+  to sixteen pores in its half meridian. Bars (between the pores) three to four times as broad as
+  their diameter. Only a small number (two to four) of very long cylindrical tubes, irregularly
+  scattered, nearly as long or somewhat longer than the shell diameter; now quite straight, now
+  somewhat curved. Diameter of the cylinders four to six times as large as that of the pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.002 to 0.004, of the
+  tubules 0.015 to 0.018; length of the tubules 0.08 to 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Tropical Pacific, Station 266 to 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Siphonosph�ra serpula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>, fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular sphere, with numerous very small pores of equal size and distribution. Eight to
+  ten pores in its half meridian; bars between them three to four times as broad as their diameter.
+  Only a small number (six to eight) of very long and snake-like, contorted, cylindrical tubes,
+  irregularly scattered. The shape of the latter is very much like that of the calcareous tubes of
+  some species of <i>Serpula</i>; they are nearly as long as, or longer than, the shell diameter,
+  and four to six times as broad as the pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.14, of the pores 0.003 to 0.005, of
+  the tubules 0.02 to 0.022; length of the tubules 0.1 to 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Eastern Pacific, Station 252 to 262, Sandwich Islands,
+  Haltermann.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Siphonosph�ra chonophora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>, fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell a regular or subregular sphere, with numerous very small pores of equal size and
+  distribution, ten to twelve in its half meridian. Bars between the pores four to six times their
+  diameter. Only a small number (two to six) of very large funnel-like tubules, irregularly
+  scattered. The inner half of these tubules is a short cylindrical tube, of the same thickness as
+  the shell, three to four times as broad as the pores; the outer half is an irregular funnel,
+  suddenly expanded, with siliceous walls of the utmost tenuity and fragility, often irregularly
+  folded and contorted, like a decayed flower-calyx, often half as large as the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.003 to 0.005, inner
+  half of the tubules 0.015 to 0.02, outer funnel-like half 0.05 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Stations 285 to 295, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page108">{108}</span></div>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Siphonosph�ra pipetta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>, fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell more or less irregularly roundish or subspherical, occupied in part by very small pores,
+  in part by very large cylindrical tubules, inflated in the middle. Number, form, and size of the
+  tubes very irregular; commonly there are five to ten, half as long or as long as the shell radius;
+  their inner and outer aperture about half as broad as their inflated middle part; three to nine
+  times as broad as the pores. A very irregular and variable species.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.15, of the pores 0.001 to 0.005, of the
+  tubules 0.015 to 0.03; length of the tubules 0.03 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Stations 242 to 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 37. <i>Mazosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_59" href="#Nt_59"><sup>[59]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1860.</h5>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Mazosph�ra</i>, Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 833.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with simple shells, the pores
+  of which are prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with solid wall; outer mouth of each
+  tubulus armed with a single tooth.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Mazosph�ra</i> is intermediate between <i>Siphonosph�ra</i> and
+  <i>Odontosph�ra</i>, agreeing with the former in the tubular prolongation of the pores, with the
+  latter in the possession of a single large protective tooth on the outer opening.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Mazosph�ra hippotis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>,
+  fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical, with circular pores of irregular size and distribution, scarcely half as broad
+  as the bars; fifteen to twenty on the half meridian of the shell. Between them, irregularly
+  distributed, a variable number (ten to fifteen) of short cylindrical radial tubules, about twice
+  as long as broad, and half as long as the shell radius. Mouth of the tubuli obliquely truncated,
+  having on one side a strong acute tooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.11 to 0.12, of the pores 0.002 to 0.004, of
+  the bridges 0.006 to 0.009; length of the tubuli 0.03, breadth of them 0.01 to 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Mazosph�ra lagotis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical, with circular pores of irregular size and distribution, about as broad as the
+  bars; twelve to sixteen on the half meridian. Between them, irregularly distributed, a variable
+  number (eight to twelve) of long, cylindrical, curved tubules, three to six times as long as
+  broad, and about as long as the shell radius; their external mouth lateral, obliquely truncated,
+  ovate, having on one side a strong conical tooth.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page109">{109}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.002 to 0.01; length
+  of the tubuli 0.05 to 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Mazosph�ra l�vis</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Mazosph�ra l�vis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 297, Taf. vii. fig. 7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical, with very small pores, scarcely one-fourth as broad as the bars. Fifteen to
+  twenty pores on the half meridian of the shell. Between them, irregularly distributed, a variable
+  number (fifteen to twenty) of short conical tubules, about as long as broad, only one-fifth to
+  one-sixth as long as the shell radius. Mouth of the tubuli truncated, with an obtuse short tooth
+  on one side.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.09, of the pores 0.001 to 0.002, of
+  the bridges 0.005 to 0.008; length of the tubuli 0.01 to 0.02, breadth of them the same.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Philippine Islands (depth 3300 fathoms), Ehrenberg; Station
+  206, depth 2100 fathoms; Station 225, depth 4575 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Mazosph�ra apicata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Mazosph�ra apicata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 316.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical, without small pores, only with a variable number (ten to twenty) of short
+  conical tubules, twice as long as broad, and half as long as the shell radius. Mouths of the
+  tubuli obliquely truncated, with a strong acute tooth on one side. (This species differs from the
+  two preceding by the want of the small pores between the tubules.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.1, of the tubules 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Philippine Islands (depth 3300 fathoms), Ehrenberg; north
+  coast of New Guinea, depth 2000 fathoms; Station 217.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 38. <i>Trypanosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_60" href="#Nt_60"><sup>[60]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with simple shells, the pores
+  of which are prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with solid walls; outer mouth of each
+  tubulus armed with a coronal of spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Trypanosph�ra</i> is intermediate between <i>Siphonosph�ra</i> and
+  <i>Ch&#x0153;nicosph�ra</i> agreeing with the former in the tubular prolongation of the pores,
+  with the latter in the possession of a coronal of teeth on their outer opening.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Trypanosph�rula</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All pores of the shell prolonged into short coronated
+  tubules.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page110">{110}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Trypanosph�ra trepanata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>, fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell regular spherical, with regular circular pores of nearly equal size, at unequal
+  distances, one to four times as broad as the bars. Eight to ten pores on the half meridian. All
+  the pores prolonged into short cylindrical tubuli about as long as broad, armed on the external
+  mouth with an elegant coronal of twenty to thirty straight bristle-shaped, parallel teeth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.14, of the pores 0.015 to 0.02; length
+  of the tubuli 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Trypanosph�ra dentata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell regular spherical, with regular circular pores of equal size, but at very different
+  distances. Only three to four pores on the half meridian. All the pores prolonged into irregular
+  curved, cylindrical tubuli, about as long as the shell radius, with a coronal of ten to twelve
+  short conical teeth on the distal end.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.09; length of the tubuli 0.04, breadth
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Trypanosph�rium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Only part of the shell-pores prolonged into coronated
+  tubules.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Trypanosph�ra coronata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>, fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell regular spherical, with irregular roundish pores of very different sizes. On the half
+  meridian four to six large and twelve to sixteen very small pores. About half of the large pores
+  prolonged into short cylindrical tubuli, the outer mouth of each being armed with an elegant
+  coronal of ten to twenty thin irregular teeth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the large pores 0.01 to 0.02, of
+  the small pores 0.001; length of the tubuli 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Trypanosph�ra terebrata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell irregular roundish, with unequal, small, roundish pores. Sixteen to twenty pores on the
+  half meridian. Six to eight larger pores are prolonged into curved cylindrical tubuli, about as
+  long as the shell radius, with a coronal of ten to twelve strong conical straight teeth on the
+  distal end.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the pores 0.001 to 0.003; length of the
+  tubuli 0.08, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4575 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page111">{111}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Trypanosph�ra transformata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate5"><b>5</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell quite irregular, of very variable, roundish, or polyhedral form, with small irregular
+  roundish pores, two to four times as broad as the bars. Ten to thirty on the half meridian. The
+  different form of the shell depends upon the variable number of tubuli, which arise at irregular
+  distances from the shell; commonly three to four, often also five to six, more rarely one or two.
+  The tubuli are now more conical, now more cylindrical, about as long as the shell radius, at other
+  times scarcely one-half or one-third as long, with a coronal of ten to twenty more or less curved
+  teeth on the narrower distal mouth. All the different forms are to be found in one and the same
+  colony, as shown in fig. 1. This c&#x0153;nobium, which I observed living in Ceylon, exhibited the
+  same peculiar formation as I figured in <i>Collosph�ra huxleyi</i> in my Monograph 1862 (Taf.
+  xxxiv. fig. 1). In the centre of the jelly-sphere lies a large globular alveole, surrounded by
+  numerous small, young central capsules without shell; whilst in the surface lies one layer of
+  older capsules, enclosed in shells. Some of the younger capsules exhibit self-division.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shells 0.08 to 0.12, pores 0.002 to 0.006; length and
+  breadth of the tubuli 0.03 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Belligemma, Ceylon, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 39. <i>Caminosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_61" href="#Nt_61"><sup>[61]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with simple shells, the pores
+  of which are prolonged into external branched radial tubuli with solid wall.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Caminosph�ra</i> differs from <i>Siphonosph�ra</i> (and from all other
+  Collosph�rida) in the ramification of the tubuli, which arise from the pores; the walls of the
+  tubuli are solid, not fenestrated.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Caminosph�ra furcata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical or subspherical, with a variable number (four to eight) of short cylindrical
+  tubes, irregularly scattered, about as long as the radius of the shell. Every tube forked, with
+  two cylindrical branches of the same size as the simple basal part of the tube. Mouth of the
+  branches truncated, not dilated. Pores of the shell between the tubes very small, all of the same
+  size, half as broad as their bars.  Fifteen to twenty pores in the half meridian of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.001 to 0.002; length
+  of the tubules 0.05 to 0.06, breadth of them 0.012 to 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Caminosph�ra elongata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical, with a large number (twelve to twenty) of long cylindrical tubes, irregularly
+  formed and scattered, somewhat longer than the diameter of the shell. Every tube forked at <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page112">{112}</span>the distal end, with two or three short irregular
+  branches of unequal size and form; branches much shorter than the undivided basal part of the
+  tube. Mouth of the branches narrowed, truncated. Pores of the shell between the tubes about half
+  as broad, irregularly roundish or polygonal, two to three times as broad as their bars. Ten to
+  twelve pores in the half meridian of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.05 to 0.07, of the pores 0.006 to 0.009;
+  length of the tubules 0.06 to 0.09, breadth of them 0.015 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Caminosph�ra dichotoma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate7"><b>7</b></a>, fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical, with a variable number (ten to fifteen) of cylindrical tubes, irregularly
+  scattered, about as long as the radius of the shell. Every tube furcated, with two cylindrical
+  branches of the same size as the simple basal part of the tube. Mouth of the branches dilated,
+  funnel-like, twice as broad as the tube; the edges irregularly dentated or lacerated. Pores
+  between the tubes small, one-third to one-sixth as broad as these, half as broad as their bars.
+  Ten to twelve pores in the half meridian of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.14, of the pores 0.003 to 0.005;
+  length of the tubules 0.06 to 0.08, breadth of them 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Southern Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Caminosph�ra dendrophora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate7"><b>7</b></a>, fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical, with a variable number (eight to twelve) of long cylindrical tubes,
+  irregularly branched and scattered, nearly as long as the diameter of the shell. Every tube with
+  two to six (commonly three to four) branches of different sizes. Mouth of the branches dilated,
+  funnel-like; the edges irregularly dentated or lacerated. Pores between the tubes half as broad as
+  these, irregularly roundish, twice as broad as their bars. Ten to twelve pores in the half
+  meridian of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, of the pores 0.006 to 0.01; length
+  of the tubules 0.1 to 0.13, breadth of them 0.02 to 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 40. <i>Solenosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_62" href="#Nt_62"><sup>[62]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with simple shells, the pores
+  of which are prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with fenestrated wall; outer mouth of
+  the tubuli truncated, smooth.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Solenosph�ra</i> differs from <i>Siphonosph�ra</i> in the fenestration
+  of the external radial tubes. A large number of shells, appertaining to this genus, were already
+  described by Ehrenberg, and disposed in five different genera corresponding to the <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page113">{113}</span>different numbers of the tubuli:&mdash;<i>Disolenia</i>
+  with two tubes, <i>Trisolenia</i> with three tubes, <i>Tetrasolenia</i> with four tubes,
+  <i>Pentasolenia</i> with five tubes, <i>Polysolenia</i> with six or more tubes. All these five
+  genera are without value, as those different numbers of tubes occur frequently intermingled in the
+  individual cells of one and the same colony, wherever the form and structure of the tubes is
+  inherited with sufficient constancy to determine the species.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Solenosphactra</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Tubuli of the shell cylindrical or nearly cylindrical, the
+  outer and inner apertures nearly of the same size.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Solenosph�ra variabilis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Tetrasolenia quadrata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, Taf. x. fig. 20.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell quite irregular roundish or polyhedral, with roundish pores of different size. Ten to
+  fifteen pores in the half meridian of the shell, two to three times as broad as the bars. Porous
+  tubuli of the shell in variable number (in one and the same colony), three to nine, mostly four to
+  six; cylindrical or subcylindrical or somewhat conical, two to three times as broad as long, not
+  longer than the half radius of the shell. Inner aperture of the tubuli commonly as broad as the
+  half radius of the shell (or somewhat smaller), about as large as the truncated outer aperture.
+  This species is closely related to <i>Collosph�ra polyedra</i> (p. <a href="#page97">97</a>), and
+  may be derived from it by a short tube-like prolongation of the larger apertures.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.16, of the pores 0.005 to 0.015; length
+  of the tubules 0.02 to 0.03, breadth of them 0.04 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Stations 270, 271, 272,
+  depths 2425 to 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Solenosph�ra pandora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate7"><b>7</b></a>,
+  figs. 10, 11).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell irregular roundish or subglobular, with roundish pores of different sizes, mostly
+  somewhat broader than the bars. About twelve to sixteen pores on the half meridian of the shell.
+  Porous tubuli of the shell of variable number (in one and the same colony), one to six, mostly
+  three to four; cylindrical or nearly cylindrical, somewhat longer than broad, not longer than the
+  radius of the shell. Inner aperture of the tubuli commonly as broad as the half radius of the
+  shell, and a little smaller than the truncated outer aperture.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.07 to 0.1, of the pores 0.003 to 0.006; length
+  of the tubuli 0.03 to 0.05, breadth of them 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Stations 266 to 274,
+  depths 2350 to 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page114">{114}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Solenosph�ra megalactis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Trisolenia megalactis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 301, Taf. viii. fig. 19.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell irregularly polyhedrical, with very small roundish pores, scarcely half as broad as the
+  bars. Only eight to ten pores on the half meridian of the shell. Porous tubuli of the shell of
+  variable number (in one and the same colony), two to five, mostly three or four; cylindrical,
+  about as long as the radius of the shell. Inner aperture of the tubuli commonly as broad as the
+  half radius of the shell, and quite as broad as the truncated outer aperture.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.07 to 0.09, of the pores 0.002 to 0.004, of
+  the bars 0.005 to 0.009; length of the tubuli 0.03 to 0.04, breadth of them 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific; California, Philippine Sea, Ehrenberg; Stations 256
+  to 285, depths 310 to 3000 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Solenosph�ra serpentina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate7"><b>7</b></a>, fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell nearly spherical, with very small circular pores, scarcely one-third or one-fourth as
+  broad as the bars. Only five to seven pores in the half meridian of the shell. Porous tubuli of
+  the shell of variable number (in one and the same colony), two to nine, mostly seven or eight;
+  cylindrical, somewhat curved or contorted, once and a half or twice as long as the diameter of the
+  shell, with few very small and widely scattered pores. Inner and outer aperture of the tubuli have
+  the same diameter, about one-fifth or one-fourth that of the shell. (This species is closely
+  allied to <i>Siphonosph�ra serpula</i>, but is distinguished from it by the long tortuous tubuli
+  and the small scarce pores.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.1, of the pores 0.001 to 0.002, of the
+  bars 0.004 to 0.008; length of the tubuli 0.12 to 0.18, breadth of them 0.02 to 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North-eastern Pacific, between Sandwich Islands and
+  California, Haltermann, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Solenosphenia</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Tubuli of the shell more or less conical, the inner
+  aperture much larger than the outer aperture.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Solenosph�ra venosa</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Tetrasolenia venosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 301, Taf. vii. fig. 22.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell irregular polyhedral or roundish, with a delicate network of large irregular polyhedral
+  meshes, five to ten times as broad as the thin bars. Eight to twelve meshes on the half meridian
+  of the shell. Fenestrated tubuli of the shell of variable number (in one and the same colony), one
+  to five, commonly three or four, shaped like a short truncated cone, about half as long as broad
+  on its base, shorter than the radius of the shell. Inner aperture of the cone nearly as broad as
+  the half radius of the shell, about twice as broad as the truncated outer aperture.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page115">{115}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.07 to 0.12, of the pores 0.008 to 0.016, of
+  the bars 0.001; length of the tubuli 0.02 to 0.03, inner aperture 0.03 to 0.04, outer aperture
+  0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Solenosph�ra ascensionis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate7"><b>7</b></a>, fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell somewhat irregular, subspherical, with polygonal pores of different size. Twelve to
+  fifteen pores in the half meridian of the shell, two to eight times as broad as their bars. Porous
+  tubuli of the shell of variable number (in one and the same colony), three to nine, mostly five to
+  seven; conical or nearly cylindrical, irregular, about as long as broad at their base. Inner
+  aperture of the tubuli two to four times as broad as the broadest pores, and double as broad as
+  the truncated circular outer aperture.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the pores 0.004 to 0.018, of the
+  bars 0.002, length of the tubuli 0.04, inner aperture 0.04, outer 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, near Ascension Island, Station 343,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Solenosphyra</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Tubuli of the shell funnel-like, the outer aperture much
+  larger than the inner.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Solenosph�ra cornucopia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate7"><b>7</b></a>, fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical or subspherical, with roundish pores of different size. Ten to twelve pores in
+  the half meridian of the shell, two to three times as broad as the bars. Porous tubuli of the
+  shell of variable number (in one and the same colony), four to eight, mostly five to seven,
+  funnel-like, about as long as the diameter of the shell. Inner aperture of the tubuli commonly
+  two-thirds or three-fourths as broad as the radius of the shell (or somewhat smaller), only
+  one-half or two-thirds as broad as the dilated and truncated outer aperture.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.07 to 0.09, of the pores 0.006 to 0.018;
+  length of the tubuli 0.06 to 0.08, diameter of the inner aperture 0.04 to 0.05, of the outer 0.06
+  to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Solenosph�ra amalthea</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell irregular roundish or spherical, with small circular pores of different size. Fifteen to
+  twenty pores in the half meridian of the shell, but still not as broad as the bars. Porous tubuli
+  of the shell of variable number (in one and the same colony), three to six, commonly four or five,
+  funnel-like, about as long as the radius of the shell. Inner aperture of the tubuli about half as
+  broad as the radius of the shell, only one-half or one-third as broad as the truncated outer
+  aperture. (This species is intermediate between the preceding and <i>Siphonosph�ra chonophora</i>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate6"><b>6</b></a>, fig.
+  5.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page116">{116}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.09 to 0.11, of the pores 0.002 to 0.004, of
+  the bars 0.003 to 0.006; length of the tubuli 0.05 to 0.06; diameter of the inner aperture 0.02 to
+  0.03, of the outer aperture 0.05 to 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western part of the South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 41. <i>Otosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_63" href="#Nt_63"><sup>[63]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with simple shells, the pores
+  of which are prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with fenestrated walls; outer mouth of
+  the tubuli armed with a single tooth.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Otosph�ra</i> differs from <i>Solenosph�ra</i> by the single tooth on
+  the external mouth of the tubuli, from <i>Mazosph�ra</i> by the fenestration of the walls of the
+  tubuli.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Otosph�ra polymorpha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate7"><b>7</b></a>,
+  fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell quite irregular, polyhedral or roundish, very variable in size and form, with numerous
+  very small pores, much smaller than the bars. Twenty to thirty pores in the half meridian of the
+  shell. Porous tubuli of the shell commonly in variable number (one to four), but sometimes
+  constant in number (one, two, three, or four) in the one and same colony. Tubuli irregular
+  conical, commonly about as long as the radius of the shell; their outer aperture obliquely
+  truncated, on one side prolonged into one large, prominent, bill-like, curved, acute tooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, of the pores 0.001 to 0.002;
+  length of the tubuli 0.06 to 0.08, inner aperture 0.03, outer aperture 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Otosph�ra auriculata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate7"><b>7</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell quite irregular, of extremely variable form, now inclining to roundish, now to
+  polyhedral, with very numerous small pores, irregularly formed and distributed. Twelve to
+  twenty-four pores in the half meridian of the shell, of very different size, for the most part
+  larger than the bars. Porous tubuli of the shell of variable number (in one and the same colony),
+  one to five, mostly three or four, of conical form, irregularly formed and scattered, commonly
+  about half as long as the radius of the shell. Outer aperture of the tubuli obliquely truncated,
+  with one large prominent, often curved, acute tooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.2, of the pores 0.003 to 0.005; length
+  of the tubuli 0.01 to 0.05, inner aperture 0.04, outer aperture 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Tropical Pacific, Stations 268 to 272, depths 2425 to
+  2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page117">{117}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 42. <i>Coronosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_64" href="#Nt_64"><sup>[64]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with simple shells, the pores
+  of which are prolonged into external simple radial tubuli with fenestrated walls; outer mouth of
+  the tubuli armed with a coronal of spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Coronosph�ra</i> differs from <i>Solenosph�ra</i> by the coronated
+  mouth of the tubuli, from <i>Trypanosph�ra</i> by the fenestration of the walls of the tubuli.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Coronosph�ra diadema</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate7"><b>7</b></a>,
+  fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical or subspherical, with a variable number (fifteen to twenty) of short,
+  coronal-like tubules, irregularly scattered, about half as long as the radius of the shell. Outer
+  aperture of the tubuli irregularly dentated, a little dilated, and not much broader than the inner
+  aperture, one-half or one-third as broad as the shell radius. Pores of the shell and of the tubuli
+  circular or roundish, very irregularly scattered, mostly one-half or one-third as broad as the
+  bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.11 to 14, of the pores 0.002 to 0.004, of the
+  bars 0.006 to 0.012; length of the tubuli 0.03, inner aperture 0.02 to 0.03, outer aperture 0.03
+  to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 268 to 270, depths 2550 to 2925
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Coronosph�ra calycina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate7"><b>7</b></a>, fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical or subspherical, with a variable number (eight to twelve) of large, funnel-like
+  tubules, irregularly scattered, about as long as the radius of the shell. Outer aperture of the
+  tubuli irregularly dentated, much dilated, somewhat broader than the shell radius, three to four
+  times as broad as the inner circular aperture. Pores of the shell and of the tubuli circular or
+  roundish, of very different size, one to three times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.3, of the pores 0.003 to 0.01, of the
+  bars 0.002 to 0.004; length of the tubuli 0.1, inner aperture 0.02 to 0.03, outer aperture 0.06 to
+  0.18.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 271, 272, depths 2425 and 2600
+  fathoms respectively.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Coronosph�ra convolvulus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell irregular roundish, with a variable number (five to ten) of long, curved tubules, about
+  as long as the shell diameter. The inner half of the tubuli is narrow, cylindrical; the outer half
+  funnel-like dilated, similar to the flower of <i>Convolvulus</i>. The outer aperture is elegantly
+  dentated, five to six times as broad as the inner aperture. Pores of the shell and of the tubuli
+  very irregular roundish, about as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.09, of the pores and bars 0.004 to
+  0.008; length of the tubuli 0.07 to 0.1, inner aperture 0.01, outer aperture 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page118">{118}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Clathrosph�rida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 472.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with a double
+  lattice-shell around every central capsule of the c&#x0153;nobium; both concentric shells
+  connected by irregular or subradial beams, commonly solid or lamellar staffs, rarely hollow
+  tubes.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 43. <i>Clathrosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_65" href="#Nt_65"><sup>[65]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 472.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with a double lattice-shell
+  around every central capsule of the c&#x0153;nobium; surface of the outer shell smooth.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Clathrosph�ra</i> (with smooth surface) and the following
+  <i>Xanthiosph�ra</i> (with spiny surface) form together the small subfamily, Clathrosph�rida,
+  different from the other Collosph�rida by the double lattice-shell. From the surface of the inner
+  primary shell arise either solid spines or hollow tubes, which unite by the anastomosis of
+  irregular branches and so form the outer secondary shell, often very incomplete and irregular. All
+  Clathrosph�rida seem to inhabit great depths.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Clathrosph�rula</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;The connecting staffs between both shells are hollow tubes
+  (derived from <i>Siphonosph�ra</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Clathrosph�ra circumtexta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>, fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell spherical, with irregular roundish large meshes, now broader now smaller than their
+  bars. Eight to ten meshes in the half meridian of the shell. All these meshes are prolonged into
+  short cylindrical hollow tubes, about as long as broad, somewhat constricted in the middle. From
+  the margins of the outer openings of these tubes proceed very numerous and delicate siliceous
+  filaments, which all lie on the same spherical face, branch, anastomose, and twine over the
+  openings and the intervals between them, forming a very thin, arachnoid spherical outer shell. The
+  meshes of this are quite irregular polygonal, of very different size and form. The radius of the
+  inner shell bears to that of the outer a ratio = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;6.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the inner shell 0.11 to 0.13, of the outer 0.13 to 0.16;
+  meshes of the inner shell 0.005 to 0.02, of the outer 0.005 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Stations 238 to 253, depths 2050 to 3950
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Clathrosph�rium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;The connecting staffs between the two shells are solid
+  rods or lamellar spines (derived from <i>Acrosph�ra</i>).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page119">{119}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Clathrosph�ra arachnoides</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>, fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell spherical, with irregular roundish meshes, two or three times as broad as the bars.
+  Ten to twelve meshes in the half meridian of the shell. From its surface arise numerous conical
+  radial spines (with base often fenestrated), which at equal distances from the surface send out
+  lateral branches. All these branches lie on a spherical face, and form by communications the
+  irregular, very delicate, arachnoid network of the outer shell, quite unlike that of the inner,
+  with large polygonal meshes of very different size. Eight to sixteen meshes in the half meridian
+  of the shell. Surface of the outer shell nearly spherical, somewhat uneven, like a spider's web.
+  The radius of the inner shell bears to that of the outer a ratio = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the inner shell 0.12 to 0.14, of the outer 0.15 to 0.18;
+  pores of the inner shell 0.003 to 0.02, of the outer 0.01 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Clathrosph�ra lamellosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>, fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell spherical or subspherical, with irregular roundish meshes, about half as broad as
+  the bars. Twelve to sixteen meshes in the half meridian of the shell. From its surface arise
+  numerous oblique irregular staffs or broad and thin lamell�, which branch quite irregularly, and
+  by communications of the branches form the thin outer shell. This is quite irregular roundish or
+  subspherical, very unlike the inner, with large polygonal meshes of different size, six to twelve
+  in the half meridian of the shell. Bridges between the meshes very variable, now very thin
+  filamentous, now very broad lamellar. Outer surface very uneven or tuberculated, but not spinous.
+  The radius of the inner shell bears to that of the outer a ratio = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;6.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the inner shell 0.1 to 0.13, of the outer 0.12 to 0.18;
+  pores of the inner shell 0.003 to 0.009, of the outer 0.01 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Stations 270 to 274,
+  depths 2350 to 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 44. <i>Xanthiosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_66" href="#Nt_66"><sup>[66]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 472.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Collosph�rida</span> with a double lattice-shell
+  around every central capsule of the c&#x0153;nobium; surface of the outer shell thorny or
+  spiny.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Xanthiosph�ra</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Clathrosph�ra</i> by
+  spines or thorns arising from the surface of the outer shell, commonly very irregular.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Xanthiosph�ra capillacea</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell spherical, with irregular polygonal meshes, three to five times as broad as their
+  narrow bars. Six to eight meshes in the half meridian of the shell. From its surface arise at the
+  nodes of the network numerous thin radial spines, which, at equal distances from the surface,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page120">{120}</span>send out lateral branches. All these branches lie
+  on a spherical face, and form by communications the irregular delicate network of the outer shell,
+  very like that of the inner, with large polygonal meshes, six to eight meshes in the half meridian
+  of the shell. Surface of the outer shell covered with numerous straight spines, prolongations of
+  the inner spines, but only half as long as these. The radius of the inner shell bears to that of
+  the outer a ratio = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the inner shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the outer 0.15 to 0.19;
+  pores of the inner shell 0.02 to 0.04 to 0.06, of the outer 0.04 to 0.06 to 0.08; length of the
+  outer spines 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Xanthiosph�ra erinacea</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>, fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell spherical, with irregular roundish meshes, one-half to two times as broad as the
+  bars. Fifteen to twenty meshes in the half meridian of the shell. From its surface arise numerous
+  thin radial spines, which at equal distances from the surface send out lateral branches. All these
+  branches lie on the face of a sphere, and form by communications the irregular delicate network of
+  the outer shell, very unlike that of the inner, with large polygonal meshes, twelve to twenty-four
+  in the half meridian of the shell. Surface of the outer shell covered with numerous straight
+  spines, prolongations of the inner spines, and of the same length. The radius of the inner shell
+  bears to that of the outer a ratio = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the inner shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the outer 0.13 to 0.16;
+  pores of the inner shell 0.002 to 0.008, of the outer 0.01 to 0.03; length of the outer spines
+  0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Stations 270, 272,
+  depth 2925 and 2600 fathoms respectively.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Xanthiosph�ra lappacea</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate8"><b>8</b></a>, figs. 10,
+  11).</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell spherical or subspherical, with very small roundish pores, quite irregularly
+  scattered, one-fourth to three-fourth as broad as their bars. Ten to twenty pores in the half
+  meridian of the shell. From its surface arise in an extremely irregular and variable manner
+  numerous oblique spines, often curved, often lamellar, and perforated by pores, sometimes hollow,
+  fenestrated cones. At different distances from the surface these spines send out lateral curved
+  branches, which by communications form the delicate and very irregular network of the outer shell.
+  This network is often incomplete and very unlike that of the inner shell, with large polygonal
+  meshes, six to eighteen in the half meridian of the shell. Surface of the outer shell covered with
+  numerous small, curved, and oblique spines, prolongations of the inner spines, but scarcely
+  one-third to one-half as long as these. The radius of the inner shell bears to that of the outer a
+  ratio = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the inner shell 0.08 to 0.12, of the outer 0.11 to 0.15;
+  pores of the inner shell 0.001 to 0.009, of the outer 0.01 to 0.04; length of the outer spines
+  0.005 to 0.009.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Tropical Pacific, Stations 263 to 274,
+  depths 2350 to 3000 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page121">{121}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Family VII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Stylosph�rida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Stylosph�rida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 449.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> with two radial spines on the
+  surface of the spherical shell, opposite in one axis; living solitary (not associated in
+  colonies).</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> comprises a large number of very common <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, and is distinguished from all others by the possession of two
+  radial spines which are placed in one axis of the spherical shell.<a id="NtA_67"
+  href="#Nt_67"><sup>[67]</sup></a> By the expression of this "main axis" as a solid rod they form
+  the transition to the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, in which the whole shell is more or less
+  transformed according to this "monaxial growth." But in these latter the shell, as well as the
+  central capsule, becomes ellipsoidal, prolonged in one axis, whilst in the former they remain
+  spherical. However, the distinction of both nearly allied groups is sometimes difficult.</p>
+
+  <p>The most simple Stylosph�rida are the <i>Xiphostylida</i>, with one single spherical
+  lattice-shell. To this ancestral group all other subfamilies can be opposed as "Stylosph�rida
+  concentrica," as their carapace is composed of two or more concentric lattice-shells: two in the
+  Sph�rostylida, three in the Amphistylida, four in the Cromyostylida, five or more in the
+  Caryostylida. In all these four subfamilies the concentric shells are simple (not spongy)
+  fenestrated spheres. In a sixth subfamily, in the Spongostylida, the shell is wholly or partially
+  composed of a spongy irregular wicker-work, with or without a medullary shell in the centre.</p>
+
+  <p>Both the radial spines in all Stylosph�rida are opposed normally in one axis; but in many
+  species besides the normal form occur individual abnormalities, in which the two spines are not
+  accurately opposed in this main axis, but placed in two different axes, intersecting at a smaller
+  or larger angle. In the majority of the Stylosph�rida both opposite spines have the same size and
+  form; but in some genera they are more or less different, often in a very striking degree. The
+  same differences occur in the nearly allied groups of <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, in the
+  Ellipsida and Druppulida.</p>
+
+  <p>The distal ends of both spines are commonly free; but in the small group of Saturnalida
+  (<i>Saturnalis</i> with one single shell, <i>Saturnulus</i> with two concentric shells,
+  <i>Saturninus</i> with three concentric shells) the distal ends of both spines are united, at
+  equal distances from the centre, by a circular or elliptical ring. This remarkable peculiarity
+  occurs in no other group of <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, and consequently brings the
+  Saturnalida into close relation with the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page122">{122}</span></div>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Stylosph�rida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 nothand vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Stylosph�rida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Stylosph�rida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>I. Subfamily Xiphostylida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Spherical shell simple.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Polar spines free, without connecting ring on the distal
+      ends.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">Both spines equal,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">45. <i>Xiphosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">Spines different in size or form,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">46. <i>Xiphostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Both polar spines united by a circular or elliptical
+      ring,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">47. <i>Saturnalis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Sph�rostylida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Two concentric spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Polar spines free.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">Both spines equal,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">48. <i>Stylosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">Spines different in size or form,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">49. <i>Sph�rostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Both polar spines united by a circular or elliptical
+      ring,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">50. <i>Saturnulus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Subfamily Amphistylida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Three concentric spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Polar spines free.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">Both spines equal,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">51. <i>Amphisph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">Spines different in size or form,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">52. <i>Amphistylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Both polar spines united by a circular or elliptical
+      ring,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">53. <i>Saturninus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>IV. Subfamily Cromyostylida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Four concentric spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Polar spines free.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">Both spines equal,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">54. <i>Stylocromyum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">Spines different,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">55. <i>Cromyostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>V. Subfamily Caryostylida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Five or more concentric spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Polar spines free.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">Both spines equal,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">56. <i>Caryostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>VI. Subfamily Spongostylida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Spherical shell partially or wholly of a spongy structure.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell a solid spongy sphere without central medullary
+      shell,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">57. <i><span class="correction"
+      title="Printed 'Spongolonche', corrected by
+      Errata.">Spongolonchis</span></i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">In the centre of the spongy sphere one or two medullary
+      shells.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">One central medullary shell,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">58. <i>Spongostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">Two concentric medullary shells,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vmi">59. <i>Spongostylidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Stylosph�rida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Stylosph�rida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Xiphostylida. (Spherical shell simple.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Polar spines free, without connecting ring on the distal
+      ends.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Both spines equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">45. <i>Xiphosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines different in size or form,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">46. <i>Xiphostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Both polar spines united by a circular or elliptical ring,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">47. <i>Saturnalis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Sph�rostylida. (Two concentric spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Polar spines free.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Both spines equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">48. <i>Stylosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines different in size or form,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">49. <i>Sph�rostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Both polar spines united by a circular or elliptical ring,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">50. <i>Saturnulus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">III. Subfamily Amphistylida. (Three concentric spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Polar spines free.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Both spines equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">51. <i>Amphisph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines different in size or form,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">52. <i>Amphistylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Both polar spines united by a circular or elliptical ring,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">53. <i>Saturninus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">IV. Subfamily Cromyostylida. (Four concentric spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Polar spines free.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Both spines equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">54. <i>Stylocromyum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines different,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">55. <i>Cromyostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">V. Subfamily Caryostylida. (Five or more concentric spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Polar spines free.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Both spines equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">56. <i>Caryostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">VI. Subfamily Spongostylida. (Spherical shell partially or wholly of a spongy
+      structure.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell a solid spongy sphere without central medullary shell,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">57. <i>Spongolonchis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">In the centre of the spongy sphere one or two medullary
+      shells.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One central medullary shell,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">58. <i>Spongostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two concentric medullary shells,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">59. <i>Spongostylidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Xiphostylida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 450.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with one simple
+  spherical lattice-shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 45. <i>Xiphosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_68" href="#Nt_68"><sup>[68]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 450.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with one single lattice-sphere
+  and two free spines of equal size and form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Xiphosph�ra</i> is the most simple form of all Stylosph�rida, and may
+  be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family. On the surface of a simple <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page123">{123}</span>spherical lattice-shell, enclosing the central capsule,
+  arise two equal, free, radial spines, opposite to each other on the poles of one axis.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Xiphosph�rantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and form; surface smooth or a little rough, without spines or thorns (other than the two polar
+  spines).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Xiphosph�ra planeta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, hexagonal, eight to nine times as broad as the thin bars. Ten to twelve pores on
+  the half equator. Shell very thin walled; surface smooth. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal,
+  about as long as the axis of the sphere, as broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.12 to 0.13, pores 0.016 to 0.018, bars 0.002;
+  length of the polar spines 0.1 to 0.15, basal thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, surface; Stations 271 to 274, depths
+  2425 to 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Xiphosph�ra g�a</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, with prominent hexagonal crests between them. On the half equator ten
+  to twelve pores, of the same breadth as the crested bars. Shell thin walled; surface smooth. Polar
+  spines three-sided prismatic, about twice as long as the axis of the sphere, twice as broad at the
+  base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.07 to 0.09, pores and bars 0.005; length of
+  the polar spines 0.15 to 0.2, basal thickness 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Xiphosph�ra venus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>,
+  fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, with prominent hexagonal frames. On the half equator fifteen to
+  eighteen pores, of the same breadth as the bars. Shell very thick walled; surface smooth,
+  honeycomb-like. Polar spines conical, smooth, about as long as the axis of the shell, twice as
+  broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.12 to 0.13, pores and bars 0.005; thickness
+  of the shell wall 0.013; length of the polar spines 0.12 to 0.15, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Xiphosph�ra luna</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally lobed or rosette-shaped, three times as broad as the bars.
+  Ten to twelve pores on the half equator. Shell thick walled; surface smooth. Polar spines
+  three-sided pyramidal, one to two times as long as the axis of the shell, as broad at the base as
+  one pore <span class="pagenum" id="page124">{124}</span>(very similar to <i>Xiphostylus
+  phasianus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>,
+  fig. 9, but different in the equal size and similar form of the two large polar spines).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.12, pores 0.015, bars 0.005; length of the
+  polar spines 0.1 to 0.2, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, surface, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Xiphosph�ra hebe</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars. On the half equator sixteen to
+  twenty pores. Shell thick walled; surface smooth. Polar spines conical or nearly cylindrical,
+  about as long as the axis of the sphere, as broad at the base as two pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.1 to 0.13, pores 0.006, bars 0.002; polar
+  spines 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.01 thick.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 265 to 268, depths 2700 to
+  2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Xiphosph�ra maxima</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars, funnel-shaped. Twenty to thirty pores on
+  the half equator. Shell very thick walled; surface smooth. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal,
+  about as long as the radius of the sphere, as broad at the base as two pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.22 to 0.35, pores 0.008 to 0.01, bars 0.005;
+  polar spines 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.02 thick.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Xiphosph�ra euphrosyne</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, about as broad as the bars, double contoured. Eight to ten on the half
+  equator. Shell thin walled; surface smooth. Polar spines conical, about as long as the radius of
+  the sphere, as broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.12 to 0.15, pores and bars 0.02; polar spines
+  0.06 to 0.09 long, 0.02 thick.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 323, depth 1900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Xiphosph�rella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and form; surface thorny or spiny, covered with regularly distributed papill� or thorns (in
+  addition to the two large polar spines).</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Xiphosph�ra pallas</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, separated by hexagonal elevated frames, the sharp crest of which is
+  elegantly denticulated; in each corner of the hexagons (between three pores) is a short radial
+  spine, <span class="pagenum" id="page125">{125}</span>about as long as one pore. On the half
+  equator sixteen to twenty pores, of the same breadth as the bars. Shell thick walled; whole
+  surface spiny. Polar spines cylindrical, at the apex conical, about as long as the axis of the
+  sphere, three to four times as broad as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.1, pores and bars 0.005; length of the polar
+  spines 0.07 to 0.11, thickness 0.015 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Xiphosph�ra flora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, with hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the bars. Ten to twelve pores
+  on the half equator. Shell thin walled, with spiny surface; in each corner of the hexagons is one
+  bristle-like radial spine twice as long as one pore. Polar spines three-sided prismatic, at the
+  apex pyramidal, nearly twice as long as the axis of the sphere, as broad at the base as two pores
+  (similar to <i>Ellipsoxiphus palliatus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.15, pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the
+  polar spines 0.2 to 0.25, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Xiphosph�ra juno</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, as broad as the bars, funnel-shaped. Fifteen to twenty pores on the
+  half equator. Shell thick walled, covered with bristle-like spines, about twice as long as one
+  pore. Polar spines conical, thick, about as long as the axis of the sphere, twice as broad at the
+  base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.12, pores and bars 0.01; length of the polar
+  spines 0.14, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Barbados rocks; living in the greatest depth of
+  the Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Xiphosph�ra gigantea</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, two to three times as broad as the bars; twenty-eight to thirty-two on
+  the half equator. Shell thick walled, covered with short conical thorns. Polar spines three-sided
+  pyramidal, about as long as the radius of the sphere, as broad at the base as three pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.25 to 0.3, pores 0.01, bars 0.004; polar
+  spines 0.1 to 0.15 long, 0.03 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados and Sicily
+  (Cattanisetta).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Xiphosph�rissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form; surface smooth or a little rough, without spines or thorns (other than the polar
+  spines).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page126">{126}</span></div>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Xiphosph�ra ceres</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, of different sizes, two to four times as broad as the bars. Sixteen
+  to twenty pores on the half equator. Shell thin walled, with smooth surface. Polar spines conical,
+  about as long as the axis of the sphere, very thick at the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.15 to 0.2, pores 0.004 to 0.008, bars 0.002;
+  polar spines 0.18 to 0.24 long, at the base 0.02 thick.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Xiphosph�ra clavigera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, double contoured, of very unequal size, two to seven times as broad
+  as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Shell thick walled; surface a little rough. Polar
+  spines club-shaped, with prominent edges, about half as long as the axis of the sphere; thinner at
+  both ends than in the middle. (Differs from <i>Ellipsoxiphus claviger</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, fig. 3, in
+  the spherical shell and shorter spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.2, pores 0.005 to 0.02, bars 0.003; polar
+  spines 0.06 long, 0.02 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Xiphosph�romma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form; surface thorny or spiny (besides the two large polar spines).</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Xiphosph�ra vesta</i> n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>,
+  fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, three to five times as broad as the bars; fourteen to sixteen on the
+  half equator. Scattered on the surface of the thick-walled shell are from twenty to thirty strong
+  three-sided pyramidal spines of unequal size, the largest twice as long as the largest pores.
+  Polar spines very strong, nearly three-sided prismatic, with curved edges, nearly as long as the
+  axis of the sphere and twice as broad as the largest pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.17, pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.004; length of
+  the polar spines 0.13, thickness 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area. Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms,</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Xiphosph�ra astr�a</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, one to two times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half
+  equator. Surface of the thick-walled shell covered with numerous short conical thorns. Polar
+  spines cylindro-conical, one and a half to two times as long as the axis of the sphere.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page127">{127}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.18, pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars 0.008; length
+  of the polar spines 0.25 to 0.3, thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, surface; Ceylon, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 46. <i>Xiphostylus</i>,<a id="NtA_69" href="#Nt_69"><sup>[69]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 450.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with one single lattice-sphere
+  and two free spines of different size or form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Xiphostylus</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Xiphosph�ra</i> in the
+  unequal size or form of both polar spines, which become more or less differentiated.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Xiphostylantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and form; surface smooth or a little rough, without spines or thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Xiphostylus alcedo</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, with elevated hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the bars. Eight to
+  ten pores on the half equator. Surface smooth. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, as broad at the
+  base as one hexagon; the major spine four to five times as long as the minor, which is about equal
+  to the radius of the sphere.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.12, pores 0.012, bars 0.006; length of the
+  major polar spine 0.16 to 0.2, of the minor 0.04 to 0.06, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Xiphostylus phasianus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars. Eight to ten pores on the half equator.
+  Outer opening of each pore elegantly lobed, with eight indentations. Surface a little rough. Polar
+  spines very unequal; major spine sword-like, sharply edged, about as long as the diameter of the
+  sphere; minor spine scarcely half so long, pommel-shaped, with nine (?) wing-like edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.13, inner circular opening of the pores 0.01,
+  outer eight-lobed opening 0.015, bars 0.005; length of the major polar spine 0.14, of the minor
+  0.06, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Australian Sea, Station 162, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Xiphostylus motacilla</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars; sixteen to twenty on the half
+  equator. Surface smooth. Polar spines compressed, two-edged, at the base three to four times as
+  broad as <span class="pagenum" id="page128">{128}</span>one pore; the major spine somewhat longer
+  than the diameter of the shell, the minor scarcely one-third or one-half as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.14, pores 0.006, bars 0.002; length of the
+  major spine 0.16 to 0.18, of the minor 0.05 to 0.07, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, 2200 fathoms, Pullen.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Xiphostylus gallus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, five times as broad as the bars. Twelve to sixteen pores on the half
+  equator. Surface smooth. Polar spines very unequal; the major conical spine one and a half to
+  three times as long as the diameter of the sphere; the minor pommel-shaped, scarcely one-third as
+  long (length of both spines very variable).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.13, pores 0.01, bars 0.002; length of the
+  major spine 0.2 to 0.4, of the minor 0.05 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Xiphostylus alauda</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>,
+  fig. 15).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomespilus alauda</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodrom. et Atlas, <i>loc.
+    cit.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Pores subregular, circular, three to four times as broad as the bars; fifteen to eighteen on
+  the half equator. Surface a little rough. Polar spines irregularly conical or pyramidal, scarcely
+  as long as the radius of the sphere; one spine simple, the other composed of a bunch of four or
+  five spines united at the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.11, pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the
+  polar spines 0.03 to 0.05, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Xiphostylus anhinga</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Rhabdolithis pipa</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. iii. fig.
+    4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Pores subregular, circular, about the same breadth as the bars; eight to ten on the half
+  equator. Surface smooth or a little rough. Polar spines cylindrical, very irregularly curved like
+  S or contorted, the major three to six times as long as the diameter of the sphere, the minor
+  scarcely one-fourth as long as the former, at the end truncated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.07, pores and bars 0.005; length of the major
+  polar spine 0.2 to 0.4, of the minor 0.06 to 0.09, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Barbados rocks.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Xiphostyletta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and form; surface thorny or spiny (other than the two large polar spines).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page129">{129}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Xiphostylus cuculus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, three times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on
+  the half equator. Surface thorny, between every three pores a short conical thorn. Polar spines
+  three-sided prismatic, the major somewhat longer than the diameter of the sphere, the minor
+  scarcely one-third as long, pommel-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.17, pores 0.012, bars 0.004; length of the
+  major polar spine 0.2, of the minor 0.05, basal breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, surface; Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Xiphostylus trochilus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, four times as broad as the bars; eight to nine on the half equator.
+  Polar spines cylindrical, the major somewhat longer than the axis of the sphere, the minor
+  shorter, surrounded by a group of from four to eight shorter conical spines. Surface of the
+  opposite hemisphere smooth, without by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.07 to 0.08, pores 0.01, bars 0.0025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Xiphostylus picus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>,
+  fig. 13).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomespilus picus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodrom. et Atlas.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; sixteen to eighteen on the half equator.
+  Polar spines cylindrical, conical at the apex, the major once and a half to twice as long as the
+  diameter of the shell, the minor scarcely half so long; around the latter a group of twelve to
+  twenty shorter conical spines, irregularly scattered. Surface of the other hemisphere smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.13, pores 0.006, bars 0.003; length of the
+  major polar spine 0.2 to 0.24, of the minor 0.08 to 0.09, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Xiphostylissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell irregular, of unequal size or
+  form; surface smooth or a little rough, without thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Xiphostylus trogon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>,
+  fig. 12).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lithomespilus trogon</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodrom. et Atlas.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish or subcircular, two to three times as broad as the bars; ten to
+  twelve on the half equator. Surface smooth. Major polar spine three-sided prismatic, once and a
+  half to twice as long as the axis of the sphere; minor spine quite rudimentary, scarcely longer
+  than broad, but surrounded by a group of from three to six similar short spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page130">{130}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.1, pores 0.005 to 0.015, bars 0.005 to 0.008;
+  length of the major spine 0.15 to 0.18, of the minor 0.01 to 0.02, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Xiphostylus falco</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>,
+  fig. 14).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, two to five times as broad as the bars; sixteen to eighteen on the
+  half equator. Surface smooth. Polar spines cylindrical, very stout, nearly half as thick as the
+  radius of the shell; major spine two to four times as long as the diameter of the shell; minor
+  spine obliquely inserted, scarcely longer than the diameter, divided at the end into two short,
+  hook-shaped, curved branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.08, pores 0.002 to 0.005, bars 0.001; breadth
+  of the spines 0.02, length of the major spine 0.15 to 0.2, of the minor 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Xiphostylus alca</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '14', incorrectly."><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a></span>,
+  fig. 13).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, two to six times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the half
+  equator. Each pore with three to six lobes, composed of three to six confluent smaller pores.
+  Surface smooth. Major spine conical, curved, somewhat longer than the axis of the sphere; minor
+  spine somewhat shorter, pommel-like, edged.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.07, pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.003; length of
+  the major spine 0.08, of the minor 0.06, basal thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Xiphostylus edolius</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, composed of two to six smaller confluent pores. On the half equator
+  six to eight large pores, and twenty to thirty small pores; bars between the smaller very thin.
+  Surface a little rough. Major polar spine conical, S-shaped, about twice as long as the axis of
+  the shell; minor spine pommel-shaped, edged, scarcely as long as its radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.12, large pores 0.01 to 0.03, small pores
+  0.004 to 0.008, bars 0.001 to 0.004; length of the major spine 0.2, of the minor 0.05, basal
+  breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 273, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Xiphostylomma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form; surface thorny or spiny.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page131">{131}</span></div>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Xiphostylus emberiza</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, one to four times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the half
+  equator. Polar spines very unequal; major cylindrical, twice as long as the axis of the sphere;
+  minor scarcely half as long, obliquely inserted, like a bird's head, surrounded by a group of ten
+  to twenty smaller conical spines. Opposite hemisphere smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.005, pores 0.002 to 0.008, bars 0.002; length
+  of the major spine 0.09, of the minor 0.05, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Xiphostylus ardea</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, one to three times as broad as the bars; twelve to sixteen on the
+  half equator. Whole surface spiny. Major polar spine three-sided pyramidal, somewhat longer than
+  the diameter of the sphere; minor scarcely so long as its half radius, pommel-like, edged.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.12, pores 0.003 to 0.01, bars 0.003; length
+  of the major polar spine 0.15, of the minor 0.03, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 64, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 47. <i>Saturnalis</i>,<a id="NtA_70" href="#Nt_70"><sup>[70]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 450.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with one single lattice-sphere
+  and two equal opposite spines, connected at the distal end by a circular or elliptical ring.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Saturnalis</i> (with simple lattice-sphere) and the two similar genera
+  <i>Saturnulus</i> (with two concentric spheres) and <i>Saturninus</i> (with three spheres) form
+  together the small peculiar group of Saturnalida, distinguished by a remarkable circular or
+  elliptical ring, connecting the distal ends of the two equal opposite polar spines. This ring
+  indicates a certain equatorial plane, and therefore brings these <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> into relation with the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Saturnalina</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Ring smooth, without spines or thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Saturnalis circularis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the spherical shell regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars.
+  Ten to twelve pores on the half equator. Ring circular, smooth, its diameter three times as great
+  as that of the sphere.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page132">{132}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.07, pores 0.005, bars 0.0025; diameter of the
+  circular ring 0.2, thickness of the axial beams and the ring 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Saturnalis annularis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>,
+  fig. 16).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the spherical shell regular, circular, with elevated hexagonal frames, of the same
+  breadth as the bars. Sixteen to twenty pores on the half equator. Ring elliptical, smooth,
+  somewhat constricted at the poles of the axis, its diameter three times as great as that of the
+  sphere.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.09, pores and bars 0.005, major axis of the
+  elliptical ring 0.27 to <span class="correction" title="Original reads '0.03'.">0.3</span>, minor
+  axis 0.19 to 0.2; thickness of the ring and of the axial beams 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Saturnalis cyclus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocircus mesocena</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. iii. fig.
+    1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Pores of the spherical shell regular, circular, without hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the
+  bars. Eight to ten pores on the half equator. Ring circular, smooth, its diameter four times as
+  great as that of the sphere.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.07, pores 0.006, bars 0.003; diameter of the
+  circular ring 0.28, thickness of the ring and both axial beams 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Barbados rocks.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Saturnalis circoides</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>,
+  fig. 12).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the spherical shell irregular, roundish, often somewhat lobed, one to three times as
+  broad as the bars; fifteen to twenty on the half equator. Ring circular, smooth, with four
+  prominent edges, its diameter twice as great as that of the sphere. (The figured specimen is a
+  young or not fully developed one; afterwards I found in the same locality other specimens with
+  quite perfect rings, similar to the edged ring of <i>Saturnulus annulus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>, fig.
+  17.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.09 to 0.1, pores 0.003 to 0.01, bars 0.004;
+  diameter of the circular ring 0.2 to 0.24, thickness of the ring and the polar beams 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean; fossil in the Nicobar rocks; living at great
+  depths near Zanzibar, 2200 fathoms, Pullen.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Saturnalium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Ring armed on the periphery with numerous spines or
+  thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Saturnalis trochoides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma</i> species, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xx. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Pores of the spherical shell subregular, circular, twice as broad as the bars. Twelve to
+  sixteen pores on the half equator. Ring circular, armed with ten to twelve strong conical,
+  irregular spines, its diameter twice as great as that of the sphere.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page133">{133}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.08, pores 0.006, bars 0.003; diameter of the
+  circular ring 0.16; length of the radial spines 0.02 to 0.04; thickness of the ring and the axial
+  beams 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Barbados rocks.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Saturnalis rotula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>,
+  fig. 15).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the spherical shell regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; sixteen to twenty
+  on the half equator. Ring circular, armed with fifteen to twenty strong, conical, irregular
+  spines, partly simple, partly divided into two or three irregular branches; diameter of the ring
+  two and a half times as great as that of the sphere.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.08, pores 0.004, bars 0.002; diameter of the
+  circular ring 0.2, length of its spines 0.02 to 0.03; thickness of the ring and the radial beams
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Sph�rostylida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 451.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with two
+  concentric, spherical lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 48. <i>Stylosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_71" href="#Nt_71"><sup>[71]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, 1847,
+  Monatsber. d. Berlin Akad., p. 54.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with two concentric
+  lattice-spheres and two free spines of equal size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stylosph�ra</i>, the most simple form of the Sph�rostylida, can be
+  derived either from <i>Xiphosph�ra</i> by duplication of the spherical shell, or from
+  <i>Carposph�ra</i> by development of two opposite polar spines. The inner or medullary shell is
+  enclosed in the central capsule, whilst the outer or cortical shell lies outside it; the two are
+  connected by two or more radial beams, piercing the wall of the capsule.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stylosph�rantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and similar form; surface smooth or a little rough, without spines or thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stylosph�ra musa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two concentric spheres = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thin walled,
+  smooth, with regular, hexagonal pores, three times as broad as the thin bars; twelve on the half
+  equator. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, as long as the axis of the cortical shell, one-tenth
+  as broad at the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, pores 0.01, bars 0.003; diameter of
+  the inner shell 0.06; length of the polar spines 0.2, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page134">{134}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stylosph�ra urania</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two shells = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thin walled, smooth;
+  pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars; ten on the half equator.
+  Polar spines conical, as long as the radius of the outer shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.24, pores 0.012, bars 0.006;
+  medullary shell 0.06; length of the polar spines 0.12, basal breadth 0.024.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Stylosph�ra calliope</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+  fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two shells = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thick walled, smooth;
+  pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars. Each pore on its outer opening with
+  eight regular lobules, flower-like. Nine to ten pores on the half equator. Polar spines
+  three-sided pyramidal, with three strong prominent edges, about as long as the axis, as broad as
+  one pore. (Sometimes, as in the figured specimen, one spine is smaller than the other; this
+  variety, otherwise identical, may be called <i>Sph�rostylus calliope</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, pores 0.015, bars 0.005; inner shell
+  0.04; length of the polar spine 0.08 to 0.12, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Stylosph�ra clio</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two shells = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thick walled, smooth;
+  pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars; fourteen to sixteen on the half
+  equator. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, very robust, with thick prismatic edges, about as
+  long as the axis of the cortical shell, one-third as broad at the base. (Sometimes, as in the
+  figured specimen, one spine is greater than the other; this form may be called <i>Sph�rostylus
+  clio</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, pores 0.01, bars 0.003; inner shell
+  0.06; length of the polar spines 0.08 to 0.12, basal breadth 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area; Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Stylosph�ra polyhymnia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two spheres = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell very thin walled,
+  smooth, with regular, circular pores, three times as broad as the bars; sixteen to twenty on the
+  half equator. Polar spines cylindrical, pointed, once and a half to twice as long as the axis of
+  the outer sphere, scarcely broader than one pore. The two spheres are connected only by the two
+  opposite beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12 to 0.16, pores 0.006 to 0.009, bars
+  0.002 to 0.003; inner shell 0.04 to 0.05; length of the polar spines 0.18 to 0.22, breadth
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page135">{135}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Stylosph�ra dixyphos</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma dixyphos</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+    83; Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 31.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma dixyphos</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol.  p. 433.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two spheres = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thin walled, smooth,
+  with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Polar
+  spines about as long as the axis of the outer shell, three-sided pyramidal, at the base twice as
+  broad as one pore. (The two spheres connected by four beams, two opposite in the main axis, two
+  opposite in the equatorial axis.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, pores 0.01, bars 0.05; inner shell
+  0.05; length of the polar spines 0.08 to 0.1, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface; fossil in Tertiary
+  rocks of Sicily.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stylosph�rella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and similar form; surface thorny or spiny.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Stylosph�ra setosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra setosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 320; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf. viii. fig. 15.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two shells = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1.  Cortical shell thin walled, spiny;
+  pores regular, hexagonal, four times as broad as the bars. Six to eight pores on the half equator.
+  Polar spines conical, thin, scarcely as long as the radius of the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.1, pores 0.002, bars 0.005; medullary
+  shell 0.05; length of the polar spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Philippine Sea, depth 3300 fathoms, Ehrenberg; Station 206,
+  depth 2100 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Stylosph�ra euterpe</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two shells = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thin walled, spiny; pores
+  regular, circular, with hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half
+  equator. Polar spines conical, as thick as one pore at the base, about as long as the axis of the
+  cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.12, pores 0.012, bars 0.006;
+  medullary shell 0.04; length of the polar spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Stylosph�ra melpomene</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two shells = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thin walled, spiny, with
+  regular, circular pores, four times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half equator. Polar
+  spines three-sided prismatic, pointed, as broad as one pore, only one-third as long as the axis of
+  the sphere (the two shells connected by four thin beams, two opposite in the main axis, two in the
+  equatorial axis).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page136">{136}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, pores 0.012, bars 0.003; inner shell
+  0.04; length of the polar spines 0.04, thickness 0.013.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Stylosph�ra hispida</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Stylosph�ra hispida</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 246; Mikrogeol, Taf. xxxvi. fig. 26.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma hispidum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 433.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two spheres = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thick walled, spiny,
+  with regular, circular pores of the same breadth as the bars; ten to fifteen on the half equator.
+  Polar spines three-sided prismatic, pointed, about as long as the axis of the outer sphere, nearly
+  as broad at the base as the inner sphere. (Compare <i>Sph�rostylus hispidus</i>; also Ehrenberg,
+  Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1874, p. 259.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1 to 0.12, pores and bars 0.004; inner
+  shell 0.04; length of the polar spines 0.1 to 0.15, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Barbados, Nicobars,
+  &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Stylosph�ra liostylus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra liostylus</i>, Ehrenberg, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+    84, Taf. xxv. fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two spheres = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thick walled, thorny,
+  with regular, circular pores, three times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half equator.
+  Polar spines conical, once and a half to twice as long as the axis of the outer sphere, half as
+  broad at the base as its radius. (This species, common in the Barbados rocks, is different from
+  <i>Sph�rostylus liostylus</i>, <i>loc. cit.</i>, fig. 2, which Ehrenberg believed identical.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, pores 0.01, bars 0.0035; inner shell
+  0.03; length of the polar spines 0.14 to 0.18, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Barbados rocks; living in the depths of the
+  North Atlantic, Gulf Stream, Florida.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Stylosph�rissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form; surface smooth or a little rough, without thorns or spines.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Stylosph�ra nana</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+  figs. 12, 13).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two spheres = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thick walled, somewhat
+  irregular, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, one to three times as broad as the bars; eight
+  to ten on the half equator. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, scarcely as long as the axis of
+  the outer sphere, and nearly as broad at the base as its radius.  (A very variable and irregular
+  form.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.07 to 0.09, pores 0.003 to 0.009, bars
+  0.003; inner shell 0.03 to 0.04; length of the polar spines 0.04 to 0.07, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Stations 241 to 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page137">{137}</span></div>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Stylosph�ra jugata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two shells = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thick walled, smooth,
+  with irregular, roundish, double-contoured pores, confluent in groups of two to six. On the half
+  equator six to nine groups and fifteen to twenty pores; bars between them of very variable
+  breadth. Polar spines very strong, three-sided pyramidal, twice as long as the axis of the outer
+  sphere, half as broad at the base as its radius. (Nearly allied to <i>Lithatractus jugatus</i>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>, fig.
+  2, but differs in the truly spherical form of both shells and the double length of the polar
+  spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, pores 0.005 to <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads '0.002'.">0.02</span>; inner shell 0.07; length of the
+  polar spines 0.25 to 0.3, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Stylosph�ra terpsichore</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two shells = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;1 or 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thick
+  walled, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, one to three times as broad as the bars; fifteen
+  to twenty-five on the half equator. Polar spines conical, about as long as the axis of the outer
+  sphere, as broad at the base as the inner shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15 to 0.2, pores 0.005 to 0.02, bars
+  0.004 to 0.008; inner shell 0.05; length of the polar spines 0.15 to 0.25, basal breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms,
+  Pullen.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Stylosph�romma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form; surface spiny or thorny.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Stylosph�ra thalia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two shells = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thin walled, thorny, with
+  irregular, roundish pores, two to four times as broad as the bars; eight to twelve on the half
+  equator. Polar spines conical, one to one and a half times as long as the axis of the outer
+  sphere, one-fourth to one-sixth as thick at the base. (Resembles <i>Sph�rostylus ophidium</i>, Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>, fig. 14,
+  but differs in the straight regular conical polar spines, both of equal length and similar
+  form.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.005;
+  inner shell 0.06; polar spines 0.1 to 0.16 long, 0.03 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Stylosph�ra erato</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the two shells = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thick walled, thorny,
+  with irregular, roundish pores, two to five times as broad as the bars; fourteen to eighteen on
+  the half equator. <span class="pagenum" id="page138">{138}</span>Polar spines three-sided
+  pyramidal, about as long as the axis of the outer sphere, one-fourth as broad as its radius.
+  (Similar to <i>Xiphosph�ra vesta</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>,
+  fig. 6.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, pores 0.008 to 0.015, bars 0.003;
+  inner shell 0.05; polar spines 0.12 long, 0.02 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 49. <i>Sph�rostylus</i>,<a id="NtA_72" href="#Nt_72"><sup>[72]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 451.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with two concentric
+  lattice-spheres and two free spines, of different size or form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Sph�rostylus</i> differs from <i>Stylosph�ra</i> in the different size
+  or form of the two polar spines, and therefore has the same relation to it that <i>Xiphostylus</i>
+  bears to <i>Xiphosph�ra</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Sph�rostylantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and similar form; surface smooth or a little rough, without thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Sph�rostylus liostylus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra liostylus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, Taf. xxv. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with rough surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell.
+  Pores of the cortical shell regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the
+  half equator. Polar spines cylindrical, as broad as one pore, with conical apex; the minor spine
+  about as long as the axis of the outer shell, the major three to four times as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.12, pores 0.12, bars 0.006; diameter of
+  the inner sphere 0.04; length of the major polar spine 0.3 to 0.4, of the minor 0.1 to 0.15,
+  breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Barbados rocks.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Sph�rostylus flexuosus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra flexuosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, Taf. xxv. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with rough surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell.
+  Pores of the cortical shell regular circular, of the same breadth as the bars; eight to ten on the
+  half equator. Polar spines cylindrical, S-like curved, irregular; the minor scarcely as long as
+  the axis of the outer sphere, the major two to three times as long. (In the figure of Ehrenberg
+  the spines are broken off; I have found them myself constantly irregular and of unequal length,
+  sometimes with conical apex.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page139">{139}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.08, pores and bars 0.006; inner sphere
+  0.03; length of the major polar spine 0.15 to 0.25, of the minor 0.07 to 0.09, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Barbados rocks.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Sph�rostylus clio</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface, twice as broad as the medullary shell; its
+  network has regular, circular pores, three times as broad as the bars; sixteen to twenty on the
+  half equator. Polar spines very strong, three-sided pyramidal; the major nearly twice as long as
+  the axis of the outer sphere, the minor scarcely as long as its radius. (Nearly related to
+  <i>Stylosph�ra clio</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+  fig. 7, but differs in the slender form and unequal length of the polar spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.14, pores 0.01, bars 0.03; inner sphere
+  0.07; length of the major spine 0.25, of the minor 0.06, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Sph�rostylus hippocampus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>, figs. 10,
+  11).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface and regular network; the pores circular,
+  hexagonally-lobed, three times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Medullary
+  shell half as large, with very small circular pores, eight to ten on the half equator. Major polar
+  spine scarcely as long as the axis of the outer shell, curved like a horn; minor spine scarcely
+  half as long, pommel-like, edged. (Sometimes, by prolongation of the main axis, the spherical
+  shells become ellipsoidal and thus the species is transformed into <i>Druppatractus
+  hippocampus</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.08, pores 0.009, bars 0.003; inner
+  sphere 0.04; length of the major spine 0.07, of the minor 0.03, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Sph�rostyletta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and form; surface spiny or thorny.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Sph�rostylus diadema</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, spiny, twice as broad as the medullary shell, with regular,
+  circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half equator. Major polar spine
+  about as long as the axis of the outer sphere, three-sided pyramidal; minor spine scarcely half as
+  long, pommel-shaped, edged. (Similar in general form to <i>Xiphatractus glyptodon</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, figs. 9,
+  10; but differs in the simple medullary shell, the spherical form of both shells, and the simple
+  circular regular pores.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page140">{140}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.12, pores 0.014, bars 0.007; inner
+  sphere 0.06; length of the major spine 0.13, of the minor 0.05, greatest breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Southern Pacific, surface, Station 289.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Sph�rostylissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form; surface smooth or a little rough.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Sph�rostylus cottus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, about twice as broad as the medullary shell, with
+  irregular, roundish pores, scarcely larger than the bars; fifteen to twenty on the half equator.
+  Polar spines conical, the major once and a half to twice as long as the axis of the outer sphere,
+  the minor scarcely as long as its radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.14, pores and bars 0.008 to 0.012;
+  inner sphere 0.065; length of the major spine 0.2 to 0.3, of the minor 0.05 to 0.07, basal breadth
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Northern Atlantic, F�r�e Channel, surface, John Murray.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Sph�rostylus trigla</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with
+  irregular, roundish pores, two to three times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half
+  equator. Polar spines very unequal; the major three-sided pyramidal, one and a half times as long
+  as the axis of the outer sphere; the minor scarcely as long as its radius, edged, pommel-like.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.12, pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars 0.005;
+  inner sphere 0.04; length of the major spine 0.2, of the minor 0.05, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Northern Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Sph�rostylomma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form; surface spiny or thorny.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Sph�rostylus ophidium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>, figs. 14,
+  15).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra ophidium</i>, Haeckel, 1878, Atlas, <i>loc. cit.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, thorny, twice as broad as the medullary shell, with irregular,
+  roundish pores; eight to ten on the half equator. Polar spines conical, more or less curved or
+  S-shaped; the minor scarcely as long as the axis of the outer sphere, the major two to three times
+  as long.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page141">{141}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.11, pores 0.01 to 0.017, bars 0.003 to
+  0.007; diameter of the inner sphere 0.06, pores <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.05'.">0.005</span> to 0.008, bars 0.002 to 0.004; length of the major
+  polar spine 0.25, of the minor 0.1, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 50. <i>Saturnulus</i>,<a id="NtA_73" href="#Nt_73"><sup>[73]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 451.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with two concentric
+  lattice-spheres and two equal opposite spines, the distal ends of which are connected by a
+  circular or elliptical ring.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Saturnulus</i> differs from the similar <i>Saturnalis</i> by the
+  duplication of the spherical lattice-shell; the inner lies within, the outer without the central
+  capsule.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Saturnulus circulus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, twice as broad as the medullary shell, with regular, circular,
+  hexagonally framed pores, of the same breadth as the bars; fourteen to sixteen on the half
+  equator. Ring circular, smooth, without edges, its diameter three times as great as that of the
+  sphere.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.08, pores and bars 0.004; of the inner
+  sphere 0.04, of the ring 0.24.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Saturnulus annulus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular, circular,
+  hexagonally framed pores, of the same breadth as the bars; eighteen to twenty on the half equator.
+  Ring elliptical, smooth, without edges, somewhat constricted at the poles of the minor axis, its
+  major diameter four times as great as that of the sphere. Differs from <i>Saturnalis
+  annularis</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>,
+  fig. 16, mainly in the possession of a medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.1, pores and bars 0.005; inner sphere
+  0.033; major axis of the ring 0.4, minor 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Saturnulus ellipticus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>, fig.
+  16).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular, circular
+  pores, three times as broad as the bars; sixteen to eighteen on the half equator. Ring elliptical,
+  smooth, without edges, its major diameter three times as great as that of the sphere.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.09, pores 0.006, bars 0.002; inner
+  sphere 0.03; major axis of the elliptical ring 0.28, minor 0.24; thickness of the ring and the
+  axial beams 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page142">{142}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Saturnulus planetes</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+  fig. 17).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, twice as broad as the medullary shell, with regular, circular pores, of
+  the same breadth as the bars; sixteen to eighteen on the half equator. Ring elliptical, smooth,
+  with strong prominent edges, constricted at the poles of the minor axis, its major diameter three
+  times as great as that of the outer sphere.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.08, pores and bars 0.005; inner sphere
+  0.035; major axis of the ring 0.25, minor axis 0.2; thickness of the ring and the axial beams
+  0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Rabbe; Station 200, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Amphistylida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 452.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with three
+  concentric spherical lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 51. <i>Amphisph�ra</i>, Haeckel,<a id="NtA_74" href="#Nt_74"><sup>[74]</sup></a> 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 452.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with three concentric
+  lattice-spheres and two free spines of equal size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Amphisph�ra</i> differs from its probable ancestral form,
+  <i>Stylosph�ra</i>, in the triple spherical lattice-shell. Commonly two of these lie within the
+  central capsule (medullary shell), whilst the third lies outside it (cortical shell). But
+  sometimes this order is inverted, the cortical shell being double, the medullary shell simple; and
+  perhaps these forms may better represent a peculiar genus, <i>Amphisph�ridium</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Amphisph�rantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and similar form; surface smooth or a little rough, without spines or thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Amphisph�ra neptunus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the three concentric spheres = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical
+  shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, of the same breadth
+  as the bars; twelve to fifteen on the half equator. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, with
+  strong prominent edges, about as long as the radius of the outer shell, half as broad at the base.
+  (Similar to <i>Stylatractus neptunus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>,
+  fig. 6, but differs in the purely spherical form of the three concentric shells and the regular
+  form of the network and of the polar spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, middle shell 0.08, inner shell 0.04;
+  pores and bars of the cortical shell 0.008; length of the polar spines 0.08, basal breadth
+  0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page143">{143}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Amphisph�ra uranus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the three spheres = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thick
+  walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, three times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on
+  the half equator. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the diameter of the outer
+  shell, twice as broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.06, inner 0.03; pores of
+  the cortical shell 0.012, bars 0.004; length of the polar spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.024.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, 2200 fathoms, Pullen.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Amphisph�ra jupiter</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the three spheres = 10&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Cortical shell thick
+  walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; twenty to twenty-five on
+  the half equator. Polar spines cylindro-conical, nearly as long as the axis of the outer shell,
+  twice as broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.06, inner 0.04; pores of the
+  cortical shell 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines 0.15 to 0.18, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Amphisph�rella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and similar form; surface thorny or spiny.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Amphisph�ra apollo</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the three spheres = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;1.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thick
+  walled, spiny, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, of the same breadth as the bars;
+  twenty to twenty-two on the half equator. In each hexagon-corner (between three pores) a
+  bristle-like radial spine. Polar spines cylindrical, with conical apex; one to one and a half
+  times as long as the axis of the outer shell, as broad as three pores at the base. (Resembles
+  closely <i>Xiphosph�ra pallas</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>,
+  fig. 4, but differs in the presence of two medullary shells and the absence of the fine
+  denticulations on the hexagonal crests.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.06, inner 0.04; pores and
+  bars of the cortical shell 0.006; length of the polar spines 0.15, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Amphisph�ra mercurius</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the three spheres = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thin
+  walled, spiny, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; fifteen to eighteen on
+  the half equator; between <span class="pagenum" id="page144">{144}</span>them short bristle-like
+  radial spines. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the radius of the outer shell,
+  one-third as broad at the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, middle 0.09, inner 0.05; pores of
+  the cortical shell 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines 0.09, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Amphisph�rissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form; surface smooth or a little rough, without spines or thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Amphisph�ra cronos</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the three spheres = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thin
+  walled, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, two to four times as broad as the bars; eight to
+  ten on the half equator. Outer medullary shell similar, but with pores of half the size, connected
+  with the cortical shell by numerous radial beams; inner medullary shell with very small pores.
+  Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, as long as the axis of the inner medullary shell, half as
+  broad at the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.08, inner 0.04; pores of
+  the cortical shell 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.05; length of the polar spines 0.04, basal breadth
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Amphisph�ra pluto</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>,
+  figs. 7, 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the three spheres about = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1 (or
+  11&nbsp;:&nbsp;7&nbsp;:&nbsp;3). Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with very irregular,
+  roundish pores, two to four times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half equator; often
+  two to four pores confluent. Margin of their outer aperture double. Polar spines conical, double
+  contoured, as long as the radius of the outer shell, one-third as broad at the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, middle shell 0.07, inner shell 0.03;
+  pores of the cortical shell 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.06, length of the polar spines 0.06, basal
+  breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Amphisph�romma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form; surface spiny or thorny.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Amphisph�ra mars</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the three spheres = 10&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Cortical shell thin
+  walled, thorny, with irregular, roundish pores, one to three times as broad as the bars; sixteen
+  to twenty on the <span class="pagenum" id="page145">{145}</span>half equator. Irregularly
+  scattered between them short conical thorns. Polar spines conical, about as long as the axis of
+  the outer shell, as broad at the base as the inner shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle shell 0.06, inner shell 0.04;
+  pores of the cortical shell 0.005 to 0.02, bars 0.006; length of the polar spines 0.17, basal
+  breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Gulf Stream, near Florida, depth 1500
+  fathoms, Schaffner.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 52. <i>Amphistylus</i>,<a id="NtA_75" href="#Nt_75"><sup>[75]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 452.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with three concentric
+  lattice-spheres and two free spines of different size or form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Amphistylus</i> differs from its ancestral form, <i>Amphisph�ra</i>,
+  by the differentiation of both polar spines, and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that
+  <i>Sph�rostylus</i> bears to <i>Stylosph�ra</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Amphistylus clio</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the three spheres = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thick
+  walled, smooth; its pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars; eighteen to twenty
+  on the half equator. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, very stout, as broad at the base as the
+  inner medullary shell; major spine somewhat longer than the diameter of the cortical shell; minor
+  spine scarcely half as long. (Similar to <i>Stylosph�ra clio</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>, fig. 7, but
+  different in the double medullary shell and the different length of the polar spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.15, middle 0.08, inner 0.04; pores of
+  the outer shell 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the major spine 0.17, minor 0.07, basal breadth
+  0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Amphistylus hippocampus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the three spheres = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thick
+  walled, smooth; its pores regular, circular, hexagonally lobed, three times as broad as the bars;
+  twelve to fifteen on the half equator. Major polar spine three-sided pyramidal, about as long as
+  the axis of cortical shell; minor spine pommel-like, edged, scarcely one-third as long. (Similar
+  to <i>Sph�rostylus hippocampus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+  figs. 10, 11, but differs in the larger size, the double medullary shell, and the straight, not
+  curved, major spine.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.11, middle 0.07, inner 0.035; pores of
+  the outer shell 0.011, bars 0.004; length of the major spine 0.12, of the minor 0.04, breadth
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Amphistylus glyptodon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the three spheres = 6&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Cortical shell thick
+  walled, spiny, with irregular, roundish pores, two to four times as broad as the bars; ten to
+  twelve on the half equator. <span class="pagenum" id="page146">{146}</span>Inner aperture of each
+  pore closed by a thin fenestrated lamella with five to seven small pores. Major polar spine
+  three-sided pyramidal, longer than the diameter of the outer sphere; minor polar spine scarcely as
+  long as its radius, pommel-shaped. (Similar to <i>Xiphatractus glyptodon</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, figs. 9,
+  10, but differs in the spherical, not ellipsoidal, form of the three shells and the size of the
+  polar spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.12, middle 0.06, inner 0.02; pores and
+  spines of the outer shell 0.01 to 0.02, bars and porules 0.006; length of the major polar spine
+  0.15, of the minor 0.05, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 53. <i>Saturninus</i>,<a id="NtA_76" href="#Nt_76"><sup>[76]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with three concentric
+  lattice-spheres and two equal opposite spines, connected at the distal end by a circular or
+  elliptical ring.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Saturninus</i> differs from the similar <i>Saturnulus</i> by the
+  triplication of the spherical lattice-shell; the inner shell is enclosed in the central capsule,
+  whilst both the others lie outside it.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Saturninus triplex</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the three spheres = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Inner cortical shell
+  with regular, circular pores, of the same breadth as the bars, sixteen to eighteen on the half
+  equator; outer cortical shell connected with the inner by numerous bristle-like radial spines,
+  network very delicate, cobweb-shaped, with irregular polygonal meshes. Ring elliptical, two and a
+  half times as broad as the outer shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the inner sphere 0.03, middle 0.09, outer 0.12; pores and
+  bars of the middle shell 0.004; major axis of the elliptical ring 0.3, minor 0.25; thickness of
+  the ring and the axial beams 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Cromyostylida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 453.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with four
+  concentric spherical lattice-shells (two medullary and two cortical).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 54. <i>Stylocromyum</i>,<a id="NtA_77" href="#Nt_77"><sup>[77]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 453.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with four concentric
+  lattice-spheres and two free spines of equal size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page147">{147}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stylocromyum</i> differs from its probable ancestral form,
+  <i>Amphisph�ra</i>, by the duplication of the cortical shell; two opposite radial beams, piercing
+  the wall of the central capsule, connect it with the double medullary shell, and are prolonged
+  outside into two equal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stylocromyum amphiconus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the shell smooth. Radial proportion of the four spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;8&nbsp;:&nbsp;9. Two medullary shells inside the central capsule, two
+  cortical shells outside it. Interval between the second and third shells the greatest. Pores of
+  all the shells regular, circular, two to four times as broad as the bars. Both polar spines equal,
+  conical, about as long as the axis of the outermost sphere, as broad at the base as the
+  innermost.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four spheres&mdash;(A) inner medullary shell 0.03, (B)
+  outer medullary shell 0.06, (C) inner cortical shell 0.25, (D) outer cortical shell 0.28; length
+  of the polar spines 0.3, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stylocromyum amphipyramis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the shell smooth. Radial proportion of the four spheres =
+  2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;6&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Both medullary shells with regular, circular pores,
+  twice as broad as the bars. Both cortical shells with irregular, roundish, much larger pores,
+  three to six times as broad as the bars. Both polar spines equal or nearly equal, three-sided
+  pyramidal, about as long as the axis of the third shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four spheres&mdash;(A) 0.04, (B) 0.06, (C) 0.12, (D)
+  0.16; length of the polar spines 0.11, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 55. <i>Cromyostylus</i>,<a id="NtA_78" href="#Nt_78"><sup>[78]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 453.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with four concentric
+  lattice-spheres and two free spines of different size or form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cromyostylus</i> differs from its ancestral form, <i>Stylocromyum</i>,
+  in the differentiation of the two unequal polar spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cromyostylus gladius</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the shell smooth. Radial proportion of the four spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;10&nbsp;:&nbsp;12. Both medullary shells with regular, circular,
+  simple pores. Inner cortical shell with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as
+  broad as the bars. From each hexagon-corner arises a <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page148">{148}</span>bristle-shaped radial spine, which at the distal end gives off three
+  thread-like branches; by communication of these threads (at equal distances from the centre) the
+  delicate outer medullary shell is formed. The polar spines very different; major spine six-sided
+  pyramidal, longer than the diameter of the shell; minor pommel-shaped, shorter than the radius
+  (similar to <i>Xiphatractus glyptodon</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>,
+  figs. 9, 10, but different in the double spherical cortical shell).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four spheres&mdash;(A) 0.02, (B) 0.06, (C) 0.2, (D)
+  0.24; length of the major spine 0.3, of the minor 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Caryostylida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 454.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with five or more
+  concentric, spherical lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 56. <i>Caryostylus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 454.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with five to six or more
+  concentric lattice-shells and two free opposite spines of equal size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Caryostylus</i> differs from its ancestral form, <i>Stylocromyum</i>,
+  by the multiplication of the concentric spheres, the number of which amounts to five or six or
+  more. I have only observed one single species of this genus. Some similar forms which in my
+  Prodromus (1881, p. 454) were annexed to it, and disposed in three nearly allied genera
+  (<i>Caryoxiphus</i>, <i>Caryodoras</i>, <i>Caryolonche</i>), have now been proved to belong to
+  other groups, mainly ellipsoidal Druppulida.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Caryostylus hexalepas</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the spherical shell smooth. Radial proportion of the component six concentric shells
+  = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;7&nbsp;:&nbsp;9&nbsp;:&nbsp;12&nbsp;:&nbsp;15. Both medullary shells
+  connected only by six radial beams, opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes. Between second
+  and third shell numerous (twenty regularly disposed?) radial beams. Four cortical shells connected
+  by very numerous (sixty to eighty or more?) short radial beams. Pores of all six shells regular,
+  circular, the size increasing towards the surface, two to three times as broad as the bars. Two
+  opposite polar spines very large, of equal size, three times as long as the shell radius,
+  cylindrical, club-shaped at the thicker distal end. (The whole shell structure is similar to Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>, fig. 2,
+  but the shells are spherical, not ellipsoidal.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the six spheres&mdash;(A) 0.02, (B) 0.04, (C) 0.15, (D)
+  0.18, (E) 0.24, (F) 0.3; length of the spines 0.5.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Spongostylida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 455.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with spherical
+  spongy shell (with or without enclosed latticed medullary shells).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page149">{149}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 57. <i><span class="correction" title="Printed 'Spongolonche', corrected by
+  Errata.">Spongolonchis</span></i>,<a id="NtA_79" href="#Nt_79"><sup>[79]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 455.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with a solid sphere of spongy
+  framework, and with two opposite free radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i><span class="correction" title="Printed 'Spongolonche', corrected by
+  Errata.">Spongolonchis</span></i> differs from its probable ancestral form, <i>Styptosph�ra</i>,
+  by the development of two opposite radial spines situated in one axis.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i><span class="correction" title="Printed 'Spongolonche', corrected by
+  Errata.">Spongolonchis</span> compacta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the spherical shell very compact, with small meshes, three to four times as
+  broad as the bars. Surface rough, but not spiny. Two polar spines pyramidal, only as long as the
+  radius of the shell, one-third as broad at the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2; length of the spines 0.1, basal breadth
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i><span class="correction" title="Printed 'Spongolonche', corrected by
+  Errata.">Spongolonchis</span> laxa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework loose, with large meshes, ten to twelve times as broad as the bars. Surface
+  spiny. Two polar spines three-sided prismatic, longer than the diameter of the shell (broken off
+  in the observed specimen).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.5; length of the spine 0.6 and more, breadth
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 58. <i>Spongostylus</i>,<a id="NtA_80" href="#Nt_80"><sup>[80]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 455.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with spongy spherical cortical
+  shell, enclosing in the centre a simple latticed medullary shell, and with two opposite free
+  radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongostylus</i> may probably be derived from <i>Spongoplegma</i> by
+  development of two opposite radial spines in one axis.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongostylus hastatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy cortical shell with compact framework, twice as broad as the enclosed medullary shell,
+  the pores of which are regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars. Two polar spines, three
+  times as long as the radius of the shell, in the basal two-thirds cylindrical, in the distal third
+  compressed, two-edged, spear-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.1, medullary shell 0.05; length of
+  the spines 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page150">{150}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongostylus gladiatus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra holosph�ra</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 299, Taf. viii. fig. 14.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy cortical shell with rather compact framework, four times as broad as the enclosed
+  medullary shell, the pores of which are irregular, roundish, three to four times as broad as the
+  bars. Two polar spines sword-shaped, two-edged, as long as the shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.24, medullary shell 0.06; length of
+  the spines 0.25.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; Philippine
+  Sea, depth 3300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongostylus serratus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy cortical shell with lax framework, ten to twelve times as broad as the enclosed
+  medullary shell, the pores of which are irregular, roundish, once and a half to twice as broad as
+  the bars. Two polar spines longer than the shell diameter (broken off in the observed specimen),
+  three-sided prismatical, with three straight serrated edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.5, medullary shell 0.04; length of
+  the spines 0.6 or more.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 59. <i>Spongostylidium</i>,<a id="NtA_81" href="#Nt_81"><sup>[81]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 455.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Stylosph�rida</span> with spongy spherical cortical
+  shell, enclosing two concentric spherical latticed medullary shells, and with two opposite, free
+  radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongostylidium</i> differs from <i>Spongostylus</i> by duplication of
+  the latticed medullary shell, and therefore bears the same relation to it as <i>Spongodictyon</i>
+  to <i>Spongoplegma</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongostylidium streptacanthum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both medullary shells spherical, with small, regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the
+  bars (outer twice as broad as the inner). Spongy cortical shell enclosing it with dense framework,
+  four times as broad as the outer medullary shell. Two polar spines very large, four times as long
+  as the diameter of the outer shell; as broad as the inner medullary shell, with three dentated,
+  spirally contorted edges. (Very similar to the common <i>Spongosph�ra streptacantha</i> and to
+  <i>Hexadoridium streptacanthum</i>, but with only two opposite spines in one axis.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.16, of the outer medullary shell
+  0.04, inner 0.02; length of the spines 0.7 and more, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page151">{151}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Family VIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Staurosph�rida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Staurosph�rida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 449.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> with four radial spines on the
+  surface of the spherical shell, forming a regular cross, being opposite in pairs in two axes
+  perpendicular to one another; living solitary (not associated in colonies).</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> is distinguished from the other <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> by the possession of four radial spines, which are opposite in pairs
+  in two perpendicularly crossed axes. By these "two main axes" an equatorial plane is determined,
+  which approximates them to the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>. But in the latter the shells as
+  well as the central capsule become more or less flattened, lenticular, or discoidal, whilst in the
+  former they remain spherical. However, some forms of both groups are very similar, and inspection
+  from different sides (and mainly from the margin of the equatorial plane) is required to determine
+  the spherical (not compressed) shell-form of the Staurosph�rida. As a rule the species of this
+  family are much rarer, and much less numerous, than those of all the other <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>The most simple Staurosph�rida are the Staurostylida, with one single spherical lattice-shell.
+  To this ancestral group all other subfamilies can be opposed as "Staurosph�rida concentrica,"
+  since their carapace is composed of two or more concentric lattice-shells; two in the
+  Staurolonchida, three in the Stauracontida, four in the Staurocromyida, five or more in the
+  Staurocaryida. In all these four subfamilies the concentric shells are simple (not spongy)
+  fenestrated spheres. In a sixth subfamily, in the Staurodorida, the shell is wholly or partially
+  composed of irregular spongy wickerwork, with or without a medullary shell in the centre.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Four Radial Spines</i> in all Staurosph�rida are normally opposed in pairs in two axes
+  perpendicular one to another, and therefore together form a rectangular cross. But in many species
+  besides this normal form individual abnormalities occur, in which the four spines in the
+  equatorial plane are not quite accurately opposed, so that the four angles between them are not
+  right angles, but more or less unequal. More rarely also their position in the equatorial plane is
+  not accurately retained, so that they are placed in two, three, or four different meridian planes,
+  intersecting at very small variable angles.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">In the greater part of Staurosph�rida all four radial spines are quite equal, and
+  of the same size and form. But in some genera there takes place a more or less considerable
+  differentiation of the four spines, commonly in pairs, so that the two opposite spines of each
+  pair are equal, but the pairs different (<i>Staurostylus</i>, <i>Staurolonchidium</i>). More
+  rarely also both spines of one pair become unequal, whilst those of the other pair remain equal
+  (<i>Stauroxiphos</i>). Very rarely all four spines assume a different size or form.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page152">{152}</span></div>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Staurosph�rida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Staurosph�rida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Staurosph�rida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>I. Subfamily Staurostylida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Shell one single lattice-sphere.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace hh9"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">All four spines equal,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">60. <i>Staurosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Four spines different in pairs,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">61. <i>Staurostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">One spine larger than the three others,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">62. <i>Stylostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Staurolonchida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Shell with two concentric lattice-spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace hh14"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">All four spines equal,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace hh6"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi">Simple,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">63. <i>Staurolonche</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi">Branched,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">64. <i>Staurancistra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Four spines different in pairs,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">65. <i>Staurolonchidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">One spine larger than the three others,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">66. <i>Stauroxiphos</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Subfamily Stauracontida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Shell with three concentric spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace hh8" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">All four spines equal, simple,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">67. <i>Stauracontium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>IV. Subfamily Staurocromyida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Shell with four concentric spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace hh8"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">All four spines equal,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace hh8"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi">Simple,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">68. <i>Staurocromyum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi">Branched,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">69. <i>Cromyostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>V. Subfamily Staurocaryida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Shell with five or more concentric spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace hh9" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">All four spines equal,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">70. <i>Staurocaryum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>VI. Subfamily Staurodorida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Shell a spongy sphere.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace hh8" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Solid spongy sphere without medullary shell,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">71. <i>Staurodoras</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Staurosph�rida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Staurosph�rida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Staurostylida. (Shell one single lattice-sphere.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">All four spines equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">60. <i>Staurosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four spines different in pairs,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">61. <i>Staurostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">One spine larger than the three others,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">62. <i>Stylostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Staurolonchida. (Shell with two concentric
+      lattice-spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">All four spines equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">63. <i>Staurolonche</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">64. <i>Staurancistra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four spines different in pairs,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">65. <i>Staurolonchidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">One spine larger than the three others,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">66. <i>Stauroxiphos</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">III. Subfamily Stauracontida. (Shell with three concentric spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">All four spines equal, simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">67. <i>Stauracontium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">IV. Subfamily Staurocromyida. (Shell with four concentric spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">All four spines equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">68. <i>Staurocromyum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">69. <i>Cromyostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">V. Subfamily Staurocaryida. (Shell with five or more concentric spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">All four spines equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">70. <i>Staurocaryum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">VI. Subfamily Staurodorida. (Shell a spongy sphere.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Solid spongy sphere without medullary shell,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">71. <i>Staurodoras</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Staurostylida</span>,<a id="NtA_82"
+  href="#Nt_82"><sup>[82]</sup></a> Haeckel, Prodromus, 1881, pp. 449, 450.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with one single
+  spherical lattice-shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 60. <i>Staurosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_83" href="#Nt_83"><sup>[83]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 450.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with a single lattice-sphere
+  and four crossed equal spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Staurosph�ra</i> may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this
+  subfamily, since it represents their most simple and primitive form. From the surface of the
+  simple lattice-sphere, enclosing the central capsule, arise four equal, simple, radial spines,
+  opposite in pairs in two diameters, perpendicular one to another. <i>Staurosph�ra</i> may be
+  derived phylogenetically either from <i>Cenosph�ra</i> by production of the four spines, or from
+  <i>Hexastylus</i> by reduction of two opposite spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page153">{153}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Staurosph�rantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores regular, all of nearly equal size and similar form;
+  surface smooth.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Staurosph�ra cruciata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, hexagonal pores, four times as broad as the bars; ten
+  to twelve on the quadrant. Four crossed radial spines three-sided pyramidal, as long as the
+  diameter of the shell, as broad at the base as one pore (very similar to <i>Hexastylus
+  ph�naxonius</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>,
+  fig. 3, but with only four spines).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the pores 0.008, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Staurosph�ra christiana</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, three times as
+  broad as the bars; six to eight on the quadrant. Four crossed spines six-sided pyramidal, as long
+  as the radius, as broad as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.13, pores 0.012, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Staurosph�ra johannis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, four times as broad as the bars; five
+  to six on the quadrant. Four spines six-sided pyramidal, half as long as the radius, as broad as
+  one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.02, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Staurosph�ra pauli</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular, double-edged pores, four times as
+  broad as the bars; eight to ten on the quadrant. Four spines conical, as long as the radius, as
+  broad as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.016, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Staurosph�ra petri</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, three times as broad as the bars;
+  twenty to twenty-two on the quadrant. Four spines conical, half as long as the radius, as broad as
+  one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.22, pores 0.006, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, depth 2650 fathoms; also fossil
+  in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page154">{154}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Staurosph�ra jacobi</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; eleven to
+  twelve on the quadrant. Four spines cylindrical, three times as long as the radius, three times as
+  broad as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores 0.006, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Staurosph�ra simonis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma</i> with four spines, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. iv.
+    fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, of the same breadth as the bars;
+  eight to ten on the quadrant. Four spines cylindrical, twice as long as the radius, five times as
+  broad as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.1, pores and bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Staurosph�rella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores regular, all of nearly equal size and similar form;
+  surface covered with by-spines or accessory thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Staurosph�ra philippi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, covered with bristle-shaped by-spines, as long as the radius. Pores regular,
+  circular, twice as broad as the bars; six to eight on the quadrant. Four main spines cylindrical,
+  five to ten times as long as the radius, as broad as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.006, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Staurosph�ra andre�</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, three times as broad as
+  the bars; nine to ten on the quadrant. From each hexagon-corner arises a bristle-shaped by-spine,
+  half as long as the radius. Four main spines three-sided pyramidal, with spirally contorted edges,
+  as long as the radius (very similar to <i>Hexastylus solonis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>, fig. 11,
+  but with only four spines).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.01, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page155">{155}</span></div>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Staurosph�ra thom�</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; twelve to
+  fourteen on the quadrant; surface covered with short conical by-spines. Four main spines conical,
+  twice as long as the radius, twice as broad as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.2, pores 0.012, bars 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth, 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Staurosph�rissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores irregular, of different size or form; surface
+  smooth.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Staurosph�ra jud�</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular, polygonal pores, twice to four times as broad as the
+  bars; six to ten on the quadrant. Four main spines three-sided pyramidal, as long as the
+  radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.15, pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 273, depth, 2350 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Staurosph�ra crassa</i>, Dunikowski.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Staurosph�ra crassa</i>, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, Bd. xlv.
+    p. 27, Taf. v. figs. 52-55.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, scarcely broader than the bars;
+  eight to ten on the quadrant. Four spines three-sided pyramidal, nearly as long as the shell
+  diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.19, pores and bars 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Alpine Lias (Schafberg near Salzburg,
+  Dunikowski).</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Staurosph�ra apostolorum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p>? <i>Cenosph�ra megapora</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 66,
+    Taf. iii. fig. 1.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Cenosph�ra micropora</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 66, Taf. iii. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth, with large, irregular, roundish pores, twice to six times as broad
+  as the bars; four to six on the quadrant. Four spines conical, very stout, about as long as the
+  shell diameter, often more or less irregularly disposed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.12 to 0.2, pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars
+  0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page156">{156}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Staurosph�romma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores irregular, of different size or form; surface
+  covered with by-spines or accessory thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Staurosph�ra bartholom�i</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with irregular, polygonal pores, three times as broad as the bars; six to
+  eight on the quadrant; surface covered with short bristle-shaped by-spines. Four main spines
+  three-sided pyramidal, twice as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14, pores 0.008 to 0.016, bars 0.003 to
+  0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Staurosph�ra thadd�i</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish, polygonally framed pores, twice to three times as
+  broad as the bars; five to seven on the quadrant; surface covered with bristle-shaped spines, half
+  as long as the radius. Four main spines pyramidal, as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores 006 to 0.012, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms; also fossil
+  in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Staurosph�ra matth�i</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to five times as broad as the bars;
+  ten to twelve on the quadrant; surface covered with short conical thorns or by-spines. Four main
+  spines conical, as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.004 to 0.01, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 61. <i>Staurostylus</i>,<a id="NtA_84" href="#Nt_84"><sup>[84]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 450.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with one single lattice-sphere
+  and four crossed spines which are arranged in opposite pairs, one pair opposite being larger than
+  the other.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Staurostylus</i> has been developed from <i>Staurosph�ra</i> by
+  differentiation of the four crossed spines in pairs; two opposite spines growing much more
+  strongly than the other two.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Staurostylus gr�cus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as
+  the bars; six to eight on the quadrant. Spines three-sided prismatic, pointed, as broad as <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page157">{157}</span>one mesh; two opposite larger spines as long as the
+  diameter of the shell, two smaller only as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the
+  major spines 0.16, minor 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Staurostylus latinus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, circular, double-edged pores, three times as broad as
+  the bars; twelve to fourteen on the quadrant. Spines conical, twice as broad at the base as one
+  mesh; two opposite larger spines as long as the radius of the shell, two smaller only one-third as
+  long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.24, pores 0.012, bars 0.004; length of the
+  major spines 0.12, minor 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Staurostylus germanicus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, covered with bristle-shaped by-spines, half as long as the radius. Pores
+  regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the quadrant.
+  From each hexagon-corner arises one short by-spine. Four main spines three-sided pyramidal, as
+  broad at the base as one mesh; two opposite larger spines one and a half times as long as the
+  radius, two smaller two-thirds as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length of the
+  major spines 0.12, minor 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 62. <i>Stylostaurus</i>,<a id="NtA_85" href="#Nt_85"><sup>[85]</sup></a> 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 450.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with one single lattice-sphere
+  and four crossed spines, one of which is much larger than the other three.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stylostaurus</i> differs from the preceding in the extraordinary
+  development of one of the four spines, which is much longer than the other three; these may be
+  equal or different.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stylostaurus caudatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as
+  the bars; five to six on the quadrant. Spines three-sided pyramidal, as broad at the base as <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page158">{158}</span>one mesh; one of the spines longer than the shell
+  diameter, the opposite spine nearly as long as the shell radius; both lateral spines scarcely
+  one-third as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the major
+  spine 0.14, of the opposite 0.04, of both lateral spines 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stylostaurus gladiatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, three times as broad as the bars;
+  nine to ten on the quadrant. Spines three-sided prismatic, as broad at the base as one mesh; one
+  of the spines longer than the shell diameter, and much larger than the other three, which are
+  nearly equal (half as long as the radius).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.015, bars 0.005; length of the
+  major spine 0.25, of the three others 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Staurolonchida</span>,<a id="NtA_86"
+  href="#Nt_86"><sup>[86]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 451.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with two
+  concentric spherical lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 63. <i>Staurolonche</i>,<a id="NtA_87" href="#Nt_87"><sup>[87]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 451.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with two concentric
+  lattice-spheres and four crossed, equal, simple spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Staurolonche</i> may be derived either from <i>Staurosph�ra</i> by the
+  duplication of the lattice-sphere, or from <i>Carposph�ra</i> by the production of four crossed
+  radial spines, lying in one meridional plane, or from <i>Hexalonche</i> by the reduction of two
+  opposite spines.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Staurolonchantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, and of nearly equal
+  size and similar form; surface smooth.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Staurolonche hexagona</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma hexagonum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvb., Bd. iv. fig. 17.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma hexagonum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 434.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular,
+  hexagonal pores, four times as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the quadrant. Four spines
+  three-sided pyramidal, somewhat longer than the radius, as broad at the base as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page159">{159}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.04; cortical pores 0.012,
+  bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 64, depth 2700 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Staurolonche spinoz�</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, twice as broad as the medullary shell, with regular,
+  circular, hexagonally framed pores, three times as broad as the bars; five to six on the quadrant.
+  Four spines three-sided pyramidal, half as long as the radius, as broad at the base as one
+  mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, inner 0.08; cortical pores 0.012,
+  bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Staurolonche aperta</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma apertum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 74, Taf. xxviii. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell; pores regular,
+  circular, five times as broad as the bars; four to five on the quadrant. Four spines conical, as
+  long as the radius, as broad as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, inner 0.03; cortical pores 0.015,
+  bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Staurolonche brunonis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, twice as broad as the medullary shell, with regular,
+  circular pores, three times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the quadrant. Four spines
+  cylindro-conical, longer than the diameter, twice as broad as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.08, inner 0.04; cortical pores 0.006,
+  bars 0.002; length of the spines 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Staurolonche pertusa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>,
+  figs. 5, 5<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular,
+  circular pores, three times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the quadrant. Pores of the
+  medullary shell only one-third as large, also circular. Four spines three-sided prismatic, three
+  times as long as the radius; each of their three thin wings perforated by a single row of small
+  pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, inner 0.033; cortical pores 0.01,
+  bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page160">{160}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Staurolonchella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, and of nearly equal
+  size and similar form; surface covered with by-spines or thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Staurolonche straussii</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, four times as broad as the medullary shell, and covered with
+  numerous bristle-shaped by-spines, half as long as the radius. Pores regular, circular,
+  hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars; six to eight on the radius. On each hexagonal
+  frame twelve by-spines (six at the corners, six in the middle between them). Four main spines
+  six-sided pyramidal, about as long as the radius, twice as broad as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, inner 0.04; cortical pores 0.016,
+  bars 0.008; length of the spines 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Staurolonche feuerbachii</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, five times as broad as the medullary shell, and covered with short
+  conical by-spines. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; twenty to twenty-two on
+  the quadrant. Four main spines three-sided prismatic, with pyramidal apex, two to three times as
+  long as the radius, twice as broad as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.27, of the inner 0.055; cortical pores
+  0.008, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Staurolonche moleschottii</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell, and covered with
+  short conical by-spines. Pores regular, circular, of the same breadth as the bars; fourteen to
+  sixteen on the quadrant. Four main spines conical, as long as the radius, three times as broad at
+  the base as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, inner 0.05; cortical pores and bars
+  0.004; length of the spines 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Staurolonchissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form; surface smooth.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Staurolonche holbachii</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell.
+  Pores irregular, polygonal, twice to four times as broad as the bars. Four main spines three-sided
+  prismatic, longer than the shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page161">{161}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.04; cortical pores 0.006 to
+  0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Staurolonche gassendii</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell.
+  Pores irregular, roundish, three to five times as broad as the bars. Four main spines conical, as
+  long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.05; cortical pores 0.01 to
+  0.02, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Staurolonchura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form; surface covered with by-spines or thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Staurolonche epicurii</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, five times as broad as the medullary shell, and covered with
+  numerous bristle-shaped by-spines (half as long as the radius). Pores irregular, roundish,
+  polygonally framed, twice to three times as broad as the bars. Four main spines pyramidal, as long
+  as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.22, inner 0.044; cortical pores 0.02 to
+  0.04, bars 0.012; length of the spines 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Staurolonche lucretii</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick-walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell, and covered with
+  numerous short, conical thorns. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the
+  bars. Four main spines conical, half as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, inner 0.05; cortical pores 0.015 to
+  0.03, bars 0.008; length of the spines 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 64. <i>Staurancistra</i>,<a id="NtA_88" href="#Nt_88"><sup>[88]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 451.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with two concentric
+  lattice-spheres and four crossed, equal, branched spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page162">{162}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Staurancistra</i> differs from its ancestral form,
+  <i>Staurolonche</i>, in the ramification of the four crossed spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Staurancistra quadricuspis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with rough, thorny surface, and irregular, roundish pores, twice to
+  four times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the quadrant. Medullary shell one-third as large,
+  with regular, circular pores; connected with the cortical shell by four crossed radial beams.
+  These are prolonged outside into four strong three-sided prismatic spines, nearly as long as the
+  shell diameter, each having three curved branches below the distal end. (Similar to <i>Hexancistra
+  quadricuspis</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>,
+  fig. 11, but with only four spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.16, of the medullary shell 0.05;
+  pores of the former 0.06 to 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.14, breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 65. <i>Staurolonchidium</i>,<a id="NtA_89" href="#Nt_89"><sup>[89]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with two concentric
+  lattice-spheres and four crossed simple spines which are disposed in two different pairs, two
+  opposite being larger than the other two.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Staurolonchidium</i> has arisen from <i>Staurolonche</i> by the
+  stronger growth of the two opposite spines, the other two remaining stationary; both spines of
+  each pair equal.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Staurolonchidium artioscelides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell.
+  Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the
+  quadrant. Four radial spines three-sided pyramidal, as broad as one mesh; two opposite larger
+  spines three times as long as the two smaller, which are about equal to the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.16, medullary shell 0.05; pores of
+  the former 0.012, bars 0.006; length of the major spines 0.24, minor 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Staurolonchidium perspicuum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma perspicuum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 74, Taf. xxix. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, covered with small conical by-spines, five times as broad as the
+  medullary shell. Pores regular, circular, eight times as broad as the bars; three to four on the
+  quadrant. Four radial spines three-sided pyramidal, scarcely one-third as broad as one mesh; two
+  opposite larger spines four times as long as the two smaller, which are about equal to half the
+  radius.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page163">{163}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.12, medullary shell 0.025; pores of
+  the former 0.03, bars 0.004; length of the major spines 0.12, minor 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 66. <i>Stauroxiphos</i>,<a id="NtA_90" href="#Nt_90"><sup>[90]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with two concentric
+  lattice-spheres and four crossed simple spines, one of which is much larger than the other
+  three.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stauroxiphos</i> differs from its ancestral form, <i>Staurolonche</i>,
+  in the greater development of one single spine, and exhibits therefore the same relation to it
+  that <i>Stylostaurus</i> bears to <i>Staurosph�ra</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stauroxiphos gladius</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores of the
+  outer shell regular, circular, regularly six-lobed on the outer opening, four times as broad as
+  the bars; about six on the quadrant. Pores of the inner shell only one-third as large, simple,
+  circular. Three of the four radial spines of nearly equal size, pommel-shaped, with three
+  prominent, dentated wings, somewhat shorter than the shell radius and about half as broad as long;
+  the fourth spine much larger, sword-like, about three times as long as the shell radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the inner 0.04; pores of the
+  former 0.01, bars 0.0025; pores of the latter 0.003, bars 0.001; length of the major spine 0.18,
+  of the three minor 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Stauracontida</span>,<a id="NtA_91"
+  href="#Nt_91"><sup>[91]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 52.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with three
+  concentric spherical lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 67. <i>Stauracontium</i>,<a id="NtA_92" href="#Nt_92"><sup>[92]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 452.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with three concentric
+  lattice-spheres and four crossed, equal, simple spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stauracontium</i> differs from its probable ancestral form,
+  <i>Staurolonche</i>, in the duplication of the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stauracontarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, all of nearly equal
+  size and similar form; surface smooth.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page164">{164}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stauracontium cruciferum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, hexagonal pores, four times as broad as the
+  bars; eight to ten on the quadrant. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;9. Connecting radial beams between them six (opposite in pairs in the
+  three dimensive axes), but only four of them are prolonged outside into four stout three-sided
+  prismatic spines, lying in one equatorial plane, as long as the shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.22, middle 0.07, inner 0.025; cortical
+  pores 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stauracontium tetracanthum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma tetracanthum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 295, Taf. x. figs. 7, 8.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, three times as broad as the
+  bars; five to six on the quadrant. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;12. Radial spines three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the shell
+  diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.03, inner 0.01; cortical
+  pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms, Pullen.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Stauracontium tetracontium</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma tetracanthum</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr. 26, p. 91, Taf. ii. fig.
+    6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, rough, with regular, circular pores, of the same breadth as the
+  bars; six to seven on the quadrant. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Radial spines three-sided pyramidal, nearly as long as the shell
+  diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, middle 0.03, inner 0.013; cortical
+  pores and bars 0.006; length of the spines 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte, Caltanisetta.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stauracontellium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, and of nearly equal
+  size and similar form; surface covered with numerous small thorns or by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Stauracontium datur�forme</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma datur�forme</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr. 26, p. 93, Taf. ii. fig.
+    13.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, covered with short thorns, and with regular, hexagonal pores, five
+  times as broad as the bars; six to seven on the quadrant. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;3.5. Radial spines six-sided pyramidal, about half as long as the
+  radius and one-fourth as broad.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page165">{165}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, middle 0.13, inner 0.04; cortical
+  pores 0.017, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Stauracontium sparganium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, covered with very numerous, short, conical spines, and with
+  regular, circular pores, five times as broad as the bars; sixteen to eighteen on the quadrant.
+  Radial proportion of the three spheres = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;9. Radial main spines
+  three-sided prismatic, as long as the radius or longer.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.275, middle 0.09, inner 0.06; cortical
+  pores 0.01, bars 0.002; length of the spines 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Stauracontidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores irregular, of different size or form; surface
+  smooth.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Stauracontium antarcticum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth. Pores irregular, roundish, two to four times as broad as
+  the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Radial spines
+  conical, as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.05, inner 0.025; cortical
+  pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Stauracontonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores irregular, of different size or form; surface
+  covered with thorns or by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Stauracontium setosum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, covered with thin bristle-shaped by-spines, half as long as the
+  radius. Pores irregular, polygonal, three to five times as broad as the bars. Proportion of the
+  three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Radial main spines pyramidal, nearly as long as the
+  shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, middle 0.05, inner 0.025; cortical
+  pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Stauracontium papillosum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, covered with short conical papill� or by-spines. Pores irregular,
+  roundish, two to four times as broad as the bars. Proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;12. Radial main spines conical, as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page166">{166}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.24, middle 0.06, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores 0.007 to 0.015, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Staurocromyida</span>,<a id="NtA_93"
+  href="#Nt_93"><sup>[93]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 453.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with four
+  concentric spherical lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 68. <i>Staurocromyum</i>,<a id="NtA_94" href="#Nt_94"><sup>[94]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 453.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with four concentric
+  lattice-spheres and four crossed, equal, simple spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Staurocromyum</i> has arisen probably from <i>Stauracontium</i> by
+  duplication of the cortical shell, two concentric shells lying within, two others outside the
+  central capsule.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Staurocromyum quadruplex</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;8&nbsp;:&nbsp;10. Both
+  medullary shells with very small, regular, circular pores. Inner cortical shell with regular,
+  circular, hexagonally-framed pores, twice as broad as the bars; from each hexagon-corner arises a
+  small by-spine, and these, connected by tangential branches at equal distances from the centre,
+  form the delicate outer cortical shell, with spiny surface. Four main spines three-sided
+  pyramidal, as long as the shell radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.25, (B) 0.2, (C) 0.05, (D)
+  0.025; length of the spines 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Staurocromyum quadrispinum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;9&nbsp;:&nbsp;12. Both
+  medullary shells with small, regular, circular pores. Both cortical shells with irregular,
+  roundish pores. Surface covered with short, conical by-spines. Four main spines cylindro-conical,
+  somewhat longer than the shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.24, (B) 0.18, (C) 0.06, (D)
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 69. <i>Cromyostaurus</i>,<a id="NtA_95" href="#Nt_95"><sup>[95]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 453.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with four concentric
+  lattice-spheres and four crossed, equal, branched spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page167">{167}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cromyostaurus</i> differs from the preceding <i>Staurocromyum</i>, its
+  ancestral form, in the ramification of the four crossed spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cromyostaurus verticillatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;11&nbsp;:&nbsp;13. Both
+  medullary shells with small, regular, circular pores; inner cortical shell with regular, hexagonal
+  pores; from the hexagon-corners arise small, radial by-spines, which at equal distances from the
+  centre send out forked tangential branches, three from each spine, and by communication of these
+  form the outer, delicate, cortical shell. Four main spines nearly as long as the shell diameter,
+  three-sided prismatic, with four to six verticils of ramified lateral branches, each verticil
+  composed of three forked branches, which ramify again.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.26, (B) 0.22, (C) 0.06, (D)
+  0.02; length of the spines 0.24.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Staurocaryida</span>,<a id="NtA_96"
+  href="#Nt_96"><sup>[96]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 454.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with five or more
+  concentric spherical lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 70. <i>Staurocaryum</i>,<a id="NtA_97" href="#Nt_97"><sup>[97]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 454.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with five or more concentric
+  lattice-spheres and four crossed, equal spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Staurocaryum</i> has arisen from the preceding <i>Staurocromyum</i> by
+  the further multiplication of the concentric spheres; in the only observed form there are six, at
+  nearly equal distances apart.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Staurocaryum arborescens</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell composed of six concentric latticed spheres, at nearly equal distances apart, and with
+  somewhat regular, circular pores, the size of which gradually increases from the first to the
+  sixth shell. The surface of the outermost shell is densely covered with numerous arborescent
+  by-spines, which bifurcate from three to four times, and are three-sided pyramidal at the base,
+  and twice as long as the distance between each two shells. The six shells are connected only by
+  four crossed, conical, radial beams, which increase in diameter from the centre, and are prolonged
+  outside into very stout cylindrical, radial spines, irregularly covered with small thorns and
+  forked ramules, and nearly as long as the shell diameter. Only a single specimen was observed.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page168">{168}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the whole shell 0.22; distance between each two shells
+  0.02; length of the by-spines 0.05, of the main spines 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, surface, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Staurodorida</span>,<a id="NtA_98"
+  href="#Nt_98"><sup>[98]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 455.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with spongy,
+  spherical shell (with or without enclosed concentric lattice-shells).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 71. <i>Staurodoras</i>,<a id="NtA_99" href="#Nt_99"><sup>[99]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 455.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Staurosph�rida</span> with solid, spongy, spherical
+  shell and four crossed simple spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Staurodoras</i> may be developed from <i>Styptosph�ra</i> by the
+  production of four crossed spines on the simple, spongy, spherical shell, which is composed of
+  looser or denser irregular wicker-work, without enclosed medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Staurodoras spongosph�ra</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Four crossed spines, two to three times as long as the diameter of the spongy sphere,
+  three-sided prismatic, with three dentated and spirally contorted edges. (Form of <i>Spongosph�ra
+  streptacantha</i>, but without medullary shell and with four equal spines, crossed regularly at
+  right angles.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.25; length of the spines 0.4 to 0.7.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Staurodoras mojsisovicsi</i>, Dunikowski.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Staurodoras mojsisovicsi</i>, Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Wien, Bd. xlv. p. 28, Taf. v. fig. 56.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Four crossed spines, one and a half times as long as the diameter of the spongy sphere,
+  three-sided pyramidal, with three smooth edges. (What Dunikowski describes as "inner canals" of
+  the spines are their edges.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.14; length of the spines 0.18 to 0.2. basal
+  breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Alpine Lias (Schafberg near Salzburg).</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Staurodoras liassica</i>, Dunikowski.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Staurodoras liassica</i>, Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Wien, Bd. xlv. p. 28, Taf. v. fig. 57.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Four crossed spines, shorter than the diameter of the spongy sphere, conical or pyramidal
+  (?).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.19; length of the spine 0.13, basal breadth
+  0.045.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Alpine Lias (Schafberg near Salzburg).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page169">{169}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Staurodoras wandae</i>, Dunikowski.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Staurodoras wandae</i>, Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien,
+    Bd. xlv. p. 28, Taf. v. fig. 58.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Four crossed spines shorter than the radius of the spongy sphere, conical. (May be the young
+  form of the preceding species.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.14; length of the spines 0.06, basal breadth
+  0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Alpine Lias (Schafberg near Salzburg).</p>
+
+  <h4>Family IX. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Cubosph�rida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Cubosph�rida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 449.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> with six radial spines on the
+  surface of the spherical shell, opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes, perpendicular one
+  to another; living solitary (not associated in colonies).</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> is distinguished from the other <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> by the possession of six radial spines, which are opposite in pairs
+  in three different axes, one perpendicular to the other two. These three axes are the typical
+  "dimensive axes," which are more or less differentiated in the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>.
+  But in these latter the shell itself and the enclosed central capsule become affected by the
+  unequal growth in the three axes, whilst in the former the capsule constantly, and commonly also
+  the shell, remains spherical. Sometimes the shell assumes the form of a regular octahedron, from
+  the six corners of which arise the six radial spines, indicating its three axes.</p>
+
+  <p>The most simple Cubosph�rida are the Hexastylida, with one single, spherical lattice-shell. To
+  this ancestral group all other subfamilies can be opposed as "Cubosph�rida concentrica," as their
+  carapace is composed of two or more concentric lattice-shells&mdash;two in the Hexalonchida, three
+  in the Hexacontida, four in the Hexacromyida, five or more in the Hexacaryida. In all these four
+  subfamilies the concentric shells are simple (not spongy), fenestrated spheres. In a sixth
+  subfamily, in the Hexadorida, the shell is wholly or partially composed of irregular, spongy
+  wicker-work or loose reticulations, with or without a medullary shell in the centre.</p>
+
+  <p>The <i>Six Radial Spines</i> of the Cubosph�rida are normally opposite in pairs in the three
+  dimensive axes, each of which is perpendicular to the other two. But in many species besides this
+  normal form occur individual abnormalities, in which the six spines are not quite accurately
+  opposed, but more or less divergent; and often also the three dimensive planes (determined each by
+  two axes) are not quite regular, but more or less uneven. More rarely the six spines appear
+  disposed in quite an irregular manner.</p>
+
+  <p>In the greater part of the Cubosph�rida all six spines are quite equal, of the same size and
+  form. But in some genera a more or less considerable differentiation takes place, so <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page170">{170}</span>that two pairs or all three pairs of spines become
+  different; very rarely, also both spines of one pair become unequal (probably only an individual
+  abnormality). Those variations correspond to the differences between the crystalline systems. The
+  common Cubosph�rida, with three equal spine-pairs, correspond to the regular or cubic system, with
+  three equal axes. The rarer forms (<i>Hexastylarium</i>, <i>Hexaloncharium</i>,
+  <i>Hexacontarium</i>) exhibit two equal pairs and one different pair; they correspond to the
+  quadratic system, with three perpendicular axes, two of which are equal, the third unequal. Still
+  more rare are those forms (<i>Hexastylidium</i>, <i>Hexalonchidium</i>), in which all three pairs
+  of spines are different, corresponding to the three unequal axes of the rhombic crystalline
+  system.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Cubosph�rida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Cubosph�rida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Cubosph�rida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>I. Subfamily Hexastylida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Shell one simple latticed sphere.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">All six radial spines simple, of equal size,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">72. <i>Hexastylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Six spines of different sizes, all six simple.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two pairs equal, one pair different,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">73. <i>Hexastylarium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">All three pairs different,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">74. <i>Hexastylidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Hexalonchida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Shell composed of two concentric latticed spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">All six radial spines of equal size.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines simple,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">75. <i>Hexalonche</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines branched,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">76. <i>Hexancistra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Six spines simple, in pairs of different sizes.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two pairs equal, one pair different,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">77. <i>Hexaloncharium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">All three pairs different,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">78. <i>Hexalonchidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Subfamily Hexacontida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Shell composed of three spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">All six radial spines of equal size.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines simple,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">79. <i>Hexacontium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines branched,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">80. <i>Hexadendron</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Six spines simple, of different sizes.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two pairs equal, one pair different,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">81. <i>Hexacontarium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>IV. Subfamily Hexacromyida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Four concentric spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">All six radial spines of equal size.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines simple, no branched,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">82. <i>Hexacromyum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>V. Subfamily Hexacaryida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Five or more spheres.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">All six radial spines of equal size.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines simple,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">83. <i>Cubosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines branched,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">84. <i>Hexacaryum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>VI. Subfamily Hexadorida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Shell a spongy sphere, with or without an enclosed central medullary
+        shell.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">All six radial spines of equal size, simple (not
+      branched).</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Without latticed medullary shell,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">85. <i>Cubaxonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With one single medullary shell,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">86. <i>Hexadoras</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With two medullary shells,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">87. <i>Hexadoridium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Cubosph�rida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Cubosph�rida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Hexastylida. (Shell one simple latticed sphere.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">All six radial spines simple, of equal size,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">72. <i>Hexastylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Six spines of different sizes, all six simple.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two pairs equal, one pair different,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">73. <i>Hexastylarium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">All three pairs different,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">74. <i>Hexastylidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Hexalonchida. (Shell composed of two concentric latticed
+      spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">All six radial spines of equal size.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">75. <i>Hexalonche</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">76. <i>Hexancistra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Six spines simple, in pairs of different sizes.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two pairs equal, one pair different,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">77. <i>Hexaloncharium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">All three pairs different,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">78. <i>Hexalonchidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">III. Subfamily Hexacontida. (Shell composed of three spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">All six radial spines of equal size.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">79. <i>Hexacontium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">80. <i>Hexadendron</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Six spines simple, of different sizes.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two pairs equal, one pair different,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">81. <i>Hexacontarium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">IV. Subfamily Hexacromyida. (Four concentric spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">All six radial spines of equal size.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines simple, no branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">82. <i>Hexacromyum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">V. Subfamily Hexacaryida. (Five or more spheres.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">All six radial spines of equal size.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">83. <i>Cubosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">84. <i>Hexacaryum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">VI. Subfamily Hexadorida. (Shell a spongy sphere, with or without an enclosed
+      central medullary shell.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">All six radial spines of equal size, simple (not branched).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without latticed medullary shell,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">85. <i>Cubaxonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With one single medullary shell,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">86. <i>Hexadoras</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With two medullary shells,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">87. <i>Hexadoridium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page171">{171}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Hexastylida</span>,<a id="NtA_100"
+  href="#Nt_100"><sup>[100]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 450.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with one single
+  spherical lattice-shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 72. <i>Hexastylus</i>,<a id="NtA_101" href="#Nt_101"><sup>[101]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 450.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with one simple lattice-sphere
+  and six simple spines of equal size.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Hexalonche</i> is the most simple form of all Cubosph�rida, and may be
+  regarded as the common ancestral form of this family. It can be derived phylogenetically from
+  <i>Cenosph�ra</i>, by development of six radial spines on the surface of the simple spherical
+  lattice-shell. These six simple spines are of equal size and opposite in pairs in the three
+  dimensive axes, corresponding to the three equal axes of a cubic crystal.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Hexastylanthus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores regular or subregular, of nearly equal size and
+  form; surface of the cortical shell smooth, without radial by-spines (other than the six main
+  spines).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexastylus ph�naxonius</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with smooth surface. Pores subregular, hexagonal, five to six times as broad
+  as the bars; nine to ten on the radius. Six spines triangular pyramidal, as long as the radius of
+  the shell, as broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.13, pores 0.008 to 0.01, bars 0.0015; length
+  of the spines 0.07, basal breadth 0.008 to 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexastylus sapientum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with smooth surface. Pores regular, hexagonal, eight to ten times as broad
+  as the bars; six to seven on the radius. Six spines bristle-shaped, longer than the diameter of
+  the shell. (Lattice-work and spines similar to those of <i>Heliosph�ra actinota</i>, Monogr. d.
+  Radiol., Taf. ix. fig. 3.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.016, bars 0.002; length of the
+  spines 0.2, breadth 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page172">{172}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hexastylus thaletis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with smooth surface. Pores subregular, circular, hexagonally framed,
+  somewhat funnel-shaped, of the same breadth as the bars; eight to nine on the radius. Six spines
+  triangular pyramidal, with prominent edges, as long as the radius, three to four times as broad at
+  the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores and bars 0.005; length of the spines
+  0.05, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4575 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Hexastylus favosus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with smooth surface. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, deep
+  funnel-shaped, of the same breadth as the bars; six to seven on the radius. Six spines triangular
+  pyramidal, as long as the diameter, twice as broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores and bars 0.01; length of the spines
+  0.12, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 320, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Hexastylus longissimus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with smooth surface. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, of the
+  same breadth as the bars; five to six on the radius. Six spines triangular prismatic, extremely
+  elongated, ten to twenty times as long as the diameter of the shell, twice as broad as one
+  pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores and bars 0.008; length of the spines
+  1.0 to 1.5, breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Hexastylus minimus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with smooth surface. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as the bars;
+  five to six on the radius. Six spines triangular pyramidal, scarcely as long as the radius, at the
+  base half as broad as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.05, pores 0.004, bars 0.002; length of the
+  spines 0.02, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4575 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Hexastylus biantis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda.">? <i>Haliphormis
+    hexacantha</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, L. N. <a href="#ln24">24</a>, Taf. x. fig. 6.</span></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth. Pores regular, circular, four times as broad as the bars; eight to
+  nine on the radius. Six spines conical, as long as the radius, at the base as broad as one
+  pore.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page173">{173}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the
+  spines 0.06, basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, surface, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Hexastylus pittaci</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth. Pores regular, circular, ten to twelve times as broad as the bars;
+  six to seven on the radius. Six spines triangular pyramidal, as long as the radius, as broad as
+  one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores 0.02, bars 0.002; length of the
+  spines 0.06, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Hexastylus maximus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; twelve to
+  sixteen on the radius. Six spines six-sided pyramidal, half as long as the radius, three times as
+  broad as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.3, pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the
+  spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Hexastylus periandri</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth. Pores regular, circular, double-edged, four times as broad as the
+  bars; six to seven on the radius. Six spines conical, as long as the radius, twice as broad as one
+  pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the
+  spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Hexastylettus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores regular or subregular, of nearly equal size and
+  form; surface of the spherical shell spiny, covered with numerous conical or bristle-shaped radial
+  by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Hexastylus solonis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>,
+  fig. 11).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, covered with numerous bristle-shaped radial spines (one-third to one-half
+  as long as the six main spines, arising from the lattice-knots). Pores regular, circular, enclosed
+  by prominent, hexagonal frames, four to six times as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the
+  radius. <span class="pagenum" id="page174">{174}</span>Six main spines triangular pyramidal, with
+  spirally contorted prominent edges, as long as the radius, as broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.13, pores 0.01, bars 0.002; length of the
+  spines 0.06 to 0.8, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Hexastylus cochleatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, covered with numerous short, conical spines (about as large as one pore).
+  Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars; eight to nine on the radius. Six main
+  spines triangular pyramidal, with prominent, spirally-twisted edges, as long as the diameter of
+  the shell, and twice as broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.17, pores 0.015, bars 0.005; length of the
+  spines 0.16, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Corfu, Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Hexastylus setosus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthosph�ra setosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 285, Taf. ix. fig. 11.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, covered with numerous short, bristle-shaped spines (not larger than one
+  pore). Pores regular, circular, four times as broad as the bars; thirteen to sixteen on the
+  radius. Six main spines three-sided pyramidal, scarcely one-third as long as the radius. (In the
+  figure of Ehrenberg, <i>loc. cit.</i>, only four spines are in regular, crossed disposition, two
+  others opposite in oblique direction; this is either an individual abnormality, or an error of
+  drawing; the same species occurs with six spines exactly regularly disposed in the three dimensive
+  axes.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15; pores 0.008, bars 0.002; length of the
+  spines 0.02 to 0.03, basal breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Pullen; Madagascar, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Hexastylus chilonis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, covered with numerous bristle-shaped spines (as long as the radius). Pores
+  regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; eight to nine on the radius. Six main spines
+  triangular pyramidal, with straight edges, as long as the diameter of the shell, as broad as two
+  pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.02, bars 0.01; length of the spines
+  0.2, basal breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Hexastylus cleobuli</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, covered with numerous short, conical spines (twice as large as one pore).
+  Pores regular, circular, of the same breadth as the bars; twelve to thirteen on the radius. Six
+  main spines conical, as long as the radius, three times as broad as one pore.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page175">{175}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.24, pores and bars 0.005; length of the spines
+  0.12, basal breadth 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Hexastylissus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores irregular, of unequal size or form; surface of the
+  spherical shell smooth, without radial by-spines (other than the six main spines).</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Hexastylus triaxonius</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with smooth surface. Pores irregular, polygonal, three to six times as broad
+  as the bars; four to six on the radius. Six spines triangular pyramidal, as long as the diameter
+  of the shell, as broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.05, pores 0.004 to 0.008, bars 0.0015; length
+  of the spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>17. <i>Hexastylus dimensivus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with smooth surface. Pores irregular, polygonal, four to eight times as
+  broad as the bars; eleven to thirteen on the radius. Six spines hexagonal pyramidal, as long as
+  the radius, about three times as broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.13, pores 0.006 to 0.009, bars 0.0012; length
+  of the spines 0.06, basal breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 256, depth 2950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>18. <i>Hexastylus brevispinus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with smooth surface. Pores irregular, roundish, two to four times as broad
+  as the bars; six to eight on the radius. Six spines triangular pyramidal, half as long as the
+  radius, twice as broad as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.008 to 0.016, bars 0.004; length of
+  the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>19. <i>Hexastylus longispinus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, smooth. Pores irregular, roundish, two to three times as broad as the bars;
+  three to four on the radius. Six spines triangular prismatical, two to three times as long as the
+  diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page176">{176}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.008 to 0.012, bars 0.004; length
+  of the spines 0.2, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>20. <i>Hexastylus marginatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, rough. Pores irregular, roundish, somewhat funnel-shaped double-edged, two
+  to three times as broad as the bars; twelve to fourteen on the radius. Six spines three-sided
+  pyramidal, somewhat longer than the radius, three times as broad as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.007 to 0.01, bars 0.004; length of
+  the spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>21. <i>Hexastylus conifer</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, rough. Pores irregular, roundish, scarcely broader than the bars; fifteen
+  to sixteen on the radius. Six spines conical, as long as the radius, five to seven times as broad
+  as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.18, pores and bars 0.004 to 0.006; length of
+  the spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Hexastylurus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores irregular, of unequal size or form; surface of the
+  spherical shell spiny, covered with numerous conical or bristle-shaped by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p>22. <i>Hexastylus dictyotus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>, figs. 8,
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, spiny; short spines conical, smaller than the pore-breadth. Pores irregular,
+  polygonal, five to seven times as broad as the bars; four to six on the radius. Six spines
+  triangular pyramidal, longer than the radius, about as broad as one smaller pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.09, pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars 0.002; length of
+  the spines 0.06, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>23. <i>Hexastylus hirsutus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, densely covered with bristle-shaped, radial spines, half as long as the six
+  main spines. Pores irregular, polygonal, three to four times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on
+  the radius. Six spines triangular pyramidal, as long as the radius, twice as broad as one
+  pore.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page177">{177}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14, pores 0.005 to 0.008, bars 0.002; length
+  of the spines 0.06, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>24. <i>Hexastylus contortus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>, fig.
+  12).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, covered with bristle-shaped, radial spines, half as long as the radius.
+  Pores irregular, roundish, two to three times as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the radius.
+  Six spines triangular prismatic, in the distal half spirally twisted like a cork-screw (fig. 12);
+  longer than the diameter of the shell, about as broad as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores 0.006 to 0.008, bars 0.003; length
+  of the spines 0.15, breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>25. <i>Hexastylus spiralis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, covered with short conical spines. Pores irregular, roundish, two to three
+  times as broad as the bars; five to six on the radius. Six spines triangular prismatic, with three
+  thin, spirally contorted edges, two to three times as long as the diameter of the shell, about as
+  broad as one large pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.006; length of
+  the spines 0.3 to 0.5, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Western Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 73. <i>Hexastylarium</i>,<a id="NtA_102" href="#Nt_102"><sup>[102]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with one simple lattice-sphere
+  and six simple spines of different sizes; one opposite pair larger than the other two.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexastylarium</i> differs from its probable ancestral form,
+  <i>Hexastylus</i>, by the unequal growth of the six simple spines; two opposite spines of one pair
+  being more strongly developed than the four others, which are equal. They correspond therefore to
+  the three axes of a quadratic crystal.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexastylarium heteraxonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, hexagonal pores, three times as broad as the
+  bars; eight to ten on the radius. Six spines three-sided pyramidal, at the base as broad as one
+  pore. Two opposite major spines longer than the shell diameter; four others scarcely as long as
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page178">{178}</span>the radius. (Similar to <i>Hexastylus
+  ph�naxonius</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>,
+  fig. 3, but differing in the unequal length of the spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.12, bars 0.004; length of the two
+  major spines 0.2, of the four minor 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexastylarium quadratum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very delicate, with smooth surface, and irregular, polygonal pores, separated by very
+  thin bars. The form of the shell is not, as commonly, a sphere, but a geometrical square
+  octahedron, one axis (with two opposite major spines) being nearly twice as long as the other two
+  dimensive axes; four spines, opposite by pairs in the latter, are only half as long. The eight
+  sides of the octahedral shell are even, equilateral-triangular. Spines angular, thin.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell in the major axis 0.18, in the minor 0.1; length
+  of the major spines 0.24, minor 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hexastylarium elongatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with spiny surface, and with irregular, roundish pores, two to four times
+  as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. Two opposite major spines, three to four times
+  as long as the shell diameter, whilst the four other spines are very short, scarcely as long as
+  the radius. All six spines at the base three-sided pyramidal, the two longer being
+  cylindrical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1; length of the major spines 0.3 to 0.4, of
+  the minor 0.04, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 74. <i>Hexastylidium</i>,<a id="NtA_103" href="#Nt_103"><sup>[103]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 450.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with one simple lattice-sphere
+  and six simple spines in pairs different; the two opposite spines of each pair equal, the three
+  pairs unequal.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexastylidium</i> differs from its probable ancestral form,
+  <i>Hexastylus</i>, by the unequal growth of the six simple spines; the two spines of each pair
+  reaching the same dimensions, whilst the three pairs are different. They correspond therefore to
+  the three axes of a rhombic crystal.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexastylidium rhomboides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular, polygonal pores and very thin bars. Its form is not,
+  as commonly, a sphere, but a rhombic octahedron. The radial proportion of the three unequal <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page179">{179}</span>dimensive axes = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. The
+  radial proportion of the three pairs of spines = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Spines thin
+  cylindrical, at the base angular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the major shell axis 0.2, middle 0.1, minor 0.05; length
+  of the major spines 0.3, middle 0.12, minor 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexastylidium spirale</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, spherical, thorny, with irregular, roundish pores, three to five times as
+  broad as the bars; six spines very stout, prismatic (as broad as one large pore), with three
+  ring-like, spirally convoluted edges. Two opposite major spines of extraordinary length, ten to
+  twelve times as long as the shell diameter, the two middle opposite spines being about as long as
+  the latter, the two minor scarcely one-third as long. (Similar to <i>Hexastylus spiralis</i>, Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>, fig. 7,
+  but distinguished by the very unequal length of the spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12; length of the major spines 1 to 1.5 mm.,
+  middle 0.15, minor 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Hexalonchida</span>,<a id="NtA_104"
+  href="#Nt_104"><sup>[104]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 451.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with two concentric
+  spherical lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 75. <i>Hexalonche</i>,<a id="NtA_105" href="#Nt_105"><sup>[105]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 451.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with two concentric
+  lattice-spheres and six simple spines of equal size.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Hexalonche</i> is the most simple form, and probably the common
+  ancestral form, of all Hexalonchida, or those Cubosph�rida which possess two concentric latticed
+  spheres, connected by six radial beams. Commonly one shell is intracapsular (medullary shell) and
+  the other extracapsular (cortical shell); but sometimes also both shells are extracapsular, and
+  these forms may perhaps be better separated as a peculiar genus <i>Hexadilemma</i>. In
+  <i>Hexalonche</i> all six simple spines are of equal size, and opposite by pairs in three equal
+  dimensive axes, corresponding to the three equal axes of a tesseral crystal. It can be derived
+  from <i>Hexastylus</i> by duplication of the lattice-shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Hexalonchara</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular or subregular, of
+  nearly equal size and similar form; surface smooth, without radial by-spines (other than the six
+  main spines).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page180">{180}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexalonche ph�naxonia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth; its pores regular, hexagonal, six to eight times as broad
+  as the bars; eight to ten to twelve on the radius. Medullary shell one-third as broad, with
+  regular, hexagonal pores of half size. Six spines triangular pyramidal, as long as the radius of
+  the shell, at the base as broad as one pore. (Differs from <i>Hexastylus ph�naxonius</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>, fig. 3,
+  only in the medullary shell and the six inner radial beams, connecting it with the cortical
+  shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars 0.015 to
+  0.02; inner shell 0.05; length of the spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 271, depth 2425 to 2925
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexalonche rosetta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>,
+  figs. 3, 3<i>a</i>, 3<i>b</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, two and a half time as broad as the medullary shell. Pores
+  of the latter (fig. 3<i>a</i>) regular circular; eight to ten on the half meridian, about as broad
+  as the bars between them. Pores of the outer shell regular, hexagonal, remarkable for a very
+  peculiar form and arrangement. In the transverse section of the shell (fig. 3<i>b</i>) they appear
+  as narrow, hexagonal prismatic canals, twice as high as broad, and four to five times as broad as
+  the thin elevated bars between them. Every seven meshes form together a larger, regular hexagon
+  (six pores surrounding one central pore). The periphery of these larger, rosette-like hexagons
+  projects more strongly from the surface than the walls between the smaller hexagons. On the half
+  meridian of the shell may be counted six to seven larger and eighteen to twenty smaller hexagons.
+  The six radial beams between the two shells are thin, three-sided prismatic, not broader than the
+  bars of the network, the prominent prolongations of which form six very strong spines of peculiar
+  club-like shape (fig. 3), as long as the radius of the outer shell. The three wings of the club
+  are lower in the inner, higher in the outer half; the broadest part of the spine (at the base and
+  in the outer third) is as broad as a hexagonal rosette (equal to three meshes of the outer shell);
+  its outer apex is pyramidal.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.13, pores 0.008 to 0.01, bars 0.02;
+  inner shell 0.05; length of the spines 0.07, distal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical West Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hexalonche favosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores of the
+  former regular circular, hexagonally framed, deep funnel-shaped, of the same breadth as the bars;
+  six to eight on the radius. Six spines triangular-pyramidal, as long as the radius, at the base
+  twice as broad as one pore. (Differs from the similar <i>Hexastylus favosus</i> mainly in the
+  possession of a medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, pores and bars 0.012; inner shell
+  0.04; length of the spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms; also
+  fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page181">{181}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Hexalonche octahedra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>,
+  figs. 8, 8<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell a regular octahedron, thin walled, with twelve more or less rounded edges
+  (between the bases of the spines), and with smooth surface, three times as broad as the spherical
+  medullary shell. Pores of the former regular circular (three times as large as those of the
+  latter), four times as broad as the bars; five to seven on the radius. Six spines three-sided
+  prismatic, with thickened base and cuspidated end, somewhat longer than the radius, and once to
+  twice as broad as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, pores 0.01, bars 0.0025; inner shell
+  0.04; length of the spines 0.08, bars 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Hexalonche conicornis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores of both
+  spheres regular circular, three to four times as broad as the bars; those of the thick walled
+  outer shell six to seven on the radius, twice as large as those of the thin walled inner shell;
+  six radial beams between the two spheres, very thin, cylindrical; six spines short, conical,
+  scarcely as long as the radius of the outer shell, at the base twice as broad as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12 to 0.14, pores 0.01, bars 0.003;
+  inner shell 0.04 to 0.05; length of the spines 0.04 to 0.06, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Hexalonche curvicornis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, not much larger than the medullary shell (=
+  4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3). Pores of both spheres regular circular, nearly of the same size, three times as
+  broad as the bars between them; seven to nine on the radius. Six spines three-sided prismatic,
+  inside and outside of the exterior shell of equal thickness, twice as broad as one pore, longer
+  than the diameter of the outer shell, and in a singular manner curved like an ox horn; the three
+  edges of each horn somewhat spirally twisted.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, pores 0.01, bars 0.003; inner shell
+  0.12; length of the spines 0.2, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Hexalonche brevicornis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores of the
+  former regular circular, double-edged, six to eight times as broad as the thin bars, five to six
+  on the radius. Six spines triangular pyramidal, as broad as one pore and only twice as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.14, pores 0.02, bars 0.003; inner shell
+  0.045; length of the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page182">{182}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Hexalonche grandis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores of the
+  outer shell regular circular, four times as broad as the bars; thirteen to fifteen on the radius.
+  Six spines conical, scarcely half as long as the radius, at the base as broad as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2 to 0.32, pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars
+  0.003 to 0.005; inner shell 0.06 to 0.08; length of the spines 0.06, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Hexalonchetta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular or subregular, of
+  nearly equal size and similar form; surface covered with numerous conical or bristle-shaped radial
+  by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Hexalonche amphisiphon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>, figs. 2,
+  2<i>a</i>, 2<i>b</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, armed with very numerous bristle-shaped, radial by-spines, a
+  quarter to a half as long as the six main spines. Pores regular hexagonal, twelve to fourteen on
+  the radius, with very thin bars, prolonged on the outer as well as the inner surface into a short
+  truncated conical tube (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>,
+  fig. 2<i>b</i>). Medullary shell octahedral, with irregular polygonal meshes and very thin bars
+  between them (fig. 2<i>a</i>), connected with the outer (six to eight times larger) shell by six
+  very thin radial beams. These are prolonged outside into six strong pyramidal spines, nearly as
+  long as the diameter of the outer shell, with sharp straight edges, at the base twice as broad as
+  one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, pores 0.01, bars 0.001; inner shell
+  0.02; length of the spines 0.12, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Hexalonche anaximandri</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, covered with short conical spines (smaller than the pores), three
+  times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores of the outer shell subregular hexagonal, four times
+  as broad as the bars; five to seven on the radius. Inner shell with regular hexagonal pores of
+  half the size, connected with the outer by six strong, three-sided prismatic beams, which are
+  prolonged outside into six very stout pyramidal spines, with three prominent edges, longer than
+  the radius and twice as broad as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, pores 0.01, bars 0.0025; inner shell
+  0.04; length of the spines 0.07, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page183">{183}</span></div>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Hexalonche octocolpa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>, figs. 6,
+  6<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, nearly octahedral, with eight hemispherical or bosom-shaped
+  vaultings, corresponding to the eight faces of a regular octahedron, the three axes of which are
+  indicated by the six spines. Surface covered with short bristle-shaped spines. Pores regular
+  hexagonal, ten to fifteen times as broad as the thin bars; seven to nine on the radius. Medullary
+  shell (fig. 6<i>a</i>) spherical, with regular circular pores, one-third as broad as the cortical
+  shell, and connected with it by six strong triangular radial beams, which are prolonged outside
+  into pyramidal spines, one-third as long as the shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, pores 0.03, bars 0.002; inner shell
+  0.06; length of the spines 0.06, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Hexalonche cristata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, four times as broad as the medullary shell, and covered with short
+  conical spines arising from the nodal points of elevated crests which form regular hexagonal
+  frames around the funnel-shaped circular pores. These are two to three times as broad as the
+  crested bars; eight to ten on the radius. Six spines three-sided pyramidal, with strong prominent
+  edges, about as long as the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16 to 0.2, pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars
+  0.003 to 0.005; inner shell 0.04 to 0.05; length of the spines 0.08 to 0.12, basal breadth 0.01 to
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Hexalonche serrata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, four times as broad as the medullary shell, with spiny surface.
+  Pores regular circular, twice as broad as the bars, five to seven on the radius, funnel-shaped,
+  separated by hexagonal frames, the sharp crests of which are serrated; at the nodal-points longer
+  bristle-shaped by-spines. Six main spines triangular prismatic, longer than the diameter of the
+  shell, twice as broad as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, pores 0.01, bars 0.005; inner shell
+  0.04; length of the spines 0.2, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Hexalonche anaximenis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, twice as broad as the medullary shell, and covered with short
+  conical by-spines. Pores regular circular, twice as broad as the bars; five to six on the radius.
+  Circular pores of the medullary shell one-third as broad. Radial main spines conical, nearly as
+  long as the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, pores 0.01, bars 0.005; inner shell
+  0.05; length of the spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page184">{184}</span></div>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Hexalonche aspera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell, and covered with short
+  conical spines. Pores regular circular, four to six times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on
+  the radius. Radial spines conical, about as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, pores 0.08, bars 0.0015; inner shell
+  0.04; length of the spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300,  depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Hexalonche castanella</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, five times as broad as the medullary shell, and covered with
+  numerous short conical spines. Pores regular circular, twice as broad as the bars; ten to twelve
+  on the radius. Radial spines triangular pyramidal, about as long as the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.22, pores 0.01, bars 0.005; inner shell
+  0.045; length of the spines 0.12, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Hexalonchilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of unequal size or
+  form; surface smooth, without radial by-spines (other than the six main spines).</p>
+
+  <p>17. <i>Hexalonche hexacantha</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma hexacanthum</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 35,
+    Taf. iv. fig. 5.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma hexacanthum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 430.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular polygonal pores (commonly hexagonal or
+  pentagonal), two to three times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. Medullary shell
+  one quarter as broad, connected with the former by six thin radial beams which are prolonged
+  outside into six triangular pyramidal spines (not quadrangular, as M�ller describes), longer than
+  the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars 0.005;
+  inner shell 0.05; length of the spines 0.15, basal breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina, Nice, Genoa).</p>
+
+  <p>18. <i>Hexalonche geometrica</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with very peculiar geometrical formation of its network,
+  the pores of which are of very different size and form, but highly regular disposition. Each of
+  the six <span class="pagenum" id="page185">{185}</span>triangular spines is surrounded at the base
+  by three small roundish pores (between the three wings of its base), and further by a coronal of
+  six very large pores, three of which are pentagonal, and the other three (alternating) heptagonal.
+  The six basal coronals are separated by irregular smaller pores. Medullary shell thin walled, with
+  regular hexagonal pores (three on the radius) and thin bars, connected with the outer shell by six
+  thin triangular prismatic radial beams, which are prolonged outside into short pyramidal spines
+  (half as long as the radius).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, thirty-six larger pores of the
+  coronals 0.03 to 0.04, smaller pores between them 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.005; inner shell 0.05 (with
+  pores of 0.008); length of the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, off Buenos Ayres, Station 323, depth 1900
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>19. <i>Hexalonche pythagor�a</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores
+  irregular roundish, twice to eight times as broad as the bars, of very different size; usually in
+  the space between every three spines are three or six larger pores, separated by numerous smaller
+  pores (often the disposition of the larger pores is much more regular than in the figured
+  specimen). Medullary shell with regular circular pores, connected with the outer by six very thin
+  radial beams, which are prolonged outside into six short triangular pyramidal spines about as long
+  and broad as the half radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, pores 0.008 to 0.03, bars 0.004;
+  inner shell 0.04; length of the spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>20. <i>Hexalonche aristarchi</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular
+  polygonal, of very variable size and form, twice to six times as broad as the bars; six to ten on
+  the radius. Medullary shell with regular hexagonal pores, connected with the outer by six very
+  thin radial beams, which are prolonged outside into six triangular pyramidal spines, nearly as
+  long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, pores 0.005 to 0.02, bars 0.003;
+  inner shell 0.025; length of the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>21. <i>Hexalonche ekphant�a</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular
+  roundish, of very variable size and form, twice to six times as broad as the bars, ten to fifteen
+  on the radius. Six spines cylindro-conical, longer than the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, pores 0.004 to 0.012, bars 0.002;
+  inner shell 0.05; length of the spine 0.3, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, surface, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page186">{186}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Hexalonchusa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form; surface covered with numerous conical or bristle-shaped, radial by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p>22. <i>Hexalonche philosophica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, covered with short conical spines, three times as broad as the
+  medullary shell. Pores irregular polygonal, or more roundish, twice to six times as broad as the
+  bars; six to eight on the radius. Inner shell of the same structure, pores three times smaller,
+  connected with the outer by six very thin radial beams, which are prolonged outside into six
+  strong, triangular pyramidal spines, as long as the radius. (Similar to <i>Hexalonche
+  anaximandri</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>,
+  fig. 5, but different in the irregular network and the shorter by-spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, pores 0.005 to 0.015, bars 0.0025;
+  inner shell 0.04; length of the spines 0.06, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel, John Murray; Iceland, Krabbe,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>23. <i>Hexalonche seleuci</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, covered with numerous short, bristle-shaped spines. Pores of very
+  different size and form, and of a peculiar, subregular disposition, similar to those of
+  <i>Hexalonche geometrica</i> (though in this case more regular). Each of the six triangular main
+  spines (which reach nearly the length of the radius) is surrounded at the base by three small
+  roundish pores, and these are further supplemented by a coronal of six very large polygonal pores;
+  the six coronals are separated by irregular rows of smaller pores. Inner shell equal to one-third
+  of the outer. Six main spines pyramidal, as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, larger pores 0.03 to 0.04, smaller
+  pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.05 to 0.01; inner shell 0.05; length of the spines 0.08, basal breadth
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>24. <i>Hexalonche sexaculeata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma sexaculeatum</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 87, Taf. i.
+    fig. 8.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, twice as broad as the medullary shell, and covered with short
+  conical spines. Pores irregular polygonal (mostly hexagonal), twice to three times as broad as the
+  bars; six to eight on the radius. Six spines triangular-pyramidal (not quadrangular), somewhat
+  longer than the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, pores 0.06 to 0.08, bars 0.03; inner
+  shell 0.06; length of the spines 0.07, basal breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, Caltanisetta.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page187">{187}</span></div>
+
+  <p>25. <i>Hexalonche heracliti</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, covered with bunches of small spines, each bunch at the nodule
+  point between every three pores composed of four to eight conical spinules. Pores irregular
+  roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars; four to six on the radius. Inner shell equal
+  to one-third of the outer, connected with it by six thin radial beams, which are prolonged outside
+  into six strong triangular spines about as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, pores 0.015 to 0.03, bars 0.08;
+  inner shell 0.05; length of the spines 0.06, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>26. <i>Hexalonche xenophanis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, covered with numerous short conical spines, four times as broad as
+  the medullary shell. Pores irregular circular, twice to eight times as broad as the bars; five to
+  seven on the radius. Six spines conical or more cylindrical, as long as the diameter of the shell
+  or longer.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16 to 0.24, pores 0.01 to 0.04, bars
+  0.005; inner shell 0.04 to 0.06; length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>27. <i>Hexalonche setosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, covered with numerous bristle-shaped spines, half as long as the
+  six main spines. Pores irregular roundish, twice to five times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve
+  on the radius. Inner shell equal to one-fifth of the outer. Six spines conical, as long as the
+  radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.25, pores 0.008 to 0.02, bars 0.004;
+  inner shell 0.05; length of the spines 0.12, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>28. <i>Hexalonche hystricina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, covered with numerous bristle-shaped spines, half as long as the
+  six main spines. Pores irregular roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars; five to seven
+  on the radius. Medullary shell with very small circular pores, one-fourth of the cortical shell,
+  connected with it by six thin prismatic radial beams, which are prolonged outside into six strong,
+  short, three-sided pyramidal, cuspidated spines, only half as long as the radius of the outer
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, pores 0.015 to 0.03, bars 0.008;
+  inner shell 0.05; length of the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, surface, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page188">{188}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 76. <i>Hexancistra</i>,<a id="NtA_106" href="#Nt_106"><sup>[106]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 451.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with two concentric
+  lattice-spheres and six branched spines of equal size.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Hexancistra</i> differs from its ancestral form, <i>Hexalonche</i>, in
+  the ramification of the six radial spines. These are very different in the two subgenera; in
+  <i>Hexancora</i> each spine bears only three simple lateral branches, while in <i>Hexapitys</i>
+  there are three rows of verticillate lateral branches on each spine.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Hexancora</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Each radial spine with three simple lateral branches only
+  (one branch from each edge of the triangular spine).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexancistra tricuspis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, covered with short conical by-spines, three times as broad as the
+  medullary shell; its pores regular circular, three times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on
+  the radius. Pores of the medullary shell half as large, also regular circular. The two shells
+  connected by six thin prismatic radial beams, which are prolonged outside into six very stout main
+  spines, three-sided prismatic, as long as the shell diameter, with three thin wing-like edges.
+  Each edge at the distal end prolonged into a strong curved lateral branch.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.13, inner 0.4; cortical pores 0.01, bars
+  0.003; medullary pores 0.005, bars 0.003; length of the six spines 0.13, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexancistra ancorata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, twice as broad as the medullary shell; its pores regular
+  circular, twice as broad as the bars; six to eight on the radius. Six radial spines, three-sided
+  prismatic, as long as the shell radius, with three recurved lateral branches at the distal end
+  like the three teeth of an anchor.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, inner 0.05; cortical pores 0.006,
+  bars 0.003; length of the six spines 0.05, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 296, depth 1825 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hexancistra triserrata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, thorny, twice to three times as broad as the medullary shell; the
+  two shells connected by six strong triangular beams. Inner shell spherical, with very small,
+  regular, circular <span class="pagenum" id="page189">{189}</span>pores; ten to twelve on the half
+  meridian. Bars as broad as the pores. Outer shell regularly octahedral, with eight triangular
+  perfectly regular even faces, separated by eight prominent edges; the meshes circular, regular,
+  about twelve to fourteen on the half meridian, two to three times as broad as the bars between
+  them. Six strong radial spines, about as long as the diameter of the outer shell, three-sided
+  prismatic, cuspidate; their three edges prominent, serrate, spirally twisted. Each spine bears
+  about its middle three strong flattened lateral branches, nearly perpendicular to it, not
+  serrated, and slightly curved.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.13, inner 0.045; pores of the former
+  0.01, of the latter 0.004; length of the spine 0.12, breadth 0.014.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Hexancistra quadricuspis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, covered with short bristle-shaped by-spines, three and a half times
+  as broad as the medullary shell. Pores of the latter regular circular, small; pores of the former
+  three to six times as large, very irregular, roundish, double-edged. Six radial spines,
+  three-sided prismatic, about as long as the shell diameter, with three wing-like, slightly twisted
+  edges, which are prolonged towards the distal end into three curved horn-shaped branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.17, inner 0.05; cortical pores 0.01 to
+  0.03, bars 0.005; medullary pores 0.003, bars 0.001; length of the spines 0.15, breadth 0.013.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Hexapitys</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 451.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Each radial spine with three rows of verticillate lateral
+  branches (a row arising from each edge of the spine).</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Hexancistra mirabilis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate23"><b>23</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Hexapitys mirabilis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 451.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thin walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Inner shell
+  spherical, with very delicate, subregular hexagonal meshes; seven to eight on the half diameter.
+  Outer shell octahedral, with irregular polygonal meshes of very different size; on the surface
+  numerous thin accessory radial spines, equal in length to its radius. Six main spines, extremely
+  long and stout, many times longer than the diameter of the outer shell, nearly as broad as the
+  radius of the inner shell, three-sided prismatic, with sharp, prominent, spirally twisted edges;
+  on every edge a great number of thin lateral branches, arranged perpendicularly to it, as long as
+  the diameter of the outer shell, and pinnated by ten to twenty pairs of delicate secondary
+  spinules, biserial and perpendicular to the primary branches. (In the figured specimen the
+  spherical central capsule, between both shells, was well preserved; its nucleus nearly filled the
+  medullary shell. The thick jelly-veil around it was radially striped and octahedral.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page190">{190}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.13, of the inner 0.05; length of the
+  spines 0.5 to 0.8 or more, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 77. <i>Hexaloncharium</i>,<a id="NtA_107" href="#Nt_107"><sup>[107]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with two concentric
+  lattice-spheres and six simple spines of different sizes; one opposite pair larger than the two
+  others.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexaloncharium</i> exhibits the same relation to its ancestral form,
+  <i>Hexalonche</i>, that <i>Hexastylarium</i> bears to <i>Hexastylus</i>. Two opposite spines of
+  one pair are larger than the four others, and correspond to the three axes of a quadratic
+  crystal.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexaloncharium octahedrum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, three to four times as broad as the spherical medullary shell, each
+  having regular circular pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars. Form of the outer shell
+  not a sphere, but a regular octahedron, with eight congruent, equilateral triangular even faces.
+  Two opposite spines twice as long as the shell diameter, whilst the four others are scarcely equal
+  to it. Basal breadth of all six the same (three times as large as one pore); form, three-sided
+  prismatic, with cuspidate distal end. (Similar to <i>Hexalonche octahedra</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>, fig. 8, but
+  distinct in the unequal length of the spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, inner 0.045; length of the major
+  spine 0.3, minor 0.12, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexaloncharium philosophicum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell spherical, covered with short conical by-spines, twice as broad as the medullary
+  shell; both with regular circular pores three to four times as broad as the bars. Two major spines
+  cylindrical, with conical apex, three times as long as the four others, which are conical and
+  about as long as the shell radius; basal breadth of all six the same (equal to one pore). Similar
+  to <i>Hexalonche anaximenis</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>,
+  fig. 5), but distinct in the enormous prolongation of two opposite spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.06; length of the two major
+  spines 0.2, of the four minor 0.06, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page191">{191}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hexaloncharium hystricinum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell spherical, three times as broad as the medullary shell, and densely covered with
+  oblique bristle-shaped by-spines. Pores irregular roundish. Two opposite major spines three-sided
+  prismatic, longer than the shell diameter; four minor spines pyramidal, scarcely half as long as
+  the shell radius. (Somewhat similar to <i>Hexalonche hystricina</i>, but distinct in the
+  prolongation of two major spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, inner 0.05; length of the two major
+  spines 0.2, four minor 0.03, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 78. <i>Hexalonchidium</i>,<a id="NtA_108" href="#Nt_108"><sup>[108]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 451.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with two concentric
+  lattice-spheres and six simple spines of different sizes in pairs; the two opposite spines of each
+  pair equal, the three pairs unequal.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexalonchidium</i> exhibits the same relation to <i>Hexalonche</i>
+  that <i>Hexastylidium</i> bears to <i>Hexastylus</i>; the growth of the three spine-pairs is
+  different, whilst both spines of each pair are equal; they correspond therefore to the three axes
+  of a rhombic crystal.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexalonchidium axonometrum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, covered with short bristle-shaped by-spines, twice as broad as the
+  medullary shell; both with regular hexagonal meshes, twice to three times as broad as the bars
+  (inner meshes half as broad as the outer). All three spine-pairs three-sided prismatic, of very
+  different length but of equal breadth (equal to three pores). Major spine-pair twice as long as
+  the shell diameter; middle pair about equal to the latter, minor scarcely half as long. (Similar
+  to <i>Hexalonche anaximandri</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>,
+  fig. 5, but distinct in the different length of the spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.06; length of the major
+  spines 0.25, middle 0.1, minor 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, surface, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Hexacontida</span>,<a id="NtA_109"
+  href="#Nt_109"><sup>[109]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 452.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with three
+  concentric, spherical, or octahedral lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page192">{192}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 79. <i>Hexacontium</i>, Haeckel,<a id="NtA_110" href="#Nt_110"><sup>[110]</sup></a>
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 452.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell with three concentric lattice-spheres and six simple spines of
+  equal size.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Hexacontium</i>, the ancestral form of the Hexacontida, is probably
+  derived from <i>Hexalonche</i> by duplication of the medullary shell. As in the latter, all six
+  spines are of equal size, opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes, and correspond therefore
+  to the three equal axes of a tesseral crystal.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Hexacontanna</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular or subregular, of
+  nearly equal size and similar form; surface smooth, without radial spines or papill� (other than
+  the six main spines).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexacontium ph�naxonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth; its pores regular hexagonal, six to nine times as broad as
+  the bars; twelve to sixteen on the radius. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Both medullary shells of the same structure as the cortical shell,
+  only with smaller pores. The three spheres connected by six thin radial beams, which are prolonged
+  on the outside into six strong triangular pyramidal spines, as long as the radius of the cortical
+  shell, and, at the base, as broad as one of its pores. (Differs from <i>Hexastylus ph�naxonius</i>
+  and from <i>Hexalonche ph�naxonia</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate21"><b>21</b></a>,
+  fig. 3, in the larger size and the triple shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.2, middle 0.1, inner 0.05; cortical
+  pores 0.008, bars 0.0012; length of the spines 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexacontium axotrias</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate24"><b>24</b></a>,
+  fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth; its pores regular circular, five to six times as broad as
+  the bars; eleven to thirteen on the radius. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Outer medullary shell with hexagonal frames around the regular
+  circular pores (five to six on the radius). Inner medullary shell with simple small circular pores
+  (three on the radius). The two outer shells connected by six triangular prismatic beams, which are
+  prolonged outside to the length of the cortical radius or more.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.2, middle 0.07, inner 0.025; cortical
+  pores 0.016, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.1 to 0.015, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hexacontium hexactis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma hexactis</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 91, Taf. ii.
+    fig. 7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, or a little rough. Pores regular circular, of the same
+  breadth as the bars; five to seven on the radius. Radial proportion of the three spheres <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page193">{193}</span>= 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Both medullary shells of
+  the same structure, but with smaller pores. Six spines triangular pyramidal, nearly as long as the
+  diameter of the outer shell, three times as broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer sphere 0.1, middle 0.05, inner 0.016; cortical
+  pores and bars 0.008; length of the spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Hexacontium l�vigatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate24"><b>24</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, quite smooth. Pores regular circular, with double margins, eight
+  to ten on the radius, of the same breadth as the smooth bars. Radial proportion of the three
+  spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. All three spheres connected by six very thin radial
+  beams, which are prolonged outside into six short, stout, triangular, pyramidal spines, half as
+  long as the radius of the outer shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.13, middle 0.04, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores and bars 0.008; length of the spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Hexacontium triplosph�rium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth. Pores regular circular, three times as broad as the bars;
+  ten to twelve on the radius. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;10. Six spines conical, about as long as the radius of the cortical
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, middle 0.05, inner 0.016; cortical
+  pores 0.012, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.07, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Hexacontium octahedrum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell a regular octahedron, thin walled, with twelve more or less rounded edges
+  (between the spine-bases) and with smooth surface; its pores regular circular, five to seven on
+  the radius, four times as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three shells =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;9. Both medullary shells spherical, with very small circular pores.
+  Six inner bars very thin; six outer spines (their prolongations) triangular pyramidal, as long as
+  the radius of the outer shell. (Differs from <i>Hexalonche octahedra</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>, fig. 8,
+  almost solely in the duplication of the medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.04, inner 0.013.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Hexacontium circumtextum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>, figs. 7,
+  7<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell double, enclosing a simple medullary shell. Radial proportion of the three
+  spheres = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;10&nbsp;:&nbsp;12. Inner cortical shell very thick walled, with regular
+  circular, double-edged pores, four times as broad as the bars; seven to nine on the radius. From
+  each nodal-point between <span class="pagenum" id="page194">{194}</span>every six pores arises a
+  small, bristle-shaped, radial spine, as long as the diameter of one pore. The distal ends of all
+  these spines are connected by very delicate tangential threads, and consequently form by their
+  attachment an outer cortical shell, with regular hexagonal meshes and smooth surface. Six main
+  spines short, three-sided prismatic, scarcely as long as half the radius of the outer shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.1, inner 0.03; pores of the
+  middle shell 0.004, bars 0.001; length of the spines 0.025, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Hexacontella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular or subregular, of
+  nearly equal size and similar form; surface covered with numerous conical or bristle-shaped,
+  radial spines (other than the six main spines).</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Hexacontium hexagonale</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, bristly, with very delicate network; its pores regular hexagonal,
+  twelve to sixteen on the radius, ten to twelve times as broad as the thin thread-like bars. At
+  each nodal-point of the network (between every three meshes) arises a bristle-shaped, radial
+  spine, as long as the diameter of one mesh. Six main spines hexagonal, as long as the radius of
+  the outer shell, as broad at its base as one mesh. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Pores of both medullary shells also regular hexagonal, but much
+  smaller, in the middle shell eleven to twelve, in the inner, six to seven on the half
+  meridian.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the middle 0.06, of the inner
+  0.03; meshes of the outer shell 0.008; length of the six spines 0.05, basal thickness 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Hexacontium favosum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate24"><b>24</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 2<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thick walled, spiny, with regular, honeycomb-like network; its meshes
+  funnel-shaped, with circular inner, hexagonal outer aperture, twice as broad as the bars; five to
+  seven on the radius. Between every three meshes (at each corner of the hexagon) arises a short
+  radial thorn, not so long as the thickness of the shell-wall. Six radial spines very short and
+  stout, three-sided pyramidal, scarcely half so long as the radius of the outer shell. Radial
+  proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Pores of both medullary shells
+  regular, circular, about as broad as the bars, six to eight on the half meridian.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the middle 0.04 to 0.05,
+  of the inner 0.02; meshes of the outer shell 0.008; length of the six spines 0.2 to 0.3, basal
+  breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Hexacontium sceptrum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate24"><b>24</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  1<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, spiny, with regular, honeycomb-like network; its meshes
+  funnel-shaped, with circular inner, hexagonal outer aperture, three to four times as broad as the
+  bars; <span class="pagenum" id="page195">{195}</span>five to six on the radius. Between every
+  three meshes arises a short radial thorn, as long as the thickness of the shell-wall. Six radial
+  spines sceptre-shaped, six-sided, somewhat constricted towards their middle part, strong, as long
+  as the radius of the outer shell, as broad as one of its meshes. Radial proportion of the three
+  spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Pores of the two inner shells regular hexagonal, with
+  thin bars, six to eight on the half meridian (fig. 1<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.13, of the middle 0.04, of the inner
+  0.02; pores of the outer shell 0.01, of the middle 0.008, of the inner 0.004; length of the six
+  spines 0.06, basal breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Hexacontium prionacanthum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate24"><b>24</b></a>, figs. 7,
+  7<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, thorny; its pores regular circular, with elevated hexagonal frames
+  six to nine on the radius, twice as broad as the crest-shaped bars. At each nodal-point of the
+  hexagon arises one short conical papilla or thorn. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;10. Pores of both medullary shells much smaller, regular circular. Six
+  main spines three-sided prismatic, longer than the radius of the outer shell, as broad as one of
+  its meshes; their three edges serrated, with ten to twelve teeth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, middle 0.045, inner 0.015; cortical
+  pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.1, breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Hexacontium clavigerum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate23"><b>23</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thick walled, thorny; its pores regular circular, hexagonally framed, three
+  times as broad as the bars, nine to twelve on the radius; between them short conical papill� or
+  thorns arising at the nodal-points. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Outer medullary shell with regular circular, much smaller pores;
+  connected with the cortical shell by numerous (twenty to thirty) thin radial beams. Six main
+  spines very stout, club-shaped, scarcely as long as the radius of the outer shell, three times as
+  broad as one of its pores, three-sided, with three to four teeth on each edge.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, of the middle 0.08, of the inner
+  0.04; cortical pores 0.012, bars 0.004; length of the six spines 0.08, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Hexacontium floridum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate24"><b>24</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell papillose, thick walled. Pores regular, six-lobed, four times as broad as the
+  bars, five to seven on the radius; each pore with six (sometimes also five or seven) concave
+  indentations or lobules; between the pores at the nodal-points arise short conical papill� or
+  thorns. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Radial main spines
+  pommel-shaped, three-sided prismatic, longer than the radius of the outer shell, two to three
+  times as broad as one pore.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page196">{196}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.06, inner 0.03; cortical
+  pores 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the six spines 0.08, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Hexacontium hexaconicum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell spiny, thick walled. Pores regular circular, of the same breadth as the bars,
+  ten to twelve on the radius; between them long bristle-shaped by-spines, half as long as the six
+  main spines. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;9. Six main
+  spines conical, as long as the radius of the outer shell, four times as broad at the base as one
+  pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.18, middle 0.06, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores and bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Sea, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Hexacontium asteracanthion</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma asteracanthion</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 816.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma asteracanthion, Haeckel</i>, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 441, Taf.
+    xxiii. figs. 5, 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, spiny; its pores circular, without hexagonal frame (as a rule very
+  regular, but in other specimens more or less irregular), often very variable in size, three to six
+  times as broad as the bars, commonly seven to eight on the radius. Radial proportion of the three
+  spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4, or sometimes 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Pores of the
+  two inner shells also circular, but much smaller; those of the middle shell about half as broad,
+  those of the inner shell one-fourth to one-sixth as broad as the pores of the outer shell. Six
+  radial spines strong, three-sided prismatic, about as long as (or somewhat longer than) the radius
+  of the outer shell, as broad as one of its large meshes. Accessory spines very numerous and very
+  thin, bristle-like, usually half as long as the six main spines. (For the variability of this
+  common species compare my Monograph, p. 442.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1 to 0.12, of the middle 0.04 to 0.06,
+  of the inner 0.02 to 0.03; cortical pores 0.005 to 0.01; length of the six spines 0.06 to
+  0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Hexacontosa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form; surface smooth, without radial by-spines or papill� (other than the six main spines).</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Hexacontium axoph�num</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth. Pores irregular polygonal, three to nine times as broad as
+  the bars; seven to ten on the radius. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Both <span class="pagenum" id="page197">{197}</span>medullary
+  shells with smaller, irregular roundish pores. Six spines three-sided pyramidal, longer than the
+  radius of the outer shell, one to two times as broad as one larger pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.045, inner 0.015; cortical
+  pores 0.006 to 0.018, bars 0.002; length of the spines 0.06 to 0.12, basal breadth 0.02 to
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, at various depths.</p>
+
+  <p>17. <i>Hexacontium polygonale</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth. Pores irregular roundish, with polygonal frames, two to
+  four times as broad as the bars; eight to twelve on the radius. Radial proportion of the three
+  spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;10. Six spines pyramidal, nearly as long as the diameter of
+  the outer shell, with six to nine prominent edges (along the corner number of the polygonal
+  meshes).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.06, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores 0.008 to 0.016, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.16 to 0.18, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>18. <i>Hexacontium antarcticum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular roundish pores, eight to ten on the radius,
+  two to four times as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;9. Both medullary shells with smaller roundish irregular pores. Six
+  spines conical, pyramidal at their origin, about as long as the radius, as broad as one larger
+  mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.18, middle 0.06, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Hexacontura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form; surface covered with numerous conical papill� or bristle-shaped, radial by-spines (other
+  than the six main spines).</p>
+
+  <p>19. <i>Hexacontium papillosum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate24"><b>24</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, papillose. Pores irregular roundish, often somewhat lobed, five to
+  six on the radius, two to four times as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres
+  = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Both medullary shells with subregular circular pores (inner
+  much smaller). Six radial spines short and stout, pommel or club shaped, with three prominent
+  wings, about as long as the shell radius, and as broad as the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, middle 0.05, inner 0.02, cortical
+  pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.05, bars 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, at various depths.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page198">{198}</span></div>
+
+  <p>20. <i>Hexacontium gladiatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thick walled, spiny, with irregular network; its meshes roundish, two to
+  five times as broad as the bars, of very different size, ten to fifteen on the half meridian. Bars
+  between them very strong, three-sided prismatic, armed with a great number of small thorns, and
+  with large spines at the nodal-points between every three meshes. Radial proportion of the three
+  spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;12. Six strong radial main spines three-sided prismatic,
+  with three prominent, somewhat contorted wings, acute, broader than the diameter of the inner
+  shell and as long as the diameter of the outer shell. These six main spines are situated in the
+  same three dimensive axes as the six thin radial beams connecting the two medullary shells. But
+  the six radial beams which connect the middle with the outer shell alternate with the former and
+  lie in three other dimensive axes,&mdash;a very rare and remarkable disposition.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.05, inner 0.016; cortical
+  pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.006; length of the six spines 0.2, breadth 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 342, depth 1445 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>21. <i>Hexacontium setosum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with numerous bristle-shaped, simple, radial by-spines of variable
+  length. Pores irregular roundish, five to seven on the radius, two to eight times as broad as the
+  bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;9. Main spines
+  three-sided pyramidal, as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1 to 0.015, middle 0.035 to 0.05, inner
+  0.013 to 0.016; cortical pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.003 to 0.004; length of the six spines 0.05 to
+  0.08, basal breadth 0.012 to 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface; also
+  fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>22. <i>Hexacontium furcatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, covered with numerous thin, bristle-shaped by-spines, which are
+  forked and nearly as long as the main spines. Pores irregular roundish, eight to ten on the
+  radius, two to eight times as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;10. Main spines triangular pyramidal, shorter then the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.18, middle 0.045, inner 0.018; cortical
+  pores 0.005 to 0.015, bars 0.002; length of the six spines 0.07, basal breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>23. <i>Hexacontium drymodes</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma drymodes</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 442, Taf. xxiv.
+    fig. 9.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, covered with numerous thin, bristle-shaped spines, which are double
+  forked and half as long as the main spines. Pores irregular roundish, eight to ten on the radius,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page199">{199}</span>two to eight times as broad as the bars. Radial
+  proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Main spines three-sided
+  prismatic, with prominent, often somewhat contorted edges, at the distal end cuspidated; longer
+  than the radius of the outer shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, middle 0.07, inner 0.035; cortical
+  pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.04; length of the six spines 0.11, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface; Canary Islands (Lanzerote);
+  Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>24. <i>Hexacontium periplectum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell double, enclosing a simple medullary shell. Radial proportion of the three
+  shells = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Inner cortical shell thick walled, with irregular roundish
+  pores, two to eight times as broad as the bars; five to seven on the radius. Numerous radial
+  spines, arising from it, are connected below their distal ends (at equal distances from the
+  centre) by delicate branched threads, and so form an outer, irregular, thin, cortical shell, with
+  spiny surface. Six main spines three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.22, middle 0.2, inner 0.045; cortical
+  pores (of both outer shells) 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.001 to 0.005; length of the spines 0.1, basal
+  breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 80. <i>Hexadendron</i>,<a id="NtA_111" href="#Nt_111"><sup>[111]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 452.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with three concentric
+  lattice-spheres and six branched spines of equal size.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexadendron</i> differs from <i>Hexacontium</i> in the ramification of
+  the six dimensive spines, and from the similar <i>Hexancistra</i> in the duplication of the
+  medullary shell. As in the latter instance, each spine can bear either three simple lateral
+  branches or three rows of pinnate lateral branches.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexadendron quadricuspis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All three shells spherical, with radial proportion = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Pores of
+  both medullary shells regular circular, twice as broad as the bars. Pores of the cortical shell
+  irregular roundish, four to six times as broad as the bars; surface a little thorny. Six radial
+  spines prismatic, with three prominent wing-like edges, which are prolonged below the distal end
+  in three curved lateral branches. (Differs from <i>Hexalonche quadricuspis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate22"><b>22</b></a>, fig. 11,
+  mainly in the double medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, middle 0.05, inner 0.025; length of
+  the spines 0.12, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page200">{200}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexadendron bipinnatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate23"><b>23</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>All three shells regular octahedral, with very delicate network of irregular polygonal meshes,
+  and very thin, thread-like bars between them; their radial proportion =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;7.5. Surface of the cortical shell covered with numerous
+  bristle-shaped by-spines, as long as the radius. Six main spines very large, three-sided
+  prismatic, with three rows of pinnate, lateral branches, on the three wing-like, spirally twisted
+  edges (similar to those of <i>Hexancistra mirabilis</i>, p. <a href="#page189">189</a>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate23"><b>23</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.04, inner 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 81. <i>Hexacontarium</i>,<a id="NtA_112" href="#Nt_112"><sup>[112]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with three concentric
+  lattice-spheres and six simple spines of different size; one opposite pair larger than the two
+  others.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexacontarium</i> exhibits to its ancestral form <i>Hexacontium</i>
+  the same relation that <i>Hexaloncharium</i> bears to <i>Hexalonche</i>; the former is developed
+  from the latter by duplication of the medullary shell. As two opposite spines of one pair are
+  larger than the four others, they correspond to the three axes of a quadratic crystal.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexacontarium dentatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with regular circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as the bars,
+  with smooth surface. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Six
+  radial spines three-sided prismatic, half as broad as the inner medullary shell, with three
+  dentated edges. Two opposite major spines longer than the shell diameter; four other minor spines
+  only half as long as the radius. (Similar to <i>Hexacontium clavigerum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate23"><b>23</b></a>, fig. 5, but
+  distinct by the prolongation of the spines of one axis.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, middle 0.06, inner 0.03; length of
+  the major spines 0.2, minor 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexacontarium clavatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell covered with short conical by-spines and irregular roundish pores, three to four
+  times as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Six radial spines three-sided prismatic, at the distal end
+  club-shaped; two major spines three times as long as the four others, which are equal to the shell
+  radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, middle 0.06, inner 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page201">{201}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Hexacromyida</span>,<a id="NtA_113"
+  href="#Nt_113"><sup>[113]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 453.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with four <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'concentic'.">concentric</span> spherical
+  lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 82. <i>Hexacromyum</i>,<a id="NtA_114" href="#Nt_114"><sup>[114]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 453.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with four concentric
+  lattice-spheres and six simple spines of equal size.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexacromyum</i> possesses four concentric, spherical, or octahedral
+  lattice-shells; two inner medullary shells within the central capsule, two outer cortical outside
+  it. The four spheres are connected by six radial beams, which are prolonged outside into simple
+  spines of equal size, opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes. This genus can be derived
+  from <i>Hexacontium</i> by duplication of the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexacromyum elegans</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate24"><b>24</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell composed of four concentric shells, with radial proportion =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;7.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;10. First (innermost) shell with very small circular
+  pores, second shell with larger circular pores. Third shell (inner cortical shell) with large,
+  subregular, circular, hexagonally framed pores (eight to nine on the radius), twice as broad as
+  the bars; from the elevated nodal-points of the hexagonal frames (between every three pores) arise
+  thin bristle-shaped radial beams, which are united at the distal end by vaulted branches forming
+  the delicate fourth shell. Surface smooth. Radial spines three-sided pyramidal, as long as the
+  radius, as broad at the base as the innermost shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.02, (B) 0.05, (C) 0.15, (D)
+  0.2; length of the six radial spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexacromyum quadrigatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell composed of four concentric shells, with radial proportion =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;8&nbsp;:&nbsp;10. Structure of all four shells the same, with regular,
+  circular pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars; size of the pores gradually increasing
+  from the innermost to the outermost shell; surface smooth. Radial spines three-sided pyramidal, as
+  long as the radius, half as broad at the base as the innermost shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.025, (B) 0.08, (C) 0.20, (D)
+  0.25; length of the spines 0.12, basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page202">{202}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hexacromyum arachnoides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Hexacromidium arachnoides</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 453.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell composed of four concentric shells, with radial proportion =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Innermost shell with regular, hexagonal meshes; the
+  three other shells with irregular, polygonal meshes; bars between the large meshes in all four
+  shells very thin, cobweb-like. Surface covered with thin bristle-shaped by-spines, as long as the
+  radius. Six radial main spines three-sided prismatic, longer than the diameter of the whole
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.08, (B) 0.16, (C) 0.24, (D)
+  0.32; length of the spines 0.4, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Hexacromyum octahedrum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate23"><b>23</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell composed of four concentric shells which are not spherical (as in the three preceding
+  species), but regular octahedral. Radial proportion =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;6&nbsp;:&nbsp;9. Network in all four shells delicate, with irregular
+  polygonal meshes and thin bars; the thickness of the bars and size of the meshes increasing from
+  the innermost to the outermost shell. Six radial spines three-sided prismatic, increasing slowly
+  in breadth towards the distal end, much longer than the shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.02, (B) 0.05, (C) 0.12, (D)
+  0.18; length of the radial spines 0.2 to 0.3 and more, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Hexacaryida</span>,<a id="NtA_115"
+  href="#Nt_115"><sup>[115]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 454.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with five or more
+  concentric lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 83. <i>Cubosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_116" href="#Nt_116"><sup>[116]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with five to six or more
+  concentric lattice-shells and six simple spines of equal size.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cubosph�ra</i> is developed from the preceding <i>Hexacromyum</i> by
+  further addition of the concentric lattice-shells, their number amounting to five, six, or more.
+  The innermost two of these are medullary shells, the others being cortical shells. All are
+  connected by six radial beams, prolonged outside into six simple spines of equal size; these lie
+  opposite in pairs in three dimensive axes, corresponding to the three axes of a cube.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page203">{203}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cubosph�ra cubaxonia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate24"><b>24</b></a>,
+  fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Hexacromyon cubaxonium</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodrom. et Atlas.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell composed of five concentric spheres, with the radial proportion =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;8&nbsp;:&nbsp;10&nbsp;:&nbsp;13. The two medullary shells with small
+  regular, circular pores of the same breadth as the bars. Inner cortical shell (third shell) with
+  large regular, circular pores, four times as broad as the bars, hexagonally framed. From each
+  hexagon-corner arises a thin bristle-shaped radial by-spine, which at a fixed distance from the
+  centre is united with the middle cortical shell (fourth shell), which has very small circular
+  pores. The beginning of the fifth shell (outermost) is indicated by six small reticula, produced
+  by the six main spines at equal distances from the centre. All five shells are united by six
+  prismatic radial beams, ending outside in pyramidal furrowed spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the five shells&mdash;(A) 0.2, (B) 0.15, (C) 0.12, (D)
+  0.045, (E) 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cubosph�ra concentrica</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell composed of six concentric spheres, with the radial proportion =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;6&nbsp;:&nbsp;7.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;9&nbsp;:&nbsp;11. The two medullary
+  shells with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars. The four cortical shells of the
+  same structure, with irregular, roundish pores, three to four times as broad as the bars. The size
+  of these pores and the breadth of their bars gradually increase towards the smooth surface. All
+  six shells are connected by six thin three-sided prismatic radial beams, which are prolonged
+  outside in six stronger spines, angular pyramidal, with smooth edges, as long as the shell
+  radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the six shells&mdash;(A) <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.2'.">0.02</span> (B) <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.4'.">0.04</span>, (C) 0.12, (D) 0.15, (E) 0.18, (F) 0.22.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 84. <i>Hexacaryum</i>,<a id="NtA_117" href="#Nt_117"><sup>[117]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 454.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with five to six or more
+  concentric lattice-shells and six branched spines of equal size.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexacaryum</i> is distinguished from the foregoing <i>Cubosph�ra</i>
+  by ramification of the six radial spines, and therefore exhibits the same relation to it that
+  <i>Hexancistra</i> bears to <i>Hexastylus</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexacaryum arborescens</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate23"><b>23</b></a>, figs. 4,
+  4<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell composed of five, six, or more concentric shells, which are united by six very large
+  radial spines. The two medullary shells spherical, inner with regular, circular, outer with
+  irregular polygonal pores. All cortical shells (third and following) not spherical, but regular
+  octahedral, with irregular polygonal meshes and thin bars. Radial spines prismatic, with three
+  wing-like, spirally twisted edges, which at equal distances send out thin forked lateral branches
+  (six on each <span class="pagenum" id="page204">{204}</span>verticil); by further ramification and
+  communication of these branches the triangular net-plates arise, filling out the sides of the
+  octahedral cortical shells. Diameter of all shells little different. The outer free parts of the
+  six spines are arborescent, twice to three times as long as the enclosed inner parts, and bear six
+  to eight verticils of free lateral branches, decreasing in size towards the distal end (similar to
+  <i>Arachnosph�ra</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the six shells&mdash;(A) 0.015, (B) 0.04, (C) 0.1, (D)
+  0.16, (E) 0.22, (F) &amp;c.; average distance of the concentric octahedra = 0.06; length of the
+  radial spines 0.3 to 0.4 and more, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Hexadorida</span>,<a id="NtA_118"
+  href="#Nt_118"><sup>[118]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 455.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with spongy
+  spherical or octahedral shell (with or without enclosed concentrical lattice-shells).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 85. <i>Cubaxonium</i>,<a id="NtA_119" href="#Nt_119"><sup>[119]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with solid spongy spherical or
+  octahedral shell, without latticed medullary shell in the centre, and with six simple radial
+  spines of equal size.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cubosph�ra</i> may be regarded as a form of <i>Styptosph�ra</i>, which
+  develops six radial spines, opposite in pairs in the three dimensive axes. The solid spongy
+  framework of the shell assumes the outer form either of a sphere, or of a regular octahedron.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cubaxonium spongiosum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy shell spherical, composed of a very dense spongy framework of nearly uniform structure;
+  the meshes three to four times as broad as the bars; surface almost smooth. Six spines
+  cylindrical, twice to three times as long as the diameter of the spongy sphere, about as broad as
+  one half mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.2, meshes 0.006 to 0.008, bars 0.002; length
+  of the spines 0.4 to 0.5, breadth 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cubaxonium octahedrum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy shell octahedral, composed of a loose spongy framework of nearly uniform structure; the
+  meshes ten to twelve times as broad as the bars; surface thorny. Six spines three-sided <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page205">{205}</span>pyramidal, longer than the diameter of the octahedron,
+  arising from its six corners, as broad at the base as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, meshes 0.01 to 0.012, bars 0.001; length
+  of the spines 0.2, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 86. <i>Hexadoras</i>,<a id="NtA_120" href="#Nt_120"><sup>[120]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 455.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with spongy spherical shell and
+  one simple latticed medullary shell in its centre, having six simple spines of equal size.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexadoras</i> exhibits the same structure of the spongy shell as
+  <i>Spongoplegma</i>, but differs from it in the production of six dimensive spines. In the centre
+  lies one simple, latticed, medullary shell, which is either spherical or octahedral. In the latter
+  case the six spines arise from the six corners of the octahedron.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexadoras axoph�na</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Medullary shell spherical, with regular hexagonal meshes, twice as broad as the bars. Cortical
+  shell entirely enclosing it, with loose irregular framework and thorny surface. Diameter of the
+  outer shell three times as large as that of the inner. Six radial spines arising from the
+  medullary shell, four to five times as long as the radius of the cortical shell, three-sided
+  prismatic, with straight dentated edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, inner 0.05; length of the spines 0.3
+  to 0.4.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexadoras lychnosph�ra</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Medullary shell spherical, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, three times as
+  broad as the bars. Cortical shell enveloping it, with loose irregular framework and spiny surface.
+  Diameter of the outer shell eight times as large as that of the inner. Six radial spines arising
+  from the inner shell, three-sided prismatic, with dentated, spirally contorted edges, seven times
+  as long as the diameter of the medullary shell, with three lateral branches at the distal end
+  (similar to <i>Lychnosph�ra</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.5, inner 0.06; total length of the
+  spines 0.4, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hexadoras octahedrum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Medullary shell regular octahedral, with irregular polygonal meshes, five times as broad as the
+  bars. Cortical shell enveloping it, with dense spongy framework, also octahedral with rough
+  surface. <span class="pagenum" id="page206">{206}</span>Diameter of the outer shell five times as
+  large as that of the inner. Six radial spines very long, arising from the six corners of the inner
+  and piercing the spongy mass of the outer shell, considerably exceeding it at the free distal end,
+  three-sided prismatic, with elegantly denticulate edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.04; total length of the
+  spines 0.3 or more, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 87. <i>Hexadoridium</i>,<a id="NtA_121" href="#Nt_121"><sup>[121]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 455.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition</i>.&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cubosph�rida</span> with spongy
+  spherical shell and two concentric latticed medullary shells in its centre, having six simple
+  spines of equal size.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexadoridium</i> differs from <i>Hexadoras</i> in the duplication of
+  the medullary shell, and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that <i>Spongodictyon</i>
+  bears to <i>Spongoplegma</i>. In the only known species the six spines are opposite, arranged
+  quite regularly in pairs in the three dimensive axes, and consequently represent the three axes of
+  a regular crystal or cube.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexadoridium streptacanthum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate25"><b>25</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  1<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Both medullary shells spherical, with small regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the
+  bars; outer twice as broad as the inner. Spongy cortical shell enclosing it with dense framework,
+  five times as broad as the outer medullary shell, regular octahedral. Six radial spines, arising
+  from the latter, are thinned at the inner end, three to five times as long as the diameter of the
+  cortical shell, and nearly as broad as the inner medullary shell, with three dentated and spirally
+  contorted edges. (Very similar to the common <i>Spongosph�ra streptacantha</i>, with irregular and
+  variable number and dispositions of spines; possibly its ancestral form?).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.2, of the outer medullary shell 0.04,
+  inner 0.02; length of the spines 1 mm. and more, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family X. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Astrosph�rida</span></span> (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Astrosph�rida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 449.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> with numerous (eight to twelve or
+  more, commonly between twenty and sixty) radial spines on the surface of the spherical shell;
+  living solitary (not associated in colonies).</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span>, the largest and most varied of all <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, is distinguished from the other members of this group by the
+  possession of numerous <span class="pagenum" id="page207">{207}</span>radial spines, which are
+  either regularly or irregularly disposed on the surface of the spherical shell. The extreme
+  variability and richness of form in this family is mainly due to the different size, shape, and
+  disposition of these radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>The simplest Astrosph�rida are the Coscinommida, with a single spherical or polyhedral
+  lattice-shell. To this ancestral group all other subfamilies can be opposed as "Astrosph�rida
+  composita," since their skeleton is composed of two or more concentric lattice-shells: two in the
+  Haliommida, three in the Actinommida, four in the Cromyommida, five or more in the Caryommida. In
+  these four subfamilies the concentric shells are all simple (not spongy) fenestrated spheres or
+  endospherical polyhedra. In the sixth subfamily, the Spongiommida, the shell is wholly or
+  partially composed of spongy irregular wicker-work, with or without a medullary shell in the
+  centre.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Number of the Radial Spines</i> in the Astrosph�rida is extremely variable, and ranges
+  from eight to forty or more; in many cases more than one hundred. Often each nodal-point of the
+  network develops on the shell surface one spine. Still more frequently the number of the spines is
+  less than that of the nodal-points. In all concentric Astrosph�rida, having two or more
+  concentrical shells, we can distinguish "primary spines," as outer prolongations of the inner
+  radial beams connecting the shells, and "secondary spines," developed only on the outer surface of
+  the shell. Naturally the former are of much greater importance than the latter. But we can also
+  often distinguish among the latter larger "main spines" and smaller "by-spines," the latter
+  commonly much more numerous than the former.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Disposition of the Radial Spines</i>, either regular or irregular, is a subject of great
+  morphological interest, and remains to be exhausted by further observations. The following cases
+  of regular disposition have been observed by me&mdash;(A) eight spines, opposite in pairs in four
+  axes corresponding to the four diagonal axes of a cube; (B) nine spines, regularly disposed at
+  equal distances (?) (not opposed in pairs); (C) ten spines, disposed at equal distances (?); (D)
+  twelve spines, regularly disposed, corresponding to the twelve corners of the regular icosahedron;
+  (E) fourteen spines, quite regularly disposed (six corresponding to the three axes of a regular
+  octahedron, eight to the central points of its eight faces); (F) sixteen spines, regularly
+  disposed (?); (G) twenty spines (very common!), either disposed in the same manner (after the law
+  of Johannes M�ller) as in the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (?), or corresponding to the
+  twenty corners of the regular or pentagonal dodecahedron, or disposed in the same manner as in
+  many <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> (Tholonida, &amp;c., to be described afterwards); (H)
+  twenty-four spines, regularly disposed (?); (I) thirty-two spines, quite regularly disposed
+  (twenty corresponding to the twenty corners of the regular dodecahedron, twelve to the central
+  points of its twelve faces); (K) forty spines, nearly regularly (or quite symmetrically?)
+  disposed. If the number of the spines amounts to more than forty, it is as a rule impossible to
+  determine their regular disposition in a satisfactory manner.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page208">{208}</span></div>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Astrosph�rida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrosph�rida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrosph�rida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>I. Subfamily Coscinommida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(One single latticed shell.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace10sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Spines all simple, not  branched and not tubulous.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">All spines of the same kind,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm"><span class="hid">0</span>88. <i>Acanthosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Larger main spines and smaller by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm"><span class="hid">0</span>89. <i>Heliosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Spines hollow conical tubes with porous walls,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm"><span class="hid">0</span>90. <i>Conosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Between simple spines the pores prolonged in hollow
+      tubes,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm"><span class="hid">0</span>91. <i>Coscinomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Spines branched or forked.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines with lateral branches,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm"><span class="hid">0</span>92. <i>Cladococcus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines forked or dichotomous,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm"><span class="hid">0</span>93. <i>Elaphococcus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="7" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Haliommida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Two concentric latticed shells.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="7" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace12sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">A. Elatommida, one medullary  and one cortical  shell.</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">All spines equal, simple,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm"><span class="hid">0</span>94. <i>Haliomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">All spines simple, of two different kinds,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm"><span class="hid">0</span>95. <i>Heliosoma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines branched,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm"><span class="hid">0</span>96. <i>Elatomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">B. Diplosph�rida, both  shells cortical.</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">No by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm"><span class="hid">0</span>97. <i>Leptosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Inner by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm"><span class="hid">0</span>98. <i>Diplosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Outer by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm"><span class="hid">0</span>99. <i>Drymosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Outer and inner by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">100. <i>Astrosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Subfamily Actinommida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Three concentric latticed shells.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines not branched.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">All spines equal,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">101. <i>Actinomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Larger main spines and smaller by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">102. <i>Echinomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines branched or forked,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">103. <i>Pityomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>IV. Subfamily Cromyommida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Three concentric latticed shells.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines not branched.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">All spines equal,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">104. <i>Cromyomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Larger main spines and smaller by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">105. <i>Cromyechinus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines branched or forked,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">106. <i>Cromyodrymus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>V. Subfamily Caryommida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Numerous, five to ten or more, concentric latticed shells.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace10sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Two medullary shells and three or more cortical shells
+      (lattice work ordinary),</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">107. <i>Caryomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">No medullary shells (lattice work arachnoidal); three-sided
+      prismatic spines, with verticils of three forked branches. (Arachnosph�rida.)</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Triangular meshes, simple bars, without diagonal bars,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">108. <i>Arachnopila</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Triangular meshes, simple bars; diagonal bars between the shells,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">109. <i>Arachnopegma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Polygonal meshes, bars branched,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">110. <i>Arachnosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp2 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrosph�rida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrosph�rida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Coscinommida. (One single latticed shell.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spines all simple, not branched and not tubulous.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">All spines of the same kind,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">88. <i>Acanthosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Larger main spines and smaller by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">89. <i>Heliosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spines hollow conical tubes with porous walls,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">90. <i>Conosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Between simple spines the pores prolonged in hollow tubes,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">91. <i>Coscinomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spines branched or forked.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines with lateral branches,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">92. <i>Cladococcus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines forked or dichotomous,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">93. <i>Elaphococcus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Haliommida. (Two concentric latticed shells.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">A. Elatommida, one medullary and one cortical shell.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">All spines equal, simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">94. <i>Haliomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">All spines simple, of two different kinds,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">95. <i>Heliosoma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">96. <i>Elatomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">B. Diplosph�rida, both shells cortical.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">97. <i>Leptosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Inner by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">98. <i>Diplosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Outer by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">99. <i>Drymosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Outer and inner by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">100. <i>Astrosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">III. Subfamily Actinommida. (Three concentric latticed shells.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Radial spines not branched.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">All spines equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">101. <i>Actinomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Larger main spines and smaller by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">102. <i>Echinomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Radial spines branched or forked,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">103. <i>Pityomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">IV. Subfamily Cromyommida. (Three concentric latticed shells.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Radial spines not branched.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">All spines equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">104. <i>Cromyomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Larger main spines and smaller by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">105. <i>Cromyechinus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Radial spines branched or forked,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">106. <i>Cromyodrymus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">V. Subfamily Caryommida. (Numerous, five to ten or more, concentric latticed
+      shells.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two medullary shells and three or more cortical shells (lattice
+      work ordinary),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">107. <i>Caryomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">No medullary shells (lattice work arachnoidal); three-sided
+      prismatic spines, with verticils of three forked branches. (Arachnosph�rida.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Triangular meshes, simple bars, without diagonal bars,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">108. <i>Arachnopila</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Triangular meshes, simple bars; diagonal bars between the
+      shells,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">109. <i>Arachnopegma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Polygonal meshes, bars branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">110. <i>Arachnosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page209">{209}</span></div>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrosph�rida
+  (contd.)" summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrosph�rida
+  (contd.)">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="11" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>VI. Subfamily Spongiommida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">(Spherical shell whole or partly spongy, with or without enclosed
+        latticed medullary shells in the centre.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="11" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace23sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">I. Tribe Spongodrymida, without latticed medullary
+      shell.</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Spongy sphere solid.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Spines simple,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">111. <i>Spongiomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Spines branched,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">112. <i>Spongodrymus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Spongy sphere hollow.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Spines simple,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">113. <i>Spongechinus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Spines branched,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">114. <i>Spongothammus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">II. Tribe Rhizoplegmida, with one single latticed medullary
+      shell.</td>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace12sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Medullary shell spherical.</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Framework arising from the medullary shell,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">115. <i>Spongopila</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Framework separate from the medullary shell.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">No medullary by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">116. <i>Rhizoplegma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Medullary by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">117. <i>Lychnosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Medullary shell a simple cube.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Framework arising immediately from the medullary
+      shell,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">118. <i>Centrocubus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Framework separate from the medullary shell,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">119. <i>Octodendron</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">III. Tribe Rhizosph�rida, with two concentric
+      latticed medullary shells.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Framework arising from the medullary shell,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">120. <i>Spongosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Framework separate from the medullary shell,</td>
+      <td class="wnw vbm">121. <i>Rhizosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrosph�rida
+  (contd.)" summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrosph�rida
+  (contd.)">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="11">VI. Subfamily Spongiommida. (Spherical shell whole or partly spongy, with or
+      without enclosed latticed medullary shells in the centre.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">I. Tribe Spongodrymida, without latticed medullary shell.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Spongy sphere solid.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spines simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">111. <i>Spongiomma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spines branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">112. <i>Spongodrymus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Spongy sphere hollow.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spines simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">113. <i>Spongechinus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spines branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">114. <i>Spongothammus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Medullary shell spherical.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Framework arising from the medullary shell,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">115. <i>Spongopila</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">II. Tribe Rhizoplegmida, with one single latticed medullary
+      shell.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Framework separate from the medullary shell.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No medullary by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">116. <i>Rhizoplegma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">117. <i>Lychnosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Medullary shell a simple cube.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Framework arising immediately from the medullary shell,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">118. <i>Centrocubus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Framework separate from the medullary shell,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">119. <i>Octodendron</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">III. Tribe Rhizosph�rida, with two concentric latticed medullary
+      shells.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Framework arising from the medullary shell,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">120. <i>Spongosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Framework separate from the medullary shell,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">121. <i>Rhizosph�ra</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Coscinommida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Heliosph�rida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 450.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with one single
+  spherical lattice-shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 88. <i>Acanthosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_122" href="#Nt_122"><sup>[122]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with one simple lattice-sphere,
+  covered with simple radial spines of the same kind.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Acanthosph�ra</i> exhibits the most simple form of all
+  <i>Astrosph�rida</i>; a simple spherical lattice-shell, the surface of which is covered by radial
+  spines of one and the same kind. The number of the latter is very variable, often twelve to
+  twenty, regularly disposed; in other cases forty to sixty or more; and sometimes at each
+  nodal-point of the network a spine is developed.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page210">{210}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Rhaphidococcus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 365 (<i>sensu
+  emendato</i>).</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell regular or subregular, all of
+  nearly equal size and similar form. Radial spines arising from all the nodal-points of the
+  network.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Acanthosph�ra tenuissima</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliosph�ra tenuissima</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 351, Taf.
+    ix. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell extremely thin walled, eight to ten times as broad as one pore. Meshes or pores regular,
+  hexagonal, with thread-like bars; five to seven on the radius. At each nodal-point (between every
+  three meshes) arises a bristle-shaped radial spine, as long as the diameter of one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.25, of the meshes or pores 0.025 to
+  0.03, bars below 0.0001; length of the spines 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), North Atlantic (Canary Islands).</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Acanthosph�ra tenuis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very thin walled, about twenty times as broad as one pore. Meshes subregular, hexagonal,
+  with thread-like bars; twelve to fourteen on the radius. At each nodal-point arises a
+  bristle-shaped radial spine, about as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.35, pores 0.015 to 0.018, bars below
+  0.001; length of the spines 0.12 to 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Acanthosph�ra macropora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, five to six times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally
+  framed, ten to twelve times as broad as the bars. Radial spines bristle-shaped, as long as the
+  diameter of one pore, arising from all the nodal-points.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.07 to 0.08, pores 0.012, bars 0.001; length of
+  the spines 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Acanthosph�ra micropora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, forty to fifty times as broad as one pore. Pores regular, circular,
+  hexagonally framed, half as broad as the bars. Radial spines bristle-shaped, as long as the radius
+  of the shell, arising from all the nodal-points.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.22, pores 0.003, bars 0.006; length of the
+  spines 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page211">{211}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Acanthosph�ra dentata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cladococcus dentatus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 367, Taf.
+    xiii. fig. 10.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, eight to ten times as broad as one pore. Pores regular, circular,
+  hexagonally framed, three times as broad as the bars. Radial spines arising from all the
+  nodal-points of the network, three-sided prismatic, with dentated or serrated edges, longer than
+  the shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the
+  spines 0.1, breadth 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Acanthosph�ra acufera</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Rhaphidococcus acufer</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 366, Taf. xiv. fig.
+    1.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cladococcus acufer</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 800.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, eight to ten times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, circular, three
+  times as broad as the bars. Radial spines bristle-shaped, arising with thicker conical bases from
+  all the nodal-points, about as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the
+  spines 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina); North Atlantic, Station 354,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Acanthosph�ra castanea</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, thirty times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, circular, nearly of the
+  same breadth as the bars. Radial spines bristle-shaped, arising with thicker conical bases from
+  all the nodal-points, scarcely half as long as the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores and bars 0.005; length of the spines
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Acanthosph�ra flosculenta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, thirteen times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, circular, three times
+  as broad as the bars, with an elegant six-lobed frame (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>, fig.
+  1<i>b</i>). In the intervals between the six lobes of each mesh arise six conical radial spines
+  (half as long as the radius), six around each pore. (Differs from the similar <i>Haliomma
+  flosculentum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>,
+  fig. 1, in the absence of an enclosed medullary shell and the stronger development of the
+  spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.13, pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the
+  spines 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, surface, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Rhaphidocapsa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell regular or subregular, all of
+  nearly equal size and similar form. Radial spines scattered at some distance apart, not at all the
+  nodal-points.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page212">{212}</span></div>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Acanthosph�ra insignis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliosph�ra insignis</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus der Radiol., p. 40,
+    Taf. v. fig. 7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, about ten times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, hexagonal, ten to
+  twelve times as broad as the bars. Radial spines about one hundred and twenty, arising from
+  certain nodal-points of the network, being as long as the diameter of the sphere, three-sided
+  prismatic, with three thin denticulated edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.02, bars 0.002; length of the
+  spines 0.18, breadth 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean (Messina), Atlantic (Stations
+  325, 347), Indian (Ceylon), Pacific (Stations 270 to 274), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Acanthosph�ra fortispina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, about six times as broad as one mesh. Pores subregular, hexagonal, with
+  thread-like bars; three to four on the radius. Radial spines about twenty, three-sided pyramidal,
+  as long as the diameter, and one-third as broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.06 to 0.09, pores 0.01 to 0.014, bars below
+  0.001; length of the spines 0.07 to 0.08, basal breadth 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Acanthosph�ra mucronata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, fifteen times as broad as one pore. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally
+  framed, funnel-shaped, three times as broad as the bars. Radial spines twenty to thirty,
+  dagger-shaped or spindle-shaped, angular, twice as broad in the middle as one pore, about as long
+  as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.11, pores 0.0075, bars 0.0025; length of the
+  spines 0.06, breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Acanthosph�ra clavata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, ten to twelve times as broad as one mesh. Pores subregular, circular, three
+  times as broad as the bars. Radial spines twenty, club-shaped, angular, with prominent edges,
+  twice as broad at the distal end as one pore, about as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.11, pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the
+  spines 0.06, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Acanthosph�ra marginata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, twelve times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, circular double-edged,
+  four times as broad as the bars. Radial spines conical, fourteen in number, about as long as the
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page213">{213}</span>radius, and as broad at the base as one mesh. Six
+  spines correspond to the six corners of a regular octahedron, eight to the centre of the eight
+  faces.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores 0.008, bars 0.002; radial spines
+  0.06, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Acanthosph�ra florida</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, fifteen times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally
+  lobed, separated by prominent funnel-shaped crests of half the breadth. Twenty conical radial
+  spines, half as long as the radius, as broad at the base as one funnel.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the
+  spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Acanthosph�ra enneacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, fourteen times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad
+  as the bars. Nine radial spines, regularly disposed, as long as the shell diameter, three-sided
+  prismatic, with pyramidal apex, as broad as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14, pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the
+  spines 0.15, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Acanthosph�ra octahedralis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, octahedral, fourteen times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, circular,
+  three times as broad as the bars. Fourteen radial spines, regularly disposed, conical, as long as
+  the radius of the shell, twice as broad at the base as one mesh. Six spines correspond to the six
+  corners of a regular octahedron, eight to the central points of its eight faces.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14, pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the
+  spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>17. <i>Acanthosph�ra compacta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, about sixty times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, circular, twice as
+  broad as the bars. Thirty to forty radial spines, three-sided pyramidal, scarcely half as long as
+  the radius, five to six times as broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.24, pores 0.004, bars 0.002; length of the
+  radial spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page214">{214}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Raphidodrymus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form. Radial spines arising from all the nodal-points of the network.</p>
+
+  <p>18. <i>Acanthosph�ra capillaris</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with irregular polygonal meshes, twelve to twenty times as broad as the
+  bars; eight to ten on the radius. Radial spines bristle-shaped, arising from all the nodal-points
+  of the network, about as long as the diameter of the largest meshes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.2, pores 0.012 to 0.02, bars 0.001;
+  length of the spines 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 260 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>19. <i>Acanthosph�ra arctica</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with irregular roundish, polygonally framed meshes, three to four times as
+  broad as the bars. Radial spines arising from all the nodal-points of the network, pyramidal at
+  the base; in the distal half bristle-shaped, as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores 0.006 to 0.008, bars 0.002; length
+  of the spines 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Arctic Ocean, Greenland (in the stomach of <i>Periphylla
+  hyacinthina</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>20. <i>Acanthosph�ra antarctica</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, about as broad as the bars. Radial spines
+  arising from all nodal-points of the network, conical at the base, half as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores and bars 0.005 to 0.008; length of
+  the spines 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Rhaphidosph�ra</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 450.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the spherical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form. Radial spines scattered at intervals, not at all the nodal-points.</p>
+
+  <p>21. <i>Acanthosph�ra echinoides</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cyrtidosph�ra echinoides</i>, Haeckel, 1865, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., xv. p.
+    367, Taf. xxvi. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with irregular polygonal or more roundish pores of very different size.
+  Forty to fifty very large meshes, separated by rows of much smaller meshes. Radial spines forty to
+  sixty, half as long as the shell radius, bristle-shaped, with conical bases.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page215">{215}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.13, larger pores 0.03, smaller 0.003; length
+  of the spines 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Nice), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>22. <i>Acanthosph�ra longispina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with irregular polygonal meshes, four to six times as broad as the bars; six
+  to eight on the radius. Thirty to forty radial spines, three-sided prismatic, twice as broad as
+  the bars, twice to three times as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, pores 0.012 to 0.02, bars 0.003;
+  length of the radial spines 0.2 to 0.4, breadth 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>23. <i>Acanthosph�ra brevispina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with irregular polygonal meshes, twice to four times as broad as the bars;
+  twelve to sixteen on the radius. Sixty to eighty radial spines, pyramidal, half as long as the
+  radius of the shell, one-fourth as broad at the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.22, pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003;
+  length of the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>24. <i>Acanthosph�ra acanthica</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cenosph�ra acanthica</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 86, Taf. i.
+    fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars;
+  seven to nine on the radius. Ten to twenty radial spines pyramidal, shorter than the radius, twice
+  as broad at the base as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.16, pores 0.006 to 0.009, bars 0.003;
+  length of the spines 0.04 to 0.06, basal breadth 0.01 to 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily and Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>25. <i>Acanthosph�ra haliphormis</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthosph�ra haliphormis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1861, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, 1872, Taf. ii. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars;
+  four to five on the radius. Twelve to twenty radial spines pyramidal, longer than the radius,
+  scarcely as broad as one mesh at the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.11, pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.005; length of
+  the spines 0.06 to 0.08, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Arctic Ocean, near Greenland, depth 1000 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page216">{216}</span></div>
+
+  <p>26. <i>Acanthosph�ra angulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled; its pores irregular, roundish, with angular, double-edged margin, two to
+  four times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the radius. Twenty to thirty radial spines
+  pyramidal, angular, with prominent edges, shorter than the radius, as broad at the base as one
+  small mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.02 to 0.04, bars 0.01; length of
+  the spines 0.06, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>27. <i>Acanthosph�ra conifera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to five times as broad as the bars;
+  ten to twelve on the radius. Twenty radial spines conical, regularly disposed, half as long as the
+  radius, as broad at the base as one of the largest meshes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.008 to 0.02, bars 0.004; length of
+  the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>28. <i>Acanthosph�ra maxima</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to eight times as broad as the bars;
+  twelve to twenty on the radius. Radial spines very numerous (two to three hundred), short,
+  conical, scarcely as long as the diameter of the largest meshes, and one-third as broad.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.4, pores 0.008 to 0.03, bars 0.004;
+  length of the radial spines 0.03, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>29. <i>Acanthosph�ra simplex</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Rhaphidococcus simplex</i>, Haeckel, Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, p. 366, figs. 5, 6.<span
+    class="correction" title="Added by Addenda.">Taf. xiii.</span></p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cladococcus simplex</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 800.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, three to six times as broad as the bars;
+  eight to nine on the radius. Forty to sixty radial spines, about as long as the diameter of the
+  shell, three-sided prismatic, not straight, but more or less bent.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores 0.005 to 0.012, bars 0.0015 to 0.02;
+  length of the spines 0.12, breadth 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>30. <i>Acanthosph�ra gibbosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, rugged or tuberculate, covered by about twenty hill-shaped tubercles or
+  protuberances with flat valleys between them. Network very delicate, with thread-like bars and
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page217">{217}</span>irregular, polygonal pores; twenty to thirty on the
+  radius. Radial spines very numerous, bristle-shaped, twice to three times as long as the diameter
+  of the pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.3, pores 0.01 to 0.02; length of the spines
+  0.02 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>31. <i>Acanthosph�ra reticulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Rhaphidosph�ra reticulata</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars;
+  six to eight on the radius. Surface of the bars covered with a peculiar delicate network of very
+  fine crests. Twenty to forty radial spines, angular, pyramidal, scarcely one-third as long as the
+  radius of the shell, as broad at the base as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.22, pores 0.02 to 0.04, bars 0.01; length of
+  the spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 89. <i>Heliosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_123" href="#Nt_123"><sup>[123]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 350 (<i>sensu emendato</i>).</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with one simple lattice-sphere,
+  covered with simple radial spines of two different kinds: larger main spines and smaller
+  by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Heliosph�ra</i> (in the mended definition here employed) differs from
+  the foregoing <i>Acanthosph�ra</i> in the possession of two different kinds of radial spines:
+  larger main spines scattered on the surface or disposed regularly in limited numbers (twelve to
+  twenty, sometimes forty to fifty or more), and smaller by-spines in much larger numbers, arising
+  from all the nodal-points of the network (or sometimes also from its bars).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Heliosph�rella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the shell regular or subregular, all of nearly
+  equal size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Heliosph�ra hexagonaria</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very thin walled, about twenty times as broad as one pore. Meshes or pores subregular,
+  hexagonal, with thread-like bars; fifteen to seventeen on the radius. Radial spines at the
+  nodal-points of the network; about forty main spines three-sided pyramidal, half as broad at the
+  base as one pore, and twice as long as the bristle-shaped by-spines, which are very numerous, and
+  as long as the diameter of one pore.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page218">{218}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.3, of the meshes or pores 0.012 to
+  0.015, bars below 0.001; length of the main spines 0.03, basal breadth 0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 272 to 274, depth 2350 to 2750
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Heliosph�ra actinota</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliosph�ra actinota</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 352, Taf. ix.
+    fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell very thin walled, about ten times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, hexagonal, with
+  thread-like bars; six to eight on the radius. Radial spines at the nodal-points of the network,
+  bristle-shaped, scarcely broader than the bars; about twenty main spines as long as the diameter
+  of the shell, and numerous by-spines, only one-third to one-half as long as the former.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.25, of the meshes 0.02 to 0.03, bars
+  below 0.001; length of the main spines 0.2 to 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Atlantic (Canaries, Azores),
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Heliosph�ra echinoides</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliosph�ra echinoides</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 352, Taf.
+    ix. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, about six times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, hexagonal, eight times
+  as broad as the bars. Radial spines arising, not from the nodal-points of the network, but from
+  the midst of the bars (very rare disposition!); twenty main spines regularly disposed, as long as
+  the radius, four times as long as the numerous by-spines; all spines bristle-shaped, of the same
+  breadth as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.09, pores 0.015, bars 0.002; length of the
+  main spines 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Heliosph�ra elegans</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliosph�ra elegans</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 353, Taf. ix.
+    fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell very thin walled, about ten times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, hexagonal, with
+  thread-like bars, which are crossed by tangential bars, so that each side of a hexagon exhibits a
+  regular rectangular cross (exactly the same as in Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>, fig. 5).
+  All radial spines bristle-shaped, as thin as the bars, and arising from the nodal-points; twenty
+  main spines as long as the radius, numerous by-spines scarcely one-sixth as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.26, pores 0.026, bars below 0.001; length of
+  the main spines 0.13.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Heliosph�ra pectinata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthosph�ra pectinata</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Atlas.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, combed, about fourteen times as broad as one mesh. Pores subregular,
+  circular, with elevated hexagonal frames, three times as broad as the bars. Radial spines very
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page219">{219}</span>numerous and stout; thirty to forty main spines,
+  three-sided pyramidal, nearly as long as the radius, as broad as one mesh; by-spines small,
+  conical, everywhere scattered at the nodal-points of the network and on the high combs of the
+  bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.012, bars 0.004; length of the
+  main spines 0.07, basal breadth 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Heliosph�ra coronata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>,
+  figs. 6, 6<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthosph�ra coronata</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Atlas.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, about ten times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, circular, five times
+  as broad as the bars; each pore surrounded by a regular coronal of six short, conical by-spines
+  (fig. 6<i>a</i>); twenty to thirty main spines, also conical, half as long as the radius, as broad
+  as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.015, bars 0.003; length of the
+  main spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Heliosph�ra floribunda</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled about ten times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, six-lobed, twice as
+  broad as the bars; each pore surrounded by six small conical by-spines (as in Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  1<i>b</i>); twenty main spines regularly disposed cylindro-conical, as long as the diameter of the
+  shell or longer.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.015, bars 0.008; length of the
+  main spines 0.16, breadth 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Heliosph�ra cristata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, about twelve times as broad as one mesh. Pores subregular, circular, twice
+  as broad as the bars; each pore surrounded by an elegant coronal of ten to twenty small, conical
+  by-spines; twenty main spines regularly disposed, conical, only one-third as long as the radius,
+  as broad at the base as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25, pores 0.02, bars 0.01; length of the main
+  spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Heliosph�ra castanella</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, about twenty times as broad as one mesh. Pores regular, circular, of the
+  same breadth as the bars. Whole surface densely covered with innumerable bristle-shaped by-spines,
+  half as long as the radius; fifty to eighty main spines, conical, nearly as long as the diameter,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page220">{220}</span>twice as broad at the base as one pore. (Very
+  similar to some species of Castanella, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate113"><b>113</b></a>,
+  but without the osculum characteristic of this Ph�odarian; may be easily confounded with it.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.3, pores 0.015, bars 0.015; length of the main
+  spines 0.25, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific (Japan), Station 234, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Heliosph�romma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the shell irregular, of different size or
+  form.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Heliosph�ra polygonaria</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very thin walled, with thread-like bars and irregular, polygonal pores (having four to
+  eight angles, commonly five to seven); eight to ten on the radius. Radial spines at all the
+  nodal-points of the network, bristle-shaped; forty to sixty main spines, as long as the radius,
+  twice as thick as the numerous by-spines, which are not larger than one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.2, pores 0.012 to 0.02, bars 0.001;
+  length of the main spines 0.08 to 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Heliosph�ra heteracantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with irregular, polygonal pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars;
+  six to eight on the radius. Twenty radial main spines, three-sided pyramidal, nearly as long as
+  the diameter of the shell, as broad as a larger mesh; innumerable bristle-shaped by-spines
+  variously distributed on the bars and at the nodal-points of the net; half as long as the
+  radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003; length
+  of the main spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Heliosph�ra hyperionis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled. Pores irregular, roundish, with polygonal frames, three to six times as
+  broad as the bars; twelve to fourteen on the radius. Thirty to forty main spines, angular,
+  pyramidal, scarcely as long as the radius and twice as long as the numerous bristle-shaped
+  by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.24, pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.002; length
+  of the main spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 256, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Heliosph�ra elector</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars;
+  eight to ten on the radius. Twenty main spines, three-sided pyramidal, somewhat longer than the
+  radius and four times as long as the short bristle-shaped by-spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page221">{221}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores 0.005 to 0.01, bars 0.003; length of
+  the main spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Heliosph�ra solaris</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, about the same breadth as the bars; six to
+  eight on the radius. Fifty to eighty main spines, conical, as long as the radius; by-spines very
+  numerous, also conical, but only as large as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores and bars 0.006 to 0.008; length of
+  the main spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 90. <i>Conosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_124" href="#Nt_124"><sup>[124]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 451.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with one simple latticed
+  sphere, covered with radial spines having the form of hollow cones with porous walls.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Conosph�ra</i> differs from <i>Acanthosph�ra</i> in the peculiar
+  formation of the radial spines, which are not simple solid sticks, but hollow cones with porous
+  walls, as immediate elevations of the hollow sphere.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Conosph�ra platyconus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the shell regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the radius.
+  Conical spines about sixty, regular, broader than they are high, with six to nine pores in the
+  wall.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length of the
+  spines 0.012, basal breadth 0.024.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Conosph�ra orthoconus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the shell irregular, roundish, twice to three times as broad as the bars; fourteen to
+  sixteen on the radius. Conical spines about forty, regular, higher than they are broad, as long as
+  the radius, with sixteen to twenty pores in the wall.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.008 to 0.012, bars 0.004; length of
+  the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page222">{222}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Conosph�ra plagioconus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the shell irregular, polygonal, twice to five times as broad as the bars; twenty to
+  twenty-four on the radius. Conical spines about eighty, irregularly formed and scattered, with
+  oblique (not radial) axes; about as high as broad, with eight to twelve pores in the wall.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25, pores 0.005 to 0.015, bars 0.003; length
+  of the spines 0.02, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 91. <i>Coscinomma</i>,<a id="NtA_125" href="#Nt_125"><sup>[125]</sup></a> <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'n. sp.'.">n. gen.</span></h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with one simple lattice-sphere,
+  covered with simple radial spines; the pores between them prolonged into hollow, conical, or
+  cylindrical tubuli.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Coscinomma</i> exhibits among the Astrosph�rida the same peculiar
+  formation that distinguishes <i>Ethmosph�ra</i> and <i>Sethosph�ra</i> among the Liosph�rida; each
+  pore of the simple shell is prolonged into a short conical or cylindrical tubulus, as a rule
+  either on the outside or on the inside of the shell, but sometimes on both sides.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Coscinommarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores prolonged into short tubes both on the inside as
+  well as the outside of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Coscinomma amphisiphon</i>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  1<i>a</i>, 1<i>b</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars, prolonged on the
+  inside as well as on the outside of the shell into a short truncated conical tube; fifteen to
+  eighteen pores on the radius. In each hexagon-corner arises a bristle-shaped radial spine, half as
+  long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.22, pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the
+  spines 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Coscinommidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores prolonged into external tubes on the outside of the
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Coscinomma ectosiphon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars, prolonged on the
+  outside of the shell into a short truncated conical tube; ten to twelve pores on the radius. In
+  each <span class="pagenum" id="page223">{223}</span>hexagon-corner arises a short bristle-shaped
+  spine, twice as long as the tube, one-third as long as the radius. (Very similar to <i>Ethmosph�ra
+  conulosa</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate12"><b>12</b></a>,
+  fig. 5, but differs in the possession of radial spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.012, bars 0.006; length of the
+  spines 0.04, of the tubes 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Coscinomma macrosiphon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, without hexagonal frames, of the same breadth as the bars, prolonged
+  on the outside of the shell into a long cylindrical tube, half as long as the radius (eight to
+  nine pores on the radius); between them bristle-shaped, at the base conical, radial spines of
+  double length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores and bars 0.008; length of the spines
+  0.08, of the tubes 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Coscinommonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores prolonged into internal tubes on the inside of the
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Coscinomma endosiphon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars (fourteen to sixteen on
+  the radius), prolonged on the inside of the shell into a short truncated cylindrical tube. In each
+  hexagon-corner arises a thin, bristle-shaped, radial spine with pyramidal base, half as long as
+  the radius, twice as long as the tube.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25, pores 0.012, bars 0.006; length of the
+  spines 0.066, of the tubes 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 92. <i>Cladococcus</i>,<a id="NtA_126" href="#Nt_126"><sup>[126]</sup></a> J. M�ller,
+  1856, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 485.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with one simple lattice-sphere,
+  covered with branched radial spines (the stem of the spine never forked).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cladococcus</i>, together with the following <i>Elaphococcus</i>, is
+  distinguished from the other <i>Coscinommida</i> by the ramification  of the radial spines
+  covering the surface of the simple hollow lattice-sphere. In <i>Cladococcus</i> each spine sends
+  out three or more lateral branches, which are either simple or again ramified; but the stem of the
+  spine itself is not forked, as in <i>Elaphococcus</i>.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page224">{224}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Cladococcalis</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Branches of the spines simple, not ramified. Pores
+  regular, all of nearly equal size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cladococcus arborescens</i>, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cladococcus arborescens</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 31, Taf. i. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Pores of the spherical shell regular, hexagonal, three times as broad as the bars; three to
+  four on the radius. Ten to twenty spines, three-sided prismatic, two to three times as long as the
+  shell diameter; towards the distal end each spine with three branches (one lateral simple straight
+  branch on each edge of the spine).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores 0.012, bars 0.004; length of the
+  spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Nice); North Atlantic, Canary Islands,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cladococcus spinifer</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cladococcus spinifer</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 368, Taf.
+    xiii. fig. 9.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, three times as broad as the bars; five to six on
+  the radius. Radial spines, arising from all the nodal-points of the network, three-sided, longer
+  than the shell diameter, with six to twelve simple verticillate branches (two to four branches on
+  each edge).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the
+  spines 0.1, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cladococcus penicillus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores subregular, hexagonal, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. Sixty to
+  eighty radial spines, three-sided prismatic, pencil-shaped, longer than the shell diameter; each
+  at the distal end with a brush or pencil composed of nine to twenty-one short, simple, curved
+  branches (three to seven on each edge).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores 0.006, bars 0.003; length of the
+  spines 0.12 to 0.16, breadth 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Sugenus'.">Subgenus</span> 2.
+  <i>Cladococcinus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Branches of the spines simple, not ramified.  Pores
+  irregular, of different size or form.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page225">{225}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Cladococcus antarcticus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, polygonal, twice to four times as broad as the bars; five to six on the
+  radius. Forty to fifty radial spines, angular, curved, of variable size and form, with three to
+  nine irregular, simple, blunt curved branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14, pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.05; length of
+  the spines 0.1 to 0.18, breadth 0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Cladococcus japonicus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, of the same breadth as the bars; six to eight on the radius. Twenty
+  to thirty radial spines, angular, longer than the shell diameter, with thirty to forty simple
+  branches, decreasing in size from the middle part of the spine to the distal end (ten to thirteen
+  branches on each edge).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores and bars 0.007; length of the spines
+  0.15 to 0.2, breadth 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific (Japan), Station 240, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Cladococcus quadricuspis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, twice to eight times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the
+  radius. About twenty radial spines, three-sided prismatic, as long as the shell diameter; in the
+  proximal half simple, with smooth edges; in the distal half with three diverging simple branches,
+  half the length of the spine, with dentated edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.004 to 0.016, bars 0.002; length
+  of the spines 0.17, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Cladococcodes</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Branches of the spines again ramified. Pores regular, of
+  nearly equal size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Cladococcus scoparius</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate27"><b>27</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars; five to six on the radius. Twenty
+  radial spines, broom-shaped, three times as long as the shell diameter; in the proximal half
+  simple, in the distal half branched, with three to nine branches, which are again ramified; spines
+  and their branches with three smooth edges, not dentated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.055, pores 0.0075, bars 0.0025; length of the
+  spines 0.15, basal thickness 0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page226">{226}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Cladococcus viminalis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cladococcus viminalis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 369, Taf.
+    xiv. figs. 2, 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, four times as broad as the bars; five to six on
+  the radius. Radial spines, arising from all the nodal-points of the network, twice as long as the
+  shell diameter; in the basal half simple, in the distal half with three to six long, thin, curved
+  branches, which are partly forked; three edges of the spines dentated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the
+  radial spines 0.16, basal breadth 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina).</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Cladococcus bifurcus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cladococcus bifurcus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 368, Taf.
+    xiii. figs. 7, 8.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, four times as broad as the bars; five to seven on
+  the radius. Radial spines arising from all the nodal-points, three-sided prismatic, with dentated
+  edges, longer than the shell diameter. On each spine six to nine branches, which are for the most
+  part forked, the distal branches only being simple. (May be regarded as a further developmental
+  stage of <i>Cladococcus spinifer</i> and <i>Cladococcus viminalis</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.01, bars 0.0025; length of the
+  spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Canary Islands, Azores, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Cladococcus pinetum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate27"><b>27</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, polygonally framed, about the same breadth as the bars: two to three
+  on the radius. About twenty radial spines, very large, three to four times as long as the shell
+  diameter, branched like a pine tree, with straight, stout, three-sided prismatic stem; three
+  prominent edges dentated. On each edge five to seven lateral branches, the distal ends of which
+  are simple, the proximal again ramified, with numerous ramules. The figured specimen is a young
+  one, with branches but little developed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.06, pores and bars 0.008; length of the spines
+  0.2 to 0.25 breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Cladococcurus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Branches of the spines again ramified. Pores irregular, of
+  different size and form.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Cladococcus abietinus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate27"><b>27</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars; six to ten on the radius.
+  About twenty radial spines, two to three times as long as the shell diameter, branched like a pine
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page227">{227}</span>tree, with straight, stout, three-sided pyramidal
+  stem. From the dentated edges arise numerous verticillate branches, the proximal ends of which are
+  thickly ramified. (Differs from the preceding and similar species mainly in the large size and
+  irregular lattice-work of the shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.14, pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003;
+  length of the spines 0.25 to 0.4, breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 256, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Cladococcus tricladus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, polygonal, twice to eight times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the
+  radius. About twenty radial spines, three-sided prismatic, twice as long as the shell diameter; in
+  the proximal half simple, with smooth edges; in the distal half with three diverging curved
+  branches, which bifurcate two to three times or ramify irregularly. (Closely related to the
+  simpler <i>Cladococcus quadricuspis</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.04 to 0.016, bars 0.002; length of
+  the spines 0.3, breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Cladococcus stalactites</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate27"><b>27</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, once to five times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius.
+  About twenty radial spines, very stout, longer than the shell diameter, with three wing-like,
+  prominent smooth edges. At the middle, or in the distal half, each spine bears a verticil of three
+  strong, irregularly formed ramified branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14, pores 0.003 to 0.015, bars 0.003; length
+  of the spines 0.16 to 0.2, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Tropical Pacific, Station 220, depth 1100 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Cladococcus dendrites</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate27"><b>27</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, with denticulate margin, twice to four times as broad as the bars;
+  eight to twelve on the radius. Fifty to eighty radial spines, three-sided prismatic, with
+  elegantly denticulated edges; in the proximal two-thirds simple, in the distal third with a bunch
+  of ten to twenty short simple spines (three to seven on each edge).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16 to 0.2, pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003;
+  length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 93. <i>Elaphococcus</i>,<a id="NtA_127" href="#Nt_127"><sup>[127]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 450.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with one simple lattice-sphere,
+  covered with forked or dichotomously branched radial spines (the stem of the spine always
+  forked).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page228">{228}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Elaphococcus</i> differs from the preceding <i>Cladococcus</i> in the
+  mode of ramification of the radial spines. These are forked; and the forked branches are either
+  simple, again forked, or dichotomously ramified.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Elaphococcinus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the shell regular, of nearly equal size and
+  similar form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Elaphococcus furcatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the spherical shell regular, hexagonal, four times as broad as the bars; four to five
+  on the radius. Radial spines, arising from all the nodal-points of the network, cylindrical, as
+  long as the radius, simply forked at the distal end; both branches half as long as the undivided
+  part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.01, bars 0.0025; length of the
+  spines 0.04, breadth 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Elaphococcus cervicornis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cladococcus cervicornis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 370, Taf.
+    xiv. figs. 4-6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, hexagonal, ten to twenty times as broad as the bars; five to seven on the
+  radius. Fifty to ninety radial spines (or more), arising not only from the nodal-points of the
+  network but also from the bars between them. Each spine is cylindrical, longer than the shell
+  diameter, and repeatedly forked (three to six times), having, therefore, numerous (thirty to sixty
+  or more) curved branches. The distal ends of all branches fall in one spherical face.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.07 to 0.09, pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars 0.001 to
+  0.015; length of the spines 0.1 to 0.15, breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Elaphococcus elaphoceras</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, three to four times as broad as the bars; six to
+  eight on the radius. At each nodal-point of the hexagon arises a short bristle-shaped, simple
+  by-spine. In addition, there arise from the bars thirty to sixty large main spines, longer than
+  the shell diameter, repeatedly forked in the same way as in the preceding species.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores 0.008, bars 0.002; length of the
+  spines 0.12, breadth 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272. depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Elaphococcus umbellifer</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the radius. Twenty
+  to forty straight cylindrical spines, as long as the shell diameter, having at the distal end a
+  regular <span class="pagenum" id="page229">{229}</span>umbel composed of nine to twelve curved
+  branches of equal length, which are again ramified and resemble the inflorescence of an
+  umbelliferous plant, the distal ends of all ramules falling in a spherical face.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, pores 0.006, bars 0.002; length of the
+  spines 0.14, breadth 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Elaphococculus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the shell irregular, of different size or
+  form.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Elaphococcus dichotomus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, polygonal, twice to four times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the
+  radius. Thirty to sixty radial spines cylindrical, curved, as long as the shell diameter, simply
+  forked at the distal end; both branches one-third as long as the undivided part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, pores 0.007 to 0.015, bars 0.004; length
+  of the spines 0.2, breadth 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Arctic Ocean, Greenland, surface (Koch).</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Elaphococcus umbellatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, or polygonal, twice to five times as broad as the bars; six to eight
+  on the radius. Forty to sixty radial spines cylindrical, curved, as long as the shell radius,
+  having at the distal end an irregular umbel, composed of six to twelve short branches, which are
+  irregularly ramified or forked. (Differs from the regular <i>Elaphococcus umbellifer</i> mainly in
+  the irregularity.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14, pores 0.007 to 0.015, bars 0.003; length
+  of the spines 0.12, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-east Pacific (Juan Fernandez), Station 299,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Elaphococcus drymodes</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores irregular, roundish, little broader than the bars; ten to twelve on the radius. Eighty to
+  one hundred and twenty (or more) radial spines, cylindrical, three to four times as long as the
+  shell diameter, irregularly forked or repeatedly dichotomous (each spine with forty to sixty
+  forked branches); the distal ends of all branches fall in a spherical plane. (Differs from the
+  regular <i>Elaphococcus cervicornis</i> mainly in the irregularity.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, pores and bars 0.003 to 0.008; length of
+  the spines 0.3 to 0.4, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Arctic Ocean, Iceland (Steenstrup).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page230">{230}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Haliommida</span>,<a id="NtA_128"
+  href="#Nt_128"><sup>[128]</sup></a> Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Diplosph�rida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 451.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with two concentric
+  spherical lattice-shells, united by radial beams.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 94. <i>Haliomma</i>,<a id="NtA_129" href="#Nt_129"><sup>[129]</sup></a> Ehrenberg, 1838,
+  Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 128.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with one medullary
+  (intracapsular) and one cortical (extracapsular) shell, which are connected by radial beams,
+  piercing the central capsule. Shell surface covered with simple radial spines of the same
+  kind.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Haliomma</i>, one of the oldest known Radiolarian genera, contained in
+  the catalogue of its discoverer, Ehrenberg, a large number of very different <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, belonging to at least sixteen different genera. We limit here the
+  conception of the genus to those Haliommida which bear simple radial spines of one kind on the
+  surface of the cortical shell (the latter being separated from the medullary shell by the central
+  capsule).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Haliommantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and similar form; spines on the whole surface (commonly one spine at each nodal-point).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Haliomma hexagonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell four times as broad as the medullary shell, both having very thin thread-like
+  bars, and regular, hexagonal pores (eighteen to twenty on the radius of the outer, five to six on
+  the radius of the inner shell). The two shells connected by twenty thin thread-like radial beams.
+  At each nodal-point of the outer shell arises a bristle-shaped radial spine, half as long as the
+  radius. (Similar to <i>Heliosoma radians</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>, fig. 3, but
+  with all the spines equal.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.05; pores of the outer 0.015,
+  of the inner 0.01; length of the spines 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Haliomma arachnium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell three times as broad as the medullary shell; pores of the former regular,
+  hexagonal, with very thin thread-like bars (fourteen to sixteen on the radius); pores of the
+  latter regular, <span class="pagenum" id="page231">{231}</span>circular, three times as broad as
+  the bars (four to five on the radius). The two shells connected by about forty radial beams. At
+  each nodal-point of the outer shell arises one bristle-shaped radial spine, twice as long as the
+  diameter of one hexagonal mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, inner 0.05; pores of the outer
+  0.012, of the inner 0.006; length of the spines 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Haliomma favosum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular,
+  circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius.
+  Medullary shell with simple, circular pores, of the same breadth as the bars. At each nodal-point
+  of the outer shell arises a short triangular spine three times as long as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.04; pores of the former
+  0.01, of the latter 0.005; bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Haliomma regulare</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, nearly twice as broad as the medullary shell, and connected with it
+  by forty to sixty thin radial beams. Both shells of the same perfectly regular structure, with an
+  identical number of regular, circular pores, which are hexagonally framed, four times as broad as
+  the bars, nine to eleven on the radius. The outer pores are twice as broad as the inner, exactly
+  corresponding pores. Between every three pores of the outer surface (in each corner of the
+  cortical hexagon) arises one short three-sided pyramidal spine, twice as long as the diameter of
+  one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, of the inner 0.11; pores of the
+  former 0.018, of the latter 0.009; length of the spines 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic (Tristan da Cunha), Station 332, depth 2200
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Haliomma melitomma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Melitomma formosum</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, <i>loc. cit.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular
+  pores of very elegant structure, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. The inner
+  opening of each pore is simple, circular, the outer regular, six-lobed; corresponding to the six
+  lobes are six short conical spines, which arise from the six corners of the regular hexagonal
+  frames separating the pores. Pores of the medullary shell simple, circular, of the same breadth as
+  the bars. The two shells connected only by six radial beams (in three dimensive axes).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.17, of the inner 0.07; pores of the
+  former 0.012, of the latter 0.004; length of the spines 0.005 to 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page232">{232}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Haliomma lirianthus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 1<i>a</i>, 1<i>b</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular,
+  rosette-shaped pores, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. The regular
+  structure of the elegant pores is the same as in the preceding species, but without prominent
+  crested frames (fig. 1<i>b</i>). Also the medullary shell (fig. 1<i>a</i>) is different, much
+  thinner and smaller, with simple, circular pores, which are three times as broad as the bars. The
+  two shells are connected by numerous (twenty?) radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, of the inner 0.05; pores of the
+  former 0.01, of the latter 0.005; length of the spines 0.005 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Haliomma castanea</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma castanea</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 428, Taf. xxiv.
+    fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell; pores of both
+  regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars (seven to eight on the radius of the outer, four to
+  five on the radius of the inner shell), the two connected by six to twelve (?) strong radial
+  beams. Radial spines bristle-shaped, with conical bases, twice as long as the diameter of the
+  cortical pores (one spine at the nodal-point between every three pores).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1 to 0.15, inner 0.03 to 0.05; pores of
+  the former 0.005, of the latter 0.003; length of the spines 0.005 to 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Haliomma horridum</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma horridum</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 87, Taf. i.
+    fig. 10.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores
+  regular, circular, of the same breadth as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. Radial spines
+  conical, stout, nearly half as long as the radius. (Differs from the closely allied <i>Haliomma
+  castanea</i> in the smaller pores and larger spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.14, of the inner 0.06; pores of the
+  former 0.004, of the latter 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados and Sicily; living in
+  the Atlantic, Station 9, depth 3150 fathoms, and Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Haliomma datura</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, only one and a half times as broad as the medullary shell, both
+  having regular, circular pores, four to six times as broad as the bars (five to six on the radius
+  of the outer, three to four on the radius of the inner shell), the two connected by numerous
+  (forty to sixty?) thin, short, radial beams. Radial spines conical, twice as long as the diameter
+  of one cortical pore, arising from all the nodal-points between them.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page233">{233}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.08 to 0.12, inner 0.06 to 0.08; pores of
+  the former 0.015 to 0.02, of the latter 0.007 to 0.012; length of the spines 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 268 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Haliommetta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and similar form; the spines not covering the entire surface, but scattered at intervals (their
+  number smaller than that of the nodal-points of the network).</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Haliomma circumtextum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>, figs. 7,
+  7<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very delicate, with thin thread-like bars, and regular, hexagonal pores, little
+  larger than the thick-walled medullary shell (= 7&nbsp;:&nbsp;6). Pores of the latter regular,
+  circular, double-edged, with hexagonal frames, of the same breadth as the bars; from all the
+  hexagon-corners arise thin bristle-shaped, radial spines, twice as long as the diameter of the
+  pores, becoming connected at equal distances from the centre by tangential threads, regularly
+  disposed, forming the cortical shell. Twelve strong, three-sided pyramidal, radial spines, as
+  broad at the base as one mesh, and about half as long as the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.14, of the inner 0.12; pores of the
+  former 0.012, of the latter 0.005; length of the radial spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Haliomma duodecinum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Both shells with
+  regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius of the outer, five
+  to six on the radius of the inner shell. Twelve conical, regularly disposed radial spines, as long
+  as the radius, and as broad at the base as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the inner 0.04; pores of the
+  former 0.005, of the latter 0.002; length of the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Haliomma megaporum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma megaporum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 313.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell; the pores regular,
+  circular, three to four on the radius, eight times as broad as the bars, quite as broad as the
+  medullary shell, the pores of which are much smaller, twice as broad as the bars. Eight radial
+  spines regularly disposed, conical, as long as the radius. (As the diagnosis of Ehrenberg is very
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page234">{234}</span>incomplete, and no figure is given with it, it
+  remains doubtful whether his Mediterranean species be identical with my Atlantic variety.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the inner 0.04; pores of the
+  former 0.04, of the latter 0.008; length of the spines 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Grecian shore); North Atlantic, Station 354,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Haliomma oculatum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma oculatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 74, Taf. xxviii. figs. 2, 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, four times as broad as the medullary shell; its pores regular,
+  circular, four times as broad as the bars, six to eight on the radius. Pores of the medullary
+  shell regular, hexagonal, with very thin bars, three to four on the radius. Nine radial spines,
+  regularly disposed, conical, as long as the radius, as broad at the base as one cortical pore. (In
+  the specimen figured by Ehrenberg, only two spines were preserved, seven being accidentally broken
+  off.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, of the inner 0.04; pores of the
+  former 0.01, of the latter 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Haliomma enneaxiphos</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, four times as broad as the dark medullary shell, with regular,
+  circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. Nine
+  radial spines regularly disposed, three sided pyramidal, as long as the radius, as broad at the
+  base as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, of the inner 0.03; cortical pores
+  0.008, bars 0.004; length of the radial spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Haliomma tenuispinum</i>, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma tenuispinum</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 39,
+    Taf. iv. fig. 9.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma tenuispinum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 431.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Both shells with very
+  fine, thread-like bars, and regular, hexagonal pores; five to seven on the radius. Twenty radial
+  spines, very thin, bristle-shaped, as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the inner 0.04; pores of the
+  former 0.016, of the latter 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Nice); North Atlantic, Station 353,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page235">{235}</span></div>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Haliomma longispinum</i>, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma longispinum</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 39,
+    Taf iv. fig. 8.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma longispinum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 431.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the dark medullary shell. Pores regular,
+  circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars; four to six on the radius. Twenty radial
+  spines, very long, regularly disposed, four to five times as long as the diameter of the shell,
+  three-sided prismatic, with elegantly dentated edges, as broad as one cortical mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.08, of the inner 0.03; pores of the
+  former 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Nice); Central Pacific, Station 272,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>17. <i>Haliomma capense</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, twice as broad as the medullary shell, both with regular, circular
+  pores, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius of the outer, four to six on the
+  radius of the inner shell. Forty to sixty radial spines, conical, as long as the radius, as broad
+  as one cortical pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, of the inner 0.05; pores of the
+  former 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.006, basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cape of Good Hope, Station 142, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>18. <i>Haliomma denticulatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the dark medullary shell, with regular,
+  circular, double-edged pores, of the same breadth as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. Thirty
+  to fifty radial spines, three-sided pyramidal, half as long as the radius, with three denticulated
+  edges. (Very similar to <i>Actinomma denticulatum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate29"><b>29</b></a>, fig. 3, but
+  with simple medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.04; pores and bars of the
+  former 0.008; length of the spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>19. <i>Haliomma grande</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, five times as broad as the dark medullary shell, with small,
+  regular, circular pores, half as broad as the bars; twenty to twenty-four on the radius. One
+  hundred to one hundred and twenty conical radial spines, five times as long as broad, only half as
+  long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.4, inner 0.08; pores of the outer 0.006,
+  bars 0.012; length of the spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page236">{236}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Haliommilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  and form; spines covering the entire surface (commonly one spine at each nodal-point).</p>
+
+  <p>20. <i>Haliomma capillaceum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma capillaceum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 426, Taf.
+    xxiii. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thin walled, seven to eight times as broad as the medullary shell, both
+  with irregular, polygonal pores, and very thin thread-like bars; outer pores twice to three times
+  as broad as the inner. Radial spines very numerous, straight, bristle-shaped, about as long as the
+  diameter of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.025 to 0.03; outer pores 0.02
+  to 0.04, inner 0.008 to 0.016, bars 0.001; length of the spines 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Atlantic (Canary Islands),
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>21. <i>Haliomma erinaceum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma erinaceum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 427, Taf. xxiii.
+    figs. 3, 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, seven to eight times as broad as the medullary shell, both with
+  irregular, polygonal pores, two to ten times as broad as the bars, outer pores much larger than
+  the inner. Radial spines very numerous, bristle-shaped, as long as the diameter of the medullary
+  shell, the majority or all being either curved or obliquely depressed, the greater part neither
+  straight nor radial.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.025 to 0.03; outer pores
+  0.005 to 0.03, inner 0.008 to 0.016, bars 0.002 to 0.004; length of the spines 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>22. <i>Haliomma tenellum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma tenellum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 428.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma spinuloso affine</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 40, Taf. iv. fig. 7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with irregular,
+  roundish pores, and very thin bars. Pores of the inner shell regular, circular. Radial spines very
+  numerous, bristle-shaped, straight, as long as the radius of the outer shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, inner 0.05; outer pores 0.008 to
+  0.016, inner 0.005; length of the spines 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Nice); Atlantic, Stations 349 to 354,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page237">{237}</span></div>
+
+  <p>23. <i>Haliomma spinulosum</i>, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma spinulosum</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 39, Taf. iv. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, twice as broad as the medullary shell, with irregular, polygonal
+  pores, and very thin bars. Pores of the inner shell subregular, hexagonal, ten to twelve times as
+  broad as the bars. Radial spines very numerous, bristle-shaped, one-sixth to one-fourth as long as
+  the radius of the outer shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, inner 0.08; outer pores 0.01 to
+  0.03, inner 0.02; length of the spines 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Nice); Central Pacific, Station 266,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>24. <i>Haliomma rhodococcus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Sethosph�ra rhodococcus</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas, pl. xix. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thin walled, little larger than the thick walled medullary shell (=
+  10&nbsp;:&nbsp;9). Pores of the outer shell very irregular, roundish, twice to six times as broad
+  as the bars, about twenty on the radius. Pores of the inner shell twice as broad as the bars, six
+  to eight on the radius, very regular, circular on the inner, six-lobed on the outer opening,
+  separated by prominent hexagonal crests; in the hexagon-corners arise short conical radial spines,
+  which at equal distances from the centre are united by the outer shell, but are prominent over its
+  surface. (A very peculiar form; the two shells may better be regarded as inner and outer cortical
+  shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.18; outer pores 0.04 to
+  0.012, inner 0.01; length of the spines 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms; also
+  fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>25. <i>Haliomma boreale</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, four times as broad as the medullary shell, with irregular,
+  roundish pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius. Pores of the
+  inner shell regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars, four to six on the radius. Radial
+  spines very numerous, conical, nearly as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.24, inner 0.06; outer pores 0.008 to
+  0.02, bars 0.005, inner pores 0.006, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Arctic Ocean, Greenland ("Alert" Expedition).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Haliommura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  and form; spines not covering the entire surface, but scattered at intervals (their number smaller
+  than that of the nodal-points in the network).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page238">{238}</span></div>
+
+  <p>26. <i>Haliomma macrodoras</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>,
+  figs. 6, 6<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, twice as broad as the medullary shell, with irregular, polygonal
+  meshes, three to six times as broad as the bars. Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, ten
+  times as broad as the bars. Twenty radial spines, very long, stout, three-sided prismatic, two to
+  four times as long as the diameter of the shell, as broad as one medullary mesh, with three
+  wing-like, denticulated edges. At the base of each spine three supporting curved beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.14 to 0.16, of the inner 0.07 to 0.08;
+  outer pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.003; inner pores 0.01, bars 0.001; length of the spines 0.3 to
+  0.6, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>27. <i>Haliomma antarcticum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thin walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with irregular,
+  polygonal pores, and very thin thread-like bars. Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, six
+  times as broad as the bars. About forty radial spines, angular, pyramidal, half as long as the
+  radius of the shell, as broad at the base as the largest mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, of the inner 0.07; outer pores 0.006
+  to 0.015, inner 0.008; length of the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>28. <i>Haliomma wyvillei</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma wyvillei</i>, Haeckel, 1878, Protistenreich, p. 44, fig. 31.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma species</i>, Wyville Thomson, 1877, Atlantic, vol. i. p. 236, fig.
+    54.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Both shells with
+  irregular, large, polygonal pores, and very thin bars. From the inner shell arise very numerous
+  (eighty to one hundred and twenty or more) radial spines, which pierce the outer shell, and are
+  outside it, as long as the radius of the inner shell, straight, bristle-shaped, and as thick as
+  the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.18, of the inner 0.06; pores 0.01 to
+  0.02, bars 0.001 to 0.002; length of the free spines 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>29. <i>Haliomma beroes</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma beroes</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxv<span class="smaller">B</span>.
+    B. iv. fig. 19.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma beroes</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 434.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with irregular,
+  roundish pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars. Inner shell with regular, circular
+  pores, twice as broad as the bars. Both shells connected by four (or six ?) radial beams,
+  perpendicularly crossed. Thirty to forty radial spines, conical, thin, shorter than the
+  radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, inner 0.04; outer pores 0.007 to
+  0.012, inner 0.005; length of the spines 0.03, basal breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Atlantic, depth 2000 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page239">{239}</span></div>
+
+  <p>30. <i>Haliomma compactum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>,
+  figs. 5, 5<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thick walled, four times as broad as the thin walled medullary shell; pores
+  of the former irregular, roundish, with high polygonal frames of very different size, twice to
+  four times as broad as the bars. Inner shell with simple, small, polygonal pores, connected with
+  the outer shell by eight (?) regularly disposed thin radial beams, opposite in pairs, prolonged
+  outside into strong conical spines, longer than the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.08, inner 0.02; outer pores 0.005 to
+  0.01, inner 0.005; length of the spines 0.06, basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 272, depth 2425 to 2925
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>31. <i>Haliomma permagnum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, six times as broad as the medullary shell, with irregular,
+  roundish, double-edged pores, three to six times as broad as the bars. Inner shell with regular,
+  circular pores, twice as broad as the bars. One hundred and twenty to one hundred and fifty radial
+  spines, conical, only one-fourth as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.42, inner 0.07; outer pores 0.012 to
+  0.025, bars 0.004; inner pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.05, basal breadth
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>32. <i>Haliomma patagonicum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, four times as broad as the medullary shell, with irregular,
+  roundish pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars. Inner shell also with irregular,
+  roundish pores, of half the size. Forty to fifty radial spines, cylindro-conical, about as long as
+  the shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.24, inner 0.06; outer pores 0.012 to
+  0.02, bars 0.006; inner pores 0.005 to 0.01, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.3, breadth
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-east Pacific, west coast of Patagonia, Station 302,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>33. <i>Haliomma clavatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with irregular,
+  roundish pores little larger than the bars; eight to twelve on the radius. Inner shell with
+  similar but smaller pores. About twenty radial spines, club-shaped, as long as the radius,
+  three-sided, with prominent edges, twice as broad at the distal end as at the base. (Similar to
+  <i>Acanthosph�ra clavata</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate26"><b>26</b></a>,
+  fig. 8, but differs from it in the possession of a medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.06; outer pores and bars
+  0.008 to 0.02, inner 0.006 to 0.01; length of the spines 0.1, distal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page240">{240}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 95. <i>Heliosoma</i>,<a id="NtA_130" href="#Nt_130"><sup>[130]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus,  p. 452.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with one medullary
+  (intracapsular) and one cortical (extracapsular) shell, the two being connected by radial beams
+  piercing the central capsule. Shell surface covered with simple radial spines of two different
+  kinds; larger main spines and smaller by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Heliosoma</i> differs from the preceding <i>Haliomma</i> in the
+  possession of two different kinds of radial spines, and exhibits therefore the same relation to it
+  that <i>Heliosph�ra</i> bears to <i>Acanthosph�ra</i> among the Coscinommida. The smaller
+  by-spines are much more numerous than the larger main spines.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Heliosomantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Heliosoma radians</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>,
+  figs. 3, 3<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thin walled, with thread-like bars and regular, hexagonal meshes; twenty to
+  twenty-two on the radius. Medullary shell only one-fifth as large, of the same structure. The two
+  shells connected by twenty very thin radial beams, which are prolonged outside into twenty stout,
+  three-sided pyramidal main spines, as long as the diameter of the inner shell. Between these,
+  arising from the surface, numerous bristle-shaped by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.25, inner 0.05, pores 0.012; length of
+  the main spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Heliosoma elegans</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad
+  as the bars; ten to twelve on the radius. Medullary shell half as large, with simple, regular,
+  circular pores, twice as broad as the bars. The two shells connected by twenty very thin radial
+  beams, which are prolonged outside into twenty slender, three-sided pyramidal main spines as long
+  as the radius. In each corner of the surface hexagons a bristle-shaped by-spine one-fourth as
+  long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.06; outer pores 0.006, bars
+  0.003; length of the main spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Heliosoma echinaster</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma echinaster</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 429, Taf. xxiv.
+    figs. 1-3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as
+  the bars; ten to twelve on the radius. Medullary shell one-fourth as large, with few irregular,
+  large, <span class="pagenum" id="page241">{241}</span>polygonal pores and very thin thread-like
+  bars, connected with the former by nine similar thin radial beams, which are prolonged outside
+  into nine pyramidal main spines, as long as the radius. From each corner of the surface hexagon
+  arises a bristle-shaped by-spine, half as long as the main spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, inner 0.04; outer pores 0.008, bars
+  0.004; length of the main spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Heliosoma duodecilla</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with regular, circular pores, of the same breadth as the bars;
+  sixteen to eighteen on the radius. Medullary shell one-third as large, of the same structure.
+  Twelve radial main spines, regularly disposed, cylindro-conical, longer than the shell diameter,
+  as broad as two pores. Whole surface covered with short conical by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, inner 0.05; outer pores and bars
+  0.007; length of the main spines 0.2, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 333, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Heliosomura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  and form.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Heliosoma hastatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thin walled, with large, irregular, polygonal meshes, three to six times as
+  broad as the bars; four to six on the radius. Medullary shell one-third as large, with small,
+  regular, circular pores. The two shells connected by twelve regularly disposed radial beams, which
+  are prolonged outside into twelve very stout three-sided pyramidal main spines, somewhat longer
+  than the radius, spear-shaped; each of the three wings in the middle part with one tooth.
+  Scattered on the surface numerous by-spines of the same form, half as long and only one-fourth as
+  broad.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, inner 0.033; outer pores <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads '0.06'.">0.006</span> to 0.013, inner pores 0.002, bars
+  0.002; length of the main spines 0.06, breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Heliosoma indicum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to five times as broad as
+  the bars. Medullary shell of the same structure, only one-fourth as large. Thirty to forty conical
+  main spines, as long as the radius; between them numerous bristle-shaped by-spines, only half as
+  long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.05; outer pores 0.004 to
+  <span class="correction" title="Original reads '0.1'.">0.01</span>, bars 0.002; length of the main
+  spines 0.1, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, between Aden and Socotora, surface,
+  Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page242">{242}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 96. <i>Elatomma</i>,<a id="NtA_131" href="#Nt_131"><sup>[131]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with one medullary
+  (intracapsular) and one cortical (extracapsular) shell, the two being connected by radial beams
+  piercing the central capsule. Shell surface covered with branched radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Elatomma</i> differs from <i>Haliomma</i> in the ramification of the
+  radial spines, and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that <i>Cladococcus</i>, among the
+  Coscinommida, bears to <i>Acanthosph�ra</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Elatommella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Elatomma pinetum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, three times as
+  broad as the bars. From its surface arise twenty to thirty large, three-sided prismatic, radial
+  spines as long as the shell diameter, branched like a pine tree; on each edge of the spine five to
+  six ramified branches, decreasing in size towards the distal end. Similar to <i>Cladococcus
+  pinetum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate27"><b>27</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 3), but differing in the possession of a medullary shell (one-third as large as the
+  outer), with regular, circular pores, as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.07; cortical pores 0.012,
+  bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.2 to 0.24.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Elatomma scoparium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars,
+  connected with the medullary shell by twenty thin radial beams, which are prolonged outside into
+  twenty large cylindrical radial spines somewhat longer than the radius; in the proximal half
+  simple, in the distal half with six to nine dichotomous, irregular branches. Similar to
+  <i>Cladococcus scoparius</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate27"><b>27</b></a>,
+  fig. 2), but much larger, and with a large medullary shell (one-third as broad as the outer), and
+  regular, circular pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, inner 0.04; cortical pores 0.01,
+  bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 240, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Elatommura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page243">{243}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Elatomma juniperinum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>,
+  fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with regular, polygonal, or roundish pores, twice to four times as
+  broad as the bars, connected with the small medullary shell by about twenty thin radial beams.
+  Inner shell only one-eighth as broad as the outer, with few irregular, polygonal meshes. Surface
+  covered with very numerous (one hundred to one hundred and fifty or more) branched conical radial
+  spines, one-third as long as the shell radius, with six to twelve short lateral branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.025; cortical pores 0.08 to
+  0.016, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Elatomma penicillus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, polygonal pores, twice to four times as broad as
+  the bars, connected with the medullary shell by twenty (or more?) very thin beams. These are
+  prolonged outside into twenty straight, three-sided prismatic, radial spines as long as the
+  radius, with a brush-like bunch of six to nine short, irregularly ramified branches at the end.
+  Medullary shell very delicate (half as broad as the outer), with regular, hexagonal meshes and
+  thread-like bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, inner 0.08; length of the spines
+  0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West coast of Norway, Bergen, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Elatomma irregulare</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, polygonal, or roundish meshes, twice to six times
+  as broad as the bars; the medullary shell of the same structure, half as broad, with smaller
+  irregular pores. Forty to sixty curved, three-sided, radial spines, as long as the shell, with a
+  bunch of very irregular, curved, and partly ramified branches at the distal end.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, inner 0.1; length of the spines 0.2,
+  breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Gulf Stream, F�r�e Channel, surface, John
+  Murray.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 97. <i>Leptosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_132" href="#Nt_132"><sup>[132]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with two extracapsular cortical
+  shells without by-spines, connected by long prismatic radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Leptosph�ra</i>, together with the three following genera, forms the
+  very peculiar and typical small group of <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> which we call the
+  Diplosph�rida (with four genera and twenty-four species); their shell is composed of two
+  concentric spheres as in the three foregoing genera; but whilst in these the inner shell is an
+  intracapsular medullary shell and the outer an extracapsular cortical shell, in the Diplosph�rida
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page244">{244}</span>both shells are extracapsular or cortical shells,
+  therefore the inner shell of the latter corresponds to the outer of the former. The inner
+  spherical shell of all Diplosph�rida is composed of very delicate beams and large pores, which are
+  either regular hexagonal or irregular polygonal (never roundish). From its surface arise a
+  variable number (twenty to thirty) of stout long radial spines, which are invariably longer than
+  the shell diameter (often two to three times as long or more), and of three-sided prismatic form,
+  the three edges either smooth or serrate, often with three rows of lateral branches (commonly
+  three to five branches in each row); the latter are invariably of the same form, concavely curved
+  towards the spine, and decrease in size towards the distal end. From the three edges of each main
+  spine in all Diplosph�rida, at equal distances from the centre, arise six very thin, thread-like
+  lateral branches (a pair from each edge) and connect the spine in a tangential direction with all
+  neighbouring spines. In this manner the polyhedral outer shell is formed, the meshes of which
+  therefore are always very large and triangular. Sometimes each of these primary triangular meshes
+  becomes filled up with a secondary network, either of regular quadrangular or of irregular
+  polygonal secondary meshes. Besides the constant twenty to thirty large main spines, in the
+  majority of Diplosph�rida bristle-shaped radial by-spines arise, either from the inner shell
+  (<i>Diplosph�ra</i>) or from the outer (<i>Drymosph�ra</i>), or from both (<i>Astrosph�ra</i>).
+  They are absent only in <i>Leptosph�ra</i>. Commonly the by-spines are simple, rarely forked or
+  branched. The central capsule in the Diplosph�rida is usually enclosed in the inner shell; often
+  it completely fills up the latter, or drives out a c�cal protuberance through each mesh; but these
+  processes rarely unite outside. The average size of the Diplosph�rida, which are all pelagic
+  organisms, is much larger than that of the other Haliommida.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Leptosph�rella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial spines simple, without lateral branches.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Leptosph�ra hexagonalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, and very thin, thread-like bars; outer shell twice
+  as broad, with simple triangular meshes. Radial spines with three smooth edges. (Fig. 2 represents
+  the central capsule with numerous club-shaped saccules, prominent externally through the meshes;
+  in the centre a large simple spherical nucleus, one-third as broad as the capsule. The skeleton of
+  this species is identical with that of <i>Diplosph�ra hexagonalis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>, fig. 3, but
+  has no by-spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.3, of the inner 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean (Corfu), North Atlantic (Canary
+  Islands), Tropical Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page245">{245}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Leptosph�ra serrata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, five to six times as broad as the bars; outer shell
+  three times as broad, with simple triangular meshes. Radial spines with three serrated edges (of
+  the same form as the main spines of <i>Drymosph�ra dendrophora</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.45, of the inner 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Leptosph�ra polygonalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with irregular, polygonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars; outer shell twice
+  as broad, with simple triangular meshes. Radial spines with three smooth edges. (Resembles
+  <i>Drymosph�ra polygonalis</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>,
+  fig. 1, but has no by-spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.35, inner 0.175.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 256, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Leptosph�romma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial spines with three rows of lateral branches (one row
+  on each edge).</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Leptosph�ra ciliata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars; outer shell three
+  times as broad, with simple triangular meshes. Radial spines with smooth edges and three rows of
+  simple, smooth, curved, lateral branches (six branches on each edge), similar to those of
+  <i>Diplosph�ra gracilis</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.6, inner 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Leptosph�ra spinosa</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Diplosph�ra spinosa</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 40, Taf.
+    v. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, five times as broad as the bars; outer shell three
+  times as broad, with simple triangular meshes. Radial spines with three densely serrated edges,
+  and with three rows of serrated, simple, curved, lateral branches (three branches on each edge).
+  Differs from the preceding in the thicker bars and the elegantly denticulated spines and
+  branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.66, inner 0.22.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), R. Hertwig.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Leptosph�ra stellata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, six times as broad as the bars, each bar crossed by
+  a transverse tangential rod, so that each mesh represents an elegant six-rayed star (as <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page246">{246}</span>in <i>Astrosph�ra stellata</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>, fig. 5, but
+  without radial by-spines); outer shell twice as broad, with simple triangular meshes. Radial
+  spines with serrated edges and three rows of simple lateral branches (four branches on each
+  edge).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.44, inner 0.22.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic (Ascension Island), Station 343,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Leptosph�ra reticulum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with irregular, polygonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars; outer shell four
+  times as broad, also with irregular, polygonal meshes, the sides of the triangular main meshes
+  being connected by irregular lateral ramules, forming an extremely delicate reticulum.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.64, inner 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 98. <i>Diplosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_133" href="#Nt_133"><sup>[133]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 804.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with two extracapsular cortical
+  shells, connected by long, prismatic, radial spines; inner shell with thin radial by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Diplosph�ra</i> differs from its ancestral form <i>Leptosph�ra</i> in
+  the development of radial by-spines on the surface of the inner shell, the outer shell being
+  smooth.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Diplosph�rella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial main spines simple, without lateral branches.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Diplosph�ra hexagonalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars; at each nodal-point
+  one bristle-shaped by-spine; outer shell twice as broad, with simple triangular meshes. Radial
+  spines with three smooth edges. (The radially striped central capsule, enclosed in the inner
+  shell, envelops a large central nucleus one-third its size, fig. 3.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.36, inner 0.18.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Diplosph�ra ornata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, four times as broad as the bars; outer shell three
+  times as broad, with simple triangular meshes. Radial main spines as well as the bars of both
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page247">{247}</span>shells very elegantly denticulated; radial
+  by-spines (very numerous in the surface of the inner shell) smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.7, inner 0.24.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, surface, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Diplosph�ra dictyota</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, six times as broad as the bars; at each nodal-point
+  one radial by-spine; outer shell two and a half times as broad, with very delicate square meshes,
+  separated by thread-like bars which arise from the sides of the triangular main meshes. Radial
+  main spines with three serrated edges. (Differs from the similar <i>Diplosph�ra gracilis</i> in
+  the simple main spines, with delicate dentition of the edges.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.5, inner 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Canary Islands, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Diplosph�ra polygonalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with irregular, polygonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars, covered with very
+  numerous bristle-shaped by-spines; outer shell twice as broad, with simple triangular meshes.
+  Radial main spines with three smooth edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.44, inner 0.22.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Diplosph�romma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial main spines with three rows of lateral branches
+  (one row on each edge).</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Diplosph�ra gracilis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Diplosph�ra gracilis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 354, Taf. x.
+    fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes and very thin bars; at each nodal-point one simple
+  bristle-shaped radial by-spine; outer shell twice as broad, with very delicate square meshes,
+  separated by thread-like bars which arise from the sides of the triangular main meshes. Radial
+  spines with smooth edges and with three rows of simple curved lateral branches (four to six
+  branches on each edge).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.54, inner 0.27.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina).</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Diplosph�ra denticulata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, four times as broad as the bars; at each
+  nodal-point is a simple bristle-shaped by-spine; outer shell three times as broad, with simple
+  triangular meshes. <span class="pagenum" id="page248">{248}</span>Radial spines very strong, with
+  dentated edges and with three rows of lateral branches (six dentated curved branches on each
+  edge).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.4, inner 0.13.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Azores, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Diplosph�ra reticulata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, five times as broad as the bars, which are densely
+  covered with very numerous, simple bristle-shaped by-spines; outer shell four times as broad, with
+  very numerous small irregular polygonal meshes, forming a very delicate network, and filling out
+  the large triangular main meshes. Radial spines with three serrated edges and three rows of short
+  curved branches (four to five branches on each edge).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.6, inner 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Gulf Stream, F�r�e Channel, surface, John
+  Murray.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Diplosph�ra triglochin</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with irregular, polygonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars; outer shell three
+  times as broad, with similar irregular polygonal meshes, filling out the large triangular main
+  meshes. Radial spines with three serrated edges, each of which bears one single large lateral
+  branch, concavely curved towards the distal end. By-spines of the inner shell very numerous.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.5, inner 0.17.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 264, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 99. <i>Drymosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_134" href="#Nt_134"><sup>[134]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 452.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with two extracapsular cortical
+  shells, connected by long prismatic, radial spines; outer shell with thin radial by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Drymosph�ra</i> differs from its ancestral form <i>Leptosph�ra</i> in
+  the development of radial by-spines on the surface of the outer shell, the inner shell being
+  smooth.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Drymosph�rella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial by-spines simple, not branched (main spines
+  simple).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Drymosph�ra hexagonalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars; outer shell twice as
+  broad, with simple triangular meshes and thin thread-like bars, which bear very numerous, <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page249">{249}</span>bristle-shaped radial by-spines. Radial main spines with
+  three smooth edges. (Differs from the first species of the other three genera of Diplosph�rida in
+  the presence of by-spines on the outer, and their absence on the inner shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.32, inner 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Drymosph�ra polygonalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Diplosph�ra polygonalis</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with irregular, polygonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars; outer shell one
+  and a half times as broad, with simple triangular meshes and thicker bars, which bear numerous
+  bristle-shaped radial by-spines (in the figure the majority of these are broken off). Radial main
+  spines with three smooth edges. (Similar to <i>Leptosph�ra polygonalis</i> and <i>Diplosph�ra
+  polygonalis</i>, but differs from both in the presence of by-spines on the outer, and their
+  absence on the inner shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.33, inner 0.22.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 236 south of Japan, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Drymosph�romma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial by-spines forked or branched (main spines
+  simple).</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Drymosph�ra furcata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with irregular, polygonal meshes and thin bars, the former five times as broad as
+  the latter; outer shell two and a half times as broad, with simple triangular meshes and smooth
+  bars, bearing numerous long smooth bristle-shaped by-spines, which in the distal half are forked.
+  Radial main spines with three smooth edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.4, inner 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Drymosph�ra cladophora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with irregular, polygonal meshes, three to six times as broad as the smooth bars;
+  outer shell twice as broad, with simple triangular meshes and very thin smooth bars, bearing
+  numerous curved, irregularly branched, smooth by-spines. Radial main spines with three serrated
+  edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.4, inner 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 276, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Drymosph�ra dendrophora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  1<i>a</i>, 1<i>b</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with irregular, polygonal meshes and very thin thread-like bars; outer shell one
+  and a half times as broad, with simple triangular meshes and thicker bars, which bear a forest of
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page250">{250}</span>very numerous, repeatedly dichotomous or
+  irregularly branched, curved by-spines, longer than the diameter of the outer shell. Radial main
+  spines with three dentated edges. All parts of the skeleton, the net bars as well as the radial
+  beams and spines, are very elegantly denticulated (fig. 1<i>b</i>). The central capsule (fig.
+  1<i>a</i>) completely distends the inner shell and forces out protuberances through all its pores;
+  in its centre lies a nucleus one-third its size.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.25, inner 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 100. <i>Astrosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_135" href="#Nt_135"><sup>[135]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with two extracapsular cortical
+  shells, connected by long, prismatic, radial spines; inner and outer shell with thin radial
+  by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Astrosph�ra</i> differs from its ancestral form, <i>Leptosph�ra</i>,
+  in the development of radial by-spines on the surface of both shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Astrosph�rella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial main spines simple without lateral branches.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Astrosph�ra hexagonalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes and very thin bars, having a bristle-shaped, short
+  radial by-spine in each hexagon-corner; outer shell twice as broad, with simple triangular meshes
+  and thicker bars, bearing one row of simple bristle-shaped, curved, radial by-spines. Radial main
+  spines with three smooth edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.32, inner 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific (West Patagonia), Station 302, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Astrosph�ra splendens</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, four times as broad as the bars, and covered with
+  numerous curved, long, bristle-shaped by-spines; outer shell three times as broad, with simple
+  triangular meshes and thin bars, bearing a row of very long, curved, bristle-shaped by-spines.
+  Radial main spines with three dentated edges. All parts of the skeleton elegantly denticulated, as
+  in <i>Drymosph�ra dendrophora</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate20"><b>20</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of outer shell 0.7, inner 0.24.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page251">{251}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Astrosph�romma</i>.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial main spines with three rows of lateral branches
+  (one row on each edge).</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Astrosph�ra sider�a</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, six times as broad as the bars, and covered with
+  numerous short bristle-shaped by-spines; outer shell four times as broad, with simple triangular
+  meshes, and rows of long bristle-shaped by-spines arising from the bars. Radial main spines with
+  three serrated edges and three rows of lateral branches (four branches on each edge).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.6, inner 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Astrosph�ra stellata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate19"><b>19</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Diplosph�ra stellata</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodrom. et Atlas.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Inner shell with regular, hexagonal, six-rayed meshes, each bar being crossed by a transverse
+  tangential rod, at each nodal-point a long bristle-shaped by-spine; outer shell three times as
+  broad, with simple triangular meshes and denticulated thin bars, bearing a row of bristle-shaped
+  radial by-spines. Radial main spines in the proximal half with three serrated edges, in the distal
+  half with three rows of curved lateral branches (five branches on each edge).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.6, inner 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Actinommida</span>,<a id="NtA_136"
+  href="#Nt_136"><sup>[136]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 440 (<i>sensu
+  emendato</i>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with three
+  concentric, spherical, lattice-shells, united by radial beams.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 101. <i>Actinomma</i>,<a id="NtA_137" href="#Nt_137"><sup>[137]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1862,
+  Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 440.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with three concentric
+  lattice-spheres and numerous simple radial spines of one kind.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Actinomma</i> is here restricted to those <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> which combine the possession of three concentric lattice-shells with
+  numerous radial spines on the surface; the spines are all simple, being of one and the same kind.
+  Commonly two of the three shells are intracapsular medullary shells, connected by radial beams
+  (piercing <span class="pagenum" id="page252">{252}</span>the central capsule) with the outer,
+  extracapsular, cortical shell. But in some species only one medullary shell is enclosed in the
+  central capsule, whilst both other shells lie outside it. In such case the distance between these
+  two cortical shells is much smaller than their distance from the simple internal medullary shell.
+  These forms correspond more to aculeate <i>Rhodosph�r�</i>, whilst the others resemble aculeate
+  <i>Thecosph�r�</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Actinommantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and similar form; spines on the entire surface (commonly one spine at each nodal-point).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Actinomma hexagonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell, as well as both medullary shells, very thin walled, with regular, hexagonal
+  pores and thread-like bars between them. Pores of the outer shell twice as broad as those of the
+  middle, and three times as broad as those of the inner shells. Radial proportion of the three
+  spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;9; about twenty thin radial beams between them. At each
+  nodal-point of the surface arises one bristle-shaped radial spine, half as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.22, middle 0.07, inner 0.025; meshes of
+  the cortical shell 0.01; length of the spines 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Actinomma facetum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, three times as
+  broad as the bars. Pores of both medullary shells regular, circular. Radial proportion of the
+  three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4; about forty thin radial beams between them. At each
+  nodal-point of the surface arises one short, three-sided pyramidal, radial spine, about one-third
+  as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, middle 0.08, inner 0.04; cortical
+  pores 0.012, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.03, basal breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Actinomma anthomma</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with regular, six-lobed pores, twice as broad as the bars. At each
+  nodal-point of the surface is one short conical radial spine, as long as the diameter of the
+  pores; one corresponding to each lobe, and there is therefore around each pore a regular corona of
+  six spines, as in <i>Haliomma lirianthus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate28"><b>28</b></a>, fig.
+  1<i>b</i>). Both medullary shells with simple, circular, regular pores. Radial proportion of the
+  three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;7; radial beams between them only six, opposite in
+  pairs in the three dimensive axes.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page253">{253}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle 0.075, inner 0.003; cortical
+  pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Actinomma castanomma</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell as well as both medullary shells thick walled, with regular, circular pores,
+  twice as broad as the bars; between them at each nodal-point one bristle-shaped radial spine,
+  one-third as long as the radius, with conical base. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;8; only six radial beams between them (opposed in pairs in the three
+  dimensive axes).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, middle 0.06, inner 0.04; cortical
+  pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 333, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Actinomma entactinia</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma entactinia</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 93, Taf. ii.
+    fig. 12.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell as well as both medullary shells thick walled, with regular, circular pores, of
+  the same breadth as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;8; radial beams between them very numerous (thirty to fifty or more?).
+   Entire surface covered with short thick conical spines, only one-fifth as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, middle 0.06, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores and bars 0.007; length of the spines 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte,
+  Caltanisetta.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Actinommetta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the outer shell regular, of nearly equal size and
+  similar form; spines not over the entire surface, but scattered at intervals (their number smaller
+  than that of the nodal-points).</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Actinomma japonicum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, three times as
+  broad as the bars. Both medullary shells with simple, circular, regular pores, of the same breadth
+  as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;5&nbsp;:&nbsp;9; radial beams
+  between them twenty, prolonged outside into twenty symmetrically disposed, three-sided pyramidal
+  spines, as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.18, middle <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.01'.">0.1</span>, inner 0.04; cortical pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length of
+  the spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 240, east of Japan, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page254">{254}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Actinomma denticulatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate29"><b>29</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with regular, circular, double-edged pores, twice as broad as the
+  bars. Forty to fifty radial spines, three-sided pyramidal, half as long as the radius, with three
+  elegantly denticulated edges. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. (Differs from <i>Haliomma denticulatum</i> only in the double
+  medullary shell and larger size.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.14, middle 0.06, inner 0.03; cortical
+  pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Actinomma trinacrium</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Actinomma trinacrium</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 441, Taf. xxiv. figs.
+    6-8.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma trinacrium</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 815.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell as well as both medullary shells thin walled, with subregular, circular pores,
+  twice as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;9; radial beams between them twenty, prolonged outside into strong,
+  three-sided pyramidal spines, as long as the radius; between them, on the surface, numerous
+  similar spines. Sometimes the latter remain smaller, the pores more irregular, and then this
+  species corresponds to <i>Echinomma trinacrium</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.09, middle 0.03, inner 0.01; cortical
+  pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina, Corfu, Haeckel), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Actinomma pachyderma</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate29"><b>29</b></a>,
+  figs. 4, 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thick walled, with regular, circular, double-edged pores, twice as broad as
+  the bars. Both medullary shells with simple, small, circular pores, of the same breadth as the
+  bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4; radial spines about
+  twenty, conical, shorter than the radius, prolonged inside into twenty very thin connecting beams
+  (fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.08, middle 0.04, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores 0.01; bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.03, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Actinommilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  and form; spines over the entire surface (commonly one spine at each nodal-point).</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Actinomma spinigerum</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma spinigerum</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 92, Taf. ii.
+    fig. 10.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish, or subcircular pores, twice to four
+  times as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;8; between them eight (?) <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page255">{255}</span>connecting radial beams. Entire surface densely covered with small
+  conical spines, not larger than the pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.17, middle 0.07, inner 0.023; cortical
+  pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Actinomma hirsutum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, about the same breadth as the
+  bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;8; between them
+  numerous (twenty to thirty or more) cylindrical connecting beams. Entire surface densely covered
+  with innumerable small bristle-shaped spines, as long as the diameter of the inner shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.25, middle 0.06, inner 0.03; cortical
+  pores and bars 0.004 to 0.008; length of the spines 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Actinommura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  and form; spines not over the entire surface, but scattered at intervals (their number smaller
+  than that of the nodal-points).</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Actinomma capillaceum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate29"><b>29</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thin walled, with irregular, polygonal meshes (sixteen to eighteen on the
+  radius), three to six times as broad as the bars. Both medullary shells with smaller pores of the
+  same structure. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;7; radial
+  connecting beams between them very thin and numerous (one hundred and twenty to one hundred and
+  fifty or more), each prolonged outside into a short three-sided pyramidal spine, as long as the
+  radius of the inner shell. (Similar to <i>Haliomma capillaceum</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.27, middle 0.1, inner 0.04; cortical
+  pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.02, basal breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Actinomma arcadophorum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate29"><b>29</b></a>, figs. 7,
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thin walled, with irregular, polygonal meshes, ten to twenty times as broad
+  as the bars; twelve to sixteen on the radius. Both medullary shells with similar delicate network.
+  Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;6; numerous thin radial beams
+  (forty to eighty or more) connect both medullary shells and alternate with other beams, which
+  arise from arcade-shaped <span class="pagenum" id="page256">{256}</span>protuberances of the outer
+  medullary shell, and connect it with the cortical shell. Outer prolongations of these form the
+  bristle-shaped spines of the surface.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.22, middle 0.09, inner 0.04; cortical
+  pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.001 to 0.002; length of the radial spines 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Actinomma schwageri</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma schwageri</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 92, Taf. ii.
+    fig. 9<i>a</i>, <i>b</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with irregular, large, polygonal meshes, five to twelve times as
+  broad as the bars; six to eight on the radius. Both medullary shells with very small, circular,
+  regular pores. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;9; connecting
+  radial beams between them nine, prolonged outside into nine short stout, three-sided pyramidal
+  spines, as long as the diameter of the inner shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.17, middle 0.04, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.006 and less; length of the spines 0.02, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Actinomma dodecomma</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, roundish pores, three to six times as broad as the
+  bars. Both medullary shells with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars. Radial
+  proportion of the three shells = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;7; connecting radial beams between
+  them twelve, regularly disposed, prolonged outside into twelve strong, three-sided pyramidal
+  spines, as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.14, middle 0.05, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores 0.008 to 0.018, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.08, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Actinomma pachycapsa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as broad
+  as the bars; twelve to sixteen on the radius. Radial proportion of the three spheres =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;12. Both medullary shells of similar irregular structure, connected
+  with the cortical shell by twelve regularly disposed radial beams, which are prolonged outside
+  into twelve short stout conical spines, as long as the diameter of the middle shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.25, middle 0.06, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.05, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>17. <i>Actinomma giganteum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, little larger than the outer medullary shell, whilst the inner is
+  only one-tenth as large. Pores of all three shells irregular, roundish, or subcircular, twice to
+  three times <span class="pagenum" id="page257">{257}</span>as broad as the bars, on an average
+  twice as large in the outer and middle as in the inner shell. Sixty to eighty short conical radial
+  spines on the surface, about as long as the diameter of the inner shell, and one-fourth as broad
+  at the base. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;9&nbsp;:&nbsp;10.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.4 to 0.5, middle 0.35 to 0.45, inner
+  0.05 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 102. <i>Echinomma</i>,<a id="NtA_138" href="#Nt_138"><sup>[138]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 453.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with three concentric
+  lattice-spheres and numerous simple radial spines of two different kinds; larger main spines and
+  smaller by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Echinomma</i>, differs from its ancestral form, <i>Actinomma</i>, in
+  the differentiation of the radial spines. Whilst a large number of small by-spines cover the
+  entire surface, a smaller number of large main spines are scattered over it, or limited to certain
+  regularly distributed points. It represents <i>Heliosoma</i> among the Haliommida.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Echinommetta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, of nearly equal size
+  and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Echinomma echinidium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with regular, hexagonal pores, four times as broad as the bars; ten
+  to twelve on the radius. Both medullary shells with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the
+  bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Surface covered with
+  short bristle-shaped by-spines (one in every hexagon-corner); twenty main spines regularly
+  disposed, three-sided pyramidal, as long as the diameter of the inner shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, middle 0.045, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores 0.008, bars 0.002; length of the main spines 0.02, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Echinomma cidaris</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as
+  the bars; six to eight on the radius. Both medullary shells with simple, circular pores. Radial
+  proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Surface covered with short
+  bristle-shaped by-spines, half as long as the forty to fifty main spines, which are three-sided
+  pyramidal, and reach the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.18, middle 0.06, inner 0.03; cortical
+  pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the main spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page258">{258}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Echinomma aculeatum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma aculeatum</i>, St�hr, 1880 Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 92, Taf. ii.
+    fig. 11.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled with regular circular pores, of the same breadth as the bars; eight
+  to ten on the radius. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;8.
+  Surface covered with short conical by-spines about twenty strong main spines, three-sided
+  pyramidal, one-third as long as the shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.16, middle 0.04, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores and bars 0.003; length of the main spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.013.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily and Barbados; living
+  in the Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Echinomma diadema</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled with regular circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; sixteen to
+  eighteen on the radius. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;11.
+  Surface covered with short bristle-shaped by-spines one third as long as the twelve stout conical
+  main spines, which reach in length the radius, and lie opposite in pairs in six axes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.22, middle 0.06, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores 0.006, bars 0.003 length of the main spines 0.12, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Echinommura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different size
+  or form.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Echinomma sph�rechinus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate29"><b>29</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma sph�rechinus</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas (pl. xxix. fig. 2).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to five times as broad as the
+  bars; five to seven on the radius. Both medullary shells with regular, circular pores, twice as
+  broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Surface
+  covered with thirty to fifty pyramidal main spines, as long as the diameter of the inner shell,
+  and with numerous small conical by-spines of half the length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, middle 0.05, inner 0.025; cortical
+  pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.004; length of the main spines 0.03, basal breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Echinomma trinacrium</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma trinacrium</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 441, Taf.
+    xxiv. figs. 6-8.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to three times as broad as
+  the bars. Both medullary shells with regular, circular pores. Radial proportion of the three
+  spheres <span class="pagenum" id="page259">{259}</span>= 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;9. On the
+  surface about twenty three-sided pyramidal main spines, as long as the radius, and numerous (forty
+  to sixty) by-spines of half the length. (Compare with this species <i>Actinomma trinacrium</i>,
+  with which it is connected by transitional forms.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.09, middle 0.03, inner 0.01; cortical
+  pores 0.008 to 0.012, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.02 to 0.05, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina).</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Echinomma toxopneustes</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate29"><b>29</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with large, irregular roundish, polygonally framed pores, twice to
+  four times as broad as the crested bars. Both medullary shells of similar structure. Radial
+  proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Numerous (thirty to fifty or
+  more) thin radial beams connecting them, prolonged outside into strong three-sided pyramidal
+  spines, shorter than the radius; each of the three wings with two teeth. Between these, numerous
+  smaller angular by-spines of one-quarter to one-half the length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, middle 0.05, inner 0.02; cortical
+  pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.008; length of the main spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-east Pacific (South of Juan Fernandez), Station 300,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 103. <i>Pityomma</i>,<a id="NtA_139" href="#Nt_139"><sup>[139]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 453.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with three concentric
+  lattice-shells and numerous branched radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pityomma</i> differs from its ancestral form, <i>Actinomma</i>, in the
+  ramification of its radial spines, and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that
+  <i>Elatomma</i>, among the Haliommida, bears to <i>Haliomma</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pityomma scoparium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, connected with both concentric medullary shells by twenty thin
+  radial beams, which are prolonged outside into twenty large cylindrical radial spines; these are
+  somewhat shorter than the shell radius, simple in the proximal inner half, irregularly branched in
+  the outer half. All three spheres with regular, circular pores, twice to three times as broad as
+  the bars; radial proportion = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. (Similar to <i>Cladococcus
+  scoparius</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate27"><b>27</b></a>,
+  fig. 2, and <i>Elatomma scoparium</i>, but differs from both in the double medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.15, middle 0.05, inner 0.025; length of
+  the spines 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 273, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page260">{260}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pityomma piniferum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, roundish pores, connected with both medullary
+  shells by twenty stout radial beams, which are prolonged outside into twenty large three-sided
+  prismatic spines. These are longer than the shell diameter and have three dentate edges, being
+  branched like a pine tree (with four to six ramified branches on each edge, decreasing in size
+  towards the distal end); similar to those of <i>Cladococcus abietinus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate27"><b>27</b></a>, fig. 3).
+  Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Both medullary shells with
+  regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.2, middle <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.5'.">0.05</span>, inner <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.25'.">0.025</span>; length of the spines 0.25.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 299 (Juan Fernandez), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Pityomma drymodes</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate29"><b>29</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, connected with both medullary shells by very numerous (one hundred
+  to two hundred or more) very thin radial beams, which are prolonged outside into thin branched
+  radial spines, scarcely half as long as the shell radius, each spine bearing six to nine simple
+  branches. Outer and middle shell uneven, with hill-shaped protuberances and valleys between them;
+  the connecting radial beams, which arise from the top of the protuberances of the middle shell,
+  are inserted into the deepest part of the valleys of the outer shell. Radial proportion of the
+  three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Outer medullary shell with small, irregular,
+  roundish, or polygonal pores, not much broader than the bars; innermost shell with polygonal pores
+  and very thin bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.28, middle <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.01'.">0.1</span>, inner 0.033; length of the spines 0.07, breadth
+  0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Cromyommida</span>,<a id="NtA_140"
+  href="#Nt_140"><sup>[140]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 449, 453.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with four
+  concentric spherical lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 104. <i>Cromyomma</i>,<a id="NtA_141" href="#Nt_141"><sup>[141]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 454.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with four concentric
+  lattice-spheres and numerous simple radial spines of one kind.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cromyomma</i> is the common ancestral form of the Cromyommida, or of
+  those Astrosph�rida in which the shell is composed of four concentric spheres, connected by radial
+  beams. Usually two of these are intracapsular or medullary <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page261">{261}</span>shells, two extracapsular or cortical shells; the distance between the
+  former and the latter is greater than the distance between either the two inner or the two outer
+  shells. In some cases, however (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Cromyomma zonaster</i>), the distance between all
+  four shells is equal.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Cromyommetta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the outer cortical shell regular, of nearly equal
+  size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cromyomma villosum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>,
+  fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Outer
+  cortical shell thick walled, densely covered with innumerable bristle-shaped radial spines, half
+  as long as the radius. Pores regular, circular, double-edged, of the same breadth as the bars; ten
+  to twelve on the radius. The thick outer shell is so dark, that the outlines only of the other
+  three shells can be seen.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) outer cortical shell 0.2, (B)
+  inner cortical shell 0.16, (C) outer medullary shell 0.08, (D) inner medullary shell 0.04; pores
+  and bars of the outer shell 0.008; length of the spines 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cromyomma zonaster</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthosph�ra zonaster</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 285, Taf. ii. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Outer
+  cortical shell thick walled, densely covered with numerous bristle-shaped radial spines, as long
+  as the radius. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the radius.
+  The thick outer shell is so dark, that the outlines only of the other three shells can be
+  seen.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.15, (B) 0.12, (C) 0.09, (D)
+  0.06; pores of the outer shell 0.01, bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Arctic Ocean, Greenland (depth 1000 fathoms), "Alert"
+  Expedition.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cromyomma perplexum</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cromyomma perplexum</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 95, Taf. iii.
+    fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Outer
+  cortical shell thick walled, densely covered with short conical spines, as long as the diameter of
+  the pores. These are regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the
+  radius. The thick outer shell is so dark, that the outlines only of the three other shells can be
+  seen.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.17, (B) <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads '0.013'.">0.13</span>, (C) 0.087, (D) 0.043; pores of the
+  outer shell 0.015, bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte) St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page262">{262}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cromyommura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the outer cortical shell irregular, of different
+  size and form.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Cromyomma perspicuum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>,
+  fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cromyosph�ra perspicua</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas (pl. xxx. fig. 8).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four shells = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;6&nbsp;:&nbsp;9. Outer
+  cortical shell very thin walled, with thread-like bars, and irregular, polygonal pores; inner
+  cortical shell with similar pores, but with thicker bars. Both medullary shells with regular,
+  circular pores (the outer three times as broad as the inner). Numerous thin radial beams connect
+  the latter with the former; other very thin and numerous beams connect the two cortical shells,
+  and are prolonged outside into short bristle-shaped spines (often longer than in the figure).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.18, (B) 0.12, (C) 0.05, (D)
+  0.02; pores of the outer shell 0.01 to 0.02; length of the spines 0.01 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Cromyomma quadruplex</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Cromyomma quadruplex</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 446.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma quadruplex</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 243.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;7&nbsp;:&nbsp;10. Outer
+  cortical shell thin walled, irregularly covered with numerous angular spines, as long as the
+  radius. Pores of all four shells irregular, roundish, increasing in size from the first to the
+  fourth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.15, (B) 0.1, (C) 0.045, (D)
+  0.015; pores of the outer shell 0.01 to 0.02; length of the spines 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Cromyomma macroporum</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cromyomma macroporum</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 95, Taf.
+    iii. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;6&nbsp;:&nbsp;9. Outer
+  cortical shell thick walled, densely covered with short conical spines, as long as the diameter of
+  the pores; the latter are irregular, roundish, or polygonal, larger and smaller alternating.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.1, (B) 0.066, (C) 0.033, (D)
+  0.011; pores of the outer shell 0.033 to 0.016, bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Cromyomma circumtextum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;5&nbsp;:&nbsp;7.  Outer
+  cortical shell very delicate and thin walled, with thread-like bars and large, irregular,
+  polygonal meshes (larger than the innermost shell); <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page263">{263}</span>inner cortical shell also with irregular, polygonal pores, three to nine
+  times as broad as the thick bars. Both medullary shells with subregular, circular pores (the outer
+  three times as broad as the inner). Radial spines twelve to twenty, three-sided prismatic, stout,
+  piercing the three outer shells, inserted on the innermost; their outer part pyramidal, half as
+  long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.22, (B) 0.15, (C) 0.07, (D)
+  0.03; meshes of the outer shell 0.02 to 0.04; length of the outer spines 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Cromyomma mucronatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>,
+  figs. 5, 5<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Outer
+  cortical shell thin walled, with large, irregular, roundish pores and crested three-sided bars;
+  inner cortical shell with regular, circular, hexagonally formed pores (four times as broad as the
+  bars). Both medullary shells with simple, small, regular, circular pores (fig. 5<i>a</i>). Twelve
+  radial spines three-sided prismatic, dagger-shaped, with three teeth, as long as the diameter of
+  the innermost shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.24, (B) 0.12, (C) 0.08, (D)
+  0.04; meshes of the outer shell 0.02 to 0.04; length of the spines 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 105. <i>Cromyechinus</i>,<a id="NtA_142" href="#Nt_142"><sup>[142]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 454.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with four concentric
+  lattice-spheres and numerous simple spines of two different kinds; larger main spines and smaller
+  by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cromyechinus</i> differs from <i>Cromyomma</i> in the same way as
+  <i>Echinomma</i> from <i>Actinomma</i>; the radial spines being differentiated into two different
+  kinds; a larger number of small by-spines, and a smaller number of large main spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cromyechinus icosacanthus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the three spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;6&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Outer
+  cortical shell very delicate, with very small, regular, circular pores, covered with very numerous
+  bristle-shaped by-spines, half as long as the radius; inner cortical shell with very large,
+  irregular, polygonal pores, three to eight times as broad as the bars. Both medullary shells with
+  regular, circular pores, connected with the former by twenty regularly disposed, very thin bars;
+  these are prolonged outside into twenty very stout, three-sided prismatic main spines, as long as
+  the radius, which arise from the inner cortical shell, and at the distal end are cuspidate.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.16, (B) 0.13, (C) 0.04, (D)
+  0.02; pores of the outer cortical shell 0.003, of the inner 0.03, bars 0.003; length of the spines
+  0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page264">{264}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cromyechinus dodecacanthus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>, figs. 3,
+  3<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;10&nbsp;:&nbsp;12. Outer
+  cortical shell very delicate, with very small, regular, circular pores, covered with numerous
+  short bristle-shaped by-spines, scarcely one-fourth as long as the radius; inner cortical shell
+  with very large, irregular, polygonal pores, twice to six times as broad as the bars. Both
+  medullary shells with very small, regular, circular pores, connected with the former by twelve
+  regularly disposed, thin radial beams; these are prolonged outside into twelve strong, three-sided
+  pyramidal main spines, one-third as long as the shell diameter. (Differs from the foregoing only
+  in the number and form of the radial spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.12, (B) 0.1, (C) 0.03, (D)
+  0.01; pores of the outer cortical shell 0.002, of the inner 0.02, bars 0.002; length of the spines
+  0.04, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cromyechinus polyacanthus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four spheres = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;8&nbsp;:&nbsp;10. Outer
+  cortical shell of the same structure as the inner, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to six
+  times as broad as the bars. Both medullary shells with small, regular, circular pores, twice as
+  broad as the bars. Connecting radial beams forty to sixty, thin, cylindrical, prolonged outside
+  into forty to sixty strong conical main spines, about as long as the radius. Between these,
+  numerous thin bristle-shaped by-spines, nearly of the same length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.25, (B) 0.2, (C) 0.05, (D)
+  0.025; pores of both cortical shells 0.01 to 0.03; length of the spines 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 237, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 106. <i>Cromyodrymus</i>,<a id="NtA_143" href="#Nt_143"><sup>[143]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 454.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with four concentric
+  lattice-spheres and numerous branched radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cromyodrymus</i> differs from its ancestral form, <i>Cromyomma</i>, in
+  the ramification of the radial spines, and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that
+  <i>Pityomma</i> among the Actinommida bears to <i>Actinomma</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cromyodrymus quadricuspis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>, figs. 7,
+  7<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four shells = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;6&nbsp;:&nbsp;12. All four
+  shells with regular, circular pores, about twice as broad as the bars. Radial proportion of the
+  pores in the four shells = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Radial spines fifty to
+  sixty, three-sided prismatic, half as long as the radius, with three recurved teeth, each spine in
+  this way bearing four points.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page265">{265}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.16, (B) 0.08, (C) 0.04, (D)
+  0.013; length of the spines 0.03 to 0.04, breadth 0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cromyodrymus abietinus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the four shells = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;5&nbsp;:&nbsp;11. All four
+  shells with irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars. Radial proportion
+  of the pores in the four shells = 9&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Radial spines
+  eighty to one hundred and twenty, about as long as the radius, branched like a pine tree, with six
+  to twelve ramified branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.22, (B) 0.1, (C) 0.04, (D)
+  0.02; length of the spines 0.12, breadth 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-east Pacific (Juan Fernandez), Station 299,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Caryommida</span>,<a id="NtA_144"
+  href="#Nt_144"><sup>[144]</sup></a> Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Arachnosph�rida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 354;
+  Prodromus, 1881, p. 454.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with five or more
+  concentric spherical lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 107. <i>Caryomma</i>,<a id="NtA_145" href="#Nt_145"><sup>[145]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Arachnosph�rida</span> with five to six or more
+  concentric spherical lattice-shells; two inner (intracapsular) medullary and three or more outer
+  (extracapsular) cortical shells, composed of ordinary lattice-work; distance between the former
+  and the latter greater than between any other two shells.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Caryomma</i> may be regarded as a <i>Cromyomma</i>, in which the
+  number of the cortical shells is increased to three, four, or more. These lie outside the central
+  capsule, whilst two medullary shells lie within it, and are connected with the former by numerous
+  radial spines piercing the wall of the capsule. The ordinary lattice-work is not arachnoidal, as
+  in the three following genera.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Caryomma regulare</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the five shells = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;6&nbsp;:&nbsp;8&nbsp;:&nbsp;10.
+  All five shells with regular, circular pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars, and
+  gradually increasing in size from the innermost to the outermost shell. Radial beams connecting
+  them twenty, prolonged on the surface into twenty stout, three-sided pyramidal, radial spines,
+  half as long as the radius, regularly disposed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the five shells&mdash;(A) 0.25, (B) 0.2, (C) 0.15, (D)
+  0.05, (E) 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page266">{266}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Caryomma irregulare</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial proportion of the six shells = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;8&nbsp;:&nbsp;10.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;13&nbsp;:&nbsp;15.
+  Both inner (medullary) shells with regular, circular pores, the other four (cortical) shells with
+  irregular, roundish pores, gradually increasing in size from the innermost to the outermost shell.
+  Radial spines sixty to eighty, pyramidal, irregularly disposed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the six shells&mdash;(A) 0.3, (B) 0.26, (C) 0.21, (D)
+  0.16, (E) 0.05, (F) 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 108. <i>Arachnopila</i>,<a id="NtA_146" href="#Nt_146"><sup>[146]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with five to ten or more
+  cortical, concentric, polyhedral, or spherical lattice-shells, composed of a very thin cobweb-like
+  network; innermost shell with hexagonal (regular) or polygonal (irregular) meshes; other shells
+  with simple triangular meshes, without diagonal threads between them.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Arachnopila</i>, together with the two following genera, forms the
+  peculiar small group of large Arachnosph�rida, separated from the true Caryommida by the totally
+  different structure and disposition of the numerous concentric shells; the former exhibits a
+  similar relation to the latter that the Diplosph�rida bears to the Elatommida among the
+  dispherical Haliommida. The concentric shells (five to ten or more) lie outside the central
+  capsule, and are composed of very delicate, cobweb-like threads. From the innermost shell arise
+  numerous, three-sided prismatic, very long spines, from which at equal regular distances arise
+  lateral branches (three pairs from each spine, and one pair from each corner). In
+  <i>Arachnopila</i> these threads pass directly from one spine to the other, and form simple,
+  large, triangular meshes between them. The concentric shells are not connected by interwoven
+  diagonal threads.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Arachnopila hexagonella</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Innermost shell with regular hexagonal pores; its diameter twice as long as the equal distance
+  between every two concentric shells. Radial spines twenty to forty, each with twenty to
+  twenty-four verticils.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the innermost shell 0.1; distance between the concentric
+  shells 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Arachnopila polygonella</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Innermost shell with irregular, polygonal pores; its diameter fully as long as the equal
+  distance between every two concentric shells. Radial spines sixty to eighty, each with twelve to
+  sixteen verticils.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the innermost shell 0.04; distance between the concentric
+  shells 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page267">{267}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 109. <i>Arachnopegma</i>,<a id="NtA_147" href="#Nt_147"><sup>[147]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 454.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with five to ten or more
+  cortical, concentric, polyhedral, or spherical lattice-shells, composed of a very thin,
+  cobweb-like network; innermost shell with hexagonal or polygonal meshes; other shells with simple
+  triangular meshes, connected to one another by diagonal threads between them.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Arachnopegma</i> differs from its ancestral form <i>Arachnopila</i>,
+  in the possession of peculiar diagonal threads, which connect the verticils or nodal-points of
+  every two neighbouring radial spines in two different neighbouring concentric shells. In this
+  case, therefore, not only do triangular meshes lie in the spherical faces of the concentric
+  spheres, but also between them, in numerous oblique diagonal planes; a very rare and remarkable
+  structure, and forming a transition to spongy shells.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Arachnopegma verticillatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Innermost shell with regular, hexagonal meshes; its diameter is the same as the equal distance
+  between each of the two shells. Threads of the network smooth. Radial spines twenty to forty, each
+  with fifteen to twenty verticils.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the innermost shell 0.04, distance between the concentric
+  shells 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Arachnopegma longispinum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Innermost shell with regular, hexagonal meshes; its diameter half as large as the equal
+  distance between every two shells. Threads of the network dentated or with small knots. Radial
+  spines fifty to sixty, each with twenty to twenty-five verticils.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the innermost shell 0.02; distance between the concentric
+  shells 0.04 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Arachnopegma increscens</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Innermost shell with regular, hexagonal meshes; its diameter quite as large as the distance
+  between it and the second shell; only half as large as the distance between the fourth and fifth
+  shells. Forty to fifty radial spines, each with fifteen to twenty verticils.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the innermost shell (A) 0.025; distance between the
+  following shells&mdash;A, B = 0.025, B, C = 0.03, C, D = 0.04, D, E = 0.048, E, F = 0.056, F, G =
+  0.064, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page268">{268}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 110. <i>Arachnosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_148" href="#Nt_148"><sup>[148]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 355.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with five to ten or more
+  cortical, concentric, polyhedral, or spherical lattice-shells, composed of a very thin cobweb-like
+  network; innermost shell with hexagonal (regular) or polygonal (irregular) meshes; other shells
+  with larger, irregular, polygonal meshes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Arachnosph�ra</i> (accurately described by me in 1862, <i>loc.
+  cit.</i>) differs from the two preceding genera in the irregular form of the large meshes in all
+  shells (except often the innermost). This is caused by the ramification of the thin threads, which
+  on each shell connect the neighbouring spines. In <i>Arachnopila</i> and <i>Arachnopegma</i> the
+  threads pass directly and undivided from each spine to the neighbouring spine (three pairs from
+  the three edges), and therefore all meshes are triangular. In <i>Arachnosph�ra</i> they become
+  polygonal by irregular ramification of the threads. There are here no diagonal threads.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Arachnosph�rella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the innermost shell regular, hexagonal.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Arachnosph�ra oligacantha</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Arachnosph�ra oligacantha</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 356, Taf.
+    x. fig. 2, Taf. xi. fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Innermost shell with regular, hexagonal meshes; its diameter three times as long as the equal
+  distances between every two concentric shells. Fifteen to twenty radial spines scattered at wide
+  intervals, each with six to eight verticils.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the innermost shell 0.12; distance between the concentric
+  shells 0.04 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Arachnosph�ra myriacantha</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Arachnosph�ra myriacantha</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 357, Taf.
+    x. fig. 3, Taf. xi. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Innermost shell with regular, hexagonal meshes; its diameter twice as long as the equal
+  distances between every two concentric shells.  At each nodal-point occurs one radial spine with
+  six to eight verticils (spines in all one hundred to one hundred and twenty or more).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the innermost shell 0.1; distance between the concentric
+  shells 0.04 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page269">{269}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Arachnosph�ra dolichacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Innermost shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, very small; its diameter only as long as the
+  equal distances between every two concentric shells. At each nodal-point occurs one radial spine
+  with twelve to sixteen verticils (altogether thirty to forty spines).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the innermost shell 0.05; distance between the concentric
+  shells 0.04 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Arachnosph�ra increscens</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Innermost shell with regular, hexagonal meshes; its diameter three times as long as the
+  distance between it and the second shell, quite as long as the distance between the fifth and
+  sixth shells; the distances between the concentric shells gradually increasing from the centre.
+  Radial spines about fifty to sixty, each with six to eight verticils.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the innermost shell (A) 0.75; distances between the
+  following shells&mdash;A, B = 0.025, B, C = 0.037, C, D = 0.05, D, E = 0.062, E, F = 0.075,
+  &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Arachnosph�romma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the innermost shell irregular, polygonal.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Arachnosph�ra tenuissima</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Innermost shell with irregular, polygonal meshes; its diameter twice as long as the equal
+  distance between every two concentric shells. Forty to fifty radial spines, each with twelve to
+  sixteen verticils.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the innermost shell 0.1, distance between the concentric
+  shells 0.04 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Arachnosph�ra velaris</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Innermost shell with irregular, polygonal meshes; its diameter twice as long as the distance
+  between it and the second shell, quite as long as the distance between the third and fourth
+  shells; the distance between the concentric shells gradually increasing from the centre. Radial
+  spines twenty to thirty, each with ten to twelve verticils.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the innermost shell (A) 0.5; distances of the following
+  shells&mdash;A, B = 0.025, B, C = 0.037, C, D = 0.05, D, E = 0.062, E, F = 0.075.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page270">{270}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Spongiommida</span>,<a id="NtA_149"
+  href="#Nt_149"><sup>[149]</sup></a> Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with spongy
+  spherical or polyhedral shell (with or without enclosed concentric lattice-shells).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 111. <i>Spongiomma</i>,<a id="NtA_150" href="#Nt_150"><sup>[150]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with solid spongy sphere, with
+  numerous simple radial spines, but without latticed medullary shells.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spongiomma</i> differs from its ancestral form, <i>Styptosph�ra</i>,
+  in the development of simple radial spines on the surface of the solid sphere, the entire mass of
+  which is composed of an irregular, spongy wicker-work.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Spongiommella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial spines on the surface of the spongy sphere all of
+  the same shape.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongiomma radiatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the solid sphere of the same structure throughout, with small, irregular,
+  polyhedral meshes and very thin thread-like bars. From the surface arise very numerous (one
+  hundred and twenty to one hundred and sixty or more) straight, bristle-shaped radial spines, as
+  long as the radius of the sphere (counting from the middle part of it).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy sphere 0.2; length of the radial spines
+  0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongiomma denticulatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the solid sphere of the same structure throughout, with small, almost equal
+  meshes, four to eight times as broad as the thin, elegantly denticulated bars; from the surface
+  arise very numerous (two hundred to three hundred or more) curved, radial spines, as long as the
+  radius, and of the same form as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.25; length of the spines 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongiomma spathillatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework in the central part of the sphere much denser and darker, and with smaller
+  meshes than in the peripheral part in which are very thin bars. Entire surface covered with <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page271">{271}</span>innumerable short, bristle-shaped radial spines, only
+  one-eighth as long as the radius, of the same elegant form as in <i><span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads 'Octodendrom'.">Octodendron</span> spathillatum</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>, figs. 2,
+  4); each spine developed in a zig-zag fashion, with very small beards, with a delicate spathillum
+  (or coronal of beard spines) at the distal end.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spheres 0.16; length of the spines 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spongiomma clavatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework in the central part of the sphere much denser and darker than in the
+  peripheral part. On the surface are sixty to eighty stout, club-shaped radial spines, as long as
+  the radius of the sphere, in the proximal half three-sided prismatic, with three dentated edges;
+  they begin at the middle of the radius (where the denser inner framework changes into the looser
+  outer) and are very thin at first but increase slowly in thickness towards the truncated distal
+  end. (Similar to <i>Centrocubus rhopalophorus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>, fig. 1, but
+  without the cubical medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.4; length of the spines 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spongiommura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial spines on the surface of the spongy sphere of two
+  different kinds; large main spines and small by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Spongiomma helioides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the sphere everywhere of the same structure, with almost equal meshes, ten
+  to twelve times as broad as the bars. Sixteen to twenty radial main spines, longer than the shell
+  diameter, three-sided prismatic, with three serrated edges, beginning about the middle of the
+  radius and increasing in thickness to the truncated distal end. Between them occur numerous thin,
+  bent, bristle-shaped by-spines. (Very similar to <i>Spongosph�ra helioides</i>, Monogr. d.
+  Radiol., Taf. xii. figs. 11-13, but without medullary shells.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.3; length of the main spines 0.4, of the
+  by-spines 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 352, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Spongiomma multiaculeum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongechinus multiaculeatus</i>, Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Wien, Bd. xlv. p. 29, Taf. v. figs. 60-63.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the sphere very compact, with small meshes, scarcely broader than the bars;
+  four to eight large main spines, three-sided pyramidal, longer than the shell radius; numerous
+  (thirty to forty) thin by-spines, scarcely half as long.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page272">{272}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.16; length of the main spines 0.11, of the
+  by-spines 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Alpine Jura, Schafberg near Salzburg
+  (Dunikowski).</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Spongiomma asteroides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework in the central part of the sphere much denser and darker than in the
+  peripheral part. Sixty to eighty cylindro-conical main spines, as long as the radius, between them
+  are numerous straight, bristle-shaped by-spines half that length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.28; length of the main spines 0.16, of the
+  by-spines 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 112. <i>Spongodrymus</i>,<a id="NtA_151" href="#Nt_151"><sup>[151]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 456.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with solid spongy sphere,
+  without latticed medullary shell, with numerous branched radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongodrymus</i> differs from the preceding <i>Spongiomma</i> in the
+  ramification of the numerous radial spines, covering the surface of the solid spongy sphere.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongodrymus elaphococcus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the solid sphere equal throughout, on the surface arising in the form of
+  very numerous (sixty to eighty or more) spongy cones with rather rhomboidal meshes. Each cone is
+  prolonged into a very thin, irregularly curved radial spine, which is twice as long as the shell
+  diameter, simple in the proximal half, branched like a tree in the distal half; each arborescent
+  spine has from sixteen to thirty-two terminal branches, which fall in one spherical face. The
+  branches of neighbouring spines are partly connected by anastomoses, so that they begin to form an
+  outer spherical shell (cortical shell) with a looser spongy framework.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the whole spherical skeleton (sphere formed by the distal
+  ends of the dichotomous branches) 0.9, of the inner solid spongy sphere 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 349, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongodrymus abietinus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework denser and darker in the central part of the sphere than in the peripheral
+  part, with rather coarse meshes and thick bars. From the surface arise very numerous (sixty to
+  eighty) stout, radial branches, as long as the shell radius, branched like a pine tree (with six
+  to twelve ramified branches). Similar in structure to <i>Cromyodrymus abietinus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>, fig. 6),
+  but with a quite irregular spongy texture in the central sphere.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.3; length of the spines 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page273">{273}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 113. <i>Spongechinus</i>,<a id="NtA_152" href="#Nt_152"><sup>[152]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 456.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with hollow, spongy sphere,
+  without latticed medullary shell in the central cavity, and with numerous simple radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongechinus</i> differs from its ancestral form, <i>Plegmosph�ra</i>,
+  in the development of numerous radial spines on the surface of the spongy sphere, within which is
+  enclosed a large spherical central cavity.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongechinus setosus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy sphere three times as broad as its inner cavity, with a very delicate, equal framework.
+  Entire surface covered with short, straight, bristle-shaped radial spines, about half as long as
+  the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.2, of its inner cavity 0.07; length of the
+  spines 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Azores, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongechinus serrulatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy sphere twice as broad as its inner cavity, with a delicate, equal framework. Entire
+  surface covered with short, curved, radial spines, which are elegantly denticulated, and as long
+  as the shell radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.3, of its cavity 0.15; length of the spines
+  0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongechinus cavus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy sphere only one-fourth broader than the large inner cavity, its spongy wall being only
+  one-fourth as thick as the radius, composed of three to four strata of irregular, small meshes.
+  Surface covered with short, bristle-shaped, curved spines, one-third as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.5, of its inner cavity 0.4; length of the
+  spines 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 114. <i>Spongothamnus</i>,<a id="NtA_153" href="#Nt_153"><sup>[153]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with hollow, spongy sphere,
+  without latticed medullary shell in the central cavity, and with numerous branched radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongothamnus</i> differs from the preceding <i>Spongechinus</i> in
+  the ramification of the numerous radial spines, covering the surface of the hollow spongy sphere;
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page274">{274}</span>it therefore exhibits the same relation to the
+  latter that <i>Spongodrymus</i> bears to <i>Spongiomma.</i></p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongothamnus furcatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy sphere twice as broad as its inner cavity, with very delicate bars, and irregular, dense
+  framework. From the surface arise one hundred and fifty to one hundred and eighty thin, forked,
+  bristle-shaped spines, half as long as the radius; both fork branches one-third as long as the
+  basal or simple part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.3, of its inner cavity 0.15; length of the
+  spines 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongothamnus scoparius</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy sphere four times as broad as its inner cavity, with thick bars and rather loose
+  framework. From the surface arise sixty to eighty broom-shaped radial spines, as long as the
+  radius, each in the basal half simple, in the distal half with six to twelve irregularly ramified
+  branches (similar to the spines of <i>Cromyodrymus abietinus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.4, of the inner cavity 0.1; length of the
+  spines 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 115. <i>Spongopila</i>,<a id="NtA_154" href="#Nt_154"><sup>[154]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 456.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with a single, spherical,
+  latticed medullary shell, immediately enveloped by the spongy framework of the cortical shell; on
+  the surface of the latter are numerous radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongopila</i> is a <i>Spongoplegma</i> with radial spines. On the
+  other hand it may be derived either from <i>Elaphococcus</i>, by communication of the branched
+  spines, or from <i>Arachnosph�ra</i>, by development of spongy branches between the concentric
+  spheres.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongopila dichotoma</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Medullary shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, six times as broad as the bars. From each
+  nodal-point (between every three meshes) arises a bristle-shaped radial spine, which is
+  dichotomously branched. By communication of the neighbouring branches the loose spongy framework
+  of the spherical cortical shell is formed, which is four times as broad as the medullary shell. On
+  the surface occur very numerous bristle-shaped radial spines, as long as the diameter of the
+  medullary shell. (May be derived from <i>Elaphococcus</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy cortical shell 0.3, of the medullary shell
+  0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page275">{275}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongopila verticillata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Medullary shell with regular, hexagonal meshes, four times as broad as the bars. From its
+  surface arise forty to sixty, three-sided prismatic radial spines, bearing eight to ten verticils
+  of lateral branches, each verticil with six forked branches (two from each edge). By irregular
+  ramification of these branches, and communication in all directions, the loose spongy framework of
+  the cortical shell originates, which is six times as broad as the medullary shell. The free distal
+  ends of the spines are as long as the shell radius. (May be derived from
+  <i>Arachnosph�ra</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy cortical shell 0.6, of the medullary shell
+  0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific, Station 200, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 116. <i>Rhizoplegma</i>,<a id="NtA_155" href="#Nt_155"><sup>[155]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 456.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with a single, spherical,
+  latticed medullary shell, which is not armed with by-spines, but connected by stout radial main
+  spines with the spongy cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Rhizoplegma</i> is immediately allied to the foregoing
+  <i>Spongopila</i>, but differs from it in the large interval separating both shells.  In this
+  interval lies the wall of the central capsule, which is only pierced by the radial spines
+  connecting both shells.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Rhizoplegmarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;No free lateral branches of the radial spines between the
+  two shells.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Rhizoplegma polyacanthum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy cortical shell with a very fine dense framework and nearly smooth surface (without
+  superficial by-spines).  Its inner cavity is four times as broad as the medullary shell, which
+  exhibits regular, hexagonal meshes.  Radial spines sixty to eighty, three-sided prismatic, with
+  three smooth edges, without lateral branches between both shells; their free outer part as long as
+  the shell radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy cortical shell 0.3, of its inner cavity 0.2, of
+  the medullary shell 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Rhizoplegma spirale</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy cortical shell with a very delicate loose framework and bristly surface.  Its inner
+  cavity three times as broad as the medullary shell, which exhibits regular, hexagonal meshes.
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page276">{276}</span>Radial spines thirty to forty, prismatic, with
+  three smooth, spirally contorted edges, without lateral branches between the two shells; their
+  free outer part half as long as the shell radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy cortical shell 0.2, of its inner cavity 0.12,
+  of the medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Rhizoplegma trigonacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy cortical shell with a rather loose framework and coarse bars, with nearly smooth surface
+  (without by-spines). Its inner cavity twice as broad as the medullary shell, which exhibits
+  irregular, roundish pores. Radial spines forty to sixty, prismatic, with three smooth straight
+  edges, without free branches between the two shells; their outer pyramidal part only one-third of
+  the shell radius. (Very similar to the common <i>Rhizosph�ra trigonacantha</i>, but with simple
+  medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.2, of its inner cavity 0.16, of the
+  medullary shell 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Rhizoplegmidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Between the two shells free lateral branches arise from
+  the three edges of the radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Rhizoplegma radicatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>, figs. 9,
+  9<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy cortical shell with a very loose framework; on the surface are innumerable thin, forked,
+  or repeatedly dichotomous by-spines. Its inner cavity three times as broad as the medullary shell,
+  which exhibits regular, hexagonal meshes (fig. 9<i>a</i>). Radial spines twelve, prismatic, with
+  straight dentated edges, their outer pointed part as long as the shell radius. Each spine between
+  the two shells has a verticil of three forked lateral branches (fig. 9<i>a</i>). The central
+  capsule completely distends the medullary shell, and forces out through each mesh a hernia-shaped
+  process (fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.5, of its inner cavity 0.25, of the
+  medullary shell 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Rhizoplegma lychnosph�ra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnosph�ra rhizoplegma</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas (pl. xi. fig. 5).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy cortical shell with a very loose framework, composed of long thin beams as in
+  <i>Lychnosph�ra regina</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-4). Surface covered with short bristles. Its inner cavity six times as broad as the
+  medullary shell, which exhibits regular, hexagonal meshes. Radial spines twelve, prismatic, with
+  three smooth edges; their outer pointed part half as long as the shell radius. Each spine has
+  three verticils of three forked branches; the first verticil is free <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page277">{277}</span>between the two shells, while the two following verticils, by
+  communication of their ramules, form the irregular framework. Central capsule with many herni�,
+  forced out through the meshes of the medullary shell (fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.7, of its inner cavity 0.45, of the
+  medullary shell 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 284, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 117. <i>Lychnosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_156" href="#Nt_156"><sup>[156]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 453.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with a single, spherical,
+  latticed medullary shell, which is armed with free radial by-spines, and connected by stout radial
+  main spines with the spongy cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lychnosph�ra</i>, known only by one single, large, and very remarkable
+  species, mainly differs from the foregoing in the development of free radial by-spines on the
+  surface of the medullary shell, and in the free interval between it and the cortical shell; but
+  beyond this the loose spongy framework of the latter exhibits a very remarkable structure, figured
+  in Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Lychnosph�ra regina</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate11"><b>11</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-4).</p>
+
+  <p>Medullary shell (fig. 3) with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as
+  the bars; from each hexagon-corner arises a radial, bristle-shaped by-spine, as long as the
+  diameter. Twelve radial main spines each as broad as one of the meshes, three-sided prismatic, six
+  to eight times as long as the medullary shell. From their three leaf-shaped (often somewhat
+  denticulated or spirally contorted) edges arise four verticils of lateral branches, each composed
+  of three forked, thin branches. The forked branches of the first verticil end free between the two
+  shells (figs. 2, 3), while the two following verticils are ramified, and, by anastomosis of their
+  branches, compose the loose spongy framework of the cortical shell. On the surface of the latter
+  arise numerous radial (zig-zag-shaped) by-spines. The fourth verticil is terminal, with three
+  shorter, thicker, dentated, simple branches, which constitute, together with the distal apex of
+  the spine itself, a bunch of four terminal spines. The large central capsule completely distends
+  the medullary shell, and forces out by its pores numerous club-shaped herni� (fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy cortical shell 0.6, of its inner cavity 0.4, of
+  the central capsule 0.22, of the medullary shell 0.06; length of the radial spines 0.4, breadth
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 118. <i>Centrocubus</i>,<a id="NtA_157" href="#Nt_157"><sup>[157]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with a single, cubical
+  medullary shell, immediately surrounded by the spongy framework of the cortical shell; from the
+  eight corners <span class="pagenum" id="page278">{278}</span>of the central cube arise eight
+  primary radial spines, and often others from the framework between them.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Centrocubus</i> and the following closely allied <i>Octodendron</i>
+  may represent a peculiar small group of Spongiommida, remarkable for the regular, cubical form of
+  the medullary shell, which is composed of twelve thin rods, corresponding to the twelve edges of a
+  mathematical cube; from the eight corners invariably arise eight primary radial spines, the
+  branches of which form the spongy cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Centrocubus octostylus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines eight, arising from the eight corners of the cubiform, regular, medullary shell,
+  gradually increasing in thickness towards the club-shaped distal end, which is five to six times
+  as broad as the central end. From the three denticulate edges of each spine arise six to eight
+  lateral branches, which ramify irregularly and form by their anastomosis the spongy framework
+  which is of nearly similar structure throughout, and with large loose meshes. The free distal part
+  of each spine is half as long as the enclosed part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.6, of the central cube 0.02; length of the
+  spines 0.15, distal thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Centrocubus cladostylus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines thirty-two, club-shaped, at the distal end eight to ten times as broad as at the
+  basal end. Eight primary spines arise from the eight corners of the regular, cubiform medullary
+  shell, and from these, in the form of lateral branches, twenty-four secondary spines arise with
+  concavely curved bases (three from the three denticulate edges of each spine, at nearly equal
+  distances from the centre). The free distal end of each of the thirty-two spines is of the same
+  shape, about half as long as the radius of the spongy sphere; framework much looser in the outer
+  than in the inner part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.8, of the central cube 0.02; length of the
+  spines 0.2, distal thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 256, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Centrocubus polystylus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines sixty to eighty, club-shaped, four to six times as broad at the distal as at the
+  basal end. Eight primary spines arise from the eight corners of the regular, cubiform medullary
+  shell, the remainder either springing as lateral branches from the three denticulate corners of
+  the former, or arising within the spongy framework, which is much denser and darker in the central
+  than in the peripheral part. The free distal end of each spine is one-third as long as the
+  radius.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page279">{279}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the sphere 0.9, of the central cube 0.02; length of the
+  spines 0.15, distal thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 119. <i>Octodendron</i>,<a id="NtA_158" href="#Nt_158"><sup>[158]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with a single, cubical
+  medullary shell, and eight primary radial spines arising from its eight corners; these are
+  connected at equal distances by a latticed, spherical, cortical shell, from which the spongy
+  framework directly springs; often from the latter secondary radial spines arise.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Octodendron</i> has the same regular, cubical medullary shell as the
+  preceding <i>Centrocubus</i>, but differs from it in the wide interval separating the medullary
+  shell from the inner spherical face of the spongy cortical shell, the two being connected only by
+  eight radial beams, arising from the eight corners of the cube.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Octodendridium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Only eight primary radial spines, arising from the eight
+  corners of the central cube.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Octodendron cubocentron</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines eight, club-shaped, with three denticulate, straight edges, twice as long as the
+  diameter of the central cavity of the cubical spongy shell; the inner face of the latter (or the
+  "inner cortical shell") exhibits the form of a large cube, the spongy sides of which are parallel
+  with the simple square sides of the central cube. The thin eight radial beams, connecting the
+  corresponding corners of both cubes, are not thicker than the edge-bars of the central cube,
+  whilst their outer prolongations are much thicker, with four to six verticils of lateral branches.
+  Surface of the thin walled, loose, spongy shell armed with short simple thorns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.2, of its inner cavity 0.1, of the
+  central cube 0.02; length of the spines 0.2 (from the centre 0.3).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Octodendron spirale</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines eight, three-sided prismatic, three times as long as the diameter of the inner
+  shell-cavity; their three edges denticulated and spirally contorted around the spine axis.
+  Thickness of the loose spongy shell-wall equal to the radius of the inner cavity, three times as
+  large as the central cube. Surface covered, with numerous thin, bristle-shaped, bent spinules.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page280">{280}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.24, of its inner cavity 0.12, of the
+  central cube 0.02; length of the spines 0.4, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 254, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Octodendron pinetum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines eight, three-sided prismatic, three to four times as long as the diameter of the
+  inner shell-cavity, with three spirally contorted edges. From each spine arise at equal distances
+  (equal to the half radius of the cavity) fifteen to twenty verticils of branches which increase in
+  size from the base of the spine. Each verticil is composed of six forked branches (two from each
+  spine-edge); the inferior are richly branched, and form by their connection the loose network of
+  the spongy cortical shell, the surface of which is covered with numerous bent threads. Each spine
+  bears a resemblance to a pine tree.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.3, of its inner cavity 0.15, of the
+  central cube 0.02; length of the spines 0.5 to 0.6, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Octodendron araucaria</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines eight, three-sided prismatic, with three spirally contorted edges, eight to ten
+  times as long as the diameter of the inner shell-cavity (the free distal portion twice to three
+  times as long). From each spine arise at equal distances thirty to thirty-five verticils of
+  branches, which decrease in size towards the distal end. Each verticil is composed of six forked
+  branches (two from each spine-edge); the inferior are richly ramified and form by their connection
+  the loose spongy framework; the distal branches bear on the free end elegant spathill� (as in the
+  following species). Surface covered with innumerable straight bristles, as long as the cavity
+  radius, and ending with a spathilla.  Diameter of the central capsule about equal to the radius of
+  the spongy sphere, its membrane is double-edged.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 1.4 mm., of its inner cavity 0.14, of the
+  central cube 0.02, of the central capsule 0.5 to 0.6; length of the spines 0.9 to 1.2, breadth
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Octodendron spathillatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>, figs. 2,
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines eight, three-sided prismatic, with contorted edges, five to eight times as long
+  as the diameter of the shell-cavity (the free part twice as long). From each spine arise ten to
+  twelve verticils of lateral branches; each verticil composed of three forked branches. The
+  proximal larger branches ramify richly, and form by their connection the loose spongy framework of
+  the spherical shell; the distal smaller branches are simple or bifurcated, and the ramules are
+  provided with an elegant spathillum at the end (fig. 4). Entire surface of the spongy sphere
+  covered with innumerable bristle-shaped radial spines (half as long as the cavity radius),
+  zig-zag, bent, with beards, and with a spathillum at the end.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page281">{281}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy sphere 1 mm., of its central cavity 0.15, of
+  the central cube 0.02; length of the spines 1 to 1.2 mm., breadth 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Octodendronium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial spines thirty-two or more, eight primary (arising
+  from the eight corners of the central cube) and twenty-four or more secondary (between them).</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Octodendron verticillatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines thirty-two, with three denticulate straight edges, six to eight times as long as
+  the diameter of the shell-cavity; the distal parts half free. Eight primary spines arise from the
+  eight corners of the central cube, twenty-four secondary from the edges of these (a verticil of
+  every three from each primary spine). Distal free parts of all thirty-two spines equal. Each spine
+  with eight to ten verticils of forked lateral branches, without spathill�. Surface of the spongy
+  sphere covered with short simple bristles.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.3, of its cavity 0.12, of the central
+  cube 0.02; length of the spines 0.7 to 1 mm., breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Octodendron contortum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines thirty-two, disposed in a similar manner to those of the former species (eight
+  primary and twenty-four secondary); also the spongy shell of the same shape. The difference arises
+  in the form of the spines, the three edges of which are much broader and spirally contorted around
+  the axis; and thus the corresponding branches of the verticil do not lie in the same
+  meridian-plane, but alternate one with another.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.4, of its cavity 0.1, of the central
+  cube 0.02; length of the spines 0.8 to 1.2, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Octodendron arboretum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines sixty to ninety, three-sided prismatic, with spirally contorted and denticulate
+  edges, six to eight times as long as the diameter of the inner shell-cavity. Eight primary arise
+  from the eight corners of the central cube, twenty-four others from their three edges (as in the
+  two former species); the remaining thirty to sixty spines seem to arise between the former and
+  immediately from the dense spongy framework, which is twice as thick as the diameter of the inner
+  shell-cavity. The numerous verticils of the free distal part are of equal shape in all the spines,
+  composed of three forked branches in the terminal, and of more ramified branches in the inferior
+  parts. Entire surface of the spongy shell covered with simple radial bristles, without
+  spathill�.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page282">{282}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.75, of its central cavity 0.15, of the
+  central cube 0.02; length of the spines 0.9 to 1.2, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific, Station 225, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 120. <i>Spongosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_159" href="#Nt_159"><sup>[159]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with two concentric latticed
+  medullary shells, connected by radial beams; the outer is immediately enveloped by the spongy
+  framework, and bears numerous radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongosph�ra</i> (in the definition here restricted) differs from
+  <i>Spongopila</i> in the double medullary shell, which in the latter is simple; it exhibits to the
+  latter the same relation that <i>Spongodictyon</i> among the Liosph�rida bears to
+  <i>Spongoplegma</i>. The outer medullary shell of <i>Spongosph�ra</i> is immediately enveloped by
+  the spongy wicker-work, which everywhere pierces the wall of the central capsule.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongosph�ra streptacantha</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongosph�ra streptacantha</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 455,
+    Taf. xxvi. figs. 1-3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy shell of polyhedric, irregular outline, the framework being prolonged sheath-like into
+  the eight to twelve radial spines, which are quite irregularly distributed, very large,
+  three-sided prismatic, with three serrated, spirally contorted edges; their length is twice to
+  four times as great as the diameter of the spongy body; they arise with thinner bases from the
+  outer medullary shell, which is three times as broad as the inner, both having roundish pores,
+  twice to four times as broad as the bars; surface without radial by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.2 to 0.6, outer medullary shell 0.04 to
+  0.06, inner 0.012 to 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; common in all warmer seas, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongosph�ra polyacantha</i>, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongosph�ra polyacantha</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 32, Taf. iv. figs. 1-4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy shell spherical, with ten to twenty large radial spines, which arise with thinner bases
+  from the medullary shell, and are prominent on the surface at different lengths; they are
+  three-sided prismatic (not four-sided), with three leaf-shaped straight edges. Whilst the spongy
+  framework is much looser than in the preceding species, both medullary shells have nearly the same
+  shape.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.2 to 0.5, outer medullary shell 0.04 to
+  0.06, inner 0.012 to 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Nice); Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page283">{283}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus <i>Spongosph�romma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial spines on the surface of the spongy shell of two
+  different kinds; large piercing main spines and small superficial by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongosph�ra helioides</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongosph�ra helioides</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p.456, Taf.
+    xii. figs. 11-13.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy shell spherical, with numerous curved, bristle-shaped by-spines on the surface, as long
+  as the radius. Main spines ten to twenty, irregularly disposed, prismatic, with three dentated,
+  spirally contorted edges, broader toward the distal end. Outer medullary shell three times as
+  broad as the inner, with polygonal meshes (of the same size as those in the spongy framework) and
+  fine bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.2, outer medullary shell 0.02, inner
+  0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina).</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spongosph�ra quadricuspis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy shell spherical, with numerous curved, bristle-shaped by-spines on the surface, half as
+  long as the radius. Main spines twenty to thirty, irregularly disposed, prismatic, with three
+  dentated, spirally contorted edges, and at the distal end four strong pyramidal divergent teeth
+  (three as terminations of the edges, the fourth as end of the spine axis). Outer medullary shell
+  twice as broad as the inner, both having circular, regular pores, twice to three times as broad as
+  the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.3, outer medullary shell 0.04, inner
+  0.013.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 121. <i>Rhizosph�ra</i>,<a id="NtA_160" href="#Nt_160"><sup>[160]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 840.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrosph�rida</span> with two concentric latticed
+  medullary shells, connected by radial beams; from the outer arise numerous radial spines, which at
+  equal distances are connected by a latticed spherical cortical shell, surrounded by a spongy
+  framework.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Rhizosph�ra</i> exhibits the same relation to <i>Spongosph�ra</i> that
+  <i>Rhizoplegma</i> bears to <i>Spongopila</i>; but in the latter the latticed medullary shell is
+  simple, in the two former double. The wall of the central capsule is pierced only by the radial
+  spines connecting the medullary and the cortical shells.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Rhizosph�ra trigonacantha</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Rhizosph�ra trigonacantha</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 452, Taf.
+    xxv. figs. 1-7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central cavity of the spongy cortical shell twice as broad as the diameter of the outer
+  medullary shell. Bars of all three shells of the same breadth as the thirty to fifty (or more)
+  radial spines, <span class="pagenum" id="page284">{284}</span>which are three-sided prismatic;
+  their outer free distal end only as long as the diameter of the inner medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.25, of its inner cavity 0.2, outer
+  medullary shell 0.1, inner 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
+  surface from many Stations.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Rhizosph�ra serrata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate18"><b>18</b></a>,
+  figs. 5-7).</p>
+
+  <p>Central cavity of the spongy shell five times as broad as the diameter of the outer medullary
+  shell. Bars of all three shells of the same breadth as the forty to sixty (or more) thin radial
+  beams between them. These are three-sided prismatic, with denticulate edges, scarcely half as
+  broad as their outer prolongations, which are half as long as the shell radius, and possess three
+  spirally contorted serrated edges. (The figured specimen is a young one; in the older specimens
+  the spongy framework of the cortical shell is much more developed.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.3, of its central cavity 0.22, outer
+  medullary shell 0.06, inner 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Rhizosph�ra leptomita</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Rhizosph�ra leptomita</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 453, Taf.
+    xxv. figs. 8-10.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central cavity of the spongy cortical shell twice as broad as the diameter of the outer
+  medullary shell; bars of both very thin, only one-third as broad as the bars of the inner
+  medullary shell. Radial spines thirty to fifty (or more), curved, three-sided prismatic; inside
+  the spongy shell as thin as their bars, outside three times as broad.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy shell 0.27, of its inner cavity 0.2, outer
+  medullary shell 0.1, inner 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina); Atlantic, Stations 348 to 354,
+  surface.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h3>Suborder PRUNOIDEA, Haeckel, 1883 (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>).</h3>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> with an ellipsoidal or cylindrical
+  central capsule, prolonged into one axis (sometimes articulate by annular transverse strictures);
+  with an ellipsoidal or cylindrical, fenestrated siliceous shell (often articulate by annular
+  strictures), invariably prolonged into one axis. Fundamental form monaxon, usually with the poles
+  of the prolonged dimensive main axis equal.</p>
+
+  <p>The suborder <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> comprises those <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> in which the fenestrated spherical shell appears prolonged into one
+  axis. The geometric fundamental form of the shell, which in the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> was a sphere, in this case therefore becomes an ellipsoid, and
+  whilst in the former all axes originally have the same value (Homaxonia), <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page285">{285}</span>here one main axis is constantly larger than all other axes (Monaxonia).
+  Usually both poles of this main axis are equal (Haplopola); but in some genera both poles become
+  different (Diplopola).</p>
+
+  <p>In the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> all planes going through the centre of the shell are
+  circular, whereas in the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> only those planes are circular which
+  are perpendicular to the main axis; all other planes going through the centre are elliptical; the
+  largest of these are the meridian planes, in which is situated the main axis. Commonly all
+  meridian planes are equal, as no transverse axes (or cross axes) are differentiated.</p>
+
+  <p>In my Monograph (1862) only very few forms of <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, such as
+  <i>Didymocyrtis</i> and <i>Spongurus</i>, are described, and the greater part of them are
+  distributed under different genera of <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, such as <i>Haliomma</i>
+  and <i>Actinomma</i>. In my Prodromus (1881) I separated them as the family Zygartida (p. <a
+  href="#page462">462</a>). But it seems now much more convenient to restrict this term to a
+  particular family and to give a wider extension to the whole suborder under the name <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> (called after the characteristic ellipsoidal form of a plum, or
+  <i>Prunus</i>, with its stone).</p>
+
+  <p>The suborder <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> comprises seven different families, of which
+  the Ellipsida constitutes the simplest and the probable common ancestral group. In all Ellipsida
+  the fenestrated shell is simple, and never composed of concentric or twin shells. In their
+  primitive genus <i>Cenellipsis</i>, the whole shell is geometrically nothing more than a simple
+  ellipsoid (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 2). By development of radial spines it passes into <i>Ellipsidium</i>, by development of
+  spongy framework into <i>Spongellipsis</i>. In the greater part of this family large spines are
+  developed on both poles of the main axis of the shell, but sometimes instead of these solid
+  spines, two opposite hollow fenestrated tubes are developed (<i>Pipettella</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>The second family of <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, the Druppulida, is much richer in
+  different forms than the simple Ellipsida. In this case the ellipsoidal shell is composed of two
+  or three (rarely more) concentric shells. Constantly one or two of these fenestrated shells are
+  enclosed in the central capsule, and may therefore be called "medullary shells"; and one or two
+  (rarely more) lie outside the central capsule, "cortical shells." The inner medullary shells (one
+  or two) are either spherical or ellipsoidal; the outer cortical shells (one or two, rarely more)
+  are always ellipsoidal. All concentric shells are connected by radial beams. In the simplest form
+  of the subfamily, <i>Druppula</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 3), one medullary shell is connected with one cortical shell. By duplication of the medullary
+  shell arises <i>Prunulum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 4), and by duplication or multiplication of the cortical shell <i>Cromyodruppa</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>, figs. 1-4)
+  is formed. In by far the greater portion of this subfamily large spines are developed on both
+  poles of the main axis of the cortical shell (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>), but
+  sometimes also instead of these solid spines two opposite hollow fenestrated tubes are developed
+  (<i>Pipetta</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  figs. 7, 8).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page286">{286}</span></div>
+
+  <p>A third family of <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, closely allied to the two preceding
+  families, is the Spongurida, in which we include all <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> with an
+  ellipsoidal or cylindrical, unjointed shell, in which the lattice-work of the cortical shell is
+  transformed into an irregular, siliceous framework. In the simplest form, <i>Spongellipsis</i>,
+  the simple lattice-shell of <i>Cenellipsis</i> is substituted by an external spongy envelope. In
+  other cases (<i>Spongurus</i> and allied genera) the whole cavity of this external spongy shell is
+  distended with a fine spongy framework. The subfamily of Spongodruppida is distinguished by the
+  possession of a simple or double latticed medullary shell; this lies in the midst of the central
+  capsule, and is connected by radial beams (perforating its membrane) with the enveloping spongy
+  cortical shell. The surface of the latter may bear either radial spines, or two opposite strong
+  polar spines, at the poles of the main axis (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, fig.
+  12).</p>
+
+  <p>Closely allied to the Ellipsida and Druppulida are two other families of the <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, the Artiscida and Cyphinida, which differ from the former by a
+  circular constriction in the equatorial plane of the ellipsoidal shell; and in this way assume a
+  characteristic twin form, like a figure of eight. In the Artiscida the shell is simple (as in the
+  Ellipsida), whereas in the Cyphinida it is composed of two or more concentric shells (as in the
+  Druppulida). The simplest form of the Artiscida is <i>Artiscus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 9),
+  differing from <i>Cenellipsis</i> in the ring-shaped, equatorial constriction. In other Artiscida
+  polar appendages are developed on both poles of the main axis, either in the form of solid, strong
+  spines (<i>Stylartus</i>), or hollow fenestrated tubes (<i>Cannartus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p>The family Cyphinida differs from the Druppulida in the equatorial constriction of the shell,
+  and from the Artiscida in the presence of two or more concentric shells. One or two of these
+  concentric fenestrated shells are enclosed in the central capsule (and therefore may be called
+  "medullary shells"); the others (one or two, rarely more) lie outside of the central capsule
+  (therefore "cortical shells"). The internal "medullary shells" are always spherical or somewhat
+  lenticular, compressed from both sides; the external "cortical shells" have constantly a ring-like
+  constriction in the equatorial plane, and "twin-shells" are therefore like a figure of eight. The
+  simplest form of this subfamily is <i>Cyphanta</i>, composed of a simple medullary shell and a
+  simple cortical shell, the two being connected in the equatorial plane by radial beams. In
+  Cyphonium (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 12) the medullary shell is doubled, and in <i>Cypassis</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 13)
+  the cortical shell likewise. On both poles of the main axis strong spines are often developed
+  (<i>Cyphinus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 14), or hollow fenestrated tubes (<i>Cannartidium</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, figs.
+  16-19).</p>
+
+  <p>The equatorial constriction of the ellipsoidal shell, which characterises the Artiscida and
+  Cyphinida, is repeated or multiplied in the two following families, in the Panartida and
+  Zygartida; in the former we find three ring-like strictures, in the latter five or more (lying in
+  parallel transverse planes); therefore the fenestrated shell is composed in the one instance of
+  four chambers, in the other of six or <span class="pagenum" id="page287">{287}</span>more; all the
+  chambers form a single series and have a common main axis. All constrictions lie in planes
+  parallel to the equatorial plane of the original ellipsoid; in the centre of the latter constantly
+  lies a double "medullary shell," composed of two concentric, either spherical or lenticular,
+  compressed shells. In all Panartida we call the two inner chambers (on both sides of the
+  equatorial constriction) "proximal chambers," the two outer chambers (on the poles of the main
+  axis) "distal chambers." The four-chambered cortical shell of the Panartida is either simple (in
+  <i>Panartus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-4) or double, with an external mantle (as in <i>Peripanartus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, figs. 5-7).
+  The simplest form of the subfamily is <i>Panartus</i> (<i>loc. cit.</i>). In this case also on
+  both poles of the main axis may be developed solid spines, or hollow fenestrated tubes
+  (<i>Panarium</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>The seventh and last family of the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, the Zygartida is most
+  nearly allied to the Panartida, and appears as a further developmental step from that family.
+  Whilst in the Panartida the cortical shell is constantly four-chambered, with three parallel
+  ring-like constrictions, in the Zygartida it is always prolonged and composed of six or more
+  chambers, separated by five or more ring-shaped constrictions, in the middle of which is the
+  equatorial stricture. In the centre of the latter (as also in the Panartida) always lies the
+  double medullary shell, composed of two concentric, spherical, or lenticular shells. The number of
+  the chambers of the cortical shells is commonly six or eight (with five to seven ring strictures),
+  but it often mounts to ten and sometimes to twenty (with nineteen strictures), as in some species
+  of <i>Zygartus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 13). All the chambers lie in one series, one behind another, with a common main axis. The
+  cortical shell is usually simple (in <i>Ommatocampe</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 10),
+  sometimes double (in <i>Desmocampe</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 12), rarely triple (in <b>Zygocampe</b>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 13).
+  In all three cases hollow fenestrated tubes may be developed on the poles of the main axis.</p>
+
+  <p>The morphological references and the phylogenetic affinities of all <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> are so complex, that they seem to represent a quite natural group;
+  all forms of it may be derived from the common ancestral form <i>Cenellipsis</i>. But a far more
+  difficult question is the manner in which its pedigree may be constructed. The oldest family is
+  probably the simplest, namely, Ellipsida. From this the Druppulida may be derived by production of
+  medullary shells, the Artiscida by equatorial constriction. The Cyphinida can be produced either
+  from the Druppulida by equatorial constriction or from the Artiscida by development of medullary
+  shells. The Panartida appear as further developmental steps of the Cyphinida, by duplication of
+  the chamber number; and the Zygartida as further productions of the Panartida, by increasing the
+  number of the chambers.</p>
+
+  <p>The seven subfamilies of the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> can be arranged in two sections
+  according to the presence or absence of medullary shells. The Ellipsida, Spongellipsida, and
+  Artiscida possess a simple cortical shell, without a medullary shell; they represent the <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page288">{288}</span>section Cenoprunida. All other families possess medullary
+  shells, and so represent the section Coccoprunida.</p>
+
+  <p>Another character, which can be employed in the arrangement of the seven subfamilies in some
+  larger groups, is the presence or absence of ring-like constrictions, by which the cortical shell
+  is divided into chambers. I. The Monoprunida comprise all forms without any constriction, of which
+  the Ellipsida are without a medullary shell, the Druppulida with one or two medullary shells, and
+  the Spongurida with a spongy cortical shell. II. The Dyoprunida contain all forms with a cortical
+  twin shell, or with two chambers separated by one equatorial constriction, of which the Artiscida
+  are without a medullary shell and the Cyphinida have one or two medullary shells. III. The
+  Polyprunida comprise all forms with several (three or more) constrictions, which separate four or
+  more chambers, of which the Panartida have three constrictions and four chambers, and the
+  Zygartida five or more constrictions and six or more chambers.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> is originally ellipsoidal
+  (monaxial), and preserves this form in the greater part of the genera. In some groups, where the
+  axis of the ellipsoid is much prolonged, it passes over to the cylindrical form (with
+  hemispherical vaultings on both poles), as in <i>Spongurus</i> and <i>Spongocore</i>, in many
+  Panartida and Zygartida. Very often the ellipsoidal or cylindrical capsule gets annular transverse
+  constrictions, corresponding to those of the enveloping cortical shell (one single, equatorial
+  stricture in the Artiscida and Cyphinida, three strictures in the Panartida, five or more in the
+  Zygartida). In the Cenoprunida (Ellipsida and Artiscida, also in <i>Spongellipsis</i>) the central
+  capsule lies freely in the cavity of the cortical shell, separated from its inner surface by the
+  jelly-envelope; in all other groups it contains a part of the skeleton, the medullary shell and
+  the beams which connect it with the enveloping cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Families of</i> <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>.</h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w50 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Families of Prunoidea"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Families of Prunoidea">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi ac w40 sp0">
+        <p>A. MONOPRUNIDA.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">Shell without transverse stricture</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05"><i>a.</i> Shell simple, latticed (not spongy), without enclosed
+      internal shells,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">1. <span class="sc">Ellipsida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05"><i>b.</i> Shell composed of two or more concentric latticed shells (not
+      spongy),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">2. <span class="sc">Druppulida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05"><i>c.</i> Shell partially or wholly composed of an irregular spongy
+      framework,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">3. <span class="sc">Spongurida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi ac sp0">
+        <p>B. DYOPRUNIDA.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">Shell bilocular, divided by an equatorial stricture into two
+        communicating hemi-ellipsoidal shells.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05"><i>d.</i> Shell simple, without enclosed internal shells,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">4. <span class="sc">Artiscida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05"><i>e.</i> Shell composed of two or more concentric shells,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">5. <span class="sc">Cyphinida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi ac sp0">
+        <p>C. POLYPRUNIDA.</p>
+        <p class="sp0 acsni">Shell multilocular, divided by three or more parallel transverse
+        strictures into four or more serial camer�.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05"><i>f.</i> Shell with three parallel strictures and therefore four
+      camer�,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">6. <span class="sc">Panartida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05"><i>g.</i> Shell with five or more parallel strictures and therefore six
+      or more camer�,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">7. <span class="sc">Zygartida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Families of Prunoidea"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Families of Prunoidea">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">A. MONOPRUNIDA. Shell without transverse stricture</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><i>a.</i> Shell simple, latticed (not spongy), without enclosed
+      internal shells,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. <span class="sc">Ellipsida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><i>b.</i> Shell composed of two or more concentric latticed shells
+      (not spongy),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. <span class="sc">Druppulida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><i>c.</i> Shell partially or wholly composed of an irregular
+      spongy framework,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. <span class="sc">Spongurida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">B. DYOPRUNIDA. Shell bilocular, divided by an equatorial stricture into two
+      communicating hemi-ellipsoidal shells.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><i>d.</i> Shell simple, without enclosed internal shells,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. <span class="sc">Artiscida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><i>e.</i> Shell composed of two or more concentric shells,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">5. <span class="sc">Cyphinida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">C. POLYPRUNIDA. Shell multilocular, divided by three or more parallel
+      transverse strictures into four or more serial camer�.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><i>f.</i> Shell with three parallel strictures and therefore four
+      camer�,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">6. <span class="sc">Panartida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3"><i>g.</i> Shell with five or more parallel strictures and
+      therefore six or more camer�,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">7. <span class="sc">Zygartida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page289">{289}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Family XI. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Ellipsida</span></span>, Haeckel, 1882 (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> with simple ellipsoidal shell,
+  without equatorial stricture (without enclosed medullary shell); network a simple lattice lamella,
+  not spongy. Central capsule ellipsoidal or cylindrical, without annular equatorial
+  constriction.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Ellipsida</span> comprises the simplest forms of <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, and probably represents the ancestral forms of this whole suborder.
+  The fenestrated shell, which encloses the ellipsoidal central capsule, is a perfectly simple
+  "cortical shell" of the same form, without enclosed "medullary shell." Its form is commonly a
+  regular monaxial ellipsoid; sometimes a little modified by unequal growth of the two poles of the
+  main axis. Two opposite large spines are often developed at these poles, or it may be that instead
+  of these, two hollow fenestrated tubes are present.</p>
+
+  <p>The ellipsoidal fenestrated shell exhibits in the regular Ellipsida all the characters of a
+  geometric ellipsoid; one main axis surpasses in length all other possible axes. All sections going
+  through this main axis are "meridian sections," with elliptical periphery; all sections
+  perpendicular to the main axis are "transverse sections," with circular periphery. The largest of
+  these is the equatorial section, which divides the main axis into halves. The diameter of this
+  equatorial plane is the "minor axis" of the ellipsoid.</p>
+
+  <p>The proportion of the two axes of the ellipsoidal shell, of the major vertical or main axis and
+  the minor horizontal or equatorial axis, is commonly between 6&nbsp;:&nbsp;5 and 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.
+  In the former case it approaches the spherical shell, from which it is derived; in the latter case
+  it becomes almost fusiform or cylindrical. The network of silex, constituting the shell, is
+  constantly a simple latticed lamella, never composed of concentric shells (as in Druppulida) or
+  spongy (as in Spongurida). The network is often very regular and elegant, in other cases
+  irregular.</p>
+
+  <p>The simplest genus among the Ellipsida, and probably the common ancestral form of the whole
+  subfamily, is the genus <i>Cenellipsis</i>, possessing a simple ellipsoidal shell without any
+  appendages. It is derived from <i>Cenosph�ra</i> (the simplest spherical shell) by the
+  prolongation of one axis. <i>Cenellipsis</i> passes over into <i>Ellipsidium</i> by the production
+  of radial spines on the surface (corresponding to <i>Heliosph�ra</i>). <i>Axellipsis</i> is a
+  peculiar genus differing from <i>Cenellipsis</i> in an axial rod, which corresponds to the minor
+  or equatorial axis. In all other genera of the subfamily both poles of the main axis are
+  distinguished by peculiar polar prolongations, either hollow fenestrated tubes (as in
+  <i>Pipettella</i>) or strong solid spines. Both polar spines are of equal size and similar form in
+  <i>Ellipsoxiphus</i>, unequal in <i>Ellipsostylus</i>. From the latter is derived
+  <i>Lithapium</i>, by reduction and loss of one spine (so that only one remains);
+  <i>Lithomespilus</i>, by production of a bunch of several spines at one pole. In the three latter
+  genera both poles of the main axis are unequal, in all others equal.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page290">{290}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The central capsule of the Ellipsida is in all cases ellipsoidal, and occupies the largest part
+  of the shell, being separated from its inner surface by a thinner or thicker jelly-mantle.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Ellipsida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Ellipsida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Ellipsida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Ellipsoidal shell without polar appendages (neither
+      solid spines nor hollow tubes at the poles of the axis).</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Surface without radial spines.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell cavity simple, without an axial rod,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">122. <i>Cenellipsis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell cavity with a transverse axial rod,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">123. <i>Axellipsis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Surface covered with radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">124. <i>Ellipsidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Ellipsoidal shell with polar appendages (either solid
+      spines or hollow fenestrated tubes) at the poles of the main axis.</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace14sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Solid spines of similar shape, at both poles of the main
+      axis.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell cavity simple, without axial rods,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">125. <i>Ellipsoxiphus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell cavity with a cross of axial rods,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">126. <i>Axoprunum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Solid spines of different shape, at both poles of the main
+      axis.</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two polar spines of different shape,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">127. <i>Ellipsostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">A bunch of spines at one pole only,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">128. <i>Lithomespilus</i></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Only a single spine at one one pole,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">129. <i>Lithapium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Two hollow fenestrated tubes opposite, at the poles of the
+      main axis,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">130. <i>Pipettella</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Ellipsida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Ellipsida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">Ellipsoidal shell without polar appendages (neither solid spines nor hollow
+      tubes at the poles of the axis).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Surface without radial spines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell cavity simple, without an axial rod,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">122. <i>Cenellipsis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell cavity with a transverse axial rod,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">123. <i>Axellipsis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Surface covered with radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">124. <i>Ellipsidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">Ellipsoidal shell with polar appendages (either solid spines or hollow
+      fenestrated tubes) at the poles of the main axis.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Solid spines of similar shape, at both poles of the main
+      axis.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell cavity simple, without axial rods,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">125. <i>Ellipsoxiphus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell cavity with a cross of axial rods,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">126. <i>Axoprunum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Solid spines of different shape, at both poles of the main
+      axis.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two polar spines of different shape,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">127. <i>Ellipsostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">A bunch of spines at one pole only,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">128. <i>Lithomespilus</i></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Only a single spine at one one pole,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">129. <i>Lithapium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two hollow fenestrated tubes opposite, at the poles of the main
+      axis,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">130. <i>Pipettella</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 122. <i>Cenellipsis</i>,<a id="NtA_161" href="#Nt_161"><sup>[161]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition</i>.&mdash;<span class="gsp">Ellipsida</span> with simple ellipsoidal shell,
+  without radial spines and without polar tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cenellipsis</i> is the simplest and most primitive form, not only
+  among the Ellipsida, but also among the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, and it may therefore
+  be regarded as the common ancestral form of the whole family. It corresponds to <i>Cenosph�ra</i>
+  among the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, to <i>Cenodiscus</i> among the <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, to <i>Cenolarcus</i> among the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>.
+  Probably it is derived from <i>Cenosph�ra</i> by prolongation of one axis.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Cenellipsium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the shell regular, with meshes of equal size
+  and similar form.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page291">{291}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cenellipsis primitiva</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis of the ellipsoid to the shorter = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Network of the
+  thin wall very delicate and regular, with hexagonal pores. All pores of nearly the same size and
+  form, ten to twelve times as broad as the bars; nine to twelve on the half equator of the shell.
+  Surface smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.09 to 0.11, shorter axis 0.06 to 0.08;
+  pores 0.01, bars between them 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cenellipsis faceta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis of the ellipsoid to the shorter = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Network of the
+  thin wall delicate and regular. All the pores of the same size and form, circular, with a
+  hexagonal frame, twice to three times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half equator.
+  Surface smooth or slightly spiny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.12 to 0.13, shorter axis 0.09 to 0.1;
+  pores 0.013, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area. Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cenellipsis ehrenbergii</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma (?) cenosph�ra</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 74, Taf xxvi. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Network of the thin wall
+  regular or subregular. All pores circular, nearly of the same size, without hexagonal frame, three
+  to four times as broad as the bars; eight to nine on the half equator. Surface covered with small
+  thorns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.16 to 0.2, shorter axis <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads '0.8'.">0.08</span> to 0.1; pores 0.1, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados (Ehrenberg,
+  Haeckel).</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Cenellipsis circopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Network of the thin wall
+  delicate and regular. All pores circular, nearly of the same size, without hexagonal frame, twice
+  as broad as the bars; fifteen to twenty on the half equator. Surface quite smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.15 to 0.2, shorter axis 0.09 to 0.12;
+  pores 0.08, bars 0.4.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Cenellipsis micropora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Network of the thick wall quite
+  regular. All pores circular, without hexagonal frame, very small, scarcely half as broad as the
+  bars; six to eight on the half equator. Surface quite smooth.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page292">{292}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.1, shorter axis 0.08; pores 0.004, bars
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 289, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cenellipsula</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the shell irregular, with meshes of different
+  size or form.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Cenellipsis heteropora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2 or = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Network of
+  the thin wall very irregular, with polygonal meshes of different size and form (for the most part
+  pentagonal or hexagonal, but also many tetragonal or heptagonal). The largest pores four to six
+  times as broad as the smallest; ten to twenty pores on the half equator; bars between them thin.
+  Surface smooth or somewhat spiny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.18 to 0.22, shorter axis 0.1 to 0.12;
+  pores 0.004 to 0.008, bars 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, near the Cocos Islands, surface, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Cenellipsis maxima</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Network of the thin wall very
+  irregular, with polygonal meshes of very different size and form, twice to eight times as broad as
+  the bars; fifty to sixty on the half equator. Surface smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.36, shorter axis 0.25; pores 0.004 to
+  0.015, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Cenellipsis ovulum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Network of the thin wall very
+  irregular, with roundish or longish pores of very different size and form. Pores flat, with even
+  margins, thirty to forty on the half equator, twice to six times as broad as the bars. Surface
+  smooth. (This species being observed alive, showed a transparent central capsule of ellipsoidal
+  form, two-thirds as large as the shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.3, shorter axis 0.2; pores 0.04 to
+  0.012, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, Haeckel; Pacific, central area, Station
+  266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Cenellipsis infundibulum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Network of the thick wall
+  irregular, with roundish pores of different size and form. Pores funnel-like, with prominent,
+  irregular, spiny <span class="pagenum" id="page293">{293}</span>crests between them, their outer
+  aperture three to four times as broad as the inner; twelve to fifteen pores on the half equator.
+  Surface prickly.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.14, shorter axis 0.11; outer aperture
+  of the pores 0.01 to 0.012, inner aperture 0.003 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Cenellipsis oblonga</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. Network of the thick wall
+  irregular, with roundish pores of different size and form. Pores with prominent conical edges,
+  about as broad as the bars; twenty to twenty-five on the half equator. Sometimes each pore is
+  prolonged into a short conical tubulus.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.22, shorter axis 0.12; pores and bars
+  0.008 to 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 123. <i>Axellipsis</i>,<a id="NtA_162" href="#Nt_162"><sup>[162]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Ellipsida</span> with simple ellipsoidal shell,
+  without radial spines or polar tubes, but with an inner transverse axial rod, which corresponds to
+  the shorter axis of the ellipsoid.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Axellipsis</i> differs from the simple <i>Cenellipsis</i> in a very
+  peculiar character, namely, the presence of an inner siliceous bar marking the minor axis of the
+  ellipsoidal shell. If in some forms of <i>Druppula</i> (e.g., Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 3) we
+  remove the central medullary shell and prolong both beams (connecting it with the cortical shell)
+  till they unite in the centre, we shall arrive at <i>Axellipsis</i>. Therefore <i>Axellipsis</i>
+  may be derived in the same way from <i>Druppula</i> as <i>Axoprunum</i> is from
+  <i>Lithatractus</i>, by phyletic loss of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Axellipsis perforata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.  Pores of the
+  shell regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Surface
+  smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the shell 0.12, shorter axis 0.08; pores 0.006, bars
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Axellipsis lobata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Meshes of the shell irregular,
+  roundish, lobed, with three to six indentations (each mesh formed by the confluence of three to
+  six, commonly <span class="pagenum" id="page294">{294}</span>four or five, smaller pores); eight
+  to nine meshes on the half equator, these being twice to four times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the shell 0.1, shorter axis 0.08; pores 0.007 to 0.01,
+  bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical zone of the Western Pacific, Station 225,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 124. <i>Ellipsidium</i>,<a id="NtA_163" href="#Nt_163"><sup>[163]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Ellipsida</span> with simple ellipsoidal shell, with
+  numerous radial spines on the surface, without polar spines or tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Ellipsidium</i> differs from <i>Cenellipsis</i> solely in the
+  development of numerous radial spines on the surface, and exhibits the same phylogenetic relation
+  to it that <i>Heliosph�ra</i> bears to <i>Cenosph�ra</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Ellipsidium pandanidium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis of the ellipsoid to the shorter = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Shell thick
+  walled, with regular and hexagonal meshes, twice as broad as the bars; eighteen to twenty on the
+  half equator. In each hexagon-corner (between three pores) arises a short, three-sided pyramidal
+  spine, half as long as the equatorial radius, and as thick at the base as a single mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the ellipsoid 0.15, minor 0.12; pores 0.006, bars 0.003;
+  length of the radial spines 0.03, basal breadth 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados (Haeckel).</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Ellipsidium datura</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis of the ellipsoid to the shorter = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Shell thick
+  walled, with regular, circular meshes, twice as broad as the thick bars between them eight to ten
+  meshes on the half equator. Outer surface of the shell thorny, covered with short, conical, radial
+  spines, which are regularly distributed (one spine between every three meshes), and about as long
+  as the diameter of the meshes. (The shell is similar to the outer shell of <i>Haliomma
+  castanea</i>, Haeckel, Monogr. d. Radiol., Taf. xxiv. fig. 4.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the ellipsoid 0.12, minor axis 0.09; meshes 0.012, bars
+  0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western part of the Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Ellipsidium artocarpus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Shell thick walled, with
+  regular, circular meshes, separated by deep furrows, which represent a regular, hexagonal
+  framework; on the half equator twelve to fifteen meshes, scarcely broader than the broad bars
+  between them. Outer <span class="pagenum" id="page295">{295}</span>surface spiny; between every
+  three meshes arises a strong radial spine, twice to three times as long as the diameter of the
+  meshes; the base of the spine is like a three-sided pyramid.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the ellipsoid 0.12, minor axis 0.08; meshes 0.006, bars
+  0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Ellipsidium opuntia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Shell thin walled, with
+  irregular, roundish meshes of different size and form, about twice to three times as broad as the
+  irregular, thin bars between them; ten to fifteen meshes on the half equator. Between the meshes
+  arise numerous thin, bristle-like, radial spines, about as long as the shorter radius of the
+  shell. The number of the meshes may be three to four times as great as the number of the
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the ellipsoid 0.15, minor axis 0.12; pores 0.006 to
+  0.01, bars 0.003 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Southern Pacific, Station 284, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Ellipsidium echinidium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Shell thick walled, with
+  irregular, roundish pores of different size and form, about as large or somewhat smaller than the
+  broad bars; twelve to sixteen pores on the half equator. On the surface, irregularly scattered,
+  twenty to thirty strong, three-sided pyramidal, radial spines, one-fourth to one-half as long as
+  the main axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the ellipsoid 0.16, minor 0.12; pores and bars 0.002 to
+  0.008; length of the radial spines 0.04 to 0.08, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 125. <i>Ellipsoxiphus</i>,<a id="NtA_164" href="#Nt_164"><sup>[164]</sup></a>
+  Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Wien, vol. xlv. p. 25.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Ellipsida</span> with simple ellipsoidal shell, the
+  main axis of which is prolonged at both poles into two strong opposite spines of equal size and
+  similar form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Ellipsoxiphus</i> was established by Dunikowski (in 1882, <i>loc.
+  cit.</i>) for those simple amphistylous fenestrated shells, formerly united with
+  <i>Xiphosph�ra</i>, in which the mathematical form of the shell itself is not a true sphere, but
+  an ellipsoid. It may therefore be derived from <i>Xiphosph�ra</i> by prolongation of the axis in
+  which lie both polar spines; but it may also be derived from <i>Cenellipsis</i> by the production
+  of two equal spines at the poles of the main axis.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page296">{296}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Ellipsoxiphetta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the shell regular, with pores of equal size and
+  similar form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Ellipsoxiphus elegans</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Shell thick
+  walled, with regular, circular meshes, separated by a regular, hexagonal elevated framework. From
+  each hexagon-corner arises (between every three meshes) a short thin spine, about as long as the
+  diameter of a mesh; twelve to fourteen meshes on the half equator, of the same breadth as the
+  bars. Polar spines three-sided prismatic, cuspidate, about as long as the axis of the shell. (This
+  elegant and not uncommon species is remarkable for its variations. By unequal development of both
+  spines it passes over to <i>Ellipsostylus</i>.) In the figured variety (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, fig. 7) the
+  ends of the surface spines are connected by a very delicate network, so as to form an outer veil.
+  This may further be separated as a peculiar genus <i>Ellipsoxiphium palliatum</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.08 to 0.13, shorter axis 0.06 to 0.11; pores and bars
+  0.008; length of the polar spines 0.06 to 0.12, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, from 2350 to 2925
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Ellipsoxiphus flosculus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 6&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Shell very thick walled, with
+  regular, hexagonal meshes, eight to nine on the half equator, three to four times as broad as the
+  bars. The inner contour of the meshes is circular, the outer six-lobed (similar to <i>Xiphostylus
+  phasianus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>,
+  fig. 9). Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the major axis of the shell; their
+  basal thickness equals one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.12, shorter axis 0.1; pores 0.012 to 0.015, bars 0.004;
+  length of the polar spines 0.12 to 0.15, basal breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados (Teuscher).</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Ellipsoxiphus fragilis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Shell thin walled, with regular,
+  circular meshes, twice as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Surface smooth.
+  Polar spines cylindrical, at the apex conical, half as long as the major axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.16, shorter axis 0.12; pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length
+  of the polar spines 0.09, basal breadth 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Ellipsoxiphilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the shell irregular, with pores of different
+  size or form.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page297">{297}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Ellipsoxiphus claviger</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Xiphosph�ra clavigera</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Shell thick walled, with irregular
+  network; meshes roundish or circular, double contoured, of unequal size, twice to four times as
+  broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half equator. Polar spines club-shaped, with prominent
+  edges, about as long as the minor axis; thicker in their middle part than at both ends (differs
+  from <i>Xiphosph�ra clavigera</i> by the ellipsoidal form of the shell, and the double length of
+  the spines).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.15. shorter axis 0.12; pores 0.007 to 0.015, bars 0.004;
+  length of the polar spines 0.12, thickness in the middle part 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Ellipsoxiphus suessi</i>, Dunikowski.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ellipsoxiphus suessi</i>, Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Wien, Bd. xlv. p. 26, Taf. v. fig. 50.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 7&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Shell thick walled, with
+  irregular, roundish meshes, six to eight on the half equator, twice to three times as broad as the
+  bars. Polar spines nearly cylindrical, blunt, as long as the major axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.14; shorter axis 0.1; pores 0.018 to 0.023, bars 0.01;
+  length of the polar spines 0.12; thickness of them 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Alpine Lias, Schafberg near Salzburg,
+  Dunikowski.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Ellipsoxiphus parvoforaminus</i>, Dunikowski.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ellipsoxiphus parvoforaminus</i>, Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Wien, Bd. xlv. p. 26, Taf. v. fig. 51.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 7&nbsp;:&nbsp;6.  Shell thick walled, with
+  irregular, roundish or oval meshes, ten to twelve on the half equator, scarcely as broad as the
+  bars.  Polar spines conical, shorter than the minor axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.14, shorter axis 0.12; pores 0.016 to 0.01, bars 0.01 to
+  0.02; length of the polar spines 0.1, basal thickness 0.045.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Alpine Lias, Schafberg near Salzburg,
+  Dunikowski.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Ellipsoxiphus bipolaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Xiphosph�ra bipolaris</i>, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the  major axis to the minor = 8&nbsp;:&nbsp;7.  Shell thick walled, with
+  irregular, roundish meshes, twice to three times as broad as the bars; sixteen to twenty on the
+  half equator. Polar spines short and thick, three-sided pyramidal, scarcely half as long as the
+  shorter radius of the shell; surrounding the base of every spine is a circle of eight to nine
+  shorter spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.08, shorter axis 0.07; pores 0.003 to 0.007, bars 0.002;
+  length of the polar spines 0.02 to 0.03, basal thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical part of the Western Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page298">{298}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Ellipsoxiphus atractus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Shell spindle-shaped, very thick
+  walled, with roundish, very irregular meshes, twice to five times as broad as the bars; eight to
+  twelve on the half equator. The meshes are partly simple, oblong, partly lobed or composed of two
+  to four (commonly three) confluent meshes. Surface smooth. Polar spines very short and thick,
+  shorter than the minor radius of the shell, three-sided pyramidal, with prominent, somewhat
+  contorted edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.15, shorter axis 0.1; meshes 0.007 to 0.02, bars 0.004;
+  length of the polar spines 0.04, basal thickness 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 126. <i>Axoprunum</i>,<a id="NtA_165" href="#Nt_165"><sup>[165]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Ellipsida</span> with simple ellipsoidal shell, the
+  main axis of which is prolonged at both poles into two opposite spines of equal size and similar
+  form. Within the cavity of the shell four radial rods arise from its inner surface, two in the
+  main axis, two in the smallest axis, perpendicular to the former; their free inner ends are at the
+  same distance from the centre.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Axoprunum</i> possesses precisely the same shell as the foregoing
+  <i>Ellipsoxiphus</i>, but differs from it in a very remarkable peculiarity. The two polar spines
+  are centripetally prolonged into two internal beams, and perpendicular to these are two other,
+  opposite, transverse beams, marking the minor axis of the ellipsoid. The free inner ends of all
+  four radial rods bear little thickened knobs, and are at the same distance from the centre. It
+  therefore appears as though a central, spherical, medullary shell had been lost, and this gives a
+  strong support to the important hypothesis, that in many <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>,
+  where the medullary shell is absent, it may have been lost by phylogenetic reduction or retrograde
+  metamorphosis. In this case <i>Axoprunum</i> (and <i>Ellipsoxiphus</i>) would arise from
+  <i>Lithatractus</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Axoprunum stauraxonium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell ellipsoidal, one and one-third times as long as broad, with smooth surface. Network
+  regular, with circular meshes four times as broad as the bars. Two polar spines three-sided
+  pyramidal, half as long as the shell, as thick at the base as a single mesh. Four inner radial
+  beams (lying, two in the major and two in the minor axis of the ellipsoid) very thin, at the
+  central free ends knob-like, thickened. The distance between two opposite beams equals one-third
+  of the minor axis, and indicates probably the diameter of the lost spherical medullary shell.
+  (Three perfect and complete specimens of the same size and shape were observed.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page299">{299}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the ellipsoid 0.14, minor axis 0.11; pores 0.012, bars
+  0.003; length of the polar spines 0.07, basal breadth 0.012. (Diameter of the lost medullary shell
+  0.03?)</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 127. <i>Ellipsostylus</i>,<a id="NtA_166" href="#Nt_166"><sup>[166]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Ellipsida</span> with simple ellipsoidal shell, the
+  main axis of which is prolonged at both poles into two opposite spines of different size or
+  form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Ellipsostylus</i> differs from <i>Ellipsoxiphus</i> only in the
+  unequal size or different form of the polar spines, which in the former are equal. This difference
+  does not seem important at first, but in the further development it produces very singular and
+  strange forms. Theoretically it is always important, because the fundamental haplopolar form of
+  the monaxon body becomes diplopolar by this differentiation.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Ellipsostyletta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the shell regular, with pores of equal size and
+  similar form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Ellipsostylus ornithoides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Shell thin
+  walled, with regular, circular meshes and hexagonal framework between them, like that of
+  <i>Xiphostylus favosus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>,
+  fig. 4). Circular pores about as broad as the bars; eight to nine on the half equator. Surface
+  smooth. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, as broad at the base as a single hexagon; the longer
+  spine as long as the major axis, the shorter half as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoidal shell 0.16, shorter axis 0.12; pores
+  and bars 0.006; length of the longer polar spine 0.16, of the shorter 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Ellipsostylus avicularis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Shell thick walled, with regular,
+  rosette-shaped meshes, three times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Every
+  mesh on the outer margin with five to six rounded lobes, as in <i>Xiphostylus phasianus</i> (Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, fig. 9).
+  Surface smooth. Polar spines sharp edged, thick; the longer straight and equal to the longer axis,
+  the shorter half as long, shaped like a bird's head.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.18, shorter axis 0.12; pores 0.015, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page300">{300}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Ellipsostylus psittacus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Shell thin walled, with regular or
+  subregular rosette-shaped meshes, twice as broad as the bars; eight to nine on the half equator;
+  each mesh with three to four rounded lobes. Surface smooth. Polar spines sharp edged, very
+  unequal; longer spine about twice as long as the major axis, somewhat curved; shorter spine
+  scarcely longer than the radius, shaped like a bird's head.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.08, shorter axis 0.06; pores 0.01, bars 0.005; length of
+  the polar spines&mdash;longer 0.15, shorter 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Ellipsostylus aquila</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 7&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Shell thick walled, with
+  subregular, circular meshes, five to six times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half
+  equator. Surface smooth. Polar spines sharp edged (six-sided?), very unequal; longer spine
+  straight, about equal to the minor axis; shorter spine obliquely inserted, scarcely half as long,
+  shaped like a bird's head.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.15, shorter axis 0.13; pores 0.02, bars 0.004; length of
+  the polar spines&mdash;longer 0.1, shorter 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Ellipsostylus columba</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Shell egg-shaped, thin walled,
+  with regular, circular meshes, three times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half
+  equator. Surface somewhat thorny. Polar spines nearly of equal length (equal to the major axis),
+  but of very different form; one straight, pyramidal, and obliquely inserted, the other like a
+  bird's head.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.08, shorter 0.06; pores 0.003, bars 0.01; length of the
+  spines 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Ellipsostylus ciconia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 7&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Shell egg-shaped, thick walled;
+  the meshes very small, regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars; sixteen to twenty on
+  the half equator. Surface uneven. Polar spines nearly cylindrical, pointed; the smaller obliquely
+  inserted, equal to the major axis; the larger more than twice as long and thick, furrowed at its
+  base. (Compare with this and the allied species <i>Rhabdolithis pipa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875,
+  Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf. i. fig. 27.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.07, shorter 0.05; pores 0.003, bars 0.001; length of the
+  polar spines&mdash;longer 0.2, shorter 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page301">{301}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Ellipsostylissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the shell irregular, with pores of different
+  size or form.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Ellipsostylus megadictya</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra megadictya</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 299, Taf. viii. fig. 13.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Shell thin walled, with irregular,
+  roundish, large meshes, four to five times as broad as the bars; only four to five on the half
+  equator. Surface smooth. Polar spines straight, thin, angular; the shorter equal to the minor
+  axis, the longer four times as large.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.05, shorter axis 0.04; meshes 0.01, bars 0.002; length
+  of the polar spines&mdash;longer 0.12, shorter 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Philippine Sea, 3300 fathoms, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Ellipsostylus gallinula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Shell thick walled, with
+  irregular, roundish meshes, twice to four times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half
+  equator. Surface thorny. Polar spines conical, straight; the longer twice as long as the major
+  axis, the minor scarcely half as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.15, shorter 0.12; pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.002 to
+  0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Ellipsostylus hirundo</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Shell thick walled, with
+  irregular, roundish meshes, three to five times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half
+  equator. The inner aperture of every mesh is fenestrated by a delicate lamella of silex,
+  perforated by six to eight very small circular pores. Polar spines sharp edged, more or less
+  curved, the shorter equal to the minor axis, the longer twice as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis 0.16, shorter 0.12; pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.003 to
+  0.006; length of the polar spines&mdash;longer 0.24, shorter 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; the
+  same form also fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 128. <i>Lithomespilus</i>,<a id="NtA_167" href="#Nt_167"><sup>[167]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 450.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Ellipsida</span> with simple ellipsoidal or oviform
+  shell, the main axis of which bears at one pole a single spine, at the other a bunch of several
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page302">{302}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lithomespilus</i> differs from the closely allied <i>Ellipsoxiphus</i>
+  in the further differentiation of both poles of the main axis. One pole exhibits only a single
+  polar spine, the other pole a group of several spines, peculiarly grouped together. It differs
+  from the similar <i>Sph�romespilus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>,
+  figs. 12, 13) in the ellipsoidal form of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Lithomespilus phloginus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, fig.
+  16).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Shell thick
+  walled, with circular pores of different size, the breadth of which equals that of the bars;
+  twelve to fifteen pores on the half equator. Surface smooth, with the exception of a circumpolar
+  region covered with numerous thick spines of unequal size, which surround the large single polar
+  spine and are curved like a bow against its axis. This larger polar spine is straight, and equals
+  in length the major axis of the shell. The other and opposite polar spine is scarcely one-fourth
+  as long, perfectly simple, very stout, and of a three-sided pyramidal shape.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoidal shell 0.08, shorter axis 0.06; pores
+  0.002 to 0.006, bars 0.003 to 0.005; length of the polar spines&mdash;longer 0.08, shorter
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, near Madagascar, depth 1200 fathoms, Smith.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Lithomespilus phlogoides</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, fig.
+  17).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Shell very thick walled, with
+  roundish, double-contoured pores of different size and form, twice to three times as broad as the
+  bars; sixteen to eighteen pores on the half equator. Surface smooth, with the exception of a
+  circumpolar region covered with numerous thin spines of unequal size, which surround the large
+  single polar spine and are curved like a bow against its axis. This larger polar spine is
+  straight, and equals half the size of the major axis of the shell; the other polar spine
+  (sometimes double, as in the figured specimen) is much shorter, being scarcely one-fourth as
+  long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the shell 0.08, shorter axis 0.065; pores 0.003 to
+  0.006, bars 0.002 to 0.004; length of the polar spines&mdash;longer 0.04, shorter 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Stations 270 to 272, depth 2425
+  to 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Lithomespilus flammeus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra species</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xi. fig.
+    3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Shell thick walled, with
+  irregular, roundish pores, about as broad as the bars; ten to twelve pores on the half equator.
+  Surface spiny. Length of the conical straight spines increasing towards the poles; each polar
+  spine surrounded by a circumpolar group of larger, somewhat curved spines. The larger polar spine
+  equals in length the major axis; the smaller is scarcely half as long. (The figure, given by Bury,
+  is not quite exact; there the spines are situated in the pores, instead of between them. In my
+  specimen the polar spines were not branched.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page303">{303}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the shell 0.12, shorter axis 0.09; pores and bars 0.004
+  to 0.006; length of the polar spines&mdash;longer 0.12, shorter 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Lithomespilus flammabundus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, fig.
+  14).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Shell thin walled, with irregular,
+  roundish pores, partly simple, partly composed of three to six confluent pores; only six to eight
+  pores on the half equator, twice to four times as broad as the bars. Surface spiny. Length of the
+  conical irregular spines increasing towards the poles; each polar spine surrounded by a
+  flame-shaped, circumpolar area of longer spines; all large spines (also the polar spines) curved
+  or contorted at one pole and much stronger and more numerous than at the other; length variable,
+  often equal to the longer axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the shell 0.12, shorter axis 0.09; pores 0.005 to
+  0.015, bars 0.003 to 0.005; length of the polar spines 0.1 to 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western part of the Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth
+  2250 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 129. <i>Lithapium</i>,<a id="NtA_168" href="#Nt_168"><sup>[168]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Ellipsida</span> with simple ellipsoidal or
+  pear-shaped shell; with a single spine only situated at one pole of the main axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lithapium</i> represents a peculiar modification of
+  <i>Ellipsoxiphus</i>; one of the two opposite polar spines disappears by reduction, and in this
+  way only a single spine remains, at one pole of the main axis. For this reason the shell assumes a
+  characteristic pear-shape, and may easily be confounded with some similar Monocyrtida
+  (<i>Halicapsa</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Lithapium pyriforme</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 6&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Shell thin walled, with
+  regular, circular pores, four times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the half equator.
+  Surface a little thorny. The single polar spines three-sided pyramidal, as broad at the base as
+  one mesh, about as long as the radius of the shell. (In the specimen figured, there was on the
+  opposite pole a little rudiment of the other lost polar spine; it is missing in other
+  specimens.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the ellipsoidal shell 0.12, minor axis 0.1; pores 0.02,
+  bars 0.005; length of the single polar spine 0.05, basal thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Lithapium halicapsa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>,
+  fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 6&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Shell thin walled, with
+  irregular, lobed meshes, six to eight on the half equator, twice to five times as broad as the
+  bars; each mesh <span class="pagenum" id="page304">{304}</span>composed of two to five confluent
+  roundish pores. Surface a little thorny. The single polar spine pyramidal, as broad at the base as
+  one mesh, one-third as long as the axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.12, minor axis 0.1; pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.002 to
+  0.006; length of the single polar spine 0.03, basal thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Lithapium monocyrtis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>,
+  fig. 10).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 7&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Shell thick walled, with
+  irregular, lobed meshes, four to six on the half equator, three to six times as broad as the bars;
+  each mesh composed of three to six confluent roundish pores. Surface quite smooth, without thorns.
+  The single polar spine pyramidal, as broad at the base as the largest mesh, half as long as the
+  radius. (This species is closely allied to the foregoing, but differs in the smooth surface and
+  the larger meshes.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.15, minor axis 0.13; pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.003 to
+  0.01; length of the single spine 0.04, basal thickness 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 130. <i>Pipettella</i>,<a id="NtA_169" href="#Nt_169"><sup>[169]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Ellipsida</span> with simple ellipsoidal shell, the
+  main axis of which is prolonged at the pole into two opposite hollow fenestrated tubes of equal
+  size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pipettella</i> is distinguished from the other Ellipsida by two hollow
+  perforated tubes, which are directed in the longer axis of the ellipsoidal shell and arise from
+  opposite poles of this axis. It may be derived from <i>Cenellipsis</i> by prolongation of both
+  poles of the main axis.  As the same peculiar production of two opposite latticed tubuli at the
+  poles of the main axis obtains in nearly all families of <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>
+  (<i>Pipetta</i>, <i>Cannartus</i>, <i>Panarium</i>, <i>Zygartus</i>, &amp;c.), it may possess a
+  peculiar value in this group.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pipettella fusiformis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spindle-shaped, thin walled, the two opposite tubes being conical and not longer than the
+  short transverse axis of the ellipsoidal shell; no sharp demarcation between them. The two axes of
+  the ellipsoid bear the proportion of 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Network of the shell and of the tubes equal,
+  delicate, regular, hexagonal, with circular apertures of equal size; fourteen to sixteen on the
+  half equator of the shell. Bars very thin. The shell of this species is similar to that of
+  <i>Cannartiscus amphiconiscus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 19), but possesses no equatorial stricture and no medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.18, shorter axis 0.12; length of the
+  tubes 0.1, their basal breadth 0.05; pores of the network 0.01, bars 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Northern Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page305">{305}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pipettella tubulosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell ellipsoidal, thin walled, distinctly separated from the two opposite tubes, which are
+  cylindrical, longer than the main axis of the ellipsoid, and one-sixth as broad as the shorter
+  axis. The longer axis of the ellipsoid bears to the shorter the proportion of 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4.
+  Network of the shell and of the tubes equal, regular, with very small circular pores, about as
+  broad as the bars; sixteen to eighteen pores on the half equator of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.15, shorter axis 0.12; length of the
+  tubes 0.16 to 0.2, breadth of them 0.02; pores of the network 0.003, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Pipettella elongata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell ellipsoidal, thick walled, distinctly separated from both opposite tubes, which are
+  cylindrical, much prolonged, twice to three times as long as the main axis of the ellipsoid, and
+  one-fifth as broad as the shorter axis. Both axes of the ellipsoid bear the proportion of
+  3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Network of the shell and of the tubes irregular with small rounded pores of
+  different size, separated by broader bars (often twice to three times as broad), four to six pores
+  on the half equator of the shell. (This species somewhat recalls <i>Solenosph�ra serpentina</i>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate7"><b>7</b></a>, fig.
+  7; but the tubes are straight, not contorted.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.2, shorter axis 0.14; length of the
+  tubes 0.4 to 0.5, breadth 0.03; pores of the network 0.001 to 0.002, bars 0.003 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Pipettella prismatica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell ellipsoidal, thick walled, distinctly marked off from the two opposite tubes, which are
+  longer than its main axis and as broad as one-fifth of it; they are nearly four-sided prismatic,
+  with four strong ribs or edges; these are directed parallel to the main axis, in two meridian
+  planes, perpendicular to one another. The wall of the shell is thickened in the equatorial plane,
+  so as to form a slight stricture on the inside, separating its two halves. Both axes of the
+  ellipsoid bear the proportion of 7&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Network regular, with circular pores, somewhat
+  broader than the bars. The meshes of the shell (fourteen to sixteen on the half equator) are twice
+  as great as those of the tubes, which are arranged in two longitudinal rows between every two ribs
+  (there being eight longitudinal rows on the whole tube). This species is very remarkable for the
+  rudimentary internal equatorial stricture of the shell (transition to the genus <i>Cannartus</i>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig.
+  10), and by the four edges of the tubes, which indicate two of the dimensive axes, the third being
+  represented by the main axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.14, shorter axis 0.12; length of the
+  tubes 0.15 to 0.16, breadth 0.03; pores of the shell 0.008 to 0.01, pores of the tubes 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page306">{306}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Family XII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Druppulida</span></span>, Haeckel, 1882 (Pls.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> with ellipsoidal, latticed (not
+  spongy) shell, composed of two or more concentric shells; a simple or double cortical shell
+  enclosing one or two internal concentric shells (medullary shells), without equatorial stricture.
+  Central capsule ellipsoidal or cylindrical, without annular equatorial constriction.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Druppulida</span> differs from the Ellipsida only in the
+  possession of a simple or double medullary shell, which is enclosed in the centre of the central
+  capsule, and connected with the ellipsoidal cortical shell (lying outside it) by radial beams,
+  perforating the membrane of the capsule. The Druppulida exhibit therefore the same relation to the
+  Ellipsida that the Dyosph�rida among the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> bear to the
+  Monosph�rida. The cortical shell may be simple or multiple. The whole fenestrated shell is thus
+  composed of a variable number (two at least) of concentric shells, which are connected by radial
+  beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Medullary Shell</i>&mdash;enclosed in the centre of the central capsule&mdash;is either
+  simple or double, and composed of two small concentric shells. Their form is either spherical, or
+  ellipsoidal, or lenticular. If the medullary shell be ellipsoidal, the main axis of the ellipsoid
+  is the same as in the cortical shell. Sometimes the inner medullary shell is spherical, the outer
+  ellipsoidal or lenticular. If the medullary shell be lenticular (arising from both poles of the
+  main axis) its vertical axis is also identical with that of the cortical shell (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Radial Beams</i>, which connect the medullary and cortical shell, are either developed
+  in all possible directions (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>), or
+  limited to the equatorial plane, more rarely to the meridional plane. Sometimes the connection is
+  produced only by two opposite beams which lie in the minor or equatorial axis (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, figs. 3, 7,
+  8); more rarely in the major or meridional axis (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, figs. 7,
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Cortical Shell</i> is constantly ellipsoidal, rarely with modifications, similar to
+  those which appear in the simple shell of some Ellipsida. As a rule it is simple, rarely composed
+  of two or more (sometimes six or more) concentric ellipsoidal shells (in <i>Cromyodruppa</i> and
+  <i>Cromyocarpus</i>). The outer surface is commonly smooth, more rarely covered with radial spines
+  (in <i>Druppocarpus</i>, <i>Prunocarpus</i>, &amp;c.). In the majority peculiar polar appendages
+  are developed at both poles of the main axis, these being prolongations of them, either in the
+  form of hollow fenestrated tubes (<i>Pipetta</i>, <i>Pipettaria</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, figs. 7,
+  8), or solid strong spines. The two polar spines are either equal in size and similar in form (as
+  in <i>Lithatractus</i>, <i>Stylatractus</i>) or unequal (as in <i>Druppatractus</i>,
+  <i>Xiphatractus</i>, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>).</p>
+
+  <p>The most primitive of all Druppulida is <i>Druppula</i>, with simple medullary shell and simple
+  cortical shell (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 3); <i>Prunulum</i> differs from it only in the possession <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page307">{307}</span>of a double medullary shell (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 4).
+  From these two genera all other forms of the subfamily may be derived.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Druppulida is constantly ellipsoidal, larger than the
+  concentric enclosed medullary shells, smaller than the surrounding cortical shell; it is separated
+  from the inner surface of the latter by a thinner or thicker jelly-mantle.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of the Druppulida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Druppulida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Druppulida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Cortical shell without polar appendages (neither solid
+      spines nor hollow tubes at the poles of the main axis).</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace14sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell simple, ellipsoidal.</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace9sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi">Medullary shell simple.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface smooth,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">131. <i>Druppula</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface spiny,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">132. <i>Druppocarpus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi">Medullary shell double.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface smooth,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">133. <i>Prunulum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface spiny,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">134. <i>Prunocarpus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell composed of two or more
+      concentric shells.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi">Medullary shell double.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface smooth,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">135. <i>Cromyodruppa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface spiny,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">136. <i>Cromyocarpus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Two opposite solid spines, arising from the poles of
+      the main axis.</td>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell simple, ellipsoidal.</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi">Medullary shell simple.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Both polar spines equal,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">137. <i>Lithatractus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Both polar spines unequal,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">138. <i>Druppatractus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi">Medullary shell double.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Both polar spines equal,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">139. <i>Stylatractus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Both polar spines unequal,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">140. <i>Xiphatractus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell composed of two or more concentric shells;
+      medullary shell double; both polar spines equal,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">141. <i><span class="correction"
+      title="Original reads 'Cromyotractus'.">Cromyatractus</span></i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Two opposite hollow fenestrated tubes, arising from the
+      poles of the main axis.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell ellipsoidal.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">142. <i>Pipetta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi">Medullary shell double,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">143. <i>Pipettaria</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Druppulida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Druppulida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="9">Cortical shell without polar appendages (neither solid spines nor hollow tubes
+      at the poles of the main axis).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Cortical shell simple, ellipsoidal.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Medullary shell simple.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface smooth,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">131. <i>Druppula</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface spiny,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">132. <i>Druppocarpus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Medullary shell double.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface smooth,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">133. <i>Prunulum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface spiny,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">134. <i>Prunocarpus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Cortical shell composed of two or more concentric shells.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Medullary shell double.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface smooth,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">135. <i>Cromyodruppa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface spiny,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">136. <i>Cromyocarpus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="9">Two opposite solid spines, arising from the poles of the main axis.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Cortical shell simple, ellipsoidal.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Medullary shell simple.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Both polar spines equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">137. <i>Lithatractus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Both polar spines unequal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">138. <i>Druppatractus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Medullary shell double.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Both polar spines equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">139. <i>Stylatractus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Both polar spines unequal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">140. <i>Xiphatractus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Cortical shell composed of two or more concentric shells;
+      medullary shell double; both polar spines equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">141. <i>Cromyatractus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="9">Two opposite hollow fenestrated tubes, arising from the poles of the main
+      axis.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Cortical shell simple, ellipsoidal.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">142. <i>Pipetta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell double,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">143. <i>Pipettaria</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 131. <i>Druppula</i>,<a id="NtA_170" href="#Nt_170"><sup>[170]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Druppulida</span> with simple ellipsoidal, cortical
+  shell, and simple medullary shell, without spines or polar tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Druppula</i>, as the simplest form of the Druppulida, may be regarded
+  as the common ancestral form of this subfamily. It may be derived phylogenetically either <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page308">{308}</span>from <i>Carposph�ra</i> by prolongation of one axis, or
+  from <i>Cenellipsis</i> by duplication of the fenestrated shell. The outer (or cortical) shell is
+  always more or less ellipsoidal; the inner (or medullary) shell also is sometimes ellipsoidal,
+  sometimes spherical. Both shells are concentric, connected by a variable number of radial beams.
+  <span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda.">Compare <i>Haliomma oblongum</i>, Harting,
+  1863, L. N. <a href="#ln18">18</a>, p. 15, pl. 2, fig. 42.</span></p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Druppuletta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell regular, hexagonal, or
+  circular.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Druppula drupa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface and regular network; both its axes bear the
+  proportion of 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Pores regular, hexagonal, three times as broad as the bars; twelve
+  to fifteen on the half equator. Medullary shell spherical, about one-third as broad as the
+  cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the ellipsoidal cortical shell 0.1 to 0.12, minor axis
+  0.08 to 0.09; pores 0.06, bars 0.02; diameter of the medullary shell 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms;
+  also fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Druppula pandanus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, somewhat rough, with regular network; both its axes bear the
+  proportion of 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Pores subregular, circular, hexagonally framed, one and a half
+  times as broad as the elevated bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Medullary shell spherical,
+  one-fourth as broad as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.16 to 0.17, minor axis 0.11 to
+  0.12; pores 0.01, bars 0.007; diameter of the medullary shell 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Druppula cocos</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, somewhat rough, with regular network; proportion of both axes =
+  6&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed, quite as broad as the elevated bars;
+  fourteen to sixteen on the half equator. Medullary shell ellipsoidal (with longitudinal main
+  axis), nearly half as large as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.07 to 0.08, minor axis 0.6 to 0.65;
+  pores and bars 0.003 to 0.004; diameter of the medullary shell 0.03 and <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.35'.">0.035</span>.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 222, surface, Indian Ocean,
+  Ceylon, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Druppula ph&#x0153;nix</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with regular network; proportion of both axes =
+  5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally lobulate (in the same manner as in
+  <i>Stauroxiphus gladius</i>, <span class="pagenum" id="page309">{309}</span>Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>, fig. 7),
+  three times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Medullary shell ellipsoidal
+  (with longitudinal main axis), one-third as broad as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.1, minor axis <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads '0.8'.">0.08</span>; pores 0.009, bars 0.003; axis of the
+  medullary shell 0.03 and 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Smyrna, Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Druppula areca</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface and regular network; both its axes bear the
+  proportion of 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Pores regular, circular, four times as broad as the bars; fifteen
+  to eighteen on the half equator. Medullary shell spherical, half as broad as the cortical
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the ellipsoidal cortical shell 0.12 to 0.14, minor axis
+  0.1 to 0.11; pores 0.008, bars 0.002; diameter of the medullary shell 0.05 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, off Bombay, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Druppula ovata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma ovatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., pl. xx. I. fig. 20.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma ovatum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 432.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface and regular network; proportion of both axes =
+  3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars; nine to ten on the
+  half equator. Medullary shell spherical, one-third as broad as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.08 to 0.1, minor axis 0.05 to 0.06; pores 0.003, bars
+  0.001; diameter of the medullary shell 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of the Mediterranean coast,
+  Greece (Zante), Ehrenberg; Sicily (Caltanisetta), Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Druppula caryota</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with rough surface and regular network; proportion of both axes =
+  5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; sixteen to twenty on the
+  half equator. Medullary shell ellipsoidal, one-third as large as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.2 to 0.22, minor 0.16 to 0.18, pores 0.008, bars 0.004;
+  axes of the medullary shell 0.07 and 0.055.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 266 to 268, depth 2700 to
+  2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Druppulissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Pores of the cortical shell irregular, of different form
+  or size, usually subcircular or roundish, sometimes lobed or compound.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page310">{310}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Druppula nucula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular network; its two axes bear the proportion
+  3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Pores subcircular or irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the
+  bars; fifteen to twenty on the half equator. Medullary shell spherical, about one-third as broad
+  as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.15 to 0.2, minor axis 0.1 to 0.14;
+  pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.03; diameter of the medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Druppula elliptica</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma ellipticum</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 88,
+    Taf. i. fig. 11.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, rough, or thorny, with irregular network; proportion of the axes =
+  3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Pores subcircular or irregular, roundish, about as broad as the bars; ten to
+  twelve on the half equator. Medullary shell half as broad as the cortical shell, <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'irreguarlly'.">irregularly</span> polyhedral (with
+  crooked beams in its interior).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.15, minor 0.06; pores and bars 0.006; diameter of the
+  medullary shell 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily: Grotte (St�hr),
+  Caltanisetta (Haeckel).</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Druppula prunum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with irregular network; proportion of the axes =
+  5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Pores subcircular or irregular, roundish, three to four times as broad as the
+  bars; seven to eight on the half equator; every pore is closed at the bottom by a thin membrane,
+  perforated by four to six irregular pores (like <i>Stylatractus sethoporus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, fig. 3).
+  Medullary shell spherical, one-third as broad as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.2, minor axis 0.16; pores 0.03, bars 0.01; small enclosed
+  porules 0.01; diameter of the medullary shell 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, surface, Portofino near Genoa, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Druppula oliva</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with irregular network; proportion of the axes =
+  5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Pores irregular, roundish, three to four times as broad as the bars; lobed or
+  composed of several conjugated porules (as in <i>Lithapium halicapsa</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, fig. 8);
+  five to six large pores on the half equator. Medullary shell ellipsoidal, about one-third as broad
+  as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.15, minor 0.12; pores 0.02 to 0.03,
+  bars 0.007; diameter of the medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Corfu), Canary Islands (Lanzerote),
+  Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page311">{311}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 132. <i>Druppocarpus</i>,<a id="NtA_171" href="#Nt_171"><sup>[171]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Druppulida</span> with simple ellipsoidal cortical
+  shell and simple medullary shell, with numerous radial spines, without polar tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Druppocarpus</i> differs from <i>Druppula</i> only in the radial
+  spines, which arise between the pores of the cortical shell, and therefore exhibits the same
+  relation to it that <i>Ellipsidium</i> bears to <i>Cenellipsis</i>, or <i>Prunocarpus</i> to
+  <i>Prunulum</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Druppocarpetta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell regular, with meshes of
+  equal size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Druppocarpus ananassa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, of about the same
+  breadth as the elevated bars; fourteen to sixteen on the half equator. From each hexagon-corner
+  (between every three pores) arises a short thin radial spine, about as long as two pores,
+  three-sided pyramidal at the base. Proportion of both cortical axes = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Medullary
+  shell spherical, half as broad as the cortical shell. (Greatly resembles <i>Druppula pandanus</i>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig.
+  3, but differs in the larger medullary shell and the spines on the surface.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the ellipsoidal cortical shell 0.16, minor 0.12; pores
+  and bars 0.006; length of the radial spines 0.02; diameter of the medullary shell 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 289, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Druppocarpus castanea</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with regular circular pores (without hexagonal frames), of about
+  the same breadth as the bars; twelve to fourteen on the half equator. Between every three meshes
+  arise a short conical spine with bristle-like apex, twice to four times as long as one pore.
+  Proportion of both cortical axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Medullary shell spherical, one-third as broad
+  as the cortical. (Resembles very closely the spherical <i>Haliomma castanea</i>, Haeckel, figured
+  in my Monograph. pl. xxiv. fig. 4.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.15, minor axis 0.1; pores and bars 0.005; length of the
+  radial spines 0.01 to 0.02; medullary shell 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, surface; Canary Islands, Lanzerote,
+  Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Druppocarpissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell irregular, with meshes of
+  different size or form.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page312">{312}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Druppocarpus chamaerops</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, roundish, or subcircular pores of very different
+  size, twice to six times as broad as the thin bars; eight to twelve on the half equator. Between
+  them arise numerous thin, bristle-like radial spines, about half as long as the equatorial axis,
+  and equal to the diameter of the spherical medullary shell; pores of the latter subregular,
+  circular, very small. (Resembles <i>Prunocarpus artocarpus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 5, but
+  differs in the simple spherical medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.12, minor 0.09; meshes 0.005 to 0.02, bars 0.003; length
+  of the radial spines 0.05; diameter of the medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, in the Strait of Gibraltar, Algesiras,
+  Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Druppocarpus borassus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish, or subcircular pores, three to five
+  times as broad as the bars; twelve to fifteen on the half equator. Irregularly scattered on the
+  surface about twenty to thirty short conical spines; their length equals their basal breadth and
+  the diameter of the largest pores.  Medullary shell ellipsoidal, half as large as the
+  cortical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.1, minor 0.08; pores 0.006 to 0.01, bars 0.002; length
+  and thickness of the radial spines 0.01; axes of the medullary shell 0.05 and 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Druppocarpus corypha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with irregular, funnel-like, roundish pores, scarcely as broad as
+  the bars; sixteen to twenty on the half equator. Irregularly scattered on the surface about
+  fifteen to twenty three-sided pyramidal radial spines, half as long as the equatorial axis, and as
+  the diameter of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.17, minor 0.14; pores and bars 0.003 to 0.009; length of
+  the radial spines 0.08; diameter of the medullary shell 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of the Nicobars, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 133. <i>Prunulum</i>,<a id="NtA_172" href="#Nt_172"><sup>[172]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Druppulida</span> with simple ellipsoidal cortical
+  shell and double medullary shell; without spines or polar tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Prunulum</i> differs from <i>Druppula</i> in the double (not simple)
+  medullary shell, which is sometimes spherical, sometimes ellipsoidal; it may be derived either
+  from <i>Druppula</i> by duplication of the medullary shell, or from <i>Thecosph�ra</i> by
+  prolongation of one axis.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page313">{313}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Prunuletta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell regular, with meshes of
+  equal size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Prunulum frugulum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, hexagonal pores, three times as broad as the
+  bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the
+  minor = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Both medullary shells spherical. (Differs from <i>Druppula drupa</i>
+  almost entirely in the double medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the ellipsoidal cortical shell 0.12, minor 0.09; pores
+  0.006, bars 0.002; diameter of both medullary shells 0.05 and 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Prunulum cerasum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with circular, hexagonally framed pores, of the same
+  breadth as the bars; sixteen to eighteen on the half equator. Proportion of the two axes of the
+  ellipsoid = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Both medullary shells spherical. (The cortical shell resembles that
+  of <i>Pipetta tuba</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 7, without the polar tubes.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.15, minor 0.12; pores and bars 0.007; diameter of the
+  medullary shells 0.08 and 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Prunulum amygdalum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular, hexagonally lobulated pores, three
+  times as broad as the bars; twelve to fourteen on the half equator (of the same form as in
+  <i>Druppula ph&#x0153;nix</i> and in <i>Stauroxiphos gladius</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>, fig. 7).
+  Proportion of the two axes = 6&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Inner medullary shell spherical, outer
+  ellipsoidal.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.12, minor 0.1; pores 0.009, bars 0.003; diameter of the
+  medullary shells 0.07 and 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Corfu), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Prunulum coccymelium</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, slightly rough, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the
+  bars; twelve to fifteen on the half equator. Proportion of both axes = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Both
+  medullary shells spherical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.12, minor 0.09; pores 0.006, bars 0.003; diameter of the
+  medullary shells 0.06 and 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page314">{314}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Prunulum crenatum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p>? <i>Haliomma crenatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 36.</p>
+    <p><i>Actinomma crenatum</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 94, Taf. iii. fig. 3.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Caryolithis crenata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 43.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, slightly rough or thorny, with small, regular, circular pores, of
+  the same breadth as the bars; sixteen to eighteen on the half equator. Proportion of the two axes
+  = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Both medullary shells ellipsoidal. (The figure of St�hr represents exactly the
+  fossil form, as I have observed it myself in the Caltanisetta rocks, whilst the figure of
+  Ehrenberg is inaccurate and doubtful. The same form, somewhat variable in size and in the number
+  of the pores, I have also observed in the Pacific ooze.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.14 to 0.17, minor 0.1 to 0.13; pores and bars 0.006; main
+  axes of the medullary shells 0.09 and 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte and
+  Caltanisetta); living in the Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Prunulum triplex</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma triplex</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Microgeol., Taf. xxxvB. fig. Biv., q.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma triplex</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 444.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, covered with numerous very thin, short, bristle-like spines. Pores
+  small, regular, circular, of the same breadth as the bars; fourteen to sixteen on the half
+  equator. Proportion of the two axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Both medullary shells ellipsoidal. The
+  description of Ehrenberg&mdash;as is very often the case&mdash;is quite incongruent with his
+  figure. From a combination of both I give here the diagnosis of a deep-sea species, which is
+  possibly identical with it. The velvet-like covering of very short and thin bristles is peculiarly
+  characteristic of this species.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.1, minor <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.65'.">0.065</span>; pores and bars 0.004; main axes of the medullary
+  shells 0.04 and 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, 1800 fathoms, Ehrenberg; Station 353, depth
+  2965 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Prunulissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell irregular, with meshes of
+  different form or size (usually roundish, but sometimes lobed or compound).</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Prunulum persicum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface and irregular, roundish, double-contoured
+  pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half equator. Some of the
+  pores are simple, often subcircular, others lobed, i.e., composed of from two to three confluent
+  pores as in <i>Amphisph�ra pluto</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>,
+  fig. 7). Proportion of the two axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Both medullary shells ellipsoidal (or the
+  inner spherical).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page315">{315}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.12, minor 0.08; pores 0.06 to 0.012, bars 0.003; main
+  axes of the medullary shells 0.05 and 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, between Socotra and Ceylon, surface,
+  Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Prunulum fenestratum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinomma fenestratum</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 94, Taf.
+    iii. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with irregular, roundish pores, once to three times as
+  broad as the bars; twelve to fourteen on the half equator. Proportion of the two axes =
+  9&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Both medullary shells ellipsoidal. (The pores in St�hr's description are by
+  mistake called "regular"; in the figure they are very irregular, as also in the fossil specimens
+  observed by myself. Between the cortical pores arise very short irregular thorns.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.12 to 0.15, minor 0.1 to 0.12; pores 0.003 to 0.01, bars
+  0.003; main axis of the outer medullary shell 0.07 to 0.09, of the inner 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Grotte, St�hr,
+  Caltanisetta, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Prunulum pyrenium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thick walled, smooth, with large irregular, roundish pores, three to four
+  times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the half equator. The bottom of each funnel-like pore
+  is closed by a thin siliceous membrane, perforated by three to five irregular roundish pores.
+  Proportion of the two axes = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Both medullary shells ellipsoidal. (Closely
+  resembles <i>Stylatractus sethoporus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 3, but is devoid of the polar spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.16, minor 0.12; pores 0.015 to 0.02, bars 0.005; porules
+  0.01; main axes of the medullary shells 0.07 and 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 134. <i>Prunocarpus</i>,<a id="NtA_173" href="#Nt_173"><sup>[173]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Druppulida</span> with simple ellipsoidal cortical
+  shell and double medullary shell, with numerous radial spines, but without polar tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Prunocarpus</i> differs from <i>Prunulum</i> only in the radial spines
+  of the cortical shell, and exhibits therefore the same relation to it that <i>Druppocarpus</i>
+  bears to <i>Druppula</i>. While in the latter the medullary shell is simple, in the former it is
+  double.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Prunocarpetta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell regular, with meshes of
+  equal size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page316">{316}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Prunocarpus datura</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; ten to
+  twelve on the half equator. Between every three meshes arises a short conical spine, twice to
+  three times as long as one pore. Both medullary shells spherical. (Differs mainly from
+  <i>Ellipsidium datura</i> and from <i>Druppocarpus castanea</i> in the double medullary shell. The
+  outer network resembles <i>Haliomma castanea</i>, figured 1862 in my Monograph, Taf. xxiv. fig.
+  4.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the ellipsoid 0.16, minor 0.12; pores 0.012, bars 0.006;
+  length of the radial spines 0.03; diameter of the medullary shells 0.06 and 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel, John Murray, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Prunocarpus sparganium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with very small, numerous, regular, circular pores, of the same
+  size as the bars; forty to fifty on the half equator. Between them over the entire surface occur
+  small conical spines. Irregularly scattered over the surface ten to twenty larger conical spines,
+  three to six times as thick at the base as one pore, one-fourth to one-half as long as the main
+  axis. Both medullary shells ellipsoidal.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.16, of the outer medullary shell
+  0.11, of the inner 0.06; equatorial axis of the first shell 0.12, of the second 0.08, of the third
+  0.04; pores and bars on an average 0.005; length of the spines 0.05 to 0.1, basal breadth 0.02 to
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Barbados deposits (Haeckel).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Prunocarpilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell irregular, with meshes of
+  different size or form.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Prunocarpus artocarpium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled with irregular, roundish pores of very different sizes, twice to
+  nine times as broad as the thin bars; ten to fifteen on the half equator. Between them arise
+  numerous bristle-shaped, radial spines, with conical base, on an average one-fourth to two-thirds
+  as long as the equatorial axis. The outer medullary shell, with irregular, roundish pores,
+  presents a transverse ellipsoid, its main axis lying in the equatorial axis of the cortical shell,
+  whilst its equatorial axis corresponds to the main axis of the latter. Inner medullary shell very
+  small, spherical, with very small pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.14, of the outer medullary shell
+  0.05; minor axis of the former 0.1, of the latter 0.035; diameter of the inner medullary shell
+  0.014; pores of the cortical shell 0.005 to 0.02, bars 0.002; length of the radial spines 0.02 to
+  0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, surface; Ceylon, Belligemma, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page317">{317}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Prunocarpus melocactus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to five times as broad as
+  the bars; eighteen to twenty-four on the half equator. Between them arise over the entire surface
+  small conical thorns, not longer than the largest pores. Irregularly scattered over the surface
+  twenty to thirty strong, conical, radial spines, about half as long as the main axis, as broad at
+  the base as a large pore.  Both medullary shells ellipsoidal, their main axis identical with that
+  of the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the outer shell 0.18, of the middle 0.09, of the inner
+  0.05; minor axis of the first 0.14, of the second 0.07, of the third 0.04; pores of the cortical
+  shell 0.006 to 0.02, bars 0.004; length of the spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also
+  fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Caltanisetta, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 135. <i>Cromyodruppa</i>,<a id="NtA_174" href="#Nt_174"><sup>[174]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Druppulida</span> with four or more concentric
+  shells (two medullary and two or more cortical shells), without spines or polar tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cromyodruppa</i> is characterised by the multiplication of the
+  concentric fenestrated shell, which is composed of two medullary shells (enclosed in the central
+  capsule) and two or more cortical shells (outside it). The former may be either spherical or
+  ellipsoidal. The latter are always ellipsoidal, and in this it differs from <i>Cromyosph�ra</i>.
+  Probably <i>Cromyodruppa</i> has arisen from <i>Prunulum</i> by secondary apposition of more
+  cortical envelopes.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Cromyodruppium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell composed of four concentric shells, two medullary
+  and two cortical.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cromyodruppa cepa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell composed of two ellipsoidal, cortical, and two spherical medullary shells. Proportion of
+  the main axes of the four shells = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Network of all
+  four shells nearly of the same form, subregular, with circular pores of almost equal size in every
+  shell. The absolute size of the pores increases from the innermost to the outermost shell, but the
+  breadth of the bars does not increase in a similar degree. The bars of the outermost shell are
+  only twice as broad as those of the innermost; but the pores are three to four times larger.
+  Surface of all four shells smooth. (The shell greatly resembles that of <i>Cromyatractus
+  tetraphractus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>,
+  fig. 2, but is devoid of polar spines; it differs also in the spherical form of both medullary
+  shells and their relative size.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page318">{318}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axes of the four shells&mdash;(A) innermost 0.035, (B) second
+  0.08, (C) third 0.15, (D) outermost 0.2; their equatorial axes&mdash;(A) 0.03, (B) 0.08, (C) 0.12,
+  (D) 0.16; pores 0.004 to 0.016, bars 0.002 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 198, depth 2150
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Caryodruppula</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell composed of five or more concentric shells (two
+  medullary and three or more cortical).</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cromyodruppa mango</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell composed of six ellipsoidal, concentric shells, two medullary and four cortical.
+  Proportion of their main axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;8&nbsp;:&nbsp;11&nbsp;:&nbsp;14&nbsp;:&nbsp;18.
+  Network of the two medullary shells and of the innermost cortical shell subregular, with
+  subcircular pores, about the same breadth as the bars. Network of the three outer cortical shells
+  more lax, with larger, irregular, roundish pores, twice to six times as broad as the bars. The
+  size of the pores and bars increases gradually from the innermost to the outermost shell. Surface
+  smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the six shells&mdash;(A) innermost 0.04, (B) 0.06, (C)
+  0.16, (D) 0.22, (E) 0.28, (F) 0.35; their equatorial axes&mdash;(A) innermost 0.03, (B) 0.05, (C)
+  0.12, (D) 0.16, (E) 0.2, (F) 0.25; pores 0.003 to 0.02, bars 0.003 to 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, surface; Matura, Ceylon, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 136. <i>Cromyocarpus</i>,<a id="NtA_175" href="#Nt_175"><sup>[175]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Druppulida</span> with four or more concentric
+  shells (two medullary and two or more cortical shells), with numerous radial spines, but without
+  polar tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cromyocarpus</i> differs from <i>Cromyodruppa</i> only in the
+  development of numerous large radial spines which start from the outer surface of the shell. It
+  exhibits therefore the same relation to the latter that <i>Prunocarpus</i> bears to
+  <i>Prunulum</i>, or <i>Druppocarpus</i> to <i>Druppula</i>. It differs from both in the
+  multiplication of the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cromyocarpus quadrifarius</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell composed of four concentric shells, two ellipsoidal cortical shells, and two spherical
+  medullary shells. Proportion of their main axes = 10&nbsp;:&nbsp;8&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.
+  Pores of the two cortical shells irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars.
+  Pores of the two medullary shells subregular, circular, about the same size as the bars. Outer
+  surface covered with numerous conical radial spines, about half as long as the main axis, half as
+  broad at the base as the innermost shell.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page319">{319}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the outer cortical shell 0.2, of the inner 0.15;
+  equatorial axis of the former 0.16, of the latter 0.12; diameter of the outer medullary shell
+  0.06, of the inner 0.04; pores of the cortical shells 0.01 to 0.02, of the medullary shells 0.004
+  to 0.008, bars 0.003 to 0.006; length of the radial spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 137. <i>Lithatractus</i>,<a id="NtA_176" href="#Nt_176"><sup>[176]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Druppulida</span> with simple ellipsoidal cortical
+  shell and simple medullary shell, with two large opposite polar spines in the main axis of equal
+  size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Lithatractus</i>, rich in common and widely distributed species,
+  begins the series of those Druppulida which are characterised by peculiar polar spines at both
+  poles of the main axis. It repeats the formation of <i>Stylosph�ra</i> and <i>Ellipsostylus</i>,
+  and differs from the former in the ellipsoidal form of the cortical shell, from the latter in the
+  possession of a medullary shell. Formerly all these forms were united in the one genus
+  <i>Stylosph�ra</i> (see above, p. <a href="#page121">121</a>).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Lithatractara</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the outer shell regular or subregular, with
+  meshes of nearly equal size and similar form; surface smooth, without thorns or papill�.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Lithatractus hexagonalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell thin walled, smooth, without thorns or papill�, with regular delicate network; the
+  meshes hexagonal, three to four times as broad as the thin bars; ten to twelve on the half
+  equator. Proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Minor axis
+  three times as large as that of the inner spherical shell; pores of the latter, small, circular.
+  Two spines three-sided pyramidal, as long as the radius of the outer shell, each as broad at its
+  base as one mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoidal cortical shell 0.16, shorter axis 0.12;
+  pores 0.011, bars 0.003; diameter of the spherical medullary shell 0.04; length of the polar
+  spines 0.07; basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Lithatractus fragilis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra fragilis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas, pl. xvi. fig.
+    3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Outer shell thin walled, smooth, without thorns or papill�, with regular network; the meshes
+  circular, of equal size, eight to ten times as broad as the thin bars; six to eight on the half
+  equator. <span class="pagenum" id="page320">{320}</span>Proportion of the major axis of the
+  ellipsoid to the minor = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Minor axis once and one-third as broad as that of the
+  ellipsoidal inner shell, the pores of which are also circular, but of half the size. Two spines
+  strong, three-sided pyramidal, acute, as broad as a large mesh, as long as the equatorial axis.
+  The stout inner prolongations of these form the only connection between the two shells.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoidal cortical shell 0.12, shorter axis 0.1;
+  pores 0.02, bars 0.002; longer axes of the ellipsoidal medullary shell 0.09, shorter axis 0.07;
+  pores 0.01, bars 0.002; length of the polar spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Lithatractus leptostylus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores of equal size, three to four
+  times as broad as the thin bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Proportion of the major axis
+  to the minor = 7&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Minor axis three times as large as that of the inner spherical
+  shell; pores of the latter half as large. Polar spines cylindrical, blunt, longer than the major
+  axis, scarcely half as broad as one larger pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the cortical shell 0.14, shorter axis 0.12; pores 0.015
+  to 0.02, bars 0.004; diameter of the medullary shell 0.04; length of the polar spines 0.15 to 0.2,
+  its thickness 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Stations 270 to 272, depth 2425
+  to 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Lithatractus pachystylus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores of equal size; twelve to fifteen
+  on the half equator. Each pore is deep, funnel-shaped, its outer aperture double the size of the
+  inner, its breadth about three times that of the high bars. Proportion of the major axis to the
+  minor = 6&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Major axis double as long as the diameter of the spherical medullary
+  shell. Polar spines very thick and short, tetrahedral, one-fourth as long and broad as the major
+  axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the cortical shell 0.17, shorter axis 0.14; pores 0.01,
+  bars 0.003; diameter of the medullary shell 0.08; length and thickness of the polar spines
+  0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Lithatractus convallaria</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell thick walled, smooth, with elegant regular network; the meshes circular, six-lobed,
+  rosette-like (of the same form as <i>Stauroxiphos gladius</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>, fig. 7),
+  twice to three times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the half equator. Proportion of the
+  major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor  = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Minor axis twice as long as the
+  diameter of the inner spherical shell, which has regular, simple, circular pores of half the size.
+  Polar spines short and thick, conical, only one-fourth to one-sixth as long as the minor axis, and
+  quite as thick.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the cortical shell 0.16, shorter axis 0.12; pores
+  0.016, bars 0.006; diameter of the medullary shell 0.06; length of the polar spines 0.02 to 0.03,
+  basal thickness the same.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page321">{321}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Lithatractylis</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the outer shell regular, with meshes of equal
+  size and similar form; surface thorny or papillose, covered with small conical spines or
+  tubercles.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Lithatractus echiniscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell thorny, thin walled, with regular network; meshes circular, with hexagonal frame,
+  four to five times as broad as the thin bars; eighteen to twenty on the half equator. From every
+  corner between the three meshes, where three hexagons unite, starts one short, straight,
+  triangular thorn (as in <i>Ellipsoxiphus elegans</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, fig. 7).
+  Proportion of the major axis of the ellipsoid to the minor = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Minor axis twice the
+  diameter of the inner spherical shell, the pores of which are half as broad, circular. Polar
+  spines three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the minor axis, as broad at the base as one
+  hexagonal frame.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the cortical shell 0.08, shorter axis = 0.06; pores
+  0.004, bars 0.001; length of the polar spines 0.05, basal thickness 0.005; diameter of the inner
+  shell 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, off Tristan da Cunha, Station 334,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Lithatractus carduelis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell thin walled, thorny, with regular network; meshes circular, simple, four to six
+  times as broad as the thin bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Between every three meshes is
+  one short conical spine. Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 6&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Minor axis
+  equals three times the diameter of the inner spherical shell. Polar spines conical, thick, half as
+  long as the major axis, thicker at the base than one pore. (This species differs from
+  <i>Stylatractus carduus</i> only by the simple medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.12 to 0.16, shorter axis 0.1 to 0.14;
+  pores 0.02 to 0.03, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines 0.05 to 0.10, basal breadth 0.04;
+  diameter of the medullary shell 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Stations 268 to 274, depth 2350
+  to 2900 fathoms; also fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Lithatractus cirsium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell thin walled, thorny, with regular network; pores circular, simple, small, two to
+  three times as broad as the thin bars; eighteen to twenty-four on the half equator. Proportion of
+  the major axis to the minor = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Inner shell ellipsoidal, half as large as the
+  outer. Polar spines cylindrical, blunt, thin, very variable in length (one-fourth to three-fourths
+  of the major axis, not thicker than a mesh).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the ellipsoid 0.07 to 0.09, shorter axis 0.05 to 0.07;
+  pores 0.005 to 0.006, bars 0.002; length of the polar spines 0.02 to 0.06, basal breadth 0.004;
+  length of the inner shell 0.04, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page322">{322}</span></div>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Lithatractus rosetta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell thick walled, thorny, with regular network; meshes circular, funnel-shaped, its
+  outer aperture elegant, rosette-like, with eight to ten incisions (like <i>Stylosph�ra
+  calliope</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+  fig. 6); eight to ten meshes on the half equator, three to four times as broad as the bars.
+  Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Shorter axis equals three times
+  the diameter of the inner spherical shell. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, about half as long
+  as the shorter axis, as broad at the base as a mesh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the cortical shell 0.15, shorter 0.12; pores 0.02, bars
+  0.005; length of the polar spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.02; diameter of the inner shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-eastern part of the Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Lithatractona</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the outer shell irregular, with meshes of
+  unequal size or dissimilar form; surface smooth, without thorns or papill�.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Lithatractus conifer</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, two to four times as broad as
+  the thin bars; fifteen to twenty on the half equator. Margin of the pores simple. Proportion of
+  the major axis to the minor = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Minor axis twice as large as the diameter of the
+  inner spherical shell, the pores of which are also irregular, roundish, but of half the size.
+  Polar spines conical, somewhat shorter than the main axis, on the base two to three times as thick
+  as a large pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the outer shell 0.15, shorter axis 0.1; pores 0.002 to
+  0.004, bars 0.001; diameter of the inner shell 0.05; length of the polar spines 0.12, basal
+  breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Lithatractus lobatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell thick walled, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, four to eight times as broad
+  as the bars; six to eight on the half equator. Margin of the pores lobed, very irregular, bluntly
+  dentate, by five to twenty slight incisions. Proportion of the major axis to the minor very
+  variable, between 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2 and 9&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Diameter of the inner shell also variable,
+  between one-third and one-half of the outer; pores of the former scarcely half the size of the
+  latter, simple, roundish, or circular. The inner shell is at some parts quite spherical, at other
+  parts more or less ellipsoidal. Polar spines conical, very variable in size and form, sometimes in
+  the basal half triangular; they are sometimes somewhat longer than the main axis, at other times
+  considerably shorter; their basal breadth is occasionally the same as that of the largest pores,
+  sometimes, however, scarcely half as large. This deep-sea species is very common in the central
+  area of the Tropical Pacific (Stations 266 to 272), and occurs also fossil in the Barbados
+  deposits. It is interesting from its great variability, and sometimes constitutes a transitional
+  form to <i>Stylosph�ra</i>.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page323">{323}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the outer shell 0.1 to 0.15, shorter axis 0.05 to 0.12;
+  pores 0.018 to 0.024, bars 0.002 to 0.004; diameter of the inner shell 0.04 to 0.08; length of the
+  polar spines 0.08 to 0.2, basal thickness 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, common; Stations 266 to 272,
+  depth 2425 to 2900 fathoms; also fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Lithatractus jugatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra jugata</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xvi. fig.
+    2).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Outer shell thick walled, smooth, or somewhat reticulated, with a peculiar, irregular, double
+  network. The pores are roundish, of very different sizes, with double margin of the outer
+  aperture, and so irregularly distributed in polygonal groups that every group contains two to six
+  pores immediately touching each other; the groups are separated by broader bars. On the half
+  equator of the shell are about six to eight groups and twelve to eighteen pores. Proportion of the
+  longer axis of the ellipsoidal shell to the shorter = 6&nbsp;:&nbsp;5 or 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Inner
+  ellipsoidal shell about half the size; its pores are not easy to make out. Polar spines
+  three-sided pyramidal, with prominent edges, about half as long as the major axis, as broad at the
+  base as a group of pores. (Nearly allied to <i>Stylosph�ra jugata</i>, p. <a
+  href="#page137">137</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Longer axis of the cortical shell 0.12 to 0.16, shorter axis 0.1 to
+  0.13; pores 0.01 to 0.02; length of the polar spines 0.06 to 0.08, basal breadth 0.03 to 0.4.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Stations 266 to 272, depth 2425
+  to 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Lithatractium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the outer shell irregular, with meshes of
+  unequal size or dissimilar form; surface thorny or papillose, covered with small conical spines or
+  tubercles.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Lithatractus conostylus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell thorny, thin walled, with irregular network; pores roundish, of unequal size, twice
+  to four times as broad as the thin bars; sixteen to twenty on the half equator. Proportion of the
+  longer axis to the shorter = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Shorter axis twice the diameter of the inner
+  spherical shell. Polar spines conical, very stout, longer than the main axis, its base equals
+  one-third of the minor axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.1, shorter axis 0.08; pores 0.004
+  to 0.002, bars 0.001; diameter of the medullary shell 0.04; polar spines&mdash;length 0.12,
+  thickness 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Lithatractus gamoporus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell thorny, thick walled, with irregular network; pores roundish, of unequal size, so
+  irregularly distributed in polygonal groups that in every group two to six pores (commonly three
+  to four) are near together; the groups are separated by broader bars. On the half equator <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page324">{324}</span>six to eight groups and eighteen to twenty-four pores.
+  Proportion of the longer axis to the shorter = 6&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Shorter axis equals twice the
+  diameter of the inner ellipsoidal shell. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the
+  equatorial axis, as broad at the base as a group of pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.12, minor axis 0.1; pores 0.004 to
+  0.012, bars 0.003; length of the polar spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350
+  to 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 138. <i>Druppatractus</i>,<a id="NtA_177" href="#Nt_177"><sup>[177]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Druppulida</span> with simple ellipsoidal cortical
+  shell and simple medullary shell, with two large opposite polar spines in the main axis of
+  different size or dissimilar form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Druppatractus</i> differs from its near relation <i>Lithatractus</i>
+  in the differentiation of the two polar spines, which are different in size or form, often to a
+  very considerable degree. It has therefore the same relation to the latter that
+  <i>Ellipsoxiphus</i> bears to <i>Ellipsostylus</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Druppatractara</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell regular or subregular, with
+  meshes of nearly equal size and similar form; surface smooth, without thorns or papill�.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Druppatractus ichthydium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface and regular network. Proportion of the major
+  axis to the minor = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.  Pores circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the
+  bars; seven to eight on the half equator (as in <i>Xiphostylus alcedo</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, fig. 4).
+  Medullary shell spherical, one-third as broad as the cortical shell. Polar spines straight,
+  three-sided pyramidal, as broad at the base as one mesh; the longer equals the main axis of the
+  cortical shell, the shorter only its half.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the ellipsoidal cortical shell 0.18, minor axis 0.12;
+  pores 0.01, bars 0.005; diameter of the medullary shell 0.04; length of the major polar spine 0.16
+  to 0.2, of the minor 0.01 to 0.12, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Corfu), surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Druppactractus'.">Druppatractus</span>
+  hippocampus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+  figs. 10, 11).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra hippocampus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Atlas, pl. xvi. figs. 10, 11.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface and regular network. Proportion of both axes =
+  7&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Pores circular, hexagonally lobed, three times as broad as the bars; nine to ten
+  on the half <span class="pagenum" id="page325">{325}</span>equator. Medullary shell ellipsoidal,
+  nearly half as large as the cortical. Larger polar spine horn-like curved, as long as the main
+  axis, smaller scarcely half as long, pommel-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.09, minor 0.075; pores 0.01, bars 0.003; axes of the
+  medullary shell 0.04 and 0.03; length of the larger polar spine 0.06 to 0.09, of the smaller 0.04,
+  basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Druppatractus belone</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface and regular network. Proportion of both axes =
+  4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Pores circular, twice as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator.
+  Medullary shell spherical, one-third as broad as the cortical shell. Polar spines strong,
+  straight, cylindrical, with conical apex, as broad at the base as two pores; the larger once and a
+  half to twice as long as the main axis, the smaller only one-third to one-fourth as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.1 to 0.12, minor 0.08 to 0.09; pores 0.008, bars 0.004;
+  diameter of the medullary shell 0.03; length of the larger polar spine 0.15 to 0.2, of the minor
+  0.04 to 0.05, basal thickness of them 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Druppatractus testudo</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra testudo</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 299, Taf. viii. fig. 16.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, spindle-shaped, with smooth surface and regular network.
+  Proportion of the two axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Pores circular, five times as broad as the bars;
+  only six to seven on the half equator. Medullary shell ellipsoidal, about one-third as large as
+  the cortical shell. Polar spines strong, short, three-sided pyramidal; the larger as long as half
+  the transverse axis, the smaller only one-fourth as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.12, minor 0.8; pores 0.015, bars 0.003; axes of the
+  medullary shell 0.04 and 0.03; length of the larger polar spine 0.04, of the smaller 0.02, basal
+  thickness 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, Philippine and Californian Sea (Ehrenberg), Stations
+  244, 266, 289, &amp;c., depth 2550 to 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Druppatractylis</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell regular or subregular, with
+  meshes of nearly equal size and similar form; surface thorny or papillose, covered with small
+  conical spines or tubercles.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Druppatractus accipenser</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, thorny, with regular network. Proportion of the two axes =
+  6&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Pores circular, each with a six-lobed outer opening, funnel-shaped, twice as
+  broad as the bars; nine <span class="pagenum" id="page326">{326}</span>to ten on the half equator.
+  Medullary shell spherical, one-third as broad as the cortical shell. Polar spines very strong,
+  three-sided pyramidal, as broad at the base as three pores; the larger about as long as the main
+  axis, the smaller only one-third as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.12, minor 0.1; pores 0.01, bars 0.005; medullary shell
+  0.035; length of the larger polar spine 0.11, of the smaller 0.04, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, surface, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Druppatractus ostracion</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>, figs. 8,
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, thorny, with regular network. Proportion of the two axes =
+  4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Pores circular, hexagonally framed, three to four times as broad as the crested
+  bars; from every corner of the hexagon (between three meshes) arises a short papilla; the bottom
+  of every funnel-like mesh is closed by a very thin plate with three regular, circular pores
+  (occasionally four), sometimes confluent, at other times separate. Medullary shell (fig. 9) half
+  as large as the cortical, ellipsoidal and papillate, with regular, circular pores. Polar spines
+  very strong, three-sided prismatic, often somewhat irregular, with short apex; the larger once to
+  twice as long as the main axis, the smaller scarcely half as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.16, minor 0.12; pores 0.02 (porules at their base 0.01),
+  bars 0.006; axes of the medullary shell 0.07 and 0.06, its pores 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the
+  larger polar spine 0.15 to 0.3, of the smaller 0.07 to 0.09, basal thickness 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Druppatractus coronatus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra coronata</i>, Ehrenberg, <span class="correction"
+    title="Printed '1872', corrected by Errata.">1875</span>, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 84, Taf. xxv. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, thorny, with regular network. Proportion of the two axes =
+  5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Pores circular, simple, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half
+  equator. Medullary shell circular, one-third as broad as the cortical shell. Polar spines furrowed
+  and angular; the longer and thinner pyramidal about as long as the main axis, the shorter and
+  thicker scarcely half as long, thickened towards the short conical apex.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.08 to 0.1, minor 0.06 to 0.08; pores 0.01, bars 0.005;
+  diameter of the medullary shell 0.03; length of the large polar spine 0.08 to 0.12, of the shorter
+  0.04 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados; also living in the
+  depths of the Pacific, central area, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Druppatractona</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell irregular, with meshes of
+  unequal size or dissimilar form; surface smooth, without thorns or papill�.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page327">{327}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Druppatractus l�vis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra l�vis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 84, Taf. xxv. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular network. Proportion of the two axes =
+  3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Pores roundish or subcircular, of different size, one-half to twice as broad as
+  the bars; eight to ten on the half equator. Medullary shell ellipsoidal, one-third as large as the
+  cortical shell. Polar spines conical, the larger and thinner nearly as long as the main axis, the
+  shorter and thicker scarcely one-third as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.07 to 0.1, minor 0.05 to 0.07; pores and bars 0.005 to
+  0.01; axes of the medullary shell 0.03 and 0.02; length of the major polar spine 0.06 to 0.09, of
+  the shorter 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Druppatractus xiphias</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with irregular network. Proportion of the two axes =
+  6&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Pores funnel-shaped, composed of two to four confluent smaller porules, twice to
+  four times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Medullary shell spherical,
+  half as broad. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, the larger about as long as the main axis, the
+  shorter one-third to one-half as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.12, minor 0.1; pores 0.012 to 0.018, bars 0.004; diameter
+  of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the major polar spine 0.1, of the minor 0.03 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Druppatractium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell irregular, with meshes of
+  unequal size or dissimilar form; surface thorny or papillose, covered with small spines or
+  tubercles.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Druppatractus diodon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, thorny, with irregular network. Proportion of the two axes =
+  5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Pores simple, irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars;
+  eight to ten on the half equator. Medullary shell spherical, half as broad. Polar spines conical,
+  more or less curved; the major longer than the main axis, the minor scarcely half as long.
+  (Resembles <i>Sph�rostylus ophidium</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate16"><b>16</b></a>,
+  figs. 14, 15, but differs from it in the prolongation of the main axis.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.15, minor 0.12; pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.005; diameter
+  of the medullary shell 0.06; length of the larger polar spine 0.12 to 0.18, of the shorter 0.06 to
+  0.08, basal thickness 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page328">{328}</span></div>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Druppatractus pisciculus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, spiny, with irregular network. Proportion of the two axes =
+  3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Pores irregular, roundish, lobed, or composed of three to five confluent porules,
+  twice to six times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the half equator. (Similar to
+  <i>Ellipsoxiphus atractus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>,
+  fig. 1.) Medullary shell ellipsoidal, nearly half as large as the cortical shell. Polar spines
+  three-sided pyramidal, the major longer than the main axis, the minor scarcely one-third to
+  one-fourth as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.18, minor 0.12; pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.004; axes of
+  the medullary shell 0.08 and 0.05; length of the major polar spine 0.2, of the minor 0.05, basal
+  breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 139. <i>Stylatractus</i>,<a id="NtA_178" href="#Nt_178"><sup>[178]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Druppulida</span> with simple ellipsoidal cortical
+  shell and double medullary shell, in the main axis with two large opposite polar spines of equal
+  size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stylatractus</i> differs from <i>Lithatractus</i> in the double
+  medullary shell, from <i>Amphisph�ra</i> in the ellipsoidal form of the cortical shell. As in
+  these two genera, both opposite polar spines have the same shape and size.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stylatractara</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell regular or subregular, with
+  meshes of nearly equal size and similar form; surface smooth, without thorns or papill�.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stylatractus neptunus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Amphistylus neptunus</i>, Haeckel, 1878, Atlas, pl. xvii. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with subregular, circular, polygonally framed pores, quite
+  as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, about
+  as long as the half main axis, three times as broad at the base as the pores. (Much resembles
+  <i>Amphisph�ra neptunus</i>, p. <a href="#page142">142</a>, but differs from it by the
+  prolongation of the main axis, which equals one and a half or one and a fourth the equatorial
+  axis, and by the somewhat irregular formation of the cortical hexagonal network. Sometimes also,
+  as in the figured specimen, the length of both polar spines is somewhat different.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.15, minor axis 0.12; pores and bars
+  0.007; main axes of both ellipsoidal medullary shells 0.08 and 0.05; length of the polar spines
+  0.08 to 0.1, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 266 to 268, depth 2700 to
+  2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page329">{329}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stylatractus fusiformis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, simple, circular pores, quite as broad as
+  the bars; fourteen to sixteen on the half equator. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, half as
+  long as the main axis, as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell. (Resembles very nearly
+  <i>Xiphatractus armadillo</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>,
+  fig. 11, but differs in the regular form and equal length of the polar spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.17, minor axis 0.13; pores and bars 0.007; main axes of
+  both ellipsoidal medullary shells 0.09 and 0.05; length of the polar spines 0.08, basal breadth
+  0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, at various
+  depths.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Stylatractus compactus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with subregular, circular, double-contoured pores, smaller
+  than the bars; sixteen to eighteen on the half equator. The thickness of the shell-wall equals the
+  radius of the inner medullary shell. Polar spines short, three-sided pyramidal; their length and
+  basal thickness variable, but commonly equal to the diameter of the inner medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.16, minor axis 0.13; pores 0.007, bars 0.01; main axes of
+  both ellipsoidal medullary shells 0.09 and 0.04; length and basal breadth of the polar spines 0.04
+  to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 272, depth 2425 to
+  2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stylatractylis</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the outer shell regular, with meshes of equal
+  size and similar form; surface thorny or papillose, covered with small spinules or tubercles.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Stylatractus giganteus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Amphistylus giganteus</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas (pl. xvii. fig. 1).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell papillose, very thick walled, with regular network; pores circular, with double
+  margin, about twice as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. The cortical shell is
+  connected with the outer medullary shell by numerous strong beams, and the inner prolongations of
+  both polar spines are much stronger. The circular pores of the outer medullary shell are three
+  times as large as those of the inner, and equal to those of the cortical shell, but the bars are
+  much thinner. Polar spines very strong, three-sided pyramidal, with spirally contorted edges, as
+  long as the main axis, as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.3, minor axis 0.22; pores 0.02,
+  bars 0.01; main axes of the ellipsoidal medullary shells 0.14 and 0.07; length of the polar spines
+  0.3, basal thickness 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page330">{330}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Stylatractus carduus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra carduus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xxv. fig. 7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, spiny, with regular, circular pores, five times as broad as the
+  bars; ten to twelve on the half equator. Polar spines conical, half as long as the main axis, at
+  the base broader than the pores. (The cortical shell is ellipsoidal as well as both medullary
+  shells; the figure of Ehrenberg, as is generally the case, is more correct than his description.
+  This interesting species occurs in the Barbados rocks, with double as well as with simple
+  medullary shell, and may in the latter case be distinguished as <i>Lithatractus
+  carduelis</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.12 to 0.16, minor 0.1 to 0.14;
+  pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.002 to 0.005; main axes of the ellipsoidal medullary shells 0.05 and
+  0.03; length of the polar spines 0.06, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Stylatractona</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the outer shell irregular, with meshes of
+  different size or form; surface smooth, without thorns or papill�.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Stylatractus variabilis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to six times as broad
+  as the bars; twelve to sixteen on the half equator. Polar spines conical, about half as long as
+  the main axis, and as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell. (The size and form of the
+  pores and of the polar spines in this species are very variable, so that the proportions given are
+  to be understood as averages.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.13, minor axis 0.11; pores 0.004 to 0.012, bars 0.002;
+  main axes of the ellipsoidal medullary shells 0.07 and 0.04; length of the polar spines 0.06,
+  basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area. Stations 272 to 274, depth 2350 to
+  2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Stylatractus sethoporus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, figs. 2,
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with large irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times
+  as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the half equator. At the bottom of each pore a thin
+  lamella of silex, perforated by four to six irregular, roundish, double-contoured porules.
+  Medullary shells resemble those of <i>Stylatractus giganteus</i>. Polar spines three-sided
+  pyramidal; their length and basal thickness scarcely equal the diameter of the inner medullary
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.15, minor axis 0.13; pores 0.02, bars 0.005, porules
+  0.01; length of the polar spines 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page331">{331}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Stylatractium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the outer shell irregular, with meshes of
+  different size and form; surface thorny or papillose, covered with small spinules or
+  tubercles.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Stylatractus papillosus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with papillose surface, and irregular, simple, roundish pores, ten
+  to sixteen on the half equator, twice to three times as broad as the bars. Conical papill� of the
+  surface irregularly scattered. Polar spines conical, about as long as the main axis, at the base
+  half as broad as the inner medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.12, minor 0.1; pores 0.006 to 0.01, bars 0.003; main axes
+  of the medullary shells 0.09 and 0.06; length of the polar spines 0.13, basal breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, surface (between Socotra and Ceylon),
+  Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Stylatractus disetanius</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with spiny surface, and irregular, roundish pores, eight to ten on
+  the half equator, twice to three times as broad as the bars. Every pore is divided by thinner bars
+  into four to six small roundish porules. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, nearly as long as the
+  main axis, as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell. (Resembles <i>Xiphatractus
+  glyptodon</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>,
+  figs. 9, 10, but differs from it by the irregular network and the equal size of both polar
+  spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.14, minor 0.1; pores 0.02, bars 0.008, porules 0.007;
+  main axes of the two medullary shells 0.08 and 0.05; length of the polar spines 0.13, basal
+  breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, near New Zealand, Station 169, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 140. <i>Xiphatractus</i>,<a id="NtA_179" href="#Nt_179"><sup>[179]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Druppulida</span> with a simple ellipsoidal cortical
+  shell and double medullary shell, in the main axis with two large opposite polar spines of
+  different size or form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Xiphatractus</i> differs from the nearly related <i>Stylatractus</i>
+  in the differentiation of two polar spines (in the same manner as <i>Druppatractus</i> differs
+  from <i>Lithatractus</i>). From the spherical <i>Amphistylus</i> it differs in the ellipsoidal
+  form of the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Xiphatractara</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell regular or subregular, with
+  meshes of nearly equal size and similar form; surface smooth, without thorns or papill�.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page332">{332}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Xiphatractus armadillo</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, about as broad as the bars;
+  fifteen to sixteen on the half equator. Polar spines three-sided pyramidal, with thick, prominent
+  edges, of irregular form; the longer about as long as the main axis, the shorter scarcely
+  one-third as long; their basal breadth equals the diameter of the inner medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.13, minor axis 0.1, thickness of
+  its wall 0.01; pores and bars 0.005; main axes of the two medullary shells 0.07 and 0.03; length
+  of the major polar spine 0.12, of the minor 0.04, basal thickness 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Xiphatractus euphractus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars;
+  eight to nine on the half equator. Each pore has six to nine excisions (commonly eight), elegantly
+  lobed, flower-like (as in <i>Xiphostylus phasianus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, fig. 9).
+  Polar spines strong, angulate; the major pyramidal, longer than the main axis, the shorter
+  elegantly pommel-like, scarcely one-third as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.15, minor 0.12; pores 0.014, bars 0.007; main axes of the
+  two medullary shells 0.09 and 0.05; length of the larger polar spine 0.16, of the shorter 0.05,
+  greatest thickness 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Xiphatractylis</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell regular or subregular, with
+  meshes of nearly equal size and similar form; surface thorny or papillose.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Xiphatractus spinulosus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra spinulosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xxv. fig. 8.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with spiny surface, and large, regular, circular pores, four times
+  as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the half equator. Spines between the pores of the same
+  size, conical. Polar spines also conical, but much larger; the major about as long as the main
+  axis, the minor scarcely half as long; their basal thickness equals the largest pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.1, minor 0.08; pores 0.012, bars 0.003; diameter of the
+  spherical medullary shells 0.06 and 0.03; length of the major polar spine 0.09, of the minor 0.04,
+  basal thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page333">{333}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Xiphatractus sulcatus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra sulcata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xxiv, fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with thorny surface, and regular, circular pores, quite as broad
+  as the bars; nine to ten on the half equator. Polar spines cylindrical, with longitudinal basal
+  furrows and conical apex, three times as broad as the pores; the larger about as long as the main
+  axis, the shorter only one-half or two-thirds as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.01, minor 0.08; pores and bars 0.007; main axes of the
+  two medullary shells 0.08 and 0.04; length of the major polar spine 0.1, of the minor 0.06,
+  breadth of them 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Barbados deposits.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Xiphatractus dasypus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with spiny surface, and regular, elegant network; pores circular,
+  hexagonally framed, about as broad as the bars; from every corner of the network (between three
+  pores) arises a short bristle-like spine. Polar spines three-sided prismatic, as broad as one
+  hexagon; the major once to twice as long as the main axis, the minor only one-half to one-fourth
+  as long. (The cortical shell much resembles <i>Ellipsoxiphus elegans</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate14"><b>14</b></a>, fig.
+  7.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.15, minor 0.13; pores and bars 0.01; main axes of the two
+  medullary shells 0.1 and 0.06; length of the major polar spine 0.1 to 0.3, of the minor 0.05 to
+  0.1, thickness 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Western Pacific, Station 222, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Xiphatractona</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell irregular, with meshes of
+  different size or form; surface smooth, without thorns or papill�.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Xiphatractus chlamydophorus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as
+  broad as the bars; eight to twelve on the half equator. Polar spines angular, irregularly curved
+  or contorted; the larger once to twice as long as the main axis, the shorter and thicker
+  pommel-shaped, only one-third to one-half as long; their basal breadth equals two pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.14, minor 0.1; pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003; main
+  axis of the two ellipsoidal medullary shells 0.09 and 0.04; length of the major polar spine 0.1 to
+  0.2, of the minor 0.05 to 0.08, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, many Stations, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page334">{334}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Xiphatractium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Network of the cortical shell irregular, with meshes of
+  unequal size or dissimilar form; surface thorny or papillose.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Xiphatractus radiosus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylosph�ra radiosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xxiv. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very thick walled, with thorny surface, and irregular, roundish pores, once to
+  three times as broad as the bars; nine and ten on the half equator. Polar spines conical, on the
+  base about as broad as the largest pores; the larger as long as the main axis, the smaller
+  scarcely one-fourth as long. (The radial striation, figured by Ehrenberg and applied to the name
+  of this species, is produced by the contours of the funnel-shaped pores in the thick walls seen in
+  optical section; the ellipsoidal cortical shell is double.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.13, minor 0.09; pores 0.003 to 0.01, bars 0.003; main
+  axes of the two medullary shells 0.05 and 0.03; length of the major polar spine 0.12, of the minor
+  0.03, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Xiphatractus glyptodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, figs. 9,
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, covered with radial spines of the size of the pores; on the half
+  equator eight to ten irregular or subregular roundish pores, twice to four times as broad as the
+  bars. In the bottom of each pore a thin lamella of silex, perforated by four to six smaller
+  roundish pores. Both medullary shells (fig. 10) spherical, with smaller, regular, circular pores.
+  Larger polar spine three-sided pyramidal, in length equals the main axis; shorter spine only half
+  as long, but twice as thick, of elegant pommel-form (fig. 9), with nine prominent edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.12, minor, 0.1; pores and spines 0.01 to 0.02, bars and
+  porules 0.005; diameter of the two medullary shells 0.05 and 0.02; length of the major polar spine
+  0.1, of the minor 0.06, greatest thickness 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 141. <i>Cromyatractus</i>,<a id="NtA_180" href="#Nt_180"><sup>[180]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Druppulida</span> with four or more concentric
+  shells (two medullary shells and two or more cortical shells), in the main axis with two large
+  opposite polar spines of equal size and similar form.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cromyatractus</i> is very nearly allied to all the foregoing genera,
+  which bear two equal spines opposite to one another on the poles of the main axis; it differs
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page335">{335}</span>from them in the multiplication of the cortical
+  shell, and may be considered as the most highly developed form of this amphistylous series, which
+  proceeds from <i>Ellipsoxiphus</i> to <i>Lithatractus</i> and <i>Stylatractus</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Cromyatractium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell composed of two medullary shells and two cortical
+  shells.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cromyatractus tetraphractus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylocromium tetraphractum</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas (pl. xv. fig. 2).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the main axes of the four concentric shells about =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;5&nbsp;:&nbsp;7. Network of all four shells nearly of the same
+  structure, subregular, with circular pores of equal size (in one and the same shell). The absolute
+  size of the pores increases gradually from the innermost to the outermost shell. The bars between
+  the pores are smaller and quite smooth. Surface of the outermost shell smooth. Polar spines
+  cylindrical, with conical apex, of variable length, nearly as broad as the innermost shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axes of the four shells&mdash;(A) inner medullary shell 0.03, (B)
+  outer medullary shell 0.08, (C) inner cortical shell 0.15, (D) outer cortical shell 0.2;
+  equatorial axes of them&mdash;(A) 0.025, (B) 0.06, (C) 0.12, (D) 0.15; pores of (A) 0.004, (B)
+  0.007, (C) 0.01, (D) 0.013, bars 0.002 to 0.004; length of the polar spines 0.1 to 0.3 (and more),
+  breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic (Indian) Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cromyatractus tetralepas</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the main axes of the four concentric shells about =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Network of the two medullary shells regular, with
+  small circular pores, little larger than the bars. Network of the two cortical shells irregular,
+  with much larger polygonal pores, three to nine times as broad as the thin bars. (Somewhat similar
+  to <i>Cromyatractus ceparius</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>,
+  fig. 4.) Surface of the outermost shell smooth or a little thorny. Polar spines cylindrical, very
+  large, twice to three times as long as the main axis of the outermost shell, about as broad as the
+  innermost shell, with conical apex; smooth or a little thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axes of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.03, (B) 0.05, (C) 0.13, (D)
+  0.18; equatorial axes of them&mdash;(A) 0.2, (B) 0.45, (C) 0.11, (D) 0.14; pores of the two
+  medullary shells 0.004 and 0.006, of both cortical shells 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Pullen, 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cromyatractus tetracelyphus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  1<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the main axes of the four concentric shells about =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;10&nbsp;:&nbsp;11. Network of the two spherical medullary shells (fig.
+  1<i>a</i>) regular, with small circular pores, twice as broad as <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page336">{336}</span>the bars. Network of the inner cortical shell regular with circular,
+  hexagonally-framed pores, twice as broad as the bars. From every corner of the hexagons (between
+  three pores) arises a very thin, hair-like, short radial spinule. These spinules communicate with
+  one another by tangential branches (at equal distances from the inner cortical shell), and form
+  thereby an outer, delicate cortical network, with large polygonal meshes and very thin bars. Polar
+  spines very strong, pyramidal, with prominent edges, as long as the main radius of the cortical
+  shell, and half as broad at the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axes of the four shells&mdash;(A) 0.02, (B) 0.06, (C) 0.2, (D)
+  0.22; equatorial axes of them&mdash;(A) 0.02, (B) 0.06, (C) 0.13, (D) 0.15; pores of the four
+  shells&mdash;(A) 0.002, (B) 0.004, (C) 0.008, (D) 0.02; bars 0.001 to 0.003; length of the polar
+  spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Caryatractus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell composed of two medullary shells and three or more
+  cortical shells.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Cromyatractus cepicius</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Caryostylus cepicius</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas (pl. xv. fig. 3).</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Caryodoras cepicius</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 454.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the main axes of the five concentric shells about =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;5&nbsp;:&nbsp;7&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. Network of both spherical medullary
+  shells regular, with small circular pores, about as broad as the bars. Network of the three
+  ellipsoidal cortical shells irregular, with large polygonal meshes, five to ten times as broad as
+  the thin bars. Surface of the outermost shell smooth. Polar spines cylindrical, thorny, about as
+  thick as the innermost shell and as long as the outermost shell, against the apex with a
+  spindle-like intumescence, formed by delicate spongy framework (fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axes of the five concentric shells&mdash;(A) 0.03, (B) 0.05, (C)
+  0.16, (D) 0.2, (E) 0.25; equatorial axes of them&mdash;(A) 0.03, (B) 0.05, (C) 0.12, (D) 0.16, (E)
+  0.2; pores of the two medullary shells 0.002 to 0.004, of the three cortical shells 0.02 to 0.04,
+  bars 0.002; length of the polar spines 0.3, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Cromyatractus ceparius</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate15"><b>15</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Caryostylus ceparius</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xv. fig.
+    4).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Proportion of the main axes of the six concentric shells about =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;7&nbsp;:&nbsp;10&nbsp;:&nbsp;13&nbsp;:&nbsp;18. Network of the three
+  inner shells regular, with small, circular pores, which are about as broad as the bars and in the
+  third shell hexagonally framed.  Network of the three outer shells irregular, with large polygonal
+  meshes, six to twelve times as broad as the bars. Surface smooth. Polar spines strong,
+  spindle-shaped, thorny, outside of the sixth shell about as long as inside of it; broader than
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page337">{337}</span>the innermost shell; the thorns of their outer free
+  part (arising at equal distances) represent perhaps the beginnings of three to four further
+  shells.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axes of the six concentric shells&mdash;(A) 0.02, (B) 0.05, (C)
+  0.14, (D) 0.2, (E) 0.26, (F) 0.37; equatorial axes&mdash;(A) 0.02, (B) 0.05, (C) 0.09, (D) 0.15,
+  (E) 0.21, (F) 0.3; pores of the three inner shells 0.003 to 0.006, of the three outer shells 0.02
+  to 0.04, bars 0.003 to 0.005; length of the polar spines, from the base of the innermost shell to
+  the apex, 0.35, greatest breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 142. <i>Pipetta</i>,<a id="NtA_181" href="#Nt_181"><sup>[181]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Druppulida</span> with simple ellipsoidal cortical
+  shell and simple medullary shell, with two hollow fenestrated tubes opposite on both poles of the
+  main axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pipetta</i> differs from <i>Pipettella</i> (p. <a
+  href="#page304">304</a>) in the possession of an inner (medullary) shell; it exhibits the same
+  tubular prolongations of the cortical shell at both poles of the main axis.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pipetta fusus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  figs. 8, 8<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell spindle-shaped, the middle ellipsoidal part gently passing over on both poles
+  into the conical tubes, which attain about the same length. Network regular, with circular,
+  hexagonally-framed pores, twice as broad as the bars, sixteen to eighteen on the half equator. In
+  the middle part of the shell the pores arise from their hexagonal bases in the form of short
+  conical funnels; on both tubes they are much smaller and simple, without frame. Medullary shell
+  (fig. 8<i>a</i>) spherical, scarcely one-third as broad as the cortical, with regular, circular
+  pores, twice as broad as the bars, eight to nine on the half equator. The two shells are connected
+  only by two opposite beams, lying in the equatorial axis and ramified at the distal insertion
+  (fig. 8<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Middle ellipsoidal part of the cortical shell 0.13 to 0.15; polar
+  tubes 0.15 long, 0.06 broad at the base; pores of the former 0.01, bars 0.005; pores of the tubes
+  0.06, bars 0.003. Medullary shell 0.04, pores 0.004, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pipetta tuba</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly spherical in the middle part, which is sharply separated at both poles
+  from the long, nearly cylindrical tubes; these are longer than the main axis, at the distal end
+  open (always broken off). Network regular, with circular, hexagonally-framed pores, of the same
+  breadth as the bars, eighteen to twenty on the half equator. The pores of the polar tubes are of
+  the same shape, only much smaller, and arranged in sixteen to eighteen longitudinal rows.
+  Medullary shell <span class="pagenum" id="page338">{338}</span>spherical, about one-third as broad
+  as the cortical, with simple circular pores. The connection between the two shells is only made by
+  two simple opposite beams, lying in the equatorial axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Middle spheroidal part of the cortical shell 0.14 to 0.16; polar tubes
+  0.15 to 0.2 or longer, 0.03 broad; pores and bars of the former 0.007, of the latter 0.003.
+  Medullary shell 0.04, pores 0.006, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Pipetta salpinx</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell ellipsoidal, sharply separated from the cylindrical polar tubes, which reach
+  about the same length (or more). Network regular, with circular pores, three times as broad as the
+  bars, without hexagonal frames, fourteen to fifteen on the half equator. Pores of the polar tubes
+  smaller, arranged in eight to ten longitudinal rows. Medullary shell spherical, one-fourth as
+  broad as the cortical, connected with it by a circle of four to six radial beams, lying in the
+  equatorial plane. Differs from <i>Pipettella prismatica</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 6) in
+  the possession of a medullary shell and the absence of the tube edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the ellipsoid 0.14, equatorial axis 0.12, pores 0.01,
+  bars 0.003; length of the tubes 0.15 or more, breadth 0.03. Medullary shell 0.03, pores 0.002,
+  bars 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2700 to
+  2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Pipetta conus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell spindle-shaped, the middle ellipsoidal part gently passing over at both poles
+  into the conical tubes, which attain only half its length. Network irregular, with roundish or
+  subcircular pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars, twelve to sixteen on the half
+  equator. Medullary shell spherical, one-fourth as broad as the cortical. (Differs from the
+  foregoing species in the short conical tubes and the irregular reticulation.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Middle part of the cortical shell 0.16 long, 0.13 broad; tubes 0.09
+  long, 0.05 on the base broad; pores 0.005 to 0.01, bars 0.003.  Medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 143. <i>Pipettaria</i>,<a id="NtA_182" href="#Nt_182"><sup>[182]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Druppulida</span> with simple ellipsoidal cortical
+  shell and double medullary shell, with two hollow fenestrated tubes opposite on both poles of the
+  main axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pipettaria</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Pipetta</i> only in the
+  duplication of the medullary shell; as in this, the tubular prolongations of the main axis of the
+  cortical shell may be either conical (with closed apex) or cylindrical (with apical opening?).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page339">{339}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pipettaria fusaria</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell spindle-shaped, the middle ellipsoidal part gently passing over on both poles
+  into the conical tubes, which attain about half its length. Pores regular, circular, twice as
+  broad as the bars, sixteen to eighteen on the half equator; pores of the tubes smaller. Both
+  medullary shells spheroidal, compressed. (The appearance of the cortical shell resembles that of
+  <i>Cannartiscus amphiconus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 19, but without the equatorial constriction.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the ellipsoid 0.15, equatorial axis 0.13; length of the
+  polar tubes 0.08, basal breadth 0.05; pores of the former 0.008, bars 0.004; diameter of the
+  medullary shells 0.04 and 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pipettaria tubaria</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 15).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cannartidium tubarium</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Atlas (pl. xxxix. fig. 15).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell ellipsoidal, on both poles distinctly separated from the short conical tubes,
+  the length and breadth of which equal the outer medullary shell. In the equatorial plane arises a
+  circle of four to six short conical protuberances, similar to the polar tubes. Pores subregular,
+  circular, or roundish, scarcely broader than the bars, sixteen to twenty on the half equator. Both
+  medullary shells spheroidal, somewhat compressed in the direction of the two poles (as in fig.
+  18<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the ellipsoid 0.12, equatorial axis 0.09; pores 0.005,
+  bars 0.004; size of the equatorial protuberances and of the polar tubes 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Spongurida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, figs. 6,
+  7).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Spongurida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 447 (<i>sensu
+  emendato</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> with spongy ellipsoidal or
+  cylindrical shell, composed wholly or partially of a spongy framework, without equatorial
+  stricture, with or without an enclosed medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Spongurida</span> comprises, in the sense here restricted, all
+  those <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> in which the ellipsoidal or cylindrical shell is composed
+  wholly or partially of an irregular siliceous framework, not of simple lattice-work. It contains
+  two subfamilies, differing in the absence or presence of a latticed medullary shell in the middle
+  of the central capsule; in the Spongellipsida it is absent, in the Spongodruppida present; the
+  former are most nearly related to the Ellipsida, the latter to the Druppulida, the difference
+  consisting only in the spongy structure of the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p>In my Monograph (1862, p. 447) the family Spongurida had a much wider extent, comprising also a
+  number of <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, agreeing in
+  the spongy <span class="pagenum" id="page340">{340}</span>structure of the shell. Here we restrict
+  the definition to those spongy <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> in which the central capsule
+  and the enclosing spongy cortical shell are ellipsoidal or cylindrical, therefore each transverse
+  section is a circle, and each meridional section an ellipse, as in all <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Cortical Shell</i> in all Spongurida is composed of a delicate framework of irregularly
+  branched and interwoven siliceous threads; commonly this spongy structure is rather dense or
+  compact, but sometimes also very loose. In the simplest form, <i>Spongellipsis</i>, the spongy
+  cortical shell contains a large cavity, in which lies freely the central capsule. In
+  <i>Spongurus</i> this cavity is completely distended by a spongy framework. In this case the solid
+  spongy shell becomes often prolonged, and its original ellipsoidal form passes over into a
+  cylindrical one (as in many Zygartida). Sometimes (particularly in <i>Spongocore</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, fig. 6) the
+  cylinder becomes three-jointed by two more or less distinct annular constrictions.
+  <i>Spongocore</i> is distinguished by an outer veil, a thin lattice-lamella, which envelops the
+  spongy shell and is connected with it by radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Medullary Shell</i>, absent in the Spongellipsida, is constant in the second subfamily
+  Spongodruppida. It is either a simple latticed shell (<i>Spongodruppa</i>) or double, composed of
+  two concentric latticed shells (<i>Spongoliva</i>); its form is either spherical or ellipsoidal.
+  It lies in the middle of the central capsule, and is connected by radial beams (perforating the
+  membrane of the latter) with the enveloping spongy cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p>In many Spongurida the surface of the shell is armed with radial spines, and in some genera
+  (<i>Spongoprunum</i>, <i>Spongatractus</i>, &amp;c., Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, fig. 12),
+  on both poles of the main axis, are developed two strong opposite polar spines, as in many other
+  <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Spongurida is either ellipsoidal or cylindrical. Only in
+  <i>Spongellipsis</i> it lies freely in the internal cavity of the spongy shell. In all other
+  genera it is perforated by a part of the skeleton; in the Spongodruppida it contains the simple or
+  double medullary shell, and the radial beams which perforate its membrane and connect the latter
+  with the external spongy cortical shell. In <i>Spongurus</i> and the allied genera
+  (<i>Spongocore</i>, <i>Spongoprunum</i>) the whole central capsule is filled with a spongy
+  framework which also envelops its surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page341">{341}</span></div>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Spongurida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Spongurida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Spongurida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">I. Subfamily Spongellipsida. (Ellipsoidal shell
+      composed only of a spongy framework without a latticed medullary shell in the centre.</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace10sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spongy shell with internal cavity.</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">No polar spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">144. <i>Spongellipsis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Spongy shell solid, without internal cavity.</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Without lattice mantle. No polar spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">145. <i>Spongurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With lattice mantle. No polar spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">146. <i>Spongocore</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Without lattice mantle. Two opposite spines on the poles of the
+      axis,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">147. <i>Spongoprunum</i></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">II. Subfamily Spongodruppida. (Ellipsoidal shell
+      composed of an outer spongy cortical shell and an inner latticed medullary shell.)</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Medullary shell simple.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">No polar spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">148. <i>Spongodruppa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two opposite spines on the poles of the axis,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">149. <i>Spongatractus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Medullary shell double.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">No polar spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">150. <i>Spongoliva</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two opposite spines on the poles of the axis,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">151. <i>Spongoxiphus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Spongurida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Spongurida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Spongellipsida. (Ellipsoidal shell composed only of a spongy
+      framework without a latticed medullary shell in the centre.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spongy shell with internal cavity.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No polar spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">144. <i>Spongellipsis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spongy shell solid, without internal cavity.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without lattice mantle. No polar spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">145. <i>Spongurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With lattice mantle. No polar spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">146. <i>Spongocore</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without lattice mantle. Two opposite spines on the poles of the
+      axis,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">147. <i>Spongoprunum</i></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Spongodruppida. (Ellipsoidal shell composed of an outer spongy
+      cortical shell and an inner latticed medullary shell.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Medullary shell simple.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No polar spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">148. <i>Spongodruppa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two opposite spine on the poles of the axis,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">149. <i>Spongatractus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Medullary shell double.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No polar spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">150. <i>Spongoliva</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two opposite spine on the poles of the axis,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">151. <i>Spongoxiphus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Spongellipsida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongurida</span> with a spongy
+  ellipsoidal or cylindrical shell, without an internal latticed medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 144. <i>Spongellipsis</i>,<a id="NtA_183" href="#Nt_183"><sup>[183]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongurida</span> with an ellipsoidal or cylindrical
+  spongy shell, containing an internal cavity, without a latticed medullary shell.  Polar spines
+  absent.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spongellipsis</i> embraces those very simple Spongurida in which the
+  ellipsoidal central capsule is enclosed in a spongy cortical shell of the same form. It
+  corresponds, therefore, to <i>Plegmosph�ra</i> among the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, to
+  <i>Plegmodiscus</i> among the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, and to <i>Spongolarcus</i> among
+  the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>. In some species the ellipsoidal form is prolonged and
+  passes into a cylindrical one.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Spongellipsarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth or rough, without radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page342">{342}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongellipsis l�vis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell ellipsoidal, with smooth surface, its spongy wall scarcely one-tenth as thick as the
+  minor axis of the inner cavity. Spongy framework very compact, with small meshes, three to six
+  times as broad as the bars. Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis (or length) of the shell 0.36, minor axis (or breadth)
+  0.24.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongellipsis aspera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell ellipsoidal, with rough surface, its spongy wall nearly half as thick as the minor axis
+  of the inner cavity. Spongy framework very loose, with large meshes, ten to twenty times as broad
+  as the bars. Proportion of the major axis to the minor = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.24, breadth 0.18.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongellipsis aplysina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell nearly cylindrical, with rough surface, its spongy wall about one-fourth as thick as the
+  minor axis of the internal cavity. Spongy framework loose, with large meshes, four to eight times
+  as broad as the bars. Proportion of both axes = 6&nbsp;:&nbsp;1. (Similar to a spongy cylinder of
+  Aplysina.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.3, breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 64, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spongellipsidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell covered with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spongellipsis setosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell ellipsoidal, covered with numerous (sixty to eighty) thin, bristle-shaped, radial spines,
+  about half as long as the major axis. Spongy framework loose, with large meshes, ten to twenty
+  times as broad as the bars. Minor axis of the inner cavity twice as long as the thickness of the
+  spongy wall. Proportion of both axes = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Spongellipsis spinosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell nearly cylindrical, covered with numerous thorns and thirty to forty larger conical
+  radial spines, somewhat longer than the major axis. Spongy framework compact, with small meshes,
+  four <span class="pagenum" id="page343">{343}</span>to eight times as broad as the bars. Minor
+  axis of the inner cavity about six times as large as the thickness of the spongy wall. Proportion
+  of both axes = 4&nbsp;:&nbsp;1.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.24, breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 145. <i>Spongurus</i>,<a id="NtA_184" href="#Nt_184"><sup>[184]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1862,
+  Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 465.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongurida</span> with ellipsoidal or cylindrical
+  (sometimes three-jointed) shell, of solid spongy framework, without internal cavity and without
+  latticed medullary shell. Polar spines and outer lattice-mantle absent.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spongurus</i> was founded by me in 1862 for the common cosmopolitan
+  <i>Spongurus cylindricus</i>, a massive spongy cylinder with radial spines. I enlarge here the
+  conception of the genus, in receiving also ellipsoidal, massive spongy <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, with or without radial spines. Sometimes the cylindrical shell is
+  more or less distinctly three-jointed, with two annular strictures, as also in the following and
+  nearly allied genus.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Spongurantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spongy framework everywhere of the same structure; surface
+  smooth or rough, but without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongurus stuparius</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell ellipsoidal, one and a half times as long as broad, with nearly smooth surface. Spongy
+  framework everywhere of equal structure, with small meshes, four to six times as broad as the
+  bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell (or major axis) 0.2, breadth of it (or minor axis)
+  0.14.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongurus stypticus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell ellipsoidal, twice as long as broad, with thorny surface. Spongy framework everywhere of
+  equal structure, with large meshes, ten to twenty times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.3, breadth 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongurus phalanga</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongurus cylindricus</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 119, Taf.
+    vii. fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell nearly cylindrical, five times as long as broad, with thorny surface. Spongy framework
+  compact, everywhere of equal structure, with small meshes, scarcely broader than the bars.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page344">{344}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.24, breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2600 fathoms;
+  fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spongurella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spongy framework everywhere of the same structure; surface
+  armed with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">4. <i>Spongurus asper</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma asperum</i>, Joh. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 40, Taf.
+    ii. fig. 2.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma asperum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 431.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell ellipsoidal, one and a third times as long as broad, with thorny surface and twenty
+  symmetrically disposed, thin, bristle-shaped, radial spines, about as long as the shell. Spongy
+  framework everywhere of the same structure, very compact, with small meshes, three to four times
+  as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Ligurian coast (J. M�ller), Portofino
+  (Haeckel).</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Spongurus cylindricus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongurus cylindricus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 465, Taf.
+    xxvii. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell cylindrical, four to five times as long as broad, with nearly smooth surface, and twenty
+  to thirty thin, bristle-shaped, radial spines, about half as long as the shell. Spongy framework
+  everywhere of the same structure, very compact, with small meshes, scarcely broader than the
+  bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.04 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Pacific,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Spongurus tricolus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell nearly cylindrical, with two slight annular transverse strictures; its middle part is
+  somewhat broader. Surface thorny, with numerous (forty to sixty or more) short, thin, radial
+  spines, not longer than the breadth of the shell. Spongy framework everywhere of the same
+  structure, compact, with small meshes, twice to three times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.24, breadth 0.04 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Sponguroma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spongy framework in the inner part of the shell very
+  compact, in the outer part very loose; surface armed with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page345">{345}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Spongurus radians</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell ellipsoidal, one and a half times as long as broad, with thorny surface, and eighty to
+  one hundred and twenty (or more) thin, bristle-shaped, radial spines, somewhat longer than the
+  shell. Spongy framework in the inner part very compact, in the outer part very loose, with a
+  gradual transition between the two parts. Meshes in the central part not broader than the bars, in
+  the superficial part ten to twenty times as broad.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.24, breadth 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Portofino, near Genoa, Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Spongurus spongechinus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell ellipsoidal, one and a third times as long as broad, with thorny surface, and thirty to
+  forty thick, conical radial spines, about half as long as the shell. Spongy framework in the inner
+  part of the shell compact, in the outer loose, with a gradual transition between the two parts.
+  Meshes in the central part smaller than the bars, in the superficial part four to eight times as
+  broad.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.18, breadth 0.14.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 146. <i>Spongocore</i>,<a id="NtA_185" href="#Nt_185"><sup>[185]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongurida</span> with ellipsoidal or cylindrical
+  (sometimes three-jointed) shell of solid spongy framework, without internal cavity and without
+  latticed medullary shell. Polar spines absent. An outer lattice-mantle is connected with the
+  spongy shell by radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spongocore</i> contains some widely distributed Spongurida, which are
+  distinguished from the nearly related <i>Spongurus</i> by the development of a peculiar veil or
+  mantle of delicate lattice-work, which envelops either the whole shell or only the middle part of
+  it, and is connected with it by numerous radial beams. The distance of the simple fine
+  lattice-lamella from the spongy shell is everywhere the same. Often the cylindrical shell is
+  three-jointed, with two annular strictures, as also in the foregoing <i>Spongurus.</i> It is
+  derived from the latter by development of the veil connecting the points of the radial spines.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Spongocorina</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell without distinct annular strictures, not evidently
+  three-jointed.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page346">{346}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongocore velata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell ellipsoidal, one and a half times as long as broad, without annular strictures. Spongy
+  framework loose, with rather large meshes, four to six times as broad as the bars. The whole
+  spongy shell enveloped by a delicate veil with smooth surface, connected with it by numerous thin
+  radial beams. Breadth of the spongy ellipsoid (or minor axis) six times as large as its distance
+  from the veil.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the whole shell (with veil) 0.3, breadth 0.2; distance of
+  the veil from the spongy ellipsoid 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongocore diplocylindrica</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell cylindrical, three times as long as broad, without annular strictures. Spongy framework
+  compact, with small meshes, twice to three times as broad as the bars. The whole surface of the
+  spongy cylinder, with exception of both rounded polar faces, enveloped by a delicate cylindrical
+  veil with smooth surface, connected with it by numerous radial beams. Diameter of the spongy
+  cylinder twice as large as its distance from the veil.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.3, breadth (with veil) 0.1; distance of the veil
+  0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 302, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spongocorisca</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell distinctly three-jointed, with two transverse
+  annular strictures.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongocore chrysalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy shell cylindrical, without the veil six times as long as broad, three-jointed, with two
+  annular strictures; all three joints of the same length. The whole spongy shell enveloped by a
+  thin veil with thorny surface, connected with it by numerous radial beams. Breadth of the spongy
+  cylinder three times as large as its distance from the veil.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell (with veil) 0.4, breadth 0.1; distance of the veil
+  from the spongy shell 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic (off Patagonia), Station 318, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spongocore cincta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy shell cylindrical, without the veil four times as long as broad, three-jointed, with two
+  annular strictures; all three joints of the same length. Only the middle joint enveloped by a thin
+  veil with smooth surface, connected with it by radial beams.  Both terminal joints with long,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page347">{347}</span>bristle-shaped, radial spines. Breadth of the
+  spongy cylinder twice as large as its distance from the veil.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.24, breadth (with veil) 0.12; distance of the
+  veil 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Spongocore pupula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy shell cylindrical, without the veil six times as long as broad, three-jointed, with two
+  annular strictures; the middle joint half as long as either terminal joint. Only the middle joint
+  enveloped by a thin veil with spiny surface, connected with it by twenty to thirty radial beams,
+  which are prolonged on the outside into short radial spines. Breadth of the spongy cylinder about
+  equal to its distance from the veil.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.2, breadth (with veil) 0.1; distance of the veil
+  0.033.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Spongocore puella</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy shell cylindrical, without the veil five times as long as broad, three-jointed, with two
+  annular strictures; the middle joint twice as long as either terminal joint. Only the middle joint
+  enveloped by a thin veil with delicate lattice-work and smooth surface; both terminal joints armed
+  with numerous thin, bristle-shaped, radial spines. Breadth of the spongy cylinder twice as large
+  as the distance from the veil.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.25 to 0.3, breadth (with veil) 0.1 to 0.12;
+  distance of the veil 0.028 to 0.032.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Stations 295 to 304, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 147. <i>Spongoprunum</i>,<a id="NtA_186" href="#Nt_186"><sup>[186]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongurida</span> with ellipsoidal or cylindrical
+  shell of solid spongy framework, without internal cavity and without latticed medullary shell. On
+  the poles of the axis occur two opposite strong spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongoprunum</i> differs from the most nearly allied <i>Spongurus</i>
+  by the possession of two strong solid spines, lying in the axis of the ellipsoidal or cylindrical
+  massive spongy shell, on its two opposite poles. <i>Spongoprunum</i> bears therefore the same
+  relation to <i>Spongurus</i> that <i>Ellipsoxiphus</i> does to <i>Cenellipsis</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongoprunum amphilonche</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell ellipsoidal, two and a third times as long as broad, with nearly smooth surface. Spongy
+  framework very compact, in the whole solid shell of the same structure, with very small meshes,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page348">{348}</span>scarcely broader than the bars. Two polar spines
+  conical, very strong, about half as long as the main axis of the shell and three times as long as
+  broad.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell (without spines) 0.2, breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in
+  the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongoprunum atractus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spindle-shaped, twice as long as broad, with thorny surface. Spongy framework loose, in
+  the whole shell of the same structure, with large meshes, eight to twelve times as broad as the
+  bars. Two polar spines angular, pyramidal, very strong, about one-third as long as the shell, and
+  twice as long as broad.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.11.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongoprunum amphicylindrus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell nearly cylindrical, four times as long as broad, with rough surface. Spongy framework
+  compact, in the whole shell of equal structure, with small meshes, twice to three times as broad
+  as the bars. Two polar spines cylindrical, very large, longer than the shell, and about one-fourth
+  as thick as its diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 333, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily <span class="sc">Spongodruppida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongurida</span> with latticed
+  medullary shell, enclosed by a spongy cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 148. <i>Spongodruppa</i>,<a id="NtA_187" href="#Nt_187"><sup>[187]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongurida</span> with spongy ellipsoidal cortical
+  shell, enclosing a simple, spherical or ellipsoidal, latticed medullary shell. Polar spines
+  absent.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spongodruppa</i> opens the series of Spongodruppida, or of those
+  Spongurida in which the ellipsoidal spongy cortical shell encloses a simple or double, latticed,
+  medullary shell. In <i>Spongodruppa</i>, the simplest and probably the ancestral form of this
+  subfamily, the medullary shell is simple and the polar spines absent. It may be derived from
+  <i>Druppula</i> by a spongy thickening of the simple latticed cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page349">{349}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Spongodruppula</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth or rough, without radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongodruppa terebintha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad, with smooth surface, three times as
+  broad as the spherical medullary shell. Spongy framework very compact, with small meshes of the
+  same breadth as the bars. Thickness of the spongy wall equal to the radius of the medullary
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell (or major axis of the ellipsoid) 0.16,
+  breadth (or minor axis) 0.12; thickness of its wall 0.02; medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongodruppa pistacia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell one and a half times as long as broad, with thorny surface, nearly five times as
+  broad as the spherical medullary shell. Spongy framework compact, its thickness equal to the
+  diameter of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.2, breadth 0.14; thickness of its wall
+  0.03; medullary shell 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongodruppa lentisca</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell twice as long as broad, with rough surface, four times as large as the
+  ellipsoidal medullary shell. Spongy framework loose, with large meshes, its thickness equal to the
+  length of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.25, breadth 0.13; thickness of its wall
+  0.06; length of the medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spongodruppium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell armed with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spongodruppa frangula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad, three times as broad as the spherical
+  medullary shell. Spongy framework loose, with large meshes, its thickness half as large as the
+  diameter of the medullary shell. Surface covered with numerous (forty to fifty) thin,
+  bristle-shaped, radial spines, about as long as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page350">{350}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.24, breadth 0.18; thickness of its wall
+  0.035; diameter of the medullary shell 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Spongodruppa elliptica</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthosph�ra elliptica</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 285, Taf. vii. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly twice as long as broad, four times as broad as the ellipsoidal medullary
+  shell.  Spongy framework compact, with small meshes.  Surface covered with very numerous short
+  radial spines, about as long as the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.2, breadth 0.11; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.04, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Philippine Sea, Ehrenberg, Station 206, depth 2100
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Spongodruppa polyacantha</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma polyacanthum</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl., p. 36, Taf. i. figs. 10, 11.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma polyacanthum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 430.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad, twice as broad as the ellipsoidal
+  medullary shell. Spongy framework loose on the surface, with large regular meshes. Surface covered
+  with fifteen to twenty thick, conical spines, about as long as the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.12, of the medullary shell 0.09;
+  diameter of the medullary shell 0.05 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (south coast of France); Atlantic (Canary
+  Islands), Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 149. <i>Spongatractus</i>,<a id="NtA_188" href="#Nt_188"><sup>[188]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongurida</span> with spongy ellipsoidal cortical
+  shell, enclosing a simple, spherical or ellipsoidal, latticed medullary shell. On the poles of the
+  axis occur two opposite strong spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongatractus</i> differs from <i>Spongodruppa</i> by development of
+  two strong spines in the axis of the shell, on its two opposite poles; therefore it bears the same
+  relation to the latter that <i>Lithatractus</i> does to <i>Druppula</i>, and can be derived from
+  <i>Lithatractus</i> by a spongy thickening of the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongatractus pachystylus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongosph�ra pachystyla</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 82, Taf. xxvi. fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell one and a half times as long as broad, with rough surface. Spongy framework
+  compact, with small meshes, about as thick as the spherical medullary shell.  Polar spines very
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page351">{351}</span>stout, conical, slightly sulcated, about as long as
+  the breadth of the cortical shell, as broad at the base as the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.2, breadth 0.13; thickness of the
+  spongy wall 0.045; diameter of the medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados, Ehrenberg; living in the
+  Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth (2450) fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongatractus fusiformis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad, with nearly smooth surface. Spongy
+  framework very compact, with very small meshes, about as thick as the radius of the spherical
+  medullary shell. Polar spines very strong, three-sided pyramidal, about as long as the breadth of
+  the cortical shell, as broad at the base as the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.16 to 0.18, breadth 0.12 to 0.14;
+  thickness of the spongy wall 0.02; diameter of the medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongatractus streptacanthus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell twice as long as broad, with thorny surface. Spongy framework loose, with large
+  meshes, about as thick as the ellipsoidal medullary shell. Polar spines very long, three-sided
+  prismatic, with three spirally contorted edges, much longer than the cortical shell, half as broad
+  as the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.25, breadth 0.13; thickness of the
+  spongy wall 0.03; diameter of the medullary shell 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, off Canary Islands, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 150. <i>Spongoliva</i>,<a id="NtA_189" href="#Nt_189"><sup>[189]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongurida</span> with spongy ellipsoidal cortical
+  shell, enclosing a double, spherical or ellipsoidal, latticed medullary shell. Polar spines
+  absent.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spongoliva</i> differs from the nearest <i>Spongodruppa</i> by
+  duplication of the medullary shell; it bears therefore the same relation to this that
+  <i>Prunulum</i> does to <i>Druppula</i>, and can be regarded as a <i>Prunulum</i>, in which the
+  simple latticed cortical shell is replaced by a spongy framework.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Spongolivetta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth or rough, without radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page352">{352}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongoliva cerasina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell one and a fourth times as long as broad, with smooth surface, four times as
+  broad as the outer spherical medullary shell. Spongy framework very compact, with very small
+  meshes, its thickness equal to the diameter of the outer medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.2, breadth 0.16; thickness of its wall
+  0.04; diameter of the outer medullary shell 0.04, of the inner 0.014.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongoliva prunulina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad, with smooth surface, three times as
+  large as the outer ellipsoidal medullary shell. Spongy framework very compact, with small meshes,
+  its thickness equal to the diameter of the inner medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.24, breadth 0.18; thickness of its wall
+  0.03; size of the outer medullary shell 0.08 to 0.06, of the inner 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongoliva persicina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell one and a half times as long as broad, with rough surface, five to six times as
+  large as the ellipsoidal outer medullary shell. Spongy framework loose, with large meshes, its
+  thickness about equal to the outer medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.26, breadth 0.18; thickness of its wall
+  0.04; size of the outer medullary shell 0.045 to 0.035, of the inner 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth (2450) fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spongoliva amygdalina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell twice as long as broad, with thorny surface, ten times as long as the small
+  spherical outer medullary shell. Spongy framework loose, with large meshes, its thickness one and
+  a half times as large as the outer medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.3, breadth 0.16; thickness of its wall
+  0.045; size of the outer medullary shell 0.03, of the inner 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spongolivina</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell armed with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Spongoliva opuntina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad, armed with numerous thin,
+  bristle-shaped, radial spines, nearly as long as the shell. Spongy framework loose, with large
+  meshes, its thickness nearly equal to the diameter of the outer spherical medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page353">{353}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.14; thickness of its wall
+  0.035; diameter of the outer medullary shell 0.04, of the inner 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Spongoliva daturina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell one and a half times as long as broad, armed with numerous, thick and short,
+  conical radial spines, about as long as the outer medullary shell. Spongy framework compact, with
+  small meshes, its thickness equal to half the length of the outer ellipsoidal medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.24, breadth 0.16; thickness of its wall
+  0.025; diameter of the outer medullary shell 0.045 to 0.035, of the inner 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 151. <i>Spongoxiphus</i>,<a id="NtA_190" href="#Nt_190"><sup>[190]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongurida</span> with spongy ellipsoidal cortical
+  shell, enclosing a double, spherical or ellipsoidal, latticed medullary shell. On the poles of the
+  axis occur two opposite strong spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongoxiphus</i> differs from <i>Spongoliva</i> by the development of
+  two strong spines in the axis of the shell, on its two opposite poles. From the similar
+  <i>Spongatractus</i> it differs in the duplication of the medullary shell. It may also be regarded
+  as a <i>Stylatractus</i>, in which the simple latticed cortical shell is replaced by an irregular
+  spongy framework.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongoxiphus sph�rococcus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell one and a half times as long as broad, with thorny surface. Spongy framework
+  compact, with small meshes, its thickness equal to the radius of the outer medullary shell. Both
+  medullary shells spherical, the outer three times as broad as the inner. Polar spines very stout,
+  conical, slightly sulcated, about half as long as the cortical shell, as broad at the base as the
+  outer medullary shell. (Differs from <i>Spongatractus pachystylus</i> almost only in the double
+  medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.12; thickness of the
+  spongy wall 0.025; diameter of the outer medullary shell 0.05, of the inner 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados (Haeckel); also living in the
+  Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page354">{354}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongoxiphus prunococcus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate17"><b>17</b></a>, figs. 12,
+  13).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongostylus prunococcus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 455, et Atlas, pl.
+    xvii. figs. 12, 13.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell one and a third times as long as broad, with smooth surface. Spongy framework
+  very compact, with very small meshes, its thickness about equals the breadth of the outer
+  medullary shell. Both medullary shells ellipsoidal, the outer three times as large as the inner.
+  Polar spines very stout, three-sided pyramidal, about half as long as the cortical shell, on the
+  base about as broad as the outer medullary shell. (Differs from the preceding in the ellipsoidal
+  form of both medullary shells, and in the finer structure of the spongy framework.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.18 to 0.2, breadth 0.14 to 0.16;
+  thickness of the spongy wall 0.035 to 0.04; length of the outer medullary shell 0.04 to 0.06,
+  breadth 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 265 to 268, depths 2700 to
+  2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XIV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Artiscida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, figs. 9,
+  10; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Artiscida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> with an ellipsoidal twin-shell
+  divided by an equatorial stricture into two communicating hemiellipsoidal or hemispherical
+  chambers, without enclosed medullary shell. Central capsule ellipsoidal, with or without
+  equatorial stricture.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Artiscida</span> has a simple fenestrated outer shell, like that
+  of the Ellipsida, but differs from these in the presence of an equatorial constriction, by which
+  it assumes a characteristic twin form, somewhat similar to a violin (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, figs. 9,
+  10). From the Cyphinida, which have the same form of the cortical shell, the Artiscida differ in
+  the absence of the medullary shell. It is possible that the Artiscida are descended from the
+  Cyphinida (by loss of the medullary shell), but it is more probable that they arise from the
+  Ellipsida by an annular constriction in the equatorial plane (perhaps the formation of the shell
+  originally took place while the central capsule was undergoing division). Both halves of the twin
+  shell are always of the same size and form. Its outer surface is either smooth or covered with
+  radial spines (<i>Artiscus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 9). Sometimes on the opposite poles of the main axis are developed solid spines
+  (<i>Stylartus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  fig. 5) or hollow fenestrated tubes (<i>Cannartus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> is either simply ellipsoidal, or has also an equatorial
+  constriction, which divides it into two equal halves. It is constantly smaller than the
+  surrounding shell, and separated from its inner surface by a thicker or thinner jelly-mantle, the
+  calymma.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Artiscida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Artiscida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Artiscida">
+    <tr class="pb05">
+      <td>On the poles of the main axis neither solid spines nor hollow tubes,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">152. <i>Artiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="pb05">
+      <td class="pr2">On the poles of the main axis two solid spines (or bunches of spines),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">153. <i>Stylartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td>On the poles of the main axis two hollow fenestrated tubes,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">154. <i>Cannartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Artiscida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Artiscida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3">On the poles of the main axis neither solid spines nor hollow tubes,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">152. <i>Artiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3">On the poles of the main axis two solid spines (or bunches of spines),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">153. <i>Stylartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3">On the poles of the main axis two hollow fenestrated tubes,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">154. <i>Cannartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page355">{355}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 152. <i>Artiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_191" href="#Nt_191"><sup>[191]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 462.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Artiscida</span> without peculiar polar appendages
+  (without strong solid spines or hollow fenestrated tubes on the poles of the main axis).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Artiscus</i> represents the most simple and primitive form of the
+  Artiscida, and may therefore be regarded as the ancestral form of this subfamily. It resembles an
+  ordinary double loaf, composed of two equal, nearly ellipsoidal fenestrated shells separated by
+  the stricture in the equatorial plane. <i>Artiscus</i> can be derived from <i>Cenellipsis</i>
+  simply by this equatorial constriction. But it can also be derived from <i>Cyphanta</i> by loss of
+  the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Artiscium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth or rough, without radial rods
+  or spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Artiscus paniscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the shell regular, hexagonal, four times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve pores on
+  the half meridian, eight to nine on the half equator. Surface smooth. (The network of this species
+  is quite the same as that of the proximal camer� of <i>Panartus diploconus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  1.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the shell 0.12, equatorial axis 0.07; meshes 0.013, bars
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Artiscus facetus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the shell regular, circular, with prominent hexagonal frame, twice as broad as the
+  bars; twenty-two to twenty-four pores on the half meridian, fourteen to fifteen on the half
+  equator. Surface a little thorny. (The shell of this species exhibits nearly the same formation as
+  that of <i>Cyphonium virgineum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 12, but without enclosed medullary shells.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the shell 0.15, equatorial axis 0.09; meshes 0.01, bars
+  0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Artiscus paniculus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the shell regular, circular, without hexagonal frame, as broad as the bars; fourteen
+  to sixteen pores on the half meridian, ten to eleven on the half equator. Surface quite
+  smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the shell 0.13, equatorial axis 0.06; meshes 0.01, bars
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados (Haeckel).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page356">{356}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Artiscus panarius</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the shell irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars; sixteen to
+  eighteen pores on the half meridian, twelve to thirteen on the half equator. Surface smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the shell 0.11, equatorial axis 0.06; meshes 0.005 to
+  0.02, bars 0.001 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Artidium</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell covered with radial rods or
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Artiscus elegans</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the shell regular, circular, with hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the bars;
+  fourteen pores on the half meridian, eight to nine on the half equator. From every corner of the
+  hexagonal frames (between every three pores) starts a thin, three-sided pyramidal spine, twice as
+  large as a pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.13, equatorial axis 0.08; meshes 0.007, bars 0.004; spines
+  0.015 long.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Artiscus nodosus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the shell subregular, circular, without hexagonal frame, three times as broad as the
+  bars; sixteen to eighteen on the half meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator. Irregularly
+  scattered on the whole surface a variable number (twenty-five to thirty in all) of stout short
+  radial spines or rather blunt rods; the length and thickness of these is the same, and equals the
+  size of two to three meshes; its form resembles a truncated six-sided pyramid.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.11, equatorial axis 0.08; meshes 0.01, bars 0.003; length
+  and thickness of the radial sticks 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Artiscus hystrix</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the shell irregular, roundish, of very unequal size and dissimilar form, twice to
+  eight times as broad as the bars; ten to fifteen on the half meridian, seven to nine on the half
+  equator. Irregularly scattered on the whole surface a large number of thin conical spines, about
+  as large as the meshes, partly directed radially, partly obliquely. (The shell of this species
+  resembles very much that of <i>Cyphonium ceratospyris</i> (p. <a href="#page366">366</a>) =
+  <i>Didymocyrtis ceratospyris</i>, Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, Taf. xxii. fig. 14, but is without the
+  enclosed inner shells.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page357">{357}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.12, equatorial axis 0.07; meshes 0.004 to 0.02, bars 0.002
+  to 0.005; spines 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Atlantic, Eastern Tropical part, Station 346, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 153. <i>Stylartus</i>,<a id="NtA_192" href="#Nt_192"><sup>[192]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 462.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Artiscida</span> with two strong, solid, polar
+  spines, or two bunches of polar spines, opposite on the two poles of the main axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stylartus</i> differs from <i>Artiscus</i> by the production of two
+  large opposite spines in the main axis, starting from both poles of it; sometimes every spine is
+  surrounded by a group of smaller radial spines. The genus is nearly allied to <i>Ellipsoxiphus</i>
+  (p. <a href="#page295">295</a>), and differs from it only in the equatorial stricture of the
+  ellipsoidal shell. But it may also be derived from the similar <i>Cyphinus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 14) by
+  loss of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stylartella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;On each pole of the main axis only one single large
+  spine.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stylartus bipolaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, rough; both its chambers nearly spherical, with irregular, roundish pores,
+  twice to four times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half equator of each chamber. Polar
+  spines very strong, conical, as long as the greatest breadth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell (without spines) 0.18, greatest breadth 0.13;
+  length of the polar spines 0.13, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stylartus bicuspis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; twelve to
+  fourteen on the half equator of each chamber. Polar spines very stout, straight, three-sided
+  pyramidal, half as long as the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.16, greatest breadth 0.12; length of the polar
+  spines 0.08, basal thickness 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area. Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stylartura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;On each pole of the main axis a bunch of several
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page358">{358}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Stylartus palatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, thorny, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to three times as broad as
+  the bars; fifteen to eighteen on the half equator of each chamber. On each pole of the main axis a
+  large conical spine, surrounded by a group of ten to fifteen smaller spines, one-third to
+  two-thirds as long as the breadth of the deep equatorial stricture.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.14, greatest breadth 0.09; length of the polar
+  spines 0.03 to 0.06, basal breadth 0.005 to 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Stylartus penicillus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, three to four times as broad as the
+  bars; ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber. On each pole of the main axis a
+  brush-like bunch of twenty to thirty thin conical radial spines, half as long as the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.15, greatest breadth 0.1; length of the polar
+  spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 154. <i>Cannartus</i>,<a id="NtA_193" href="#Nt_193"><sup>[193]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 462.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Artiscida</span> with two hollow polar tubes
+  (fenestrated cylindrical or conical tubuli, opposite on the two poles of the main axis).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cannartus</i> differs from <i>Artiscus</i> by the production of two
+  opposite hollow tubes on both poles of the main axis. The cavity of the conical or cylindrical
+  fenestrated tubes communicates freely with that of the shell; the network in both is the same. The
+  distal end of the tubes is nearly always broken off, sometimes closed, with a conical apex.
+  <i>Cannartus</i> can be derived either from <i>Pipettella</i> by a transverse equatorial
+  constriction, or from <i>Cannartiscus</i> by the loss of the medullary shell, or from
+  <i>Artiscus</i> by the production of the polar tubes.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cannartus violina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 10).</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the shell subregular, circular, twice to three times as broad as the bars; eighteen to
+  twenty on the half meridian, fourteen to sixteen on the half equator. Shell-wall in the "tropical
+  zone" of both halves thickened. Polar tubes nearly cylindrical, about as long as the main axis,
+  distal ends broken off.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.14, equatorial axis 0.09; meshes 0.008, bars 0.003; length
+  of the polar tubes 0.12, breadth 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page359">{359}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cannartus bitubulus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the shell regular, circular, hexagonally framed, of the same breadth as the bars;
+  fourteen to sixteen on the half meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator. Polar tubes
+  cylindrical, longer than the main axis, sulcated, distal ends broken off. (Similar to <i>Pipetta
+  tuba</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 7, but with equatorial stricture and without medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.16, equatorial axis 0.12; meshes and bars 0.006; length of
+  the polar tubes 0.2, breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cannartus biscottus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Pores of the shell irregular, roundish, twice to three times as broad as the bars; ten to
+  twelve on the half meridian, six to eight on the half equator.  Polar tubes conical, shorter than
+  the main axis, with closed apex. (Similar to <i>Cannartidium bicinctum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 18,
+  but without enclosed medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.11, equatorial axis 0.07; meshes 0.005 to 0.01, bars
+  0.003; length of the polar tubes 0.08, breadth on the base 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Cyphinida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, figs.
+  11-19).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Cyphinida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> with ellipsoidal twin-shell,
+  divided by an equatorial stricture into two communicating hemiellipsoidal or hemispherical
+  chambers; this external twin-shell (cortical shell) is either simple or double, and encloses one
+  or more internal concentric shells (medullary shells).  Central capsule ellipsoidal, commonly with
+  an equatorial constriction.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Cyphinida</span> have the same characteristic twin-form of the
+  cortical shell as the Artiscida, but differ from them in the presence of a simple or double
+  internal medullary shell, connected with the cortical shell by radial beams.  The fenestrated
+  shell is therefore composed of two or more concentric shells as in the Druppulida, but differs
+  from these in the ring-like equatorial constriction.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Medullary Shell</i>, in the middle of the central capsule, is either single or double,
+  composed of two concentric shells.  As in the Druppulida, the form of the medullary shells is
+  either spherical (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 12<i>a</i>) or lenticular, compressed from both poles of the main axis (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig.
+  18<i>a</i>); sometimes the inner medullary shell is spherical, the outer lenticular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Radial Beams</i>, which connect the medullary shell with the equatorial constriction of
+  the cortical shell, lie either all in the equatorial plane (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 11) or
+  near it on both sides (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  figs. 12<i>a</i>, 18<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page360">{360}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The <i>Cortical Shell</i> is commonly simple (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, figs. 12,
+  18), sometimes composed of two concentric shells (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 13),
+  rarely of three. As in the Artiscida, also in the Cyphinida, from both poles of the main axis
+  solid spines or hollow fenestrated tubes are often developed (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, figs. 14,
+  16-18).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Cyphinida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 13) is
+  of the same form as in the Artiscida, generally ellipsoidal, but with an equatorial ring-like
+  stricture, which divides it into two equal halves. It encloses the simple or double medullary
+  shell, and is perforated by the radial beams starting from this. From the inner surface of the
+  surrounding cortical shell it is separated by a thicker or thinner jelly-layer, the calymma.
+  (Compare also Taf. xxii. fig. 14 of my Monograph, 1862.)</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Cyphinida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Cyphinida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Cyphinida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0 w25">Cortical shell without peculiar spines or hollow
+      fenestrated tubes on both poles of the main axis.</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 w25">Cortical twin-shell simple</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 w25">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">155. <i>Cyphanta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Medullary shell double,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">156. <i>Cyphonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical twin-shell double or triple; medullary shell
+      double.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell double,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">157. <i>Cypassis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell triple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">158. <i>Cyphocolpus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Cortical shell simple, with peculiar spines or hollow
+      fenestrated tubes on both poles of the main axis.</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Two opposite polar spines (or bunches of spines).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">159. <i>Cyphinus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Medullary shell double,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">160. <i>Cyphinidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Two opposite hollow fenestrated polar tubes.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">161. <i>Cannartiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Medullary shell double,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">162. <i>Cannartidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Cyphinida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Cyphinida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">Cortical shell without peculiar spines or hollow fenestrated tubes on both
+      poles of the main axis.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical twin-shell simple</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">155. <i>Cyphanta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell double,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">156. <i>Cyphonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical twin-shell double or triple; medullary shell double.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cortical shell double,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">157. <i>Cypassis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cortical shell triple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">158. <i>Cyphocolpus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">Cortical shell simple, with peculiar spines or hollow fenestrated tubes on
+      both poles of the main axis.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two opposite polar spines (or bunches of spines).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">159. <i>Cyphinus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell double,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">160. <i>Cyphinidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two opposite hollow fenestrated polar tubes.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">161. <i>Cannartiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell double,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">162. <i>Cannartidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 155. <i>Cyphanta</i>,<a id="NtA_194" href="#Nt_194"><sup>[194]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cyphinida</span> with simple cortical shell and
+  simple medullary shell, without polar spines or tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cyphanta</i> is the most simple of all Cyphinida, and can be regarded
+  as the common ancestral form of this family. It may be derived phylogenetically from
+  <i>Druppula</i> by a ring-like constriction in the equatorial plane of the ellipsoidal cortical
+  shell, or from <i>Artiscus</i> by secondary formation of a central (spherical or ellipsoidal)
+  medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Cyphantella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the cortical shell smooth, without spines or
+  thorns.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page361">{361}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cyphanta colpodes</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface; its pores regular, hexagonal, three to four
+  times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half meridian, seven to eight on the half
+  equator. Medullary shell spherical, its diameter one-third of the equatorial axis of the cortical
+  shell. (The cortical shell of this species is nearly identical with the central half of the
+  cortical shell of <i>Panartus diploconus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  1.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.12, equatorial axis 0.07; meshes
+  0.013; bars 0.003; diameter of the medullary shell 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cyphanta circopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface; pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as
+  the bars; eighteen to twenty on the half meridian, twelve to fourteen on the half equator.
+  Medullary shell spherical, its diameter one-half of the equatorial axis of the cortical shell.
+  (The shell of this species is very similar to that of <i>Cannartiscus amphiconiscus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 19,
+  but without the polar tubes of that species.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.13, equatorial axis 0.08; meshes
+  0.007, bars 0.003; diameter of the medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area. Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cyphanta l�vis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatospyris l�vis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 318.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface; pores of it irregular, roundish, of very
+  different size (some very large in the tropical circles of both hemispheres). Pores twice to six
+  times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on the half meridian, six to eight on the half equator.
+  Medullary shell spheroidal, compressed, its main axis somewhat shorter than its equatorial axis,
+  which attains half the length of that of the cortical shell. (This species may be perhaps
+  identical with <i>Ommatospyris l�vis</i> of Ehrenberg, the diagnosis of which is insufficient and
+  figure not given.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.1, equatorial axis 0.06; meshes
+  0.005 to 0.02, bars 0.002 to 0.04; diameter of the medullary shell 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Philippine Sea (Ehrenberg), Station 213, depths 2650 and 3300
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Cyphanta arachnoides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very delicate and thin walled, cobweb-like, with smooth surface; pores
+  irregular, polygonal (mostly pentagonal or hexagonal), eight to ten times as broad as the
+  thread-like bars; ten to twelve on the half  meridian, six to eight on the half equator. Medullary
+  shell spheroidal, compressed, its main axis shorter than its equatorial axis, which is about
+  one-third that of the cortical shell. (This species is very similar to the middle part of the
+  shell of <i>Ommatocampe profundissima</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+  Taf. viii. fig. 6.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page362">{362}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.11, equatorial axis 0.06; meshes
+  0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.002; diameter of the medullary shell 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Atlantic, Canary Islands (Lanzerote), surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cyphantissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the cortical shell spiny, everywhere scattered
+  with numerous thorns or spines.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Cyphanta hispida</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with spiny surface; pores regular, circular, with hexagonal frame,
+  twice as broad as the bars; twelve to fourteen on the half meridian, eight to ten on the half
+  equator. From the corners of the hexagonal frames (between every three pores) arise short,
+  straight, conical radial spines, somewhat longer than the breadth of the pores. Medullary shell
+  subspherical, its diameter about one-third of the equatorial axis of the cortical shell. (The
+  appearance of the cortical shell is the same as that of the middle part of <i>Peripanartus
+  amphiconus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 5.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.12, equatorial axis 0.07; meshes
+  0.01, bars 0.005; length of the spines 0.012; diameter of the medullary shell 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Cyphanta hystrix</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with thorny surface; pores irregular, roundish, of very unequal
+  size, twice to six times as broad as the bars; twelve to eighteen on the half meridian, eight to
+  thirteen on the half equator. Between the pores irregularly scattered, bristle-like, thin spines
+  about the same size, partly straight, partly oblique, rising from the surface. Medullary shell
+  lenticular, compressed, its equatorial axis one and a half times the length of the main axis, and
+  about half that of the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.15, equatorial axis 0.09; meshes
+  0.004 to 0.02, bars 0.003 to 0.006; length of the spines 0.02; diameter of the medullary shell
+  0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 318, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 156. <i>Cyphonium</i>,<a id="NtA_195" href="#Nt_195"><sup>[195]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cyphinida</span> with simple cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, without polar spines or tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cyphonium</i> contains a number of very common species, among which
+  are the earliest known forms of this family, partly described by Ehrenberg as Ommatospyris <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page363">{363}</span>(which genus contains also a number of other <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>), partly by me (1862) as <i>Didymocyrtis</i>. Both names are
+  inadequate, as allusions to quite different families of Nassellaria, but may be retained as
+  significations of subgeneric divisions. <i>Cyphonium</i> differs from <i>Cyphanta</i> by the
+  double medullary shell, which is either spherical or lenticular.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Ommatospyris</i>, Ehrenberg (<i>partim</i>).</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the cortical shell smooth, without thorns or
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cyphonium coscinoides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatospyris coscinoides</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with smooth surface; pores regular, hexagonal, three to four times
+  as broad as the bars; five to six on the half meridian, eight to nine on the half equator of each
+  chamber. Medullary shells both spherical. (The cortical shell of this species is nearly the same
+  as that of <i>Cyphanta colpodes</i>, and as the middle part of the cortical shell of <i>Panartus
+  diploconus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 1.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.11, equatorial axis 0.06; greatest
+  breadth of the chambers 0.08; pores 0.013, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cyphonium virgineum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  figs. 12, 12<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatospyris virginea</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxix. fig.
+    12<i>a</i>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface (sometimes a little rough with very small
+  thorns); pores subregular, circular, with hexagonal elevated frames, about as broad as the bars;
+  ten to twelve on the half meridian, sixteen to eighteen on the half equator of each chamber.
+  Medullary shells (fig. 12<i>a</i>) both spherical. (Sometimes, as in the figured specimen, the
+  shell is somewhat irregular, an individual abnormality.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.13 to 0.15; equatorial axis of the
+  structure 0.08 to 0.09, of each chamber 0.1 to 0.12, pores and bars 0.005 to 0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, western tropical part, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cyphonium ethmarium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatospyris ethmaria</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 462.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with quite smooth surface; pores subregular, circular (without
+  hexagonal frame), twice as broad as the bars; nine to ten on the half meridian of each chamber,
+  sixteen to eighteen on its half equator. Medullary shells both spherical. (This species resembles
+  the proximal internal chambers of <i>Peripanartus atractus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  7.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.13, equatorial axis 0.07; greatest breadth 0.09; pores
+  0.006, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page364">{364}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Cyphonium trinacrium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with rough surface; pores subregular, circular (without hexagonal
+  frame), not broader than the bars; five to six on the half meridian of each chamber, nine to ten
+  on its half equator. Medullary shells both compressed, lenticular. This species resembles
+  <i>Cypassis entomocora</i> vel <i>Ommatocampe trinacria</i>, St�hr, 1880, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 90,
+  Taf. ii. fig. 1, but has not its external mantle. It may be the ancestral form of it (both in an
+  ontogenetic and phylogenetic sense).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.11, equatorial axis 0.07; greatest breadth 0.08; pores
+  0.005, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Caltanisetta, Haeckel
+  (Grotte, St�hr?).</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Cyphonium diattus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with quite smooth surface; pores irregular, polygonal, mostly
+  pentagonal or hexagonal, three to six times as broad as the bars; six to seven on the half
+  meridian of the chamber, ten to twelve on its half equator. Medullary shells both spherical.
+  (Resembles <i>Cyphonium profundum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, <i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. x. fig. 5, but does
+  not possess the spines of the surface.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.13, equatorial axis 0.06; greatest breadth 0.08; pores
+  0.005 to 0.012, bars 0.002 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, western part (Zanzibar), Pullen, depth 2200
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Cyphonium mammarium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface (sometimes a little rough); pores irregular,
+  roundish, twice to three times as broad as the bars; eleven to twelve on the half meridian of each
+  chamber, sixteen to nineteen on its half equator. Internal medullary shell spherical, external
+  lenticular compressed, sometimes both spherical or both compressed. (Resembles the internal
+  cortical twin-shell of <i>Cyphocolpus virginis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  11.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.14, equatorial axis 0.08, greatest breadth 0.09; pores
+  0.004 to 0.006, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Ommatocyrtis</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the cortical shell thorny or spiny.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Cyphonium hexagonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Didymocyrtis hexagonia</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with spiny surface; pores regular or subregular, hexagonal, twice
+  to three times as broad as the bars; five to six on the half meridian, nine to ten on the half
+  equator <span class="pagenum" id="page365">{365}</span>of each chamber. Radial spines between them
+  conical, about as long as the pores. Medullary shells both spherical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.14, equatorial axis 0.08; greatest breadth of each chamber
+  0.1; pores 0.012, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Cyphonium facettarium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Didymocyrtis facettaria</i> Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with spiny surface; pores subregular, circular, with elevated
+  hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the bars; eight to nine on the half meridian, fourteen to
+  sixteen on the half equator of each chamber. In the corners of the hexagons (between every three
+  meshes) arise radial spines, about twice as long as the pores. Both medullary shells spheroidal
+  compressed. (This species is nearly identical with the internal cortical twin-shell of
+  <i>Peripanartus amphiconiscus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 5.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.12, equatorial axis 0.07; greatest breadth of both
+  chambers 0.09; pores 0.01, bars 0.005, spines 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Cyphonium cribellum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 11).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with spiny surface; pores regular, circular, about as broad as the
+  bars; seven to eight on the half meridian of each chamber, thirteen to fifteen on its half
+  equator. Radial spines between them conical, twice as long as the pores. Medullary shells both
+  lenticular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.11, equatorial axis 0.06; greatest breadth 0.08; pores and
+  bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Cyphonium profundum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatospyris profunda</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 297, Taf. viii. fig. 5, Taf. x. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with thorny surface; pores irregular, polygonal, three to six times
+  as broad as the thin bars; five to six on the half meridian of each chamber, ten to twelve on its
+  half equator.  Thorns of the surface short. Medullary shells both spherical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.1, equatorial axis 0.06; greatest breadth 0.07; pores
+  0.005 to 0.012, bars 0.002, spines 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, tropical zone; Philippine Sea, depth 3300 fathoms,
+  Ehrenberg; Stations 266 to 274, depth 2350 to 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page366">{366}</span></div>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Cyphonium ceratospyris</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Didymocyrtis ceratospyris</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 445, pl. xxii. figs.
+    14-16.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma didymocyrtis</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 816.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with spiny surface; pores irregular, roundish, three to nine times
+  as broad as the bars; five to six on the half meridian of each chamber, eight to nine on its half
+  equator. Spines of the surface partly very short, partly as long as the largest pores, either
+  radially or obliquely inserted. Medullary shells both spherical. (Compare the detailed description
+  and figures also of the soft body in my Monograph, <i>loc. cit.</i>)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.12, equatorial axis (in the
+  stricture) 0.06; greatest breadth 0.08; pores 0.03 to 0.2, bars 0.002 to 0.006, spines 0.05 to
+  0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Canary Islands (Lanzerote),
+  Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 157. <i>Cypassis</i>,<a id="NtA_196" href="#Nt_196"><sup>[196]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cyphinida</span> with double cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, without polar spines or tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cypassis</i> differs from <i>Cyphonium</i> by duplication of the
+  cortical twin-shell; from the outer surface of the simple twin-shell arise numerous radial spines,
+  which become connected by anastomosing transverse branches, and in this manner form an outer
+  envelope or mantle. <i>Cypassis</i> may also be regarded as a <i>Cromyodruppa</i>, the double
+  cortical shell of which is constricted in the equatorial plane.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Didymospyris</i>, Haeckel (1881).</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth, without thorns or spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cypassis palliata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell thin walled, with regular, circular, hexagonally-framed pores, twice as
+  broad as the bars; seven to eight on the half meridian of each chamber, ten to twelve on its half
+  equator. Outer cortical shell very thin, with smooth surface, and very small, irregular, roundish
+  pores, twice to five times smaller than those of the inner shell. Distance between the two
+  cortical shells equals the diameter of the outer medullary shell, which, like the inner, is
+  spherical. (The network of this species resembles that of <i>Peripanartus amphiconiscus</i>, Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  5.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.18, of the internal 0.12;
+  greatest breadth (in the equator of each chamber) of the former 0.13, of the latter 0.09; pores of
+  the outer 0.002 to 0.005, of the inner shell 0.01, bars 0.002 to 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page367">{367}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cypassis eucolpos</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell thick walled, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars
+  (without hexagonal frames); nine to ten on the half meridian of each chamber, fifteen to seventeen
+  on its half equator. Outer cortical shell very thin, with smooth surface, and very small,
+  irregular, roundish pores, twice to three times smaller than those of the inner shell. Distance
+  between the two cortical shells about one and a half times the diameter of the inner medullary
+  shell, which, like the outer, is spherical. (The inner cortical shell resembles that of
+  <i>Cannartiscus amphiconiscus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 19, but without polar tubes.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.2, of the internal 0.15;
+  greatest breadth of the former 0.16, of the latter 0.12; pores of the outer 0.002, of the inner
+  0.006, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 319, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Didymocyrtis</i>, Haeckel (1862).</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the cortical shell thorny or spiny.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cypassis entomocora</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Astromma entomocora</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxii. fig. 32.</p>
+    <p><i>Haliomma didymum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+    83.</p>
+    <p>? <i>Haliomma amphisiphon</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+    267.</p>
+    <p><i>Ommatospyris entomocora</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, pp.
+    66, 74.</p>
+    <p>? <i>Ommatocampe trinacria</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 90, Taf. ii. fig.
+    1.</p>
+    <p><i>Didymospyris entomocora</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Didymocyrtis entomocora</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 445.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell thick walled, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars
+  (without hexagonal frames); eight to nine on the half meridian of each chamber, ten to eleven on
+  its half equator. Outer cortical shell thin walled, with regular, circular pores like those of the
+  inner. Distance between the two cortical shells equals about twice the diameter of one pore (or
+  the short axis of the lenticular double medullary shell). Surface covered with short conical
+  spines (in the figure of Ehrenberg broken off).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.2, of the internal 0.15;
+  greatest breadth of the former 0.13, of the latter 0.1; pores of the outer 0.005 to 0.01, of the
+  inner 0.01, bars 0.004; length of the surface spines 0.005 to 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados, Bermuda, and Sicily
+  (Caltanisetta); also living in the greatest depth of the Pacific, Stations 268, 225, depth 2900 to
+  4475.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Cypassis puella</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 13).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Didymospyris colpodes</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxix., fig.
+    13).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Internal cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, circular pores of very different size,
+  once to four times as broad as the bars; fourteen to fifteen on the half meridian of each chamber,
+  eighteen <span class="pagenum" id="page368">{368}</span>to twenty on its half equator. Outer
+  cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, circular pores, only one-third to one-half as large as
+  those of the inner. Distance between the two shells equals the largest diameter of the double
+  lenticular medullary shell. Surface of both cortical shells covered with short conical spines (not
+  longer than the largest pores).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.2, of the internal 0.15, of
+  the central capsule 0.1; greatest breadth of the first 0.14, of the second 0.1, of the third 0.07;
+  pores of the outer shell 0.001 to 0.005, of the inner 0.002 to 0.01, bars 0.002 to 0.003; length
+  of the surface spines 0.005 to 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area; Stations 266 to 274, surface;
+  Atlantic, Canary Islands (Haeckel), Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Cypassis halicora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Internal cortical shell thin walled, with irregular, roundish pores, once to three times as
+  broad as the bars; ten to eleven on half meridian of each chamber, fourteen to sixteen on its half
+  equator. Outer cortical shell thin walled, with very delicate network, spindle-like, with conical
+  prolongations at both poles. Distance between the two shells larger than the greatest diameter of
+  the double lenticular medullary shell. Surface of both cortical shells covered with innumerable
+  small thorns. (Resembles closely <i>Cyphocolpus virginis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 11,
+  but without the third shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.21, of the internal 0.14,
+  greatest breadth of the former 0.13, of the later 0.09; pores 0.003 to 0.009; bars of the outer
+  shell 0.001, of the inner 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon (Haeckel), surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 158. <i>Cyphocolpus</i>,<a id="NtA_197" href="#Nt_197"><sup>[197]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cyphinida</span> with triple cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, without polar spines or tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cyphocolpus</i> differs from both foregoing genera by the increased
+  number of the cortical twin-shells. Whilst these are simple in <i>Cyphonium</i>, double in
+  <i>Cypassis</i>, they are triple in <i>Cyphocolpus</i>, composed of three concentric envelopes.
+  The three genera named represent a phylogenetic series, which is repeated in the ontogenetic
+  development of <i>Cyphocolpus</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cyphocolpus didymus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell with circular, subregular pores, twice as broad as the bars; five to six
+  on the half meridian of each chamber, eight to ten on its half equator. Middle cortical shell also
+  with subregular, circular pores of the same size. Outer cortical shell with smooth surface, with
+  more irregular, roundish pores of very different size. The distance between every two shells
+  equals the diameter of the inner medullary shell, which, like the outer, is spheroidal.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page369">{369}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the outer cortical shell 0.3, of the middle 0.22, of the
+  inner 0.15; greatest breadth of the inner cortical shell 0.1, its pores 0.01, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cyphocolpus virginis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 11).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Zygartus virginis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xl. fig.
+    11).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell with irregular, roundish pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars;
+  eleven to twelve on the half meridian of each chamber, sixteen to eighteen on its half equator.
+  Middle cortical shell with very delicate network, its irregular, polygonal pores of the same size
+  as those of the inner, but separated by extremely thin bars. Outer cortical shell with spiny
+  surface, and with more irregular, roundish pores of different size. The distance between each two
+  shells is variable, and attains more than the diameter of the outer medullary shell, which, like
+  the inner, is spheroidal, slightly compressed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the outer cortical shell 0.26, of the middle 0.22, of the
+  inner 0.14; greatest breadth of the inner cortical shell 0.09, its pores 0.004 to 0.006, bars
+  0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 159. <i>Cyphinus</i>,<a id="NtA_198" href="#Nt_198"><sup>[198]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 463.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cyphinida</span> with simple cortical shell and
+  simple medullary shell, with two opposite polar spines (or bunches of polar spines) on the poles
+  of the main axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cyphinus</i> differs from <i>Cyphanta</i> by the development of two
+  opposite spines (or bunches of spines) on both poles of the main axis. It simulates therefore the
+  bipolar formation of <i>Stylartus</i>, and differs from this in the possession of a medullary
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Cyphinoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;On both poles of the main axis only one single large
+  spine.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cyphinus amphacanthus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with smooth surface, and circular, regular pores, twice as broad as the bars;
+  five to six pores on the half meridian of each chamber, ten to twelve on its half equator. On both
+  poles of the main axis, one single, very strong, conical spine, about half as long as this axis,
+  and half as broad at the base as the spherical medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell (without spines) 0.2, greatest breadth
+  (in the equator of each chamber) 0.1; pores 0.006, bars 0.003; length of the polar spines 0.1,
+  basal thickness of them 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page370">{370}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cyphinus dixiphus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with rough surface, and irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as broad
+  as the bars; eight to nine pores on the half meridian of each chamber, twelve to fourteen on its
+  half equator. On both poles of the main axis, one single, strong, conical spine, with prominent
+  edges at the base, and nearly as broad as the spherical medullary shell, nearly as long as the
+  main axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis (without spines) 0.18, greatest breadth 0.13; pores 0.003 to
+  0.008, bars 0.002; length of the polar spines 0.16, basal thickness 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cyphinura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;On both poles of the main axis a bunch or circle of
+  several spines.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cyphinus amphilophus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 14).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cyphinidium amphilophus</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Atlas (pl. xxxix. fig. 14).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with rough surface, and subregular, circular pores of different
+  size, twice to five times as broad as the bars; nine to ten pores on the half meridian of each
+  chamber, twelve to fourteen on its half equator. On both poles of the main axis a bunch of six to
+  eight strong conical spines, the largest of which are about as long as the greatest breadth of the
+  shell; their basal part is furrowed, and nearly half as thick as the spherical medullary
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell (without spines) 0.18 to 0.2, greatest
+  breadth 0.1 to 0.12; pores 0.004 to 0.01, bars 0.002; length of the polar spines 0.04 to 0.12,
+  basal thickness 0.02 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Cyphinus penicillatus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatospyris penicillata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
+    d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 318; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf. viii. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with rough surface, and irregular, polygonal pores, six to eight
+  times as broad as the bars; five to six pores on the half meridian of each chamber, nine to ten on
+  its half equator. Around both poles of the main axis a polar circle of eight to ten divergent
+  radial spines, scarcely thicker than the bars, and about as long as the diameter of the spherical
+  medullary shell. (In the figure of Ehrenberg the network is too thin and the spines too
+  short.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis (without spines) 0.1, greatest breadth 0.09; pores 0.008 to
+  0.014, bars 0.001 to 0.002; length of the spines 0.02 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, Philippine Sea, 3300 fathoms, Ehrenberg; Station
+  206, depth 2100 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page371">{371}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 160. <i>Cyphinidium</i>,<a id="NtA_199" href="#Nt_199"><sup>[199]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cyphinida</span> with simple cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, with two opposite polar spines (or bunches of polar spines) on the poles
+  of the main axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cyphinidium</i> differs from <i>Cyphinus</i> only in the duplication
+  of the medullary shell, which is composed of two concentric spheres or somewhat compressed
+  lenticular spheroids. It exhibits therefore the same relation to <i>Cyphinus</i> that
+  <i>Stylatractus</i> in the Druppulida bears to <i>Lithatractus</i>. Possibly the two former genera
+  are derived from the two latter by an annular constriction in the equatorial plane.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Cyphinidoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;On both poles of the cortical shell one single polar spine
+  or a bunch of polar spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cyphinidium amphistylium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with smooth surface, and subregular, circular pores, twice to
+  three times as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half meridian, sixteen to eighteen on the
+  half equator of each chamber. Both medullary shells spherical. The cortical shell resembles very
+  much that of <i>Cannartiscus amphiconiscus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 19),
+  but exhibits instead of the hollow polar tubes two strong solid polar spines of conical form, half
+  as long as the main axis, and as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell (without polar spines) 0.14, greatest
+  breadth 0.1; pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length of the polar spines 0.08, basal thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, off Japan, Station 241, depth 2300
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cyphinidium apicatum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatospyris apicata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 317.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, with thorny surface, and irregular, polygonal pores, three to five
+  times as broad as the thin bars; eight to nine on the half meridian, thirteen to fifteen on the
+  half equator of each chamber. On both poles a bunch of four to eight strong conical spines, the
+  central of which (in the main axis) is much larger than the others, and twice as long as the
+  diameter of the outer spheroidal medullary shell; size and number of the polar spines is very
+  variable (commonly five to six).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page372">{372}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis (without spines) 0.12, greatest breadth 0.08; pores 0.005 to
+  <span class="correction" title="Original reads '0.001'.">0.01</span>, bars 0.002; length of the
+  polar spines 0.02 to 0.06, basal thickness 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Northern Pacific, Californian Sea, depth 2500 fathoms,
+  Ehrenberg; Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cyphinidura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;On both poles of the cortical shell, a circle of divergent
+  polar spines.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cyphinidium coronatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with thorny surface, and irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as broad
+  as the bars; seven to eight on the half meridian, eleven to thirteen on the half equator of each
+  chamber. Around both poles of the main axis occurs a circle of ten to twelve strong, radially
+  divergent spines, about as long as the diameter of the outer medullary shell, which, like the
+  inner, is spheroidal. (This species is identical with the younger developmental stage of
+  <i>Panicium coronatum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 4, before the formation of two distal chambers.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.12, greatest breadth 0.1; pores 0.008 to 0.016, bars
+  0.004; length of the polar spines 0.02, thickness 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to
+  2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 161. <i>Cannartiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_200" href="#Nt_200"><sup>[200]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cyphinida</span> with simple cortical shell and
+  simple medullary shell, with two hollow fenestrated polar tubes, opposite on both poles of the
+  main axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cannartiscus</i> differs from <i>Cyphanta</i> in the development of
+  two hollow fenestrated tubes, opposite on both poles of the main axis. It simulates therefore the
+  characteristic formation of <i>Cannartus</i>, and differs from this Artiscid in the possession of
+  a medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cannartiscus amphiconiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig.
+  19).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Cannartidium amphiconiscus</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Atlas (pl. xxxix. fig. 19).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth, with regular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars;
+  nine to ten on the half meridian, sixteen to eighteen on the half equator of each chamber. Polar
+  tubes conical, about as long as one single chamber, on the base somewhat broader than the simple
+  spherical medullary shell. Pores of the tubes only one-third as great as those of the
+  chambers.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell (without tubes) 0.14, greatest breadth
+  0.1; <span class="pagenum" id="page373">{373}</span>pores 0.008, bars 0.004. Length of the polar
+  tubes 0.07, basal breadth 0.04; pores 0.003, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cannartiscus amphicylindrus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with subregular, circular pores, twice to four times as
+  broad as the bars; six to seven on the half meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator of each
+  chamber. Polar tubes cylindrical, on the distal end open (broken off?) nearly as long as the main
+  axis, somewhat narrower than the spherical medullary shell. Pores of the tubes much smaller than
+  those of the chambers.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis (without tubes) 0.17, greatest breadth 0.12; pores 0.006 to
+  0.012, bars 0.003. Length of the polar tubes 0.15, breadth of them 0.03; pores 0.003, bars
+  0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, 2900 fathoms; the same
+  form occurs fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 162. <i>Cannartidium</i>,<a id="NtA_201" href="#Nt_201"><sup>[201]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cyphinida</span> with simple cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, with two hollow fenestrated polar tubes, opposite on both poles of the
+  main axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cannartidium</i> differs from <i>Cannartiscus</i> and <i>Cannartus</i>
+  in the duplication of the medullary shell, which is composed of two concentric spheres or
+  compressed lenticular spheroids. The three genera named form therefore one morphological series,
+  with identical cortical shell, and only differing in the absence or presence of a simple or double
+  medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Cannartidella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the cortical shell smooth or a little rough,
+  but without spines or fenestrated protuberances.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cannartidium amphiconicum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, smooth with regular circular pores twice as broad as the bars;
+  eight to nine on the half meridian, fifteen to sixteen on the half equator of each chamber. Polar
+  tubes conical, with smaller pores, tapering towards the closed apex, about as long as one single
+  chamber, at the base one-third as broad as the equatorial constriction. Both concentric medullary
+  shells spherical. (Nearly identical with <i>Cannartiscus amphiconiscus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 19,
+  but differs in the possession of the double medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page374">{374}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell (without tubes) 0.15, greatest breadth
+  0.11; pores 0.009, bars 0.004; length of the polar tubes 0.08, basal breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, western tropical part, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cannartidium amphicanna</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">"Curious twin Polycystin," Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xx. fig.
+    4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with regular, circular pores, not broader than the bars;
+  six to seven on the half meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubes
+  cylindrical, at the distal end open (broken off?), nearly as long as the main axis, about
+  one-third as broad as the equatorial constriction. Both concentric medullary shells spherical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.14, greatest breadth 0.11; pores and bars 0.005; length of
+  the polar tubes 0.13, breadth of them 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Barbados deposits.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cannartidium amphisiphon</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Haliomma amphisiphon</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 267.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, rough, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to five times as
+  broad as the bars; five to six on the half meridian, nine to ten on the half equator of each
+  chamber. Polar tubes conical, with smaller pores, about as long as one single chamber, half as
+  broad at the base as the equatorial constriction. (This deep-sea form is probably identical with
+  that fossil species which Ehrenberg, in 1844, described as <i>Haliomma amphisiphon</i>, and which
+  he afterwards, in 1875, erroneously identified with his <i>Astromma entomocora</i> (= <i>Cypassis
+  entomocora</i>). But the figure given of the latter is quite different from the given diagnosis of
+  the former.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell (without tubes) 0.13, greatest breadth
+  0.1; pores 0.006 to 0.12, bars 0.003; length of the polar tubes 0.07, basal breadth of them
+  0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Antilles, Station 24, depth 390 fathoms;
+  fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Bermuda.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Cannartidium bicinctum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig.
+  18).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thick walled, with a thickened ring-shaped protuberance in the greatest breadth
+  of both chambers. Pores subregular, circular, twice to three times as broad as the bars; seven to
+  eight on the half meridian, thirteen to fifteen on the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubes
+  conical, with smaller pores, somewhat shorter than the greatest breath, nearly as thick at the
+  base as the outer spheroidal medullary shell (fig. 18<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis (without tubes) 0.12, greatest breadth 0.08; pores 0.003 to
+  0.006, bars 0.002; length of the polar tubes 0.08, basal thickness 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page375">{375}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cannartidissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the cortical shell with conical fenestrated
+  protuberances in the greatest breadth of both chambers.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Cannartidium mammiferum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig.
+  16).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell-thin walled, having a circle of six to eight conical protuberances in the
+  greatest breadth of both chambers, each of which exhibits a central apical pore, surrounded by a
+  circle of six to eight oblique larger pores. Between the protuberances occur nine to ten pores on
+  the half meridian of each chamber, circular, subregular, twice to three times as broad as the
+  bars. Polar tubes cylindrical, conical at the closed end, with smaller pores, about as long as the
+  greatest breadth of the chambers, as broad as the spherical outer medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis (without tubes) 0.13, greatest breadth (including the
+  protuberances) 0.1; pores 0.005 to 0.008, bars 0.003; length of the polar tubes 0.09, basal
+  thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Cannartidium mastophorum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig.
+  17).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thin walled, of the same form and structure as in the foregoing species, differs
+  from this mainly in the form of the polar tubes, which are not cylindrical but conical, tapering
+  gradually from the base towards the closed apex. Besides this, the conical protuberances (six in
+  the greatest periphery of each chamber) are more regular and acute, with smaller and more numerous
+  pores. Both medullary shells are here also spherical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis (without tubes) 0.14, greatest breadth (including the
+  protuberances) 0.13; pores 0.006 to 0.009, bars 0.004; length of the polar tubes 0.07, basal
+  thickness 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XVI. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Panartida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, figs.
+  1-9).</h4>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> with a four-jointed cortical shell,
+  the external shell being divided by three parallel transverse constrictions into four chambers, in
+  the centre enclosing two internal concentric shells (medullary shells). Central capsule
+  cylindrical, commonly four-jointed (with three transverse annular constrictions).</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Panartida</span> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, figs. 1-9)
+  is characterised by its four-jointed cortical shell, constantly composed of four chambers, lying
+  one behind another in the elongated main axis. They are separated by three ring-like constrictions
+  lying in three parallel transverse planes; the middle of these is the equatorial plane. In the
+  centre of this latter lies constantly a double medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The Panartida must be derived from the Cyphinida by further increase in the longitudinal or
+  main axis, and by repetition of the equatorial constriction in two transverse planes parallel to
+  it and at an equal distance from it.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page376">{376}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>The Medullary Shell</i> is always double in this family, composed of two small concentric
+  shells lying in the middle of the central capsule. They are either spherical or lenticular,
+  compressed towards both poles of the main axis; sometimes the inner is spherical, the outer
+  lenticular. From the equatorial circumference of the latter starts a number of radial beams, which
+  perforate the central capsule, and are inserted into the equatorial constriction of the cortical
+  shell. Commonly all radial beams lie in the equatorial plane, sometimes also a part of them on
+  both sides of it.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Cortical Shell</i> is constantly composed of four completely latticed chambers, which
+  are only separated by the three annular constrictions. In many species all four chambers have the
+  same form and size (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 3), but in the greater number of species both proximal (or central) chambers are different in
+  size, shape, or structure from both distal (or polar) chambers. The cortical shell is either
+  simple or double, composed of two concentric four-jointed shells; rarely it is triple or multiple,
+  composed of three or more shells fitting one inside the other. Very often the outer cortical shell
+  is incomplete, and only developed around the two proximal chambers of the complete inner cortical
+  shell, both distal chambers of the latter remaining simple.</p>
+
+  <p>On both poles of the main axis often are developed solid spines (<i>Panicium</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 4) or
+  hollow fenestrated tubes (<i>Panarium</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 9), as in the foregoing families. Besides this, the surface of the cortical shell may be
+  armed with spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Panartida is always cylindrical, on both poles hemispherical;
+  commonly it is more or less distinctly four-jointed, with three ring-like constrictions
+  corresponding to those of the enclosing cortical shell. From the inner surface of the latter it is
+  separated by a thinner or thicker jelly-mantle.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Panartida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w50 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Panartida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Panartida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0 w40">On both poles of the main axis neither peculiar
+      polar spines nor fenestrated tubes.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">163. <i>Panartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell double or triple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">164. <i>Peripanartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">On both poles of the main axis a large apical spine or
+      a group of polar spines.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">165. <i>Panicium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell double or triple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">166. <i>Peripanicium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">On both poles of the main axis a conical or cylindrical
+      fenestrated tube.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">167. <i>Panarium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell double or triple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">168. <i>Peripanarium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Panartida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Panartida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">On both poles of the main axis neither peculiar polar spines nor fenestrated
+      tubes.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cortical shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">163. <i>Panartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cortical shell double or triple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">164. <i>Peripanartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">On both poles of the main axis a large apical spine or a group of polar
+      spines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cortical shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">165. <i>Panicium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cortical shell double or triple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">166. <i>Peripanicium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">On both poles of the main axis a conical or cylindrical fenestrated tube.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cortical shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">167. <i>Panarium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cortical shell double or triple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">168. <i>Peripanarium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 163. <i>Panartus</i>,<a id="NtA_202" href="#Nt_202"><sup>[202]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Panartida</span> with simple cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, without polar spines or tubes on both poles of the main axis.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page377">{377}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Panartus</i> represents the common ancestral form of all Panartida, as
+  all other genera of this subfamily must be derived from it and are only further developmental
+  stages, from an ontogenetic as well as from a phylogenetic point of view. The cortical shell of
+  <i>Panartus</i> is constantly composed of four fenestrated chambers jointed to one another in the
+  main axis; both proximal chambers are separated from one another by the equatorial ring-like
+  constriction, in the centre of which lies the double medullary shell; both distal chambers are
+  separated from the former by two other annular constrictions (in planes parallel to the equatorial
+  plane). All four chambers may exhibit the same (kidney-shaped) form and structure (in the
+  subgenera <i>Panartella</i> and <i>Panartoma</i>); or the proximal chamber may differ more or less
+  in shape and size from the distal (in the subgenera <i>Panartissa</i> and <i>Panartura</i>). The
+  outer surface of the cortical shell is sometimes smooth (as in <i>Panartella</i> and
+  <i>Panartissa</i>), at other times spiny or thorny (as in <i>Panartoma</i> and <i>Panartura</i>).
+  The double medullary shell is sometimes spherical, or commonly compressed at both poles and
+  spheroidal or lenticular.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Panartella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the cortical shell smooth, without spines or
+  thorns. All its four chambers exhibit nearly the same form and structure.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Panartus tetraplus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form, size, and structure, kidney-shaped,
+  twice as broad as long. Pores rather regular, hexagonal, all nearly of the same size and form,
+  four times as broad as the thin bars; five to six pores on the half meridian, nine to ten on the
+  half equator of each chamber. Surface of the cortical shell smooth, its main axis three times as
+  long as its equatorial axis (in the median constriction). Both concentric medullary shells
+  spherical; the equatorial axis of the outer half as long as that of the cortical shell. (All four
+  chambers of this species have the same appearance as the two proximal chambers of <i>Panartus
+  diploconus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 1.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.21, equatorial axis 0.07; breadth of
+  every chamber 0.09; meshes 0.013, bars 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central area of the Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350
+  to 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Panartus tetracolus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form, size, and structure, kidney-shaped,
+  twice as broad as long. Pores regular, circular, with hexagonal frame, twice as broad as the bars;
+  six to seven pores on the half meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber.
+  Surface of the cortical shell smooth; its main axis three times as long as the equatorial axis.
+  Both concentric medullary shells spheroidal, somewhat compressed at both poles; the equatorial
+  axis <span class="pagenum" id="page378">{378}</span>of the outer almost equals half that of the
+  cortical shell. (All four chambers of this species exhibit the structure of the two proximal
+  chambers of <i>Peripanartus amphiconus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  5.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.24, equatorial axis 0.08; breadth of
+  every chamber 0.01; meshes 0.01, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Panartus tetrameres</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form, size, and structure, kidney-shaped,
+  twice as broad as long. Pores rather regular, circular, without hexagonal frame, about as broad as
+  the bars; five to six pores on the half meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator of each
+  chamber. Surface of the cortical shell smooth, its main axis three times as long as the equatorial
+  axis. Both concentric medullary shells spheroidal, compressed; the outer half as broad as the
+  constriction. (This species is very much like <i>Ommatocampe increscens</i>, St�hr, 1880, <i>loc.
+  cit.</i>, Taf. ii. fig. 2, and may be considered as the ancestral form of it.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.2, equatorial axis 0.065; breadth of
+  every chamber 0.08; meshes and bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Caltanisetta,
+  Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Panartus tetraphalangus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form, size, and structure, kidney-shaped,
+  twice as broad as long. Pores irregular, polygonal (mostly pentagonal or hexagonal), four to eight
+  times as broad as the thin bars; four to seven on the half meridian, eight to fifteen on the half
+  equator of each chamber. Surface of the cortical shell smooth, its main axis three times as long
+  as its equatorial axis. Both concentric medullary shells compressed, the outer, half as broad as
+  the constriction.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.26, equatorial axis 0.09; breadth of
+  every chamber 0.12; meshes 0.003 to 0.02, bars 0.001 to 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Panartus tetrathalamus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>All four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form, size, and structure, kidney-shaped,
+  twice as broad as long. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to three times as broad as the bars; a
+  circle of larger pores at the base of both distal chambers; five to six pores on the half
+  meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber. Surface of the cortical shell smooth;
+  its main axis two and a half times as long as the equatorial axis. Both medullary shells
+  spheroidal, compressed, the outer one-third as broad as the constriction. (In the specimen figured
+  spines begin to arise from both distal chambers; this forms a transition to <i>Panartus
+  quadrijugus</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.18, equatorial axis 0.07; breadth of
+  every chamber 0.09; meshes 0.003 to 0.01, bars 0.002 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, in various
+  depths.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page379">{379}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Panartissa</i>.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the cortical shell smooth, without spines or
+  thorns. Both its proximal chambers differ in form and structure from the two distal chambers.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Panartus diploconus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Both proximal chambers nearly ellipsoidal, one and a half times as broad as long, with regular
+  hexagonal pores, four times as broad as the bars; five to six pores on the half meridian, nine to
+  ten on the half equator of each chamber. Both distal chambers conical, with a circle of ten to
+  twelve large square pores at the base; the other pores very small and numerous, roundish, sixteen
+  to twenty in the height of each cone, and the same number on the half periphery of its base. Both
+  concentric medullary shells compressed, the outer, half as broad as the constriction of the
+  cortical shell, the surface of which is quite smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Total length of the shell (or main axis) 0.34; greatest breadth of
+  each chamber 0.09; pores of the proximal chambers 0.013, bars 0.003; pores and bars of the distal
+  chambers 0.003; large basal square pores 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Panartus amphiconus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both proximal chambers nearly kidney-shaped, one and a half times as broad as long, with
+  regular, circular pores, with hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the bars; six to seven pores on
+  the half meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator of each chamber. Both distal chambers
+  conical, with a circle of ten to twelve very large pores at the base; the other pores very small,
+  roundish, ten to fifteen in the height of each cone, twenty to thirty on the half basal periphery.
+  Both concentric medullary shells compressed, the outer one-third as broad as the constriction of
+  the cortical shell, whose surface is smooth. (This species resembles <i>Peripanartus
+  amphiconus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 5, but is without the surface spines and the outer envelope.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Total length of the shell 0.28; greatest breadth of the proximal
+  chambers 0.1, of the distal chambers 0.14; pores of the former 0.008, of the latter 0.004; bars of
+  both 0.003 to 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Panartus fusiformis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both proximal chambers nearly ellipsoidal, one and a half times as long as broad, with
+  irregular, roundish pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars; eight to ten pores on the
+  half meridian, twelve to fifteen on the half equator of each chamber. Both distal chambers
+  hemiellipsoidal or egg-shaped, somewhat higher and narrower than the proximal chambers, with a
+  circle of larger square pores at their base; the other pores roundish and very irregular. Both
+  medullary shells spheroidal, one-third as broad as the constriction of the cortical shell, whose
+  surface is quite smooth. (This <span class="pagenum" id="page380">{380}</span>species is similar
+  to <i>Peripanartus atractus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 7, but is without the superficial spines and the equatorial girdle-like envelope of the
+  latter.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Total length of the shell 0.25 to 0.3; greatest breadth (in the
+  equator of the proximal chambers) 0.08 to <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.01'.">0.1</span>; pores of the proximal chambers 0.008 to 0.012, pores of
+  the distal chambers half their size, bars 0.002 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 237, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Panartus profundissimus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatocampe profundissima</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 297, Taf. viii. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Both proximal chambers nearly ellipsoidal, with irregular, polygonal pores, six to eight times
+  as broad as the bars; four to five pores on the half meridian, eight to nine on the half equator
+  of each chamber. Both distal chambers hemispherical, with a very delicate irregular network.
+  Medullary shells spherical; surface of the shell smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Total length of the shell 0.15; greatest breadth in the equator of the
+  proximal chambers 0.08; pores of the proximal chambers <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.15'.">0.015</span>, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Philippine Sea, depth 3300 fathoms, Ehrenberg; Station 213,
+  depth 2050 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Panartoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the cortical shell thorny, covered with
+  scattered spines. All its four chambers exhibit the same form and structure.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Panartus quadriceps</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form, size, and structure, kidney-shaped,
+  twice as broad as long. Pores rather regular, circular, with hexagonal frames, twice to three
+  times as broad as the bars; six to seven pores on the half meridian, ten to twelve on the half
+  equator of each chamber. Surface spiny; from the corners of the hexagonal frames (between every
+  three pores) arise short radial spines. Both medullary shells spherical, the outer one-third as
+  broad as the constriction of the cortical shell. (All the four chambers of this species have the
+  same form as the two proximal chambers of <i>Peripanartus amphiconus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  5.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.24, equatorial axis 0.08; meshes
+  0.01, bars 0.003 to 0.005; length of the spines 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Panartus quadrijugus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All four chambers of the cortical shell of the same form and size, kidney-shaped, twice as
+  broad as long. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to three times as broad as the bars; a circle of
+  larger pores at the base of both distal chambers; six to eight pores on the half meridian, twelve
+  to <span class="pagenum" id="page381">{381}</span>fourteen on the half equator of each chamber.
+  Surface spiny, everywhere covered with small irregular thorns. (This species differs from the
+  smooth <i>Panartus tetrathalamus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 3, almost entirely by the thorny surface.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.2, equatorial axis 0.08; breadth of every chamber 0.1;
+  meshes 0.005 to 0.01, bars 0.003, spines 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; on the surface of the Atlantic, Indian, and
+  Pacific Oceans.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Panartus quadrigeminus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All four chambers of the cortical shell nearly of the same size and form, kidney-shaped, twice
+  as broad as long. Pores irregular, polygonal (mostly pentagonal or hexagonal), six to eight times
+  as broad as the thin bars; five to seven on the half meridian, twelve to sixteen on the half
+  equator of each chamber. Surface of the cortical shell spiny, covered with numerous irregularly
+  scattered, often oblique, bristle-like thorns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.27, equatorial axis 0.1; breadth of each chamber 0.13;
+  meshes 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.001 to 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; surface of the Atlantic and Pacific, many
+  Stations.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Panartura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the cortical shell thorny, covered with
+  scattered spines. Both its proximal chambers differ in form or structure from the two distal
+  chambers.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Panartus spinosus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both proximal chambers nearly ellipsoidal, with regular, circular pores enclosed by hexagonal
+  frames. Both distal chambers conical, with a circle of ten to twelve large square pores at the
+  base; the other pores small, roundish. The cortical shell of this species is quite the same as
+  that of <i>Panartus amphiconus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 5), but differs in the absence of the external envelope (or the second cortical shell), and
+  is covered with short, conical spines on the whole surface.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Total length of the cortical shell 0.25, greatest breadth (on the base
+  of the distal chambers) 0.12; meshes of the proximal chambers 0.008, of the distal chambers 0.004;
+  bars 0.002 to 0.04, spines 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 240, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Panartus setosus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatocampe setosa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 297, Taf. viii. fig. 7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, broader than the two hemispherical distal chambers.
+  Meshes of the cortical shell irregular, polygonal, or subregular hexagonal; at the base of each
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page382">{382}</span>distal chamber a circle of large square meshes. The
+  breadth of the pores is eight to twelve times that of the bars between them. The whole surface is
+  covered with small bristle-like spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Total length of the cortical shell 0.14, greatest breadth (in the
+  equator of each proximal chamber) 0.07; meshes 0.008 to 0.015, bars 0.002, spines 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific (Philippine and Californian Sea) 3300 and 2300
+  fathoms, Ehrenberg; Station 200, depth 250 fathoms; Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Panartus pluteus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, with irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as
+  broad as the bars; their surface everywhere covered with short conical thorns. From both polar
+  circles arise ten to twelve radial rods, which bear a fenestrated cap, and form thus either the
+  beginning of a second, external, cortical shell, or (if remaining thus) two imperfect distal
+  chambers. The spherical segment, which forms their surface, is concentric with the proximal
+  chambers, is perforated by the same irregular, roundish pores, and covered with numerous
+  bristle-like spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cortical shell 0.17, equatorial axis (in the
+  constriction) 0.06; distance between the proximal and distal chambers 0.03; pores 0.003 to 0.01,
+  bars 0.003 to 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 164. <i>Peripanartus</i>,<a id="NtA_203" href="#Nt_203"><sup>[203]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Panartida</span> with double cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, without polar spines or tubes on both poles of the main axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Peripanartus</i> differs from <i>Panartus</i> only in the development
+  of an outer reticulated envelop, which mantle-like surrounds the shell and represents a second or
+  external cortical shell. This mantle or veil envelops either the whole internal cortical shell or
+  only both proximal chambers. <i>Peripanartus</i> exhibits the same relation to <i>Panartus</i> as
+  in the foregoing ancestral family <i>Cypassis</i> bears to <i>Cyphonium</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Peripanartula</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the outer cortical shell smooth, without spines
+  or thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Peripanartus palliatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Internal cortical shell with four kidney-shaped chambers of equal size and similar form,
+  identical with the cortical shell of <i>Panartus tetrathalamus</i> and <i>Panartus quadrijugus</i>
+  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 3), with irregular, roundish pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars. It differs
+  from these two species <span class="pagenum" id="page383">{383}</span>only by the external
+  cortical shell enveloping the whole internal one, in the same manner as in <i>Peripanartus
+  cylindrus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 6). The two shells are connected by numerous radial rods. The surface of the outer cortical
+  shell is quite smooth, its irregular, roundish pores about half as large as those of the inner
+  cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.27, of the internal 0.2;
+  greatest breadth of the former (in the equator of each chamber) 0.13, of the latter 0.09; pores of
+  the external cortical shell 0.002 to 0.004, of the internal 0.004 to 0.008; bars of the former
+  0.002, of the latter 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 271, 272, depth 2425 to 2600
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Peripanartus l�vigatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers, both proximal kidney-shaped (with
+  subregular polygonal pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars), both distal nearly
+  hemispherical, with subregular, roundish pores of half that size. External cortical shell envelops
+  only the proximal chambers, and appears as the direct continuation of the internal shell of the
+  distal chambers, with the same small roundish pores. The outer surface is quite smooth. This
+  species has nearly the same structure as <i>Peripanicium amphicorona</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 8),
+  but differs from it by the absence of the polar spine-circles, and by the perfect smoothness of
+  the surface.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the shell 0.25, greatest breadth (in the equator of the
+  proximal chambers) 0.15; equatorial stricture of the external shell 0.10, of the internal 0.07;
+  pores of the internal shell of the proximal chambers 0.013, of the external 0.006; bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Peripanartus amphiconus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell with four very unequal chambers; both proximal chambers kidney-shaped
+  (with regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as the bars); both distal
+  chambers conical, with a circle of large square pores at the base, the other pores very small,
+  roundish.  Outer cortical shell very thin, quite smooth, with irregular, roundish pores, envelops
+  in younger specimens only the distal chambers. But the radial spines on the surface of the
+  internal cortical shell of the proximal chambers indicate that these will also be afterwards
+  enclosed by the growing of the external shell. This species exhibits the progressive (ontogenetic
+  as well as phylogenetic) development of <i>Panartus amphiconus</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the outer cortical shell 0.3, its greatest breadth (at
+  the prominent distal ends of the radial rods between the large square pores) 0.15; pores 0.003 to
+  0.001, bars 0.005; main axis of the inner cortical shell 0.26, its greatest breadth 0.13; pores of
+  its distal chambers 0.003, of its proximal chambers 0.01; large square pores 0.03; bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page384">{384}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Peripanartium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the outer cortical shell covered with spines or
+  thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Peripanartus atractus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell with four very unequal chambers; both proximal chambers spheroidal (with
+  subregular, roundish pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars), both distal chambers
+  nearly conical, with a circle of eight to ten very large square pores at the base; the other pores
+  very small, roundish. Outer cortical shell envelops only the proximal chambers and the basal half
+  of the distal chambers, appearing as the direct continuation of the microporous covering of their
+  apical half. The whole external cortical shell is inflated in the equatorial zone, and hence
+  assumes an irregular, spindle-like appearance. Its whole surface is rough with innumerable very
+  short thorns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.28, equatorial axis 0.17; pores of the external cortical
+  shell 0.002 to 0.004, bars 0.002; main axis of the proximal chambers of the internal cortical
+  shell 0.07, equatorial axis 0.09; pores 0.007, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Peripanartus cylindrus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers; both proximal chambers kidney-shaped (with
+  regular, circular, hexagonally framed pores of the same breadth as the bars), both distal chambers
+  nearly hemispherical, with a circle of eight to ten very large square pores at their base; the
+  other pores very small, roundish. External cortical shell envelops the whole internal like a
+  perfect hollow cylinder, which is closed at both poles by a hemispherical cap. The whole surface
+  of this cylindrical mantle is perforated by innumerable very small roundish pores, and covered
+  with small bristle-like spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the cylinder 0.3, equatorial axis 0.12; pores and bars
+  0.006; spines of its surface 0.012 to 0.15; main axis of the internal cortical shell 0.2;
+  equatorial axis (in the constriction) 0.06; pores and bars of its proximal chambers 0.007, of its
+  distal chambers 0.003; large square pores at their base 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to
+  2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 165. <i>Panicium</i>,<a id="NtA_204" href="#Nt_204"><sup>[204]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Panartida</span> with simple cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, with two opposite apical spines on both poles of the main axis, or with a
+  group of polar spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Panicium</i> comprises those forms of <i>Panartus</i> which develop a
+  peculiar armature on both poles of the cortical shell. This may be only a single strong spine
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page385">{385}</span>on each pole, lying in the main axis (subgenus
+  <i>Panicidium</i>); or a bunch or a circle of polar spines diverging radially (subgenus
+  <i>Panartidium</i>); in the latter case the polar spines can either form a bunch on the pole
+  itself, or a crown of thorns around it.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Panicidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;On both poles of the main axis only a single large
+  spine.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Panicium amphacanthum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All four chambers of the cortical shell nearly of the same size and form, kidney-shaped, with
+  subregular, circular pores, twice as broad as the bars; five to six pores on the half meridian,
+  ten to eleven on the half equator of each chamber. Surface covered with small spines. On both
+  poles of the main axis is a very strong, conical, apical spine, half as long as the main axis, on
+  the base one-fourth as broad as the equatorial axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis (without polar spines) 0.22, equatorial axis 0.06; pores
+  0.01, bars 0.005; length of the polar spines 0.12, basal thickness 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic, Station 152, depth 1260 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Panicium amphistylus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, both distal chambers nearly hemispherical, somewhat
+  smaller. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to three times as broad as the bars; four to six on the
+  half meridian, eight to ten on the half equator of each chamber; a circle of larger square pores
+  on the base of each distal chamber. Surface thorny. On both poles of the main axis one strong,
+  pyramidal, apical spine, one-third as long as the main axis, on the base one-fourth as broad as
+  the equatorial constriction. (Similar to <i>Panarium tubularium</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 9, but
+  without tubes.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis (without polar spines) 0.2, equatorial axis 0.05; pores
+  0.005 to 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the polar spines 0.07, basal thickness 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic, Station 156, depth 1975 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Panartidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;On both poles of the main axis a bunch or a circle of
+  aggregated spines.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Panicium scoparium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, both distal chambers nearly hemispherical, somewhat
+  smaller. Pores irregular, polygonal, twice to five times as broad as the bars; six to eight on the
+  half meridian, twelve to fourteen on the half equator of each chamber. Surface spiny, covered with
+  thin, <span class="pagenum" id="page386">{386}</span>bristle-like spines. On both poles of the
+  main axis a bunch of six to eight aggregated larger conical spines, about as high as a single
+  chamber.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis (without polar spines) 0.2, equatorial axis 0.06; pores
+  0.005 to 0.015, bars 0.003; length of the polar spines 0.05, basal thickness 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to
+  2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Panicium coronatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, covered with short stout spines. Pores irregular,
+  roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the half meridian, eleven to
+  thirteen on the half equator of each chamber. Both distal chambers cap-like, separated from the
+  former by a circle of ten to twelve very large square pores; the other pores very small, roundish.
+  The circumpolar area is smooth, surrounded by a circle of ten to twelve very stout, conical,
+  radial spines, which arise from the distal ends of the bars separating the large square
+  meshes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis (without spines) 0.22, equatorial axis 0.08; greatest
+  breadth in the equator of the chambers 0.1; pores of the proximal chambers 0.007 to 0.015, bars
+  0.004; square pores of the distal chambers 0.02 to 0.03, small pores 0.005, bars 0.004; length of
+  the radial spines of the polar circles 0.07, basal thickness 0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 166. <i>Peripanicium</i>,<a id="NtA_205" href="#Nt_205"><sup>[205]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Panartida</span> with double cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, on both poles of the main axis with two opposite apical spines, or with a
+  bunch or circle of polar spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Peripanicium</i> differs from <i>Panicium</i> only in the development
+  of an outer reticulated envelope, which mantle-like surrounds the shell, and represents a second
+  or external cortical shell. As in <i>Panicium</i>, its ancestral form, so also in
+  <i>Peripanicium</i>, there can be distinguished two subgenera:&mdash;<i>Peripanicea</i>, where
+  only a single large spine arises from each pole (lying in the main axis), and <i>Peripanicula</i>,
+  where a variable number of spines is to be found, either diverging bunch-like from the pole
+  itself, or surrounding it as a crown-like polar circle.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Peripanicea</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;On both poles of the main axis only a single large
+  spine.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Peripanicium amphixiphus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers, with thorny surface. Both proximal chambers
+  kidney-shaped (with subregular hexagonal pores, three times as broad as the bars). <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page387">{387}</span>Both distal chambers nearly hemispherical (with a circle
+  of ten to twelve very large square pores at their base, the other pores very small). From both
+  poles arises a single, strong, conical spine, half as long as the main axis. The internal cortical
+  shell is very much like that of <i>Panarium tubularium</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 9),
+  but differs by the solid polar spines (instead of the hollow tubules) and by the formation of an
+  external, cylindrical, very thin, cortical shell, which envelops the whole internal, and is
+  connected with it by numerous beams. The surface of the external shell is quite smooth, and
+  perforated by innumerable very small roundish pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis of the external cortical shell 0.25, of the internal 0.19;
+  transverse axis of the former 0.13, of the latter 0.08; pores of the proximal chambers of the
+  internal shell 0.01, bars 0.003; pores of external cortical shell 0.002, bars 0.001; length of
+  both polar spines 0.12, basal thickness of them 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, near Tristan da Cunha, Station 333, depth
+  2025 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Peripanicula</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;On both poles of the main axis a bunch or a circle of
+  aggregated polar spines.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Peripanicium amphicorona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Peripanartus amphicorona</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xl. fig.
+    8).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Internal cortical shell with four very unequal chambers. Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped,
+  with subregular, polygonal pores, three times as broad as the bars. Both distal chambers double
+  cone-shaped; the proximal cone of these formed by a circle of ten to twelve radial beams, which
+  separate the same number of large square meshes; the distal cone with five to six circles of very
+  small roundish, irregular pores. The continuation of the thin porous lamella of this distal cone
+  forms the external cortical shell, whose surface is a little rough with innumerable very small
+  thorns. On both poles is a large circular opening (nearly as broad as the equatorial constriction
+  of the inner shell), surrounded by a delicate crown of thorns. The spines of this crown equal the
+  diameter of the polar opening; they are very thin and bristle-like, connected by a few bridges and
+  diverge outwards.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis (without the crowns of polar thorns) 0.26, greatest breadth
+  (in the equator of the proximal chambers) 0.15; equatorial constriction of the external shell
+  0.12, of the internal 0.07; pores of the proximal chambers of the internal cortical shell 0.01, of
+  the external 0.005, bars 0.003; diameter of the circular polar opening 0.05; length of the polar
+  spines 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Peripanicium coronarium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers. Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, with
+  irregular, roundish pores, twice to four times as broad as the bars. Both distal chambers
+  cap-like, with a basal circle of ten to twelve large square meshes, the other pores very small.
+  External <span class="pagenum" id="page388">{388}</span>cortical shell very thin, with smooth
+  surface, and very small, irregular, roundish pores; it envelops the whole internal shell at a
+  constant distance, which equals the breadth of the square meshes. From the distal ends of the
+  radial beams between the square meshes arise on every polar circle ten to twelve strong spines, as
+  direct prolongations of those beams. These form two regular, polar crowns of thorns. The inner
+  part of the thorns (between both shells) has only one-third to one-fourth the length of the outer
+  free part. (This species represents a further development of <i>Panicium coronatum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 4, by
+  secondary formation of an external mantle, like that of <i>Peripanartus atractus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  7.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis 0.27, greatest breadth 0.15; pores of the internal proximal
+  chambers 0.008 to 0.016, bars 0.004; square meshes of the distal chambers 0.03; pores of the outer
+  cortical shell 0.003; length of the spines of the polar circles 0.1 to 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 167. <i>Panarium</i>,<a id="NtA_206" href="#Nt_206"><sup>[206]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 463.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Panartida</span> with simple cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, with two hollow fenestrated tubes, opposite on the poles of the main
+  axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Panarium</i> differs from <i>Panartus</i> by two hollow latticed
+  tubes, which start from both poles of the main axis and lie in it. It repeats therefore in this
+  family the same peculiar and remarkable formation, which we find in <i>Pipettella</i> among the
+  Ellipsida, in <i>Pipetta</i> among the Druppulida, in <i>Cannartidium</i> among the Cyphinida, in
+  <i>Cannartus</i> among the Artiscida, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Panarelium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth, without spines or thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Panarium facettarium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the cortical shell smooth. All the four chambers nearly of the same size and form,
+  kidney-shaped, about twice as broad as long. Pores of these subregular, circular, with hexagonal
+  frames, about as broad as the bars; nine to ten on the half meridian, twelve to fourteen on the
+  half equator of each chamber. Polar tubuli nearly cylindrical, longer than half the main axis of
+  the cortical shell, about one-fourth as broad as the equatorial constriction. Pores of the tubuli
+  of the same shape as those of the chambers, but only half as large. (This species is like
+  <i>Pipetta tuba</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>,
+  fig. 7, but distinguished by three parallel transverse constrictions.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Total length of the shell (without tubuli) 0.26; breadth of each
+  chamber 0.12; pores 0.01, bars 0.01; length of the tubuli 0.15, breadth of them 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page389">{389}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Panarium pipettarium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the cortical shell smooth. Both proximal chambers nearly kidney-shaped; both distal
+  chambers somewhat smaller, hemispherical. Pores of all four chambers subregular, circular, without
+  hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the bars; six to seven pores on the half meridian, ten to
+  eleven on the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubuli slender, conical, nearly half as long as
+  the main axis of the shell, one-third as broad at the base as the equatorial constriction. Pores
+  of the tubuli of the same shape as those of the chambers, but only half as large. (This species
+  resembles somewhat <i>Cannartiscus amphiconiscus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate39"><b>39</b></a>, fig. 19,
+  but with double the number of chambers.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Total length of the shell (without tubuli) 0.25, greatest breadth 0.1;
+  pores 0.008, bars 0.004; length of the polar tubuli 0.11, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, western tropical part, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Panaromium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell spiny, covered with short thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Panarium annularium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the cortical shell thorny, everywhere covered with small bristle-like spines. All
+  four chambers nearly of the same size and form, kidney-shaped. Their pores subregular, circular,
+  three to four times as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the half meridian, ten to eleven on
+  the half equator of each chamber. Polar tubuli conical, nearly half as long as the main axis, half
+  as broad at the base as the equatorial constriction. Pores of the tubuli like those of the
+  chambers, but only half as broad.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Total length of the shell (without tubuli) 0.16; breadth of each
+  chamber 0.07; pores 0.006 to 0.008, bars 0.002; length of the polar tubuli 0.07, basal breadth
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Northern Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Panarium artophorum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the shell thorny, with scattered small spines.  Both proximal chambers nearly
+  kidney-shaped; both distal hemispherical, somewhat smaller.  Pores of all chambers irregular,
+  roundish, little broader than the bars; four to five on the half meridian, six to eight on the
+  half equator of each chamber.  Polar tubuli cylindrical, longer than the half main axis, only
+  one-fourth as broad the equatorial constriction.  Pores of the tubuli only one-third to one-fourth
+  as broad as those of the chambers.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Total length of the shell (without tubuli) 0.22, greatest breadth (in
+  the equator of the proximal chambers) 0.09; pores and bars 0.008 to 0.012; length of the polar
+  tubuli 0.14, breadth of them 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Southern Pacific, Station 289, depth 2550 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page390">{390}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Panarium tubularium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the cortical shell thorny, covered with small spines. Both proximal chambers nearly
+  kidney-shaped, with irregular, polygonal pores, three to four times as broad as the bars; five to
+  six pores on the half meridian, nine to ten on the half equator of each chamber. Both distal
+  chambers nearly hemispherical, with a circle of ten to twelve large square pores at their base;
+  the other pores much smaller, irregular, roundish. Polar tubuli prismatic, with prominent edges,
+  nearly half as long as the main axis, only one-fourth as broad as the equatorial constriction.
+  Pores of the tubuli very small, in longitudinal series between the edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Total length of the shell (without tubuli) 0.18 to 0.2, greatest
+  breadth (in the equator of the proximal chambers) 0.07 to 0.09; pores 0.003 to 0.01, bars 0.002 to
+  0.004; length of the polar tubuli 0.06 to 0.09, breadth of them 0.015 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 272, depth 2425 to
+  2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 168. <i>Peripanarium</i>,<a id="NtA_207" href="#Nt_207"><sup>[207]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Panartida</span> with double cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, with two hollow fenestrated tubes, opposite on the poles of the main
+  axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Peripanarium</i> differs from <i>Panarium</i> only in the development
+  of an outer reticulated envelop, which mantle-like surrounds the shell and represents a second or
+  external cortical shell. It bears therefore to <i>Panarium</i> the same relation as
+  <i>Peripanartus</i> to <i>Panartus</i>, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Peripanarium cenoconicum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Internal cortical shell with four kidney-shaped chambers of nearly the same form and size;
+  their pores irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars.  External cortical
+  shell cylindrical, hemispherical at both poles, with irregular, very small, roundish pores, only
+  one-third to one-half as large as those of the internal.  From both poles of the internal cortical
+  shell arises a hollow conical fenestrated tube, which perforates the external.  The outer free
+  part of this slender cone equals in length the inner part or the distance between the two cortical
+  shells, which is about equal to the length of one chamber. External surface covered with small
+  thorns. (This species has the same appearance as <i>Desmartus larvalis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 12,
+  but has only four chambers instead of six.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis (without cones) 0.23, greatest breadth 0.11; pores of the
+  inner cortical shell 0.004 to 0.009, of the outer 0.002 to 0.003; bars of the former 0.002, of the
+  latter 0.001; total length of the polar cones 0.05, basal thickness of them 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page391">{391}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Peripanarium cenocylindricum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Internal cortical shell with four unequal chambers, the two proximal kidney-shaped, the two
+  distal conical, and somewhat smaller; pores irregular, polygonal-roundish, twice to five times as
+  broad as the bars. External cortical shell nearly spindle-shaped, in the equatorial zone inflated,
+  conical, tapering towards both poles, its pores very small, roundish, its surface covered with
+  small thorns. The shell of this species resembles very much <i>Peripanartus atractus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 7),
+  but differs by the hollow cylindrical polar tubes, which arise from both poles of the inner
+  cortical shell and attain more than half the length of the main axis. They are open at their ends
+  (broken away), about as broad as the outer medullary shell, and perforated by irregular, roundish
+  pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Main axis (without polar tubes) 0.28, greatest breadth (in the
+  equator) 0.16; pores of the inner cortical shell 0.004 to 0.01, of the outer 0.002 to 0.005; bars
+  of the former 0.004, of the latter 0.002; total length of the polar tubes 0.16, breadth of them
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XVII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Zygartida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, figs.
+  10-13).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Zygartida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p.462 (<i>sensu
+  restricto</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> with annulated cortical shell, the
+  external shell being divided by five or more parallel transverse constrictions into six or more
+  chambers, enclosing in the centre two internal concentric shells (medullary shells). Central
+  capsule cylindrical, commonly annulated (corresponding to the transverse annular constrictions of
+  the cortical shell).</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Zygartida</span>, the seventh and last of the <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>, comprises, in the sense here restricted, all those <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> in which the cortical shell is annulated and composed of six to
+  twenty or more (at least six) camer�, lying one behind another in the elongated main axis, and
+  separated by five or more annular constrictions. When I constituted this family in 1881 (<i>loc.
+  cit.</i>), I had given to it a much wider extent, embracing all those <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> which exhibit annular constrictions of the cortical shell; as the
+  number of these, in consequence of further researches, is much increased, it seems now more
+  convenient to restrict the family to the extent here given.</p>
+
+  <p>No doubt the Zygartida must be derived from the Panartida by progressive growth of the cortical
+  shell in the main axis and accompanying increase of the number of its chambers. Whilst this number
+  in the Panartida is constantly restricted to four, in the Zygartida it amounts to ten, twenty, or
+  more, and is in the lowest case six (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 10). The maximum number is variable in the different species, but of course also different in
+  the various degrees of individual development. Each Zygartid is at the beginning of its growth a
+  Cyphinid, later a Panartid. The number of the annular constrictions separating the chambers and
+  lying in parallel transverse planes is at least <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page392">{392}</span>five, but may amount to nineteen, to twenty-one or more; they lie
+  constantly in pairs on both sides of the equatorial constriction (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, figs. 12,
+  13).</p>
+
+  <p>The cortical shell may either remain simple (<i>Ommatocampe</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 10),
+  or become double (<i>Desmocampe</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 12), or sometimes triple (<i>Zygocampe</i>, (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 13).
+  In the latter cases the outer (secondary and tertiary) cortical shells are commonly incomplete,
+  and only developed around the proximal chambers of the complete first (primary) cortical shell,
+  its distal chambers remaining simple.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Medullary Shell</i> is constantly double, as in the Panartida; its form is either
+  spherical or lenticular, compressed in the direction of the main axis.  It is always connected
+  with the equatorial constriction of the cortical shell by a number of radial beams, lying either
+  in the equatorial plane or on each side of it (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, figs.
+  10-13).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Zygartida is constantly cylindrical; its increasing growth on
+  both poles of the axis corresponds to that of the including cortical shell. Commonly (but not
+  always) its cylindrical surface is annulated, with five or more transverse strictures,
+  corresponding to those of the cortical shell. From the inner surface of the latter it is separated
+  by a jelly-mantle, the calymma.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Zygartida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w60 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Zygartida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Zygartida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi itp05 sp0"><span class="hid">II</span>I. Ommacampida.<br/>
+      1. Cortical shell simple.<br/>
+      (Medullary shell double.)</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Without polar tubes,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">169. <i>Ommatocampe</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With two hollow fenestrated tubes, on the poles of the axis,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">170. <i>Ommatartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi itp05 sp0"><span class="hid">I</span>II. Desmocampida.<br/>
+      2. Cortical shell double.<br/>
+      (Medullary shell double.)</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Without polar tubes,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">171. <i>Desmocampe</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With two hollow fenestrated tubes, on the poles of the axis,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">172. <i>Desmartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi itp05 sp0">III. Zygocampida.<br/>
+      3. Cortical shell triple.<br/>
+      (Medullary shell double.)</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Without polar tubes,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">173. <i>Zygocampe</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With two hollow fenestrated tubes, on the poles of the axis,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">174. <i>Zygartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Zygartida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Zygartida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">I.  Ommacampida. 1. Cortical shell simple. (Medullary shell double.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without polar tubes,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">169. <i>Ommatocampe</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With two hollow fenestrated tubes on the poles of the axis,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">170. <i>Ommatartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">II.  Desmocampida. 2. Cortical shell double. (Medullary shell double.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without polar tubes,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">171. <i>Desmocampe</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With two hollow fenestrated tubes on the poles of the axis,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">172. <i>Desmartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">III.  Zygocampida. 3. Cortical shell triple. (Medullary shell double.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without polar tubes,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">173. <i>Zygocampe</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With two hollow fenestrated tubes on the poles of the axis,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">174. <i>Zygartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 169. <i>Ommatocampe</i>,<a id="NtA_208" href="#Nt_208"><sup>[208]</sup></a>  Ehrenberg,
+  1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 832.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Zygartida</span> with simple cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, without polar tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Ommatocampe</i> was founded by Ehrenberg in 1860 for one of his
+  "<i>Haliommatina</i>," with the following diagnosis:&mdash;"Shell rod-like, long, articulate, with
+  nucleus, without spines, with four or more joints." The species figured by him, <i>Ommatocampe
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page393">{393}</span>polyarthra</i>, exhibits five pairs of chambers on
+  both sides of the meridian plane of the cortical shell, the centre of which includes a double
+  medullary shell. It represents the most simple form of all Zygartida, and may be derived
+  phylogenetically from <i>Cyphonium</i> simply by multiplication of the chambers of the cortical
+  shell, growing on both poles of the main axis.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Ommatocampium</i>.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the cortical shell smooth or rough, without
+  thorns or spines, also without polar spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Ommatocampe polyarthra</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatocampe polyarthra</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 279, Taf. vi. fig. 9.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with smooth surface, composed of six to ten chambers of the same size and form.
+  Every chamber kidney-shaped, about twice as broad as long, with three transverse rows of circular,
+  subregular pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars. Both medullary shells spherical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered cortical shell 0.15; greatest breadth of
+  each chamber 0.04; pores 0.005 to 0.007, bars 0.002 to 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Californian Sea, depth 2600 fathoms, Ehrenberg; Pacific,
+  central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados,
+  Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Ommatocampe increscens</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatocampe increscens</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 90, Taf.
+    ii. fig. 2, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with rough surface, composed of six to ten chambers of nearly the same size and
+  form; the breadth of the chambers a little increasing towards both poles. Every chamber
+  kidney-shaped, the proximal chambers twice as broad as long, with four or five transverse rows of
+  pores; the distal chambers three to four times as broad as long, with two or three transverse rows
+  of pores. Form of the pores irregular, roundish, bars between them in the distal part smaller, in
+  the proximal part larger than the pores. Both medullary shells compressed lenticular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered cortical shell 0.22; greatest breadth of
+  the chambers 0.09 to 0.1; pores and bars 0.003 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Ommatocampe annulata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with smooth surface, composed of six to twelve chambers of nearly the same size
+  and form. Each chamber kidney-shaped, twice as broad as long, with four to five transverse rows of
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page394">{394}</span>irregular, roundish pores, once to five times as
+  broad as the bars. On the base of each distal chamber (beginning in the second or third pair) a
+  circle of twelve to sixteen larger square pores. Both medullary shells compressed lenticular.
+  (Resembles the inner cortical shell of <i>Desmartus larvalis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 12,
+  but is without the polar tubes and the outer envelope of this species.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered cortical shell 0.23; greatest breadth of
+  each chamber 0.07; pores 0.002 to 0.01, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, in various
+  depths.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Ommatocampula</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the cortical shell thorny or spiny, but without
+  peculiar polar spines and without regular coronals of spines.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Ommatocampe eruc�formis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with spiny surface, composed of six to twelve chambers of nearly the same size
+  and form, the distal chambers a little smaller. The form and structure of the cortical shell is
+  nearly the same as in the foregoing species, only the pores are somewhat larger, and the whole
+  surface is covered with bristle-like radial spines, about half as long as the breadth of one
+  chamber. Both medullary shells compressed and lenticular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered cortical shell 0.24; greatest breadth of
+  each chamber 0.08; pores 0.005 to 0.012, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Canary Islands, Station 353, depth 2965
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Ommatocampe nereis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 10).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with spiny surface, composed of six (or more) chambers of different size and
+  structure. Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, with subregular, circular, hexagonally framed
+  pores, twice as broad as the bars. All following chambers cap-like, with much smaller, irregular,
+  roundish pores, at the base of every chamber a circle of ten to twelve large square pores. Spines
+  of the surface short, irregularly scattered. Both medullary shells spherical. (All the observed
+  specimens possessed only six chambers.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered cortical shell 0.25; greatest breadth of
+  each chamber 0.08; pores of both proximal chambers 0.01, bars 0.005; basal pores of the other
+  chambers 0.02; pores of their distal caps 0.003 to 0.006, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 271 to 274, depth 2350 to
+  2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Ommatocorona</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the cortical shell spiny, on every chamber a
+  regular circle or coronal of radial spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page395">{395}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Ommatocampe ch�topodum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with spiny surface, composed of six (or more) kidney-shaped chambers of
+  different size and form. Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, with subregular, circular,
+  hexagonally framed pores, about as broad as the bars. All the following chambers hemispherical,
+  with irregular, roundish pores; at the base of every chamber a circle of ten to twelve larger
+  square pores. The beams between these latter are prolonged into free radial spines, twice as thick
+  as the bars. Therefore every chamber is surrounded by a circle of radial spines, like those of
+  <i>Panicium coronatum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 4). Both medullary shells lenticular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered cortical shell 0.3, greatest breadth 0.08,
+  pores and bars of both proximal chambers 0.01; pores of the other chambers 0.002 to 0.008; square
+  pores 0.02, bars 0.005; length of the coronal spines 0.03, thickness 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Ommatacantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth or spiny, on the poles of the
+  main axis occur two strong opposite polar spines.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Ommatocampe amphilonche</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell composed of six kidney-shaped chambers of nearly the same size and structure;
+  every chamber twice as broad as long, with four to five transverse rows of irregular, roundish
+  pores, once to four times as broad as the bars. Both medullary shells lenticular. Surface of the
+  cortical shell covered with bristle-like spines. On both poles of the main axis one larger,
+  strong, conical spine, about half as long as this axis, and on the base as broad as the inner
+  medullary shell. (Resembles on the whole <i>Desmartus larvalis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 12,
+  but without external mantle, and with two solid polar spines instead of the polar tubes.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered cortical shell 0.24; greatest breadth of
+  each chamber 0.08; pores 0.002 to 0.08, bars 0.002; length of the polar spines 0.12, basal
+  thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 170. <i>Ommatartus</i>,<a id="NtA_209" href="#Nt_209"><sup>[209]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 463.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Zygartida</span> with simple cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, with two hollow fenestrated tubes, opposite on both poles of the main
+  axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Ommatartus</i> differs from <i>Ommatocampe</i> by the development of
+  two hollow fenestrated tubes on both poles of the main axis, and bears therefore the same relation
+  to it as <i>Cannartidium</i> to <i>Cyphonium</i>. The former two genera differ from the two latter
+  by the augmentation of the chambers of the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page396">{396}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Ommatartus amphicanna</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with spiny surface, composed of six chambers of equal size and kidney-shaped;
+  every chamber with four to five transverse rows of irregular, roundish pores, twice to three times
+  as broad as the bars. Both medullary shells lenticular. Polar tubes conical, about as long as one
+  chamber, with smaller pores. Both medullary shells spheroidal, more or less compressed. (Resembles
+  <i>Desmartus larvalis</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 12, but is without the external shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered cortical shell 0.24; greatest breadth of
+  each chamber 0.07; pores 0.008 to 0.012, bars 0.004; length of the polar tubes 0.04 to 0.05, basal
+  thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to
+  2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Ommatartus amphisiphon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with spiny surface, composed of six or eight chambers of different size and
+  form. Both proximal chambers kidney-shaped, each with five to six transverse rows of irregular,
+  polygonal pores, three to four times as broad as the bars. The other (four to six) chambers
+  somewhat smaller, more hemispherical, with smaller, irregular pores, but on the base of each a
+  circle of ten to twelve larger square pores. Polar tubuli prismatic, about half as long as the
+  main axis, with prominent edges and longitudinal rows of smaller pores between them. Both
+  medullary shells lenticular. (Resembles closely <i>Panarium tubularium</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 9, but
+  with six to eight chambers instead of four, and with longer tubuli.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered cortical shell 0.26; greatest breadth of
+  the proximal chambers 0.09, of the distal chambers 0.07; pores of the former 0.01, of the latter
+  0.004; large square pores 0.013, bars 0.003; length of the polar tubes 0.1 to 0.12, thickness
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 297, depth 1775 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Ommatartus amphobolus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with spiny surface, composed of six chambers of different size and form. Both
+  proximal chambers kidney-shaped, with four to five transverse rows of subregular, circular pores,
+  twice as broad as the bars. Both middle chambers cap-like, with a basal circle of ten to twelve
+  larger square pores, and small roundish pores on the cap. Both distal chambers smaller, conical,
+  with very small roundish pores. Polar tubuli conical, nearly half as long as the main axis, also
+  with very small pores. Both medullary shells lenticular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered shell 0.28, greatest breadth 0.08; pores
+  of the proximal chambers 0.01, bars 0.005; pores of the distal chambers and the polar tubes 0.002
+  to 0.004, bars 0.002; length of the polar tubes 0.13, basal thickness 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 171. <i>Desmocampe</i>,<a id="NtA_210" href="#Nt_210"><sup>[210]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Zygartida</span> with double cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, without polar tubes.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page397">{397}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Desmocampe</i> differs from <i>Ommatocampe</i> in the duplication of
+  the jointed cortical shell; the radial spines, which start from the surface of the inner cortical
+  shell, are connected one with another by transverse communicating branches which form an outer
+  envelop around it; but this reticulated mantle is commonly not quite perfect and more or less
+  irregular.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Desmocampe catenula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell with six to eight chambers of the same size and form. Every chamber
+  kidney-shaped, with three to four transverse rows of circular, subregular pores, twice as broad as
+  the bars. Outer cortical shell cylindrical, hemispherical at both poles, with smooth surface and
+  irregular, roundish pores of very different size. Distance between the two cortical shells equals
+  the diameter of the outer medullary shell, which, like the inner, is spherical. (Resembles
+  Ommatocampe polyarthra, Ehrenberg, 1872, <i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. vi, fig. 9, but differs in the
+  external mantle.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered inner cortical shell 0.16, of the outer
+  0.21; greatest breadth of each chamber of the former 0.05, of the latter 0.09; pores of the inner
+  0.006, bars 0.003; pores of the outer 0.002 to 0.008, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 237, off Japan, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Desmocampe t�nioides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell with six to ten chambers of nearly the same size and form; the distal
+  chambers somewhat smaller. Every chamber kidney-shaped, with four to five transverse rows of
+  irregular roundish pores, twice to three times as broad as the bars. Outer cortical shell
+  cylindrical, hemispherical at both poles, with spiny surface; its pores like those of the inner,
+  but the bars between them much thinner. Distance between the two cortical shells equals the
+  diameter of the outer medullary shell. Both medullary shells lenticular. (Resembles <i>Desmartus
+  larvalis</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 12, but is without polar tubes.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered inner cortical shell 0.25, of the outer
+  0.3; greatest breadth of the former 0.07, of the latter 0.11; pores 0.005 to 0.012; bars of the
+  inner shell 0.004, of the outer 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Desmocampe aphrodite</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell with six to ten chambers of different size and structure. Both proximal
+  chambers kidney-shaped, with five to six transverse rows of subregular, circular,
+  hexagonally-framed pores, twice as broad as the bars. All following chambers cap-like, with much
+  smaller, irregular, roundish pores, on the base of each a circle of ten to twelve large square
+  pores. Outer cortical shell cylindrical, on both poles hemispherical, with spiny surface and very
+  delicate network of small polygonal pores. Both medullary shells spherical. (The inner cortical
+  shell of this species resembles that of <i>Ommatocampe nereis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig. 10;
+  the outer that of <i>Cyphocolpus virginis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  11.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page398">{398}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered internal cortical shell 0.25, of the outer
+  0.3; greatest breadth of the former 0.08, of the latter 0.12; pores of the proximal chambers of
+  the inner shell 0.01, bars 0.005; pores of the distal chambers 0.003 to 0.005, square pores 0.02,
+  bars 0.003; pores of the external cortical shell 0.002 to 0.006, bars 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Desmocampe atractus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell with six chambers of very different size and structure. Both proximal
+  chambers kidney-shaped, with seven to eight transverse rows of subregular, roundish pores, twice
+  to three times as broad as the bars. Both middle chambers cap-like, on the base with a circle of
+  eight to ten very large square pores, on the distal cap with small irregular, roundish pores. Both
+  distal chambers conical, also with small irregular, roundish pores. Outer cortical shell
+  spindle-shaped, inflated in the equatorial zone, tapering conically towards both poles, with very
+  delicate network of small roundish pores and thin bars. Surface covered with innumerable very
+  small spines. Both medullary shells lenticular. (Resembles very much <i>Peripanartus atractus</i>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  7, but differs in the number of the chambers and their proportion to the outer mantle, which
+  envelops spindle-like all six chambers.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered internal cortical shell 0.27, of the outer
+  0.32; greatest breadth of the former 0.09, of the latter 0.15; pores of the inner cortical shell
+  (on an average)&mdash;proximal chambers 0.008, middle chambers 0.02, distal chambers 0.004, bars
+  0.004; pores of the outer cortical shell 0.002 to 0.004, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 172. <i>Desmartus</i>,<a id="NtA_211" href="#Nt_211"><sup>[211]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Zygartida</span> with double cortical shell and
+  double medullary shell, with two hollow fenestrated tubes, opposite on both poles of the main
+  axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Desmartus</i> differs from <i>Desmocampe</i> by the development of two
+  hollow fenestrated tubes, opposite on both poles of the main axis, and bears therefore the same
+  relation to it as <i>Ommatartus</i> to <i>Ommatocampe</i>. Both the former genera can be produced
+  from the two latter by duplication of the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Desmartus larvalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 12).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Zygartus larvalis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xl, fig.
+    12).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell composed of six kidney-shaped chambers of nearly the same size and
+  structure; every chamber twice as broad as long, with four to five transverse rows of irregular,
+  roundish pores, twice to five times as broad as the bars; the basal pores of the distal chambers
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page399">{399}</span>somewhat larger and more square. Outer cortical
+  shell cylindrical, hemispherical at both poles, with irregular, polygonal pores, on an average
+  twice as large as those of the inner, but the bars between them much thinner. Outer surface spiny.
+  Both medullary shells lenticular. Polar tubes conical, a little longer than one internal chamber,
+  as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell. Sometimes the tubes exhibit prominent edges (as
+  in the lower spine of fig. 12); the pores of these are very small, and roundish.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered internal cortical shell 0.23, of the
+  external 0.3; greatest breadth of the former 0.07, of the latter 0.11; pores of the inner shell
+  0.004 to 0.01, of the outer 0.01 to 0.02; bars of the former 0.002, of the latter 0.001; length of
+  the polar tubes 0.05, basal thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Desmartus tubulatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell composed of six to ten kidney-shaped chambers, tapering in size towards
+  both poles, every chamber with six to seven transverse rows of irregular, roundish pores, twice to
+  six times broader than the bars. Outer cortical shell spindle-shaped, in the equatorial zone
+  inflated, tapering towards both poles, its network similar to the inner, only more delicate. Polar
+  tubes conical, twice as long as an inner chamber, as broad at the base as the outer medullary
+  shell. Both medullary shells lenticular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered internal cortical shell 0.25, of the
+  external 0.32; greatest breadth of the former 0.08, of the latter 0.12; pores of the inner shell
+  0.002 to 0.012, of the outer 0.003 to 0.01; bars of the former 0.002, of the latter 0.001; length
+  of the polar tubes 0.07, basal thickness 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 256, depth 2950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 173. <i>Zygocampe</i>,<a id="NtA_212" href="#Nt_212"><sup>[212]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Zygartida</span> with triple (or multiple) cortical
+  shell and double medullary shell, without polar tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Zygocampe</i> differs from <i>Desmocampe</i> and <i>Ommatocampe</i> by
+  the multiplication of the cortical shell, which is composed of three or more concentric envelopes.
+  The three mentioned genera form therefore a phylogenetic series, produced by the concentric
+  increase on the outside of the jointed cortical shell. Commonly the second cortical shell is not
+  as complete as the first (or innermost), and the third (or outermost) is yet more incomplete.
+  Rarely the number of the concentric cortical shells surpasses three.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Zygocampe pupula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell with six to twelve chambers of nearly the same size and form. Every
+  chamber kidney-shaped, with four to five transverse rows of circular, subregular pores, twice as
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page400">{400}</span>broad as the bars. Middle cortical shell
+  cylindrical, hemispherical at both poles, with subregular circular pores somewhat smaller than
+  those of the inner; the bars also thinner. Outer cortical shell of the same form as the middle,
+  but with very delicate network, and quite irregular, roundish pores and very thin bars. Surface
+  quite smooth. Both medullary shells lenticular. (May be regarded in a phylogenetic as well as an
+  ontogenetic sense, as the further developmental form of <i>Desmocampe catenula</i> and
+  <i>Ommatocampe polyarthra</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered inner cortical shell 0.17, of the middle
+  0.22, of the outer 0.27; greatest breadth of the first 0.05, of the second 0.09, of the third
+  0.12; pores of the inner cortical shell 0.005, of the middle 0.004, of the outer 0.003 to 0.012;
+  bars of the first 0.003, of the second 0.002, of the third 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Zygocampe corasium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell with six to eight chambers of different size and form. Both proximal
+  chambers kidney-shaped, with five to six transverse rows of subregular, circular, hexagonally
+  framed pores, twice as broad as the bars. All following chambers cap-like, the distal somewhat
+  smaller; their pores much smaller, irregular, roundish; only at the base of each chamber a circle
+  of ten to twelve large square pores. Middle cortical shell cylindrical, in the equatorial zone a
+  little constricted, hemispherical at both poles, with irregular delicate network of roundish,
+  polygonal meshes. Outer cortical shell of the same form as the middle, but with a very delicate
+  and quite irregular network of polygonal meshes. Commonly this outer mantle is incomplete, and
+  sometimes interwoven in a spongy manner with the middle (or also with the inner). Surface covered
+  with many irregular, thin, bristle-like spines. Both medullary shells lenticular. (May be
+  considered in a phylogenetic and ontogenetic sense as a further developmental stage of
+  <i>Desmocampe aphrodite</i> and <i>Ommatocampe nereis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  10.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered inner cortical shell 0.24, of the middle
+  0.3, of the outer 0.36; greatest breadth of the first 0.08, of the second 0.12, of the third 0.16,
+  pores of the first (on an average) 0.005 to 0.02, of the second 0.003 to 0.015, of the third 0.01
+  to 0.05; bars corresponding 0.005 or 0.003 or 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Zygocampe chrysalidium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  13).</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell with six to eighteen chambers of different size and form. Both proximal
+  chambers kidney-shaped, with six to seven transverse rows of subregular, circular pores, three to
+  four times as broad as the bars. All following chambers with more irregular pores, with a circle
+  of ten to twelve larger square pores at the base. Middle cortical shell with smaller, irregular,
+  roundish pores. Outer cortical shell with larger polygonal, quite irregular pores. Both outer
+  shells appear commonly incomplete or somewhat irregularly developed, and sometimes in a spongy
+  manner interwoven with one another. Surface covered with irregular, bristle-like spines. Both
+  medullary shells spherical. The breadth of the chambers decreases gradually towards both poles, so
+  that the whole shell assumes a spindle form. Sometimes on both poles is developed a short conical
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page401">{401}</span>polar tube (in fig. 13 only on the upper pole), and
+  so this species is transformed into <i>Zygartus chrysalis</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered inner cortical shell 0.25, of the middle
+  0.3, of the outer 0.35; greatest breadth of the first 0.07, of the second 0.11, of the third 0.14;
+  pores (on an average) 0.01 (0.002 to 0.02), bars 0.002 to 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 272 to 274, depth 2350 to
+  2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 174. <i>Zygartus</i>,<a id="NtA_213" href="#Nt_213"><sup>[213]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 463.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Zygartida</span> with triple (or multiple) cortical
+  shell and double medullary shell, with two hollow fenestrated tubes, opposite on both poles of the
+  main axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Zygartus</i> differs from Zygocampe by the development of two hollow
+  fenestrated tubes, on the two opposite poles of the main axis. It exhibits therefore to the latter
+  the same relation that <i>Desmartus</i> does to <i>Desmocampe</i> and <i>Ommatartus</i> to
+  <i>Ommatocampe</i>; it differs from these by the multiplication of the cortical shell, which is
+  composed of at least three concentric envelopes.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Zygartus doliolum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell composed of six (or more) kidney-shaped chambers, all nearly of the same
+  size and structure, every chamber with four to five transverse rows of irregular, roundish pores,
+  twice to four times as broad as the bars; the basal pores scarcely larger than the apical pores.
+  Middle cortical shell nearly of the same structure as the inner, only the pores larger and the
+  bars thinner. Outer cortical shell cylindrical, hemispherical at both poles, its network very
+  delicate, with large irregular, polygonal pores, and very thin bars between them; its surface
+  covered with thin bristle-like spines. Both medullary shells lenticular. Polar tube cylindrical,
+  with conical apex, and with very small pores; its length equals the breadth of two internal
+  chambers, its breadth that of the inner medullary shell. (This species appears to be a further
+  developed form of <i>Ommatocampe annulata</i> and <i>Desmartus larvalis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, fig.
+  12.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered inner cortical shell 0.25, of the middle
+  0.3, of the outer 0.35; greatest breadth of the first 0.07, of the second 0.11, of the third 0.15;
+  pores of the inner shell 0.005 to 0.01, of the middle 0.003 to 0.007, of the outer 0.008 to 0.02;
+  bars of the first 0.002, of the second and third 0.001; length of the polar tubes 0.15, basal
+  thickness 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Zygartus chrysalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  fig. 13).</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell composed of six to twenty (commonly eight to twelve) chambers of different
+  size and form. Both proximal chambers nearly hemispherical, with spiny surface and subregular,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page402">{402}</span>circular pores, three to four times as broad as the
+  bars. All following chambers cap-like, tapering towards both poles, with more irregular, roundish
+  pores, with a circle of ten to twelve larger square pores at the base. Middle cortical shell with
+  smaller roundish pores. Outer cortical shell with larger polygonal, quite irregular pores. Both
+  medullary shells lenticular. Polar tubes conical or cylindrical with conical apex, of very
+  variable length, sometimes not longer than one internal chamber, at other times twice to four
+  times as long (in the figured specimen not fully developed, as also a part of the shells). Differs
+  from <i>Zygocampe chrysalis</i> only by the production of polar tubes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the six-chambered inner cortical shell 0.25, of the middle
+  0.3, of the outer 0.35; greatest breadth of the first 0.07, of the second 0.11, of the third 0.14;
+  other measures the same as in <i>Zygocampe chrysalis</i>; length of the tubes 0.05 to 0.12 or
+  more.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, depth 2350 to
+  2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h3>Suborder V. DISCOIDEA, Haeckel (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>).</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem pc30">
+    <p><i>Discida</i> vel <i>Discoidea</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., pp. 56, 476.</p>
+    <p><i>Discoida</i>, <i>Discoidea</i>, <i>Discida</i>, Haeckel, 1878, Protistenreich, p. 103.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> with discoidal or lenticular
+  central capsule (often with radial prolongations, rarely allomorphic); with discoidal or
+  lenticular fenestrated siliceous shell (often with radial spines or fenestrated arms, rarely
+  allomorphic). Growth reduced or diminished in the direction of one dimensive axis.</p>
+
+  <p>The section <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> comprises those <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> in which the fenestrated shell is more or less discoidal or
+  lenticular, flattened or compressed in the direction of one axis. The geometric fundamental form
+  of the latticed shell, which in the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> is a sphere, here becomes
+  a flat disk, like a medal, or a biconvex lens, sometimes also a biconcave lens. The <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> can be derived from the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> by
+  shortening of one axis. This shortened vertical axis is the main axis of the disk; both its poles
+  are constantly equal. Perpendicular to this axis is the equatorial plane of the disk by which it
+  becomes divided into equal halves. In the simplest forms of <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> all
+  axes of this horizontal equatorial plane (all "equatorial axes" or "cross axes") are equal; in the
+  most of the genera and species these cross axes are different, so that rays of stronger growth
+  ("perradii") alternate with rays of weaker growth ("interradii"). The number of these cross axes
+  distinguishable is commonly two to four, rarely more. In the direction of these are developed
+  either radial marginal spines or spongy arms.</p>
+
+  <p>The order <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> was founded in my Monograph (1862, p. 476) as the
+  family "Discida" (Radiolaria with flat discoidal or biconvex lenticular shell), comprising the
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page403">{403}</span>"<i>Calodictya</i>  and <i>Lithocyclidina</i>" of
+  Ehrenberg and a great part of his "<i>Haliommatina</i>." As three different subfamilies of that
+  family I separated the Coccodiscida (with five genera), the Trematodiscida (with seven genera),
+  and the Discospirida (with two genera; Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 485). A fourth group of <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> was constituted by the Spongodiscida (with eight genera, including
+  the <i>Spongocyclida</i>), which at that time I united with the Spongurida, because of their
+  spongy structure (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 452).</p>
+
+  <p>As the number of fossil <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> found in the Tertiary rocks of
+  Barbados and of the Mediterranean shores (Sicily and Greece) is comparatively very large, we find
+  even in the first system of Polycystina of Ehrenberg (1847), not less than twelve genera
+  distinguished, viz., six <i>Calodictya</i>, two <i>Haliommatina</i>, and four
+  <i>Lithocyclidina</i> (Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1847, p. 53). The whole
+  number of Radiolarian genera distinguished in that first system was forty-four. The diagnoses of
+  them given by Ehrenberg were as usual very insufficient. The characters of the three families
+  given by him were the following:&mdash;<i>Calodictya</i>&mdash;"Testarum intus spongiosarum et
+  nucleo destitutarum orbes; <i>Haliommatina</i>&mdash;Test� subglobos� nucleus radiatus;
+  <i>Lithocyclidina</i>&mdash;Testarum disci in media parte nucleati margine celluloso." In the
+  latest work of Ehrenberg (1875, p. 157) the same system was repeated, but some new genera added;
+  and thirty-eight different species, appertaining to the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, were
+  figured in the same work (Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, Tafs. xx.-xxx.).</p>
+
+  <p>Richard Hertwig, 1879, in his excellent work, Der Organismus der Radiolarien (pp. 57-68), gave
+  a detailed description of the skeleton of some <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, and arrived at
+  the conclusion that this whole family had a spirally constructed skeleton, and should therefore be
+  derived from the Lithelida. But this conclusion is certainly erroneous, and in my opinion the
+  whole explanation of that spiral structure, and of its signification in the development of <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, is the weakest part of that otherwise very important work.</p>
+
+  <p>In my Prodromus (1881, p. 456) I gave a provisional system of the <span
+  class="gsp">Discida</span> or <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> from the immense quantity of new
+  material collected by the Challenger, and could distinguish not less than eighty-four genera. This
+  number is from subsequent research only augmented by seven, so that in the following pages
+  ninety-one genera with five hundred and one species are described. In the Prodromus I had disposed
+  them in four different families, which number is now increased to six. These six families can be
+  again disposed in two main groups or sections, the <span class="gsp">Phacodiscaria</span> and the
+  <span class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span>, each section with three families.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Phacodiscaria</span> are characterised by the possession of a typical
+  "phacoid shell," and contain the three families Cenodiscida, Phacodiscida, and Coccodiscida. On
+  the other hand, the <span class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span> are distinguished by the absence of
+  such a "phacoid shell," and contain the three families Porodiscida, Pylodiscida, and
+  Spongodiscida. Both sections exhibit an analogous development.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page404">{404}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Cenodiscida</span> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, figs. 1-3)
+  open the series of the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> as their simplest forms; a discoidal or
+  lenticular simple lattice-shell encloses a central capsule of the same form, and is separated from
+  it by the calymma or jelly-veil. The common ancestral form of this family is <i>Cenodiscus</i>,
+  without radial marginal spines; it can be derived from <i>Cenosph�ra</i> in the most simple way,
+  by flattening in one axis. If on the equatorial margin of the lens a peculiar solid girdle be
+  developed, we obtain <i>Zonodiscus</i>; in all other genera of the Cenodiscida radial spines are
+  developed on the margin. As the simple lenticular cortical shell of <i>Cenodiscus</i>, in which
+  the central capsule is enclosed, is most characteristic not only of this family, but also of the
+  two following families, we call it the phacoid shell (that is, a lenticular extracapsular or
+  cortical lattice-shell).</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>), the second
+  family, have the same extracapsular "phacoid shell" as the Cenodiscida, but differ from these by
+  the possession of one or two intracapsular concentric medullary shells, which are connected with
+  the former by radial beams, perforating the lenticular central capsule. The radial beams are
+  commonly numerous, and arranged in two opposite bunches around the shortened main axis. But often
+  also besides these occur other longer radial beams, situated in the equatorial plane; the number
+  of these is commonly four, and they form a regular rectangular cross, lying opposite in pairs in
+  two equatorial diameters, perpendicular one to another. In the simplest genera of this family (the
+  <i>Sethodiscida</i>) the equatorial margin of the phacoid shell is simple or surrounded by a solid
+  smooth girdle; in all other genera are developed on the margin solid radial spines lying in the
+  equatorial plane, either regularly disposed in a somewhat constant number (two to eight,
+  <i>Heliosestrida</i>), or irregularly disposed, in a larger and more variable number (ten to
+  twenty or more, <i>Heliodiscida</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate36"><b>36</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>) form a
+  third family of the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, directly associated with the Phacodiscida;
+  both have the same characteristic extracapsular "phacoid shell," which is connected by radial
+  beams with a simple or double, intracapsular medullary shell. But whilst in the foregoing family
+  the equatorial margin of the phacoid shell is simple or only armed with radial spines, in the
+  Coccodiscida it is surrounded by peculiar concentric chambered girdles, or rings, which resemble
+  those of the following family, the Porodiscida. Each of these "chambered girdles" is composed of a
+  circular ring in the equatorial plane, a variable number of radial beams dividing it into
+  incomplete chambers, and two porous cover-plates or "sieve-plates," covering the upper and lower
+  face of the disk. These sieve-plates may be regarded as incomplete lenticular cortical shells,
+  which are only developed in the peripheral part of the disk, whilst their central part is
+  represented by the only complete cortical shell, the "phacoid shell." The number of these
+  concentric chamber-girdles amounts to from one to ten or more. The margin of the disk is either
+  simple (Lithocyclida) or armed with radial spines (Stylocyclida), or provided with two to five
+  chambered radial arms (Astracturida); the structure of the arms is the same as that of the
+  girdles.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page405">{405}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>), the
+  largest family of all <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, begins the series of <span
+  class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span>, or those <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> in which there is no
+  "phacoid shell," but a small simple central chamber surrounded by a number of small latticed
+  chambers of nearly the same size and form. In the Porodiscida these chambers are arranged in
+  complete circular concentric rings or spiral convolutions; in the small family of Pylodiscida the
+  central chamber is surrounded by three radial arm-chambers separated by three open spaces; in the
+  third family of <span class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span>, the Spongodiscida, all the chambers are
+  arranged more or less irregularly, and the whole disk becomes spongy; also the surface of the disk
+  is spongy, whilst in both former families it is covered by two regular even porous plates or
+  "sieve-plates." Probably all <span class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span> can be derived
+  phylogenetically from <i>Archidiscus</i>, a very small and simple lenticular disk, which is
+  composed of a small spherical latticed central chamber and of a single concentric chambered ring
+  or girdle; the margin of this ring is connected with the central chamber by a variable number of
+  radial beams. This <i>Archidiscus</i> can be derived either from <i>Saturnalis</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, fig. <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads '6'.">16</span>.) by the development of lattice-work
+  between the equatorial ring and both polar faces of the concentric central chamber, or from
+  <i>Sethodiscus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-3) by flattening of the lenticular shell, so that the enclosed inner medullary shell (the
+  central chamber) meets the outer phacoid shell at both poles.</p>
+
+  <p>The Porodiscida are commonly flat or biconvex (rarely biconcave) disks, the central chamber of
+  which is surrounded not by a single, but by a variable number (commonly three to six) of
+  concentric chambered girdles or rings; they arise from <i>Archidiscus</i> by apposition of new
+  concentric chambered rings around the first ring, all lying in the equatorial plane. Afterwards
+  the disk often becomes thickened by apposition of concentric chamber-rings on both flat sides
+  also, so that two to four or more layers are stratified one over the other. The circular
+  concentric rings often become interrupted, or spirally convoluted (wholly or partially); also the
+  chambers sometimes become irregularly crowded. But in all cases both surfaces of the disk (upper
+  and lower) continue to be porous plates or sieve-plates, at least in the centre, but they never
+  become spongy.</p>
+
+  <p>The margin of the disk exhibits in the Porodiscida a great variety of different forms, serving
+  for distinction of subfamilies and of genera. In the Trematodiscida the margin remains quite
+  simple, as in the Archidiscida, or is only surrounded by a hyaline equatorial girdle. In the
+  Ommatodiscida it is distinguished by one or two peculiar oscula, surrounded by a corona of spines.
+  The Stylodictyida are distinguished by a number of solid radial spines, and the Euchitonida by a
+  number of chambered, or spongy, radial arms, arising from the margin of the disk and lying in the
+  equatorial plane. The variety of these radial marginal appendages is in the Porodiscida much
+  greater than in the Coccodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Pylodiscida</span> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, figs.
+  12-20) represent a new, small, but very remarkable family of <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>,
+  all triradial, and distinguished by the peculiar formation of <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page406">{406}</span>large open spaces in the latticed discoidal shell, which reappear in a
+  similar shape among the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> in the Pylonida (<i>Tetrapyle</i>,
+  &amp;c.). We get the best understanding of this peculiar formation if we return to
+  <i>Archidiscus</i>, probably the common ancestral form of all <span
+  class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span>, of the Porodiscida as well as of the Pylodiscida and
+  Spongodiscida. In some species of <i>Archidiscus</i> (<i>Archidiscus hexoniscus</i>,
+  <i>Archidiscus pyloniscus</i>, &amp;c.) the small lenticular shell is composed of a spherical
+  latticed central chamber and of a concentric equatorial girdle composed of six such chambers,
+  either all six equal, or alternately larger and smaller. This latter form is nearly identical with
+  <i>Triodiscus</i>, and if we imagine the lattice-work of only three ring-chambers complete, whilst
+  that of the three alternating chambers is reduced to the marginal ring, we get <i>Triopyle</i>, by
+  loss of this ring <i>Triolene</i> (a disk composed of four simple lattice-chambers, lying in one
+  plane, three radial around one central spherule). The genera mentioned form together the subfamily
+  of Triopylida. In the second subfamily, Hexapylida, the same formation is doubled; here three
+  double arm-chambers are separated by three double spaces (two in each radius). Also here the three
+  distal spaces may be either quite open (<i>Pylolena</i>), or half closed by the marginal girdle
+  (<i>Hexapyle</i>), or quite loosely latticed (<i>Pylodiscus</i>). If the margin of this latter
+  form become surrounded by a perfect chambered equatorial girdle, we get <i>Discozonium</i>, and if
+  this acquire a peculiar marginal ostium (surrounded by a corona of spines) we arrive at
+  <i>Discopyle</i>. These two latter genera form the third subfamily, the Discopylida. The eight
+  genera of Pylodiscida represent therefore a continuous phylogenetic series.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> are the sixth and last family of the <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, differing from the five other families in the irregular, spongy
+  structure of the discoidal skeleton; both surfaces of the flat disk (upper and lower) are here
+  principally covered with a rough, spongy framework, whilst in the five other families they are
+  covered by the flat and smooth porous plates or sieve-plates. Nevertheless there is no sharp
+  boundary between the Spongodiscida and the closely allied Porodiscida. In these latter also the
+  discoidal shell becomes often more or less spongy (mainly in the peripheral part, <i>e.g.</i>, in
+  <i>Myelastrum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>);
+  but at least the central part of the disk here remains constantly covered by sieve-plates. The
+  massive skeleton of the Spongodiscida is either of perfectly irregular structure, only composed of
+  innumerable fine branched siliceous threads, interwoven in all possible directions; or only the
+  outer part of the disk is composed of such spongy framework, whilst the central part is more or
+  less distinctly composed of concentric chambered rings, as in the Porodiscida. These latter forms
+  indeed exhibit an immediate transition to this family, and were formerly (in 1862) separated by me
+  as Spongocyclida. Also the polymorphous shape of the disk margin in the Spongodiscida is quite
+  analogous to that of the Porodiscida. Whilst in the first subfamily, the Spongophacida, the margin
+  is quite simple; in the second, the Spongotrochida, it is armed with solid radial spines; and in
+  the third, the Spongobrachida, it is provided with two, three, <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page407">{407}</span>or four spongy, radial arms&mdash;the former as well as the latter lying
+  in the equatorial plane of the disk, either regularly or irregularly disposed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Equatorial Margin</i> of the lenticular disk exhibits in all six families of <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> similar characters, mainly serving for the distinction of subfamilies
+  and genera. In the most primitive genera of all six families the margin is simple, without radial
+  prolongations (spines or arms); it is quite simple in <i>Cenodiscus</i>, <i>Sethodiscus</i>,
+  <i>Phacodiscus</i>, <i>Lithocyclia</i>, <i>Coccodiscus</i>, <i>Archidiscus</i>, <i>Porodiscus</i>,
+  <i>Pylodiscus</i>, and <i>Spongodiscus</i>. In some genera the simple margin of the lenticular
+  disk is bordered and surrounded by a thin, hyaline, equatorial girdle of silex, either quite solid
+  or slightly porous (<i>Zonodiscus</i>, <i>Periph�na</i>, <i>Perizona</i>, <i>Perichlamydium</i>,
+  and <i>Spongophacus</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>A quite peculiar and remarkable character of few genera is the development of one or two
+  oscula, larger marginal openings, which are surrounded by a corona of spines, and probable are fit
+  for the issue a peculiar bunch of pseudopodia or of a "sarcode flagellum." Such oscula occur only
+  in two families of <span class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span>; in the Porodiscida and Pylodiscida; in
+  the former <i>Ommatodiscus</i>, in the latter <i>Discopyle</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, figs. 19,
+  20) is distinguished by a single marginal osculum; besides this, in the former occurs
+  <i>Stomatodiscus</i>, with two such oscula, opposite on the poles of one axis (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, fig. 8).
+  These oscula may be compared with the similar polar formations in some Ellipsida
+  (<i>Lithomespilus</i>) and in many Cyrtoidea; but they do not prove a nearer affinity with the
+  latter, and are only analogous, not homologous.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Radial Spines</i> occur on the margin in the equatorial plane of the <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> in the greatest variety of number, form, size, and disposition. If
+  the number be low (between two and eight) they are commonly regularly disposed; if the number be
+  larger (ten to twenty or more) their disposition becomes commonly more or less irregular. The
+  regular disposition is of great promorphological importance, as indicating the axes in which the
+  growth is preponderant, and introduces other peculiar radial formations. Regarding these axes we
+  can generally distinguish two groups, <i>Artiacantha</i> with a paired number (two, four, eight),
+  and <i>Perissacantha</i> with odd numbers (usually three). The section of <i>Artiacantha</i> could
+  be divided into three following groups:&mdash;A. Stylodiscida, with two radial spines only, lying
+  opposite on both poles of one equatorial axis (the "first cross axis")&mdash;<i>Stylodiscus</i>,
+  <i>Sethostylus</i>, <i>Stylocyclia</i>, <i>Xiphodictya</i>, <i>Spongolonche</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, figs. 9-12;
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>, fig.
+  1; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>,
+  figs. 10-12, &amp;c.); B. Staurodiscida, with four radial spines, lying opposite in pairs on the
+  poles of two crossed equatorial axes, perpendicular to one another (first and second cross
+  axes)&mdash;<i>Crucidiscus</i>, <i>Sethostaurus</i>, <i>Staurocyclia</i>, <i>Staurodictya</i>,
+  <i>Spongostaurus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-8; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate37"><b>37</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-4; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-6; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  fig. 2, &amp;c.); C. Octostylida, with eight radial spines, opposite in pairs in four axes, which
+  are crossed at angles of 45�&mdash;<i>Heliosestrum</i>, <i>Astrosestrum</i>, &amp;c. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>, figs. 4, 5;
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>,
+  figs. 3, 6); in this latter case sometimes the radial symmetry is the same as in many Medus�, four
+  larger (perradial) <span class="pagenum" id="page408">{408}</span>spines alternating with four
+  smaller (interradial), indicating radii of first and second order. The section of
+  <i>Perissacantha</i> is much smaller, and commonly represented only by triradial forms, with three
+  spines at equal distances (120�)&mdash;<i>Triactis</i>, <i>Tripocyclia</i>, <i>Tripodictya</i>,
+  <i>Spongotripus</i>, &amp;c. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>,
+  fig. 6; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate37"><b>37</b></a>,
+  fig. 5; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>,
+  figs. 7-9).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Radial Arms</i> on the margin of the disk appear in similar variety of number, form, and
+  disposition as the radial spines; but the number is here commonly limited to from two to four,
+  rarely five to six. The arms are absent in the families Cenodiscida and Phacodiscida; in the four
+  other families they return under similar forms. These arms are direct prolongations of the disk,
+  and exhibit the same structure, so that they may be regarded both as centrifugal productions of
+  certain radii, and also inversely as peripheral parts of a disk, the interjacent radii of which
+  are reduced. The regular disposition and shape of the arms, an important character for the
+  distinction of genera and species, is repeated in a quite analogous manner in the four above
+  mentioned families, so that we can distinguish the following groups&mdash;A. Amphibrachida, with
+  two radial arms, opposite on the poles of one equatorial axis (the first cross
+  axis)&mdash;<i>Diplactura</i>, <i>Amphibrachium</i>, <i>Spongobrachium</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>, figs. 3-5;
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>,
+  figs. 6-11); B. Triobrachida, with three radial arms; the most important group (with all
+  Pylodiscida); either all three arms are equal and disposed at equal distances
+  (<i>Trigonactura</i>, <i>Dictyastrum</i>, <i>Rhopalodictyum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>, figs. 6-9;
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>,
+  figs. 5, 13, 16; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  figs. 12-19), or a single odd arm differs in size and position, and is often larger than both the
+  opposite paired arms (<i>Rhopalastrum</i>, <i>Euchitonia</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, figs. 6,
+  10, 15, &amp;c.); C. Tetrabrachida, with four radial arms, opposite in pairs in two crossed axes,
+  commonly perpendicular one to another, <i>Stauractura</i>, <i>Stauralastrum</i>,
+  <i>Spongaster</i>, &amp;c. (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate46"><b>46</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>).</p>
+
+  <p>The arms are commonly simple, undivided, but sometimes also forked or branched (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, figs. 15,
+  16; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>).
+  Their basal parts are either free, separately inserted into the margin of the circular central
+  disk, or they are connected by a "patagium," a peculiar connecticulum, like a web-membrane, which
+  is composed of a chambered, commonly more or less spongy framework, different in texture from the
+  lattice-work of the arms (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>,
+  figs. 8, 9; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>,
+  figs. 9-16; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate46"><b>46</b></a>).
+  Sometimes the patagium overgrows the whole shell. A peculiar modification of it appears in
+  <i>Stephanastrum</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>,
+  fig. 1), where only the distal parts of the arms are connected by the ring-shaped patagium, whilst
+  the basal parts are free; therefore open gates rest between them, like those of the Pylodiscida
+  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  figs. 12-20).</p>
+
+  <p>The <i>Central Capsule</i> of the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> is constantly discoidal,
+  more or less lenticular; in some cases more biconvex, with vaulted faces and thin margin; in
+  others more medal-shaped, with flat faces and thick margin. In the Cenodiscida alone the capsule
+  lies freely inside the simple phacoid shell, and is separated from it by the jelly-veil. In the
+  other five families the capsule encloses the central parts of the skeleton, and is enveloped by
+  the superficial parts of it, whilst its membrane is perforated by radial beams <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page409">{409}</span>connecting the latter with the former. In the
+  Phacodiscida and Coccodiscida the capsule encloses the simple or double medullary shell, but is
+  itself enclosed by the cortical phacoid shell. In all <span class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span> (in
+  the Porodiscida, Pylodiscida, and Spongodiscida) the capsule fills out the greatest part of the
+  chambered or spongy skeleton, and is only protected by the superficial parts of it, in the
+  Porodiscida and Pylodiscida by the covering sieve-plates, in the Spongodiscida by the spongy
+  cortical substance of the shell. The growth of the capsule corresponds to that of the including
+  shell, gradually increasing on the margin in the equatorial plane. Whilst in the greater number of
+  <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> its form continues circular, in many forms provided with radial
+  arms it enters into the arms and assumes their form. The protoplasm of the capsule is commonly
+  coloured by brown or red pigment, and often contains many oil-globules. The nucleus is originally
+  enclosed by the medullary shell or the central chamber, and with increasing size enters into the
+  surrounding parts; in the <span class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span> it often fills out the internal
+  concentric rings. The extracapsular jelly or the calymma is commonly thick, and envelops the
+  greater part or the whole body.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Families of the</i> <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>.</h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w60 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Families of Discoidea"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Families of Discoidea">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">I. Section <span class="gsp">Phacodiscaria</span>.
+      Discoidea with external phacoid shell (or lenticular latticed cortical shell).</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Phacoid shell simple, without enclosed medullary
+      shell,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">1. <span class="sc">Cenodiscida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Phacoid shell with simple or double enclosed medullary
+      shell.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Margin without chambered girdles,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">2. <span class="sc">Phacodiscida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Margin surrounded by by chambered girdles.</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">3. <span class="sc">Coccodiscida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">II. Section <span class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span>.
+      Discoidea without external phacoid shell (no lenticular latticed cortical shell).</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace11sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Surface of the shell covered by convex or even porous
+      sieve-plates (not spongy).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Concentric rings around the central chamber complete without open
+      spaces),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">4. <span class="sc">Porodiscida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Concentric rings around the central chamber interrupted by three open
+      spaces,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">5. <span class="sc">Pylodiscida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Surface of the shell spongy, not covered by peculiar porous
+      sieve-plates,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">6. <span class="sc">Spongodiscida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Families of Discoidea"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Families of Discoidea">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Section <span class="gsp">Phacodiscaria</span>. Discoidea with external
+      phacoid shell (or lenticular latticed cortical shell).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Phacoid shell simple, without enclosed medullary shell,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. <span class="sc">Cenodiscida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Phacoid shell with simple or double enclosed medullary shell.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Margin without chambered girdles,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. <span class="sc">Phacodiscida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Margin surrounded by by chambered girdles.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. <span class="sc">Coccodiscida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Section <span class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span>. Discoidea without external
+      phacoid shell (no lenticular latticed cortical shell).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Surface of the shell covered by convex or even porous sieve-plates
+      (not spongy).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Concentric rings around the central chamber complete without open
+      spaces),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. <span class="sc">Porodiscida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Concentric rings around the central chamber interrupted by three
+      open spaces,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">5. <span class="sc">Pylodiscida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Surface of the shell spongy, not covered by peculiar porous
+      sieve-plates,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">6. <span class="sc">Spongodiscida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Family XVIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Cenodiscida</span></span>, n. fam. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, fig. 11;
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-3).</h4>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> with simple extracapsular phacoid
+  shell (or lenticular latticed cortical shell), without medullary shell and without chambered
+  equatorial girdles.</p>
+
+  <p>The new family <span class="gsp">Cenodiscida</span> opens the long series <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, as their most simple and primitive form. The circular lenticular
+  central capsule is enclosed by a <span class="pagenum" id="page410">{410}</span>simple latticed
+  shell of the same form, only separated from it by a thinner or thicker jelly-veil. The lenticular
+  or discoidal fenestrated shell is therefore an extracapsular or "cortical shell," without an
+  enclosed medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The few genera of the Cenodiscida differ only in the shape of the equatorial margin of the
+  lenticular disk. In the first subfamily, Zonodiscida, the margin is either quite simple
+  (<i>Cenodiscus</i>) or surrounded by a smooth, solid equatorial girdle (<i>Zonodiscus</i>). In the
+  second subfamily, Trochodiscida, the margin is armed with solid radial spines, lying in the
+  equatorial plane. According to the number and disposition of these marginal spines, we distinguish
+  <i>Stylodiscus</i> (with two spines, opposite in one equatorial axis), <i>Crucidiscus</i> (with
+  four spines, opposite in pairs in two equatorial axes, perpendicular one to another),
+  <i>Theodiscus</i> (with three marginal spines), and <i>Trochodiscus</i> (with numerous, commonly
+  twenty to thirty, irregularly disposed spines). The spines are constantly simple, not branched;
+  sometimes more conical or cylindrical, at other times more angular or pyramidal.</p>
+
+  <p>The two convex faces of the lenticular shell are constantly of similar shape, commonly smooth,
+  sometimes more or less thorny, or armed with bristle-shaped radial spines. The pores are commonly
+  more or less regular, circular, and disposed in series, which are occasionally more radial, at
+  other times more concentric. If the wall of the hollow lens be rather thick, the difference in the
+  shape of the central and peripheral pores is often striking. The central pores perforating the
+  thick wall perpendicularly are short cylindrical tubes; the marginal pores perforating it in an
+  oblique direction are longer conical tubes. The bars between the central pores are often somewhat
+  smaller.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Cenodiscida is in all cases a perfect, circular, biconvex
+  lens, the equatorial diameter of which is commonly between two-thirds and three-fourths of the
+  enclosing lattice-shell. The interval between the two is filled up by the jelly-veil, or the
+  hyaline "calymma," which is perforated by the numerous pseudopodia that pass through the
+  shell-pores.</p>
+
+  <p>As the Cenodiscida possess the most simple shell-form of all <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, we may regard <i>Cenodiscus</i> as the common ancestral form of this
+  large section, in the same manner as <i>Cenosph�ra</i> is the ancestral form of <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, <i>Cenellipsis</i> of the Prunoidea, Cenolarcus of the Larcoidea.
+  But it is also possible that a part of Cenodiscida (or all?) arises from the Phacodiscida by
+  reduction and loss of the medullary shell. For in some cases we find arising from the inside of
+  the shell centripetal radial beams, which end at a certain equal distance from the hollow centre
+  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>,
+  fig. 11; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>,
+  fig. 2). Cenodiscus itself can be derived either from <i>Cenosph�ra</i> by compression of the
+  spheroidal shell in one axis, or from <i>Sethodiscus</i> by loss of the intracapsular medullary
+  shell, or from <i>Actidiscus</i> (the lenticular Actissa) by formation of a cortical shell around
+  the lenticular central capsule.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page411">{411}</span></div>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of the Cenodiscida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w60 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Cenodiscida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Cenodiscida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>I. Subfamily Zonodiscida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Margin of the disk without radial spines.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Margin quite simple, without equatorial girdle,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">175. <i>Cenodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Margin surrounded by a solid siliceous equatorial girdle,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">176. <i>Zonodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Trochodiscida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Margin of the disk armed with radial spines (lying in the equatorial
+        plane).</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two spines opposite in one equatorial axis,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">177. <i>Stylodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Three spines on the margin of the disk,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">178. <i>Theodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Four spines opposite in pairs in two perpendicularly crossed equatorial
+      axes,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">179. <i>Crucidiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Ten to twenty or more radial spines (variable in number and commonly
+      irregular in disposition),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">180. <i>Trochodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Cenodiscida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Cenodiscida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">I. Subfamily Zonodiscida. Margin of the disk without radial spines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Margin quite simple, without equatorial girdle,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">175. <i>Cenodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Margin surrounded by a solid siliceous equatorial girdle,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">176. <i>Zonodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">II. Subfamily Trochodiscida. Margin of the disk armed with radial spines
+      (lying in the equatorial plane).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two spines opposite in one equatorial axis,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">177. <i>Stylodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Three spines on the margin of the disk,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">178. <i>Theodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Four spines opposite in pairs in two perpendicularly crossed
+      equatorial axes,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">179. <i>Crucidiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Ten to twenty or more radial spines (variable in number and
+      commonly irregular in disposition),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">180. <i>Trochodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Zonodiscida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cenodiscida</span> without radial spines
+  on the margin of the disk.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 175. <i>Cenodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_214" href="#Nt_214"><sup>[214]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cenodiscida</span> with simple margin of the
+  circular disk, without surrounding equatorial girdle and without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cenodiscus</i> is the most simple and primitive form of all <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, and represents possibly the common ancestral form of this order. The
+  latticed shell is a simple biconvex lens, and encloses a smaller central capsule of the same form,
+  separated from it by the jelly-veil. <i>Cenodiscus</i> can be derived phylogenetically either from
+  <i>Cenosph�ra</i> by lenticular flattening of a simple latticed sphere, or directly from
+  <i>Actissa</i> by formation of a lenticular fenestrated shell around the lentiform central
+  capsule. Possibly also some forms of <i>Cenodiscus</i> can be derived from <i>Sethodiscus</i> by
+  reduction and loss of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cenodiscus phacoides</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 1<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, without radial ribs or spines. Margin of the lenticular biconvex disk
+  thin, simple. Pores regular, circular; fifteen to sixteen on the radius of the disk. (Very similar
+  to <i>Sethodiscus phacoides</i>, but without medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the pores 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page412">{412}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cenodiscus rotula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, without medial ribs or spines. Margin of the disk blunt, very thick,
+  rounded; both faces little convex. Pores regular, circular; thirteen to fourteen on the radius of
+  the disk. (Similar to <i>Phacodiscus rotula</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>, fig. 7, but
+  without medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16, of the pores 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cenodiscus lenticula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with thorny surface, scattered with small, conical spines. Margin of the lenticular
+  biconvex disk thin. Pores irregular, roundish; ten to eleven on the radius of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the pores 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 176. <i>Zonodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_215" href="#Nt_215"><sup>[215]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cenodiscida</span> with surrounding solid equatorial
+  girdle on the margin of the lenticular disk, without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Zonodiscus</i> differs from the preceding <i>Cenodiscus</i> only in
+  the development of a solid siliceous girdle around the keen margin of the lenticular disk. This
+  form can also be derived from <i>Periph�na</i> or <i>Perizona</i> by reduction and loss of the
+  medullary shell. The same girdle formation returns not only in both these Phacodiscida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>, fig. 7; Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>, fig. 4),
+  but also in the Porodiscid <i>Perichlamydium</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Zonodiscus saturnalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, without radial spines. Pores regular, circular, fifteen to sixteen on
+  the radius of the disk, in its distal half arranged in fifty to sixty radial series, which are
+  separated by prominent radial crests or ribs. The crests are prolonged into the proximal half of
+  the thin solid equatorial girdle, which is one-third as broad as the radius of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.25, of the pores 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Trochodiscida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cenodiscida</span> with radial spines on
+  the margin of the disk, disposed in the equatorial plane.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 177. <i>Stylodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_216" href="#Nt_216"><sup>[216]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cenodiscida</span> with two radial spines on the
+  margin of the disk, opposite in one equatorial axis.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page413">{413}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stylodiscus</i> opens the series of the Trochodiscida or of those
+  Cenodiscida in which the thin margin of the hollow lenticular disk is armed with a number of solid
+  radial spines, situated in its equatorial plane. <i>Stylodiscus</i> is at the same time the most
+  simple form of the Stylodiscida, or of the numerous <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> (belonging
+  to different families) in which the disk bears only two spines, opposite in one equatorial axis.
+  Hitherto only two species of this genus have been observed, but they seem to represent two
+  different subgenera.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stylentodiscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Internal cavity of the shell with centripetal axial
+  rods.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stylodiscus endostylus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Sethostylus endostylus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxi, fig.
+    11).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface and dentated margin. Pores irregular, roundish; ten to twelve on the
+  radius of the disk. Marginal teeth conical, short, irregular. Both opposite polar spines
+  cylindrical, longer than the diameter of the disk, and as broad as one larger pore. On the inside
+  of the hollow disk both spines are prolonged into two strong centripetal axial rods, which do not
+  reach the centre. Also a number of smaller centripetal axial rods surrounds the central cavity, so
+  that an original medullary shell (<i>Sethostylus</i>) seems to have been lost (comp. above, p. <a
+  href="#page410">410</a>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.25, of the pores 0.005 to 0.02; length of the
+  polar spines 0.3 and more, thickness 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stylexodiscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Internal cavity of the shell without axial rods.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stylodiscus amphistylus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface and smooth margin. Pores regular, circular; eight to nine on the
+  radius of the disk. Both opposite polar spines pyramidal, sulcated, about as long as the radius of
+  the disk, and three times as long as broad at the base. Inner cavity of the disk simple, without
+  centripetal rods.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the pores 0.007; length of the polar
+  spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page414">{414}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 178. <i>Theodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_217" href="#Nt_217"><sup>[217]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cenodiscida</span> with three radial spines on the
+  margin of the disk, placed in its equatorial plane.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Theodiscus</i> is the most simple form of those very numerous <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> in which three rays are developed on the margin of the disk; a symbol
+  of the Christian dogma of the Trinity. Commonly the three angles between the three spines are
+  equal, more rarely one angle is larger than the two others which are equal. The shell of some
+  species is nearly spherical (formerly separated by me as <i>Theosph�ra</i>), whilst in others it
+  is a flattened biconvex lens.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Theodiscoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Angles between the three radial spines equal (triangle
+  equilateral).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Theodiscus divinus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk nearly spherical, with smooth surface. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally framed; seven
+  to eight on the radius. Three angles between the spines equal. Spines prismatic, straight, twice
+  as broad as one pore, eight to eleven times as long as the shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.1, of the pores 0.006; length of the spines 0.8
+  to 1.1, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Theodiscus christianus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk nearly spherical, with smooth surface. Pores regular, circular, prolonged into short
+  cylindrical, prominent tubuli, half as high as broad; eight to nine on the radius. Three angles
+  between the spines equal. Spines prismatic, straight, twice as broad as one pore, twelve to
+  fifteen times as long as the shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.08, of the pores 0.005; length of the spines
+  1.1 to 1.2, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Theodiscus trinitatis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk a rather flattened, biconvex lens, about twice as broad as thick. Pores regular, circular,
+  not prolonged into tubuli; five to six on the radius. Three angles between the spines equal.
+  Spines pyramidal, three times as broad as one pore, about twice as long as the shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page415">{415}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.06, of the pores 0.007; length of the spine
+  0.12, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Theodiscura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Angles between the three radial spines unequal, two paired
+  angles equal, larger or smaller than the odd angle (triangle isosceles).</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Theodiscus vanitatis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk nearly spherical, with smooth surface. Pores irregular, roundish; eight to ten on the
+  radius. Three angles between the spines unequal; one odd angle larger than both others. Spines
+  pyramidal, of unequal size; one odd spine larger, both others smaller than the shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.12, pores 0.004 to 0.006; length of the odd
+  spine 0.2, of the paired spines 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Theodiscus nirvana</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk a flat biconvex lens, about twice as broad as thick. Pores regular, circular; ten to
+  twelve on the radius. Three angles between the spines unequal; one odd angle smaller than both
+  others. Spines prismatic, very long and thin, twice as broad as one pore, ten to twelve times as
+  long as the shell diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.1, pores 0.005; length of the spines 1 to 1.2
+  or more, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 179. <i>Crucidiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_218" href="#Nt_218"><sup>[218]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cenodiscida</span> with four radial spines on the
+  margin of the disk, crossed in the equatorial plane.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Crucidiscus</i> is the most simple form of the Staurodiscida, or of
+  the numerous <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> (belonging to different families) in which the
+  margin of the disk bears four radial spines, lying in the equatorial plane, and crossed at right
+  angles. Whilst commonly the internal shell-cavity of <i>Crucidiscus</i> is quite simple, in one
+  case it bears four centripetal axial rods, as inner prolongations of the outer radial
+  cross-spines, perhaps indications of a lost medullary shell (comp. p. <a
+  href="#page410">410</a>).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page416">{416}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Staurentodiscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Internal cavity of the shell with centripetal axial
+  rods.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Crucidiscus endostaurus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface and smooth simple margin. Pores regular, circular; thirteen to
+  fourteen on the radius of the disk. Four crossed spines conical, strong, longer than the radius of
+  the disk, on the inside prolonged into four thinner centripetal axial rods, which do not reach the
+  centre. In the middle part of the disk also some other short axial rods arise from the inside, not
+  reaching the centre (as in <i>Stylodiscus endostylus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16, of the pores 0.004; length of the spines
+  0.2, breadth 0.014.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Staurexodiscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Internal cavity of the shell without centripetal axial
+  rods.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Crucidiscus cuspidatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface and simple smooth margin. Pores regular, circular; seven to eight on
+  the radius of the disk. Four crossed spines pyramidal, with prominent edges, somewhat shorter than
+  the radius of the disk, twice as broad at their thick base as one pore. No internal axial rods in
+  the shell cavity.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.12, of the pores 0.005; length of the spines
+  0.05, basal breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Crucidiscus echinatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with thorny surface and thorny margin. Pores regular, circular, six to seven on the
+  radius. Four crossed spines pyramidal (four sided?), about as long as the radius of the disk, as
+  broad at their base as one pore. No internal axial rods. Spines of the surface short, conical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.14, of the pores 0.008; length of the spines
+  0.08, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Crucidiscus cruciatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface and broad dentated margin. Pores regular, circular; eleven to twelve
+  on the radius. Four crossed spines pyramidal, sulcated, about as long as the radius of the disk,
+  as <span class="pagenum" id="page417">{417}</span>broad at their base as the radiated margin,
+  which bears fifty to sixty triangular pointed teeth of irregular size. (Similar to <i>Sethostaurus
+  cruciatus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>,
+  fig. 5, but without internal axial rods and medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the pores 0.007; length of the spines
+  0.1, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 180. <i>Trochodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_219" href="#Nt_219"><sup>[219]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Cenodiscida</span> with numerous (ten to twenty or
+  more) radial spines on the margin of the disk, situated in its equatorial plane.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Trochodiscus</i> bears on the thin margin of the latticed disk a
+  variable number of radial spines (commonly ten to twenty, sometimes fifty to eighty or more).
+  Their size and disposition are commonly more or less irregular. For the most part all the marginal
+  spines lie in the equatorial plane; but sometimes part of them are crowded into two or four
+  parallel girdles. Several species of this genus are very similar to some species of
+  <i>Heliodiscus</i>, and only differ in the absence of the medullary shell, perhaps in consequence
+  of the phylogenetic loss of it; if this be the case, the former are to be derived from the latter
+  (compare p. <a href="#page410">410</a>).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Trochodisculus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Bases of the marginal spines free, not connected by a
+  solid equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Trochodiscus cenophacus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface. Pores regular, circular; eleven to twelve on the radius. Marginal
+  spines sixteen to twenty, conical, of irregular size and disposition, about three times as long as
+  broad, and as long as the radius of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the pores 0.006; length of the spines
+  0.06 to 0.09, basal breadth 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Trochodiscus medusinus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface. Pores regular, circular; nine to ten on the radius. Marginal spines
+  ten to twelve, equilateral triangular, deeply sulcated, about half as long and broad as the radius
+  of the disk. (Very similar to <i>Heliosestrum medusinum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>, fig. 6, but
+  without enclosed medullary shell. Compare p. <a href="#page410">410</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the pores 0.01; length of the spines
+  0.05, basal breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page418">{418}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Trochodiscus odontotrochus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, in the distal part radially sulcated. Pores irregular, roundish;
+  twelve to fourteen on the radius. Marginal spines very short and numerous (thirty to forty),
+  conical, scarcely one-fourth as long as the radius of the disk, which resembles a wheel with
+  marginal teeth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.18, of the pores 0.004; length of the spines
+  0.02, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Trochodiscus solaris</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface. Pores subregular, circular; eight to nine on the radius. Marginal
+  spines very numerous (sixty to eighty), in two to four girdles densely crowded together, the
+  largest as long as the diameter of the disk, bent and conical. (Similar to <i>Heliodiscus <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'solaris'.">solaster</span></i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>, fig. 4, but
+  without medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the pores 0.008; length of the spines
+  0.05 to 0.15, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Trochodiscus echiniscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface. Pores irregular, roundish; ten to eleven on the radius. Marginal
+  spines conical, very numerous (forty to fifty), irregular in size and disposition, the largest
+  half as long as the radius of the disk. (Similar to <i>Heliodiscus echiniscus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>, fig. 5, but
+  without medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.18, of the pores 0.005 to 0.015; length of the
+  spines 0.02 to 0.04, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel, John Murray.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Pristodiscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Bases of the marginal spines connected by a solid
+  siliceous equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Trochodiscus stellaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface. Pores subregular, circular; seven to eight on the radius. Marginal
+  spines twelve to sixteen, triangular, of subregular size and disposition, about half as long as
+  the radius of the disk, connected at their broad base by a solid equatorial girdle of half the
+  breadth; girdle and spines radially striped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.25, of the pores 0.015; length of the spines
+  0.04 to 0.06, basal breadth 0.02 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page419">{419}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Trochodiscus cingillum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, in the distal part radially sulcated. Pores regular, circular; twelve
+  to thirteen on the radius. Marginal spines twenty to twenty-four, triangular, of equal size and at
+  regular distances, only one-fourth as long as the radius of the disk, connected at their broad
+  base by a solid equatorial girdle of the double breadth. (Similar to <i>Heliodiscus cingillum</i>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>, fig.
+  7, but without medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.22, of the pores 0.004; length of the spines
+  0.02, basal breadth 0.02</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XIX. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Phacodiscida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Phacodiscida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 456.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> with simple extracapsular phacoid
+  shell (or lenticular latticed cortical shell), connected by radial beams with an intracapsular,
+  simple or double, concentric medullary shell, without chambered equatorial girdles.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> comprises a large number of splendid forms
+  (about a hundred species), which agree with the preceding Cenodiscida in the possession of the
+  characteristic extracapsular "phacoid shell," but differ from them in having one or two
+  intracapsular "medullary shells"; these concentric spherical medullary shells are connected with
+  the lenticular cortical shell or phacoid shell by means of radial beams perforating the central
+  capsule. The Phacodiscida bear therefore the same relation to the Cenodiscida that the Disph�rida
+  and Trisph�rida do to the Monosph�rida.</p>
+
+  <p>Formerly several species belonging to the family were described by Ehrenberg and Johannes
+  M�ller, but not distinguished from the Sph�roidea, genus <i>Haliomma</i> (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Haliomma
+  sol</i> et <i>Haliomma humboldtii</i> of the former, <i>Haliomma amphidiscus</i> of the latter).
+  For these oldest known species I constituted in 1862 my genus <i>Heliodiscus</i> (Monogr. d.
+  Radiol., p. 436). Some other genera were afterwards (1875) figured by Ehrenberg as
+  <i>Periph�na</i> and <i>Chilomma</i>. The rich material of the Challenger revealed this family as
+  very polymorphic and widely distributed, so that in my Prodromus (1881, p. 457) I could enumerate
+  eighteen different genera of Phacodiscida. This number is here reduced to fifteen, uniting several
+  of them into one genus as "subgenera."</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Medullary Shell</i> of the Phacodiscida, or the intracapsular latticed shell, is either
+  simple and spherical, or double, composed of two concentric spheres, which are united by a
+  variable number of radial beams. We could distinguish therefore as two subfamilies the
+  Carpodiscida (with simple medullary shell) and the Thecodiscida (with double concentric medullary
+  shell); the former corresponding to the Carposph�rida (or <i>Dyosph�ria</i>), the latter to the
+  Thecosph�rida (or <i>Triosph�ria</i>). But as this difference seems not to be so important as the
+  different shape of the disk margin, we prefer this latter as a character <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page420">{420}</span>for the separation of subfamilies. The form of the medullary shells is
+  commonly quite spherical (as also in the above mentioned <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>);
+  sometimes it is a little compressed in the same direction as the enclosing lenticular phacoid
+  shell. The diameter of the latter is commonly three to four times as large as the diameter of the
+  medullary shell; if this be double (in the Thecodiscida) then the diameter of the outer medullary
+  shell is commonly three to four times as large as that of the inner. The radial beams connecting
+  the two seem to be very variable in number and disposition (compare Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, fig. 8; Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>, figs. 3,
+  4<i>a</i>, 7, 8<i>a</i>; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 3; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>,
+  figs. 4, 8, 9, &amp;c.).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Radial Beams</i>, which connect the medullary shell with the cortical or "phacoid
+  shell," and which pierce the membrane of the lenticular central capsule, are commonly aggregated
+  into two polar bunches around the shortened axis of the disk (compare Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, fig. 8; Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>, figs. 3,
+  8; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 3, &amp;c.). Their number seems to be usually between ten and thirty. More rarely
+  piercing radial beams lie also in the equatorial plane, and then commonly as inner prolongations
+  of the outer marginal spines; so we find two opposite in one axis, in <i>Heliostylus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  2), or four opposite in pairs in two crossed axes, in <i>Phacostaurus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, figs. 1, 2,
+  7). Often the thickness of the beams increases from the centre towards the periphery.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Phacoid Shell</i>, or the lenticular extracapsular cortical shell, exhibits in the
+  Phacodiscida quite the same general character as in the Cenodiscida, above described (p. <a
+  href="#page410">410</a>). Commonly the equatorial diameter of the lens is twice to three times as
+  large as the vertical diameter or the shortened "main axis." The convexity of both opposite faces
+  is either quite even to the sharp margin (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>,
+  fig. 2; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 5), or the central part of the lens is more strongly vaulted, and often the margin is
+  thickened or truncated (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>,
+  fig. 10; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>,
+  fig. 7). The surface of the lens is commonly smooth, but sometimes also covered with
+  bristle-shaped radial spines (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>,
+  figs. 3, 5; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 3); rarely these spines are prolonged and branched (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>, figs. 3,
+  5). The pores of the phacoid shell are usually quite regular, circular, and regularly arranged,
+  either in more concentric or in more radial rows; the latter are sometimes separated by radial
+  crests arising towards the margin (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>,
+  fig. 6). If the wall of the phacoid shell be much thickened, the pores in its central part are
+  shorter and cylindrical, in its marginal part longer and conical (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, fig. 7; Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Margin of the Lens</i> of the Phacodiscida is very polymorphic, and serves mainly for
+  the separation of genera. In the first subfamily, Sethodiscida, it is either quite simple (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>, figs. 6-8)
+  or surrounded by a thin solid equatorial girdle, the basal part of which is often radially striped
+  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>,
+  figs. 7, 8). In the second subfamily, Heliosestrida, we find on the margin a small number of
+  radial spines in the equatorial plane regularly disposed, either two opposite in one axis (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, figs. 9-12)
+  or four opposite in pairs in two crossed axes (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, figs. 1-8),
+  or eight opposite in pairs in four axes, crossed at angles of 45� (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>, figs. 3,
+  6); in the latter case we can sometimes distinguish <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page421">{421}</span>(as in many Medus�) four larger perradial spines alternating with four
+  smaller interradial spines. Often in one and the same species occur abnormalities in number and
+  disposition of the radial spines, three or five spines instead of four, or also seven or nine
+  spines instead of eight; often both halves of the disk become asymmetrical. If the number of the
+  marginal spines exceed eight to ten, they commonly become very variable in size and irregular in
+  disposition; these variations characterise the third subfamily, Heliodiscida. Commonly also here
+  all spines lie in the equatorial plane; but sometimes they become crowded in several parallel
+  circles on both sides of the margin (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>,
+  fig. 1). The form of the marginal spines is commonly conical or flattened triangular, often also
+  pyramidal or deeply furrowed (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>,
+  figs. 6-9). Very rarely the spines are fenestrated (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>, fig. 1);
+  only in one genus (<i>Heliodrymus</i>) they are all or partly branched (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>, fig. 9; Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>, figs. 3,
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>The peculiar development of the phacoid shell has been already described by J. M�ller (compare
+  my Monograph, 1862, pp. 156, 438).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Phacodiscida is everywhere circular, lenticular, envelops the
+  medullary shell, and is enclosed by the phacoid shell, perforated by the radial beams, which
+  connect the latter to the former.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of the Phacodiscida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Phacodiscida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Phacodiscida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">II</span>I. Subfamily Sethodiscida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Margin of the disk without radial spines.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Margin simple, without equatorial girdle.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">181. <i>Sethodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell double,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">182. <i>Phacodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Margin surrounded by a hyaline equatorial girdle.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">183. <i>Periph�na</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell double,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">184. <i>Perizona</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="8" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">I</span>II. Subfamily Heliosestrida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Margin of the disk with two to eight solid radial spines, usually quite
+        regularly disposed. (Number usually constant.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="8" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace11sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Two radial spines (opposite in one axis).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">185. <i>Sethostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell double,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">186. <i>Phacostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Three radial spines.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">187. <i>Triactiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Four radial spines (in cross form).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">188. <i>Sethostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell double,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">189. <i>Phacostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Six radial spines.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">190. <i>Distriactis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Eight radial spines.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">191. <i>Heliosestrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell double,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">192. <i>Astrosestrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Subfamily Heliodiscida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Margin of the disk with numerous (ten to twenty or more) radial spines,
+        usually irregularly disposed. (Number variable.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines all simple, not branched.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">193. <i>Heliodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell double,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">194. <i>Astrophacus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines all or partly</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">195. <i>Heliodrymus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Phacodiscida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Phacodiscida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Sethodiscida. Margin of the disk without radial spines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Margin simple, without equatorial girdle.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">181. <i>Sethodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell double,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">182. <i>Phacodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Margin surrounded by a hyaline equatorial girdle.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">183. <i>Periph�na</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell double,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">184. <i>Perizona</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Heliosestrida. Margin of the disk with two to eight solid radial
+      spines, usually quite regularly disposed. (Number usually constant.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two radial spines (opposite in one axis).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">185. <i>Sethostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell double,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">186. <i>Phacostylus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three radial spines.           Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">187. <i>Triactiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four radial spines (in cross form).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">188. <i>Sethostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell double,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">189. <i>Phacostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Six radial spines.             Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">190. <i>Distriactis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Eight radial spines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">191. <i>Heliosestrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell double,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">192. <i>Astrosestrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">III. Subfamily Heliodiscida. Margin of the disk with numerous (ten to twenty
+      or more) radial spines, usually irregularly disposed. (Number variable.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Radial spines all simple, not branched.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">193. <i>Heliodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell double,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">194. <i>Astrophacus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Radial spines all or partly branched.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">195. <i>Heliodrymus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page422">{422}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Sethodiscida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> without radial
+  spines on the margin of the disk.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 181. <i>Sethodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_220" href="#Nt_220"><sup>[220]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with simple medullary shell and
+  simple margin of the circular disk, without surrounding equatorial girdle and without radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Sethodiscus</i> is the most simple and primitive form of all
+  Phacodiscida, and may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family. The simple
+  spherical medullary shell is connected by a variable number of radial beams with the lenticular or
+  discoidal cortical shell (or "phacoid shell"). The margin of this latter is quite simple,
+  circular, without solid equatorial girdle or radial spines. From the nearly allied genus
+  <i>Carposph�ra</i> of the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, its probable ancestral form,
+  <i>Sethodiscus</i> can be derived simply by lenticular compression of the spheroidal cortical
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Sethodiscinus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk smooth, without radial ribs or
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Sethodiscus phacoides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  fourteen to fifteen on the radius of the disk. (Very similar to <i>Periph�na cincta</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>, fig. 4, but
+  without the girdle of the margin.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.07, of the pores
+  0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, in various
+  depths.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Sethodiscus macroporus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, twice as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular, very
+  large; five to six on the radius of the disk. (Remarkable for the extraordinary size of the pores,
+  which reaches half the radius of the medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.1, of the medullary shell 0.05, of the pores
+  0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Gulf Stream, F�r�e Channel, John Murray.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Sethodiscus microporus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular,
+  very small; twenty-two to twenty-four on the radius of the disk. (The small pores are scarcely
+  half as broad as the thick bars between them.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page423">{423}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.25, of the medullary shell 0.06, of the pores
+  0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Sethodiscus lenticula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular,
+  polygonal; eight to nine on the radius of the disk. (The pores of the medullary shell, fig. 2, are
+  also irregular, polygonal, or roundish.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.17, of the medullary shell 0.04, of the pores
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Sethodiscus macrococcus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores
+  irregular, polygonal; eleven to twelve on the radius of the disk. (The pores of the medullary
+  shell, fig. 3, are regular, circular, with elevated hexagonal frames between them. The figured
+  specimen is a young one, both halves of the biconvex disk being not yet united in the equatorial
+  plane.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16, of the medullary shell 0.065, of the pores
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Sethodiscus micrococcus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, five times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular,
+  roundish, very small; twenty-six to twenty-eight on the radius of the disk. (The pores of the
+  small medullary shell are regularly circular, of the same size as those of the disk.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.04, of the pores
+  0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Sethodisculus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk with elevated radial ribs or
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Sethodiscus radiatus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma radians</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xix. fig. 50.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma radiatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxi. fig. 54.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with radiated surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regularly
+  circular; nine to ten on the radius of the disk, arranged in radial series (about forty), which
+  are separated by smooth crests, not prominent on the smooth margin.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.12, of the medullary shell 0.03, of the pores
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary deposits of the Mediterranean, Greece,
+  Sicily, Oran, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page424">{424}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Sethodiscus echinatus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma echinatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 74, Taf. xxvii. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with radiated thorny surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular,
+  circular; eleven to twelve on the radius of the disk, arranged in radial series (about sixty),
+  which are separated by thorny crests, prominent a little on the dentated margin.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.18, of the medullary shell 0.06, of the pores
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Sethodiscus cristatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with radiated surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regularly
+  circular; sixteen to seventeen on the radius of the disk, arranged in radial series (about
+  eighty), which are separated in the distal half by smooth elevated crests, strongly prominent on
+  the dentated margin. (Very similar to <i>Phacodiscus cristatus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>, fig. 6, but
+  with simple medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05, of the pores
+  0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 182. <i>Phacodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_221" href="#Nt_221"><sup>[221]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with double medullary shell and
+  simple margin of the circular disk, without surrounding equatorial girdle and without radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Phacodiscus</i> differs from the ancestral genus <i>Sethodiscus</i>
+  only in the duplication of the medullary shell, and has therefore the same relation to it that
+  <i>Thecosph�ra</i> in the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> exhibits to <i>Carposph�ra</i>. Both
+  former discoidal genera differ from the two latter spheroidal by the lenticular flattening of the
+  cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Phacodiscinus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk smooth, without radial ribs or
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Phacodiscus rotula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four and a half times as broad as the outer and fourteen times as
+  broad as the inner medullary shell. Pores regularly circular; sixteen to eighteen on the radius of
+  the disk. Margin of the lens very thick, truncated, nearly as broad as the outer medullary
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.21, of the outer medullary shell 0.045, of the
+  inner 0.015; pores 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page425">{425}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Phacodiscus lentiformis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three and a half times as broad as the outer, and ten times as broad
+  as the inner medullary shell. Pores regularly circular; twelve to thirteen on the radius of the
+  disk. Margin of the disk sharp, as in a biconvex lens.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.25, of the outer medullary shell 0.07, of the
+  inner 0.025; pores 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; fossil in
+  Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Phacodiscus grandis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with thorny surface, five times as broad as the outer, and fifteen times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell. Pores regularly circular; twenty-two to twenty-four on the radius of the
+  disk. Margin of the disk thick, rounded.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.45, of the outer medullary shell 0.09, of the
+  inner 0.03; pores 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Phacodisculus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk with elevated radial ribs or
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Phacodiscus echiniscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, four times as broad as the outer, and ten times as broad as the inner
+  medullary shell. Pores irregularly roundish; fourteen to fifteen on the radius of the disk. Margin
+  of the disk sharp, as in a biconvex lens.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.3, of the outer medullary shell 0.75, of the
+  inner 0.03; pores 0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Phacodiscus clypeus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>,
+  figs. 6, 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with radiated surface, four times as broad as the outer, and twelve times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell. Pores regularly circular; sixteen to eighteen on the radius of the disk; in
+  the distal half disposed in sixty to seventy radial series, which are separated by prominent
+  crests; the sharp margin therefore a little jagged.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the outer medullary shell 0.05, of the
+  inner 0.017; pores 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page426">{426}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 183. <i>Periph�na</i>,<a id="NtA_222" href="#Nt_222"><sup>[222]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1873 Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 246.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with simple medullary shell,
+  without radial spines, but with a solid equatorial girdle around the margin of the lenticular
+  disk.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Periph�na</i>, founded by Ehrenberg in 1873 for the fossil
+  <i>Periph�na decora</i> of Barbados, differs from its ancestral form <i>Sethodiscus</i> in the
+  development of a very thin siliceous solid girdle around the margin of the lenticular disk; this
+  girdle lies in the equatorial plane of the shell, and reappears in similar form in
+  <i>Perichlamydium</i> among the Porodiscida, in <i>Spongophacus</i> among the Spongodiscida, and
+  in <i>Zonodiscus</i> among the Cenodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Periph�na cincta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regularly circular;
+  fourteen to sixteen on the radius of the disk. Girdle of the margin about half as broad as the
+  radius of the medullary shell, in the distal half structureless, in the proximal half with seventy
+  to eighty short radial ribs.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05, of the pores
+  0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Periph�na decora</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Periph�na decora</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 80, Taf. xxviii. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  twenty to twenty-two on the radius of the disk, disposed in radial series. Girdle of the margin
+  nearly as broad as the radius of the medullary shell, in the distal half structureless, in the
+  proximal half with eighty to ninety short radial ribs.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.25, of the medullary shell 0.08, of the pores
+  0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Periph�na statoblastus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, five times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regularly circular;
+  twenty-four to twenty-six on the radius of the disk, disposed in radial series, those in the
+  distal half of the disk being separated by piercing radial beams. Girdle of the margin twice as
+  broad as the radius of the medullary shell, in the whole breadth with one hundred and twenty to
+  one hundred and thirty piercing radial ribs, the prolongations of the beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.3, of the medullary shell 0.06, of the pores
+  0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page427">{427}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 184. <i>Perizona</i>,<a id="NtA_223" href="#Nt_223"><sup>[223]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with double medullary shell,
+  without radial spines, but with a solid equatorial girdle around the margin of the lenticular
+  disk.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Perizona</i> differs from its ancestral form <i>Phacodiscus</i> in the
+  development of a thin solid siliceous girdle, lying in  the equatorial plane around the margin of
+  the disk. The two genera bear the same relation to each other that <i>Periph�na</i> bears to
+  <i>Sethodiscus</i>. But in the two latter genera the spherical medullary shell is simple, in the
+  two former double.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Perizona scutella</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, in the distal third radiated, four times as broad as the outer, and
+  ten times is broad as the inner medullary shell. Pores subregular, circular; thirteen to fourteen
+  on the radius of the disk, in the marginal part separated by eighty to ninety prominent radial
+  crests, which are prolonged into the proximal half of the solid girdle. Breadth of the girdle
+  equal to that of the inner medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.25, of the outer medullary shell 0.06, of the
+  inner 0.025; pores 0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Perizona pterygota</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>,
+  figs. 8, 8<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, six times as broad as the outer, and fifteen times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell. Pores regularly circular; eighteen to twenty on the radius of the disk.
+  Margin much thickened and truncated, abruptly separated in the equatorial circumference from the
+  peripheral sharp margin of the solid girdle; breadth of the girdle equal to that of the outer
+  medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.25, of the outer medullary shell 0.04, of the
+  inner 0.015; pores 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Heliosestrida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with a constant
+  number of radial spines on the margin of the disk (two, three, four, six, or eight), which are
+  commonly regularly disposed (sometimes more or less irregularly).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page428">{428}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 185. <i>Sethostylus</i>,<a id="NtA_224" href="#Nt_224"><sup>[224]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with simple medullary shell and
+  with two radial spines on the margin of the disk, opposite in the equatorial axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Sethostylus</i> opens the series of the Heliosestrida or of those
+  Phacodiscida in which a constant number of radial spines (two to eight) is more or less regularly
+  disposed on the margin of the disk. All these marginal spines lie in the equatorial plane of the
+  lens, and have in the same species a rather constant number and similar size, a certain form and
+  disposition. Sometimes they incline more or less to irregular variations. In <i>Sethostylus</i>
+  there are only two spines, opposite in the equatorial diameter of the lens; it corresponds to
+  <i>Stylocyclia</i> among the Coccodiscida, and to <i>Xiphodictya</i> among the Porodiscida.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Sethostylium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Margin of the disk simple, smooth, without equatorial
+  girdle and without a corona of marginal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Sethostylus distyliscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  nine to ten on the radius of the disk, in the outer rows cylindrical. Margin of the disk simple,
+  smooth, thin, without peculiar equatorial girdle, radially striped by the prominent beams of the
+  peripheral series of pores. Both marginal spines of equal size, pyramidal, sulcated, about as long
+  as the radius of the disk and as broad at the base as the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.13 to 0.16, of the medullary shell 0.04 to
+  0.05; length of both opposite spines 0.06 to 0.08, basal breadth 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Sethostylus dicylindrus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  sixteen to eighteen on the radius of the disk. Margin of the disk simple, smooth, thick, without
+  peculiar equatorial girdle. Both marginal spines cylindrical, about as long as the diameter of the
+  disk, about twice as broad as a single pore. (Walls of the disk in the central part twice to three
+  times as thick as in the peripheral part.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of both
+  spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page429">{429}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Heliostylus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Margin of the disk with a solid equatorial girdle or a
+  corona of radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Sethostylus dentatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliostylus dentatus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxiv. fig.
+    1).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, six times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  eighteen to twenty on the radius of the disk. Margin of the disk with a broad solid equatorial
+  girdle, which bears fifty to sixty strong conical teeth on the periphery; teeth about as long as
+  the diameter of the medullary shell. Both opposite marginal spines cylindro-conical, about as long
+  as the diameter of the disk, and as broad as the girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.3, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of both
+  main spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Sethostylus serratus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>,
+  fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliostylus serratus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxiv. fig.
+    2).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  fourteen to sixteen on the radius of the disk. Margin with a broad solid equatorial girdle, which
+  bears forty to fifty strong conical teeth on the periphery; teeth about as long as the radius of
+  the medullary shell. Both opposite marginal spines spindle-shaped, about as long as the diameter
+  of the disk, and as broad as the girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.3, of the medullary shell 0.075; length of both
+  main spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Sethostylus hastatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores
+  irregular, roundish; ten to twelve on the radius of the disk. Margin with a broad solid equatorial
+  girdle, which bears on the periphery six conical teeth, three on each half between the two main
+  spines, which are cylindrical, longer than the diameter of the disk, and half as broad as the
+  girdle. (This species can be derived from <i>Heliosestrum</i>, two opposite spines of the eight
+  marginal spines being much stronger developed than the other six.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the medullary shell 0.06; length of both
+  main spines 0.2, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page430">{430}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Sethostylus spicatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular roundish,
+  with many unequal conical spines between them. Margin with an equatorial girdle, composed of three
+  to four concentric series of conical radial spines, about as long as the radius of the medullary
+  shell. Both main spines very large, cylindrical, longer than the diameter of the disk, and as
+  broad as the radius of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  main spines 0.3 or more, breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados, Haeckel; living in the
+  depths of the Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth (2450) fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 186. <i>Phacostylus</i>,<a id="NtA_225" href="#Nt_225"><sup>[225]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with double medullary shell and
+  with two radial spines on the margin of the disk, opposite in the equatorial axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Phacostylus</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Sethostylus</i> by the
+  duplication of the medullary shell, and bears the same relation to it as <i>Phacodiscus</i> does
+  to <i>Sethodiscus</i>, or as <i>Amphicyclia</i> in the Coccodiscida does to
+  <i>Stylocyclia</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Phacostylium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Margin of the disk simple, smooth, without equatorial
+  girdle, and without a corona of marginal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Phacostylus amphistylus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, fig.
+  12).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the outer, and twelve times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell. Pores regular, circular; twelve to fourteen on the radius of the disk.
+  Margin of the disk simple, smooth, without spines and equatorial girdle. Both polar spines
+  conical, longer than the diameter of the disk, furrowed at the base, and twice as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16 to 0.18, of the outer medullary shell 0.045,
+  of the inner 0.015; length of the polar spines 0.2, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Phacostylus amphixiphus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the outer, and eight times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell. Pores irregular, roundish; ten to eleven on the radius. Margin of the disk
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page431">{431}</span>simple, smooth, without spines and equatorial
+  girdle. Both polar spines sword-shaped triangular, two-edged, about as long as the radius of the
+  disk, and as broad at the base as the inner medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the outer medullary shell 0.05, of the
+  inner 0.02; length of the polar spines 0.08, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Astrostylus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Margin of the disk with a solid equatorial girdle or a
+  corona of radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Phacostylus amphipyramis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, four and a half times as broad as the outer, and fourteen times as
+  broad as the inner medullary shell. Pores irregular, roundish; eight to ten on the radius. Margin
+  of the disk with a corona of irregular, radial spines. Both opposite polar spines pyramidal, twice
+  as long as broad, and nearly as long as the radius of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.22, of the outer medullary shell 0.05, of the
+  inner 0.016; length of the polar spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Phacostylus caudatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>,
+  fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Astrosestrum caudatum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxii. fig.
+    6).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, two and a half times as broad as the outer, and six times as broad as
+  the inner medullary shell. Pores regular, circular; six to seven on the radius of the disk. Margin
+  with a solid equatorial girdle, and irregularly bordered with eight to ten conical spines; two
+  opposite of these are much longer than the others. (This species can be derived from
+  <i>Astrosestrum</i>, two opposite marginal spines being much more strongly developed than the six
+  to eight others.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of disk 0.12, of the outer medullary shell 0.05, of the inner
+  0.02; length of the polar spines 0.1 to 0.25, basal breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Phacostylus maximus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, five times as broad as the outer, and ten times as broad as the inner
+  medullary shell. Pores regular, circular; twenty to twenty-two on the radius. Margin with a solid
+  equatorial girdle, bearing on the periphery one hundred to one hundred and twenty plain teeth, and
+  two very large polar spines, which are cylindrical, longer than the diameter of the disk, and as
+  broad at the furrowed base as the radius of the outer medullary shell. (Similar to <i>Sethostylus
+  dentatus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>,
+  fig. 1, but much larger, and with a double medullary shell.) <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page432">{432}</span><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.4, of the outer medullary
+  shell 0.08, of the inner 0.04; length of the polar spines 0.5, basal breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 187. <i>Triactiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_226" href="#Nt_226"><sup>[226]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with simple medullary shell, and
+  with three radial spines on the margin of the disk, placed in the equatorial plane.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Triactiscus</i> exhibits on the margin of the lenticular phacoid shell
+  three radial solid spines, the distance between which is sometimes equal, at other times unequal.
+  Either all the three spines are of equal size and similar form, or one odd arm is smaller than the
+  two paired arms. The triradial form of this genus is repeated in <i>Tripodocyclia</i> among the
+  Coccodiscida, and in <i>Tripodictya</i> among the Porodiscida. The medullary shell of
+  <i>Triactiscus</i> is simple.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Triactiscus tripyramis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface and smooth margin, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores
+  regular, circular; twelve to thirteen on the radius of the disk. Three radial spines of nearly
+  equal size and equidistant, or one odd spine a little smaller, and the opposite angle (between the
+  paired spines) also smaller. Spines pyramidal, with broad prominent edges, one to one and a half
+  times as long as the radius of the disk, as broad at the base as the radius of the medullary
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15; of the medullary shell 0.05, pores
+  0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Triactiscus tricuspis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface and smooth margin, five times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores
+  irregular, roundish; ten to eleven on the radius of the disk. Three radial spines of unequal size
+  and at unequal distances, very short, conical, not longer than the radius of the medullary
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the medullary shell 0.03; pores 0.004 to
+  0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Triactiscus tripodiscus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma triactis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 236, Taf. xxviii. fig, 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with thorny surface and spiny margin, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores
+  regular, circular; eight to nine on the radius of the disk. Three radial spines of different <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page433">{433}</span>size and at unequal distances, one odd spine as long as
+  the radius, both paired spines as long as the diameter of the disk; the odd angle between the
+  latter is smaller. Spines pyramidal, with broad edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16, of the medullary shell 0.05, pores
+  0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 188. <i>Sethostaurus</i>,<a id="NtA_227" href="#Nt_227"><sup>[227]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with simple medullary shell and
+  with four radial spines on the margin of the disk, crossed in the equatorial plane.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Sethostaurus</i> exhibits four marginal spines, which form commonly a
+  more or less regular cross in the equatorial plane. Sometimes the size and disposition of the four
+  spines become more or less different, and also the angles between them vary; the regular
+  rectangular cross passes over into a bilateral or irregular form. The medullary shell is simple.
+  The same cross-form of the disk is seen in <i>Staurocyclia</i> among the Coccodiscida, and in
+  <i>Staurodictya</i> among the Porodiscida.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Sethostaurium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Margin of the disk without a solid equatorial girdle or a
+  corona of spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Sethostaurus orthostaurus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  thirteen to fourteen on the radius of the disk. Margin simple, smooth, without girdle. Four
+  crossed spines equal, pommel-shaped, angular, contracted at the base, scarcely as long as the
+  diameter of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  crossed spines 0.04, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Sethostaurus conostaurus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>, figs. 7,
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular,
+  roundish; seven to eight on the radius.  Margin  simple, smooth, without girdle.  Four crossed
+  spines subregular, equal, conical, about as long as the diameter and as broad at the base as the
+  radius of the medullary shell. (Fig. 7 exhibits the normal form, fig. 8 an abnormality with five
+  spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.06; length of the
+  crossed spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 333, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page434">{434}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Sethostaurus rhombostaurus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular,
+  circular; ten to eleven on the radius. Margin simple, smooth, without girdle. Two opposite spines
+  longer than the diameter of the disk, four times as long as the two others, which only equal its
+  radius. Spines sword-shaped, angular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.14, of the medullary shell 0.06; length of the
+  major spines 0.2, of the minor 0.05, breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Sethostaurus recurvatus</i>, n. sp.&nbsp;(Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular,
+  roundish; eight to nine on the radius. Margin simple, smooth, without girdle. Four spines
+  cylindrical, irregularly curved, of different sizes; one single very large, much longer than the
+  three others; two opposite lateral spines recurved, hook-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  major spine 0.32, of the opposite spine 0.16, of both lateral spines 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Heliostaurus</i>, Haeckel 1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Margin of the disk with a solid equatorial girdle or a
+  corona of spines.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Sethostaurus cruciatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliostaurus cruciatus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxi. fig.
+    5).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  eleven to twelve on the radius. Margin with a solid, radially striped girdle, which bears on the
+  periphery forty to fifty triangular pointed teeth of unequal length. Four crossed spines of equal
+  size and similar form, pyramidal, sulcated, about as long as the radius of the disk, as broad at
+  the base as the girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.06; length of the
+  crossed spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Sethostaurus coronatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, twice as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular, roundish; nine
+  to ten on the radius. Margin of the disk with a solid broad girdle, bearing on the periphery a
+  corona of thirty to forty flat tongue-shaped teeth of different length. Four crossed spines <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page435">{435}</span>prismatic with prominent edges, about as long as the
+  diameter of the disk, and as broad as the girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16, of the medullary shell 0.08, length of the
+  crossed spines 0.18, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Sethostaurus gigas</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  twenty to twenty-two on the radius. Margin of the disk with a narrow solid girdle, bearing on the
+  periphery one hundred to one hundred and twenty slender flat pointed teeth. Four crossed spines
+  equal, conical, about as long as the radius of the disk, as broad at their furrowed base as the
+  radius of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.4, of the medullary shell 0.1; length of the
+  crossed spines 0.5, basal breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 189. <i>Phacostaurus</i>,<a id="NtA_228" href="#Nt_228"><sup>[228]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with double medullary shell and
+  with four radial spines on the margin of the disk, crossed in the equatorial plane.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Phacostaurus</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Sethostaurus</i> by the
+  duplication of the medullary shell, and bears to it the same relation as <i>Phacodiscus</i> does
+  to <i>Sethodiscus</i>. Also in this genus the cross of the shell is commonly regular, rectangular,
+  sometimes more or less irregular.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Phacostaurium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Margin of the disk without a solid equatorial girdle or a
+  corona of spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Phacostaurus oceanidum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the outer and eight times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell. Pores regular, circular; eleven to twelve on the diameter of the disk.
+  Margin smooth. Four crossed spines pyramidal, deeply sulcate, about as long as the diameter of the
+  outer medullary shell, and two-thirds as broad at the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the outer medullary shell 0.05, of the
+  inner 0.02; length of the spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page436">{436}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Astrostaurus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Margin of the disk with a solid equatorial girdle, or a
+  corona of spines.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Phacostaurus quadrigatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the outer and ten times as broad as the inner
+  medullary shell. Pores irregular, roundish; fifteen to sixteen on the diameter of the disk. Margin
+  with a broad solid equatorial girdle, from which arise four crossed spines, conical, as long as
+  the radius of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the outer medullary shell 0.05, of the
+  inner 0.02; length of the spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Phacostaurus magnificus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate31"><b>31</b></a>, figs. 7,
+  8).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Astrostaurus magnificus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxi.
+    figs.7, 8).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the outer and nine times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell. Pores regular, circular; thirteen to fourteen on the diameter of the disk.
+  Margin with a corona of fifty to sixty conical spines of unequal length. Four spines of the cross
+  very large pyramidal, deeply sulcated, longer than the radius of the disk, and as broad at the
+  base as the radius of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.22, of the outer medullary shell 0.07, of the
+  inner 0.025; length of the four spines 0.16, basal breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 190. <i>Distriactis</i>,<a id="NtA_229" href="#Nt_229"><sup>[229]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with simple medullary shell and
+  with six radial spines on the margin of the disk placed in the equatorial plane.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Distriactis</i> exhibits on the margin of the lenticular phacoid shell
+  six radial solid spines. Their distance is commonly equal, rarely unequal. Either all six spines
+  are of equal size and similar form, or three larger (perradial) alternating with three smaller
+  (interradial), so that <i>Distriactis</i> appears to be derived from <i>Triactiscus</i> by
+  development of three secondary between three primary spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Distriactis liriantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk smooth, four times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular, circular pores (about
+  ten on the radius). Six marginal spines of equal size and at equal distances, triangular, sulcate,
+  half as long as the radius.  (Similar to <i>Heliosestrum medusinum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>, fig.
+  6.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page437">{437}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Distriactis corallantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk thorny, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with regular, circular pores, about
+  eight on the radius. Six marginal spines of equal size and equidistant, conical, nearly as long as
+  the diameter of the disk, half as broad at the base as the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.12, of the medullary shell 0.04; length of the
+  spines 0.1, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Distriactis alterna</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk smooth, five times as broad as the medullary shell, about twelve pores on the radius. Six
+  marginal spines pyramidal, at equal distances, but unequal alternating size; three larger
+  (perradial) spines as long as the shell radius, three smaller between them (interradial) half as
+  long and broad.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the medullary shell 0.03; length of the
+  three major spines 0.08, of the three minor 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Distriactis palmantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk rough, four times as broad as the medullary shell, about ten pores on the radius. Six
+  marginal spines conical, at equal distances, but unequal alternating size; three larger
+  (perradial) spines as long as the shell diameter, three smaller between them (interradial) as long
+  as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  three major spines 0.2, of the three minor 0.1,</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Distriactis amphithecta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk thorny, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Six marginal spines conical, of very
+  different size; one single (anterior) much larger than the five others, the opposite (posterior)
+  much smaller. The other four spines are paired, the anterior pair larger than the posterior.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  longest spine 0.2, of the shortest 0.04, of the anterior pair 0.1, of the posterior 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, surface, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page438">{438}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 191. <i>Heliosestrum</i>,<a id="NtA_230" href="#Nt_230"><sup>[230]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with simple medullary shell and
+  with eight radial spines on the margin of the disk (more or less regularly disposed, sometimes
+  seven or nine).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Heliosestrum</i> (with simple medullary shell) and the following
+  <i>Astrosestrum</i> (with double medullary shell) contain those Phacodiscida in which the margin
+  of the lenticular disk bears eight radial spines, commonly more or less regularly disposed in the
+  equatorial plane, so that the equal angles between them amount to 45�. There are, however, many
+  exceptions to this regular eight-rayed form, either the angles between the eight spines becoming
+  unequal or the number of the spines amounting to seven or nine (sometimes also six or ten) in one
+  and the same species. But the regular form is as prevalent, and also in the abnormal forms
+  indicated by the position of the spines, that we separate the genus <i>Heliosestrum</i> from
+  <i>Heliodiscus</i>. Both genera are rich in common species, and in some of the former four
+  perradial (larger) spines alternate regularly with four interradial (smaller) spines.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Heliosestantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk smooth, without radial spines. Bases
+  of the marginal spines free, not connected by an equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Heliosestrum medusinum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliodiscus medusinus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Atlas (pl. xxxiv. fig. 6).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  about ten on the radius of the disk.  Eight marginal spines regularly distributed (sometimes seven
+  or nine, more or less irregular), angular, nearly pyramidal (with equilateral triangular outline),
+  about as long and broad as the diameter of the medullary shell, without connecting equatorial
+  girdle. From the broad base of each spine run eight to ten deep furrows convergent to its
+  apex.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  radial spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Heliosestrum octastrum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular,
+  roundish; eight to nine on the radius. Eight marginal spines regularly distributed (sometimes
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page439">{439}</span>seven or nine, more or less irregular), conical,
+  about as long as the diameter of the disk, without a connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  radial spines 0.16, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Heliosestrum solarium</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma sol</i> (<i>partim</i>), Ehrenberg, 1875 (<i>non</i> 1844), Abhandl.
+    d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 74, Taf. xxviii. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Surface of the disk smooth; its diameter six times as large as that of the medullary shell.
+  Pores regular, circular; nine to ten on the radius. Eight marginal spines regularly distributed
+  (sometimes seven or nine, more or less irregular), conical, about as long as the diameter of the
+  medullary shell, without a connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.18, of the medullary shell 0.03; length of the
+  radial spines 0.03, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Heliosestrum liriope</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the disk smooth; its diameter four times as large as that of the medullary shell.
+  Pores subregular, circular; seven to eight on the radius. Eight marginal spines regularly
+  distributed, conical, compressed, alternating longer and shorter; the longer equal to the diameter
+  of the disk, the shorter to the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16, of the medullary shell 0.4; length of the
+  major radial spines 0.15, of the minor 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Heliosestrum quadrigeminum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the disk smooth; its diameter four times as large as that of the medullary shell.
+  Pores irregular, roundish; six to seven on the radius. Eight marginal spines triangular, flat,
+  regularly disposed, alternating longer and shorter, the major as long as the radius of the shell,
+  and half as broad at the base, with three to four deep furrows on both sides, without a connecting
+  equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16, of the medullary shell 0.04; length of the
+  larger radial spines 0.08, of the smaller 0.04, basal breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Heliosestrum contiguum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma contiguum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 74, Taf. xxvii. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell.  Pores irregular,
+  roundish, touching, with very thin bars; nine to ten on the radius. Eight marginal spines (often
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page440">{440}</span>seven or nine) conical, half as long as the radius,
+  twice as long as broad, without a connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.17, of the medullary shell 0.04; length of the
+  radial spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Heliosestrum irregulare</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular,
+  roundish; nine to eleven on the radius. Eight conical radial spines of irregular size and
+  distribution, often seven or nine, about as long as the radius of the disk (in some cases longer,
+  in others shorter). No connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  radial spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 272, depth 2425 to 2925
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Heliosestilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk armed with radial spines. Bases of the
+  marginal spines free, without a connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Heliosestrum octonum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>,
+  fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores circular, of very
+  different sizes; eight to ten on the radius. Eight conical marginal spines of equal size and
+  equidistant, as long as the radius of the disk, and one-third as broad at the base as the
+  medullary shell. Numerous spines on the surface bristle-shaped, on the margin half as long as the
+  eight main spines, in the central part shorter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.18, of the medullary shell 0.06; length of the
+  marginal spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Heliosestrum �gineta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell.  Pores irregular,
+  roundish, of different sizes; twelve to fourteen on the radius.  Eight pyramidal marginal spines
+  regularly disposed, four larger (perradial) alternating with four smaller (interradial); the
+  former as long as the radius of the disk, the latter half as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  marginal spines 0.05 to 0.1, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page441">{441}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Heliosestomma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk smooth, without radial spines. Bases
+  of the marginal spines connected by a solid equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Heliosestrum octangulum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, octagonal, twice as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular,
+  circular; nine to ten on the radius. Equatorial girdle narrow, radially striped, connecting the
+  points of the eight short, regularly disposed, marginal spines in such a manner that the whole
+  shell forms a regular octagon with rectilinear sides.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.11 to 0.12, of the medullary shell 0.05 to
+  0.06; length of the sides of the octagon 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Heliosestrum octogonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, octagonal, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores
+  irregular, roundish; eight to nine on the radius. Equatorial girdle broad, smooth, connecting the
+  points of the eight short, triangular, flat marginal spines in such a manner that the whole shell
+  forms a subregular octagon with concave, nearly equal sides. (Sometimes seven or nine spines
+  instead of eight are developed.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16 to 0.18, of the medullary shell 0.04 to
+  0.05; length of the radial spines 0.02 to 0.04, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Heliosestrum craspedotum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma humboldti</i>, var., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. viii.
+    fig. 4 (below).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores subregular,
+  circular; ten to twelve on the radius. Eight marginal spines (sometimes seven or nine) triangular,
+  deeply sulcated, half as long and one-third as broad as the radius of the disk, connected by a
+  narrow, radially striped equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.18, of the medullary shell 0.06; length of the
+  radial spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, at various depths, also
+  fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 192. <i>Astrosestrum</i>,<a id="NtA_231" href="#Nt_231"><sup>[231]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with double medullary shell and
+  with eight radial spines on the margin of the disk (more or less regularly disposed, sometimes
+  seven or nine).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page442">{442}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Astrosestrum</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Heliosestrum</i> by the
+  duplication of the medullary shell. The eight marginal spines in the majority of individuals are
+  regularly formed and disposed, of equal size and equidistant. But there are frequent exceptions to
+  this rule, either the angles between the eight spines being more or less different, or the number
+  amounting to seven or nine, instead of eight. Here also in some species four larger (perradial)
+  spines alternate regularly with four smaller (interradial spines), after the same law of symmetry,
+  which is common in the Medus�.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Astrosestantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk smooth, without radial spines. Bases
+  of the marginal spines free, not connected by an equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Astrosestrum ephyra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>,
+  figs. 4, 4<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the outer and nine times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell. Pores subregular, circular; seven to eight on the radius of the disk. Eight
+  marginal spines (sometimes seven or nine) more or less irregularly disposed, of variable size,
+  commonly as long as the radius of the disk, twice as long as broad, pyramidal, sulcate, without a
+  connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.12, of outer medullary shell 0.04, of the inner
+  0.014; length of the marginal spines 0.05 to 0.07, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, depths 2350 to 2925
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Astrosestrum nauphanta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, two and a half times as broad as the outer and five times as broad as
+  the inner medullary shell. Pores regular, circular; eight to nine on the radius of the disk. Eight
+  marginal spines (often seven or nine) more or less regularly disposed, of equal size, half as long
+  as the radius of the disk, and quite as broad at the base, compressed triangular, sulcate, without
+  a connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the outer medullary shell 0.06, of the
+  inner 0.03; length of the marginal spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 266 to 268, depth 2700 to
+  2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Astrosestrum octacanthum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma octacanthum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 295, Taf. viii. fig. 11.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, twice as broad as the outer and six times as broad as the inner
+  medullary shell. Pores regular, circular; six to seven on the radius of the disk. Eight marginal
+  spines <span class="pagenum" id="page443">{443}</span>regularly disposed, of variable size, the
+  longest as long as the radius, pyramidal, not broader at the base than one pore, without a
+  connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.12, of the outer medullary shell 0.06, inner
+  0.02; length of the marginal spines 0.03 to 0.06, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Pacific, Philippine Sea, 3300 fathoms, Ehrenberg;
+  Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Astrosestrum acraspedum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the outer and six times as broad as the inner
+  medullary shell. Pores regular, circular; nine to ten on the radius of the disk. Eight marginal
+  spines regularly disposed, of alternating size; four major (perradial) spines as long as the
+  diameter of the disk, four minor (interradial) half as long; spines cylindrical, not broader at
+  the base than one pore, without a connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the outer medullary shell 0.07, of the
+  inner 0.035; length of the larger spines 0.2, of the smaller 0.1, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Astrosestilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk covered with radial spines. Bases of
+  the marginal spines free, not connected by an equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Astrosestrum acanthastrum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, three times as broad as the outer and nine times as broad as the inner
+  medullary shell. Pores subregular, circular; ten to eleven on the radius. Eight marginal spines
+  (sometimes seven or nine) regularly disposed, triangular, about half as long as the radius of the
+  disk, and one-third as broad at the base, without a connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.18, of the outer medullary shell 0.06, of the
+  inner 0.02; length of the radial spines 0.05, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Gulf Stream, F�r�e Channel, surface, John
+  Murray.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Astrosestrum echinastrum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, twice as broad as the outer and four times as broad as the inner
+  medullary shell. Pores irregular, roundish; eight to nine on the radius. Eight marginal spines
+  more or less regularly disposed, pyramidal, nearly as long as the radius of the disk, and not
+  broader at the base than one large pore, without a connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the outer medullary shell 0.07, of the
+  inner 0.04; length of the radial spines 0.07, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Caltanisetta,
+  Teuscher.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page444">{444}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Astrosestomma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk smooth, without radial spines. Bases
+  of the marginal spines connected by a solid equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Astrosestrum pelagia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the outer and eight times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell. Pores regular, circular; eight to nine on the radius. Eight marginal spines
+  conical, about as long as the radius of the disk, of nearly equal length, one-third as broad at
+  the base, connected by a radially striped equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.18, of the outer medullary shell 0.06, of the
+  inner 0.023; length of the radial spines 0.09, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Astrosestrum floscula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, two and a half times as broad as the outer and five times as broad as
+  the inner medullary shell. Pores irregular, roundish; ten to eleven on the radius. Eight marginal
+  spines triangular, plain, scarcely half as long as the radius of the disk, nearly as broad at the
+  base, connected by an even equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the outer medullary shell 0.08, of the
+  inner 0.04; length of the radial spines 0.09, basal breadth 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Heliodiscida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with a variable
+  number of radial spines on the margin of the disk (ten to twenty or more), which are commonly more
+  or less irregular (sometimes regularly formed and disposed).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 193. <i>Heliodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_232" href="#Nt_232"><sup>[232]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 436.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with simple medullary shell and
+  with numerous (ten to twenty or more) simple radial spines on the margin of the disk (commonly
+  with a variable number and an irregular disposition of the undivided spines).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Heliodiscus</i>, the most common and polymorphic of all <span
+  class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span>, was founded by me in 1862 as the first known type of this family
+  (<i>loc. cit.</i>). I use <span class="pagenum" id="page445">{445}</span>here the diagnosis of
+  this genus in a restricted sense, including only the species, in which the number of marginal
+  spines amounts to ten, twenty, or more (sometimes fifty to eighty, rarely more than one hundred).
+  The number of spines is in the different species variable, and their disposition commonly more or
+  less irregular, whilst in the preceding genera (with two, three, four, six, or eight marginal
+  spines) their distance and form are commonly regular.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Heliodiscetta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk smooth, without radial spines. Bases
+  of the marginal spines free, without a connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Heliodiscus asteriscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  ten to twelve on the radius of the disk. Marginal spines fifteen to twenty, conical, often double
+  contoured, of variable size and disposition, the largest as long as the radius of the disk, as
+  broad at the base as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  radial spines 0.04 to 0.07, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean (Corfu), Indian Ocean
+  (Madagascar), Atlantic and Pacific, many Stations, surface and various depths.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Heliodiscus trochiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>, figs. 10,
+  13).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  fourteen to sixteen on the radius. Marginal spines twelve to sixteen, conical, of variable size
+  and disposition, the largest as long as the diameter of the medullary shell, twice as broad as one
+  pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  radial spines 0.01 to 0.025, basal breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 272 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Heliodiscus trigonodon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  eighteen to twenty on the radius. Marginal spines sixteen to twenty, equilateral triangular, flat,
+  smooth, about as long and broad as the radius of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  radial spines 0.03, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, depths 2350 to 2925
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page446">{446}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Heliodiscus glyphodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliosestrum glyphodon</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxv. fig.
+    2).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores subregular,
+  circular; seven to eight on the radius. Marginal spines ten to twelve, equilateral triangular,
+  flat, deeply furrowed, twice as long as broad, and as long as the radius of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.14, of the medullary shell 0.035; length of the
+  radial spines 0.07, basal breadth 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Heliodiscus helianthus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma helianthus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 74, Taf. xxvii. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, five times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, oblong,
+  disposed regularly in sixty to eighty radial series; fourteen to sixteen on the radius. Marginal
+  spines sixty to eighty, conical, about as long as the diameter of the medullary shell, twice as
+  broad as one pore.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.04; length of the
+  radial spines 0.04, basal breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Heliodiscus sol</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma sol</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xix. fig. 52.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliodiscus sol</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 438.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular,
+  roundish; eight to ten on the radius. Marginal spines twenty to thirty, conical, the largest as
+  long as the radius of the medullary shell, their bases widely distant. (The species from Barbados
+  figured by Ehrenberg, 1875, as <i>Haliomma sol</i>, appertains to <i>Heliosestrum solare</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  radial spines 0.02 to 0.025, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Greece (�gina), Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <p>7 <i>Heliodiscus siculus</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliodiscus siculus</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 89, Taf. i.
+    fig. 14.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular
+  roundish; seven to eight on the radius. Marginal spines forty to fifty, conical, very irregular,
+  the largest as long as the radius of the medullary shell, their bases coming in contact.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.13 to 0.15, of the medullary shell 0.04 to
+  0.05; length of the radial spines 0.02 to 0.03, basal breadth 0.002 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (St�hr),
+  Caltanisetta (Teuscher).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page447">{447}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Heliodiscus polymorphus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>, figs. 11,
+  12).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular,
+  roundish; ten to twelve on the radius. Marginal spines ten to fifteen, pyramidal, angular, very
+  irregular and variable in size and distribution, the largest nearly as long as the diameter of the
+  disk, as broad at the base as the radius of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15 to 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.04 to 0.05;
+  length of the radial spines 0.06 to 0.18, basal breadth 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depths 2700 to 2900
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Heliodiscus solaster</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores subregular,
+  roundish; nine to ten on the radius. Marginal spines fifty to sixty, cylindro-conical, flexuose,
+  very variable in size, the largest nearly as long as the diameter of the disk. The spines lie not
+  only in the equatorial plane (as usual), but also in two to four crowded girdles on both sides of
+  it.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  radial spines 0.05 to 0.15, basal breadth 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Heliodiscilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk covered with radial spines.  Bases of
+  the marginal spines free, without a connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Heliodiscus phacodiscus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Heliodiscus phacodiscus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 437, Taf. xvii. figs.
+    5-7.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma phacodiscus</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 815.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  six to eight on the radius. Marginal spines twelve to sixteen, conical, as long as the radius of
+  the disk, and one-third as broad as the diameter of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.12 to 0.16, of the medullary shell 0.04 to
+  0.05; length of the marginal spines 0.06 to 0.08, basal breadth 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Canary Islands (Lanzerote).</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Heliodiscus amphidiscus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Heliodiscus amphidiscus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 437.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma amphidiscus</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 154, Taf. ii. figs. 3-7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell.  Pores regular, circular;
+  eight to ten on the radius. Marginal spines twelve to fifteen, bristle-shaped, not larger than the
+  surface spines, about as long as the radius of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page448">{448}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  marginal spines 0.03, basal breadth 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (south shore of France), J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Heliodiscus echiniscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular, roundish
+  or polygonal; eight to ten on the radius. Marginal spines thirty to fifty, pyramidal, angular, of
+  very variable size, number, and disposition, gradually passing into the surface-spines; the
+  largest nearly as long as the diameter of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.14, of the medullary shell 0.045; length of the
+  radial spines 0.02 to 0.04, basal breadth 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Heliodiscus pertusus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliosestrum pertusum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxv. fig.
+    1).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular,
+  circular, hexagonally framed; eight to ten on the radius. Marginal spines ten to thirty, very
+  variable in size and disposition; commonly eight to twelve larger spines, which are pyramidal,
+  about as long as the radius of the disk and perforated by two to four irregular, longish pores.
+  Between these fenestrated large spines are commonly ten to twenty smaller conical spines,
+  gradually passing into those of the surface.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.13 to 0.16, of the medullary shell 0.04 to
+  0.05; length of the marginal spines 0.04 to 0.08, basal breadth 0.01 to 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Stations 241 to 244, depths 2300 to 2900
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Heliodiscomma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk smooth, without radial spines. Bases
+  of the marginal spines connected by a solid equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Heliodiscus cingillum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, five times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  twelve to fourteen on the radius. Equatorial girdle about as broad as the medullary shell, in the
+  proximal half radially striped, on the margin with twenty to twenty-four short, flat, triangular
+  spines, which are shorter than the breadth of the girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.25, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  marginal spines 0.02, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page449">{449}</span></div>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Heliodiscus humboldti</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Heliodiscus humboldti</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 438.</p>
+    <p><i>Haliomma humboldti</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 27; Abhandl. d. k.
+    Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, Taf. xxvii. fig. 3.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma humboldti</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. viii. fig. 3
+    (at left).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  eighteen to twenty on the radius. Equatorial girdle half as broad as the medullary shell, in the
+  proximal half radially striped, on the margin with sixteen to twenty short, flat, triangular
+  teeth, which are longer than the breadth of the girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.12 to 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.03 to 0.05;
+  length of the marginal spines 0.02 to 0.04, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Barbados (common and very variable).</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Heliodiscus marginatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  nine to ten on the radius. Equatorial girdle one-fourth to one-half as broad as the medullary
+  shell, in the whole breadth radially striped, on the margin with twelve to eighteen very short and
+  broad, triangular, marginal spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15 to 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05 to 0.06;
+  length of the marginal spines 0.01 to 0.02, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>17. <i>Heliodiscus sulcatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores subregular,
+  circular; twelve to fifteen on the radius. Equatorial girdle as broad as the medullary shell, in
+  the whole breadth radially striped on the margin with ten to fifteen triangular, deeply sulcated
+  teeth, about as long and broad as the medullary shell. (Similar to <i>Heliodiscus glyphodon</i>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>, fig.
+  2, but with broad sulcated girdle and shorter, more numerous spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15 to 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.04 to 0.05;
+  length of the radial spines 0.05 to 0.06, basal breadth 0.04 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Atlantic and Pacific, tropical part, many Stations,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>18. <i>Heliodiscus umbonatus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma umbonatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 74, Taf. xxvii. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular,
+  roundish; eight to ten on the radius. Equatorial girdle half as broad as the medullary shell,
+  hyaline, not radially striped, on the margin with ten to twenty triangular, irregular, smooth
+  teeth, very variable in size and disposition.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page450">{450}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15 to 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05 to 0.06;
+  length of the marginal spines 0.02 to 0.08, basal breadth 0.01 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, in various depths; also
+  fossil in Barbados and Sicily.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Heliodiscura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk covered with radial spines. Bases of
+  the marginal spines connected by a solid equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>19. <i>Heliodiscus apollinis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny or bristly surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular,
+  circular; eleven to twelve on the radius. Equatorial girdle narrow, on the margin with sixteen to
+  twenty broad, flat, triangular teeth, which are half as long and one-fourth as broad as the
+  medullary shell. (Very similar to <i>Astrophacus apollinis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>, fig. 2, but
+  with simple medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.18, of the medullary shell 0.06; length of the
+  marginal spines 0.03, basal breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Corfu), Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>20. <i>Heliodiscus zoroaster</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores subregular,
+  circular; fourteen to sixteen on the radius. Equatorial girdle broad, radially striped, on the
+  margin with ten to twelve pyramidal, deeply sulcated radial spines, which are nearly as long as
+  the radius of the disk, and one-fourth as broad at the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.24, of the medullary shell 0.06; length of the
+  marginal spines 0.11, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, between Aden and Ceylon, Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 194. <i>Heliodrymus</i>,<a id="NtA_233" href="#Nt_233"><sup>[233]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with simple medullary shell and
+  with numerous (ten to twenty or more) branched radial spines on the margin of the disk (commonly
+  with a variable number and an irregular disposition of the ramified spines).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Heliodrymus</i> differs from the nearly allied <i>Heliodiscus</i> by
+  the ramification of the marginal spines, a character hitherto observed in no other genus of
+  Phacodiscida. The branching is more or less irregular, either a simple bifurcation or a repeated
+  fissure; the spines and their branches are commonly more or less flexuose. <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page451">{451}</span>We can distinguish two subgenera: in <i>Heliocladus</i> the surface of
+  the disk is smooth, in <i>Heliodendrum</i> covered with bristle-shaped radial spines, which are
+  either simple or also branched, sometimes longer than the thick marginal spines.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Heliocladus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk smooth, without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Heliodrymus dendrocyclus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliocladus dendrocyclus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xxxiii.
+    fig. 9).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular,
+  hexagonally framed; eight to nine on the radius. Marginal spines sixteen to twenty, cylindrical,
+  very strong, flexuose, irregularly branched, nearly as long as the diameter of the disk. Between
+  these main spines, each of which bears two to six irregular branches, are scattered on the margin
+  numerous smaller simple spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  main spines 0.1 to 0.14, breadth 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Heliodrymus furcatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular,
+  roundish; ten to twelve on the radius. Marginal spines twenty to twenty-five, cylindrical,
+  flexuose, forked, about as long as the radius of the disk; fork-branches irregular, of unequal
+  size. Some smaller simple spines are scattered between the forked ones.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the medullary shell 0.04; length of the
+  radial spines 0.07 to 0.09, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Heliodrymus grottensis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Heliodiscus grottensis</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 89, Taf.
+    i. fig. 13.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores
+  irregular, roundish; eight to nine on the radius. Marginal spines twenty to thirty, conical, very
+  irregular in form, size, and disposition; the smaller simple, the larger irregularly branched and
+  half as long as the radius of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.17, of the medullary shell 0.07; length of the
+  marginal spines 0.02 to 0.04, basal breadth 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page452">{452}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Heliodendrum</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk armed with simple or branched radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Heliodrymus setosus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, four times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular;
+  twelve to thirteen on the radius. Marginal spines ten to twelve, cylindrical, irregularly
+  branched, each with two to eight flexuose branches of different sizes; the largest as long as the
+  diameter of the disk. Spines of the surface bristle-shaped, half as long, not branched.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  marginal spines 0.12 to 0.18, breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 254, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Heliodrymus ramosus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>,
+  figs. 3, 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores regular, circular,
+  hexagonally framed; eleven to twelve on the radius. Marginal spines sixteen to twenty,
+  cylindrical, about as long as the radius, irregularly forked or branched, with unequal flexuose
+  branches. Spines of the surface nearly as long, bristle-shaped, also irregularly branched.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the
+  spines 0.06 to 0.08, basal breadth 0.01 to 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Heliodrymus viminalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate35"><b>35</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell. Pores irregular,
+  roundish; ten to twelve on the radius. Marginal spines fifteen to twenty, cylindro-conical,
+  strong, partly simple, partly forked, about as long as the diameter of the disk. Spines of the
+  surface very numerous, bristle-shaped, longer than the marginal spines, and more branched.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the medullary shell 0.06; length of the
+  marginal spines 0.11 to 0.14, basal breadth 0.01 to 0.015; length of the surface spines 0.2 to
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 195. <i>Astrophacus</i>,<a id="NtA_234" href="#Nt_234"><sup>[234]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 457.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phacodiscida</span> with double medullary shell and
+  with numerous (ten to twenty or more) simple radial spines on the margin of the disk (commonly
+  with a variable number and an irregular disposition of the undivided spines).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Astrophacus</i> differs from the similar <i>Heliodiscus</i> in the
+  duplication of the medullary shell. The number and disposition of the radial spines of the margin
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page453">{453}</span>(commonly between ten and twenty) is also here
+  variable in one and the same species. The greater number of observed species of <i>Astrophacus</i>
+  resemble in a very remarkable manner the corresponding species of <i>Heliodiscus</i>, and differ
+  only in the double medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Astrophacetta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk smooth, without radial spines. Bases
+  of the marginal spines free, without a connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Astrophacus asteriscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the outer and eight times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell. Pores regular, circular; twelve to fourteen on the radius. Marginal spines
+  fifteen to twenty, of variable size and disposition; the largest as long as the radius of the
+  disk, as broad at the base as one pore. (Very similar to <i>Heliodiscus asteriscus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>, fig. 8, but
+  differing in the double medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the outer medullary shell 0.07, of the
+  inner 0.025; length of the marginal spines 0.05 to 0.1, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Astrophacus trochiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>, fig.
+  14).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the outer and seven times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell. Pores irregular, roundish; twelve to thirteen on the radius. Marginal
+  spines sixteen to twenty, conical, of irregular variable size and disposition; the largest as long
+  as the inner medullary shell.  (Differs from <i>Heliodiscus trochiscus</i> in the double medullary
+  shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.22, of the outer medullary shell 0.08, of the
+  inner 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Astrophacus solaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the outer and seven times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell.  Pores subregular, roundish; twelve to fourteen on the radius. Marginal
+  spines one hundred to one hundred and twenty, conical, flexuose, of irregular size and form; the
+  largest one-third as long as the diameter of the disk.  The spines lie not only in the equatorial
+  plane (as is usual) but also in two to four crowded girdles on both sides of it.  (Very similar to
+  <i>Heliodiscus solaster</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate34"><b>34</b></a>,
+  fig. 4, but of double  the size, with double the number of spines and with a double medullary
+  shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.3, of the outer medullary shell 0.11, of the
+  inner 0.045; length of the spines 0.03 to 0.1, basal breadth 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page454">{454}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Astrophacilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk covered with radial spines. Bases of
+  the marginal spines free, without a connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Astrophacus phacodiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, two and a half times as broad as the outer and seven times as broad as
+  the inner medullary shell. Pores subregular, circular; ten to twelve on the radius. Marginal
+  spines twelve to sixteen, conical, stout, nearly as long as the radius of the disk, and as broad
+  at the base as the inner medullary shell. The numerous bristle-shaped spines of the surface are
+  scarcely half as long. (Similar to <i>Heliodiscus phacodiscus</i>, Haeckel, Monogr. d. Radiol.,
+  Taf. xvii. figs. 5-7, but differing in the double medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.18, of the outer medullary shell 0.07, of the
+  inner 0.025; length of the marginal spines 0.08 to 0.09, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Astrophacomma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk smooth, without radial spines. Bases
+  of the marginal spines connected by a solid equatorial girdle. (Perhaps = <i>Chilomma</i>(?)
+  Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.)</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Astrophacus cingillum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma humboldti</i>, var., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. viii.
+    fig. 3 (at right).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, three times as broad as the outer and eight times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell. Pores regular, circular; eleven to thirteen on the radius. Equatorial
+  girdle about as broad as the inner medullary shell, in the proximal half radially striped, on the
+  margin with eighteen to twenty-four short, flat, triangular spines, about as long as the breadth
+  of the girdle. (Similar to <i>Heliodiscus cingillum</i>, but with double medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the outer medullary shell 0.07, of the
+  inner 0.025; length of the spines 0.02, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475 fathoms;
+  also fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Astrophacus saturnus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p>? <i>Chilomma saturnus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 297; 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 286, Taf. ii. fig. 5.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Chilomma saturnus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 447.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk with smooth surface, two and a half times as broad as the outer, six times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell.  Pores large, irregular, roundish; five to seven on the radius (?).
+  Equatorial girdle very broad, radially striped, nearly as broad as the outer medullary shell,
+  perforated by <span class="pagenum" id="page455">{455}</span>twenty to thirty (or more?) radial
+  spines. (The position of this species, and the identity of <i>Chilomma</i> with
+  <i>Astrophacomma</i>, remains doubtful, as the imperfect figure given by Ehrenberg of <i>Chilomma
+  saturnus</i>, the only species of the genus, is in contradiction with his vague description, as is
+  very often the case.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.12 (with girdle 0.22) of the outer medullary
+  shell 0.05, of the inner 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Arctic Ocean (Greenland, depth 1000 fathoms), Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Astrophacura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the disk covered with radial spines. Bases of
+  the marginal spines connected by a solid equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Astrophacus apollinis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate32"><b>32</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk with spiny surface, three times as broad as the outer, eight times as broad as the inner
+  medullary shell. Pores regular, circular; eleven to twelve on the radius of the disk. Equatorial
+  girdle narrow, smooth, on the margin with twelve to sixteen broad, flat, triangular spines, of the
+  same length as the numerous bristle-shaped spines of the surface, which reach half the radius of
+  the disk. (Very similar to <i>Heliodiscus apollinis</i>, but differing in the double medullary
+  shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.24, of the outer medullary shell 0.08, of the
+  inner 0.03; length of the radial spines 0.06, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XX. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Coccodiscida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate36"><b>36</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc27">
+    <p><i>Coccodiscida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 485.</p>
+    <p><i>Coccodiscida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 458.</p>
+    <p><i>Lithocyclidina</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.</p>
+    <p style="margin-left:1.40em">d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 214 (<i>partim</i>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> with extracapsular phacoid shell
+  (or lenticular latticed cortical shell), connected by radial beams with an intracapsular, simple
+  or double, concentric medullary shell, and surrounded by one or more concentric chambered
+  equatorial girdles on the margin.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> was founded by me in 1862 for those <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> which agree with the Phacodiscida in the formation of the lenticular
+  "phacoid shell" (including a simple or double medullary shell), but differ from them in the
+  development of peculiar concentric chambered rings or girdles around the equatorial margin of the
+  disk, similar to those of the Porodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p>The Coccodiscida represent a polymorphic family, in which we here distinguish sixteen genera
+  with fifty-seven species; it comprises the greater part of those <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page456">{456}</span><span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> which Ehrenberg united in his group
+  Lithocyclidina (1875, represented by four genera and eight species); several of these, however,
+  appertain to quite different families, as his <i>Astromma entomocora</i>, <i>Lithocyclia
+  amphitrites</i>, &amp;c. His knowledge of the structure was very imperfect. The peculiar
+  differentiation of the genera and species exhibits the greatest analogy to that of the following
+  family, Porodiscida, though the structure of the central disk in both families is quite
+  different.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Phacoid Shell</i>, or the circular, lenticular cortical shell exhibits in the
+  Coccodiscida quite the same structure and composition as in the Phacodiscida, described above (p.
+  <a href="#page420">420</a>), so that there can be no doubt as to the phylogenetic origin of the
+  former from the latter. Quite in the same way in both families, the lenticular "phacoid shell" is
+  connected by numerous, short, radial beams with the intracapsular, simple or double, medullary
+  shell; and also here these beams are commonly disposed in two groups around the poles of the
+  shortened main axis of the lens, so that their distal ends are implanted in both circumpolar areas
+  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate36"><b>36</b></a>,
+  figs. 2-6; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate37"><b>37</b></a>,
+  figs. 3, 7; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 7). The medullary shell is commonly simple, spherical, sometimes a little lenticularly
+  compressed; more rarely it is double, composed of two concentric lattice-shells, which are
+  connected by radial beams; in this case either both concentric medullary shells are spherical, or
+  the inner is spherical, and the outer lenticular, very rarely the inner is lenticular also. In
+  average size and structure they agree perfectly with those of the Phacodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Chamber Girdles</i> or "chambered rings" around the equatorial margin of the disk, which
+  constitute the only difference between the Coccodiscida and the Phacodiscida, seem to exhibit a
+  considerable degree of difference of structure in the numerous species of this family; but I
+  regret that I cannot explain them here satisfactorily. The study of these structures is extremely
+  difficult because of the thickness and darkness of the massive opaque shells; to get a perfect
+  knowledge of them, it is indispensable to compare slides made in different directions (horizontal
+  slides through the equatorial and parallel planes, vertical slides through radial and parallel
+  planes, oblique slides in different directions). But this requires a long time and a most careful
+  study of the slides, which are very difficult to get in satisfactory condition. Therefore the
+  following remarks can have only a provisional value.</p>
+
+  <p>In all Coccodiscida we can distinguish on the equatorial chamber-girdle of the lens-margin
+  (even on superficial inspection) three different elements of structure, viz.:&mdash;(A) concentric
+  circular rings in the equatorial plane; (B) numerous radial beams piercing the former and dividing
+  them into imperfect chambers; (C) porous plates or sieve-plates on both convex faces of the disk.
+  The probable morphological significance of these three elements is the following:&mdash;Each ring
+  or girdle corresponds to an outer lenticular cortical shell, which is only developed on the
+  marginal part, whilst its central part is represented by the phacoid shell. Therefore the radial
+  beams (separating the imperfect chambers) are the same as in the concentric Polysph�rida, and the
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page457">{457}</span>sieve-plates of the surface are the porous walls of
+  the cortical shell itself. The correctness of this explanation seems to be proved by such forms as
+  figured in Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 4, where the whole surface of the phacoid shell is covered by a concentric chamber-work,
+  as a central continuation of the marginal concentric rings. If we imagine a system of perfect
+  concentric lenticular phacoid shells, compressed strongly from both poles of the shortened main
+  axis, we get the same figure.</p>
+
+  <p>Rarely one single girdle only is developed on the equatorial margin of the lenticular disk (Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate37"><b>37</b></a>, figs. 2,
+  3, 5). Commonly the number of concentric girdles amounts to three to six, often to ten to twelve
+  or more. Some of these largest Coccodiscida reach a considerable size. Commonly all girdles are of
+  the same breadth, which is about equal to the radius or to the diameter of the inner medullary
+  shell. Rarely the first (or innermost) girdle differs by its greater breadth from the succeeding
+  ones (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate36"><b>36</b></a>,
+  fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Only in few Coccodiscida the girdle-building remains restricted to the equatorial planes, so
+  that all the chambers lie in it. Commonly on both sides of this plane become developed several
+  layers, and often the number of these (three to six or more) increases towards the periphery; in
+  other cases not their number, but their height increases. Therefore very often the margin of the
+  discoidal shell is much thickened, as thick as the centre of the lenticular phacoid shell (or even
+  more); whilst between the latter and the former (on the proximal girdles) the disk is considerably
+  thinner (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate36"><b>36</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 4; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate37"><b>37</b></a>,
+  figs. 7, 8; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>,
+  figs. 2, 4). The stratified layers communicate by large openings between their chambers. The
+  radial beams are commonly more or less regular and piercing, but also frequently irregular and
+  interrupted; often their number increases towards the margin by intercalation of new beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Pores</i> of the sieve-plates, which cover both sides of the chambered disk, appear on
+  the margin of the phacoid shell as direct continuations of the pores of the latter, and sometimes
+  they are so regularly disposed that one single circular pore is situated on the surface of each
+  chamber (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate36"><b>36</b></a>,
+  fig. 7; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate37"><b>37</b></a>,
+  fig. 1). But commonly the pores are of variable size and number, two to three on each chamber, and
+  often quite irregularly scattered.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Margin</i> of the chambered disk exhibits many differences, which afford characters for
+  the distinction of genera. In the first subfamily, the Lithocyclida, the margin is quite simple
+  without radial appendages. In the second subfamily, the Stylocyclida, it is armed with solid
+  radial spines lying in the equatorial plane, and often regularly disposed in the same manner as in
+  the Phacodiscida (compare above, p. <a href="#page421">421</a>). In the third subfamily, the
+  Astracturida, the margin bears two or more (commonly three or four) chambered arms, also situated
+  in the plane of the disk, and of the same structure as the circular chambered girdles (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>). In some
+  cases even the whole system of chamber-girdles is represented only by the radial arms, which are
+  inserted immediately on the margin of the phacoid shell. We may regard therefore these formations
+  as imperfect chambered disks, which are developed only in the direction of certain rays <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page458">{458}</span>(perradii), and reduced in the direction of the
+  alternating rays (interradii). In some Astracturida the chambered arms exhibit a structure
+  different from the more irregular chamber-work between them, so that we can distinguish the
+  latter, connecting the arms like a web-membrane, as a peculiar "patagium" (as in many Porodiscida)
+  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>,
+  figs. 8, 9). Often the distal ends of the chambered arms are armed with a radial spine (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>, figs. 5, 6,
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Coccodiscida is originally always of the same form and shape
+  as in their ancestral group, the Phacodiscida; a circular lenticular disk, which envelops the
+  simple or double medullary shell and is enclosed by the cortical phacoid shell. But whilst in the
+  Phacodiscida the phacoid shell envelops the central capsule perfectly, in the Coccodiscida it
+  envelops only the capsule from the two flat sides (by the upper and lower sieve-plates); the
+  marginal part of the lenticular capsule overgrows the margin of the phacoid shell by peripheral
+  extension, and fills out the chambered cavity of the concentric girdles. In the Lithocyclida and
+  the Stylocyclida, where there are no chambered arms, the central capsule remains a simple circular
+  lens or disk; in the Astracturida, where chambered radial arms surround the margin of the circular
+  central disk, the capsule enters also into these arms and fills out the greatest part of their
+  chambered cavities.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Coccodiscida</i>.</h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Coccodiscida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Coccodiscida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0 w25">
+        <p>I. Subfamily Lithocyclida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Margin of the disk simple, circular, without radial appendages.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Neither radial spines nor chambered arms on the circular
+      margin.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw pr2">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">196. <i>Lithocyclia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell double,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">197. <i>Coccodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Stylocyclida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Margin of the disk armed with solid radial spines.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Two opposite spines.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">198. <i>Stylocyclia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell double,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">199. <i>Amphicyclia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Three radial spines.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">200. <i>Trigonocyclia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Four crossed spines.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">201. <i>Staurocyclia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Five to ten or more radial spines.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">202. <i>Astrocyclia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Medullary shell double,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">203. <i>Coccocyclia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="8" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Subfamily Astracturida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Margin of the disk with two to five or more (commonly three or four) hollow
+        radial chambered arms (with or without a connecting patagium). (Medullary shell commonly
+        simple.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="8" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace11sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Two arms, opposite in one axis.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Without patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">204. <i>Diplactura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">With patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">205. <i>Amphiactura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Three radial arms (at equal distances).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Without patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">206. <i>Trigonactura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">With patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">207. <i>Hymenactura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Four arms (in two crossed diameters).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Without patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">208. <i>Astractura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">With patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">209. <i>Stauractura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Five radial arms (at variable distances).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Without patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">210. <i>Pentactura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">With patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">211. <i>Echinactura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Coccodiscida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Coccodiscida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Lithocyclida. Margin of the disk simple, circular, without radial
+      appendages.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Neither radial spines nor chambered arms on the circular
+      margin.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">196. <i>Lithocyclia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell double,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">197. <i>Coccodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Stylocyclida. Margin of the disk armed with solid radial
+      spines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two opposite spines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">198. <i>Stylocyclia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell double,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">199. <i>Amphicyclia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three radial spines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">200. <i>Trigonocyclia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four crossed spines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">201. <i>Staurocyclia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Five to ten or more radial spines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">202. <i>Astrocyclia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell double,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">203. <i>Coccocyclia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">III. Subfamily Astracturida. Margin of the disk with two to five or more
+      (commonly three or four) hollow radial chambered arms (with or without a connecting patagium).
+      (Medullary shell commonly simple.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two arms, opposite in one axis.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">204. <i>Diplactura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">205. <i>Amphiactura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three radial arms (at equal distances).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">206. <i>Trigonactura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">207. <i>Hymenactura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four arms (in two crossed diameters).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">208. <i>Astractura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">209. <i>Stauractura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Five radial arms (at variable distances).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">210. <i>Pentactura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">211. <i>Echinactura</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page459">{459}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Lithocyclida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 458.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with simple circular
+  disk, without any radial appendages of the margin (either solid radial spines or chambered
+  arms).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 196. <i>Lithocyclia</i>,<a id="NtA_235" href="#Nt_235"><sup>[235]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with simple circular margin of
+  the disk, without radial appendages.  Medullary shell simple.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lithocyclia</i> is the most simple form of Coccodiscida, and
+  represents the common ancestral form of this family, from which all other genera of it can be
+  derived. The lenticular, biconvex disk is quite simple, composed of a variable number of
+  concentric, circular, chambered rings, which are pierced by radial beams, and which surround the
+  circular lenticular cortical shell or "phacoid shell." The latter contains a simple spherical
+  medullary shell in its centre, and is connected with it by radial beams. The margin of the disk is
+  circular, quite simple, without radial spines or chambered arms.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Lithocyclia cingulata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell (or lenticular porous cortical shell) three times as broad as the spherical
+  enclosed medullary shell, surrounded by one single chambered girdle or ring (with about forty
+  chambers of equal size, separated by radial beams). Margin of the disk circular, smooth. Pores of
+  the convex covering plates regular, circular; eight on the radius of the phacoid shell, two on the
+  breadth of the ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with one ring) 0.13, of the phacoid shell 0.1,
+  of the medullary shell 0.033.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Lithocyclia lenticula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate36"><b>36</b></a>, figs. 3,
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the enclosed medullary shell, surrounded by
+  three chambered girdles of equal size, which are divided by piercing radial beams each into about
+  fifty chambers. Margin of the disk thorny. Pores irregular, roundish; seven on the radius of the
+  phacoid shell, two on the breadth of each girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with three girdles) 0.2, of the phacoid shell
+  0.11, of the medullary shell 0.045.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page460">{460}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Lithocyclia ocellus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocyclia ocellus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 30;
+    Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, Taf. xxix. fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, surrounded by numerous (seven to
+  eleven) chambered rings, which are divided by piercing radial beams each into sixty to ninety
+  chambers. Margin of the disk smooth. Pores regular, circular; nine on the radius of the phacoid
+  shell, one single pore on each chamber.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with  eleven rings) 0.22, of the phacoid shell
+  0.1, of the medullary shell 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Lithocyclia monococcus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stephanopyxis dubiosa</i> (?), Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xiii.
+    figs. 1, 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell four times as broad as the medullary shell, surrounded by numerous (five to
+  eight) chambered rings, which are divided by piercing radial beams each into fifty to seventy
+  chambers. Margin of the disk thickened, thorny. Pores regular, circular; seven on the radius of
+  the phacoid shell, one single pore on each chamber.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.18, of the phacoid shell
+  0.12, of the medullary shell 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms; also
+  fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Lithocyclia heteropora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell two and a third times as broad as the medullary shell, surrounded by five to nine
+  chambered rings, which are divided by piercing radial beams each into fifty to seventy chambers.
+  Margin of the disk smooth. Pores very different in the inner and outer part of the surface; in the
+  phacoid shell larger, regular, circular, eight on its radius, in the chambered periphery very
+  small and irregular, somewhat spongy.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with nine rings) 0.2, of the phacoid shell 0.13,
+  of the medullary shell 0.055.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 197. <i>Coccodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_236" href="#Nt_236"><sup>[236]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 485.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with simple circular margin of
+  the disk, without radial appendages. Medullary shell double.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Coccodiscus</i> has quite the same form and structure as the preceding
+  <i>Lithocyclia</i>, and differs from it only in the double medullary shell, composed of two
+  concentric latticed spheres; sometimes the inner medullary shell is spherical, the outer <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page461">{461}</span>lenticular; the latter is connected with the lenticular
+  phacoid shell (or cortical shell) by radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Coccodiscus lamarckii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate36"><b>36</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell (or lenticular porous cortical shell) very thick walled (as thick as one ring),
+  three times as broad as the outer and seven times as broad as the inner medullary shell,
+  surrounded by two to three chambered rings of equal breadth, each of which is divided by piercing
+  radial beams into thirty-six to forty square chambers. Margin of the disk circular, smooth. Pores
+  regular, circular, of equal size; ten on the radius of the phacoid shell, two on the breadth of
+  each chamber.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with two rings) 0.2, of the phacoid shell 0.14,
+  outer medullary shell 0.05, inner 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 220, depth 1100
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Coccodiscus darwinii</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Coccodiscus darwinii</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 486, Taf.
+    xxviii. figs. 11, 12.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the outer and nine times as broad as the inner medullary
+  shell, surrounded by five to eight chambered rings of equal breadth, each of which is divided by
+  forty piercing radial beams into forty square chambers of equal size. Margin of the disk smooth,
+  circular. Pores irregular, roundish, of unequal size; eleven on the radius of the phacoid shell,
+  one to two on each chamber.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.32, of the phacoid shell
+  0.11, outer medullary shell 0.036, inner 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Messina, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Coccodiscus <span class="correction" title="Preceding 'H.' deleted by Errata.">goethei</span></i>,
+  n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate36"><b>36</b></a>,
+  fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the outer and five times as broad as the inner
+  medullary shell, surrounded by three to seven chambered rings of equal breadth, each of which is
+  divided by piercing radial beams into sixty to eighty chambers. Margin of the disk thorny. Pores
+  regular, circular; eight on the radius of the phacoid shell, a single one on the breadth of each
+  chamber.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with seven rings) 0.25, of the phacoid shell
+  0.1, of the medullary shell 0.04, inner 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Stylocyclida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 458.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with solid radial
+  spines on the margin of the circular disk, situated in its equatorial plane (without chambered
+  arms).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page462">{462}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 198. <i>Stylocyclia</i>,<a id="NtA_237" href="#Nt_237"><sup>[237]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with two opposite solid radial
+  spines on the margin of the circular disk. Medullary shell simple.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stylocyclia</i> opens the series of the Stylocyclida or of those
+  Coccodiscida in which the margin of the chambered disk is armed with solid radial spines, situated
+  in its equatorial plane, but without chambered arms. <i>Stylocyclia</i> is the most simple form of
+  this subfamily, and bears only two marginal spines, opposite in one equatorial axis of the disk.
+  The medullary shell is simple. This genus corresponds to <i>Xiphodictya</i> in the family
+  Porodiscida. The genus was previously known only by one single species described by Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stylocyclia dimidiata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylocyclia dimidiata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xxix. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, surrounded by five to eight
+  chambered rings of equal breadth, divided by eighty to ninety piercing radial beams into square
+  chambers. Pores subregular, circular; six to seven on the radius of the phacoid shell, a single
+  one on each chamber. Both opposite marginal spines strong, club-shaped, their thickness decreasing
+  from the margin towards the centre of the disk.  (The figure of Ehrenberg is very incomplete.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.25, of the phacoid shell
+  0.11, of the medullary shell 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados; living in the
+  depths of the Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth (2450) fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stylocyclia prionacantha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate37"><b>37</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell, surrounded by five to six
+  chambered rings, which are divided by fifty to sixty piercing radial beams into square chambers.
+  Pores in the thick-walled phacoid shell regularly circular, increasing in size from the centre;
+  eight to nine on its radius. Pores on the surface of the chambered girdle smaller, very irregular,
+  two to three on each ring. Both marginal spines longer than the diameter of the disk, with broad
+  serrated edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with five rings) 0.23, of the phacoid shell
+  0.12, of the medullary 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page463">{463}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Stylocyclia excavata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate37"><b>37</b></a>,
+  fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell four times as broad as the medullary shell, surrounded by four chambered rings,
+  which are divided by twenty to thirty radial beams into broad chambers. The height of the rings
+  increases strongly from the centre, so that the fourth ring is two and a half times as high as the
+  first. Pores irregular, roundish; five to six on the radius of the phacoid shell, one to two on
+  the breadth of each ring. Margin of the disk smooth. Both marginal spines thin and long,
+  cylindrical, arising from the medullary shell, longer than the diameter of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with four rings) 0.25, of the phacoid shell 0.1,
+  of the medullary shell 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados. <span class="correction"
+  title="Added by Addenda.">Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe.</span></p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Stylocyclia amphacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell, surrounded by five chambered rings,
+  divided by piercing beams each into forty to fifty chambers. Pores regular, circular; eight to
+  nine on the radius of the phacoid shell, one on each chamber. Margin of the disk thorny. Both
+  marginal spines strong, conical, as long as its radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with five rings) 0.24, of the phacoid shell 0.1,
+  of the medullary shell 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 199. <i>Amphicyclia</i>,<a id="NtA_238" href="#Nt_238"><sup>[238]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 458.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with two opposite solid radial
+  spines on the margin of the circular disk. Medullary shell double.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Amphicyclia</i> has the same form and structure as <i>Stylocyclia</i>,
+  and differs from it only in the double concentric medullary shell. It bears therefore to the
+  latter the same relation that <i>Coccodiscus</i> does to <i>Lithocyclia</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Amphicyclia chronometra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the outer and nine times as broad as the inner medullary
+  shell, surrounded by two broad chambered rings, which are divided into irregular chambers by fifty
+  to sixty radial beams of different distance. Margin of the disk thorny, lacerated. Pores
+  irregular, roundish; twelve to sixteen on the radius of the phacoid shell, two to three on the
+  breadth of each ring. The two opposite marginal spines strong, prismatic, with prominent edges,
+  about as long as the diameter of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with two rings) 0.24, of the phacoid shell 0.15,
+  outer medullary shell 0.05, inner 0.017.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 265 to 268, depths 2700 to
+  2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page464">{464}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Amphicyclia amphistyla</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate37"><b>37</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylocyclia amphistyla</i>, Haeckel, 1879, MS. et Atlas (pl. xxxvii. fig.
+    7).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell thin walled, two and a half times as broad as the outer and seven times as broad
+  as the inner medullary shell, divided by eighty to ninety radial beams into irregular chambers,
+  which are stratified in four to five floors.  Pores regular, circular; eight to nine on the radius
+  of the phacoid shell, two on the breadth of each chamber.  Both marginal spines cylindrical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with seven rings) 0.27, of the phacoid shell
+  0.1, outer medullary shell 0.04, inner 0.014.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Canary Islands, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Amphicyclia pachydiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell very thick, spongy, twice as broad as the outer and five times as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell, divided by fifty to seventy radial beams into subregular chambers, which
+  are stratified in five to six floors.  Pores irregular, roundish; ten to twelve on the radius of
+  the phacoid shell, two to three on the breadth of each chamber. The two opposite marginal spines
+  quadrangular prismatic, very long, as broad as the radius of the inner medullary shell. Fig. 2
+  exhibits a vertical section (slide) through the centre.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with five rings) 0.22, of the phacoid shell 0.1,
+  outer medullary shell 0.05, inner 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms; fossil in
+  Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 200. <i>Trigonocyclia</i>,<a id="NtA_239" href="#Nt_239"><sup>[239]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 458.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with three solid radial spines
+  on the margin of the circular disk.  Medullary shell simple.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Trigonocyclia</i> (only known by one single species, once observed)
+  bears on the margin of the chambered disk three solid radial spines, at equal distances one from
+  another.  It corresponds to the genus <i>Tripodictya</i> amongst the Porodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Trigonocyclia triangularis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate37"><b>37</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, connected with it by six equidistant
+  radial beams, three of which are prolonged into marginal spines. In the equatorial plane only one
+  single chambered ring, divided by forty-four radial beams into narrow chambers.  Pores large,
+  irregular, roundish; five on the radius of the phacoid shell, two on each chamber.  Surface and
+  margin of the disk spiny. Three strong conical marginal spines, divergent at equal angles, as long
+  as the radius of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16, of the phacoid shell 0.12, of the medullary
+  shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, depth 2200 fathoms, Pullen.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page465">{465}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 201. <i>Staurocyclia</i>,<a id="NtA_240" href="#Nt_240"><sup>[240]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 458.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with four solid radial spines on
+  the margin of the disk, crossed in two equatorial diameters perpendicular one to another.
+  Medullary shell simple.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Staurocyclia</i> is characterised by four radial spines on the margin
+  of the disk, which are opposite in pairs and situated in two equatorial diameters, commonly
+  perpendicular one to another. They form therefore a rectangular cross (rarely more or less
+  irregular). The genus corresponds exactly to <i>Staurodictya</i> in the family Porodiscida. The
+  medullary shell is simple.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Staurocyclia cruciata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate37"><b>37</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell, surrounded by six to eight
+  regular rings, which are divided by fifty to seventy piercing beams into square chambers. Pores
+  regular, circular; six on the radius of the phacoid shell, one single pore on each chamber. Four
+  crossed radial spines, arising from the medullary shell by thin bases, prolonged over the dentated
+  margin as four strong quadrangular swords, as long as the radius of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.23, of the phacoid shell
+  0.09, of the medullary shell 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Staurocyclia serrata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Haliomma</i> sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xxii. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell, surrounded by three to four spongy rings,
+  which are divided by thirty to forty radial beams into irregular chambers. Pores in the phacoid
+  shell regular, circular, five on its radius; in the chambered spongy girdle much smaller and
+  irregular. Margin dentated, with four crossed, very large, quadrangular spines, as long as the
+  radius of the disk, with wing-shaped, serrated edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with four rings) 0.2, of the phacoid shell 0.1,
+  of the medullary shell 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Staurocyclia phacostaurus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate37"><b>37</b></a>, figs. 2,
+  3).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Phacostaurus pyramidalis</i>, Haeckel, 1879, MS. (as a separate genus).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell two and a quarter times as broad as the medullary shell, connected with it by
+  twelve radial beams (four equatorial and eight divergent) and surrounded by one single ring, which
+  is divided by forty radial beams into regular chambers. Pores regular, honeycomb-like in the <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page466">{466}</span>phacoid shell, seven on its radius; smaller on the
+  equatorial ring, three on its breadth. Four marginal spines pyramidal four-sided, as long and as
+  broad at the base as the ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with one ring) 0.14, of the phacoid shell 0.11,
+  of the medullary shell 0.048.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Staurocyclia magniducis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate37"><b>37</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Coccostaurus magniducis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, MS. et Atlas (pl. xxxvii. fig.
+    4).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell, connected with it by numerous radial beams
+  and surrounded by eight chambered rings, which are divided by one hundred to one hundred and
+  twenty piercing radial beams into small chambers. Pores subregular, circular; ten on the radius of
+  the phacoid shell, two on the breadth of each chamber. Margin of the disk armed with numerous
+  bristle-shaped radial spines, as long as the breadth of the chambered girdle. Four very large
+  crossed spines, nearly as long as the diameter of the disk, quadrangular, with four dentated
+  edges; at the club-shaped distal end thorny, as broad as the medullary shell and three times as
+  broad as at the narrow base.  I name this splendid species in the honour of H.R.H. the Grand Duke
+  of Saxe-Weimar, Carl Alexander, the magnanimous protector of arts and sciences, the rector
+  magnificentissimus of the University of Jena.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.27, of the phacoid shell
+  0.11, of the medullary shell 0.05; length of the four crossed club-spines 0.2, basal breadth 0.02,
+  distal breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, Belligemma, surface (Haeckel).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 202. <i>Astrocyclia</i>,<a id="NtA_241" href="#Nt_241"><sup>[241]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 458.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with numerous (five or more,
+  commonly thirty to sixty) solid radial spines on the margin of the circular disk. Medullary shell
+  simple.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Astrocyclia</i> exhibits on the margin of the circular chambered disk
+  a large but variable number of solid radial spines, commonly between thirty and sixty. They are
+  the external prolongations of the inner piercing radial beams, which divide the concentric rings
+  of the disk into chambers. All the spines lie in the equatorial plane of the disk. The genus
+  corresponds to <i>Stylodictya</i> in the family Porodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Astrocyclia solaster</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate36"><b>36</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell, surrounded by four to six
+  regular rings of equal breadth, which are divided by thirty to forty piercing radial beams into
+  broad <span class="pagenum" id="page467">{467}</span>chambers. Pores regular, circular; seven on
+  the radius of the phacoid shell, one single pore on each chamber (the size increasing from the
+  centre). Margin with thirty to forty angular, broad, dentate spines, the prolongations of the
+  inner radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.22, of the phacoid shell 0.1,
+  of the medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Astrocyclia stella</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lithocyclia stella</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 78, Taf. xxix. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, surrounded by four to eight rings of
+  increasing breadth from the centre, the outer of which are more or less spongy. Each ring is
+  divided by forty to fifty piercing radial beams into chambers of increasing size. Pores regular,
+  circular; a single one on each chamber, ten on the radius of the phacoid shell. On the margin are
+  scattered ten to twenty thick and short spines, four-sided pyramidal, about as long and as broad
+  at the base as the diameter of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.25, of the phacoid shell
+  0.09, of the medullary shell 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Astrocyclia rotula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell four times as broad as the medullary shell, surrounded by one single ring, which
+  is divided by forty radial beams into equal chambers. Pores regular, circular; two on the breadth
+  of the ring, six on the radius of the phacoid shell. Margin with forty short, conical spines, the
+  prolongations of the inner radial beams, twice as long as the breadth of the ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.13, of the phacoid shell 0.1, of the medullary
+  shell 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Astrocyclia arachnia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell, surrounded by four to six rings of equal
+  breadth, which are divided by twelve to twenty radial beams into broad chambers. Pores regular,
+  circular; two on the breadth of each ring, eight on the radius of the phacoid shell. Margin with
+  twelve to twenty very long and thin, bristle-shaped, radial spines, the prolongations of the inner
+  beams, longer than the diameter of the disk. (Resembles <i>Stylodictya arachnia</i>, but differs
+  in the possession of a phacoid shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.22, of the phacoid shell 0.09,
+  of the medullary shell 0.045.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Canary Islands.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page468">{468}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Astrocyclia heterocycla</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate36"><b>36</b></a>, fig. 8).
+  Phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell, surrounded by three rings of
+  unequal breadth, the first ring as broad as the second and third together. They are divided by
+  fifty to sixty piercing radial beams into chambers, which are square in the second and third
+  rings, and half as large as in the first. The radial beams are alternately thicker and thinner,
+  prolonged into short marginal spines. Pores subregular, circular; eight on the radius of the
+  phacoid shell, two on the breadth of the first ring, a single one on each chamber of the second
+  and third rings.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with three rings) 0.2, of the phacoid shell
+  0.12, of the medullary shell 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth (2450) fathoms; also
+  fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 203. <i>Coccocyclia</i>,<a id="NtA_242" href="#Nt_242"><sup>[242]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 458.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with numerous (five or more)
+  solid radial spines on the margin of the circular disk. Medullary shell double.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Coccocyclia</i> has the same form and structure as the foregoing
+  <i>Astrocyclia</i>, and differs from it only in the double concentric medullary shell. It bears
+  therefore to the latter the same relation as <i>Coccodiscus</i> to <i>Lithocyclia</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Coccocyclia liriantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the outer and ten times as broad as the inner medullary
+  shell, connected with both by six equidistant piercing radial beams. The margin of the phacoid
+  shell is surrounded by one or two equatorial rings, each as broad as the outer medullary shell,
+  and divided by thirty to forty radial beams into narrow chambers. Pores subregular, circular,
+  about nine to ten on the radius of the phacoid shell, three to four on the breadth of each ring.
+  Margin of the disk ciliated, with six regularly disposed radial spines as prolongations of the
+  inner six piercing beams. Each spine cylindrical, delicately crenulated, about as broad as the
+  inner medullary shell, and once to twice as long as the diameter of the whole disk, elegantly
+  undulated, with a conical terminal point.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with two rings) 0.32, of the phacoid shell 0.2,
+  of the outer medullary shell 0.06, of the inner 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Coccocylia'.">Coccocyclia</span>
+  heliantha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate36"><b>36</b></a>,
+  figs. 5, 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the outer and six times as broad as the inner
+  medullary shell, surrounded by six to eight rings of nearly equal breadth, the outer somewhat
+  smaller. They are divided by fifty to sixty piercing radial beams into irregular chambers.  Pores
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page469">{469}</span>irregular, roundish; ten on the radius of the
+  phacoid shell, a single one on each chamber of the equatorial girdle. Margin of the disk with
+  numerous strong conical radial spines of different breadths, arranged in several circles, the
+  strongest in the equatorial plane, about as broad as one ring and twice as long. Surface
+  thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with seven rings) 0.3, of the phacoid shell
+  0.12, of the outer medullary shell 0.05, of the inner 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also
+  fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Astracturida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 458.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with two or more
+  (commonly three or four) chambered radial arms on the margin of the disk, situated in its
+  equatorial plane (with or without a connecting patagium between the arms).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 204. <i>Diplactura</i>,<a id="NtA_243" href="#Nt_243"><sup>[243]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 458.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with two opposite chambered arms
+  on the margin of the circular disk, without a connecting patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Diplactura</i> is the simplest form of the Astracturida, or of those
+  Coccodiscida in which the margin of the disk bears chambered arms, situated in its equatorial
+  plane. This subfamily corresponds to the Euchitonida among the Porodiscida, to the Spongobrachida
+  among the Spongodiscida. In <i>Diplactura</i> there are only two free arms, opposite in one
+  equatorial diameter (corresponding to <i>Amphibrachium</i> among the former, to <i><span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'Spongolene'.">Spongolena</span></i> among the
+  latter).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Diplacturium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Arms blunt at the distal end, without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Diplactura diplobrachia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell, with six pores on its radius, without a
+  perfect chambered ring around it. Arms club-shaped, one and a half times as long as the diameter
+  of the phacoid shell, at the distal end rounded, blunt, as broad as the latter, at the base only
+  half as broad.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.08, of the medullary shell 0.04;
+  length of the arms 0.12, basal breadth 0.04, distal breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page470">{470}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Diplactinium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Arms on the distal end armed with a radial terminal
+  spine.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Diplactura diploconus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Amphiactura diploconus</i>, Haeckel, 1877, MS. et Atlas (pl. xxxviii. fig.
+    5).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, with eight pores on its radius,
+  surrounded by a single chambered ring. Arms club-shaped, twice as long as the diameter of the
+  phacoid shell, at the distal end as broad as the latter, at the base only half as broad. Both
+  poles of the common axis of the arms are armed with a strong spindle-shaped terminal spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.09, of the medullary shell 0.03;
+  length of the arms (without terminal spines) 0.17, basal breadth 0.05, distal breadth 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 205. <i>Amphiactura</i>,<a id="NtA_244" href="#Nt_244"><sup>[244]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 458.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with two opposite chambered arms
+  on the margin of the circular disk, connected by a spongy patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Amphiactura</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Diplactura</i> in the
+  development of a patagium between the arms, and therefore bears the same relation to it as
+  <i>Amphymenium</i> in the Porodiscida does to <i>Amphibrachium</i>, or <i>Spongobrachium</i> in
+  the Spongodiscida does to <i>Spongolene</i>. In this and in the following <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> provided with a patagium, this connecting web constantly exhibits a
+  different texture of its framework, which is sometimes more regularly chambered, at other times
+  more irregularly spongy.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Amphiactura amphibrachia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>, figs. 3,
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, with eight pores on its radius. Arms
+  nearly equilateral triangular, twice as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell, at the
+  truncated distal end as broad as the latter, at the base only one-third as broad. Patagium a
+  circular lenticular disk, enveloping only the basal third of the arms, with three to four
+  concentric circular rings, divided into chambers by about forty radial beams, which are prolonged
+  beyond the margin of the patagium into radial spines. The vertical section (fig. 4) shows that the
+  chambers of each arm (eleven to twelve transverse rows in the radius) are disposed in two
+  layers.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.09, of the medullary shell 0.03;
+  length of the arms 0.18, basal breadth 0.03, distal breadth 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page471">{471}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 206. <i>Trigonactura</i>,<a id="NtA_245" href="#Nt_245"><sup>[245]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 459.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with three chambered arms on the
+  margin of the circular or triangular disk, without a connecting patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Trigonactura</i> exhibits three radial arms, which in all known
+  species are separated by three equal angles. The terminal points of the arm-axes are the corners
+  of an equilateral triangle. It corresponds therefore to <i>Dictyastrum</i> among the
+  Porodiscida.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Trigonacturium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Distal end of the arms blunt or truncated, without a
+  terminal spine.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Trigonactura pythagor�</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Astromma pythagor�</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 66, Taf. xxx. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell circular, twice as broad as the medullary shell, with five pores on its radius,
+  without a completely surrounding chambered girdle. Arms nearly square, at the truncated distal end
+  as broad as long, and scarcely broader than at the base, two-thirds as long as the diameter of the
+  central disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.1, of the medullary shell 0.05; length
+  of the arms 0.07, distal breadth 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, in various depths;
+  also fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados and Nicobar.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Trigonactura rhopalastrella</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stephanastrum</i> sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xv. fig.
+    7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell, with five pores on its radius, without a
+  perfect chambered ring around it. Arms club-shaped, at the blunt distal end rounded, as long as
+  the diameter of the phacoid shell; their basal breadth is one-fourth, their distal breadth
+  one-half of its length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.1, of the medullary shell 0.05; length
+  of the arms 0.1, basal breadth 0.025, distal breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, depths 2400 to
+  2800 fathoms; also fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page472">{472}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Trigonactura trigonobrachia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell, with six pores on its
+  radius, without a perfect chambered girdle. Arms nearly equilateral triangular, twice as long as
+  the diameter of the phacoid shell, at the truncated distal end as broad as its diameter and three
+  times as broad as at the narrow base. (Resembles <i>Hymenactura hexagona</i>, but without a
+  patagium.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.11, of the medullary shell 0.045;
+  length of the arms 0.2, basal breadth 0.035, distal breadth 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Trigonactura lanceolata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, with eight pores on its radius,
+  surrounded by one perfect chambered ring. Arms lanceolate, three times as long as the diameter of
+  the phacoid shell, and four times as long as broad in the middle part, at both ends very narrow,
+  blunt.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.09, of the medullary shell 0.03;
+  length of the arms 0.25, breadth in the midst 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Trigonactinium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Distal end of the arms armed with a radial spine.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Trigonactura triacantha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>, figs. 6,
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell, with eight pores on its
+  radius, surrounded by one perfect chambered ring. Arms nearly lanceolate, in the middle part one
+  and a half times as broad as at both ends, twice as long as the phacoid shell, at the distal end
+  with a strong pyramidal terminal spine. Through the spongy framework of each arm shine sixteen to
+  eighteen transverse bars (as septa of the joints) and six to eight longitudinal piercing
+  beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.09, of the medullary shell 0.038;
+  length of the arms 0.2, greatest breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Trigonactura trigonodiscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Astromma</i> sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, Taf. xv. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell triangular, twice as broad as the spherical medullary shell, with six to seven
+  pores on its radius, surrounded by one chambered ring. Arms equilateral triangular, as long as
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page473">{473}</span>the diameter of the central disk and at the base
+  half as broad, slowly decreasing in breadth towards the distal end, which is armed with a strong
+  pyramidal spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.1, of the medullary shell 0.05; length
+  of the arms 0.12, basal breadth 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also
+  fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Trigonactura trixiphos</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell circular, twice as broad as the medullary shell, without a completely surrounding
+  chambered ring, with four pores on its radius. Arms club-shaped, about as long as the diameter of
+  the central disk, at the base half as broad as long, at the rounded distal end broader, and armed
+  with a strong pyramidal terminal spine, nearly as long as the arm itself.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.08, of the medullary shell 0.04;
+  length of the arms (without terminal spine) 0.08, basal breadth 0.04, distal breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 207. <i>Hymenactura</i>,<a id="NtA_246" href="#Nt_246"><sup>[246]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 459.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with three chambered arms on the
+  margin of the circular or triangular disk, connected by a spongy patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Hymenactura</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Trigonactura</i> in the
+  spongy patagium between the arms, and bears therefore to it the same relation that among the
+  Porodiscida <i>Hymeniastrum</i> does to the simpler <i>Dictyastrum</i>. The oldest known species
+  of this genus is <i>Hymenactura pythagor�</i>, described by Ehrenberg as <i>Hymeniastrum
+  pythagor�</i>, but differing from this in the structure of the central disk.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Hymenacturium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Distal end of the arms blunt or truncated, without
+  terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hymenactura archimedis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, with eight pores on its radius. Arms
+  nearly trapezoidal, somewhat longer than the diameter of the central disk, at the truncated distal
+  end nearly as broad, at the base only half as broad. In each arm eleven to twelve transverse rows
+  of square chambers, each of which exhibits on the surface one large pore. Patagium enveloping the
+  basal half of the arms, with four to five convex rows of chambers, forming together a circular
+  concentric disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.11, of the medullary shell 0.035;
+  length of the arms 0.12, basal breadth 0.05, distal breadth 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page474">{474}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hymenactura pythagor�</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Hymeniastrum pythagor�</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 31;
+    Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 76, Taf. xxx. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, with six pores on its radius. Arms
+  nearly trapezoidal, somewhat longer than the diameter of the central disk, at the truncated distal
+  end nearly as broad, at the base two-thirds as broad. In each arm eight to nine transverse rows of
+  square chambers, each chamber with one pore on the surface. Patagium enveloping the basal half of
+  the arms, with four to five rectilinear parallel rows of chambers, forming together a regular
+  triangle. Differs from the preceding species mainly in the quite different structure of the
+  patagium, from the true <i>Hymeniastrum pythagor�</i> in the phacoid shell of the central disk,
+  which encloses only one simple medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.11, of the medullary shell 0.04;
+  length of the arms 0.13, basal breadth 0.07, distal breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hymenactura trigona</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Astromma</i> sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xv. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell, with four to five pores on its radius.
+  Arms slender, lanceolate, three times as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell and five times
+  as long as broad in the middle part; distal ends blunt. Patagium enveloping only the basal half of
+  the arms, forming a regular triangle with concave sides.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.08, of the medullary shell 0.035;
+  length of the arms 0.2, greatest breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms; fossil in
+  the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Hymenactura hexagona</i>.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Hymeniastrum</i> sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xv. fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell, with four to five pores on its radius.
+  Arms nearly equilateral triangular, three times as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell, at
+  the truncated distal end nearly three-fourths as broad as long, at the narrow base only one-fourth
+  as broad. Patagium complete, enveloping the arms completely, so that the whole body represents a
+  regular hexagonal disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.08, of the medullary shell 0.04;
+  length of the arms 0.18, basal breadth 0.04, distal breadth 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados and Nicobar.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page475">{475}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Hymenactinium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Distal ends of the arms armed with terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Hymenactura ptolem�i</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Astromma</i> sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xv. figs. 5, 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell, with six to seven pores on its radius.
+  Arms nearly square, about as large as the phacoid shell, at the truncated distal end little
+  broader than at the base, and armed with a strong pyramidal terminal spine. Patagium incomplete,
+  enveloping the basal half of the arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.1, of the medullary shell 0.05; length
+  and greatest breadth of the arms 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms;
+  fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Hymenactura copernici</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate38"><b>38</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, with six pores on its radius. Arms
+  lanceolate, nearly twice as long as the phacoid shell, in the middle part twice as broad as the
+  medullary shell, with a strong conical terminal spine at the distal end. In each arm about ten
+  transverse rows of chambers. Patagium enveloping the basal half of the arms, with four convex
+  parallel rows of chambers.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.1, of the medullary shell 0.035;
+  length of the arms 0.17, greatest breadth 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 208. <i>Astractura</i>,<a id="NtA_247" href="#Nt_247"><sup>[247]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 459.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with four chambered arms on the
+  margin of the circular or quadrangular disk, crossed in two equatorial diameters, without a
+  connecting patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Astractura</i> has the form of a regular cross, four radial arms being
+  opposite in two equatorial diameters perpendicular one to another. In the Porodiscida the same
+  form is repeated by <i>Stauralastrum</i>, in the Spongodiscida by <i>Spongasteriscus</i>. The
+  oldest known species of the genus is <i>Astromma aristotelis</i> of Ehrenberg, in which genus this
+  author confounded triradial and four-radial forms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page476">{476}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Astracturium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Distal end of the arms blunt or truncated, without
+  terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Astractura ordinata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Astromma</i> sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xiv. fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, with six pores on its radius,
+  without a completely developed chambered ring. Arms trapezoidal, somewhat longer than the radius
+  of the disk, at the truncated distal end as broad as long, at the base one-third smaller.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.08, of the medullary shell 0.03;
+  length of the arms 0.05, distal breadth 0.05, basal breadth 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms; also
+  fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Astractura clavigera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Astromma aristotelis</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. iv. fig.
+    2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell, with ten pores on its radius, surrounded
+  by one perfect chambered ring. Arms club-shaped, about as long as the radius of the central disk,
+  at the rounded distal end two-thirds, at the base one-third as broad as long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.1, of the medullary shell 0.05; length
+  of the arms 0.06, basal breadth 0.02, distal breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, depths 2350 to
+  2925 fathoms; fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Astractinium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Distal end of the arms furnished with a radial spine.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Astractura aristotelis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Astromma aristotelis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1856, Microgeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 32; Abhandl. d. k.
+    Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, p. 66, Taf. xxx. fig. 4.</p>
+    <p><i>Astromma aristotelis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 489.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Astromma aristotelis</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xiv. fig.
+    4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, with six to eight pores on its
+  radius, surrounded by one perfect chambered ring. Arms nearly trapezoidal, about as long as the
+  diameter of the central disk, at the base half as broad, at the truncated distal end nearly as
+  broad as long, and armed with a large pyramidal terminal spine. Each arm with about eight
+  transverse and longitudinal rows of chambers.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page477">{477}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.11, of the medullary shell 0.04;
+  length of the arms 0.1, basal breadth 0.05, distal breadth 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, at various depths;
+  fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados and Nicobar.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Astractura democriti</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Astromma aristotelis</i>, var., Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+    66, Taf, xxx. fig. 3.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Astromma aristotelis</i>, var., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl.
+    xiv. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell, with five to seven pores on its radius,
+  without perfect chambered ring. Arms about twice as long as broad, longer than the diameter of the
+  central disk, at the truncated distal end a little broader than at the base, and armed with a
+  strong, pyramidal, terminal spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.1, of the medullary shell 0.05; length
+  of the arms 0.15, basal breadth 0.04, distal breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms;
+  fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Astractura hippocratis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, with seven pores on its radius,
+  surrounded by two to three perfect chambered rings. Arms nearly square, scarcely as long and
+  nearly as broad as the diameter of the central disk, at the rounded distal end armed with a very
+  strong, pyramidal, terminal spine, longer than the arm itself, and at the base as broad as the
+  medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.09, of the medullary shell 0.03;
+  length of the arms 0.08, breadth 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 209. <i>Stauractura</i>,<a id="NtA_248" href="#Nt_248"><sup>[248]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 459.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with four chambered arms on the
+  margin of the circular or quadrangular disk, crossed in two equatorial diameters, connected by a
+  spongy patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stauractura</i> differs from the foregoing in the patagium between the
+  arms, and bears therefore the same relation to it as <i>Histiastrum</i> in the Porodiscida does to
+  <i>Stauralastrum</i>. All known species of this genus form a regular square, if we connect the end
+  points of the arm axes by lines.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stauracturium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Distal end of the arms blunt or truncated, without
+  terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page478">{478}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stauractura octogona</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell, with eight pores in its radius. Arms
+  nearly square, little larger than the phacoid shell, with broad truncated distal ends. The corners
+  of the latter are so connected by the complete patagium, that the whole shell forms a regular
+  octagon.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.1, of the medullary shell 0.05; length
+  of the arms 0.12, distal breadth 0.11.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stauractura tetragona</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, with eleven pores on its radius.
+  Arms club-shaped, nearly as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell, and one and a half times as
+  long as broad at the distal part; at the distal end rounded, blunt, without terminal spine. The
+  terminal points of the arms are so connected by a thin, complete patagium, that the whole shell
+  becomes a regular square.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.13, of the medullary shell 0.045;
+  length of the arms 0.12, greatest breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stauractinium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Distal end of the arms furnished with a radial spine.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Stauractura medusina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell, with nine pores on its
+  radius. Arms club-shaped, one and a half times as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell, and
+  in the outer third nearly as broad as the latter, at the base scarcely one-third as broad; their
+  truncated distal end armed with a strong pyramidal terminal spine. Patagium incomplete, enveloping
+  only the basal half of the arms, with three rectilinear parallel rows of chambers, forming a
+  square.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.1, of the medullary shell 0.04; length
+  of the arms 0.14, greatest breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Stauractura quadrata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell, with seven pores on the radius. Arms
+  nearly square, about as large as the phacoid shell, with a strong pyramidal terminal spine at the
+  distal end. Patagium complete, between every two arms triangular, with rectilinear parallel <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page479">{479}</span>rows of chambers; it connects the end points of the arm
+  radius in such a manner that the whole shell becomes a regular square.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.09, of the medullary shell 0.045;
+  length of the arms 0.1, greatest breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 210. <i>Pentactura</i>,<a id="NtA_249" href="#Nt_249"><sup>[249]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 459.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with five chambered arms on the
+  margin of the circular or pentagonal disk, without a connecting patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pentactura</i> possesses five free radial arms, and resembles
+  <i>Pentalastrum</i> among the Porodiscida. The distance of the five arms seems to be sometimes
+  equal, at other times different in one and the same species.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pentactura pentactis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Astromma pentactis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 66, Taf. xxx. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell two and a half times as broad as the medullary shell, with eight pores on its
+  radius. Arms regularly or irregularly disposed, nearly square, about half as large as the phacoid
+  shell, at the truncated distal end little broader than at the base. In the specimen figured, and
+  very imperfectly described by Ehrenberg, (<i>loc. cit.</i>), the arms were asymmetrically
+  disposed, two opposite in one axis of the disk, two others on one side of this axis, the fifth
+  opposite to these on the other side. Another specimen which I found in the Barbados rocks had five
+  arms of equal size, regularly disposed, at equal intervals.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.1, of the medullary shell 0.04; length
+  and breadth of the arms 0.05 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pentactura astropecten</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, with ten pores on its radius. Arms
+  regularly disposed, club-shaped, nearly twice as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell, and
+  equal to it in breadth at the rounded distal end. The latter is armed with a short conical spine,
+  and is twice as broad as the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.09, of the medullary shell 0.03;
+  length of the arms 0.17, basal breadth 0.05, distal breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page480">{480}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 211. <i>Echinactura</i>,<a id="NtA_250" href="#Nt_250"><sup>[250]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Coccodiscida</span> with five chambered arms on the
+  margin of the circular or pentagonal disk, connected by a spongy patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Echinactura</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Pentactura</i> in the
+  patagium between the arms, and bears therefore the same relation to it as <i>Pentinastrum</i> in
+  the Porodiscida does to <i>Pentalastrum</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Echinactura culcita</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell pentagonal, three times as broad as the medullary shell, with nine pores on its
+  radius. Arms egg-shaped, about as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell, and in the distal
+  part half as broad. The blunt ends of the arms are so connected by the complete patagium that the
+  whole shell becomes a regular pentagonal disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.1, of the medullary shell 0.035;
+  length of the arms 0.11, basal breadth 0.04, distal breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Echinactura asteriscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell twice as broad as the medullary shell, with seven pores on its radius. Arms
+  lanceolate, twice as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell, in the middle part nearly as broad
+  as the latter, at the distal end with a strong conical terminal spine. Patagium incomplete,
+  enveloping only the basal half of the arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.09, of the medullary shell 0.045;
+  length of the arms 0.2, greatest breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Echinactura goniaster</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Phacoid shell three times as broad as the medullary shell, with nine pores on its radius. Arms
+  club-shaped, one and a half times as long as the diameter of the phacoid shell, in the distal part
+  nearly as broad as the latter, in the basal part one-third as broad; at the end a strong pyramidal
+  spine. Patagium nearly complete, with concave dentated margin between each pair of arms, therefore
+  the pentagonal disk of the whole shell with concave sides.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the phacoid shell 0.12, of the medullary shell 0.04;
+  length of the arms (without terminal spine) 0.18, basal breadth 0.04, distal breadth 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page481">{481}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Family XXI.  <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Porodiscida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc29">
+    <p><i>Porodiscida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 459.</p>
+    <p><i>Trematodiscida</i> et <i>Discospirida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol.,</p>
+    <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pp. 485, 491, 513.</p>
+    <p><i>Calodictya</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.</p>
+    <p style="margin-left:1.40em">Berlin, p. 53 (<i>partim</i>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> without phacoid shell, with flat
+  discoidal shell, in which a simple spherical central chamber is surrounded by concentric chambered
+  rings (each ring divided by radial beams into imperfect chambers).  Surface of the disk on the two
+  flat sides covered by a porous sieve-plate.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> is by far the largest and richest in different
+  and common forms among all <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>; already in my Monograph (1862) nine
+  genera and twenty-eight species have been enumerated.  Their number is here increased to more than
+  thirty genera and two hundred species. Many of these species appertain to the most common and
+  widely distributed <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, both living and fossil. But the study of
+  their structure is not easy, and requires (as in the foregoing Coccodiscida) not only careful
+  examination of the facial views of the disk, but also of the marginal view and of slides and
+  sections through different planes.</p>
+
+  <p>In my Monograph (1862, pp. 485, 491, 513) I had constituted for these <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> two different families, the Trematodiscida and Discospirida; but the
+  comparative study of a far greater number of different types in the Challenger collection has
+  since convinced me that those two families are but little different, and united by transitional
+  forms within one and the same genus, so that they must be united as Porodiscida. Of the group,
+  which Ehrenberg formerly had called "Calodictya," many genera appertain to the Porodiscida, whilst
+  many others are true Spongodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p>The Porodiscida represent the first and the most important family of the <span
+  class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span>, or of those <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> which are devoid
+  of the peculiar extracapsular lenticular "phacoid shell," characteristic of the three preceding
+  families (united therefore as <span class="gsp">Phacodiscaria</span>).  Probably all <span
+  class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span> can be derived from <i>Archidiscus</i>, from a morphological as
+  well as a phylogenetic point of view. <i>Archidiscus</i> seems to be the common ancestral form not
+  only of the Porodiscida, but also of the nearly allied Pylodiscida and Spongodiscida. This
+  important <i>Archidiscus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  figs. 9-11) is a small lenticular circular disk, in which a simple latticed spherical central
+  chamber is surrounded by one single concentric ring, connected with it by a variable number of
+  radial beams in the equatorial plane. From this typical <i>Archidiscus</i>, as from their
+  "architype," all other <span class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span> may be derived; the Porodiscida by
+  regular apposition of new concentric chambered rings on the margin, the Spongodiscida by irregular
+  apposition of a spongy framework, the Pylodiscida by a peculiar interrupted, concentric, triradial
+  growth, three radial arm-chambers alternating with three open gates or holes, so that already the
+  first chambered ring is not complete.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page482">{482}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Archidiscus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  figs. 9-11) is not only the common phylogenetic ancestral form of all <span
+  class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span>, but also the common ontogenetic original form of all
+  Porodiscida, or at least of the greater part of them. The numerous species of <i>Archidiscus</i>,
+  which are distinguished in the sequel, are at the same time the embryonic forms of different
+  Porodiscida, corresponding to the "biogenetic main law of development." The small shell of
+  <i>Archidiscus</i> is sometimes completely lenticular, circular, at other times more or less
+  polygonal; commonly on the biconvex centre much thicker than on the margin, but sometimes also of
+  nearly equal thickness (like a medal or a short cylinder). The latticed central chamber of it is
+  probably in the majority of species spherical, but in some more or less compressed, lenticular;
+  the number of small pores on its surface is probably commonly between ten and twenty (four to
+  eight usually being visible on each hemisphere). The number of radial beams, which connect it with
+  the equatorial ring, varies commonly from four to eight; but sometimes only two or three are to be
+  found, in other cases nine to ten or more. The regular disposition of these beams (in certain
+  equatorial axes of the disk) is probably of great importance, as determining the later development
+  of characteristic radial appendages of the margin in the more highly developed Porodiscida. The
+  equatorial ring itself, forming the margin of the lenticular disk, is either a simple solid ring
+  or a broader latticed girdle; in the latter case it merges slowly into the opposite sieve-plates
+  of the two flat disk sides, or the porous "cover-plates," covering its parallel or convex
+  surfaces. These latter can be regarded as direct peripheral continuations of the polar regions of
+  the spherical central chamber. The ring-chambers, surrounding the latter in a single circle, are
+  commonly of nearly the same breadth, but often also of different irregular size. Their number
+  varies between two and ten or more, but commonly between four and eight; each ring-chamber is
+  covered on the upper and lower side by the sieve-plate, bounded on the inner (proximal) side by
+  the wall of the central chamber, on the outer (distal) side by the marginal ring, on both lateral
+  sides by the contiguous neighbouring ring-chambers.</p>
+
+  <p>The important question as to the phylogenetic origin of <i>Archidiscus</i> can be answered in a
+  twofold way. The most simple form of <i>Archidiscus</i> (<i>Archidiscus dioniscus</i>) can be
+  derived immediately from the Stylosph�rida, <i>Saturnalis</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>, fig. 16),
+  only by the development of lattice-work between the equatorial ring and the two polar faces of the
+  concentric central chamber (on the surface of the biconvex jelly-mantle). But on the other hand
+  <i>Archidiscus</i> may also be derived from the simplest Phacodiscida, <i>Sethodiscus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate33"><b>33</b></a>, figs. 1-3),
+  by the stronger compression of the biconvex lenticular shell, so that the enclosed medullary shell
+  on the two poles runs together with the lenticular phacoid shell, of which only the peripheral
+  part remains free, and thus forms the chambered ring; this latter explanation seems the more
+  natural in many cases, as often in the Porodiscida the central chamber is enclosed in one or two
+  concentric spherical or lenticular lattice-shells.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page483">{483}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The second subfamily of the Porodiscida are the Trematodiscida, which are derived from the
+  preceding Archidiscida by concentric growth in the equatorial plane.  In the same way in which the
+  simple chambered ring of <i>Archidiscus</i> is connected by radial beams with the central chamber,
+  so in <i>Porodiscus</i> a variable number of concentric rings is connected with that first ring.
+  The number of these concentric rings varies between two and ten or more, but commonly amounts to
+  between three and five.  The radial beams connecting them are either piercing or interrupted;
+  their number increases gradually from the centre towards the periphery. The chambers between them
+  are sometimes more regular, at other times more irregular in size and form.  Their upper and lower
+  wall is formed by the two covering "sieve-plates," or the porous cover-plates, which are continued
+  from the central disk to the margin.  If these two sieve-plates continue being parallel, the disk
+  becomes medal-shaped or a short cylinder; if the two plates become more or less concavely vaulted
+  one against the other, the disk becomes biconvex lenticular, the middle part thicker than the
+  marginal part.  Rarely the contrary is the case, the margin thicker than the centre, and then the
+  disk biconcave.</p>
+
+  <p>In my Monograph I had separated as two different subfamilies the true Trematodiscida (with
+  circular concentric rings) from the Discospirida (with spirally convoluted rings). But the
+  enormous mass of specimens, which I afterwards examined in the Challenger collection, has
+  convinced me that this separation was not natural.  For in one and the same genus of most nearly
+  allied forms we find on one hand quite regular concentric circular forms (<i>Trematodiscus</i>),
+  on the other hand spirally convoluted forms (<i>Discospira</i>), and connecting between them such
+  forms as are in the central part concentric, in the marginal part spiral
+  (<i>Perispira</i>)&mdash;or conversely, these in the centre spiral, on the margin concentric
+  (<i>Centrospira</i>)&mdash;and frequently also more or less irregular forms with interrupted rings
+  (<i>Atactodiscus</i>); therefore, all those genera (Prodromus, 1881, Nos. 448-452) have only the
+  value of subgenera of <i>Porodiscus</i>. But a distinct genus is <i>Perichlamydium</i>, in which
+  the two sieve-plates run on the margin of the lens and form a broad hyaline porous or solid
+  girdle.  More important is the distinction of the Ommatodiscida, in which the margin of the disk
+  exhibits one larger osculum, armed with a corona of spines (<i>Ommatodiscus</i>), or two oscula,
+  opposite on the poles of one axis (<i>Stomatodiscus</i>).  Whilst in many Porodiscida all chambers
+  of the concentric rings lie in one and the same (equatorial) plane, in many others with further
+  growth they become stratified in floors, and the whole disk is therefore composed of two to four
+  or more parallel disks, each with a system of concentric chambered rings or girdles, quite as in
+  the majority of the Coccodiscida (p. <a href="#page457">457</a>).  Often the central part of the
+  lenticular disk becomes thickened by apposition of such floors or strata, whilst the marginal part
+  remains simple, with one single stratum.  The communication between the chambers of the different
+  strata seems to be the same as in the similar Coccodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p>Also the margin of the disk exhibits in the Porodiscida the same characteristic <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page484">{484}</span>differences as in the foregoing family. In the subfamily
+  of Stylodictyida it bears a certain number of solid radial spines, often regularly disposed (as in
+  the Stylocyclida). In the subfamily of Euchitonida the margin is distinguished  by the possession
+  of two to six or more (commonly three or four) chambered arms, also situated in the plane of the
+  disk, and of the same structure (sometimes more or less irregular, spongy). These arms are very
+  variable in size, form, and structure, exhibit the same peculiarities as in the Astracturida, and
+  are sometimes free, at other times connected by a "patagium" or an interbrachial spongy skeleton
+  of different structure, like a web membrane (compare above, p. <a href="#page458">458</a>). In
+  some genera the arms become forked or branched on the distal end.  Sometimes their distal end
+  bears a terminal radial spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Porodiscida assumes generally the form of the including
+  shell, with or without arms, but is constantly somewhat smaller, as it remains enclosed by the
+  sieve-plates of the disk surface. Often the capsule is filled with many coloured oil-globules,
+  disposed regularly in the chamber rows. The nucleus of it is enclosed by the central chamber, and
+  in many cases by this and the innermost concentric rings.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of the Porodiscida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w80 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Porodiscida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Porodiscida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="10" class="ac">I. Section of the Porodiscida&mdash;Archidiscaria.<br/>
+      Central chamber of the disk surrounded only by one single chambered ring.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>1. Subfamily Archidiscida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Only one single chambered girdle surrounds the central chamber; margin smooth
+        or spiny.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Margin smooth, without spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">212. <i>Archidiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Margin armed with radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">213. <i>Axodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="10" class="ac">II. Section of the Porodiscida&mdash;Astrodiscaria.<br/>
+      Central chamber of the disk surrounded by two or more (commonly three to six) concentric
+      chambered rings or radiated girdles.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>2. Subfamily Trematodiscida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Margin of the disk quite simple, without radial appendages (spines or
+        chambered arms), without peculiar oscula.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Margin simple, without an equatorial girdle,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">214. <i>Porodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Margin with a thin porous equatorial girdle,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">215. <i>Perichlamydium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>3. Subfamily Ommatodiscida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Margin of the disk without chambered arms but distinguished by one or two
+        large oscula, or wide openings armed with a crown of spines.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Disk with a single marginal osculum,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">216. <i>Ommatodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Disk with two opposite marginal oscula,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">217. <i>Stomatodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>4. Subfamily Stylodictyida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Margin of the disk without peculiar oscular openings and without chambered
+        arms, but armed with solid radial spines.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace9sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines of the margin two, three, or
+      four, usually quite regularly disposed.</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Two opposite spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">218. <i>Xiphodictya</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three equidistant spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">219. <i>Tripodictya</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Four crossed spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">220. <i>Staurodictya</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines of the margin five or more,
+      commonly irregularly disposed (generally ten to twelve).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Margin simple, without an equatorial girdle,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">221. <i>Stylodictya</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Margin with a thin porous equatorial girdle,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">222. <i>Stylochlamydium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="22" class="vmi it1p05 sp0 w25">
+        <p>5. Subfamily Euchitonida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Margin of the disk with radial chambered arms (or hollow chambered
+        appendages), on the distal end of the arms with or without solid radial spines.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="22" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace34sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Two arms, opposite in one main axis.</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Two arms simple, undivided.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Without a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">223. <i>Amphibrachium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">With a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">224. <i>Amphymenium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Two arms forked (or one simple, other forked).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Without a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">225. <i>Amphirrhopalum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">With a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">226. <i>Amphicraspedum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi it1p05">Three arms (either regular, equal, or bilateral, with
+      unequal arms).</td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">Three arms simple, undivided.</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Without a patagium.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Regular,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">227. <i>Dictyastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Bilateral,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">228. <i>Rhopalastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">With a patagium.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Regular,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">229. <i>Hymeniastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Bilateral,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">230. <i>Euchitonia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Three arms forked.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Either regular or bilateral.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Without a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">231. <i>Chitonastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">232. <i>Trigonastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="7" class="vmi it1p05">Four arms (either regular, with four equal crossed arms, or
+      bilateral, with paired arms).</td>
+      <td rowspan="7" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace8sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Four arms simple, undivided.</td>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Without a patagium.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Regular,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">233. <i>Stauralastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Bilateral,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">234. <i>Hagiastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">With a patagium.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Regular,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">235. <i>Histiastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Bilateral,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">236. <i><span class="correction"
+      title="Original reads 'Tesserastrum'.">Tessarastrum</span></i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">With a terminal patagial girdle,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">237. <i>Stephanastrum</i></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Four arms forked.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Without a patagium.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Regular,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">238. <i>Dicranastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Bilateral,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">239. <i>Myelastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Five arms (equal or unequal).</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Five arms simple, undivided.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Without a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">240. <i>Pentalastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">With a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">241. <i>Pentinastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Five arms forked.</td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Without a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">242. <i>Pentophiastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Six arms (equal or unequal).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Six arms simple, undivided.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Without a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">243. <i>Hexalastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">With a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">244. <i>Hexinastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Porodiscida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Porodiscida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="11" class="ac pb05">I. Section of the Porodiscida&mdash;Archidiscaria.<br/>
+      Central chamber of the disk surrounded only by one single chambered ring.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="11">1. Subfamily Archidiscida. Only one single chambered girdle surrounds the
+      central chamber; margin smooth or spiny.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Margin smooth, without spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">212. <i>Archidiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Margin armed with radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">213. <i>Axodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="11" class="ac pb05">II. Section of the Porodiscida&mdash;Astrodiscaria.<br/>
+      Central chamber of the disk surrounded by two or more (commonly three to six) concentric
+      chambered rings or radiated girdles.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="11">2. Subfamily Trematodiscida. Margin of the disk quite simple, without radial
+      appendages (spines or chambered arms), without peculiar oscula.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Margin simple, without an equatorial girdle,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">214. <i>Porodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Margin with a thin porous equatorial girdle,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">215. <i>Perichlamydium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="11">3. Subfamily Ommatodiscida. Margin of the disk without chambered arms but
+      distinguished by one or two large oscula, or wide openings armed with a crown of spines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Disk with a single marginal osculum,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">216. <i>Ommatodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Disk with two opposite marginal oscula,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">217. <i>Stomatodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="11">4. Subfamily Stylodictyida. Margin of the disk without peculiar oscular
+      openings and without chambered arms, but armed with solid radial spines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Radial spines of the margin two, three, or four, usually quite
+      regularly disposed.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two opposite spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">218. <i>Xiphodictya</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three equidistant spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">219. <i>Tripodictya</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four crossed spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">220. <i>Staurodictya</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Radial spines of the margin five or more, commonly irregularly
+      disposed (generally ten to twelve).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Margin simple, without an equatorial girdle,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">221. <i>Stylodictya</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Margin with a thin porous equatorial girdle,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">222. <i>Stylochlamydium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="11">5. Subfamily Euchitonida. Margin of the disk with radial chambered arms (or
+      hollow chambered appendages), on the distal end of the arms with or without solid radial
+      spines.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Two arms, opposite in one main axis.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two arms simple, undivided.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Without a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">223. <i>Amphibrachium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">With a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">224. <i>Amphymenium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Two arms forked (or one simple, other forked).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Without a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">225. <i>Amphirrhopalum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">With a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">226. <i>Amphicraspedum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Three arms (either regular, equal, or bilateral, with unequal
+      arms).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Three arms simple, undivided.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Without a patagium.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Regular,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">227. <i>Dictyastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Bilateral,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">228. <i>Rhopalastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">With a patagium.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Regular,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">229. <i>Hymeniastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Bilateral,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">230. <i>Euchitonia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Three arms forked.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Either regular or bilateral.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">231. <i>Chitonastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">232. <i>Trigonastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Four arms (either regular, with four equal crossed arms, or
+      bilateral, with paired arms).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Four arms simple, undivided.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Without a patagium.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Regular,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">233. <i>Stauralastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Bilateral,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">234. <i>Hagiastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">With a patagium.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Regular,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">235. <i>Histiastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Bilateral,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">236. <i>Tessarastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">With a terminal patagial girdle,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">237. <i>Stephanastrum</i></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Four arms forked.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Without a patagium.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Regular,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">238. <i>Dicranastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Bilateral,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">239. <i>Myelastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Five arms (equal or unequal).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Five arms simple, undivided. simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Without a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">240. <i>Pentalastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">With a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">241. <i>Pentinastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Five arms forked.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Without a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">242. <i>Pentophiastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">Six arms (equal or unequal).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Six arms simple, undivided.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Without a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">243. <i>Hexalastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">With a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">244. <i>Hexinastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Archidiscida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with a simple
+  spherical or lenticular latticed central chamber, surrounded by a single concentric latticed ring,
+  which is divided by radial beams into two to six or more radial chambers.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page486">{486}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 212. <i>Archidiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_251" href="#Nt_251"><sup>[251]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with a simple central chamber,
+  surrounded by a single concentric ring, which is divided by radial beams into two to six or more
+  radial chambers, without radial spines on the margin.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Archidiscus</i> begins the long and polymorphous series of the <span
+  class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span> or of those <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> which do not
+  possess the peculiar "phacoid shell" characteristic of the three preceding families, united as
+  "<span class="gsp">Phacodiscaria</span>." As already mentioned above, both these groups are
+  probably of independent origin, derived from the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> in different
+  ways (compare pp. <a href="#page402">402</a>, <a href="#page405">405</a>, &amp;c.). Among all
+  <span class="gsp">Cyclodiscaria</span> <i>Archidiscus</i> is the most simple, and probably the
+  common ancestral form, from which the other genera may be derived.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Dioniscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Ring with two chambers, separated by two radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Archidiscus dioniscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring circular, connected with the central chamber by two radial beams, opposite in one axis,
+  therefore two equal semicircular ring chambers. (This primitive form has an interesting reference
+  to <i>Saturnalis</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate13"><b>13</b></a>,
+  fig. 16, and differs from it only in the lattice-work covering both faces of the lenticular disk,
+  the margin of which forms the ring.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.05, of the central chamber 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Archidiscus dithalamus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring roundish, connected with the central chamber by two radial beams, not opposite in one
+  axis; both semicircular ring chambers more or less unequal, one of them larger than the other, and
+  sometimes much more prominent. (If this prominence increase, we can regard it as the beginning of
+  spiral convolutions, <i>Discospira</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.06, of the central chamber 0.014.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Trioniscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Ring with three chambers, separated by three radial
+  beams.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page487">{487}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Archidiscus trioniscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring triangular, roundish, equilateral, connected with the central chamber by three radial
+  beams at equal distances (120�); therefore three equal ring chambers. (Resembles the central part
+  of the disk of <i>Tripodictya trigonaria</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>, fig. 8, and
+  may be the ancestral form of it.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.04, of the central chamber 0.014.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Archidiscus trithalamus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring irregular, roundish, connected with the central chamber by three radial beams at unequal
+  distances; therefore three ring chambers of different size. (If these differences be important,
+  they introduce a spiral convolution in the further development of the <i>Porodiscus</i> arising
+  from it.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.06, of the central chamber 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Tetroniscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Ring with four chambers, separated by four radial
+  beams.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Archidiscus stauroniscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, figs. 9,
+  9<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Ring regular, square, connected with the central chamber by four radial beams at equal
+  distances, opposite in pairs in two axes perpendicular one to another; therefore four equal ring
+  chambers (or congruent quadrants of the ring). Resembles the central part of the disk of
+  <i>Staurodictya medusa</i>, &amp;c. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-3); also of <i>Staurodictya gracilis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875 (Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+  Berlin, Taf. xxiii. fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.05, of the central chamber 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Archidiscus tetroniscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring elliptical, of rhomboidal fundamental form, connected with the central chamber by four
+  radial beams, halving the sides of the rhombus and opposite in pairs in two axes which are not
+  perpendicular one to another; therefore four ring chambers in pairs different, two opposite equal
+  and larger than the two others.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.05 to 0.07, of the central chamber 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Archidiscus tetrathalamus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring irregular, quadrangular, connected with the central chamber by four radial beams of
+  increasing unequal length; therefore all four ring chambers of different size, gradually
+  increasing <span class="pagenum" id="page488">{488}</span>in the following quadrants of the ring.
+  Important as an ancestral type of such spiral and semi-spiral forms as <i>Staurodictya
+  cruciata</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>,
+  figs. 4, 12, &amp;c.) and <i>Stylodictya clavata</i>, <i>Stylodictya stellata</i>, &amp;c., of
+  Ehrenberg, 1875 (Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf. xxiii. figs. 2, 7, 8, 9).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.05 to 0.08, of the central chamber 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Pentoniscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Ring with five chambers, separated by five radial
+  beams.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Archidiscus pentoniscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring pentagonal or nearly circular, regular, connected with the central chamber by five radial
+  beams of equal length and at equal distances (72�); therefore all five chambers of the ring of
+  equal size and similar form. (Resembles the central part of the disk of <i>Pentinastrum
+  asteriscus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>,
+  fig. 2.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.05, of the central chamber 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 5. <i>Hexoniscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Ring with six chambers, separated by six radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Archidiscus hexoniscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, figs. 10,
+  10<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Ring regular, hexagonal, or nearly circular, connected with the central chamber by six radial
+  beams of equal length and at equal distances (60�); therefore all six chambers of the same size
+  and form. (Resembles the central part of the disk of <i>Hexinastrum geryonidum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>, fig.
+  4.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.06, of the central chamber 0.018.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Archidiscus pyloniscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, figs. 11,
+  11<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Ring triangular, connected with the central chamber by six radial beams at alternating
+  distances; therefore three larger chambers (of looser network) alternate with three smaller
+  chambers (of denser network); pores of the former twice to three times as large as those of the
+  latter. This species is of peculiar importance, as an immediate transitional form to the
+  Pylodiscida. If these three larger ring chambers lose their few lattice-beams and so became open
+  gates, we get <i>Triolene</i> or <i>Triopyle</i>, the original forms of the Pylodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.05, of the central chamber 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page489">{489}</span></div>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Archidiscus hexathalamus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring irregular, roundish, or hexagonal, connected with the central chamber by six radial beams
+  of unequal increasing length; therefore all six ring chambers of gradually increasing size
+  (beginning a spiral convolution, original form of some <i>Discospira</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.05 to 0.07, of the central chamber 0.014.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 6. <i>Circoniscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Ring with seven or more chambers, separated by seven or
+  more radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Archidiscus octoniscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring circular or regular octagonal, connected with the central chamber by eight equidistant
+  radial beams; therefore eight ring chambers of equal size. (Compare the central part of the disk
+  of <i>Porodiscus quadrigatus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>,
+  fig. 3.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.04, of the central chamber 0.014.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Archidiscus polythalamus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring circular, connected with the central chamber by nine to ten or more radial beams at nearly
+  equal distances. Ring chambers nine to ten, more or less equal, sometimes also eleven to twelve,
+  more different. (This species is very variable, and may perhaps be divided into a number of
+  different "transformistic species.")</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.04 to 0.06, of the central chamber 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depths 2350 to 2925
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 213. <i>Axodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_252" href="#Nt_252"><sup>[252]</sup></a> n. sp.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with a simple central chamber,
+  surrounded by one single concentric ring, which is divided by radial beams into two to six or more
+  radial chambers; margin of the disk armed with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Axodiscus</i> differs from the preceding <i>Archidiscus</i> only in
+  the shape of the margin of the small lenticular disk, which is armed with a variable number of
+  radial spines, indicating certain axes or radii of the shell. If these marginal spines at certain
+  equal distances from the margin branch and their distal ends become united by these branches
+  forming a concentric second ring, the genus passes into <i>Porodiscus</i>. The different number
+  and disposition of the marginal spines are probably very important, <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page490">{490}</span>as determining the later development of two to four or more radii in the
+  different genera of Porodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Axodiscus stylophorus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring circular, with two equal semicircular chambers, connected with the central chamber by two
+  opposite radial beams, which are prolonged outside into two strong conical spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.05, of the central chamber 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Axodiscus triradiatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring regular, triangular, equilateral, connected with the central chamber by three equidistant
+  radial beams, which are prolonged outside into three short conical spines. (Differs from
+  <i>Archidiscus trioniscus</i> in the possession of marginal spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.04, of the central chamber 0.013.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Axodiscus staurophorus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring regular, square, connected with the central chamber by four radial beams, which lie
+  opposite in pairs in two perpendicularly crossed axes, and are prolonged outside into four
+  delicate cylindrical spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.045, of the central chamber 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Axodiscus hexagonus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring regular, hexagonal, connected with the central chamber by six radial beams at equal
+  distances, which are prolonged outside into six strong pyramidal spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.06, of the central chamber 0.018.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Axodiscus trigonus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring regular, triangular, equilateral, connected with the central chamber by six radial beams
+  of alternating length and distance; therefore three smaller (perradial) chambers (with denser and
+  darker network) alternating with three larger (interradial) chambers (with looser and finer
+  network). On the margin three strong conical radial spines, arising in the radius of the larger
+  chambers. (Differs from <i>Archidiscus pyloniscus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, fig. 11,
+  mainly in the strong angular spines on the three corners of the triangular shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.05, of the central chamber 0.014.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 296, depth 1825 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page491">{491}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Axodiscus octogonus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring circular or nearly octagonal, connected with the central chamber by eight radial beams at
+  nearly equal distances, which are prolonged outside into eight short conical spines. (Differs from
+  <i>Archidiscus octoniscus</i> in the marginal prolongation of the eight beams.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.04, of the central chamber 0.013.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Axodiscus spinosus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ring circular, connected with the central chamber by ten to twelve radial beams at nearly equal
+  distances, which are prolonged outside into short conical spines of variable length. (May be
+  regarded as an aculeate variety of <i>Archidiscus polythalamus</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the ring 0.04 to 0.05, of the central chamber 0.014.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, depths 2350 to 2950
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Trematodiscida</span>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 491
+  (<i>sensu emendato et restricto</i>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> without radial
+  appendages of the disk (solid spines or chambered arms on the margin), and without peculiar oscula
+  on the margin of the disk, which is composed of two to four or more concentric rings.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 214. <i>Porodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_253" href="#Nt_253"><sup>[253]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 459.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with simple circular disk,
+  composed of several rings (without radial appendages or peculiar oscula on the margin of the
+  disk).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Porodiscus</i> is, next to its ancestral form, <i>Archidiscus</i>, the
+  simplest and most primitive form of the Porodiscida, from which all other genera of this family
+  can be derived. The disk is quite simple, without any marginal appendages, composed of a variable
+  number of rings, commonly of circular form, sometimes more or less polygonal, elliptical, or
+  irregular. In my Monograph (1862, pp. 491, 513) I had separated the species, here united in
+  <i>Porodiscus</i>, into two different genera: <i>Trematodiscus</i> with concentric rings, and
+  <i>Discospira</i> with spiral rings. But the extended study of these very common forms in a great
+  number of specimens in the Challenger collection has convinced me that the separation of those two
+  genera cannot be maintained. In one and the same locality, where one single characteristic
+  disk-form is very common, we find intermingled quite regular disks with only concentric, circular
+  rings (<i>Trematodiscus</i>), and other disks with one single perfect spiral ring
+  (<i>Discospira</i>); and between <span class="pagenum" id="page492">{492}</span>these a smaller
+  number of specimens, in which the rings of the disk are partly concentric, partly spiral; either
+  the rings of the central part of the disk are concentric, the outer spiral (<i>Perispira</i>), or
+  the proportion is inverse (<i>Centrospira</i>); and sometimes the whole disposition of the
+  concentric and spiral rings is irregular, and the rings often interrupted (<i>Atactodiscus</i>).
+  Therefore it appears more natural to give to all these different forms only the value of subgenera
+  of <i>Porodiscus</i>, as I have already proposed in my Prodromus (1881, p. 459). Even the numerous
+  species of <i>Porodiscus</i> (mainly characterised by the equal or different breadth of the rings,
+  and by the number, form, and size of the connecting radial beams and of the superficial pores) are
+  for the most part very variable and hard to distinguish, as all those characters are not constant.
+  <i>Porodiscus</i> is a quite "transformistic genus."</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Trematodiscus</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
+  Berlin, p. 841.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All rings of the disk concentric (commonly circular,
+  rarely a little elliptical or polygonal).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Porodiscus orbiculatus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Trematodiscus orbiculatus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 492, Taf. xxix. fig.
+    1.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Trematodiscus orbiculatus</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p.
+    108.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk circular, concentric, of equal breadth, connected by numerous alternating
+  radial beams. Chambers differing little in size, about as large as the central chamber. Pores
+  regular, circular, two to two and a half on the breadth of each ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with nine rings) 0.18; breadth of each ring
+  0.01; pores 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
+  surface; also fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados, Sicily, and Nicobar.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Porodiscus concentricus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Trematodiscus concentricus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 493.</p>
+    <p><i>Trematodiscus concentricus</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 108.</p>
+    <p><i>Flustrella concentrica</i>, Ehrenberg, 1838, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 132;
+    <i>Ibid.</i>, 1875, p. 72, Taf. xxii. fig. 13.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Flustrella concentrica</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xix. fig. 61,
+    Taf. xx. fig. 42, Taf. xxi. fig. 51, Taf. xxxvi. fig. 29.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk circular, concentric, of equal breadth, connected by numerous piercing
+  radial beams.  Chambers different in size, increasing from the centre towards the periphery.
+  Pores regular, circular, one and half to two on the breadth of each ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.16; breadth of each ring
+  0.01; pores 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in many Tertiary rocks&mdash;Barbados, Sicily, Greece, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda."><i>Porodiscus haeckelii</i> =
+  <i>Trematodiscus haeckelii</i>, B�tschli, 1882, L. N. <a href="#ln41">41</a>, Taf. xxiv. figs.
+  5<i>a</i>, 5<i>b</i>.</span></p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page493">{493}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Porodiscus flustrella</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Trematodiscus flustrella</i>, Haeckel, 1866, MS. Canar. Ins.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk circular, concentric, of equal breadth, connected by numerous piercing
+  radial beams. Chambers different in size, increasing from the centre towards the periphery. Pores
+  very irregular, polygonal, or roundish, one to three on the breadth of each ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.12; breadth of each ring 0.01;
+  pores 0.002 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Pacific, &amp;c., many Stations,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Porodiscus sorites</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Trematodiscus sorites</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 492, Taf.
+    xxix. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk circular, concentric, of equal breadth, connected by numerous alternating
+  radial beams. Chambers different in size, increasing from the centre. Pores regular, circular, one
+  to one and a half on the breadth of each ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.12; breadth of each ring 0.01;
+  pores 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Porodiscus macroporus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Trematodiscus macroporus</i>, Haeckel, 1879, MS.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Flustrella macropora</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 160.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk circular, concentric, of equal breadth, connected by numerous piercing
+  radial beams. Chambers of different breadth, increasing from the centre. Pores regular, very
+  large, nearly square, one single pore on the breadth of each ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with five rings) 0.11; breadth of each ring
+  0.01; pores 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Porodiscus microporus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Trematodiscus microporus</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol xxvi. p. 108, Taf.
+    iv. fig. 17.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, either circular or a little elliptical; the innermost rings
+  of the same breadth as the central chamber, the third ring much broader. Radial beams between them
+  alternating; chambers of different size. Pores very small, subregular, everywhere of the same
+  size, four to five pores on the breadth of each ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with three rings) 0.15; breadth of the inner
+  rings 0.02, of the outer 0.03; pores 0.0016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page494">{494}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Porodiscus ellipticus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Trematodiscus ellipticus</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 108,
+    Taf. iv. fig. 16.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, either circular or a little elliptical, connected by eight
+  piercing radial beams; central chamber elliptical, of the same breadth as the first ring, broader
+  than the following rings, the breadth of which decreases towards the periphery. Pores irregular,
+  in the inner rings twice as broad as in the outer (third) ring, four to five on the breadth of
+  each ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with three rings) 0.18; breadth of the inner
+  rings 0.03, of the outer 0.02; pores 0.003 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Porodiscus heterocyclus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Trematodiscus heterocyclus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 493, Taf. xxix. fig.
+    3.</p>
+    <p>? <i>Flustrella cyclia</i>, Harting, 1863, Fauna Banda-Zee, p. 11, pl. i. fig. 19.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Trematodiscus heterocyclus</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p.
+    108.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, connected by numerous radial beams, which are
+  partly piercing, partly alternating. The breadth of the rings increases gradually from the centre
+  towards the periphery, corresponding also to the size of the pores; two to three circular pores on
+  the breadth of each ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.17; breadth of the second ring
+  0.007, of the sixth 0.02; pores 0.002 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface; also
+  fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados and the Mediterranean.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Porodiscus quadrigatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, of nearly equal breadth, connected by four interradial beams,
+  perpendicular one to another. The first ring (surrounding the central chamber) with eight
+  chambers, the second only with four (alternating with the four radial beams). Size of the four
+  chambers of each ring increases much towards the periphery. Pores regular, circular, about two on
+  the breadth of each ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.18; breadth of each ring 0.05;
+  pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Perispira</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 459.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;The inner rings of the disk concentric (commonly
+  circular); the outer rings spirally convoluted.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page495">{495}</span></div>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Porodiscus perispira</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Perispira perforata</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Inner rings of the disk (two or three) concentric, outer rings (three or four) spirally
+  convoluted, spiral line simple. All rings nearly of the same breadth, connected by alternating
+  irregular radial beams. Pores irregular, two to three on the breadth of each ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.17; breadth of each ring
+  0.016; pores 0.003 to 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 272 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Porodiscus radiatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Perispira radiata</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Inner rings of the disk (four or five) concentric, outer rings (three or four) spirally
+  convoluted, spiral line simple. All rings connected by piercing radial beams (eight in the inner
+  half, sixteen in the outer half). Breadth of the rings and of the pores increasing from the centre
+  towards the periphery, three to four pores on the breadth of each ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.18; breadth of the second
+  ring 0.006, of the eighth ring 0.02; pores 0.002 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Centrospira</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 459.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;The inner rings of the disk spirally convoluted, the outer
+  rings concentric (commonly circular).</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Porodiscus centrospira</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Centrospira perispongidium</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Inner rings of the disk (two or three) spirally convoluted (with simple or double spiral line),
+  outer rings (three or four) concentric, subcircular. All rings nearly of the same breadth,
+  connected by alternating radial beams. Pores subregular, two to three on the breadth of each ring.
+  Lattice-work in the periphery of the disk a little spongy (as in Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with five rings) 0.15; breadth of each ring
+  0.015; pores 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Discospira</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 513.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All rings of the disk spirally convoluted, forming parts
+  of a simple or double spiral turning.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page496">{496}</span></div>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Porodiscus helicoides</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Discospira helicoides</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 514, Taf. xxix. fig.
+    7.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Trematodiscus helicoides</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 841.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk spirally convoluted around the central chamber; spiral line regular,
+  simple. All rings nearly of the same breadth, connected by numerous alternating radial beams.
+  Chambers little different in size, little longer than broad. Pores of equal size, regular, two on
+  the breadth of each ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with ten rings) 0.2; breadth of each ring 0.01;
+  pores 0.0025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific; also fossil
+  in the Tertiary rocks of the Mediterranean, Sicily, Oran, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Porodiscus spiralis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Flustrella spiralis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1840, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 210; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xix. fig. 62.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Discospira spiralis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 513.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk spirally convoluted around the central chamber; spiral line regular,
+  simple. All rings nearly of the same breadth, connected by numerous (twelve to sixteen) piercing
+  radial beams. Chambers increasing in size from the centre towards the periphery. Pores irregular,
+  of different size, one and a half to two on the breadth of each ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.16; breadth of each ring
+  0.01; pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; also
+  fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados, Sicily, Greece, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Porodiscus operculina</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Discospira operculina</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 514, Taf.
+    xxix. fig. 8.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk spirally convoluted around the central chamber, spiral line regular,
+  simple. Breadth of the rings and length of the chambers increasing in size from the centre towards
+  the periphery. Most part of chambers twice as long as broad. Pores irregular, of very different
+  sizes, two to three on the breadth of each ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.16; breadth of the rings 0.012
+  to 0.016; pores 0.002 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Porodiscus bilix</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Discospira bilix</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 113, Taf. vi.
+    fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk spirally convoluted around the large elliptical central chamber. Spiral
+  convolutions of the inner rings simple, of the outer rings double; the latter twice as broad as
+  the <span class="pagenum" id="page497">{497}</span>former. Pores regular, circular, in the inner
+  rings one pore on the breadth, in the outer rings two to three pores. Radial beams piercing,
+  numerous, on the margin prominent.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.14; breadth of the inner rings
+  0.007, of the outer 0.013; pores 0.0017.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>17. <i>Porodiscus bispiralis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylodictya bispiralis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 160. Taf. xxiv. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk spirally convoluted, in a perfect double spiral, with increasing breadth
+  of the rings; the fourth ring twice as broad as the first. Pores regular, circular; in the inner
+  rings one pore on the breadth, in the outer rings two to three pores. Radial beams piercing,
+  numerous, prominent on the margin.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with four rings) 0.1; breadth of the inner rings
+  0.006, of the outer 0.012; pores 0.0015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados; living in the depths of the
+  Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>18. <i>Porodiscus duplex</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Discospira duplex</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 114, Taf. vi.
+    fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk spirally convoluted, in a perfect double spiral, with increasing breadth
+  of the broad rings. Pores regular, circular; in the inner rings two to three, in the outer four to
+  five on the breadth. Radial beams interrupted. Margin of the rings thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with three rings) 0.15; breadth of the rings
+  0.02 to 0.04; pores 0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>19. <i>Porodiscus semispiralis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk spirally convoluted, divided by four radial, perpendicularly crossed and
+  zigzag shaped beams into four quadrants; the quarter rings of each quadrant halving the rings of
+  each adjacent quarter. Half spiral line often irregular or partly interrupted. Breadth of all
+  rings nearly equal. Pores irregular, roundish, two on the breadth of each ring. Margin of the disk
+  dentated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with nine rings) 0.22; breadth of each ring
+  0.012; pores 0.002 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 5. <i>Atactodiscus</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 459.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Rings of the disk more or less irregular, partly
+  concentric, partly spirally convoluted, often interrupted.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page498">{498}</span></div>
+
+  <p>20. <i>Porodiscus deformis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Discospira deformis</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 114, Taf. vi.
+    fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Rings of the disk irregular, partly concentric, partly spiral, often interrupted, increasing in
+  breadth from the centre. Radial beams not piercing; pores regular, circular, two to six on the
+  breadth of the different rings. (Very variable and irregular, sometimes more spiral, at other
+  times more concentric, but always with equal pores.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with four rings) 0.18; breadth of the first ring
+  0.014, of the second 0.03, of the fourth 0.06; pores 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados and Sicily; living
+  in the Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 268, depths 2700 to 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>21. <i>Porodiscus irregularis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Atactodiscus irregularis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 459.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Perispongidium irregulare</i>, Haeckel, 1878, MS. et Atlas (pl. xli. fig.
+    7).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Rings of the disk irregular, partly concentric, partly spiral, often interrupted, with nearly
+  equal breadth. Radial beams not piercing; pores irregular, roundish, two to four on the breadth of
+  each ring; network in the periphery of the disk spongy. (Very variable and irregular, sometimes
+  more spiral, at other times more concentric; disk in the peripheral part often more or less
+  spongy. Differs from the preceding by the equal breadth of the rings and the different size of the
+  pores.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.15; breadth of each ring
+  0.011; pores 0.002 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface; also
+  fossil in Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 215. <i>Perichlamydium</i>,<a id="NtA_254" href="#Nt_254"><sup>[254]</sup></a>
+  Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with a simple circular disk
+  (without radial spines and chambered arms), surrounded on the margin by a thin porous (but not
+  chambered) equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Perichlamydium</i> differs from <i>Porodiscus</i> only in the
+  development of a thin, porous, equatorial girdle, which surrounds the circular margin of the
+  chambered disk. This girdle lies in the equatorial plane of the lenticular disk, and represents a
+  very delicate siliceous plate, perforated by numerous small pores. Sometimes the proximal part of
+  the girdle is ribbed by thin radial beams, the distal prolongations of the radial rods of the
+  central disk. If these ribs reach the margin of the girdle and are prominent over it,
+  <i>Perichlamydium</i> passes over into <i>Stylochlamydium</i>.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page499">{499}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Perichlamydium praetextum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Perichlamydium praetextum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 43; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 21 (non 20).</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Perichlamydium praetextum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 495.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk (three to four) concentric, circular, of equal breadth, with interrupted
+  (not piercing) radial beams. Equatorial girdle without radial beams, nearly as broad as the disk;
+  its circular pores of the same size as those of the disk; about two pores on the breadth of each
+  ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (without the girdle, with four rings) 0.11;
+  breadth of each ring 0.012; breadth of the girdle 0.06 to 0.1; pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface; also fossil
+  in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados and Sicily.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Perichlamydium saturnus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk (three to four) concentric, circular (sometimes partly concentric,
+  circular, partly spiral, or irregular), with interrupted (not piercing) radial beams. Equatorial
+  girdle without radial beams, about half as broad as the disk; its circular pores very small,
+  scarcely half as large as those of the disk; about three pores on the breadth of each ring. (Very
+  variable in the ring-form, differs from the preceding in the small pores of the girdle.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (without the girdle, with three rings) 0.11;
+  breadth of each ring 0.02, pores 0.004, breadth of the girdle 0.05, pores 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Perichlamydium accrescens</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Discospira accrescens</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 114, Taf.
+    vi. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk (six to seven) not concentric, convoluted in a simple spiral, of nearly
+  equal breadth, with interrupted (not piercing) radial beams. Equatorial girdle in the proximal
+  part with numerous radial beams, which do not reach its margin; its pores half as large as those
+  of the disk, where one to two pores arise on the breadth of each ring. (The girdle becomes twice
+  to three times as broad as in the figure of St�hr.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with seven rings, without the girdle) 0.13;
+  breadth of each ring 0.007 to 0.01; pores 0.0036; breadth of the girdle 0.05, pores of it
+  0.0017.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (St�hr),
+  Caltanisetta (Haeckel); living in the Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Perichlamydium spirale</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Perichlamydium spirale</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 80, Taf. xxii. fig. 12.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk (three to four) not concentric, convoluted in a simple spiral, of
+  increasing breadth from the centre; connected by numerous piercing radial beams. Equatorial girdle
+  about <span class="pagenum" id="page500">{500}</span>half as broad as the disk, without radial
+  beams; its pores of the same size as those of the disk, regular, circular; three pores on the
+  breadth of the first ring, six pores of the fourth ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with four rings, without the girdle) 0.12;
+  breadth of the first ring 0.01, of the fourth 0.02; breadth of the girdle 0.05; pores 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Ommatodiscida</span>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontographica, vol. xxvi.
+  p. 115.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> without radial
+  appendages of the concentrically annulated disk, but distinguished by one single or two opposite
+  large marginal oscula, or wide openings on the margin of the disk, armed with a coronet of
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 216. <i>Ommatodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_255" href="#Nt_255"><sup>[255]</sup></a> St�hr,
+  1880, Pal�ontographica, vol. xxvi. p. 115.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Porodiscida without chambered arms and radial spines on the margin of
+  the circular or elliptical disk, but with one large marginal osculum or opening surrounded by a
+  coronet of spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Ommatodiscus</i>, together with the following <i>Stomatodiscus</i>,
+  form the peculiar small subfamily of Ommatodiscida, founded by St�hr in 1880 (<i>loc. cit.</i>).
+  These remarkable Porodiscida, very nearly allied to <i>Porodiscus</i>, are distinguished by one or
+  two large openings on the margin of the disk, and these "marginal oscula" are constantly armed
+  with a coronet of spines (comparable to the osculum coronatum of <i>Sycon</i> in the
+  Calcispongi�). Probably in the living Ommatodiscida the osculum is the door from which a
+  "sarcode-flagellum" issues (comp. above, p. <a href="#page407">407</a>). Perhaps this osculum is
+  comparable to the peculiar coronet of spines which is developed on one pole of the shell axis in
+  some Ellipsida (<i>Lithomespilus</i>, <i>Lithapium</i>). The internal structure of the disk is
+  commonly more or less obscure, as the lenticular disk is much thickened, sometimes nearly
+  ellipsoidal. It is possible that the Ommatodiscida are more nearly related to the Lithelida than
+  to the Porodiscida; but there is no indication of an internal trizonal medullary shell. Also the
+  apparent resemblance to the Cyrtida is of no morphological value; both groups are of quite
+  independent phylogenetic origin.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Ommatodiscinus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Disk circular.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Ommatodiscus decipiens</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatodiscus decipiens</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 115, Taf.
+    vi. figs. 8, 8<i>a.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk circular, with two chambered rings around the spherical central chamber, of equal breadth.
+  Chambers twice as high as broad. Pores very small, one-third as broad as the bars <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page501">{501}</span>between them, two on the breadth of each ring. Osculum of
+  the same breadth as the central chamber, surrounded by numerous very short teeth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.12; breadth of the central chamber and of each
+  ring 0.03; pores 0.0015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Ommatodiscus st�hrii</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk circular with three chambered rings around the spherical central chamber, of equal
+  breadth. Chambers broader than high. Pores of the same breadth as the bars between them, four on
+  the breadth of each ring. Osculum of the same breadth as the central chamber, surrounded by a
+  corona of ten to twenty thin, bristle-shaped teeth, as long as its diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2; breadth of the central chamber and of each
+  ring 0.03; pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Ommatodiscus circularis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk circular, with four circular chambered rings around the spherical central chamber, of
+  increasing breadth; the fourth ring twice as broad as the second. Chambers about as broad as high.
+  Pores large, twice as broad as the bars, one to two on the breadth of each ring. Osculum twice as
+  broad as the central chamber, surrounded by a coronal of strong conical teeth, twice as long as
+  its diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.18; breadth of the central chamber and inner
+  rings 0.015, of the outer rings 0.03; pores 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Ommatodisculus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Disk elliptical.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Ommatodiscus haeckelii</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatodiscus haeckelii</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 115, Taf.
+    vi. figs. 7, 7<i>a.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk elliptical (6&nbsp;:&nbsp;7), with four chambered rings around the elliptical central
+  chamber, of equal breadth. Chambers about as high as broad. Pores small, half as broad as the
+  bars, two on the breadth of each ring. Osculum three times as broad as the central chamber,
+  surrounded by a crown of strong conical teeth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the disk 0.18, breadth 0.16; breadth of each ring and of the
+  central chamber 0.02; pores 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (St�hr),
+  Caltanisetta (Haeckel).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page502">{502}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Ommatodiscus l�vigatus</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatodiscus l�vigatus</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 116, Taf.
+    vi. figs. 9, 9<i>a.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk elliptical (3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4), with three chambered rings around the circular central
+  chamber, the third ring half as broad as the second. Chambers twice as high as broad. Pores very
+  small, one-third as broad as the bars. Osculum twice as broad as the central chamber, armed with a
+  crown of short conical teeth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the disk 0.15, breadth 0.11; breadth of inner rings 0.02, of
+  the outer 0.01; pores 0.0017.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Ommatodiscus fragilis</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Ommatodiscus fragilis</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 116, Taf.
+    vi. figs. 10, 10<i>a.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk elliptical (4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5), with five chambered rings around the elliptical central
+  chamber, the fifth ring twice as broad as each of the others. Chambers about as high as broad.
+  Pores very small, one-fifth as broad as the bars. Osculum three times as broad as the central
+  chamber, surrounded by a coronet of short teeth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the disk 0.17, breadth 0.13; breadth of the inner rings
+  0.01, of the outer 0.02; pores 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily and Barbados; living in
+  depths of the Tropical Atlantic and Pacific, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms, Station 265, depth
+  2900 fathoms, &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 217. <i>Stomatodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_256" href="#Nt_256"><sup>[256]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> without chambered arms and radial
+  spines on the margin of the circular or elliptical disk, but with two large, opposite, marginal
+  oscula, or openings surrounded by a coronet of spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stomatodiscus</i> has the same characteristic structure as the
+  foregoing <i>Ommatodiscus</i>, and differs from it only in the duplication of the large marginal
+  openings. Whilst in the latter there is only one such marginal osculum, here we find on the margin
+  of the disk two oscula, opposite on the poles of one equatorial axis.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stomatodiscus amphistomus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk circular, with three concentric rings of equal breadth around the central chamber. Pores
+  irregular, roundish, about two on the breadth of each ring. Surface of the lenticular shell spiny.
+  On two opposite points of the margin a large osculum, three to four times as broad as the central
+  chamber, armed with a coronet of strong pyramidal spines of different length, the longest equal to
+  the radius of the disk.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page503">{503}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with three rings) 0.12; breadth of each ring
+  0.016; pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stomatodiscus osculatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk elliptical, nearly twice as long as broad, with three concentric rings around the
+  elliptical central chamber, one piercing radial beam in the main axis, the other beams
+  interrupted. Surface of the shell with small scattered thorns. Pores very irregular, roundish,
+  partly aggregated in groups of four to eight smaller porules. On both poles of the main axis a
+  large elliptical marginal osculum, about as large as the central chamber, armed with a coronet of
+  short conical spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the disk (with three rings) 0.18, breadth 0.1; pores 0.001
+  to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 4. <span class="sc">Stylodictyida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 459.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with solid radial
+  spines on the margin of the concentrically annulated disk, situated in the equatorial plane of the
+  disk (without chambered arms and marginal oscula).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 218. <i>Xiphodictya</i>,<a id="NtA_257" href="#Nt_257"><sup>[257]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with two opposite, solid, radial
+  spines on the margin of the circular or elliptical disk.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Xiphodictya</i> opens the series of the Stylodictyida or of those
+  Porodiscida in which the margin of the chambered disk is armed with solid radial spines, all
+  situated in the equatorial plane of the disk. <i>Xiphodictya</i> exhibits the minimum number of
+  spines, two being opposite on the poles of one equatorial axis of the disk. It repeats, therefore,
+  in this family the same amphistylic formation as <i>Sethostylus</i> in the Phacodiscida and
+  <i>Stylocyclia</i> in the Coccodiscida.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Xiphodictyon</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All rings of the disk concentric, circular.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Xiphodictya amphibelonia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, of equal breadth. Pores irregular, roundish, one
+  and a half to two on the breadth of each ring. Margin of the disk thorny, of the same thickness as
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page504">{504}</span>the central part of the medal-shaped or cylindrical
+  disk. Two opposite radial spines very long and thin, cylindrical, twice to three times as long as
+  the diameter of the disk, only half as thick as the breadth of one ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with five rings) 0.17; breadth of each ring
+  0.014; pores 0.003 to 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Xiphodictya amphirrhopalia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, with increasing breadth from the centre; the fifth
+  ring twice as broad as the second. Central chamber very large. Margin of the lenticular disk
+  thorny, much thinner than the central part. Pores irregular, roundish, two to three on the breadth
+  of each ring. Two opposite radial spines club-shaped, about as long as the diameter of the disk,
+  in the outer spindle-shaped part three to four times as broad as at the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.17; breadth of the second ring
+  0.008, of the fifth ring 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms; also
+  fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Caltanisetta).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Xiphospira</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All rings of the disk or a part of them not concentric,
+  spirally convoluted; sometimes irregular or interrupted.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Xiphodictya staurospira</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>, fig.
+  12).</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk not concentric, half spiral. Four radial beams, crossed perpendicularly
+  and zigzag-shaped, divide each ring into four quadrants; the quarter-ring of each quadrant halves
+  the two adjacent rings. All rings of equal breadth. Pores irregular, roundish, two on the breadth
+  of each ring. Two opposite radial spines pyramidal, somewhat shorter than the diameter of the
+  disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.16; breadth of each ring:
+  0.014; pores 0.003 to 0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Xiphodictya heliospira</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk not concentric, convoluted in a simple, regular, spiral line; all nearly
+  of equal breadth. Pores subregular, circular, two on the breadth of each ring. Two opposite radial
+  spines conical, about as long as the radius of the disk. Margin of the disk thorny. (Differs from
+  <i>Stylodictya heliospira</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>,
+  fig. 8, mainly by the two strong, opposite, radial spines.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page505">{505}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.14; breadth of each ring 0.01
+  to 0.012; pores 0.002 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 219. <i>Tripodictya</i>,<a id="NtA_258" href="#Nt_258"><sup>[258]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with three solid, equidistant,
+  radial spines on the margin of the circular or triangular disk.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tripodictya</i> exhibits three radial spines on the margin of the
+  disk, divergent at equal angles; rarely in some specimens the angles differ more or less. Perhaps
+  this genus bears a near relation to the Dictyastrida (or to the Euchitonida with three chambered
+  arms&mdash;<i>Dictyastrum</i>, <i>Euchitonia</i>, &amp;c.).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Tripodictya trigonaria</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, triangular, with three equal convex sides, all of the same
+  breadth; first and second rings with three simple chambers, third and fourth rings with six
+  chambers, fifth ring with twelve chambers. Central chamber also equilateral triangular, from its
+  three corners arise three piercing perradial beams; from the second ring arise three interradial
+  beams, alternate with the latter; from the fourth ring between these and the former arise six
+  adradial beams. Pores subregular, two on the breadth of each ring. Three marginal spines
+  pyramidal, as long as the radius of the disk and as broad as one ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with five rings) 0.11; breadth of each ring
+  0.011; pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Tripodictya triacantha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, of the some breadth, connected by very numerous
+  irregular radial beams, the number of which increases towards the periphery. Pores irregular,
+  roundish, two on the breadth of each ring. Three marginal spines spindle-shaped, as long as the
+  radius of the disk, and in the middle part as broad as one ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.2; breadth of each ring
+  0.012; pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Tripodictya tribelonia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk, or a part of them, not concentric, spirally convoluted, of equal
+  breadth, connected by numerous irregular, interrupted radial beams, the number of which increases
+  from the centre. (In one marginal view of the disk, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>, fig. 9, the
+  disk seemed to be composed of seven <span class="pagenum" id="page506">{506}</span>parallel
+  chambered plates in the central part, and five similar plates in the peripheral part.) Pores
+  irregular, roundish, three on the breadth of each ring. Three marginal spines long and thin,
+  cylindrical (as in <i>Staurodictya cruciata</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>, fig, 4),
+  longer than the diameter of the disk, and half as thick as one ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with nine rings) 0.18; breadth of each ring
+  0.01; pores 0.002 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 220. <i>Staurodictya</i>,<a id="NtA_259" href="#Nt_259"><sup>[259]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with four solid radial spines
+  (commonly crossed at right angles) on the margin of the circular or quadrangular disk.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Staurodictya</i> is characterised by four marginal spines, lying
+  opposite in pairs in two crossed equatorial diameters of the disk, perpendicular one to another.
+  Sometimes the regular rectangular position of the spines becomes more or less irregular. Commonly
+  the marginal spines are the extreme prolongations of four internal crossed radial beams, which are
+  either rectilinear or zigzag-shaped. In the latter case the concentric disposition of the circular
+  rings becomes more or less spiral. Perhaps <i>Staurodictya</i> has a near relation to the
+  Stauralastrida (or to the Euchitonida with four crossed chambered arms&mdash;<i>Stauralastrum</i>,
+  <i>Histiastrum</i>, &amp;c.).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Staurodictyon</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All rings of the disk concentric (commonly circular,
+  sometimes with four incisions, produced by two crossed constrictions, or nearly square).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Staurodictya medusa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>,
+  fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, of nearly equal breadth, divided into four quadrants by two
+  perradial constrictions (perpendicular one to another). Pores irregular, roundish, two to three on
+  the breadth of each ring. Four marginal spines strong, pyramidal, nearly as long as the radius of
+  the disk. Margin between them denticulated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with four rings) 0.13; breadth of each ring
+  0.015; pores 0.002 to 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Staurodictya ciliata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>,
+  fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, of nearly equal breadth, circular or roundish, without
+  perradial constrictions. Pores subregular, circular, three to four on the breadth of each ring.
+  Four marginal <span class="pagenum" id="page507">{507}</span>spines short, pyramidal, about as
+  long as the breadth of one ring. Margin between them ciliated, with thin radial bristles.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with four rings) 0.13; breadth of each ring
+  0.015; pores 0.0025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Staurodictya elegans</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, or roundish, of increasing breadth towards the
+  margin; the fifth ring twice as broad as the first. Pores irregular, roundish, two to three on the
+  breadth of each ring. Four marginal spines very large, conical, with a thin pedicle at the base,
+  cancellated by ten to twelve deep furrows, about as long as the radius of the disk and three times
+  as long as broad at the base (above the pedicle). Margin between them ciliated, with numerous
+  short radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.14; breadth of the inner rings
+  0.006, of the outer 0.012; pores 0.002 to 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Staurodictya quadrispina</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylodictya quadrispina</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 496, Taf.
+    xxix. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, of increasing breadth towards the margin; the
+  fourth ring twice as broad as the second. Pores irregular, roundish, two to three on the breadth
+  of each ring. Four marginal spines short and thin, conical, about as long as the breadth of one
+  ring. Margin between them smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.12; breadth of the inner rings
+  0.006, of the outer rings 0.012; pores 0.001 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Atlantic (Canary Islands), surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Staurospira</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All rings of the disk or a part of them not concentric,
+  spirally convoluted; spiral line simple or double, sometimes half or irregular, interrupted.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Staurodictya cruciata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate42"><b>42</b></a>, figs. 4,
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk nearly of the same breadth, not concentric, half-spiral, interrupted by
+  four zigzag-shaped radial beams crossed in two diameters perpendicular one to another. The quarter
+  ring of each quadrant halving both neighbouring quarters. Pores irregular, roundish, two on the
+  breadth of each ring. Pores of the outermost (eighth) ring much smaller than the others. Four
+  marginal spines cylindrical or nearly spindle-shaped, thick, about as long as the radius of the
+  disk. Margin between them smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.2; breadth of each ring
+  0.011; pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page508">{508}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Staurodictya splendens</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylodictya splendens</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xxiii. fig. 9.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk nearly of the same breadth, not concentric, half-spiral, interrupted by
+  four zigzag-shaped perradial beams, crossed in two diameters. The quarter ring of each quadrant
+  halving both neighbouring quarters. Pores regular, circular, only one single on the breadth of
+  each ring. Four marginal spines conical or spear-shaped, about half as long as the radius of the
+  disk. Margin between them ciliated, with short bristle-shaped radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.2; breadth of each ring
+  0.012; pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Staurodictya grandis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk (twelve to sixteen) of the same breadth, not concentric, irregular,
+  partly spiral, interrupted by irregular turnings, and by ramified radial beams, which divide each
+  ring into numerous square chambers. Pores subregular, circular, only one single on the breadth of
+  each ring (and on each chamber). Four marginal spines short and stout, conical, twice as long as
+  broad at the base, four to five times as long as the breadth of one ring. Margin between them
+  dentated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with sixteen rings) 0.3; breadth of each ring
+  0.01; pores 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 265 to 268, depth 2900
+  fathoms; also fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Staurodictya ocellata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Stylodicta'.">Stylodictya</span>
+    ocellata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xxiii. fig.
+    7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk irregular, not concentric, half-spiral, interrupted by four
+  zigzag-shaped, crossed, radial beams; the quarter ring of each quadrant halving both neighbouring
+  quarters. Breadth of the rings increasing towards the periphery; the fourth ring twice as broad as
+  the second. Pores irregular, with increasing size from the centre, three on the breadth of each
+  ring. Four marginal spines thick and long, cylindrical; margin between them smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with four rings) 0.1; breadth of the inner rings
+  0.01, of the outer 0.02; pores 0.002 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda."><i>Stylodictya haeckelii</i>,
+  Zittel, 1876, L. N. <a href="#ln29">29</a>, p. 85, Taf. ii. fig. 9, is a fossil Cretaceous
+  species, related to <i>Stylodictya multispina</i>.</span></p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page509">{509}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 221. <i>Stylodictya</i>,<a id="NtA_260" href="#Nt_260"><sup>[260]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with numerous (five or more,
+  commonly eight to twelve) solid radial spines, regularly or irregularly disposed on the margin of
+  the circular or polygonal disk; margin simple, without a porous equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stylodictya</i> comprises the majority of this subfamily, in which the
+  number of the marginal spines exceeds four. Commonly we find eight to twelve spines, more or less
+  regularly disposed (four perradial and four interradial, or four perradial and eight adradial);
+  but often also the number and disposition become irregular (sometimes very large). In my Monograph
+  (1862 pp. 495, 515) I had separated the concentric disks with closed circular rings (as true
+  <i>Stylodictya</i>, s. str.) from the spiral disks with convoluted rings (<i>Stylospira</i>). But
+  I retain these two groups here only as two subgenera, as intermediate forms between them are very
+  common, and often a part of the disk concentric, a part spiral (compare above, p. <a
+  href="#page492">492</a>).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stylodictyon</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 495.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All rings of the disk concentric, commonly circular
+  (rarely a little elliptical or polygonal).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stylodictya gracilis</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Stylodictya gracilis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 28.</p>
+    <p><i>Stylodictya gracilis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1873, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 257; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, Taf. xxiii. fig. 3.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylodictya gracilis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 499.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, of equal breadth (the first ring sometimes, but not
+  constantly, four-lobed). Pores regular, circular, small, three on the breadth of each ring. Four
+  perradial beams (crossed in two perpendicular diameters) beginning from the circular central
+  chamber, four interradial beams from the first or second ring (sometimes others between them).
+  Beams prolonged into eight to twelve (or more) marginal spines, bristle-shaped, as long as the
+  radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with four rings) 0.12; breadth of each ring
+  0.013; pores 0.0025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados and Nicobar; living in
+  the depths of the Pacific and Atlantic.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page510">{510}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stylodictya multispina</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Stylodictya multispina</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 496, Taf. xxix. fig.
+    5.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylodictya forbesii</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 160, Taf. xxiii. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, of equal breadth. Pores regular, circular, two and
+  a half to three on the breadth of each ring. Eight to twelve radial beams beginning from the
+  central chamber, others from the inner rings. Commonly from the third or fourth ring arise
+  twenty-four to thirty (sometimes forty or more) piercing beams, which are prolonged at the margin
+  into bristle-shaped radial spines, as long as the breadth of two to four rings.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with seven rings) 0.2; breadth of each ring
+  0.013; pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
+  surface and various depths.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Stylodictya hastata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Stylodictya hastata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1873, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 257; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, Taf. xxiii. fig. 5.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylodictya gracilis</i>, Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. ii. fig.
+    1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, of equal breadth.  Pores regular, circular, very
+  small, two on the breadth of each ring. Eight to twelve marginal spines very large, spear-shaped,
+  sulcated, pyramidal, nearly as long as the diameter of the disk, with a thin pedicle at the base,
+  above this as thick as the breadth of one ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with five rings) 0.13; breadth of each ring
+  0.012; pores 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Stylodictya stellata</i>, Bailey.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Stylodictya stellata</i>, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ., vol. xxii. p. 6, pl. i. fig. 20.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylodictya stellata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 499.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, of equal breadth. Pores regular, circular, very
+  small, two on the breadth of each ring. Marginal spines fourteen (probably variable in number,
+  twelve to sixteen), very thick and short, conical; their length seems to be equal to their basal
+  breadth and to the breadth of one ring. Related to <i>Stylochlamydium</i>?</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with five rings) 0.11; breadth of each ring
+  0.01; pores 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, depths of the Kamtschatka Sea, Bailey; Station
+  241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Stylodictya arachnia</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Stylodictya arachnia</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 497.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylocyclia arachnia</i>, J. M�ller, 1856, p. 492; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, 1858, p. 41, Taf. i. figs. 8, 9.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, or polygonal; their breadth increases from the
+  centre towards the periphery, so that the fourth or fifth ring is twice as broad as the second.
+  Pores <span class="pagenum" id="page511">{511}</span>subregular, circular, two on the breadth of
+  each ring. Radial beams partly piercing. Marginal spines eight to sixteen (commonly twelve),
+  bristle-shaped, very thin, once to three times as long as the diameter of the disk. (On the
+  numerous varieties of this common species compare my Monograph, 1862, p. 498.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with ten rings) 0.22; breadth of the inner rings
+  0.004 to 0.008, of the outer 0.012 to 0.015; pores 0.003 to 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Stylodictya solmaris</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, polygonal, with eight to sixteen rounded corners; their
+  breadth increases from the centre; eighth ring twice as broad as the second. Pores subregular
+  circular, large, only one pore on the breadth of each ring. Twenty to thirty marginal spines,
+  bristle-shaped, undulating, about as long as (or longer than) the diameter of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.2; breadth of the inner
+  rings 0.005, of the outer 0.012; pores 0.004 to 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Stylodictya octogonia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, increasing in breadth from the centre. The outer rings (five
+  to eight) regular, octogonal, twice as broad as the circular inner rings. Pores subregular,
+  circular, two to three on the breadth of each ring. Eight piercing perradial spines (alternating
+  with the eight corners of the octogonal rings) bristle-shaped, longer than the diameter of the
+  disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.24; breadth of the inner
+  rings 0.006, of the outer 0.014; pores 0.005 to 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stylodictula</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Rings of the disk partly concentric, completely annular;
+  partly spiral or interrupted, often irregular.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Stylodictya perispira</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner rings of the disk (two to four) concentric, circular, or roundish, outer rings forming a
+  simple spiral, breadth a little increasing from the centre. Pores subregular, circular, about two
+  on the breadth of each ring. Marginal spines bristle-shaped, ten to fifteen, about as long as the
+  diameter of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with eight rings) 0.2; breadth of each ring
+  0.013; pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page512">{512}</span></div>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Stylodictya centrospira</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Inner rings of the disk (three or four) convoluted in a simple or double spiral, often
+  interrupted or irregular; outer rings (two to three) concentric, circular, or roundish. Breadth of
+  the rings variable, irregular. Pores irregular, of very different sizes, in the outer concentric
+  part twice to four times as large as in the inner spiral part. Radial beams partly interrupted,
+  partly piercing. Marginal spines fifty to eighty, very variable in size and number, commonly
+  fifteen to twenty strong conical spines, twice to three times as long as the ring-breadth, and
+  numerous (thirty to sixty) smaller spines. Very variable.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with seven rings) 0.2; breadth of the rings 0.01
+  to 0.02; pores 0.002 to 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 263 to 274, depth 2350 to
+  2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Stylodictya setigera</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylodictya setigera</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xxiii. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Inner rings of the disk (two to three) convoluted in a simple or double spiral, outer rings
+  (two to three) concentric, circular, or roundish. Breadth of the rings nearly equal. Pores
+  regular, circular, three on the breadth of each ring. Marginal spines twenty to forty,
+  bristle-shaped, about twice as long as the ring-breadth. (The specimen figured by Ehrenberg was a
+  young one; in older specimens I found the inner spiral disk surrounded by two to three concentric
+  circular rings.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.16; breadth of the rings 0.12;
+  pores 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados; also living in the depths of
+  the Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Stylospira</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 515.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All rings of the disk convoluted in a simple or double
+  spiral (sometimes also in quartered half-spirals).</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Stylodictya heliospira</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylospira heliospira</i>, Haeckel, 1879, MS.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk convoluted in a simple regular spiral, increasing in breadth from the
+  centre towards the periphery; the sixth ring twice as broad as the second. Pores irregular,
+  roundish, two on the breadth of each ring. Marginal spines numerous, thirty to forty,
+  bristle-shaped, nearly half as long as the radius of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with seven rings) 0.16; breadth of the inner
+  rings 0.008, of the outer 0.016; pores 0.002 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Portofino near Genoa, surface; also fossil in
+  the Tertiary rocks of Sicily; Caltanisetta, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page513">{513}</span></div>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Stylodictya hertwigii</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylospira arachnia</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 59, Taf.
+    vi. fig. 8.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk convoluted in a simple regular spiral, with increasing breadth from the
+  centre; the fifth ring twice as broad as the second. Pores regular, circular, two on the breadth
+  of each ring. Twelve piercing radial beams and some others interrupted, prolonged into twelve to
+  twenty radial marginal spines, bristle-shaped, about as long as the diameter of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with five rings) 0.15; breadth of the second
+  ring 0.01, of the fifth 0.02; pores 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), R. Hertwig.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Stylodicyta'.">Stylodictya</span>
+  dujardinii</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylospira dujardinii</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 515, Taf.
+    xxix. figs. 9, 10.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk convoluted in a simple regular spiral, of nearly equal breadth. Pores
+  regular, circular, two on the breadth of each ring. Very numerous (twenty to thirty or more)
+  piercing radial beams, prolonged into bristle-shaped marginal spines, about as long as the
+  diameter of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.12; breadth of each ring 0.01;
+  pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Stylodictya echinastrum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylodictya echinastrum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xxiii. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk convoluted in a double spiral, of nearly equal breadth. Pores irregular,
+  roundish, two to three on the breadth of each ring. Marginal spines numerous, twenty to thirty, of
+  very different size, the largest conical, strong, about as long as the diameter of the disk, and
+  on the base as broad as one ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with five rings) 0.12; breadth of each ring
+  0.01; pores 0.002 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Stylodictya clavata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylodictya clavata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 84, Taf. xxiii. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk convoluted in a half spiral, of nearly equal breadth; each ring by four
+  zigzag beams (crossed in two perpendicular diameters) divided into four equal quarters; the spiral
+  line of each quarter ring halving both neighbouring quarters. Pores regular, circular, two on the
+  breadth of each ring. Eight marginal spines short, conical, with thin pedicle; four perradial (as
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page514">{514}</span>prolongations of the four internal beams)
+  alternating with four interradial spines arising from the margin of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with five rings) 0.13; breadth of each ring
+  0.014; pores 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 222. <i>Stylochlamydium</i>,<a id="NtA_261" href="#Nt_261"><sup>[261]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with numerous (five or more,
+  commonly eight to twelve) solid radial spines, regularly or irregularly disposed on the margin of
+  the circular or polygonal disk; margin of the disk surrounded by a thin, porous (but not
+  chambered), equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stylochlamydium</i> is intermediate between <i>Perichlamydium</i>
+  (with which it was formerly united) and <i>Stylodictya</i>. It deals with the former in the
+  peculiar equatorial girdle, with the latter in the radial spines of the disk margin, which pierce
+  the girdle. To both these genera it shows slow transitions, and can hardly be subjected to a sharp
+  definition.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stylochlamys</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All rings of the disk concentric, circular (or somewhat
+  polygonal).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stylochlamydium asteriscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Perichlamydium asteriscus</i>, Haeckel, 1879, MS.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, or polygonal, with increasing breadth from the
+  centre; the fifth ring twice as broad as the second. Pores irregular, roundish, three to four on
+  the breadth of each ring; in the rings two to six times as large as in the equatorial girdle,
+  which is half as broad or two-thirds as broad as the radius of the disk. Twelve bristle-shaped
+  radial spines are connected by the girdle near to the points; four crossed spines arising from the
+  central chamber; two others between these in each quadrant arising from the first ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with five rings) 0.15, with the girdle 0.25;
+  breadth of the second ring 0.01, of the fifth ring 0.02; pores 0.001 to 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stylochlamydium limbatum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Perichlamydium limbatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 43; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 20.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Perichlamydium limbatum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 494.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, of equal breadth.  Pores regular, circular, two on
+  the breadth of each ring; twice to three times as large as the fine pores of the equatorial
+  girdle, which is <span class="pagenum" id="page515">{515}</span>about half as broad as the radius
+  of the disk. Twelve (or eleven) bristle-shaped radial spines are connected by the girdle near to
+  the points, irregularly disposed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with five rings) 0.12, with the girdle 0.2,
+  breadth of each ring 0.01; pores 0.001 to 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Caltanisetta,
+  Grotte.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Stylochlamydium venustum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Perichlamydium venustum</i>, Bailey, 1856, Amer. Journ., vol. xxii. p. 5, pl. i. figs. 16,
+    17.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Perichlamydium venustum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 495.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, of equal breadth. Pores regular, circular,
+  everywhere of nearly equal size, three on the breadth of each ring, a little smaller in the
+  equatorial girdle, which is about as broad as the radius of the disk. Twenty to twenty-four
+  bristle-shaped radial spines, irregularly disposed, proceed with their free points over the
+  margin.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with four rings) 0.1, with the girdle 0.3;
+  breadth of each ring 0.011; pores 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Kamtschatka, Bailey.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Stylochlamydium �quale</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Perichlamydium �quale</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 109, pl. v.
+    fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All rings of the disk concentric, circular, with increasing breadth from the centre; the sixth
+  ring twice as broad as the second. Pores regular, circular, everywhere of equal size; on the
+  breadth of the inner rings one, of the outer two, of the girdle three pores. Girdle only
+  one-fourth as broad as the radius of the disk. About twenty bristle-shaped radial spines,
+  irregularly disposed, are connected by the girdle near to the points.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.11, with the girdle 0.17;
+  breadth of the second ring 0.006, of the sixth 0.013; pores 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stylochlamyum</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Rings of the disk all (or in part) not concentric,
+  spirally convoluted or irregular.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Stylochlamydium perispirale</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Perichlamydium limbatum</i>, var. St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 109,
+    Taf. v. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Inner rings of the disk concentric, circular, outer rings convoluted spirally, all rings of
+  equal breadth. Pores regular, circular, two on the breadth of each ring, twice as large as in the
+  equatorial <span class="pagenum" id="page516">{516}</span>girdle, which is about half as broad as
+  the radius of the disk. Twelve to sixteen bristle-shaped radial spines, irregularly disposed, are
+  connected by the girdle near to the points.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with six rings) 0.12, with the girdle 0.2;
+  breadth of each ring 0.011; pores in the central disk 0.004, in the girdle 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Stylochlamydium spongiosum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Perichlamydium spongiosum</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi, p. 109,
+    Taf. v. fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Rings of the disk partly concentric, partly spiral, more or less irregular and often
+  interrupted, with increasing breadth from the centre. Central part of the disk more or less spongy
+  and obscure. Equatorial girdle half as broad as the radius of the chambered disk, with smaller
+  pores than the latter, pierced by twenty to thirty thin, bristle-shaped radial beams, which
+  proceed over the margin of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk (with ten rings) 0.2, with the girdle 0.3;
+  breadth of the rings 0.005 to 0.015; pores 0.001 to 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms; also
+  fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados and Sicily.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 5. <span class="sc">Euchitonida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with two or more
+  (commonly three or four) radial chambered or spongy arms on the margin of the concentrically
+  annulated disk, situated in its equatorial plane (with or without a connecting patagium between
+  the arms).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 223. <i>Amphibrachium</i>,<a id="NtA_262" href="#Nt_262"><sup>[262]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with two simple, undivided,
+  chambered arms, opposite in one axis, without a patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Amphibrachium</i> opens the long series of the Euchitonida, or of
+  those Porodiscida which bear on the margin of the circular central disk a certain number of
+  chambered arms, composed of a series of chambers which are separated by transverse septa. The
+  first group or tribe of this subfamily is formed by the Amphibrachida, in which the disk bears
+  only two arms opposite on the poles of one axis. The simplest form of these is
+  <i>Amphibrachium</i>, in which both arms are simple, equal, and without a patagium or spongy
+  connecticulum.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page517">{517}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Amphibrachella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both arms equal, of the same form and size, blunt at the
+  distal end, without a terminal spine.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Amphibrachium sponguroides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both opposite arms of the same form and size, nearly cylindrical, three times as long as broad,
+  with six to eight transverse septa or joints, at the distal end rounded, blunt, without a terminal
+  spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.22, breadth 0.065.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Amphibrachium lanceolatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, lanceolate, in the middle part three times as broad as at the two ends, two
+  and a half times as long as broad, with eight to nine transverse septa, at the distal end blunt,
+  without a terminal spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.3, greatest breadth 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Amphibrachium dilatatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, trapezoidal, somewhat broader than long, on the convex distal end three times
+  as broad as on the narrow base, with five to six transverse septa, without a terminal spine.
+  Central disk large, somewhat irregular, with three to four rings, twice as broad as the base of
+  the arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.32, basal breadth 0.15, terminal breadth
+  0.44.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, off Patagonia, Station 319, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Amphibrachidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both arms equal, of the same size and form, with terminal
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Amphibrachium amphilonche</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, lanceolate, in the middle part four times as broad as at the two ends, twice
+  as long as broad; on the distal end of each arm is a long conical spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm (without terminal spine) 0.2, breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page518">{518}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Amphibrachium capitatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, club-shaped, three times as long as broad, in the outer distal half thickened,
+  three times as broad as at the narrow base; on the distal end of each arm a strong, angular,
+  terminal spine. (The form of the arms like that of <i>Stephanastrum capitatum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>, fig.
+  1.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.22, basal breadth 0.02, terminal breadth
+  0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Amphibrachium armatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, four times as long as broad, in the thickened distal part twice as broad as at
+  the base, thorny, with twenty to thirty larger spines on the distal end, and a very large
+  pyramidal spine in the longitudinal axis. (The form of the arms like that of the odd arm in
+  <i>Euchitonia carcinus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>,
+  fig. 10.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.24, basal breadth 0.03, distal breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Amphibrachoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both arms of different size or form, without terminal
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Amphibrachium indicum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms club-shaped, but very different in size and form; larger arm three times as long and
+  twice as broad as the smaller arm; the larger with nine joints slowly increasing in size, the
+  smaller with four joints, rapidly increasing; the terminal joint three times as broad as the
+  basal. Distal end blunt, rounded, without spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the larger arm 0.24, of the smaller 0.08; distal breadth of
+  the former 0.06, of the latter 0.03; basal breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 4. <i>Amphibrachura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both arms of different size or form, with terminal
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Amphibrachium clavula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms different in size and form; larger arm club-shaped, four times as long as broad, at
+  the distal end three times as broad as at the base, and twice as long as the smaller arm, which
+  resembles a stalked knob, with thin basal peduncle and spherical distal part. Ends of the two arms
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page519">{519}</span>thorny (with numerous smaller, and three to five
+  larger spines); one very large conical terminal spine on each pole of the main axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the larger arm 0.3, of the smaller 0.15; distal breadth of
+  the former 0.06, of the latter 0.04; basal breath 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 333, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 224. <i>Amphymenium</i>,<a id="NtA_263" href="#Nt_263"><sup>[263]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with two simple, undivided,
+  chambered arms, opposite in one axis, connected by a patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Amphymenium</i> differs from the preceding <i>Amphibrachium</i>, its
+  ancestral form, by development of a patagium or connecticulum between both arms. This forms a
+  latticed or more spongy envelop, which surrounds either the middle part of the shell, or the whole
+  shell with exception of the distal ends of both arms. If the envelop become very spongy, the shell
+  may be confounded with the cylindrical Ellipside <i>Spongocore</i> (nearly allied to
+  <i>Spongurus</i>); possibly also <i>Ommatogramma</i> of Ehrenberg belongs to this genus.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Ommatogramma</i>, Ehrenberg (?).</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both opposite arms of the same size and form, blunt,
+  without terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Amphymenium pupula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>,
+  fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, twice as long as broad, three-jointed; the terminal joint egg-shaped, as large
+  as both other joints together; distal end rounded, blunt. Patagium nearly complete, enveloping the
+  arms with exception of the distal end. Perimeter nearly spindle-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.17, greatest breadth 0.06; transverse breadth of
+  the patagium 0.13.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Amphymenium naviculare</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Ommatogramma navicularis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss.
+    Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 317; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf. vi. fig. 7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, three times as long as broad, spongy, not jointed; distal end a little
+  club-shaped, blunt. Patagium nearly complete, enveloping the arms with exception of the distal
+  end. Perimeter nearly lanceolate. The imperfect diagnosis and figure of Ehrenberg make it doubtful
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page520">{520}</span>whether this species belongs to the Porodiscida
+  (<i>Amphymenium</i>) or to the Spongodiscida (<i>Spongobrachium</i>) or perhaps to the Spongurida
+  (<i>Spongocore</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.1, greatest breadth 0.03; transverse breadth of
+  the patagium 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Californian Sea, depth 2600 fathoms,
+  Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Amphymenium zygartus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, four times as long as broad, with seven to eight joints, slowly decreasing in
+  size towards the blunt end. Patagium incomplete, protecting only the middle part of the shell on
+  both sides; on each side two parallel lattice-plates, connected by transverse radial beams,
+  perpendicular to the surface. Perimeter nearly rectilinear. (Resembles much certain forms of
+  <i>Zygartus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>,
+  but is a true Discoid, no Prunoid.) Compare also Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig. 8.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.2, greatest breadth 0.05; transverse breadth of
+  the patagium 0.11.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Amphymenium monstrosum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, little longer than broad, with six to seven convex joints. The axis of both
+  arms is not common and straight, as in all other species of this genus, but broken, therefore the
+  incomplete patagium, which envelops only two to three joints of the arms, is on one side convex,
+  on the other side concave; it is formed by a simple lattice-plate, connected with the arms by
+  numerous radial beams. This anomalous form, seen only once, may perhaps be a monstrosity of
+  <i>Euchitonia</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.12, greatest breadth 0.06; transverse breadth of
+  the patagium 0.13.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 290, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Ommathymenium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both opposite arms of the same size and form, armed at the
+  distal end with terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Amphymenium amphistylium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, three times as long as broad, thickened towards the truncated distal end, and
+  armed with a strong pyramidal terminal spine. Each arm with seven joints, separated by convex,
+  transverse septa, and halved by a radial beam lying in the longitudinal axis. Patagium incomplete,
+  cylindrical, enveloping only the middle part of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.18, greatest breadth 0.06; transverse breadth of
+  the patagium 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page521">{521}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Amphymenium fusiforme</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, lanceolate, three times as long as broad in the width, with seven to eight
+  joints. Distal end pointed, armed with a strong conical terminal spine. Patagium complete,
+  enveloping the whole shell with exception of the terminal spines. Whole form spindle-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.2, greatest breadth 0.07; transverse breadth of
+  the patagium 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 225. <i>Amphirrhopalum</i>,<a id="NtA_264" href="#Nt_264"><sup>[264]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with two chambered arms, opposite
+  in one axis, without a patagium; one arm or both forked at the distal end.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Amphirrhopalum</i> differs from <i>Amphibrachium</i>, its ancestral
+  form, by bifurcation of the distal ends of the arms, which may affect either both arms, or only
+  one of them.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Amphirrhopalium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both opposite arms of similar size and form, with blunt
+  branches, without terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Amphirrhopalum ximorphum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, in the proximal half simple, in the distal half forked, with six to seven
+  transverse septa; distal end of each branch blunt, without terminal spine, somewhat broader than
+  the base of the whole arm. Axis of the branches concavely curved. (Resembles <i>Amphicraspedum
+  maclaganium</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>,
+  fig. 11, but wants the patagium.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.18, basal breadth 0.065; terminal breadth of each
+  branch 0.075.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, off Japan, Station 240, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Amphirrhopalum amphidicranum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, in the proximal half simple, in the distal half forked, with irregular septa;
+  distal end of each arm blunt, without a terminal spine, smaller than the basal breadth of the arm.
+  Axis of the branches straight. (Resembles <i>Dicranastrum furcatum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>, fig. 2, but
+  without lateral arms.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.15, basal breadth 0.03; terminal breadth of each
+  branch 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page522">{522}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Amphirrhopella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both opposite arms of similar size and form, with terminal
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Amphirrhopalum bigeminum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, in the proximal larger half simple, in the distal smaller half forked; each
+  branch triangular, with a strong conical terminal spine. Axis of the branches straight. (Resembles
+  <i>Dicranastrum cornutum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>,
+  fig. 2, but without lateral arms.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms (without spines) 0.15, basal breadth 0.03; breadth
+  of the bifurcation 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 284, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Amphirrhopalum echinatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, in the proximal smaller half simple, nearly square, in the distal larger half
+  forked; the branches thorny, armed at the end with numerous spines, one larger on the terminal
+  pole of the concavely curved arm-axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms (without spines) 0.15, basal breadth 0.05; breadth
+  of branches 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Amphirrhopoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both opposite arms of different size or form, without
+  terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Amphirrhopalum ypsilon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms very different. Larger arm simple, egg-shaped, twice as long as broad; smaller arm in
+  the basal half simple, nearly square, in the distal half forked; both branches egg-shaped, blunt.
+  (Resembles <i>Amphicraspedum wyvilleanum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig. 12,
+  but wants the patagium.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the larger simple arm 0.18, breadth 0.09; radius of the
+  smaller forked arm 0.15, breadth of its branches 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 226. <i>Amphicraspedum</i>,<a id="NtA_265" href="#Nt_265"><sup>[265]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with two chambered arms, opposite
+  in one axis, connected by a lateral patagium; one arm or both forked at the distal end.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Amphicraspedum</i> exhibits the same bifurcation of the arms as does
+  <i>Amphirrhopalum</i>, but differs from this ancestral form in the development of a patagium, an
+  external connecticulum between the arms, which envelops the disk totally or partially.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page523">{523}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Amphicraspedon</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both arms of equal size and form, without terminal spines
+  of the branches.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Amphicraspedum maclaganium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms equal, in the proximal half simple, in the distal half forked, with six to seven
+  transverse septa; distal end of each branch rounded, blunt, somewhat broader than the base of the
+  whole arm. Divergent axes of both branches concavely curved. Patagium incomplete, with elliptical
+  perimeter, enveloping only the middle part of the shell. I call this interesting species in honour
+  of Miss Nellie Maclagan, the learned translator of several zoological papers from German into
+  English.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.25, basal breadth 0.07; distal breadth of each
+  branch 0.08; equatorial breadth of the patagium 0.25.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, off Halifax, Station 50, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Amphicraspedina</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both arms of different size or form, without terminal
+  spines on the branches.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Amphicraspedum wyvilleanum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig.
+  12).</p>
+
+  <p>Both arms different. Larger arm simple, egg-shaped, with eleven convex joints, one and a half
+  times as long as broad; smaller arm in the basal half simple, triangular, with six cap-like
+  joints, in the distal half forked; both branches egg-shaped, with five joints and blunt ends.
+  Patagium nearly complete with four to five concave chamber-rows. Called in honour of Sir C.
+  Wyville Thomson.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the larger simple arm 0.18, breadth 0.08; radius of the
+  smaller forked arm 0.16; breadth of the branches 0.05; transverse breadth of the patagium 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 333, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Amphicraspedula</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both arms of different size or form, with terminal spines
+  of the branches.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Amphicraspedum murrayanum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Amphymenium murrayanum</i>, Haeckel, 1879, MS. et Atlas (pl. xliv. fig.
+    10).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Both arms different in size; the larger one and a half times as long and broad as the smaller.
+  Both arms triangular, forked at the broader distal end, with two very strong, conical, divergent,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page524">{524}</span>straight terminal spines. Patagium broad,
+  incomplete, with circular perimeter. Called in honour of my friend Dr. John Murray.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the larger arm (including the spines) 0.24, of the smaller
+  0.16; distance of the terminal points of the former 0.18, of the latter 0.09; diameter of the
+  patagium 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel, Gulf Stream, surface, John
+  Murray.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 227. <i>Dictyastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_266" href="#Nt_266"><sup>[266]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 830.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with three simple, undivided,
+  chambered arms, without a patagium; triangular shell regular, with three equal arms and three
+  equal angles.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Dictyastrum</i> is the simplest form of the Trigonastrida, or of the
+  Porodiscida, in which the margin of the central disk is furnished with three chambered arms. In
+  <i>Dictyastrum</i> these are quite simple and regular, without a patagium, separated by equal
+  angles, so that the whole shell represents a regular, equilateral triangle, if we connect the
+  distal points of the arms by lines. The genus <i>Dictyastrum</i>, founded by Ehrenberg in 1860,
+  differs from his <i>Rhopalodictyum</i>&mdash;after his own diagnosis&mdash;only by an
+  insignificant difference in the form of the simple arms, which is scarcely a specific character. I
+  therefore apply this name here in the above amended sense, seeing that the only figured species of
+  Ehrenberg (<i>Dictyastrum angulatum</i>) occurs in two different, but externally very similar
+  forms: one of these is a true Porodiscid (<i>Dictyastrum</i>) with two porous covering-plates and
+  concentric rings; the other is a true Spongodiscid (<i>Rhopalodictyum</i>) with quite spongy,
+  irregular network, and is probably identical with the <i>Rhopalodictyum truncatum</i> of
+  Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Dictyastrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Arms with blunt ends, without terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Dictyastrum angulatum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyastrum angulatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 289, Taf. viii. fig. 18.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms nearly square with straight edges, towards the truncated end a little broader, about the
+  same diameter as the triangular central disk. The figure of Ehrenberg seems to represent a
+  Spongodiscid (<i>Rhopalodictyum angulatum</i>), but in the same locality (Philippine Sea) occurs
+  also a true <i>Dictyastrum</i> of quite the same form, but with three to four concentric rings of
+  the central disk, and with jointed arms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page525">{525}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm (length from the centre to the distal end) 0.13;
+  breadth of the truncated end 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific, Philippine Sea, Station 200, depth 250
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Dictyastrum bandaicum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Rhopalastrum bandaicum</i>, Harting, 1863, Mikr. Fauna Banda-Zee, p. 16, Taf.
+    iii. fig. 45.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms nearly square, with convex edges, in the middle a little broader than at both ends, about
+  half the diameter of the central disk. Differs from the nearly allied preceding species by the
+  half size of the arms and the convex edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.12, its greatest breadth 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific, Banda Sea, Harting.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Dictyastrum hexagonum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Rhopalastrum hexagonum</i>, Haeckel, 1880, Atlas (pl. xliii. fig. 1).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms nearly triangular, one and a third times as broad at the distal end as long, and three
+  times as broad as at the base. Central disk about the same diameter. In each arm six simple broad
+  chambers. If we connect the six corners of the truncated distal ends by straight lines, we get a
+  regular hexagon.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.17, basal breadth 0.06, terminal breadth
+  0.17.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Dictyastrum trirrhopalum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms club-shaped, five times as long as broad at the base, at the thickened end three times as
+  broad as at the base. Diameter of the central disk equals half the length of the arms. (Similar to
+  <i>Rhopalastrum malleus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>,
+  fig. 1, but with three equal angles and much smaller disk.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.25, basal breadth 0.04, distal breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 273, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Dictyastromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Arms on the distal end provided with terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Dictyastrum trispinosum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Rhopalastrum trispinosum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xliii.
+    fig. 5).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms trapezoid, at the rounded distal end twice as broad as at the base, with a strong and
+  short, conical, terminal spine. Diameter of the circular central disk about equal to the length
+  and the greatest breadth of the arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.15, basal breadth 0.06, distal breadth 0.11.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page526">{526}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Dictyastrum triactis</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyastrum triactis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 306.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms rectilinear, four times as long as broad, with parallel edges, pointed at the distal end,
+  with a short terminal spine. Diameter of the circular central disk equal to double the breadth of
+  the arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.2, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, Philippine Sea, Station 206, depth 2100 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Dictyastrum aculeatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms lanceolate, three times as long as broad, twice as broad in the middle as at either end,
+  with thorny surface and numerous conical terminal spines, one very large in the radius. Central
+  disk triangular, about as broad as the arms. (Resembles <i>Rhopalastrum arcticum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig. 6, but
+  differs by the equal angles and the triangular disk.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.2, breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 228. <i>Rhopalastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_267" href="#Nt_267"><sup>[267]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with three simple undivided,
+  chambered arms, without a patagium; triangular shell bilateral, one odd arm opposite to the odd
+  angle between two paired arms.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Rhopalastrum</i>, founded by Ehrenberg (1847) with a very insufficient
+  diagnosis, is here retained for those Trigonastrida that agree in the generic characters with the
+  only species figured by him, viz., <i>Rhopalastrum lagenosum</i> (compare my Monograph, 1862, p.
+  500). It comprises, therefore, such Euchitonida as agree with the preceding <i>Dictyastrum</i> in
+  the simple form of the three arms and the absence of a patagium, but differ from it in the
+  different size of the three angles, and often also in the divergent form and size of the three
+  arms; one odd arm is opposite to the odd angle between the two paired arms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Rhopalastrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Arms with blunt ends, without terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Rhopalastrum truncatum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Rhopalastrum truncatum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 500, Taf.
+    xxix. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Distance of both paired arms about half as large as their distance from the odd arm. All three
+  arms nearly of the same form and size, very short and broad; their breadth nearly equals that of
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page527">{527}</span>the roundish central disk, whilst their length
+  reaches only one-fourth of it. End of the arms convex rounded, without spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.1, breadth 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Atlantic (Canary Islands), surface,
+  Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Rhopalastrum pistillum</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Rhopalastrum pistillum</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 110, Taf.
+    v. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms about two-thirds as large as their distance from the odd arm.
+  All three arms nearly of the same form and size, about three times as long as the diameter of the
+  central disk, at the base one-third as broad as at the convex rounded end, without spines. St�hr
+  has only observed a fragment with one arm; some perfect specimens, which I found in the
+  Caltanisetta-rock, exhibited nearly the same form as <i>Rhopalastrum malleus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig. 1),
+  but differ from this by the smaller disk, the broader arms, and the smaller angle between the
+  paired arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of all three arms 0.2; basal breadth of each arm 0.045,
+  terminal breadth 0.13.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (St�hr),
+  Caltanisetta (Haeckel).</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Rhopalastrum malleus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms one and a third times as large as their distance from the odd
+  arm. All three arms nearly of the same form and size, hammer-shaped, three times as broad at the
+  truncated distal end as at the base.  Central disk broader than the arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.25, basal breadth 0.05, distal breadth 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Rhopalastrum lagenosum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Rhopalastrum lagenosum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 43; Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxii. fig. 22.</p>
+    <p><i>Rhopalastrum lagenosum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 501.</p>
+    <p><i>Flustrella bilobata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1844, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 81.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma lagena</i>, Ehrenberg, 1840, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 200.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms one and a half times as great as their distance from the odd
+  arm. All three arms nearly of the same form and size, about one and a half times as long as the
+  diameter of the central disk, at the base half as broad as at the convex rounded end, without
+  spines. Ehrenberg has only observed a fragment with two paired arms; some perfect specimens with
+  three arms, observed by me, differed from the nearly allied <i>Rhopalastrum pistillum</i> (from
+  the same locality) by the larger disk, the broader arms, and the larger unpaired angle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of all three arms 0.2, basal breadth 0.05, terminal breadth
+  0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Caltanisetta.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page528">{528}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Rhopalastrum ypsilinum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms half as large as their distance from the odd arm. All three
+  arms at the concavely curved distal end three times as broad as at the narrow base. Odd arm twice
+  as long and broad as the paired arms. Central disk smaller than the latter. No terminal
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the odd arm 0.32, of the paired arms 0.2; terminal breadth
+  of the former 0.2, of the latter 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Rhopalastrum clavatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms half as large as their distance from the odd arm. All three
+  arms club-shaped, at the thickened, nearly spherical, distal end three times as broad as at the
+  narrow base. Odd arm nearly twice as long and broad as the paired arms. Central disk equal to the
+  distal knob of the latter. No terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the odd arm 0.3, of the paired arms 0.18; distal breadth of
+  the former 0.16, of the latter 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Rhopalastrum irregulare</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Distance between all three arm-points different. All three arms cylindrical, nearly of the same
+  length, but of different form, irregularly curved, about four times as long as broad, with blunt
+  ends.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of each arm about 0.2, breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Sea, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Rhopalastromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Arms on the distal end provided with one or more terminal
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Rhopalastrum martellum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Distance between all three arm-points nearly the same; but the odd arm is one and a half times
+  as large as both paired arms, and is perpendicular to the common axis of the latter, therefore the
+  shell has the form of a hammer. Each arm is twice as broad at the distal end as at the base, and
+  armed with a conical terminal spine; the latter is vertical in the odd arm, horizontal in the
+  paired arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the odd arm 0.3, of the paired arms 0.15; distal breadth of
+  the former 0.12, of the latter 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page529">{529}</span></div>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Rhopalastrum triceros</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms about two-thirds as large as their distance from the odd arm.
+  All three arms club-shaped, three times as broad at the thickened distal part as at the base, and
+  armed with one single, conical, terminal spine. Odd arm of the same breadth, but twice as long as
+  the paired arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the odd arm 0.35, of the paired arms 0.2; basal breadth
+  0.04, distal breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Rhopalastrum hexaceros</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms equals four-fifths of their distance from the odd arm. All
+  three arms nearly of the same size, about square, a little broader at the truncated distal end,
+  which is armed at both corners with a strong, conical, radial spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.2, basal breadth 0.1, distal breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, Belligemma, Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Rhopalastrum arcticum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms half as large as their distance from the odd arm, which is a
+  little larger. All three arms of the same form, lanceolate, twice to three times as long as broad,
+  twice as broad in the middle as at either end. Each arm with twelve to fourteen transverse septa,
+  at the distal end with a bunch of conical spines, and one single, very large, pyramidal, terminal
+  spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm (without spine) 0.17, greatest breadth of it 0.05
+  to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Arctic Ocean, lat. 83� 19' N., North Polar expedition of the
+  "Alert."</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 229. <i>Hymeniastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_268" href="#Nt_268"><sup>[268]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with three simple, undivided,
+  chambered arms, connected by a patagium; triangular shell regular, with three equal arms and three
+  equal angles.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Hymeniastrum</i> was founded by Ehrenberg (1847) with a very
+  incomplete diagnosis, and hitherto known only by one single species, figured by him as
+  <i>Hymeniastrum pythagor�</i> (Mikrogeol., 1854, Taf. xxxvi. fig. 31). This form occurs in two
+  different states, externally quite identical; in one state the central disk (as figured, <i>loc.
+  cit.</i>), is a simple lens or hollow disk, containing a medullary shell or "central chamber"; in
+  the other state the central disk is composed of two concentric rings surrounding the "central
+  chamber." We retain here the name <i>Hymeniastrum</i> for this latter state, <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page530">{530}</span>expressed in the diagnosis given above, and call the former state (the
+  Coccodiscid) <i>Hymenactura</i> (compare above, p. 473). One practical advantage, obtained in this
+  way, is that all genera of <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> ending with "<i>-astrum</i>" belong
+  to the Porodiscida. <i>Hymeniastrum</i> differs from <i>Dictyastrum</i> by the possession of a
+  patagium, and from <i>Euchitonia</i> by the equal size of the angles and the arms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Hymenastrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Arms with blunt ends, without terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hymeniastrum leydigii</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Euchitonia leydigii</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 510, Taf. xxxi. figs. 4,
+    5.</p>
+    <p><i>Hymeniastrum leydigii</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Histiastrum trinacrium</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 843.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms twice as long as broad, two-thirds as broad at the base as at the blunt, nearly truncated
+  distal end. Patagium nearly complete, perfectly filling out the interbrachial spaces, with six to
+  seven regular, concave chamber-rows; only the truncate terminal faces of the arms free.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.15 to 0.18, breadth on their base 0.04 to 0.05,
+  on their broadest distal end 0.06 to 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface. Very
+  common and variable.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hymeniastrum k�llikeri</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Euchitonia k�llikeri</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 511, Taf. xxxi. figs. 6,
+    7.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Hymeniastrum k�llikeri</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms nearly lanceolate, twice as long as broad, half as broad at the base as at the broadest
+  middle part, pointed at the distal end. Patagium complete, enveloping the whole triangular disk,
+  with irregular chamber-rows.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.2, breadth on their base 0.04, on the broadest
+  part 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hymeniastrum g�mbelii</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylactis g�mbelii</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 112, Taf. vi.
+    fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms twice as long as broad, nearly twice as broad in the circular distal half as in the square
+  proximal half. Patagium incomplete, circular, with eight to nine convex chamber-rows, enveloping
+  only the proximal square halves of the arms; the lenticular distal halves remain free.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.14; breadth at the base 0.04, at the distal
+  lenticular part 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page531">{531}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Hymeniastrum euclidis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig.
+  13).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Euchitonia euclidis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 460 et Atlas (pl. xliii.
+    fig. 13).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms one and a half times as long as broad, club-shaped, three times as broad in the oval
+  distal part as in the narrow square proximal part. Patagium complete, enveloping the whole
+  triangular disk, and also the convex ends of the arms, with eight to nine convex chamber-rows.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.18; breadth at the base 0.025, at the broadest
+  distal part 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Hymeniastrum pythagor�</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Hymeniastrum pythagor�</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854 (<i>partim</i>), Mikrogeol., Taf.
+    xxxvi. fig. 31.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms nearly as broad as long, two-thirds as broad at the base as at the truncated distal end.
+  Patagium incomplete, enveloping only the basal half of the arms, with four to five rectilinear
+  parallel chamber-rows. (This form has the greatest resemblance to the figure given by Ehrenberg,
+  <i>loc. cit.</i>, but differs by the central disk, which is composed of two concentric rings
+  surrounding the small central chamber; compare above <i>Hymenactura pythagor�</i>, p. <a
+  href="#page474">474</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.18; breadth at the base 0.08, at the truncated
+  end 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Hymeniastrum archimedis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms nearly triangular, at the truncated, slightly convex end three times as broad as at the
+  narrow base and one and a third times as broad as long; each arm with six simple chambers.
+  Patagium incomplete, enveloping only the basal half of the arms with three to four convex
+  chamber-rows.  (Differs from <i>Rhopalastrum hexagonum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig. 7,
+  only by the patagium.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.2; breadth at the base 0.07, at the truncated end
+  0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Hymenastromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Arms at the distal end provided with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Hymeniastrum ternarium</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Histiastrum ternarium</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 76, Taf. xxiv. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms two and a half times as long as broad, three times as broad at the truncated end as at the
+  narrow base, with a strong, conical, radial spine at the end.  Patagium incomplete, enveloping
+  only the basal half of the arms, with three to four convex chamber-rows.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms (without terminal spine) 0.02; breadth at the base
+  0.025, at the broadest terminal part 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page532">{532}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Hymeniastrum trigonarium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms one and a half times as long as broad, a little broader at the rounded end than at the
+  base, with three strong conical radial spines, one larger (in the radius of each arm) and two
+  smaller on both sides of this. Patagium complete, with four to five rectilinear parallel
+  chamber-rows, enveloping the whole arms (with exception of the terminal spines) and forming a
+  perfect equilateral triangle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms (without terminal spines) 0.18; breadth at the base
+  0.1, at the distal part 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5 class="sp3">Genus 230. <i>Euchitonia</i>,<a id="NtA_269" href="#Nt_269"><sup>[269]</sup></a>
+  Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 831 (<i>sensu
+  emendato</i>).</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with three simple, undivided,
+  chambered arms, connected by a patagium; triangular shell bilateral, one odd arm opposite to the
+  odd angle between the two paired arms.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Euchitonia</i>, quite insufficiently characterised by Ehrenberg, was
+  founded by him (1860) for one single species, afterwards (1872) described and figured as
+  <i>Euchitonia furcata</i>. Retaining this species correctly as the type of this genus, I give to
+  it here the above diagnosis. In my Monograph (1862, p. 503) I described seven Mediterranean
+  species of <i>Euchitonia</i>. Three of these have in common the characters according to the
+  present diagnosis: <i>Euchitonia m�lleri</i>, <i>Euchitonia virchowii</i>, <i>Euchitonia
+  beckmanni</i>; two others appertain (on account of the regular, not bilateral form) to
+  <i>Hymeniastrum</i>, and two others (on account of the forked, not simple arms) to
+  <i>Trigonastrum</i>. Afterwards (1880) three true fossil species of <i>Euchitonia</i> were
+  described by St�hr (<i>Euchitonia cruciata</i>, <i>Euchitonia zittelii</i>, and <i>Euchitonia
+  acuta</i>). Some species of this genus are cosmopolitan, and appertain to the most common and
+  everywhere represented <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stylactis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872 (<i>loc. cit.</i>).</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Arms with blunt ends, without terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Euchitonia furcata</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Euchitonia furcata</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 308; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf. vi. iii. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms about half as large as their distance from the odd arm. All
+  three arms nearly of the same size and form, about twice as long as broad, one and a half times at
+  the <span class="pagenum" id="page533">{533}</span>blunt convex end as broad as at the base.
+  Patagium incomplete, with concave chamber-rows and irregular network, only enveloping the basal
+  half of the arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of all three arms 0.15, basal breadth of each arm 0.04,
+  terminal breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Californian Sea, depth 2600 fathoms,
+  Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Euchitonia m�lleri</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Euchitonia m�lleri</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 508, Taf. xxx. figs.
+    5-10.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Euchitonia m�lleri</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 110, Taf. v.
+    fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms about two-thirds as large as their distance from the odd arm,
+  which is somewhat larger. Length of the arms equals two and a half times the breadth of the blunt
+  convex end or five times the breadth of the base. Patagium with concave chamber-rows, nearly
+  complete, enveloping the arms with exception of the terminal face. (This common species is very
+  variable; compare my Monograph.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of all three arms 0.16 to 0.22, basal breadth 0.03 to 0.05,
+  terminal breadth 0.06 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; one of the most common <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> in all seas, on the surface as well as at different depths; also
+  fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados and Sicily.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Euchitonia triangulum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Stylactis triangulum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 320; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, Taf. viii. fig. 9.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylactis triangulum</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 113, Taf.
+    vi. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms about two-thirds as large as their distance from the odd arm.
+  All three arms nearly of the same size and form, about one and a half times as long as broad,
+  nearly as broad at the base as at the blunt rounded end. Patagium incomplete, with convex
+  chamber-rows, enveloping about two-thirds of the arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of all three arms 0.15, basal breadth 0.05, terminal breadth
+  0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific and Atlantic, Stations 253, 272, 354, surface; also
+  fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Barbados and Sicily.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Euchitonia cruciata</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Euchitonia cruciata</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 111, Taf. v.
+    fig. 7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms about one and a half times as large as their distance from the
+  odd arm, which is a little larger. Length of the arm nearly equals twice the breadth, which is the
+  same at the base and at the rounded blunt ends. Patagium incomplete, with concave chamber-rows,
+  enveloping only the base of the arms, and forms between them three other smaller arms; therefore
+  the whole shell forms six angles with six alternating arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of all three arms 0.15, basal breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page534">{534}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Euchitonia lanceolata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms about one and a third times as large as their distance from
+  the odd arm. All three arms nearly of the same size and form, three times as long as broad,
+  lanceolate, much broader in the middle part than at both ends; distal end cuspidate, but not
+  spiny. Patagium incomplete, with convex chamber-rows, envelops about two-thirds of the arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of all three arms 0.18, greatest breadth (in the width)
+  0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Euchitonia zittelii</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylactis zittelii</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 112, Taf. v.
+    fig. 8.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms about one-fifth as large as their distance from the odd arm.
+  All three arms nearly of the same size and form, in the proximal half thinner and nearly square,
+  in the distal half thicker and circular; the latter half twice to three times as broad as the
+  former. Patagium incomplete, with convex chamber-rows, envelops only the proximal square half of
+  the arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of all three arms 0.15, basal breadth 0.03, terminal breadth
+  0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Euchitonia st�hrii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>,
+  fig. 12).</p>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms about four-fifths as large as their distance from the odd arm,
+  which is one and a half times as long as the former. Arms about three times as long as broad,
+  twice as broad in the distal half as in the proximal half, with rounded blunt ends. Patagium
+  complete, with concave chamber-rows, enveloping the whole shell, also the ends of the arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the paired arms 0.2, of the odd arm 0.25; basal breadth
+  0.03, distal breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados and of Nicobar Islands,
+  Haeckel. <span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda.">Indian Ocean, Cocos Islands (Rabbe).
+  Also in the Central Pacific, Station 267.</span></p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Euchitonia beckmannii</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Euchitonia beckmannii</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 505, Taf.
+    xxxi. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms scarcely half as large as their distance from the odd arm,
+  which is somewhat larger. Each arm with six simple broad chambers (without radial septa), the
+  terminal chambers semilunar, convex, blunt, four times as broad as the first (basal) chamber.
+  Patagium incomplete, with convex chamber-rows, enveloping the arms with exception of the broad
+  blunt terminal face.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the paired arms 0.15, of the odd arm 0.18; basal breadth
+  0.02 to 0.03, terminal breadth 0.1 to 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page535">{535}</span></div>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Euchitonia virchowii</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Euchitonia virchowii</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 503, Taf. xxx. figs.
+    1-4.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Histiastrum fasciatum</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 842.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms about half as large as their distance from the odd arm, which
+  is somewhat larger. Each arm with six broad chambers, bisected by a radial septum; the terminal
+  chamber convex, blunt, twice as broad as the basal chamber. Patagium incomplete, with concave
+  chamber-rows, enveloping the arms with exception of the broad blunt terminal face.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the paired arms 0.15, of the odd arm 0.16; basal breadth
+  0.05, terminal breadth 0.1 to 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Atlantic (Canary Islands).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Pteractis</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872 (<i>loc. cit.</i>).</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Arms provided with radial spines at the distal end.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Euchitonia elegans</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Pteractis elegans</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 299, Taf. viii. fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms half as large as their distance from the odd arm. This latter
+  is straight, while both the former are concavely curved towards the middle line.  Arms five times
+  as long as broad, at the distal end pointed and armed with a short conical terminal spine.
+  Patagium nearly complete, enveloping four-fifths of the arms, with four to five concave
+  chamber-rows.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.2, breadth of them 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific, Philippine Sea, depth 3300 fathoms
+  (Ehrenberg).</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Euchitonia carcinus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>,
+  fig. 10).</p>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms scarcely one-fourth as great as their distance from the odd
+  arm. This latter is straight, twice as long as the former, which are concavely curved towards the
+  middle line. The odd arm is three times as broad at the distal end as at the narrow base. The end
+  of each arm is furnished with a strong triangular radial spine and a group of smaller spines.
+  Patagium incomplete, with two to three concave chamber-rows, enveloping only the basal half of the
+  arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the paired arms 0.15, breadth 0.03; radius of the odd arm
+  0.3, breadth on its base 0.02, on its distal end 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page536">{536}</span></div>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Euchitonia acuta</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Euchitonia acuta</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 111, Taf. v.
+    fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms two-thirds as great as their distance from the odd arm. All
+  three arms nearly of the same size and form, two and a half times as long as broad, nearly
+  lanceolate, at their broadest part one and a half times as broad as at their base. Patagium
+  complete, enveloping the whole triangular disk, with five to six concave chamber-rows. In the
+  figure of St�hr the ends of the arms are simply pointed, while I find in the same fossil form a
+  short terminal conical spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of all three arms 0.14; breadth at the base 0.04, at the
+  broadest part 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte (St�hr),
+  Caltanisetta (Haeckel).</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Euchitonia ypsiloides</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Histiastrum ypsiloides</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 843.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Distance between the paired arms two-thirds as great as their distance from the odd arm, which
+  is somewhat larger. Length of the arms equals five times the breadth of the narrow base, which is
+  half that of the distal end; this latter is armed with three to five short conical spines.
+  Patagium complete, with six to seven concave chamber-rows, enveloping the whole arms with the
+  exception of the terminal spines. (Differs from <i>Euchitonia m�lleri</i> almost solely by the
+  possession of terminal spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.18 to 0.2; breadth at the base 0.04, at the
+  distal end 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Atlantic (Canary Islands),
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Euchitonia echinata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>,
+  fig. 11).</p>
+
+  <p>Distance between paired arms three-fourths as great as their distance from the odd arm, which
+  is somewhat larger. Arms one and a half times as long as broad, somewhat constricted in the middle
+  part, armed at the rounded ends with numerous (thirty to forty) strong, conical spines. Patagium
+  complete, with four or five rectilinear parallel chamber-rows, enveloping the whole of the arms
+  with the exception of the spiny ends.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms (without spines) 0.2, breadth 0.06 to 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 231. <i>Chitonastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_270" href="#Nt_270"><sup>[270]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with three forked, chambered
+  arms, without a patagium. (Arms and angles between them either equal or unequal.)</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Chitonastrum</i> differs from its ancestral form, <i>Dictyastrum</i>,
+  by the bifurcation of the distal ends of the arms. The few species of this genus are partly <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page537">{537}</span>regular (like <i>Dictyastrum</i>), partly bilateral (like
+  <i>Rhopalastrum</i>). If the number of species increases much, these two subgenera may be
+  separated into two genera: <i>Chitonastrella</i> corresponding to the former,
+  <i>Chitonastromma</i> to the latter.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Chitonastrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All three arms of the same size and form, equidistant;
+  fundamental form of the shell therefore an equilateral triangle.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Chitonastrum triglochin</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All three arms equal and equidistant. Each arm has the form of an isosceles triangle, twice as
+  high as broad; the truncated apex of the triangle is inserted into the large central disk, whilst
+  its distal base (four times as broad) is divided by a deep incision (half as long as the arm).
+  Each arm with ten to twelve joints, simple in its basal half, double in its distal half. Axes of
+  the six branches straight. (Resembles <i>Trigonastrum regulare</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig. 16,
+  but differs in the absence of a patagium.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.24, greatest breadth 0.11, basal breadth
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Chitonastrum bathybium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All three arms equal and equidistant, in the basal two-thirds simple, rectilinear, three times
+  as long as broad, in the distal third forked, both branches equal, straight, blunt, half as broad
+  as the basal part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.18, basal breadth 0.04, breadth of the branches
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Chitonastromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;One odd arm different in size or form from the two other
+  arms, which are paired; distance between them different; fundamental form of the shell therefore a
+  bilateral, isosceles triangle.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Chitonastrum jugatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>,
+  fig. 14).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyastrum jugatum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xliii. fig.
+    14).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms very different; odd arm club-shaped, twice as long as broad, at the blunt distal end twice
+  as broad as at the base; its axis is perpendicular to the common axis of both paired arms, which
+  are only two-thirds as long, not so broad, and in the distal half divided into two branches; the
+  anterior branch is straight, nearly horizontal, the posterior shorter and curved backwards.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page538">{538}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the odd arm 0.2, of the paired arms 0.15; distal breadth of
+  the former 0.08, basal breadth 0.04; breadth of the paired arms 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Chitonastrum <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'dicranodes'.">dicranoides</span></i>,
+  n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All three arms in the basal half simple, nearly square, in the distal half forked; branches
+  straight, blunt. Odd arm twice as large as the paired arms; angle between the latter larger than
+  the angles between them and the odd arm. (The form of the arms resembles <i>Dicranastrum
+  furcatum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>,
+  fig. 2.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the odd arm 0.24, of the paired arms 0.12; basal breadth
+  0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Chitonastrum lyra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>,
+  fig. 15).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyastrum lyra</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xliii. fig.
+    15).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All three arms forked and nearly of the same size, but different in form and position. The
+  distance between the branches of the two paired arms is only one-fourth of the distance between
+  them and the odd arm. Each arm in the basal two-thirds is simple, with eleven to twelve transverse
+  septa, in the distal third forked, each branch with four to five transverse septa. The branches of
+  each arm are curved convexly one to another, ending obtusely. The axis of the simple proximal part
+  is straight in the odd arm, in the paired arms curved concavely towards the middle line. In the
+  figured specimen, which I observed living in Portofino (in September 1880), the central chamber of
+  the central disk and the first surrounding ring were filled with the nucleus of the cell; both
+  external rings were filled (like all chambers of the arms) with pink oil-globules of the red
+  central capsule. From the mantle, enveloping the shell, radiated innumerable fine pseudopodia
+  (much too short in the figure), and between the two paired arms a long "sarcode-flagellum."</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.16; greatest breadth of the odd arm 0.04; basal
+  breadth of the paired arms 0.02; distance of both branches of each arm 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Portofino, near Genoa, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 232. <i>Trigonastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_271" href="#Nt_271"><sup>[271]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with three forked, chambered
+  arms, connected by a patagium. (Arms and angles between them either equal or unequal.)</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Trigonastrum</i> differs from the preceding <i>Chitonastrum</i>, its
+  ancestral form, in the development of a patagium between the arms. It bears therefore to the
+  latter the same relation that <i>Euchitonia</i> does to <i>Rhopalastrum</i>.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page539">{539}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Trigonastrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All three arms of the same size and form, equidistant;
+  fundamental form of the shell therefore a regular, equilateral triangle.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Trigonastrum regulare</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig.
+  16).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Chitonastrum regulare</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xliii. fig.
+    16).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All three arms equal and equidistant. Each arm has the form of an isosceles triangle, twice as
+  high as broad, the truncated apex of which is inserted into the large circular central disk,
+  whilst its distal base (four times as broad) is divided by a deep incision (half as long as the
+  arm). Each arm with ten to twelve joints.  Patagium between the arms nearly complete, spongy.
+  (Differs from <i>Chitonastrum triglochin</i> mainly in the possession of a patagium.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.24, greatest breadth 0.11, basal breadth 0.03;
+  length of the sides of the regular triangle 0.45.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Trigonastromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;One odd arm different in form or size from the other two
+  arms, which are paired; distance between them different; fundamental form of the shell therefore
+  an isosceles triangle.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Trigonastrum krohnii</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Euchitonia krohnii</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 507.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All three arms different; distance between the two paired arms smaller than their distance from
+  the odd arm. Odd arm with six joints. Each paired arm with seven joints, increasing in breadth
+  towards the distal end. Odd arm and one paired arm forked at the end, the other paired arm simple.
+  Patagium nearly complete. (The asymmetry in this form may perhaps be an individual anomaly, as
+  also in <i>Myelastrum anomalum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>,
+  fig. 9.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms about 0.13 to 0.16, breadth 0.05 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Funchal, Madeira, Krohn, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Trigonastrum gegenbauri</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Euchitonia gegenbauri</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 506, Taf.
+    xxxi. figs. 2, 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms different; distance between the paired arms larger than their distance from the odd arm,
+  which is one-third shorter. Odd arm egg-shaped, simple, with seven joints, undivided. Both paired
+  arms equal, with ten joints, in the distal third forked. Patagium nearly complete.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the odd arm 0.14, greatest breadth 0.08; radius of the
+  paired arms 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page540">{540}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 233. <i>Stauralastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_272" href="#Nt_272"><sup>[272]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with four simple, undivided,
+  chambered arms, without a patagium; quadrangular shell a regular cross, with four equal arms
+  placed at right angles.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stauralastrum</i> is the most simple form of the Tessarastrida, or of
+  those Porodiscida in which the margin of the central disk is armed with four chambered arms. In
+  <i>Stauralastrum</i> these four arms are quite simple and equal, without a patagium, separated by
+  four right angles, so that the whole shell represents a regular rectangular cross. If we connect
+  the distal points of the arms by lines, we get a complete square. (In my Prodromus, 1881, the
+  species of this genus were united with <i>Hagiastrum</i>, which genus I now retain for the simple
+  bilateral Tessarastrida.)</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stauralastrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Ends of the arms blunt, without terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stauralastrum cruciforme</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Arms very thin, nearly linear, four to five times as long as broad, of equal breadth at the
+  base and at the truncated distal end; their breadth equals one-third of the radius of the central
+  disk.  Edges of the arms parallel.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.8, breadth 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 293, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stauralastrum lanceolatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms lanceolate, three times as long as broad, in their middle part three times as broad as at
+  both ends; their greatest breadth nearly equals the diameter of the central disk. (The arms have
+  the same form as in <i>Euchitonia lanceolata</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate43"><b>43</b></a>, fig. 9.)
+  Edges of the arms convex.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.3, greatest breadth (in the middle part)
+  0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Stauralastrum ordo</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms trapezoid, about as long as broad, twice as broad at their truncated distal end as at the
+  base; their basal breadth equals the radius of the central disk, which exhibits two to three
+  rings. (The arms have nearly the same form as those in <i>Hagiastrum mosis</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig. 3.)
+  Edges of the arms rectilinear, divergent towards the ends.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.12, basal breadth 0.04, distal breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page541">{541}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Stauralastrum clavigerum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms twice as long as broad, in their distal half lenticular, nearly circular, twice as broad
+  as in their square proximal half; their distal breadth equals the diameter of the central disk,
+  which exhibits three to four rings. Edges of the arms concave.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.2, basal breadth 0.04, distal breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Stauralastrum dilatatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms of nearly equal length and breadth, at their convex distal end three times as broad as at
+  their narrow base; their distal breadth three times as large as the radius of the central disk,
+  which exhibits three to four rings. (Resembles <i>Histiastrum quadrigatum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate46"><b>46</b></a>, fig. 3, but
+  has no patagium.) Edges of the arms concave.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.15, basal breadth 0.04, terminal breadth
+  0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stauralastromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Ends of the arms with one or more terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Stauralastrum rhopalophorum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Hagiastrum rhopalophorum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms cylindrical, eight times as long as broad at their base, at their distal end club-shaped,
+  three times as broad as at their base; their distal breadth twice as large as the diameter of the
+  central disk, which exhibits two to three rings. Surface thorny, with larger spines towards the
+  end, and one radial, very strong, angular terminal spine. Edges of the arms parallel.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm (without terminal spine) 0.32, basal breadth 0.03,
+  terminal breadth 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Stauralastrum antiquum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Rhopalastrum</i> sp. Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xiv. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms six times as long as broad at their base, in their distal half nearly spherical, three
+  times as broad as in their cylindrical basal half; their distal breadth nearly equals the diameter
+  of the central disk which exhibits three to four rings. On the end of each arm one strong,
+  angular, terminal spine. (Differs from the preceding species by larger central disk and stouter
+  arms, also by less developed spines.) Edges of the arms parallel.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.25, basal breadth 0.04, terminal breadth
+  0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Barbados rocks; and living in the depths of the
+  Central Pacific, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page542">{542}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Stauralastrum staurolonche</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms four times as long as broad at their base, gradually increasing towards their truncated
+  end, which is one and a half times as broad as their base; their distal breadth equals the radius
+  of the central disk, which exhibits four to five rings. At the end of each arm is a very strong
+  conical terminal spine. (Resembles <i>Histiastrum quaternarium</i>, <i>Abhandl. k. Akad. Wiss.
+  Berlin</i>, 1875, Taf. xxiv. fig. 3, but has no patagium.) Edges of the arms rectilinear,
+  divergent.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.25, basal breadth 0.045, distal breadth 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Barbados rocks; and living in the depth of the
+  Equatorial Atlantic, Station 348, depth (2450) fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Stauralastrum horridum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms three times as long as broad at their base, gradually increasing towards their rounded
+  end, which is twice as broad as their base, their distal breadth equals the diameter of the
+  central disk, which exhibits four to five rings. Surface thorny, at the distal end of each arm is
+  a group of twenty to twenty-five smaller and five to six larger, straight, conical spines. Edges
+  of the arms rectilinear, divergent.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.15, basal breadth 0.05, distal breadth 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 234. <i>Hagiastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_273" href="#Nt_273"><sup>[273]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with four simple, undivided,
+  chambered arms, without a patagium; quadrangular shell bilateral, two opposite arms of the main
+  axis (or principal arms) different from the two others (or lateral arms).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Hagiastrum</i>, as here defined, was formerly united by me with the
+  foregoing <i>Stauralastrum</i>, but differs from it by the bilateral or symmetrical form. Whilst
+  in the latter all four arms and the four angles between them are equal, they are here
+  differentiated into pairs.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Hagiastrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both longitudinal arms of equal size and form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hagiastrum buddhae</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Cross rectangular. Both longitudinal arms of equal size, twice as long as the transverse arms;
+  all arms smooth, club-shaped, twice as broad at their globose distal part as at their base, each
+  with three large conical terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page543">{543}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the principal arms 0.4, of the lateral arms 0.2; basal
+  breadth 0.06, distal breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Belligemma, Ceylon, surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hagiastrum bramae</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cross rectangular. Both longitudinal arms of equal size, one and a half times as long as the
+  transverse arms; all arms thorny, club-shaped, at their pear-shaped distal part three times as
+  broad as at their base, provided with numerous conical spines, one larger terminal spine at their
+  distal point. (Resembles <i>Stauralastrum rhopalophorum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig. 1, but
+  is distinguished by the different size of the arm-pairs, and by the stronger spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the principal arms 0.3, of the lateral arms 0.2; basal
+  breadth 0.04, distal breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, off Maldive Islands, surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Hagiastromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;The two longitudinal arms different in size or form.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hagiastrum mosis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>,
+  fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Cross rectangular. All four arms nearly isosceles, triangular, at their narrow base half as
+  broad as at their truncated, concavely fluted, distal end. The posterior principal arm with twelve
+  to thirteen joints, twice as long as the anterior arm, which has six to seven joints and is one
+  and a half times as long as the two lateral arms (with four to five joints).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the posterior arm 0.3, of the anterior 0.15, of the lateral
+  arms 0.1; basal breadth 0.05, terminal breadth 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Smyrna), surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Hagiastrum mohammedis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cross with unequal angles, the anterior little smaller than the posterior. All four arms
+  club-shaped, thorny, three times as broad at their globose distal end as at their narrow base, and
+  furnished with ten to twelve conical spines. Posterior principal arm twice as long as the
+  anterior, and four times as long as the rudimentary lateral arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the posterior arm 0.4, of the anterior 0.2, of the lateral
+  arms 0.1; basal breadth 0.02 to 0.03, distal breadth 0.06 to 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Philippine Sea, Samboangan, Station 200, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Hagiastrum christi</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cross with unequal angles, the anterior somewhat smaller than the posterior. All four arms of
+  similar form, lanceolate, in their middle twice as broad as at either obtuse end. The posterior
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page544">{544}</span>principal arm with twelve joints, one and a half
+  times as long as the anterior (with nine joints) and twice as long as the two lateral arms (each
+  with six joints). The form and structure of the arms in this species are nearly the same as in
+  <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Tesserastrum'.">Tessarastrum</span>
+  straussi</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>,
+  fig. 8); but the arms are broader in the middle, and are not connected by a patagium.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the principal posterior arm 0.2, of the anterior 0.15, of
+  each lateral arm 0.1; greatest breadth (in the width) 0.01, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel, Gulf Stream, surface, John
+  Murray.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 235. <i>Histiastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_274" href="#Nt_274"><sup>[274]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with four simple, undivided,
+  chambered arms, connected by a patagium; square shell a regular cross, with four equal arms and
+  four right angles between them.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Histiastrum</i>, quite insufficiently characterised by Ehrenberg
+  (1847), was afterwards (1875) illustrated by the figures of two different fossil species. One of
+  these, <i>Histiastrum ternarium</i>, with three arms, belongs to <i>Hymeniastrum</i>; the other,
+  <i>Histiastrum quaternarium</i>, is here retained as the true, typical representative species of
+  the genus. It differs from its ancestral form <i>Stauralastrum</i>, by the possession of a
+  patagium, from <i>Tessarastrum</i> by the regular square form of the shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Histiastrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Distal ends of the arms blunt, without terminal
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Histiastrum quadrigatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate46"><b>46</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Arms at their distal end nearly as broad as long, and four times as broad as at their narrow
+  base; their lateral edges concave, their terminal edge convex, without spines. Each arm is divided
+  by seven to eight convex transverse septa into eight to nine simple, broad chambers. Central disk
+  with three to four rings, about as broad as the fifth chamber. Patagium complete, connecting all
+  the lateral edges of the arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.15, basal breadth 0.03, terminal breadth
+  0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Histiastrum excisum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms four times as long as broad at their base, and twice as broad at their rounded blunt
+  distal end as at their base; their lateral edges rectilinear, divergent. Central disk with three
+  to four rings, <span class="pagenum" id="page545">{545}</span>somewhat broader than their distal
+  end. Patagium incomplete, connecting only the basal half of the arms, with three to four concave
+  chamber-rows, on the margin concave. (May be regarded as <i>Euchitonia m�lleri</i>, with four
+  arms.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.2, basal breadth 0.05, distal breadth 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Atlantic, surface, Canary Islands.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Histiastrum velatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate46"><b>46</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyastrum velatum</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas (pl. xlvi. fig. 4).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms pear-shaped, rapidly increasing from their narrow base, nearly circular, little longer
+  than broad; each with eight to nine transverse chamber-rows; their lateral edges at their base
+  concave, at their end circular. Central disk with three to four rings, somewhat smaller than one
+  arm. Patagium complete, with six to seven radial beams, filling out perfectly the intervals
+  between the arms. A peculiar girdle of finer network and equal breadth surrounds the whole
+  equatorial periphery of the disk, and gives it the appearance of a square with rounded
+  corners.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.2, basal breadth 0.03, distal breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Histiastromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Distal ends of the arms spiny, furnished with one or more
+  terminal spines.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Histiastrum quaternarium</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Histiastrum quaternarium</i>, Ehrenberg, 1875, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 74, Taf. xxiv. figs. 3, 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms six times as long as broad at their base, with rectilinear, little divergent edges; at
+  their truncated distal end a little broader, with one single, very strong, conical, terminal
+  spine. Central disk with four to five rings, somewhat broader than the arm. Patagium incomplete,
+  enveloping only the basal half of the arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.18, basal breadth 0.03, distal breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Histiastrum gladiatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Astromma</i> sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. v. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms triangular, eight times as long as broad at their base; at their distal end three times as
+  broad as at their base, with rectilinear, divergent edges; their truncated end with a large
+  conical, terminal spine. Central disk with four to five rings, broader than the arms. Patagium
+  incomplete, enveloping only the basal half of the arms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page546">{546}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.12, basal breadth 0.013, distal breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados; and living in the depth of
+  the Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Histiastrum boseanum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate46"><b>46</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Arms linear, twelve times as long as broad at their base (at their distal end twice as broad as
+  at their base), with rectilinear, parallel edges. The club-shaped end thickened, dentate, with two
+  lateral rows of strong teeth in the equatorial plane, and with one very stout, angular, terminal
+  spine. Central disk with two to three rings, broader than the arms. Patagium incomplete, with four
+  to five concave chamber-rows, enveloping only the basal half of the arms. I call this splendid
+  species in honour of Dr. Graf Bose, the great friend of nature and patron of the University of
+  Jena.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.25, basal breadth 0.02, distal breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Histiastrum coronatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stephanastrum</i> sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. iv. fig.
+    1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms linear, eight times as long as broad, with rectilinear parallel edges; the thickened,
+  nearly spherical, distal end three times as broad, with five strong conical spines, one middle
+  (perradial) larger and two smaller on each side of it. Central disk with two to three rings, of
+  the same breadth as the terminal knot of the arms. Patagium incomplete, square, enveloping the
+  arms, with the exception of the knot.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.16, basal breadth 0.02, terminal breadth
+  0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Histiastrum circulare</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stephanastrum</i> sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xxiii. fig.
+    1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms linear in their inner half, egg-shaped and three times as broad in their outer half, with
+  ten to twelve strong terminal spines, the middle (perradial) larger, in all three times as long as
+  broad. Central disk with three to four rings, broader than their distal knobs. Patagium nearly
+  complete, circular, enveloping the whole arms, with exception of the outermost end.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.22, basal breadth 0.02, terminal breadth
+  0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados; and living in the depths of
+  the Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Histiastrum pentadiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate46"><b>46</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Arms in their inner half linear, twice as long as broad, in their outer half circular, three
+  times as broad, with the same structure as the central disk, exhibiting three concentric rings
+  around one <span class="pagenum" id="page547">{547}</span>central chamber. Patagium complete,
+  spongy, with radiating beams, enveloping the whole disk, with the exception of the outermost end
+  of the arms, which is armed with twelve to sixteen strong conical spines, the middle (perradial)
+  spine much larger.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm (without terminal spine) 0.18, basal breadth 0.025,
+  terminal breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 333, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 236. <i>Tessarastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_275" href="#Nt_275"><sup>[275]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with four simple, undivided,
+  chambered arms, connected by a patagium; quadrangular shell bilateral, two opposite arms of the
+  main axis (or principal arms) different from the two others (or lateral arms).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tessarastrum</i>, formerly united by me with <i>Histiastrum</i>,
+  differs from the latter in its bilateral or symmetrical form, and bears therefore the same
+  relation to it that <i>Hagiastrum</i> does to <i>Stauralastrum</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tessarastrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both longitudinal arms of equal size and form.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Tessarastrum straussii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Histiastrum straussii</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xlv. fig.
+    8).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cross not rectangular. Both principal arms of equal size and form, four times as long as broad,
+  and twice as long as the broader lateral arms; the former with ten to eleven, the latter with five
+  to six joints, separated by convex transverse septa. Distal ends of the arms blunt. Axes of the
+  smaller arms not perpendicular to that of the larger arms; therefore the anterior angles between
+  them smaller than the posterior angles. Patagium between the arms incomplete. I call this
+  remarkable species after the great German philosopher David Strauss.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the principal arms 0.24, of the lateral arms 0.12; greatest
+  breadth (in the middle) of the former 0.05, of the latter 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, <i>Hyalonema</i>-ground, March 5, 1875.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Tessarastrum spinoz�</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cross rectangular. Both principal arms of equal size and form, ten times as long as broad, and
+  twice as long as the lateral arms, which are only five times as long as broad. All arms linear, at
+  their distal end club-shaped, and armed with twenty to thirty very strong angular spines. Patagium
+  incomplete, enveloping only the basal half of the arms.  (Resembles <i>Histiastrum boseanum</i>,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page548">{548}</span>Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate46"><b>46</b></a>, fig. 1, but
+  differs in the broader arms and the unequal size of both pairs.) I call this species after the
+  great monistic philosopher Benedictus Spinoza.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the principal arms 0.3, of the lateral arms 0.16; basal
+  breadth 0.025, distal breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 333, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Tessarastrum brunonis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Histiastrum brunonis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xlv. fig.
+    9).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cross rectangular. Both principal arms of equal size and form, three times as long as broad,
+  each with ten joints, three times as long as the lateral arms, which are nearly square, with four
+  joints. All arms rounded, at their truncated end little broader than at their base. No spines.
+  Patagium complete, envelops the whole shell, and is composed of two parallel lattice-lamell� on
+  each side of the flat disk, which are connected by very fine perpendicular bars. This is shown
+  clearly in fig. 9, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>,
+  where the disk is seen from the edge. I call this species after the great Italian philosopher
+  Giordano Bruno.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the principal arms 0.22, of the lateral arms 0.12; basal
+  breadth 0.04, distal breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Tessarostromma'.">Tessarastromma</span></i>,
+  Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;The two principal arms of different size or form.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Tessarastrum democriti</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Histiastrum democriti</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus et Atlas (pl. xlv. fig.
+    7).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cross not rectangular; the two anterior angles smaller than the two posterior. All four arms
+  club-shaped, twice as broad at their rounded obtuse distal end as at their base, of unequal
+  length. Posterior principal arm one and a fourth times as long as the posterior, and one and
+  two-thirds as long as the lateral arms. Patagium incomplete, enveloping only the basal half of the
+  arms. I call this species after the great Greek philosopher Democritus.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the posterior arm 0.3, of the anterior 0.25, of each lateral
+  arm 0.22; basal breadth 0.05, distal breadth 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 237. <i>Stephanastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_276" href="#Nt_276"><sup>[276]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 54.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with four simple, undivided,
+  chambered arms, connected on the distal ends by a spongy, square or rhomboidal, patagial girdle
+  (or a patagium with four large, interbrachial openings). Shell either regular or bilateral (with
+  equal or unequal arms).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page549">{549}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stephanastrum</i>, founded (1847) by Ehrenberg for the very peculiar
+  <i>Stephanastrum rhombus</i>, differs from the nearly allied foregoing genera in the imperfect
+  development of the peculiar patagium, connecting only the distal ends of the four arms, while it
+  is absent at their base. Two new species, different from <i>Stephanastrum rhombus</i> by the
+  regular square form, were found in the Challenger collection.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stephanastrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All four arms of the cross have the same size.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stephanastrum quadratum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate46"><b>46</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>All four arms of the same size, six times as long as broad at their base, ending with a strong,
+  short, four-sided pyramidal spine. In the outer half of each arm are two opposite lateral spongy
+  wings, which form an equilateral triangle, and from union of the bases of the four triangles
+  arises the peculiar patagium, which forms a square with four large interbrachial openings.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.25, basal breadth 0.035; length of the sides of
+  the square patagium 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stephanastrum capitatum,</i> n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>All four arms of the same size, five times as long as broad at their base, at their distal end
+  with a spongy, nearly spherical capitulum of twice their breadth, provided with a very strong,
+  angular, pyramidal, terminal spine (half as long as the arm). All four arms connected by a square
+  patagium, arising immediately below the capitula, and perforated by four large interbrachial
+  openings.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm (without the terminal spine) 0.25, basal breadth
+  0.05; length of the sides of the square patagium 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area. Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stephanastromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Two opposite arms of the cross larger than the two
+  others.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Stephanastrum rhombus,</i> Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stephanastrum rhombus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvi. fig. 33;
+    Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1875, Taf. xxv. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Two arms of the longitudinal axis one and a third times as long as two arms of the transverse
+  axis. All four arms linear, about eight times as long as broad, at their distal end somewhat <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page550">{550}</span>thickened, club-shaped, with a pyramidal terminal spine.
+  The ends of the arms are connected by a riband-shaped, straight, spongy patagium of the same
+  breadth as the arms. Between the rhomboidal patagium and the arms remain four large rectangular
+  triangles as interbrachial openings.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the longer arms 0.2, of the shorter 0.15; basal breadth
+  0.02; length of the sides of the rhombic patagium 0.25.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 238. <i>Dicranastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_277" href="#Nt_277"><sup>[277]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with four forked, spongy, or
+  chambered arms, without a patagium; shell regular (not bilateral), with four equal arms crossed at
+  right angles.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Dicranastrum</i> comprises a number of very remarkable, hitherto
+  unknown, Euchitonida, which are rather common in the Pacific (mainly on the surface), and
+  characterised by the bifurcation of the cross-arms of the regular square shell. It bears therefore
+  to its probable ancestral form, <i>Stauralastrum</i>, the same relation that in the triradiate
+  Euchitonida <i>Chitonastrum</i> does to <i>Dictyastrum</i>. The arms are commonly of very delicate
+  structure, more or less spongy.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Dicranaster</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Each cross-arm with two simple branches.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Dicranastrum furcatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Arms simply forked, three times as long as broad at their base, with eight blunt ends of the
+  fork-branches. The simple proximal half of each arm about the same size as each branch of the
+  dichotomous distal part, twice as long as broad. Edges of the arms ragged.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.38, basal breadth 0.12; breadth of the forked
+  part 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Dicranastrum dichotomum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms simply forked, four times as long as broad at their base; each arm with two blunt
+  branches. The simple proximal part of each arm is three times as long and twice as broad as each
+  branch of the dichotomous distal part. Ends of the arms blunt, truncated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.35, basal breadth 0.08; breadth of the forked
+  part 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 281, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page551">{551}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Dicranastrum cornutum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Hagiastrum cornutum</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas (pl. xlv. fig. 2).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Four arms simply forked, four times as long as broad; each arm with two triangular diverging
+  branches ending in strong conical spines. The simple basal part of each arm about of the same
+  length as each branch of the distal part, twice as long as broad. Distance between the terminal
+  spines of each arm nearly as great as its length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arm 0.24, basal breadth 0.05; breadth across the
+  bifurcation 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Dicranastrum antilope</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Four arms simply forked, three times as long as broad; each arm with two lanceolate diverging
+  branches, ending in strong angular spines. The simple basal part of each arm is twice as long as
+  each branch of the distal part. Distance of the two terminal spines of each arm scarcely half as
+  great as its length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arm 0.32, basal breadth 0.11; breadth of the branches
+  0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic (off Ascension), Station 342, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tricranastrum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Each cross arm with three terminal branches, one middle
+  (perradial) and two lateral (adradial) branches.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Dicranastrum wyvillei</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Tricranastrum wyvillei</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Nat�rl. Sch�pfungsgesch., p. 705,
+    Taf. xvi. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms trifid, one and a half times as long as broad; each arm with three blunt terminal branches
+  of equal size. The simple basal part of each arm twice as long as the trifid distal part. (The
+  central capsule depicted in fig. 3, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>,
+  has the same form as the skeleton, and is only a little smaller.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arm 0.4, basal breadth 0.12, greatest breadth (in the
+  distal part) 0.24.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Dicranastrum tricuspis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms trifid, twice as long as broad; each arm with three pointed terminal branches, ending in
+  strong conical spines, the middle branch somewhat larger than the other two. The simple basal part
+  of each arm three times as long as the trifid distal part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arm 0.3, basal breadth 0.06, greatest breadth (in their
+  distal part) 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page552">{552}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Dicranastrum trifarium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms trifid, three times as long as broad at their base; each arm with three pointed terminal
+  branches, ending in strong sulcate spines; the middle branch twice as large as the two others. The
+  simple basal part of each arm two and a half times as long as the trifid distal part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arm 0.35, basal breadth 0.03, greatest breadth (in the
+  distal part) 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 298, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Tetracranastrum</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Each cross-arm with four terminal branches, the two
+  fork-branches being again bifurcated.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Dicranastrum bifurcatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  1<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Arms doubly forked or quadripartite, six times as long as broad at their base; each arm in its
+  proximal half simple, three times as long as broad; in its distal half doubly forked; the
+  secondary branches with blunt, roundish ends, nearly as large as the primary branches. Central
+  disk (fig. 1<i>a</i>) with three concentric rings around the central chamber; from its periphery
+  radiate thin radial beams in the spongy framework of the delicate arms. The central capsule has
+  the same form as the skeleton, and is only a little smaller.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arm 0.45, basal breadth 0.08; breadth of the terminal
+  branches 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, east of Japan, Station 241, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 239. <i>Myelastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_278" href="#Nt_278"><sup>[278]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with four forked, spongy, or
+  chambered arms, without a patagium; shell bilateral, with paired different arms; two equal
+  anterior arms of different shape from the two equal posterior arms.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Myelastrum</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Dicranastrum</i>, the
+  ancestral form, by the twofold differentiation of the four arms. Whilst in the latter all four
+  arms are equal, separated by equal angles, here the two anterior arms are constantly different
+  from the two posterior. The lateral angles between the two arm-pairs are equal, while the
+  posterior and the anterior angle (between the two arms of each pair) are more or less different.
+  The shell assumes, therefore, a very characteristic bilateral form, similar to the "quadricorn
+  cross" of the grey central substance in the transverse section of the human medulla spinalis.
+  Though the spongy shell is commonly a most delicate and <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page553">{553}</span>thin disk it nevertheless reaches unusual dimensions, its diameter in
+  some species being more than a millimetre.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Myelastrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Posterior arms simple, undivided; anterior arms lobated or
+  cleft, with one or more incisions at the distal end.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Myelastrum medullare</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>,
+  fig. 13).</p>
+
+  <p>Anterior arms bifid, nearly square, with a shallow incision at their broad truncated end.
+  Posterior arms somewhat smaller, nearly triangular, with simple blunt ends. Sagittal constriction
+  three-fourths as large as the transverse one. Surface smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the anterior arms 0.36, of the posterior 0.3; longitudinal
+  constriction 0.24, transverse 0.36.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Myelastrum spinale</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Anterior arms bifid, twice as long as broad, with a deep incision at their truncated end.
+  Posterior arms slender, half as large, with simple blunt ends. Sagittal constriction one and a
+  half times as large as the transverse. Surface spiny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the anterior arms 0.4, of the posterior 0.2; longitudinal
+  constriction 0.3, transverse 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 248, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Myelastrum heteropterum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Anterior arms trifid, about as long as broad, with two incisions at their broad truncated end.
+  Posterior arms about half as large, simple, with rounded blunt ends. Sagittal constriction
+  two-thirds as large as the transverse. Surface bristly.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the anterior arms 0.65, of the posterior 0.035; longitudinal
+  constriction 0.4, transverse 0.6.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Myelastromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All four arms (posterior as well as anterior) lobated or
+  cleft.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Myelastrum octocorne</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>,
+  fig. 12).</p>
+
+  <p>All four arms with a deep incision in their distal half; anterior arms broader, but shorter
+  than the posterior; in the anterior arms the two lobes are of the same size, in the posterior arms
+  the <span class="pagenum" id="page554">{554}</span>median lobe is longer than the lateral lobe.
+  Sagittal constriction little smaller than the transverse. Surface of the disk rough.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the anterior arms 0.45, of the posterior 0.62; longitudinal
+  constriction 0.25, transverse 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Myelastrum farfalla</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>,
+  fig. 10).</p>
+
+  <p>All four arms with a shallow incision at their distal end. Anterior arms broader, but shorter
+  than the posterior; in each arm the anterior lobe is shorter than the posterior. Sagittal
+  constriction smaller than the transverse. Surface smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the anterior arms 0.4, of the posterior 0.6; longitudinal
+  constriction 0.5, transversal stricture 0.6.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Myelastrum papilio</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>,
+  fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>All four arms with a shallow incision at their distal end. Anterior arms triangular, of the
+  same breadth, but of the double length of the square posterior arms. Sagittal and transverse
+  constrictions of the same length. Surface ciliated. (Resembles a butterfly.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the anterior arms 0.7, of the posterior 0.4; longitudinal
+  and transverse constrictions 0.4.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, near Japan, Station 241, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Myelastrum decaceros</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Anterior arms bifid, with one shallow incision at their distal end. Posterior arms of the same
+  length, but much broader, trifid, with two incisions (one larger and one smaller). Sagittal and
+  transverse constrictions of the same length. Surface spiny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of all four arms 0.4; longitudinal and transverse constrictions
+  0.35.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Myelastrum dodecaceros</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>, figs. 11,
+  11<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Anterior arms trifid, with two shallow incisions at their distal end. Posterior arms about
+  one-third larger, also trifid, with one deeper anterior and one shallower posterior incision.
+  Sagittal constriction much longer than the transverse. Surface ciliated, covered with numerous
+  thin and long radial bristles (fig. 11<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the anterior arms 0.5, of the posterior 0.7; longitudinal
+  constriction 0.5, transverse 0.35.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page555">{555}</span></div>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Myelastrum ciliatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Anterior arms trifid, with two shallow incisions. Posterior arms somewhat smaller, also trifid,
+  with two deeper incisions. Sagittal constriction a little larger than the transverse. Margin of
+  the disk ciliated, with radial bristle-shaped spines, as prolongations of the inner radial beams,
+  arising from the central disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the anterior arms 0.6, of the posterior 0.5; longitudinal
+  constriction 0.4, transverse 0.35.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Myelastrum lobatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Anterior arms somewhat broader but shorter than the posterior arms. Each arm four-lobed, with
+  three terminal shallow incisions of nearly equal size. Sagittal constriction smaller than the
+  transverse. Surface of the disk bristly.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the anterior arms 0.4, of the posterior 0.5; longitudinal
+  constriction 0.3, transverse 0.35.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Myelastrum rotula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Anterior arms little broader than the posterior, but of the same length. Each arm four-lobed,
+  with three terminal deep incisions of equal size. Sagittal and transverse constrictions equal. The
+  whole disk nearly circular, resembles a wheel with sixteen spokes. Surface smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of all four arms 0.5; longitudinal and transverse constrictions
+  0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Myelastrum giganteum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Anterior arms somewhat broader and shorter than the posterior. Each arm four-lobed, with three
+  shallow terminal incisions, the middle incision twice as deep as the two laterals. Sagittal
+  constriction a little larger than the transverse. Margin ciliated, with radial bristle-shaped
+  spines as prolongations of the inner radial beams, proceeding from the central disk (as in
+  <i>Myelastrum dodecaceros</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>,
+  figs. 11, 11<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the anterior arms 0.6, of the posterior 0.8; longitudinal
+  constriction 0.6, transverse 0.5.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page556">{556}</span></div>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Myelastrum anomalum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>All four arms of different size and form; anterior arms broader, posterior longer; one anterior
+  arm trifid, the three other arms bifid; length of the branches unequal; all four angles between
+  the arms unequal. (This anomalous form, seen only once, may be an individual abnormality.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.4 to 0.7; constrictions 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 237, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 240. <i>Pentalastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_279" href="#Nt_279"><sup>[279]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 461.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with five simple, undivided,
+  chambered arms, without a patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Pentalastrum</i> opens the small series of Euchitonida, in which the
+  shell is not provided with three or four arms, as usual, but with five. All forms of this little
+  group are rare. Some species resemble in their external form and in the articulation of their arms
+  certain forms of Asterida. In <i>Pentalastrum</i>, the most simple genus, the five arms are
+  simple, not forked, and without a patagium. It can be derived from <i>Dictyastrum</i> or
+  <i>Stauralastrum</i> by increase of the number of arms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Pentalastrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All five arms equal, with equal angles between them. Shell
+  a regular pentagon.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pentalastrum asteracanthion</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All five arms equal, club-shaped, at their thickened obtuse end three times as broad as at
+  their base, twice as long as broad. Angles between the arms equal.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.2, basal breadth 0.03, distal breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pentalastrum astropecten</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All five arms equal, with five to six distinct, simple joints, the basal joint two-thirds as
+  broad as the terminal joint, which bears a strong conical spine. Angles between the arms equal.
+  (Resembles <i>Pentinastrum asteriscus</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>,
+  fig. 2, but has no patagium.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.14, basal breadth 0.024, distal breadth
+  0.036.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page557">{557}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Pentalastromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Arms of different sizes, one odd arm larger than the two
+  others; the opposite odd angle generally different from the four other angles.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Pentalastrum ophidiaster</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Arms nearly triangular, at their obtuse truncated distal end twice as broad as at their base.
+  Four arms equal, with five joints each; the fifth arm twice as long, with seven joints. Angles
+  between the arms nearly equal; the odd angle a little larger.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the larger odd arm 0.25, of the four smaller arms 0.15;
+  basal breadth 0.035, distal breadth 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Pentalastrum cometa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms nearly cylindrical, at their obtuse truncated distal end one and a half times as broad as
+  at their base. Posterior odd arm very large, with eleven joints, about three times as long as the
+  two lateral arms (with five joints each) and four times as long as the two anterior arms (with
+  three joints each). Angles between the paired arms different; the two lateral angles smaller than
+  the two posterior, and these smaller than the odd anterior angle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the odd posterior arm 0.5, of the lateral arms 0.25, of the
+  anterior arms 0.18; basal breadth 0.05, distal breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 241. <i>Pentinastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_280" href="#Nt_280"><sup>[280]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 461.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with five simple, undivided,
+  chambered arms, connected by a patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pentinastrum</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Pentalastrum</i> only
+  in the development of a patagium or connecticulum between the arms, and bears therefore the same
+  relation to it that <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Histriastrum'.">Histiastrum</span></i>
+  does to <i>Stauralastrum</i>, or <i>Hymeniastrum</i> to <i>Dictyastrum</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pentinastrum asteriscus</i> , n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>All arms equal, twice as long as broad, at their base two-thirds as broad as at their truncated
+  distal end, which bears a strong, pyramidal, terminal spine. Each arm is divided by five
+  transverse septa into six joints or chambers, and each of these by a radial beam into a pair of
+  chambers. The five radial beams arise from the innermost chamber of the central disk, and end in
+  the five terminal <span class="pagenum" id="page558">{558}</span>spines. The diameter of the
+  central disk is larger than the length of the arms. The angles between the arms are equal and
+  filled up by an incomplete patagium, so that the whole disk forms a regular pentagon with five
+  concave sides.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm (without terminal spine) 0.14; breadth at their
+  base 0.02, at their terminal joint 0.03; radius of the central disk 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pentinastrum goniaster</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Stephanastrum</i> sp., Bury, 1862, Polycystins of Barbados, pl. xx. fig.
+    1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All five arms equal, four times as long as broad, club-shaped, at their globose distal end
+  twice as broad as at their base, and armed with a strong conical terminal spine. Diameter of the
+  central disk equals only one-third of the length of the arms. The articulation of the spongy arms
+  is somewhat obscure. Patagium complete, totally fills up the interbrachial spaces, so that the
+  whole disk forms a regular pentagon with five rectilinear sides, except that the terminal spines
+  project at the corners.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.18, basal breadth 0.02, distal breadth 0.04;
+  radius of the central disk 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms; also fossil
+  in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 242. <i>Pentophiastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_281" href="#Nt_281"><sup>[281]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with five forked chambered arms,
+  without a patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pentophiastrum</i> differs from the two preceding genera by the
+  bifurcation of the five arms, and can be derived either from <i>Pentalastrum</i> by the
+  ramification of the distal ends of the arms, or from the similar <i>Myelastrum</i> by the increase
+  in the number of arms.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pentophiastrum dicranastrum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All five arms equal, with equal angles between them. Each arm in the basal half simple, in the
+  distal half forked; both branches of it equal, with obtuse ends. (This regular species resembles
+  <i>Dicranastrum furcatum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>,
+  fig. 2, but with five rays instead of four; also the form of the arms is more slender and the
+  edges smooth.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.25, breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus <i>Pentophiastromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Arms of different size, one odd arm opposite to the angle
+  between both arm-pairs.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page559">{559}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pentophiastrum caudatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Arms in pairs different; four arms in the basal half simple, in the distal half forked; the
+  fifth (posterior) odd arm simple, undivided, cylindrical; the anterior pair a little smaller than
+  the posterior; the neighboring branches of the two pairs on each side larger than the two others.
+  Axes of the arms and their branches straight.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms about 0.5, breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Pentophiastrum forcipatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Arms in pairs different, all in the basal two thirds simple, in the distal third forked. Only
+  in the posterior (odd) arm both branches are equal, in the four others unequal. The common axis of
+  the posterior lateral pair is horizontal, perpendicular to the median line; the axes of the
+  anterior pair are pincer-like, concavely curved towards the median line or principal axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms about 0.5, breadth 0.14.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 243. <i>Hexalastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_282" href="#Nt_282"><sup>[282]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 461.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with six simple chambered arms,
+  without a patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexalastrum</i>, together with the following <i>Hexinastrum</i>,
+  encloses those <i>Euchitonida</i> in which the number of the chambered arms surrounding the
+  central disk amounts to six. This is the highest number of these articulated marginal appendages
+  which is reached in any <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>. Formerly (1881) in my Prodromus, p.
+  459, I supposed that the same number was reached also by one Coccodiscid, and called this genus
+  <i>Hexactura</i>. Afterwards I was convinced that this form was also a <i>Hexalastrum</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexalastrum palmanthum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All six arms equal, with equal angles between them. Each arm club-shaped, three times as long
+  as broad, twice as broad at the thickened distal end as at the base, without a terminal spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.2, basal breadth 0.02, distal breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexalastrum crinanthum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All six arms equal, with equal angles between them. Each arm club-shaped, four times as long as
+  broad, at the egg-shaped distal end three times as broad as in the linear basal part, provided
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page560">{560}</span>with numerous short conical spines and one longer
+  terminal spine. (Resembles <i>Stauralastrum rhopalophorum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig. 1, but
+  with six rays instead of four.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.3, basal breadth 0.03, distal breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus <i>Hexalastromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Arms more or less different in size or form; shell
+  bilateral.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hexalastrum orchidaceum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Hexactura orchidacea</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 459.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms different in length, so that two unequal opposite odd arms determine the main axis, and
+  the four other arms lie on both sides of this as two different pairs. The proportion of their
+  relative length is the following:&mdash;anterior lateral arms five, anterior odd arm six;
+  posterior lateral arms seven, posterior odd arm eight. Each arm is club-shaped, two to three times
+  as long as broad, and divided into six to eight joints by five to seven transverse septa; its
+  distal end is armed with a terminal spine and twice as broad as its base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the posterior odd arm 0.4, of the anterior odd arm 0.3; of
+  the posterior lateral pair 0.35, of the anterior lateral pair 0.25; basal breadth 0.08, distal
+  breadth 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 244. <i>Hexinastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_283" href="#Nt_283"><sup>[283]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 461.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Porodiscida</span> with six simple, undivided,
+  chambered arms, connected by a patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexinastrum</i> differs from its ancestral form <i>Hexalastrum</i> by
+  the development of a patagium between the arms. The only observed species is regular.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexinastrum geryonidum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Hexalastrum geryonidum</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Atlas (pl. xliv. fig. 4).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Disk quite regular with six radii; all six arms of the same size and form, at their broad,
+  convexly rounded, smooth end five times as broad as at their narrow base, and little longer than
+  broad. Each arm is divided by eight transverse septa into nine simple joints or chambers of the
+  same height; the breadth of the distal chambers increases rapidly. The regular, hexagonal, central
+  disk exhibits four concentric rings around the central chamber. Patagium between the arms
+  incomplete, with concavely fluted edge.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.15, basal breadth 0.016, distal breadth 0.08;
+  radius of the central disk 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page561">{561}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Family XXII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Pylodiscida</span></span>, n. fam. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, figs.
+  12-20).</h4>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> without phacoid shell, with flat
+  discoidal shell, in which a simple spherical central chamber is surrounded by one or two
+  concentric triradial girdles; each girdle with three gates, separated by three simple
+  arm-chambers. Surface of the disk with three open or latticed gates on each flat side.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Pylodiscida</span> represents a new small but interesting group of
+  <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, which exhibits rather complex affinities to different groups
+  of <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>. In my Prodromus (1881, p. 464) I had enumerated only two
+  genera of this family, <i>Triopyle</i> and <i>Hexapyle</i>, and had united them with
+  <i>Tetrapyle</i> and allied genera in the family Pylonida. Indeed, the resemblance of skeletal
+  structure in the two groups is very great. The most simple forms of both groups exhibit a simple
+  spherical latticed central chamber, which is surrounded by few latticed chambers of similar size
+  and form, separated by open gates. But in the Pylonida these chambers are opposite in pairs, and
+  form together a complete lattice-girdle around the central chamber, whereas in the Pylodiscida the
+  chambers are not opposite in pairs in one axis, and form therefore only latticed half girdles,
+  which arise from the central chamber like radial arms, and may perhaps better be called
+  "arm-chambers"; their number is constantly three. The free open spaces between these three
+  arm-chambers form three gates, comparable to the two or four gates of <i>Amphipyle</i>,
+  <i>Tetrapyle</i>, &amp;c., and become afterwards closed by lattice-work in a similar way in both
+  groups. A more important difference between them is indicated by the further mode of growth. The
+  Pylonida build new girdles in all three dimensive planes (alternating in the transverse, lateral
+  and sagittal planes); their geometric fundamental form is therefore the "lentellipsis" or the
+  "triaxial ellipsoid." The Pylodiscida, however, grow only at the periphery of the discoidal shell
+  in one single plane (the equatorial plane); their fundamental form is therefore the biconvex lens
+  or the flat disk (a shortened cylinder). This important difference is my deciding motive, in
+  separating the latter from the former and in regarding the Pylodiscida as true <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, the more so as they can easily be derived from <i>Archidiscus</i>,
+  the fundamental and ancestral form of the Porodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p>One single form of <i>Archidiscus</i> seems to be of peculiar importance in this relation,
+  viz., <i>Archidiscus <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'hexonicus'.">hexoniscus</span></i>
+  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  fig. 10). In this species the simple central chamber is surrounded by a latticed ring or girdle,
+  composed of six equal chambers of the same size and form, all lying in the same plane with the
+  central chamber. In a nearly allied species, viz., <i>Archidiscus pyloniscus</i>, the six
+  ring-chambers are different, three smaller (with denser network) alternating with three larger (of
+  looser network); if we imagine the network of the latter reduced to a marginal bar we get
+  <i>Triopyle</i>, and if also this bar disappear by reduction we get <i>Triolena</i>, the most
+  simple form of the Pylodiscida. <span class="pagenum" id="page562">{562}</span>Even <i>Archidiscus
+  pyloniscus</i> may possibly represent the same form among the Porodiscida as <i>Triodiscus
+  lenticula</i> among the Pylodiscida; this important form indicates clearly the close affinity of
+  the two families.</p>
+
+  <p>If we take the latter, nearly identical form as the common starting point of both families of
+  Cyclodiscaria, then probably <i>Triopyle</i> and <i>Triolene</i> must be regarded as retrograde
+  forms, derived from <i>Triodiscus</i> in the one case, from <i>Archidiscus</i> in the other, by
+  reduction of three interradial arm-chambers, whilst three perradial only remain. But it is also
+  possible that the most simple form, <i>Triolene</i>, originated independently from some
+  <i>Cenosph�ra</i>, three simple radial chambers, like the latticed central chamber, being derived
+  from the latter by apposition in three equidistant radii, whilst three other radii between them
+  remained free. In this case the other genera of Pylodiscida are derived from their ancestral form
+  <i>Triolene</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Adopting this latter view, we find that all eight genera of Pylodiscida, here distinguished,
+  may be regarded as following members of a continuous series. If the three simple arm-chambers of
+  <i>Triolene</i>, surrounding the equal central chamber, become united at their distal ends by a
+  concentric equatorial ring, then originates <i>Triopyle</i>; and this graduates into
+  <i>Triodiscus</i> by fenestration of the three open gates between the three latticed arms. Whilst
+  these three genera form together the subfamily Triopylida, a second family, Hexapylida, is
+  composed of three other analogous genera, in which the same process of development becomes
+  repeated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Pylolena</i>, the most simple form of Hexapylida, arises from <i>Triodiscus</i> by the
+  development of three new arm-chambers (of the second order) which are apposed at the distal end of
+  the three primary arm-chambers (of the first order) in the same radius. If the distal ends of
+  these three secondary arm-chambers become united by a concentric latticed ring or girdle, we get
+  <i>Hexapyle</i> (with six open gates, two in each radius), and if its six gates become afterwards
+  closed by loose lattice-work, we arrive at <i>Pylodiscus</i> (a repetition of
+  <i>Triodiscus</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>A third subfamily, Discopylida, is formed by the building of a chambered equatorial girdle
+  around the margin of <i>Pylodiscus</i>. This girdle has quite the same structure as the similar
+  chambered rings or girdles of the Porodiscida and Coccodiscida. Between the two sieve-plates of
+  the disk surface is enclosed a variable number (twelve to twenty-four or more) of chambers,
+  imperfectly separated by radial beams, which connect the margin of the <i>Pylodiscus</i>-shell
+  with an outer peripheral concentric ring. In <i>Discozonium</i> this marginal ring is perfect,
+  whilst in <i>Discopyle</i> it is interrupted by a peculiar large opening, a "marginal osculum"
+  surrounded by a corona of spines, quite the same remarkable formation which we encountered in
+  <i>Ommatodiscus</i> among the Porodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p>All Pylodiscida are therefore triradial (with three perradial arms and three interradial gates
+  between them), and many of them have a great resemblance to certain triradial Porodiscida and
+  Spongodiscida, perhaps not only a morphological resemblance, but also <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page563">{563}</span>a true phylogenetic relation. But it is remarkable that we do not find
+  further forms of development in this family, by multiplication either of the arm-chambers (further
+  growth in the three perradii) or of the concentric chambered rings (in the periphery of the disk
+  margin).</p>
+
+  <p>The central capsule of the Pylodiscida is constantly flat, discoidal, and enclosed between the
+  two sieve-plates of the surface.  Its form is either circular or triangular.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of the Pylodiscida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w80 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Pylodiscida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Pylodiscida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>I. Subfamily Triopylida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Three gates between three simple arm-chambers.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three gates open, without a barring equatorial girdle,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">245. <i>Triolena</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Three gates barred by a latticed equatorial girdle.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Gate-faces simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">246. <i>Triopyle</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Gate-faces latticed,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">247. <i>Triodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Hexapylida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Six gates between three double arm-chambers (three inner and three outer); no
+        chambered marginal girdle.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Three outer gates open, without a barring equatorial
+      girdle,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">248. <i>Pylolena</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Three outer gates barred by a latticed (second) equatorial
+      girdle.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Both faces of the outer gates simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">249. <i>Hexapyle</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Both faces of the outer gates latticed,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">250. <i>Pylodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Subfamily Discopylida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Six gates between three double arm-chambers.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">In the equatorial plane on the margin of the
+      Pylodiscus-shell is a chambered equatorial girdle.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">No peculiar osculum on the margin of the disc,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">251. <i>Discozonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">One peculiar osculum (with a corona of spines) on the margin of the
+      disc,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">252. <i>Discopyle</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Pylodiscida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Pylodiscida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Triopylida. Three gates between three simple arm-chambers.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three gates open, without a barring equatorial girdle,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">245. <i>Triolena</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three gates barred by a latticed equatorial girdle.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Gate-faces simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">246. <i>Triopyle</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Gate-faces latticed,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">247. <i>Triodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Hexapylida. Six gates between three double arm-chambers (three
+      inner and three outer); no chambered marginal girdle.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three outer gates open, without a barring equatorial girdle,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">248. <i>Pylolena</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three outer gates barred by a latticed (second) equatorial
+      girdle.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Both faces of the outer gates simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">249. <i>Hexapyle</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Both faces of the outer gates latticed,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">250. <i>Pylodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">III. Subfamily Discopylida. Six gates between three double arm-chambers.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">In the equatorial plane on the margin of the Pylodiscus-shell is a
+      chambered equatorial girdle.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No peculiar osculum on the margin of the disc,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">251. <i>Discozonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">One peculiar osculum (with a corona of spines) on the margin of
+      the disc,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">252. <i>Discopyle</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Triopylida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylodiscida</span> with a simple,
+  spherical or lenticular, central chamber, surrounded by three simple arm-chambers, which are
+  separated by three notches or gates.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 245. <i>Triolena</i>,<a id="NtA_284" href="#Nt_284"><sup>[284]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylodiscida</span> with a simple, spherical or
+  lenticular, central chamber, surrounded by three simple arm-chambers. Notches between the three
+  arms open.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Triolena</i> is the most simple form of all Pylodiscida, and must be
+  regarded as their common ancestral form, from an ontogenetic as well as a phylogenetic point of
+  view. The small shell is composed of a simple, spherical or lenticular, latticed, central chamber,
+  and of three simple, surrounding equal arms, which are also simple latticed chambers, lie in the
+  equatorial plane, and are separated by three equal angles or open gates.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page564">{564}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Triolena primordialis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, fig.
+  12).</p>
+
+  <p>Arm-chambers trapezoid, nearly square, of the same size as the circular, lenticular,
+  primordial, central chamber. Surface of the disk smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.045, of the central chamber 0.015, of each arm
+  0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Triolena tribelone</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arm-chambers lanceolate, of the same breadth as and twice the length of the triangular, central
+  chamber; at the pointed end of each arm is a conical terminal spine (in the equatorial plane).
+  Surface of the disk thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.05, of the central chamber 0.015; length of
+  the arms 0.02, breadth 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Triolena trispinosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arm-chambers ovate, in the basal half nearly as broad as the hexagonal central chamber, at the
+  pointed distal end with a strong conical radial spine of double the length. Surface rough.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.55'.">0.055</span>, of the central chamber 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Triolena hexabelone</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arm-chambers nearly triangular, at the base half as broad as the hexagonal central chamber, at
+  the truncate distal end one and a half times as broad, and armed with two radial conical spines
+  (in the equatorial plane). Surface of the disk smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.06, of the central chamber 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Triolena trigonalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arm-chambers nearly triangular, at the base half as broad as the circular central chamber, at
+  the concave lunulate distal end twice as broad, and armed with four conical radial spines (two on
+  each side of the equatorial plane). Surface thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.05, of the central chamber 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page565">{565}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 246. <i>Triopyle</i>,<a id="NtA_285" href="#Nt_285"><sup>[285]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 464.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylodiscida</span> with a simple, spherical or
+  lenticular, central chamber, surrounded by three simple arm-chambers. Notches between the three
+  arms transformed into gates by a connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Triopyle</i> differs from the preceding <i>Triolene</i> in the
+  development of a simple ring or latticed equatorial girdle, which connects the distal ends of the
+  three arm-chambers, and transforms the open notches between them into three gates. The ring may be
+  circular, triangular, or hexagonal.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Triopyle circulus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk circular, three times as broad as the hexagonal central chamber. Three arm-chambers
+  trapezoidal, at the convex distal end as broad, at the base half as broad as the three circular
+  gates between them. Surface smooth. No marginal spines on the girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.045, of the gates 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Triopyle hexagona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  fig. 13).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk hexagonal, three times as broad as the circular central chamber. Three arm-chambers
+  trapezoidal, at the truncated distal end as broad, at the base half as broad as the three
+  triangular gates between them. Surface smooth. No marginal spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.05, of the gates 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Triopyle trigona</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk triangular, four times as broad as the circular central chamber. Three arm-chambers nearly
+  triangular, at the narrow base half as broad, at the distal end twice as broad as the circular or
+  roundish gates. Surface smooth. On the margin (in the equatorial plane) three strong pyramidal
+  spines (at the end of the arms).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.04, of the gates 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Triopyle cordigera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk hexagonal, four times as broad as the hexagonal central chamber. Three arm-chambers
+  triangular, at the base half as broad as at the truncated distal end, about the same size as the
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page566">{566}</span>three heart-shaped gates. On the six corners of the
+  margin (which forms a regular hexagon) are six pyramidal radial spines, as prolongations of the
+  arm-edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.05, of the gates 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, surface, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Triopyle renigera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk hexagonal, five times as broad as the circular central chamber. Three arm-chambers
+  trapezoidal, at the base one-third, at the distal end two-thirds as broad as the three
+  kidney-shaped gates. On the six corners of the margin (which forms an irregular hexagon) six
+  conical radial spines, as prolongations of the arm-edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.06, of the gates 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Triopyle spinigera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk roundish, triangular, four times as broad as the triangular central chamber, which is
+  armed with three radial spines between the arms. Arm-chambers club-shaped, at the narrow base
+  one-fourth, at the distal end half as broad as the square gates. On the margin twelve large
+  conical spines, two opposite on each face of the distal end of each arm-edge. Three smaller radial
+  spines on the three corners of the girdle (in the same interradial meridian planes as the three
+  spines of the central chamber). Compare <i>Triodiscus spinosus</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.05, of the gates 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 247. <i>Triodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_286" href="#Nt_286"><sup>[286]</sup></a> n. sp.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylodiscida</span> with a simple, spherical or
+  lenticular, central chamber, surrounded by three simple arm-chambers. Notches between the three
+  arms closed by lattice-work and by an equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Triodiscus</i> differs from the preceding <i>Triopyle</i> in the
+  development of loose lattice-work on both sides of the discoidal shell. This network closes the
+  gates and transforms the whole shell into a fenestrated lens. The singular species of
+  <i>Triodiscus</i> correspond to certain species of <i>Triopyle</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Triodiscus lenticula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk circular, lenticular, three times as broad as the central chamber. Three arm-chambers
+  trapezoidal, of the same size and form as the three gates between them, which are closed by a
+  loose <span class="pagenum" id="page567">{567}</span>delicate network (differs from <i>Triopyle
+  circulus</i> by the production of the two convex latticed plates, which envelop the whole lens).
+  Margin smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.045, of the gates 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Triodiscus trigonus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk triangular, four times as broad as the central chamber. Three arm-chambers at the base
+  half as broad, at the distal end twice as broad as the roundish gates. Surface smooth. On the
+  three corners of the margin (in the arm-radius) three strong spines. (Differs from <i>Triopyle
+  trigona</i> only in the loose framework closing the gates.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.04, of the gates 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Triodiscus spinosus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  fig. 14).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk subcircular, four times as broad as the triangular central chamber. Three arm-chambers
+  club-shaped, at the base one-third, at the distal end two-thirds as broad as the semicircular
+  gates. Surface thorny. On the margin fifteen larger radial spines, three on the corners of the
+  disk (in the radius of the gates), twelve on the two faces of the arms ends (two opposite on the
+  edge of each end.) (Differs from <i>Triopyle spinigera</i> mainly by the delicate hexagonal
+  network closing the gates.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.05, of the gates 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Canary Islands (Lanzerote, Haeckel).</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Hexapylida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylodiscida</span> with triopyle-shaped
+  medullary shell, surrounded by three distal arm-chambers, which are separated by three open
+  notches or gates.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 248. <i>Pylolena</i>,<a id="NtA_287" href="#Nt_287"><sup>[287]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylodiscida</span> with triopyle-shaped medullary
+  shell, surrounded by three distal arm-chambers. Notches between the three arms open.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pylolena</i> opens the series of the Hexapylida, or of those
+  Pylodiscida in which the centre of the shell is formed by a tri-radiated medullary shell like
+  <i>Triopyle</i>. In the equatorial plane of this triopyle-shaped disk are developed on its margin
+  three distal arm chambers, as prolongations of the three arms of <i>Triopyle</i>, but much larger.
+  In <i>Pylolene</i> the three angles or notches between the distal arms remain open, repeating the
+  form of <i>Triolene</i>.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page568">{568}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pylolena inermis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms club-shaped, at the base half as broad, at the rounded distal end as broad as the
+  triopyle-shaped medullary shell. Surface and margin smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.15, of the medullary shell 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface; Central Pacific,
+  Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pylolena armata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  fig. 15).</p>
+
+  <p>Arms trapezoid, at the base half as broad, at the distal end twice as broad as the
+  triopyle-shaped medullary shell. Surface and margin thorny. Twelve strong conical spines at the
+  distal end of the three arms, two opposite on both faces of the arm-edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 249. <i>Hexapyle</i>,<a id="NtA_288" href="#Nt_288"><sup>[288]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 464.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylodiscida</span> with triopyle-shaped medullary
+  shell, surrounded by three distal arm-chambers. Notches between the three arms transformed into
+  gates by a connecting equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hexapyle</i> differs from the preceding <i>Pylolene</i> in the
+  development of an equatorial ring or latticed girdle, which connects the free extremities of the
+  three distal ends and transforms the open notches between them into gates. It simulates therefore
+  the formation of <i>Triopyle</i>, from which it differs by duplication of the arm-joints and of
+  the gates (in each radius occur one proximal and one distal gate).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexapyle triangula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell triangular, with three rounded corners, three times as broad as the triangular
+  triopyle-shaped medullary shell. Surface smooth or rough, but not spiny. Three arms two-thirds as
+  broad as the three egg-shaped gates of each side.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell (or length of one side of the triangle)
+  0.15, of the medullary shell 0.05; breadth of the gates 0.06, of the bridges between them
+  0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexapyle sexangula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell hexagonal, with six equal sides, four times as broad as the triangular
+  triopyle-shaped medullary shell. Surface rough, but not spiny. Three arms (on their smallest part)
+  half as broad as the three triangular gates (on their broadest part).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page569">{569}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.16, of the medullary shell 0.04;
+  breadth of the gates 0.06, of the bridges 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hexapyle circularis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell circular, four times as broad as the triangular, Triopyle-shaped medullary
+  shell. Surface smooth. Three arms half as broad as the three kidney-shaped gates on each side of
+  the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05;
+  breadth of the gates 0.08, of the bridges between them 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Hexapyle triacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell triangular, thorny, with three pointed corners, prolonged into three strong
+  conical radial spines; its diameter four times as great as that of the medullary shell. Three arms
+  of the same breadth as the three egg-shaped gates of each side.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell (or length of one side of the triangle,
+  without spines) 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.05; breadth of the gates and of the bridges between
+  them 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, surface; Madagascar, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Hexapyle hexacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell hexagonal, thorny, three times as broad as the medullary shell. Six stronger
+  conical radial spines on the six corners at equal distances, lying in the equatorial plane of the
+  disk. Three half girdles half as broad as the three triangular gates of each side.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.15, of the medullary shell 0.05;
+  breadth of the gates 0.05, of the bridges 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Hexapyle dodecantha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  fig. 16).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell triangular, thorny, with rounded corners, three and a half times as broad as the
+  medullary shell. Twelve stronger radial spines, six opposite in pairs on each side of the
+  discoidal shell, as prolongations of the lateral edges of the triangular gates, which are about
+  the same breadth as the half girdles between them.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.21, of the medullary shell 0.06;
+  breadth of the gates and of the bridges 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page570">{570}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Hexapyle polyacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell circular, thorny, with a circle of numerous conical radial spines in the
+  periphery; its diameter nearly three times as great as that of the medullary shell. Three
+  half-girdles half as broad as the three kidney-shaped gates on each side of the discoidal
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.11, of the medullary shell 0.04;
+  breadth of the gates 0.04, of the bridges between them 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 250. <i>Pylodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_289" href="#Nt_289"><sup>[289]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylodiscida</span> with <i>Triopyle</i>-shaped
+  medullary shell, surrounded by three distal arm-chambers. Notches between the three arms closed by
+  lattice-work and by an equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pylodiscus</i> differs from <i>Hexapyle</i> in the development of two
+  convex plates of lattice-work, which close the six open gates and transform the disk into a
+  biconvex fenestrated lens. <i>Pylodiscus</i> simulates therefore the characteristic form of
+  <i>Triodiscus</i>; but whilst in the latter we find only three arm-joints and three simple gates,
+  their number is doubled in the former.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">1. <i>Pylodiscus triangularis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, fig.
+  17).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell triangular, with rounded corners, three times as broad as the triangular,
+  <i>Triopyle</i>-shaped medullary shell. Three arms about as broad as the three egg-shaped gates
+  between them. (Differs from <i>Hexapyle triangula</i> only by the delicate network of both
+  triangular convex covering plates, which close the open gates.) Six larger and many smaller spines
+  on the margin of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the gates 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pylodiscus sexangularis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell hexangular, equilateral, four times as broad as the circular,
+  <i>Triopyle</i>-shaped medullary shell. Surface spiny. Three arms nearly of the same form and size
+  as the three triangular gates between them. (Similar to <i>Hexapyle sexangularis</i>, but
+  differing in the irregular loose network closing the gates.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.18, of the gates 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, south of Japan, Station 237, surface</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page571">{571}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Pylodiscus cardiopylus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell hexangular, equilateral, five times as broad as the triangular,
+  <i>Triopyle</i>-shaped medullary shell. Surface smooth. Three arms triangular, at the distal end
+  as broad as the three heart-shaped gates. On the margin six strong pyramidal spines in the
+  equatorial plane (adradial, as prolongations of the lateral arm-edges).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the gates 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Sunda Strait, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Pylodiscus nephropylus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell circular, three times as broad as the circular, <i>Triopyle</i>-shaped medullary
+  shell. Surface spiny. Three arms trapezoidal, half as broad as the three kidney-shaped gates. On
+  the margin twelve stronger, conical, radial spines, opposite in pairs on both sides of the disk,
+  disposed in six pairs at the distal end of the arms.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Discopylida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylodiscida</span> with
+  <i>Triopyle</i>-shaped medullary shell and <i>Pylodiscus</i>-shaped cortical shell, which is
+  surrounded by a marginal chambered equatorial girdle.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 251. <i>Discozonium</i>,<a id="NtA_290" href="#Nt_290"><sup>[290]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylodiscida</span> with <i>Triopyle</i>-shaped
+  medullary shell and <i>Pylodiscus</i>-shaped cortical shell, which is surrounded by an equatorial
+  chambered girdle. No peculiar osculum on the margin of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Discozonium</i> and the following <i>Discopyle</i> make up together
+  the small group of the Discopylida, or those Pylodiscida in which a discoidal shell like
+  <i>Pylodiscus</i> is surrounded by a marginal equatorial girdle; this girdle is divided into
+  twelve to twenty-four or more chambers by radial beams, which are the external prolongations of
+  the radial marginal spines of <i>Pylodiscus</i>. The latter genus bears therefore to
+  <i>Discozonium</i> the same relation as <i>Sethodiscus</i> in the other <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span> does to <i>Lithocyclia</i>, or <i>Phacodiscus</i> to
+  <i>Coccodiscus</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Discozonium cyclonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk circular, lenticular, with smooth margin, three times as broad as the triangular,
+  <i>Triopyle</i>-shaped medullary shell. Three gates of the cortical shell kidney-shaped, twice as
+  broad as the three <span class="pagenum" id="page572">{572}</span>arms. Chambered equatorial
+  girdle with twenty to twenty-four subregular chambers (similar to <i>Discopyle osculata</i>, Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, fig. 19,
+  but without any marginal osculum).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the cortical shell 0.14, of the medullary
+  shell 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Discozonium trigonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Disk triangular, with thorny margin, four times as broad as the triangular,
+  <i>Triopyle</i>-shaped medullary shell. Three gates of the cortical shell egg-shaped, scarcely as
+  broad as the three arms. Chambered equatorial girdle with twenty-four to thirty irregular
+  chambers.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.24, of the cortical shell 0.2, of the medullary
+  shell 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Discozonium hexagonium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>, fig.
+  18).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk hexagonal, with spiny margin, four times as broad as the triangular,
+  <i>Triopyle</i>-shaped medullary shell. Three gates of the cortical shell kidney-shaped, one and a
+  half times as broad as the arms. Chambered equatorial girdle with twelve large regular chambers;
+  the radial beams between them are prolonged into twelve strong pyramidal marginal spines (three
+  perradial on the ends of the arms, three interradial on the radii of the gates, six adradial
+  between the former and latter).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the cortical shell 0.12, of the medullary
+  shell 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 252. <i>Discopyle</i>,<a id="NtA_291" href="#Nt_291"><sup>[291]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylodiscida</span> with <i>Triopyle</i>-shaped
+  medullary shell and <i>Pylodiscus</i>-shaped cortical shell, which is surrounded by an equatorial
+  chambered girdle. One peculiar osculum, surrounded by a corona of spines, on the margin of the
+  disk.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Discopyle</i> differs from the preceding genus <i>Discozonium</i> in
+  the development of a peculiar marginal osculum, and bears therefore to it the same relation as, in
+  the Porodiscida, <i>Ommatodiscus</i> does to <i>Porodiscus</i> (compare above, p. <a
+  href="#page500">500</a>). This peculiar osculum is here also surrounded by a corona of spines, and
+  serves probably for the exit or outlet of a bunch of pseudopodia or a "sarcode-flagellum." Only
+  two species of <i>Discopyle</i> have been observed, which represent perhaps better two different
+  genera; in one species the disk is circular, in the other elliptical. In this latter the osculum
+  lies on one pole of the main axis.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page573">{573}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Discopyle osculata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  fig. 19).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk circular with spiny margin, three times as broad as the triangular, <i>Triopyle</i>-shaped
+  medullary shell. Three gates of the cortical shell kidney-shaped, on the inside with an
+  interradial spine, twice as broad as the three pentagonal arms. Chambered equatorial girdle with
+  twenty-four subregular chambers, in the radius of one odd gate with a large marginal osculum,
+  which is as broad as the medullary shell, and surrounded by a dense corona of twenty to thirty
+  strong conical spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the cortical shell 0.1, of the medullary
+  shell 0.05, of the marginal osculum 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Discopyle elliptica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate48"><b>48</b></a>,
+  fig. 20).</p>
+
+  <p>Disk elliptical, four-fifths as broad as long, with spiny margin, three times as broad as the
+  triangular, <i>Triopyle</i>-shaped medullary shell. Three gates of the cortical shell roundish, on
+  the inside with an interradial spine, little broader than the quadrangular arms. Chambered
+  equatorial girdle with twenty to thirty irregular chambers, on one pole of the main axis with a
+  large marginal osculum, which is one-third as broad as the length of the main axis, and armed with
+  a corona of twenty to thirty short conical spines.  The osculum does not correspond to a certain
+  radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15, of the cortical shell 0.08, of the
+  medullary shell 0.04, of the marginal osculum 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XXIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Spongodiscida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</h4>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc29">
+    <p><i>Spongodiscida et Spongocyclida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol.,</p>
+    <p style="margin-left:1.40em">pp. 452, 460, 469.</p>
+    <p><i>Spongodiscida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 461.</p>
+    <p><i>Calodictya</i>, Ehrenberg, 1847, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.</p>
+    <p style="margin-left:1.40em">Berlin, p. 53 (<i>partim</i>).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> without a phacoid shell, with a
+  flat discoidal shell, in which a simple spherical central chamber is surrounded by an irregular
+  spongy framework (sometimes with concentric rings around the central chamber). Surface of the disk
+  quite spongy, without porous sieve-plates.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> is the sixth and last family of the <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, and bears to the other families of this group the same relation as
+  the family Spongosph�rida does to the other <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, or the Spongurida
+  to the other <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>. Its characteristic structure consists in the
+  irregular spongy framework of the disk, and mainly in the rough, irregular shape of its spongy
+  surface, which is never covered with porous plates (neither phacoid shell nor corresponding
+  sieve-plates), as in all other <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>.  Of course a little spongy
+  structure occurs also in many Porodiscida <span class="pagenum" id="page574">{574}</span>and even
+  in some Coccodiscida (principally in the peripheral part of the disk or its chambered arms); but
+  both flat (or convex) surfaces of the disk (at least in the central part) remain here constantly
+  as simple lattice-plates, whilst in all Spongodiscida the whole surface of the disk is spongy.</p>
+
+  <p>When I constituted the family Spongodiscida in my Monograph (1862, pp. 452, 460) I had
+  separated from them the Spongocyclida, exhibiting in the central part of the disk a more or less
+  distinct concentric arrangement of the spongy chambers, whilst in the former the delicate spongy
+  framework is quite irregular, composed of branched siliceous threads, connected and interwoven in
+  all directions. But in all Spongocyclida the whole surface of the spongy disk is quite as
+  irregularly rough and deprived of smooth sieve-plates as in all true Spongodiscida, and the more
+  or less concentric structure of the central part of the disk in the former (very variable and
+  often scarcely able to be recognised) seems not sufficient to separate both groups; even the
+  single genera cannot be sufficiently separated by this character. I now therefore give up entirely
+  the group of Spongocyclida (as already done in my Prodromus, 1881). Nevertheless the concentric
+  annular structure in the dark central part of some Spongodiscida is very interesting as transition
+  to the Porodiscida; it indicates already that the former are derived from the latter.  Even the
+  single genera in both families are corresponding.</p>
+
+  <p>In the new system of "Polycystina," which Ehrenberg gave, 1875 (Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+  Berlin, p. 157), are enumerated under the <i>Calodictya</i> four genera "with spongy disk," viz.,
+  <i>Spongodiscus</i>, <i>Rhopalodictyum</i>, <i>Dictyocoryne</i>, <i>Spongaster</i>. Indeed these
+  four genera, which I here retain, are true Spongodiscida, and must be separated from the other
+  <i>Calodictya</i>, the greater part of which are Porodiscida. The number of species of true
+  Spongodiscida now amounts to sixty-seven, which I dispose in thirteen genera.</p>
+
+  <p>The whole family may be divided into three subfamilies. The first of these are the
+  Spongophacida (corresponding to the Trematodiscida among the Porodiscida), in which the circular
+  margin of the spongy disk bears no radial appendages; either the margin is quite simple, spongy
+  (<i>Spongodiscus</i>), or surrounded by a hyaline, solid, or porous equatorial girdle
+  (<i>Spongophacus</i>). The disk is either more lenticular (biconvex) or more flat discoidal (a
+  shortened cylinder), rarely a little biconcave (thicker at the margin than in the centre). The
+  spongy framework of the solid disk is either quite irregular (<i>Spongodisculus</i>), or in the
+  central part with concentric circular rings (<i>Spongocyclia</i>), or in the central part spirally
+  convoluted (<i>Spongospira</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>The second subfamily, Spongotrochida, corresponds to the Stylodictyida (among the <span
+  class="gsp">Porodiscida</span>), and is distinguished by solid radial spines on the margin of the
+  disk, disposed in the equatorial plane either irregularly or regularly (after the same order as in
+  the other families of <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>).</p>
+
+  <p>The third subfamily, Spongobrachida, correspond perfectly to the Euchitonida <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page575">{575}</span>(among the Porodiscida), bearing on the disk-margin two,
+  three, or four spongy arms, commonly disposed regularly in the equatorial plane. Here also occurs
+  the peculiar formation of a "patagium," or of an interbrachial spongy framework different from
+  that of the arms, which connects the arms like a web-membrane in the equatorial plane.</p>
+
+  <p>The spongy framework exhibits in all these Spongodiscida no remarkable differences, being
+  everywhere composed of fine branched solid siliceous threads, interwoven in all directions, with
+  irregular meshes of very different size.</p>
+
+  <p>The central capsule of all Spongodiscida is filled up with the same spongy framework which
+  covers also both its sides. It grows according to the enveloping skeleton, but remains constantly
+  smaller. The form of the central capsule is circular (lenticular or discoidal) in the
+  Spongophacida and Spongotrochida, whilst in the Spongobrachida it enters into the radial spongy
+  arms, developed from the margin of the spongy disk.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of the Spongodiscida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Spongodiscida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Spongodiscida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">II</span>I. Subfamily Spongophacida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Spongy disk without radial appendages.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Spongy disk with simple margin (without peculiar equatorial
+      girdle),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">253. <i>Spongodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Spongy disk with a peculiar (solid or porous) equatorial
+      girdle,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">254. <i>Spongophacus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">I</span>II. Subfamily Spongotrochida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Spongy disk with solid radial spines on the margin (in the equatorial
+        plane).</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Few (two, three, or four) radial spines regularly
+      disposed.</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two opposite spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">255. <i>Spongolonche</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Three marginal spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">256. <i>Spongotripus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Four crossed spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">257. <i>Spongostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Numerous (five to ten or more) radial spines, often
+      irregularly disposed.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines only on the margin (equatorial),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">258. <i>Stylotrochus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines on both sides of the disk,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">259. <i>Spongotrochus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Subfamily Spongobrachida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Spongy disk with spongy radial arms on the margin (in the equatorial
+        plane).</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="6" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Two arms, opposite in one axis.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Without a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">260. <i>Spongolena</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">261. <i>Spongobrachium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Three arms on the margin.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Without a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">262. <i>Rhopalodictyum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">263. <i>Dictyocoryne</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Four arms in cross form.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Without a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">264. <i>Spongasteriscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With a patagium,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">265. <i>Spongaster</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Spongodiscida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Spongodiscida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Spongophacida. Spongy disk without radial appendages.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spongy disk with simple margin (without peculiar equatorial
+      girdle),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">253. <i>Spongodiscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spongy disk with a peculiar (solid or porous) equatorial
+      girdle,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">254. <i>Spongophacus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Spongotrochida. Spongy disk with solid radial spines on the
+      margin (in the equatorial plane).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Few (two, three, or four) radial spines regularly disposed.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two opposite spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">255. <i>Spongolonche</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Three marginal spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">256. <i>Spongotripus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Four crossed spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">257. <i>Spongostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Numerous (five to ten or more) radial spines, often irregularly
+      disposed.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines only on the margin (equatorial),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">258. <i>Stylotrochus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines on both sides of the disk,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">259. <i>Spongotrochus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">III. Subfamily Spongobrachida. Spongy disk with spongy radial arms on the
+      margin (in the equatorial plane).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two arms, opposite in one axis.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">260. <i>Spongolena</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">261. <i>Spongobrachium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Three arms on the margin.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">262. <i>Rhopalodictyum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">263. <i>Dictyocoryne</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four arms in cross form.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">264. <i>Spongasteriscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With a patagium,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">265. <i>Spongaster</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Spongophacida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 461.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with a simple
+  circular disk, without radial appendages on the margin (neither solid spines nor chambered
+  arms).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page576">{576}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 253. <i>Spongodiscus</i>,<a id="NtA_292" href="#Nt_292"><sup>[292]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 237.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with a simple circular disk,
+  without radial appendages and without an equatorial girdle on the margin.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spongodiscus</i> represents the most simple and primitive form of the
+  Spongodiscida, or of those <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> in which the central disk is more or
+  less spongy, composed of an irregular fine framework.  In my Monograph (1862, pp. 452, 460, 469) I
+  had separated the true <i>Spongodiscus</i> (first described by Ehrenberg, <i>loc. cit.</i>) and
+  the <i>Spongocyclia</i>; the former being characterised by the irregular spongy framework of the
+  whole disk, whilst in the latter this framework includes in the central part some concentric
+  circular rings (approaching <i>Porodiscus</i>). In the same way afterwards St�hr (1880, <i>loc.
+  cit.</i>) separated the genus <i>Spongospira</i> as spongy disks, which include in the central
+  part some spiral convolutions. But as these differences are rather inconstant and not sharply
+  discernible, I think it now better to regard these three forms as subgenera of
+  <i>Spongodiscus</i>. All three have the common simple circular disk, without any marginal
+  appendages.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Spongodisculus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spongy framework of the disk quite irregular, without
+  concentric rings or spiral convolutions.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongodiscus mediterraneus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongodiscus mediterraneus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 461,
+    Taf. xii. figs. 14, 15.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk plain on both sides, with quite an irregular framework, without concentric rings
+  and without radial piercing beams. Texture everywhere uniform; meshes eight to ten times as broad
+  as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.08 to 0.24, of the meshes 0.005 to 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Haeckel; also fossil in the Tertiary
+  rocks of Sicily (Grotte), St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongodiscus radiatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk plain on both sides, with quite irregular framework, without concentric rings, but
+  with numerous piercing radial beams which are not prolonged into marginal spines. Texture
+  everywhere uniform; meshes once and a half to twice as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.12 to 0.15, of the meshes 0.002 to 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page577">{577}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongodiscus resurgens</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Spongodiscus resurgens</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Mikrogeol., Taf. xxxvB. B. iv., fig. 16.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongodiscus resurgens</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., xxvi. p. 117, Taf. vi.
+    fig. 11.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk lenticular, biconvex, in the darker centre much thicker than towards the thin
+  periphery, with an irregular framework, without concentric rings, but with numerous piercing
+  radial beams. Texture equal; meshes three to four times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.1 to 0.3, of the meshes 0.003 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface; also
+  fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily and Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spongodiscus favus</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongodiscus favus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 301.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk lenticular, biconvex, in the darker centre much thicker than towards the periphery,
+  with an irregular framework, without concentric rings. Texture different, in the outer half with
+  numerous radial beams and loose network, the meshes of which are three to four times as large as
+  in the darker and denser framework of the centre.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2, of the outer meshes <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.08'.">0.008</span> to 0.012, of the inner meshes 0.002 to 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Greenland, F�r�e Channel (John Murray),
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Spongodiscus biconcavus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk biconcave, in the peripheral, ring-like, thickened part twice as thick as in the
+  hollowed central part, with an irregular framework, without concentric rings. Texture different,
+  in the outer half looser than in the inner, darker part; meshes of the outer part five to six
+  times, of the inner twice to three times, as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.25, of the outer meshes 0.01 to 0.012, of the
+  inner 0.004 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spongocyclia</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 469.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with
+  concentric, circular rings, in the outer part irregular.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page578">{578}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Spongodiscus cycloides</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Spongodiscus cycloides</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 843.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongocyclia cycloides</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 469, Taf.
+    xxviii. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk on both sides plain, in the central part with five to ten concentric, circular
+  rings, in the peripheral part quite irregularly and densely spongy. Meshes twice to four times as
+  broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.1 to 0.2, of the meshes 0.003 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), North Atlantic (Canary Islands).</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Spongodiscus spongocyclia</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongocyclia triangularis</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 119,
+    Taf. vii. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk lenticular, in the thicker central part with eleven to twelve circular, concentric
+  rings, in the thinner, peripheral zone irregularly spongy. Meshes twice to four times as broad as
+  the bars. (The triangular form in the specimen figured by St�hr is accidental, produced by the
+  broken margin.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2 to 0.3, of the meshes 0.006 to 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados (Haeckel) and Sicily
+  (St�hr).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Spongospira</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol xxvi. p. 120.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with spiral
+  convolutions, in the outer part irregular.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Spongodiscus florealis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongospira florealis</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 120, Taf.
+    vii. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk lenticular, in the thicker central part with five to six spiral convolutions, in
+  the outer peripheral zone irregularly spongy. No radial beams piercing the framework. Meshes three
+  to four times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.26, of the meshes 0.006 to 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in Tertiary rocks of Sicily (Grotte), St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Spongodiscus spiralis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongospira spiralis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk on both sides plain, with twelve to sixteen spiral convolutions in the central
+  part, with irregular, spongy framework in the outer part, pierced by numerous interrupted radial
+  beams. Meshes five to six times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2 to 0.3, of the meshes 0.01 to 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page579">{579}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 254. <i>Spongophacus</i>,<a id="NtA_293" href="#Nt_293"><sup>[293]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 461.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with a simple circular disk,
+  without radial appendages, on the margin surrounded by a thin porous or solid equatorial
+  girdle.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongophacus</i>, represented hitherto only by a single but
+  interesting species, differs from <i>Spongodiscus</i> by the peculiar girdle which surrounds the
+  margin of the disk in the equatorial plane. It simulates the same formation as
+  <i>Perichlamydium</i> in the Porodiscida, and resembles also <i>Periph�na</i>, &amp;c., in the
+  Phacodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongophacus periph�na</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk lenticular, with an irregular, dense framework, in the centre darker than in the
+  peripheral part. Margin of the disk very thin, surrounded by a broad, circular girdle, lying in
+  the equatorial plane, about as broad as the half radius of the spongy disk. The inner part of the
+  girdle is perforated by numerous irregular, small pores, which pass over gradually into the spongy
+  meshes; the outer part is quite homogeneous, solid, transparent, with an extremely thin
+  margin.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2; breadth of the girdle 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Spongotrochida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 461.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with a circular
+  disk, the margin of which is armed with solid radial spines, situated in the equatorial plane
+  (rarely also on both sides of the disk with radial spines).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 255. <i>Spongolonche</i>,<a id="NtA_294" href="#Nt_294"><sup>[294]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 461.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with two solid marginal spines,
+  opposite in one equatorial diameter of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongolonche</i> opens the series of the Spongotrochida, or of those
+  Spongodiscida in which the margin of the disk is armed with solid radial spines, situated in the
+  equatorial plane. <i>Spongolonche</i> possesses only two such spines, opposite in one equatorial
+  diameter of the disk; it corresponds therefore to <i>Stylocyclia</i> among the Coccodiscida, to
+  <i>Xiphodictya</i> among the Porodiscida.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page580">{580}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongolonche conostyla</i>, <span class="correction"
+  title="Original refers to Pl. 48, fig. 7 which
+  does not show this species.">n. sp.</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk circular, with irregular framework, without concentric rings. Both opposite radial
+  spines conical, about as long as the radius of the disk, and four times as long as broad at the
+  base. Margin of the disk nearly smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16; length of the radial spines 0.18, basal
+  thickness 0.045.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongolonche amphistyla</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk circular, with four to six concentric rings in the inner part, with quite an
+  irregular framework in the outer part. Both opposite radial spines cylindrical, twice to three
+  times as long as the diameter of the disk, at the base about as broad as two meshes of the
+  framework. Margin of the disk ciliated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2; length of the radial spines 0.4 to 0.6,
+  basal thickness 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 256. <i>Spongotripus</i>,<a id="NtA_295" href="#Nt_295"><sup>[295]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 461.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with three solid radial spines
+  on the margin of the circular or triangular disk.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spongotripus</i> is characterised by three marginal spines, which are
+  commonly regularly disposed, more rarely in a bilateral or an irregular manner. It corresponds to
+  <i>Trigonocyclia</i> among the Coccodiscida, to <i>Tripodictya</i> among the Porodiscida.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Spongotripodiscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial spines of equal size and distance; triangle
+  regular.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongotripus regularis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk circular; three radial spines on its margin of equal size and equidistant, strong,
+  conical, about as long as the diameter of the disk, and five times as long as broad at the
+  base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15; length of the spines 0.16, basal breadth
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page581">{581}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongotripus neumayri</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongechinus neumayri</i>, Dunikowski, 1882, Denskchr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Wien, xlv. p. 28, Taf. v. fig. 59.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk circular, nearly spherical; three radial spines on its margin of equal size and
+  equidistant, pyramidal, nearly as long as the diameter of the disk, and three times as long as
+  broad at the base.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15 to 0.2; length of the spines 0.11, basal
+  breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Jura of the Alps and in Tertiary rocks of
+  Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongotripus strepsiceros</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk circular; three radial spines on its margin of equal size and equidistant, angular,
+  twice as long as the diameter of the disk, spirally twisted like the horns of Antilope
+  strepsiceros.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15; length of the spines 0.3, basal breadth
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spongotripodium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial spines of different size or at different distances;
+  triangle either isosceles or irregular.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spongotripus ypsilon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk triangular, isosceles, with convex sides; three spines angular, of different size
+  and at different distances; the odd spine straight and twice as long as the two paired spines,
+  which are more approximated and curved concavely one to the other, like <img src="images/y.png"
+  style="width:0.7em;" alt="Y"/>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.12; length of the odd spine 0.2, of the paired
+  spines 0.1, basal breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Spongotripus irregularis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk circular; three spines conical, irregularly curved, all three of different size,
+  and at irregular distances; once to three times as long as the diameter of the disk; margin of the
+  disk thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.1; length of the spines 0.1 to 0.3, basal
+  breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page582">{582}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 257. <i>Spongostaurus</i>,<a id="NtA_296" href="#Nt_296"><sup>[296]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 461.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with four solid radial spines
+  on the margin of the circular or square disk, commonly crossed in two equatorial diameters
+  perpendicular one to another.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Staurodictya</i> exhibits four marginal spines in cross form. Commonly
+  the cross is regular and rectangular, the four spines being opposite in pairs in two perpendicular
+  diameters; sometimes more or less irregular. The genus repeats <i>Staurodictya</i> among the
+  Porodiscida, <i>Staurocyclia</i> among the Coccodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongostaurus cruciatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk circular; four radial spines on its margin opposite in two crossed equatorial
+  diameters, perpendicular one to another, conical, about as long as the diameter of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16; length of the spines 0.18, basal breadth
+  0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongostaurus serratus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk circular; four crossed radial spines very large, twice to three times as long as
+  the diameter of the central disk, serrated on both edges, with two rows of strong conical
+  perpendicular teeth (similar to the saw of <i>Pristis antiquorum</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.1; length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongostaurus hastatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk square, with concave sides; four crossed radial spines cylindrical, on the broader
+  distal end spear-shaped or nearly lanceolate, one and a half times as long as the diameter of the
+  disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.13; length of the spines 0.2, basal breadth
+  0.01, distal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spongostaurus quadratus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy disk square, with rectilinear sides; four crossed radial spines pyramidal, arising from
+  the corners of the square, about as long as its half diagonal.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16; length of the spines 0.08, basal breadth
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page583">{583}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 258. <i>Stylotrochus</i>,<a id="NtA_297" href="#Nt_297"><sup>[297]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 463.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with numerous solid radial
+  spines on the margin of the disk (five to ten or more), all situated in the equatorial plane.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stylotrochus</i> comprises those Spongodiscida in which the margin of
+  the circular disk bears numerous radial spines. All these spines lie in the same equatorial plane,
+  whilst in the following genus they are disposed over the whole surface of the disk.
+  <i>Stylotrochus</i> corresponds to <i>Astrocyclia</i> among the Coccodiscida, to
+  <i>Stylodictya</i> among the Porodiscida. The spongy framework of the disk is either quite
+  irregular (<i>Stylotrochiscus</i>), or includes in the middle part some concentric circular rings
+  (<i>Stylospongia</i>).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stylotrochiscus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spongy framework of the whole disk irregular, without
+  concentric circular rings or spiral convolutions.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stylotrochus arachnius</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongotrochus arachnius</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 464.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the whole disk irregular. Eight to twelve marginal spines very long and
+  thin, bristle-shaped, twice to four times as long as the diameter of the disk. (Very similar to
+  the common <i>Stylodictya arachnia</i>, but without concentric circular rings and sieve-plates,
+  with quite irregular network of fine bars.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.12 to 0.15; length of the radial spines 0.2 to
+  0.6, basal breadth 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
+  surface; also fossil in Tertiary rocks of Barbados and the Mediterranean.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stylotrochus craticulatus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Spongotrochus craticulatus</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 118, Taf. vi. fig.
+    12.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Spongodiscus aculeatus</i>, Ehrenberg, 1854, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
+    d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 246.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the whole disk irregular. Sixteen to twenty short marginal spines (twice to
+  four times as long as the diameter of one mesh of the framework), free prolongations of internal
+  radial beams which arise from the darker centre of the disk. (The interruption of the disk-margin
+  on one point of its circumference, figured by St�hr as osculum or "M�ndungs-Oeffnung," is probably
+  an accidental abnormality; I did not find it in other specimens.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page584">{584}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2 to 0.25; length of the radial spines 0.005 to
+  0.018, basal breadth 0.001 to 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 266 to 268, surface; fossil
+  in Barbados and Sicily.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Stylotrochus helianthus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the whole disk irregular. Thirty to fifty very large, conical radial
+  spines, about as long as the diameter of the disk, and at the base two to four times as broad as
+  one mesh of the framework (without internal prolongations).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15 to 0.2; length of the radial spines 0.16 to
+  0.24, basal breadth 0.008 to 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Stylotrochus rhabdostylus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongosph�ra rhabdostyla</i>, Ehrenberg, <span class="correction"
+    title="Printed '1872', corrected by Errata.">1875</span>, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 256, Taf. xxvi. figs. 1, 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the whole disk irregular. Four very large marginal primary spines crossed
+  in two equatorial diameters, perpendicular one to another, and between them numerous (twelve to
+  twenty or more) smaller secondary spines. The latter arise from the margin, whilst the former
+  pierce the disk and are nearly united in its centre. All the spines are cylindrical, the smaller
+  as broad as one mesh, the larger three to six times as broad.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2; length of the four main spines 0.15 to 0.3,
+  breadth 0.01 to 0.02; length of the accessory spines 0.05 to 0.1, breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the rocks of Barbados.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Stylotrochus heteracanthus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongotrochus heteracanthus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p.
+    464.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the whole disk irregular. Ten very long needle-shaped marginal spines
+  (symmetrically distributed), and between them numerous very fine, shorter, accessory,
+  bristle-shaped spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16; length of the main spines 0.16, basal
+  breadth 0.002; length of the secondary spines 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stylospongia</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 473.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with
+  concentric rings or spiral convolutions, in the outer part quite irregular.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page585">{585}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Stylotrochus huxleyi</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylospongia huxleyi</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 473, Taf.
+    xxviii. fig. 7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with five concentric rings, in the outer part
+  quite irregular. Ten marginal spines, conical at the base, about as long as the radius of the
+  disk, without inner piercing prolongations.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.12; length of the radial spines 0.06, basal
+  breadth 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Stylotrochus geddesii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate41"><b>41</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Stylospongidium geddesii</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Atlas (pl. xli. fig. 11).</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with four to eight concentric rings (or
+  partially spiral convolutions), in the outer part quite irregular. Thirty to fifty pyramidal
+  marginal spines of variable size, one-fourth to one-half as long as the radius of the disk, outer
+  prolongations of inner piercing radial beams, which arise from various concentric rings. I call
+  this interesting species, which is intermediate between <i>Stylodictya</i> and
+  <i>Stylotrochus</i>, in honour of the morphologist Mr. Patrick Geddes of Edinburgh.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.15 to 0.25; length of the radial spines 0.03 to
+  0.06, basal breadth 0.004 to 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, in 2350 to 2925
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 259. <i>Spongotrochus</i>,<a id="NtA_298" href="#Nt_298"><sup>[298]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 844.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with numerous solid radial
+  spines (five to ten or more), which are scattered over the whole surface and the margin of the
+  disk, or regularly disposed on both sides of it.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spongotrochus</i> differs from the foregoing and nearly allied genus
+  by the distribution of the numerous radial spines. These are not confined to the margin of the
+  disk, but also scattered on its whole surface, and sometimes symmetrically disposed on both its
+  sides in a regular manner. Also in this genus the spongy framework is sometimes quite irregular
+  (<i>Spongotrochiscus</i>), at other times in the middle part with enclosed concentric rings
+  (<i>Stylospongidium</i>).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Spongotrochiscus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 463.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spongy framework of the whole disk irregular, without
+  concentric rings or spiral convolutions.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page586">{586}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongotrochus brevispinus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongotrochus brevispinus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 462, Taf.
+    xxvii. figs. 4, 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the whole disk irregular, everywhere equal. The whole surface of the disk
+  covered with numerous short, needle-shaped, radial spines, about as long as the thickness of the
+  disk, which is one-fifth of its diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.18; length of the radial spines 0.03 to 0.04,
+  basal breadth 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongotrochus multispinus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the whole disk irregular, in the centre darker. The whole surface of the
+  disk covered with numerous conical radial spines, about as long as the radius of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.22; length of the radial spines 0.1, basal
+  breadth 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 271 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongotrochus longispinus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongotrochus longispinus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 463, Taf
+    xxvii. figs. 2, 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the whole disk irregular, everywhere equal. Surface thorny. Twenty long,
+  needle-shaped, radial spines, about as long as the diameter of the disk, symmetrically distributed
+  in pairs on both flat sides of the disk, so that the opposite pairs lie in five equidistant,
+  meridian planes (compare the figures).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.2; length of the twenty radial spines 0.2,
+  basal breadth 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stylospongidium</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 460.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with
+  concentric rings or spiral convolutions, in the outer part quite irregular.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spongotrochus scutella</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda."><i>Spongotrochus
+    ehrenbergii</i>, B�tschli, 1882, L. N. <a href="#ln41">41</a>, Taf. xxvi. figs. 1<i>a</i>,
+    1<i>b</i>.</span></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with four to six concentric rings, in the outer
+  part quite irregular. The whole surface of the disk covered with bristle-shaped radial spines,
+  about half as long as the radius of the disk.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.24; length of the radial spines 0.06, basal
+  breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page587">{587}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Spongotrochus parma</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy framework of the disk in the inner part with five to eight spiral convolutions (or
+  partly concentric rings), in the outer part quite irregular. Thirty to forty long, bristle-shaped,
+  radial spines, about as long as the diameter of the disk, disposed on both flat sides of the disk,
+  but not on the margin.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the disk 0.16; length of the radial spines 0.18, basal
+  breadth 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Spongobrachida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 461.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with two or more
+  (commonly three or four) spongy radial arms on the margin of the disk, situated in its equatorial
+  plane (with or without a connecting patagium between the arms).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 260. <i>Spongolena</i>,<a id="NtA_299" href="#Nt_299"><sup>[299]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with two opposite spongy arms
+  on the margin of the disk, without a connecting patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongolena</i> opens the series of the Spongobrachida, or of the
+  Spongodiscida provided with radial spongy arms on the margin of the disk. <i>Spongolena</i> is the
+  most simple form of this subfamily, and bears only two simple opposite arms, without a connecting
+  patagium. It corresponds to <i>Amphibrachium</i> (Porodiscida) and to <i>Diplactura</i>
+  (Coccodiscida). Also there is no patagium. <i>Spongolena</i> may easily be confounded with
+  <i>Spongurus</i> (compare my Prodromus, 1881, p. 461); but in the true <i>Spongurus</i> (an
+  ellipsoid) the transverse section is circular, in <i>Spongolena</i> elliptical.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongolena rhopalura</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms club-shaped, three times as long as broad, at the rounded distal end twice as broad as at
+  the base, and twice as long as the diameter of the circular central disk.  Surface nearly
+  smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms (or the distance from the centre to the distal
+  arm-end) 0.16, distal breadth 0.05, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongolena spongura</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms nearly cylindrical, twice as long as broad, and a little longer than the diameter of the
+  elliptical central disk. Surface thorny, some longer bristle-shaped spines on the distal end of
+  the <span class="pagenum" id="page588">{588}</span>arms. (Very similar to the ellipsoid
+  <i>Spongurus cylindricus</i>, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 465, Taf. xxvii. fig. 1, but differs in the
+  compressed lenticular (not ellipsoidal) form of the central disk; the transverse section of the
+  arm is elliptical, not circular.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.1, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongolena cypselura</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms nearly triangular, not longer than broad, about half as large as the elliptical central
+  disk, at the broader distal end with two very large, widely divergent lateral spines, and between
+  them several smaller, like the tail of a swallow. Surface thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.2, distal breadth (without spines) 0.15, basal
+  breadth 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 261. <i>Spongobrachium</i>,<a id="NtA_300" href="#Nt_300"><sup>[300]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 461.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with two opposite spongy arms
+  on the margin of the disk, connected by a spongy patagium of different texture.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongobrachium</i> differs from the foregoing only in the loose spongy
+  patagium, which envelops both opposite spongy arms. It corresponds to <i>Amphymenium</i> among the
+  Porodiscida and to <i>Amphiactura</i> among the Coccodiscida.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongobrachium ellipticum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Spongocyclia elliptica</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 470, Taf. xxviii. fig.
+    2.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongodiscus ellipticus</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 844.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms nearly square, scarcely as long and broad as the radius of the circular central disk, at
+  the broader distal end truncated. Patagium complete, enveloping the whole disk with the arms, and
+  forming a larger elliptical disk of looser framework. (In my Monograph, 1862, <i>loc. cit.</i>, I
+  had not distinguished the opposite darker arms, opposite in the longer axis of the elliptical
+  disk, from the enveloping looser framework of the patagium. In larger specimens of the Challenger
+  collection this distinction is very evident.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.12, breadth 0.05; major axis of the elliptical
+  patagium 0.24, minor 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongobrachium lanceolatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms club-shaped, twice as long as broad, at the distal end pointed, five times as long as the
+  radius of the circular central disk. Patagium complete, enveloping the whole disk with the arms,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page589">{589}</span>and forming a larger lanceolate disk of looser
+  framework. (Similar in form to <i>Amphymenium pupula</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate44"><b>44</b></a>, fig. 8, but
+  with an irregular spongy framework and pointed ends.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.16, breadth 0.05; major axis of the lanceolate
+  patagium 0.32, minor axis 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 262. <i>Rhopalodictyum</i>,<a id="NtA_301" href="#Nt_301"><sup>[301]</sup></a>
+  Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 830.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with three spongy arms on the
+  margin of the circular or triangular disk, without a connecting patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Rhopalodictyum</i> comprises those very common forms of Spongodiscida
+  in which the margin of the disk is provided with three simple, free, spongy arms. It corresponds
+  to <i>Dictyastrum</i> and <i>Rhopalastrum</i> among the Porodiscida, to <i>Trigonactura</i> among
+  the Coccodiscida. The typical species of this genus is <i>Rhopalodictyum abyssorum</i> of
+  Ehrenberg, the only species figured by him. His diagnosis of the genus was very insufficient, and
+  agreed with that of his <i>Dictyastrum</i> (compare above the improved diagnosis of this genus, p.
+  <a href="#page526">526</a>, and my Monograph, p. 466).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Rhopalodictya</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Triangular shell regular, with three arms of equal size
+  and equidistant.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Rhopalodictyum abyssorum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Rhopalodictyum abyssorum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 299, Taf. viii. fig. 17.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms of equal size and equidistant, club-shaped, about as long as the diameter of the
+  triangular central disk, and a little longer than the breadth of the pear-shaped rounded distal
+  end. Surface rough.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.11, basal breadth 0.03, distal breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific; tropical zone,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Rhopalodictyum truncatum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Rhopalodictyum truncatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 301.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Dictyastrum angulatum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 289, Taf. viii. fig. 18.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms of equal size and equidistant, nearly square, with straight edges, towards the truncated
+  end a little broader, about of the same diameter as the central triangular disk. This species is
+  indicated <span class="pagenum" id="page590">{590}</span>by Ehrenberg only by the short diagnosis,
+  "Radiis stell� tribus apice truncatis." It is probably identical with his figure of <i>Dictyastrum
+  angulatum</i> (<i>loc. cit.</i>). This latter name I have retained for the similar Porodiscid
+  (above, p. <a href="#page526">526</a>), mainly because the genera <i>Dictyastrum</i> and
+  <i>Rhopalodictyum</i>, according to the insufficient diagnosis of Ehrenberg, seem to be identical.
+  (Compare my Monograph, 1862, p. 466.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of each arm 0.13, basal breadth 0.09, distal breadth 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific, Philippine Sea, Station 200, depth 250
+  fathoms; Atlantic (Mexican Gulf Stream).</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Rhopalodictyum subacutum</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Rhopalodictyum subacutum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
+    d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 301.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms of equal size and equidistant, club-shaped, three times as long as the diameter of the
+  central disk, which equals the breadth of the thickened distal end; the latter is armed with a
+  strong pyramidal terminal spine. (The diagnosis of Ehrenberg is "Radiis stell� tribus, apice
+  cuneatis subacutis.")</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.2, basal breadth 0.04, distal breadth 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, surface and various depths; Greenland;
+  Mexican Gulf Stream; F�r�e Channel (John Murray).</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Rhopalodictyum bifidum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms of equal size and equidistant, in the distal half forked, twice as long as the diameter of
+  the central disk; both fork branches half as broad as the simple basal part, truncated at the
+  distal end.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.16, basal breadth 0.08, distal breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 237, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Triactinosph�ra</i>, Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Triangular shell bilateral or irregular, with three arms
+  of different size or distance.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Rhopalodictyum zittelii</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Triactinosph�ra zittelii</i>, Dunikowski, 1882, Denkschr. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss,
+    Wien, vol. 45, ii. p. 192.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms of different size and at unequal distances, one odd arm being a little shorter than the
+  two paired arms; the odd angle between the latter is larger than the paired angles between them
+  and the <span class="pagenum" id="page591">{591}</span>former. Arms club-shaped, their basal
+  semi-cylindrical, half as broad as the spherical distal half, which bears a strong, conical,
+  terminal spine. The discoverer of this remarkable, very old, Liassic species, Dunikowski, supposes
+  that it is not a true Discoid, from the absence of a central disk; in my opinion the central disk
+  (nearly spherical) has the same relation to the arms as in many other <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, their equatorial plane is the same.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the odd arm 0.18, of the paired arms 0.24; basal breadth
+  0.08, distal breadth 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Alpine Lias, Schafberg, near Salzburg,
+  Dunikowski.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Rhopalodictyum elongatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms of different size and at unequal distances, one odd arm being twice as long as both paired
+  arms; the odd angle between the latter much larger than both equal paired angles. Arms nearly
+  cylindrical, little flattened, three to six times as long as broad, with rounded blunt distal
+  end.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.15 to 0.3, breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Rhopalodictyum curvatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms of different size and at unequal distances, irregular, more or less curved, nearly
+  cylindrical, five to ten times as long as broad, with rounded blunt distal end. (There were
+  observed only two specimens of this remarkable irregular species; in one specimen all three arms
+  were simple, in the other one odd arm forked. The length of the arms and the size of the angles
+  between them seems to be very different and variable.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.3 to 0.6 to 1.15, breadth 0.06 to 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 263. <i>Dictyocoryne</i>,<a id="NtA_302" href="#Nt_302"><sup>[302]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 830.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with three spongy arms on the
+  margin of the circular or triangular disk, connected by a spongy patagium of different
+  texture.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Dictyocoryne</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Rhopalodictyum</i> only
+  in the patagium, connecting the three spongy arms, and bears to it the same relation as in the
+  Porodiscida <i>Euchitonia</i> does to <i>Rhopalastrum</i>. The typical species of this genus is
+  <i>Dictyocoryne profunda</i>, the only species figured by Ehrenberg. After his <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page592">{592}</span>insufficient diagnosis <i>Dictyocoryne</i> was identical
+  with his <i>Spongaster</i> (compare my Monograph, p. 467); but as the type of this latter genus
+  (<i>Spongaster tetras</i>) figured by him, 1872, had four crossed arms, we retain this genus here
+  separate.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Dictyocorynula</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Triangular shell regular, with three arms of equal size
+  and equal distance.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Dictyocoryne profunda</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocoryne profunda</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 307, Taf. vii. fig. 23.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms of equal size and equidistant, club-shaped, in the outer circular half three times as
+  broad as in the inner cylindrical half, and much larger than the small triangular central disk.
+  Patagium complete, forming an equilateral triangle with rounded corners.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.14, basal breadth 0.025, distal breadth 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, Philippine Sea, depth 3300 fathoms, Ehrenberg;
+  Station 198, depth 2150 fathoms; Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Dictyocoryne tetradiscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms of equal size and equidistant, club-shaped, their outer circular half is quite as large as
+  the circular central disk, and is connected with it by the thin cylindrical inner half, which is
+  scarcely one-fourth as broad. Patagium complete, forming an equilateral triangle with rounded
+  corners and convex sides.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.16, basal breadth 0.02, distal breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 271 to 274, in 2350 to 2750
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Dictyocoryne euchitonia</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocoryne euchitonia</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 468.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms of equal size and equidistant, lanceolate, twice as long as broad in the distal part, and
+  three times as long as the small circular central disk. Patagium complete, forming an equilateral
+  triangle with pointed corners. (Very similar to <i>Euchitonia k�llikeri</i>, Monograph, 1862, p.
+  511, Taf. xxxi. fig. 6, but quite spongy, not concentric.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.15, basal breadth 0.03, distal breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page593">{593}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Dictyocoryne trigona</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms of equal size and equidistant, lanceolate, three times as long as broad in the middle
+  part, and as the diameter of the triangular central disk; their distal end armed with a strong
+  conical radial spine. Patagium complete, forming an equilateral triangle with pointed corners.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.2, basal <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads 'breath'.">breadth</span> 0.02, distal breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Canary Islands, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Dictyocorynium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Triangular shell bilateral or irregular, with three arms
+  of different sizes or at different distances.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Dictyocoryne charybdaea</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Spongocyclia charybdaea</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 472, Taf. xxviii. figs.
+    5, 6.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongodiscus charybdaeus</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 844.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms at different distances, nearly equilateral triangular, scarcely half as long as the radius
+  of the large circular central disk. Both paired arms touching at their bases, separated by a great
+  distance from the opposite odd arm. Patagium complete, nearly pentagonal. (The illustration in my
+  Monograph, in the coloured plate xxviii., is better than my description, as I had not exactly
+  separated the arms from the patagium.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.18, basal breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Dictyocoryne pentagona</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocoryne pentagona</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 118, Taf.
+    vii. fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms at different distances, club-shaped, little longer than broad at their rounded distal end.
+  Both paired arms smaller and more approximate than the opposite odd arm. Patagium complete, very
+  large, enveloping the whole shell, and forming a pentagon with rectilinear base and transverse
+  constriction, and with five rounded corners.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.1 to 0.15, middle breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Dictyocoryne agrigentina</i>, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocoryne agrigentina</i>, St�hr, 1880, Pal�ontogr., vol. xxvi. p. 118,
+    Taf. vii. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms at different distances, club-shaped, about twice as long as broad, and smaller than the
+  large triangular central disk. Both paired arms smaller and more approximate than the opposite odd
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page594">{594}</span>arm. Patagium incomplete, enveloping only the basal
+  half of the arms as a circular spongy disk of loose framework.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.18, basal breadth 0.05, distal breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Fossil in the Tertiary rocks of Sicily, Grotte, St�hr.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Dictyocoryne echinata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms unequal and at different distances, club-shaped, in the distal half twice as broad as in
+  the basal half, three times as long as the small triangular central disk, at their distal end
+  armed with one larger and several smaller conical spines. Both paired arms with touching bases,
+  and only half as large as the doubly remote odd arm. Patagium incomplete, enveloping only the
+  basal half of the arms, and forming a circular disk of looser framework. Surface thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.15 to 0.2, basal breadth 0.03, distal breadth
+  0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 264. <i>Spongasteriscus</i>,<a id="NtA_303" href="#Nt_303"><sup>[303]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 474 (<i>sensu restricto</i>).</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Spongodiscida</span> with four spongy arms on the
+  margin of the circular or quadrangular disk, crossed in two equatorial diameters, without a
+  connecting patagium.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spongasteriscus</i> (in the restricted definition here stated)
+  exhibits on the margin of the disk four spongy arms, which form either a regular or a bilateral
+  cross. It corresponds to <i>Stauralastrum</i> and <i>Myelastrum</i> among the Porodiscida, to
+  <i>Astractura</i> among the Coccodiscida.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Spongasteriscinus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Cross formed by the four arms regular, rectangular, with
+  equal-sized and equidistant arms.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongasteriscus ovatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms at equal distances, forming a regular, rectangular cross, egg-shaped, with a broader
+  rounded distal end, one and a third times as long as broad, and three times as long as the radius
+  of the central disk; in the latter three to four concentric rings.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.1, greatest breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page595">{595}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongasteriscus clavatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms at equal distances, forming a regular, rectangular cross, club-shaped, about as long as
+  the diameter of the central disk, and at their rounded distal end one and a third times as long as
+  broad, at their narrow base only one third as broad. In the centre five to six concentric
+  rings.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.13, distal breadth 0.06, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area. Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongasteriscus mucronatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms at equal distances, forming a regular, rectangular cross, club-shaped, three times as long
+  as the radius of the central disk, in the distal half nearly circular, three to four times as
+  broad as at the narrow base. The rounded distal end armed with a strong pyramidal spine. In the
+  centre no concentric rings. (Similar to <i>Stauralastrum rhopalophorum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig. 1, but
+  quite spongy.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.12, basal breadth 0.03, distal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spongasteriscus furcatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms at equal distances, forming a regular, rectangular cross, in the distal third forked; both
+  fork branches half as long as the basal undivided part of the arm, which is twice as long as
+  broad. Distal ends of the eight branches blunt, rounded. In the central disk no concentric
+  rings.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.12, basal breadth 0.03; distal breadth of the
+  branches 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Spongasteriscus armatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms at equal distances, forming a rectangular, regular cross, in the distal half forked; both
+  fork branches of the same length as the basal undivided part of the arm, which is nearly square.
+  Distal ends of the eight branches armed with a strong pyramidal spine. In the central disk no
+  concentric rings. (Similar to <i>Dicranastrum cornutum</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate45"><b>45</b></a>, fig. 2, but
+  quite spongy.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.18, basal breadth 0.03, distal breadth 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spongasterisculus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Cross formed by the four arms, bilateral or irregular,
+  with the arms at different distances.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page596">{596}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Spongasteriscus quadricornis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Spongasteriscus quadricornis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 474, Taf. xxviii.
+    figs. 8-10.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongodiscus quadricornis</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
+    d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 844.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms at different distances, forming a bilateral or irregular cross, grouped in two opposite
+  pairs; their form equilateral triangular; their length smaller than the radius of the large
+  circular central disk, which exhibits in the interior eight to sixteen concentric rings.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.2, of the central disk 0.13; basal breadth of the
+  arms 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Spongasteriscus tetraceros</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongasteriscus tetraceros</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 475.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms at different distances, forming a bilateral or irregular cross, grouped in two opposite
+  pairs; their form isosceles triangular; their length larger than the radius of the large
+  elliptical central disk, which exhibits in the interior six to twelve concentric rings.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.16, of the central disk 0.1; basal breadth of the
+  arms 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), North Atlantic (Canary Islands),
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Spongasteriscus myelastrum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms at different distances, forming a bilateral or irregular cross, grouped in two opposite
+  pairs; the arms of one pair broader and shorter than the arms of the other pair. Each arm in its
+  basal half simple, in the distal half forked; ends of the fork branches blunt. In the central disk
+  no concentric rings. (Similar to <i>Myelastrum octocorne</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate47"><b>47</b></a>, fig. 12,
+  but quite spongy.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.2, basal breadth 0.05, distal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 265. <i>Spongaster</i>,<a id="NtA_304" href="#Nt_304"><sup>[304]</sup></a> Ehrenberg,
+  1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 833.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Spongodiscida</span> with four spongy arms on the
+  margin of the circular or quadrangular disk, connected by a spongy patagium of different
+  texture.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spongaster</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Spongasteriscus</i> in
+  the patagium connecting the spongy arms, and bears therefore to it the same relation as, in the
+  Porodiscida, <i>Histiastrum</i> does to <i>Stauralastrum</i>, or, in the Coccodiscida,
+  <i>Stauractura</i> does to <i>Astractura</i>. The typical specimen, figured by Ehrenberg
+  (<i>Spongaster tetras</i>), exhibits a regular, square disk, as also some other species. In a
+  certain number of other species (formerly united by me with <i>Spongocyclia</i>) the quadrangular
+  disk is bilateral.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page597">{597}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Spongastrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Cross formed by the four arms regular, rectangular, with
+  the arms of equal size and equidistant.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongaster tetras</i>, Ehrenberg.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Spongaster tetras</i>, Ehrenberg, 1872, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 299, Taf.
+    vi. (iii.) fig. 8.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dictyocoryne tetras</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 469.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms at equal distances, forming a rectangular, regular Myelastrum, papiliocross, club-shaped,
+  about twice as long as the diameter of the square central disk and eight times as long as broad at
+  their base. Distal ends rounded, perfectly enclosed by the complete patagium, which forms a
+  regular square, with slightly concave sides.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.12, distal breadth 0.03, basal breadth 0.015;
+  length of the square side 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface and in
+  various depths.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongaster quadratus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms at equal distances, forming a regular, rectangular cross, club-shaped, about four times as
+  long as the diameter of the central circular disk, and five times as long as broad at the base.
+  Basal third of the arms square; distal two thirds triangular, three times as broad, with a
+  truncated distal end. Patagium complete, perfectly enveloping the arms, and bordered by an
+  elegant, radially striated, broad edge, forming a regular square. (Similar to <i>Histiastrum
+  quadratum</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate46"><b>46</b></a>,
+  fig. 4, but quite spongy.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.15, distal breadth 0.06, basal breadth 0.02;
+  length of the square side 0.25.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, depths 2350 to
+  2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongaster cruciatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms at equal distances, forming a rectangular, regular cross, lanceolate, three times as long
+  as broad and as the diameter of the central circular disk. Ends of the arms provided with a short
+  conical spine. Patagium incomplete, enveloping only the basal half of the arms, forming a regular
+  square with concave sides.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.18, greatest breadth 0.05; length of the square
+  side 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page598">{598}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spongaster pentacyclus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Arms at equal distances, forming a rectangular, regular cross, of the same size and form as the
+  circular central disk, so that the dark interior part of the shell is composed of five equal
+  circular disks, situated in a quincuncial manner. The clearer complete patagium, enveloping the
+  whole cross perfectly, forms a regular square with rounded edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.2; diameter of each of the five circular disks
+  0.01; length of the square side 0.35.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Indies, Cuba, surface (Thomson).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spongastromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Cross formed by the four arms bilateral or irregular, with
+  the arms at different distances.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Spongaster orthogonus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Spongocyclia orthogona</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 471, Taf. xxviii. fig.
+    3.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongodiscus orthogonus</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 844.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms at different distances, forming a bilateral cross, grouped in two opposite pairs of equal
+  size and similar form. Arms club-shaped, about as long as the diameter of the central circular
+  disk, enveloped perfectly by the complete patagium, which forms a regular rectangle, the longer
+  side of which is one and a half times as long as the shorter side. (The arms in my figure are not
+  distinctly enough marked.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.08, breadth 0.02; length of the larger side of
+  the rectangle 0.15, of the smaller 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Spongaster scyllaeus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Spongocyclia scyllaea</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 471, Taf. xxviii. fig.
+    4.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Spongodiscus scyllaeus</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 844.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Arms at different distances, forming a bilateral cross, grouped in two opposite pairs of
+  different size and form, one pair smaller and less divergent than the other. Arms club-shaped,
+  little longer than the radius of the central circular disk, enveloped perfectly by the complete
+  patagium, which forms a trapezium; the convergent longer sides of the latter are one and a half
+  times as long as the larger, and twice as long as the smaller parallel side. (The arms are in my
+  figure, <i>loc. cit.</i>, not distinctly enough marked.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Radius of the arms 0.12 to 0.14, breadth 0.02; length of both
+  convergent sides 0.24, of the larger parallel side 0.18, of the smaller 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, surface; Mediterranean
+  (Messina).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page599">{599}</span></div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h3>Suborder VI. LARCOIDEA, Haeckel, 1883 (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>).</h3>
+
+  <p><i>Definition</i>.&mdash;<span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> with lentelliptical central
+  capsule (rarely somewhat modified or allomorphic), with a lentelliptical fenestrated siliceous
+  shell (often modified or allomorphic, and sometimes quite irregular). Growth different in the
+  three unequal dimensive axes, perpendicular one to another. The typical Lentellipsis is
+  characterised by three elliptical dimensive planes of different sizes, perpendicular one to
+  another.</p>
+
+  <p>The section <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, the fourth and last of the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>, comprises all those forms of this group in which the fenestrated
+  shell originally is lentelliptical, characterised by different growth in three different axes,
+  perpendicular one to another, all three equal on both poles. The geometrical fundamental form of
+  the shell is therefore a lentellipsis or a triaxial ellipsoid; and this typical form is preserved
+  completely in the majority of <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> in the pure geometrical form of
+  the central capsule.</p>
+
+  <p>The three dimensive axes, which determine the typical form of <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, are commonly differentiated in such a way, that the first, the
+  longitudinal or principal axis, is the longest; both its poles, oral and aboral (or anterior and
+  posterior) are equal. The second, the lateral or transverse axis, is commonly less than the first,
+  greater than the third axis; both its poles are the equal lateral poles (right and left not
+  differentiated). The third dimensive axis, the equatorial or sagittal axis, is commonly the
+  shortest; both its equal poles are the sagittal poles (dorsal and ventral poles not different).
+  The relative size of the three dimensive axes in the human body exhibits similar relations.</p>
+
+  <p>The three dimensive planes of the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, the sagittal, lateral,
+  and transverse planes, are elliptical, all three of different sizes. The first plane, the median
+  or sagittal plane, is commonly as regards size between the two others; its major axis is the
+  principal, its minor the sagittal axis; it separates the right half of the body from the left. The
+  second plane or lateral plane, is commonly larger than the two others; its major axis the
+  principal, its minor the transverse axis; it separates the dorsal half of the body from the
+  ventral. The third plane, the equatorial or zonal plane, is commonly less than the two others; its
+  major axis the lateral, its minor the sagittal axis; it separates the two principal halves of the
+  body, the oral and aboral halves.</p>
+
+  <p>In my Monograph (1862) only very few forms of <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> are described,
+  <i>Tetrapyle</i> and <i>Lithelius</i> (the latter representing a peculiar family, Lithelida). In
+  my Prodromus (1881, pp. 463, 464) I disposed all observed forms of <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> in two different families, the Pylonida and Lithelida. The rich
+  materials of the Challenger collection have since offered an astonishing number of new and
+  interesting forms of this section, so that I can enumerate here fifty-one genera and two hundred
+  and sixty-five species. I dispose them here in four subsections and nine families. Three of these
+  have regular lentelliptical shells, which are not articulate, and <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page600">{600}</span>without annular constrictions (Larcarida, Larnacida, Pylonida); these
+  form the subsection Pylolarcida. Two other families (Tholonida and Zonarida) are distinguished by
+  annular constrictions, which divide the regular lentelliptical shell into a number of dome-shaped
+  chambers or cupolas; we call these Thololarcida. A third group, Spirolarcida, comprises the <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with spiral growth; the two families of Lithelida and Streblemida.
+  Finally a fourth group the Sorolarcida is formed by the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with
+  irregular shells, also two families, the Phorticida and Soreumida.</p>
+
+  <p>The first family of <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, the Larcarida, contains the most simple
+  forms, beginning with <i>Cenolarcus</i>, a quite simple lentelliptical latticed shell. In
+  <i>Coccolarcus</i> we find already two concentric shells, connected by radial beams, an inner
+  medullary and an outer cortical shell. In <i>Spongolarcus</i> the lentelliptical shell becomes
+  spongy.</p>
+
+  <p>The second family, Larnacida, is very similar to the Larcarida, and seems to diverge only by
+  the different mode of connection between the two concentric lentelliptical shells. But in truth
+  this slight difference is of great morphological importance, as it depends on a quite different
+  and peculiar mode of growth. In the foregoing Larcarida (<i>Coccolarcus</i>, &amp;c.), the
+  concentric shells originate in the same manner as in the concentric <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, by radial beams, which arise
+  from the surface of the inner (medullary) shell and become connected by a network to form the
+  outer (cortical) shell. Here, in the Larnacida, a quite similar shell originates in a quite
+  different way, first arrived at in the Pylonida (<i>Trizonium</i>). Both concentric shells become
+  here connected by peculiar lattice girdles, which are developed in the perimeter of the three
+  elliptical dimensive planes. Firstly, on both sides of a simple, spherical, or lentelliptical
+  central chamber, arise two lateral wings (on the poles of the transverse axis), and build around
+  the former a transverse girdle. This is crossed by a larger lateral girdle, the minor axis of
+  which is the major of the former, and perpendicular to both girdles is yet developed a third, the
+  sagittal girdle. If the open fissures or "gates" between these three girdles become closed by
+  network, we obtain <i>Larnacilla</i>, the probable ancestral form of all Larnacida.</p>
+
+  <p>Whilst in <i>Larnacilla</i> and <i>Larnacidium</i> this typical trizonal lentelliptical shell
+  constitutes by itself alone the whole skeleton, in the other Larnacida it becomes overgrown by
+  outer envelops, and so becomes enclosed in the interior of the central capsule as a
+  "<i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell." If the enclosing external envelops be simply latticed,
+  we get the subfamily Larnacalpida; if they be spongy, we get the Larnacospongida.</p>
+
+  <p>The third family, Pylonida, is the most important of all <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, as
+  not only the largest and most interesting number of species belong to it, but also many other
+  genera (far the greater part of all <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>) may be derived from it.
+  The peculiar character of the Pylonida is determined by the imperfect fenestration of the
+  lentelliptical shell growing in the three dimensive axes in a quite different manner. Each
+  elliptical dimensive plane becomes circumscribed by an elliptical latticed girdle (or fenestrated
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page601">{601}</span>ring), and between these three girdles
+  (perpendicular one to another) remain wide open fissures of the shell or "gates" (<i>Pyl�</i>).
+  The beginning of the shell-building is the same as in <i>Larnacilla</i>, the most simple form of
+  Larnacida. From a quite simple medullary shell, a spherical, subspherical, ellipsoidal, or
+  lentelliptical central chamber, arise two latticed wings, opposite on the poles of the transverse
+  axis (<i>Monozonium</i>). Both wings are short and wide hollow fenestrated tubes, the axes of
+  which are parallel to the principal axis. Therefore they form together with the central chamber an
+  elliptical transverse girdle. This first girdle becomes crossed by a second lateral girdle; from
+  both poles of the transverse axis arise latticed wings, which unite on the poles of the principal
+  axis, therefore the minor axis of this second larger ring is the major axis of the first smaller
+  ring (<i>Dizonium</i>). Between the two crossed rings remain four wide open gates. Now follows the
+  development of a third sagittal girdle, arising from both poles of the principal axis and
+  overgrowing the four gates. But as this third girdle is larger than the second, four other larger
+  gates arise between the two (in planes perpendicular to the former four gates). Now we have the
+  characteristic and most important trizonal shell (<i>Trizonium</i>), composed of three elliptical
+  lattice-girdles of different size, perpendicular one to another, and enclosing a simple central
+  chamber. If the four gates of this <i>Trizonium</i> become closed by lattice-work, it passes over
+  into <i>Larnacilla</i>, the most important ancestral form of the Larnacida.</p>
+
+  <p>This most significant "trizonal shell," either incompletely latticed in <i>Trizonium</i> (with
+  four open gates), or completely latticed by fenestration of the four gates, in <i>Larnacilla</i>,
+  is to be found in far the greater part of all <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, representing the
+  medullary shell, which is overgrown by an outer cortical shell. In many <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, in which this "<i>Larnacilla</i>-shell" is absent, it is perhaps
+  lost  by phylogenetic reduction, or retrograde metamorphosis.</p>
+
+  <p>The same process of triple girdle-building, by which the typical <i>Trizonium</i>-shell or
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell is produced (Haplozonaria), is repeated once or twice in the larger forms
+  of Pylonida. The first system of three girdles (perpendicular one to another) becomes overgrown by
+  a second system of the same formulation in the Diplozonaria, and this becomes overgrown by a third
+  system in the Triplozonaria; in the highest genus of this group, <i>Pylozonium</i>, we find not
+  less than nine girdles (three systems, each of three girdles). Till now only one genus of the
+  whole polymorphous family was well known, <i>Tetrapyle</i> (with five girdles, three of the
+  medullary, two of the cortical shell). If the gates between the girdles remain open, all these
+  forms must be regarded as Pylonida; if the gates afterwards become closed by a network, they pass
+  over into other families.</p>
+
+  <p>The fourth family of the <i>Larcoidea</i> is the Tholonida, distinguished by the polythalamous
+  shell being composed of a certain number of roundish or hemispherical chambers (domes or cupolas),
+  which surround a primordial central chamber in quite regular disposition, lying opposite in pairs
+  on the poles of the three dimensive axes. <span class="pagenum" id="page602">{602}</span>If we
+  imagine that each "wing" (or open half-girdle) of the Pylonida becomes closed by a lattice-work,
+  and so transformed into a hemispherical or roundish cupola, we obtain the characteristic shell of
+  the Tholonida. Indeed every girdle of the former corresponds to a pair of opposite domes of the
+  latter. The axis of each pair of domes is one of the three dimensive axes.</p>
+
+  <p>The primordial chamber of the Tholonida (or the central chamber, around which all cupolas are
+  regularly disposed) is either a simple lentelliptical lattice-shell, like <i>Cenolarcus</i>, or it
+  is a trizonal shell (with an enclosed concentric medullary shell), like <i>Larnacilla</i>. As in
+  both cases the building and the disposition of the cupolas around it are quite the same, we can
+  suppose that the whole family of Tholonida may have been derived originally from <i>Larnacilla</i>
+  (or <i>Trizonium</i>), and that the Cenotholida (with a simple central chamber) are sprung from
+  the Coccotholida (with a <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped central chamber) by reduction and loss of the
+  original medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The family Tholonida can be divided into three subfamilies according to the disposition of the
+  cupola-pairs in one, two, or three dimensive axes. In the Cubotholida lie two cupolas on the poles
+  of the transverse axis of the central chamber (corresponding to <i>Amphipyle</i>); in the
+  Staurotholida we find four cupolas crosswise disposed, on the poles of the transverse and
+  principal axes (corresponding to <i>Tetrapyle</i>); in the Cubotholida are at least six cupolas,
+  on the poles of all three dimensive axes (corresponding to <i>Tholonium</i>). In all three cases
+  the number of cupolas may be augmented by the secondary apposition of other chambers or domes in
+  the same disposition. Sometimes also the whole cortical shell becomes enclosed by an external veil
+  or mantle of delicate network. The lentelliptical (or often nearly cubical) central chamber
+  becomes often reduced, so that its sides are incompletely latticed or widely opened; in some
+  Cubotholida only the twelve edges of the eight cornered cubical central chamber remain; its six
+  sides are quite open and only over-vaulted by the six hemispherical cupolas. From the opposite
+  points of the latter (in the deep annular constrictions between them) often arise radial spines,
+  and these lie commonly in diagonal planes, separating the dome-pairs.</p>
+
+  <p>A similar dome-building or a composition of the polythalamous shell by pairs of cupolas we find
+  also in the next (fifth) family, the Zonarida. But here the true cause of the peculiar
+  dome-structure is quite different, not an apposition of new chambers, but the constriction of a
+  cortical shell-like <i>Larnacalpis</i> by two or more constrictions. These constrictions lie in
+  dimensive planes (or in planes parallel to these), and therefore the cupolas are (all or partly)
+  in diagonal planes, a condition quite opposite to that found in the Tholonida. One of the annular
+  constrictions is constantly in the sagittal plane (separating the right and left halves of the
+  shell). The number of the constrictions in the few genera is two, three, and four, and therefore
+  the number of the cupolas four, six, or eight. As this cortical shell constantly encloses a
+  trizonal medullary shell (or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell), we cannot doubt that the Zonarida must be
+  derived from the Larnacida.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page603">{603}</span></div>
+
+  <p>Whilst in all the foregoing five families of <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> the shell-form
+  is regular and their geometrical fundamental form is a lentellipsis (or a triaxial ellipsoid, with
+  three unequal isopolar dimensive axes), in the four remaining families of this suborder the shell
+  becomes bilateral or irregular (with the poles of the axes unequal). In two of these families
+  (Lithelida and Streblemida) the growth of the shell becomes spiral, in the last two families
+  (Soreumida and Phorticida) quite irregular. But as in all four families we encounter the typical
+  trizonal medullary shell (or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell), we are convinced that they must be derived
+  (wholly or partially) from the Larnacida.</p>
+
+  <p>The Lithelida (the sixth family) are <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with spiral growth and
+  bilateral form (like <i>Nautilus</i>); therefore the spiral line lies in one plane and this spiral
+  plane divides the whole shell into two symmetrical halves (right and left). The axis of the spiral
+  (around which the shell winds) is a straight line, one of the three dimensive axes. In the greater
+  part of Lithelida (in the Larcospirida) the primordial of central chamber of the polythalamous
+  shell is a trizonal medullary shell or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell, and the growth of the first spiral
+  turning begins as the development of the first (transverse) cortical girdle of <i>Amphipyle</i>;
+  but as one wing (or lateral half) of this girdle grows more rapidly than the other, it overgrows
+  the latter and begins the spiral winding; if the other wing follow and overgrow the first, the
+  spiral becomes double. Each of the three dimensive girdles (of the Pylonida) may begin the spiral
+  winding. There can be no doubt that all these Lithelida (the Larcospirida) must be derived from
+  the Pylonida, by unequal growth of the two halves of one girdle. Perhaps from these may also
+  derived the other part of this family, the Spiremida (<i>Spirema</i> and <i>Lithelius</i>); in
+  these the primordial chamber of the spiral shell is simple, and may be derived by reduction of the
+  original <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell. But it is also possible that the Spiremida proceed directly from
+  the Larcarida, and that their ancestors did not possess a <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The Streblemida (the seventh family) are <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with spiral growth
+  and asymmetrical form of the polythalamous shell (like <i>Helix</i> or <i>Turrilites</i>);
+  therefore the spiral line is twisted like a winding stair, and the spiral face is curved and
+  divides the shell into two unequal halves. The Streblemida have the same likeness and relation to
+  the turbinoid Foraminifera (<i>Rotalia</i>, <i>Globigerina</i>, &amp;c.) as the Lithelida to the
+  nautiloid Foraminifera (<i>Polystomella</i>, <i>Nummulina</i>, &amp;c.). As in these calcareous
+  Rhizopods also the peculiar growth of the siliceous Streblemida begins from a primordial chamber
+  to which a variable number of roundish chambers (of increasing size) is apposed. But the building
+  of these chambers and of their septa is by no means so regular and complete as in the greater
+  number of turbinoid Foraminifera. As in a part of this family the primordial chamber is
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell, these also may be derived from the Larnacida, but the other part (with
+  simple central chamber) is perhaps produced directly from the Larcarida.</p>
+
+  <p>The eighth family, Soreumida, is perhaps derived from the Streblemida by the loss of the spiral
+  growth. The polythalamous shell is similar to the latter, but the chambers are <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page604">{604}</span>aggregated without any order, like the Acervulinida among
+  the Foraminifera. In some cases also here the primordial chamber is a trizonal
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell, in other cases it is a simple, subspherical or lentelliptical shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The last family, the Phorticida, is formed of irregular <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, in
+  which a lentelliptical trizonal <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell (as an inner medullary shell) is enveloped
+  by an irregular, latticed, or spongy cortical shell. They can be regarded as abnormalities or
+  irregular deformities of Larnacida or Pylonida.</p>
+
+  <p>The central capsule of the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> is originally lentelliptical and
+  preserves this form, the "triaxial ellipsoid," in the greater number of genera. In some groups it
+  follows the prevalent growth of the shell in the direction of one of the three dimensive axes, and
+  becomes prolonged in this way. In many chambered forms (particularly Tholonida and Zonarida) the
+  growing central capsule gets constricted, corresponding to the constrictions of the shell. In the
+  Soreumida and Phorticida its form often becomes irregular. But in general for the greater number
+  of <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> the lentelliptical form of their central capsule is quite
+  characteristic.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Families of</i> <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>.</h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Families of Larcoidea"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Families of Larcoidea">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"><span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with a regular or
+      symmetrical shell, the growth of which is determined by the three dimensive axes. (Both poles
+      of each axis are equal.)</td>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace13sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell completely latticed, without external gates
+      (or interzonal fissures), without annular constrictions and domes.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Medullary shell absent or simple (spherical or lentelliptical),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">1. <span class="sc">Larcarida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Medullary shell trizonal or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped (composed of three
+      dimensive girdles),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">2. <span class="sc">Larnacida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell incompletely latticed, with two to four or
+      more symmetrically disposed gates or fissures remaining between latticed dimensive
+      girdles,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">3. <span class="sc">Pylonida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell completely latticed, without external gates
+      (or interzonal fissures), with two or more annular constrictions, which separate three to six
+      or more dome-shaped protuberances.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Constrictions of the cortical shell in diagonal planes; domes in
+      dimensive axes,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">4. <span class="sc">Tholonida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Constrictions of the cortical shell in dimensive planes; domes in
+      diagonal axes,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">5. <span class="sc">Zonarida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0"><span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with a symmetrical
+      or irregular shell, either with spiral growth or with quite irregular growth. (Both poles of
+      one axis are different.)</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell with spiral growth.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spiral cortical shell bilateral (with plane spiral),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">6. <span class="sc">Lithelida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spiral cortical shell asymmetrical (with ascending spiral),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">7. <span class="sc">Streblemida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell with quite irregular growth.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell simple, with one single chamber,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">8. <span class="sc">Phorticida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell composed of a number of heaped up or aggregated
+      chambers,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">9. <span class="sc">Soreumida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Families of Larcoidea"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Families of Larcoidea">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7"><span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with a regular or symmetrical shell, the
+      growth of which is determined by the three dimensive axes. (Both poles of each axis are
+      equal.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical shell completely latticed, without external gates (or
+      interzonal fissures), without annular constrictions and domes.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell absent or simple (spherical or
+      lentelliptical),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. <span class="sc">Larcarida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Medullary shell trizonal or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped (composed of
+      three dimensive girdles),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. <span class="sc">Larnacida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical shell incompletely latticed, with two to four or more
+      symmetrically disposed gates or fissures remaining between latticed dimensive girdles,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. <span class="sc">Pylonida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical shell completely latticed, without external gates (or
+      interzonal fissures), with two or more annular constrictions, which separate three to six or
+      more dome-shaped protuberances.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Constrictions of the cortical shell in diagonal planes; domes in
+      dimensive axes,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. <span class="sc">Tholonida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Constrictions of the cortical shell in dimensive planes; domes in
+      diagonal axes,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">5. <span class="sc">Zonarida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7"><span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with a symmetrical or irregular shell,
+      either with spiral growth or with quite irregular growth. (Both poles of one axis are
+      different.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical shell with spiral growth.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spiral cortical shell bilateral (with plane spiral),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">6. <span class="sc">Lithelida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spiral cortical shell asymmetrical (with ascending spiral),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">7. <span class="sc">Streblemida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical shell with quite irregular growth.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cortical shell simple, with one single chamber,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">8. <span class="sc">Phorticida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Cortical shell composed of a number of heaped up or aggregated
+      chambers,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">9. <span class="sc">Soreumida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page605">{605}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Family XXIV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Larcarida</span></span>, Haeckel, 1883 (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  2).</h4>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with a regular, completely
+  latticed, lentelliptical cortical shell, without open gates and annular constrictions; medullary
+  shell absent or simple (not trizonal), connected with the cortical shell by radial beams.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Larcarida</span> opens the long series of <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> as the most simple group of this suborder. It commences with
+  <i>Cenolarcus</i>, a quite simple lentelliptical latticed shell, which is characterised by three
+  unequal isopolar dimensive axes, perpendicular one to another. The major of these three axes is
+  the longitudinal or principal, the middle is the lateral or transverse, and the minor is the
+  equatorial or sagittal axis (as in the human body). Among the three dimensive planes, which are
+  determined by pairs of these axes, the lateral plane is the largest (halved by the crossed
+  principal and lateral axes). The intermediate is the sagittal plane or median plane (halved by the
+  crossed principal and sagittal axes). The smallest is the equatorial plane or transverse plane
+  (halved by the crossed lateral and sagittal axes). Therefore the shell has all the characters of
+  the true <i>Lentellipsis</i> or of the "triaxial ellipsoid," and its axes agree with the three
+  axes of the "rhombic crystalline system."</p>
+
+  <p>In the three subfamilies of Larcarida this lentelliptical shell assumes a different shape: in
+  the Cenolarcida it remains simple, in the Spongolarcida it becomes spongy (sometimes quite filled
+  out with a spongy framework), in the Coccolarcida it is composed of two or more concentric
+  lentelliptical shells (at least an inner medullary and one outer cortical shell). These shells are
+  simply connected by radial beams, and not, as in the Larnacida, by latticed wings (or half
+  girdles).</p>
+
+  <p>The network of the Larcarida shell is sometimes regular, commonly irregular (as in the greater
+  number of <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>). The surface of the shell is sometimes smooth or
+  thorny, at other times covered with radial spines. These are often symmetrically disposed, either
+  on the poles of the dimensive axes or in crossed diagonal planes.</p>
+
+  <p>The central capsule is a true "lentellipsis" in a geometrical sense; it is halved by three
+  elliptical dimensive planes of different sizes, perpendicular one to another. In the Cenolarcida
+  the central capsule lies freely inside the simple (cortical) shell, only separated from it by the
+  jelly-mantle. In the Coccolarcida it contains the medullary shell, and is enclosed by the simple
+  or double cortical shell, perforated by the radial beams connecting the two shells. The spongy
+  shell of the Spongolarcida exhibits a different relation to the central capsule: in
+  <i>Spongolarcus</i> the latter lies freely in the internal cavity of the spongy shell; in
+  <i>Stypolarcus</i>, where this cavity is quite filled with a spongy network, the central capsule
+  also contains a part of it.</p>
+
+  <p>The morphological and phylogenetic relations of the Larcarida to the other families of <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span> admit of a different explanation. As this family contains the <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page606">{606}</span>most simple forms of all <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, we can regard the <i>Cenolarcus</i> as the common ancestral form of
+  this group, having originated from <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads 'Actolarcus'."><i>Actilarcus</i></span> (or the lentelliptical
+  <i>Actissa</i>) by the building of a simple lentelliptical lattice-shell. But it is also possible
+  that a part of the Larcarida (or all?) descend from Larnacida by reduction or loss of the original
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell (compare <i>Cenolarcus triaxonius</i>, p. <a href="#page607">607</a>).</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of the Larcarida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w50 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Larcarida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Larcarida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">II</span>I. Subfamily Cenolarcida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Shell simple, latticed (lentelliptical cortical shell).</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Without radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">266. <i>Cenolarcus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">267. <i>Larcarium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">I</span>II. Subfamily Coccolarcida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Shell composed of two or more concentric latticed shells (inner medullary and
+        outer cortical).</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Without radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">268. <i>Coccolarcus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">269. <i>Larcidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Subfamily Spongolarcida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Shell spongy, partly or whole composed of a spongy framework.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With an internal cavity,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">270. <i>Spongolarcus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Without an internal cavity,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">271. <i>Stypolarcus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Larcarida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Larcarida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">I. Subfamily Cenolarcida. Shell simple, latticed (lentelliptical cortical
+      shell).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">266. <i>Cenolarcus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">267. <i>Larcarium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">II. Subfamily Coccolarcida. Shell composed of two or more concentric latticed
+      shells (inner medullary and outer cortical).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">268. <i>Coccolarcus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">269. <i>Larcidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">III. Subfamily Spongolarcida. Shell spongy, partly or whole composed of a
+      spongy framework.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With an internal cavity,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">270. <i>Spongolarcus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without an internal cavity,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">271. <i>Stypolarcus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Cenolarcida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcarida</span> with a simple,
+  lentelliptical latticed shell (cortical shell without a medullary shell).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 266. <i>Cenolarcus</i>,<a id="NtA_305" href="#Nt_305"><sup>[305]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcarida</span> with a simple, lentelliptical
+  latticed shell, without a medullary shell, without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cenolarcus</i> begins the group of <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>
+  as the most simple form of this suborder. It corresponds to <i>Cenosph�ra</i> among the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, to <i>Cenodiscus</i> among the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>,
+  to <i>Cenellipsis</i> among the <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>. The simple latticed shell is
+  distinguished from that of the three other genera by its typical lentelliptical form, a triaxial
+  ellipsoid with three dimensive axes of unequal length. Probably <i>Cenolarcus</i> is the original
+  ancestral form of the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, derived from <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads 'Actolarcus'."><i>Actilarcus</i></span> (the lentelliptical <i>Actissa</i>)
+  by the formation of a simple fenestrated shell around the lentelliptical central capsule. But
+  possibly also some species of <i>Cenolarcus</i> may be derived from <i>Coccolarcus</i> or
+  <i>Larnacilla</i> by reduction and loss of the medullary shell (compare <i>Cenolarcus
+  triaxonius</i>, n. sp.).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page607">{607}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cenolarcus primordialis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, figs. 7,
+  7<i>a</i>, 7<i>b</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Network of the shell regular, with circular, hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as the
+  elevated bars; about ten pores on the half meridian, eight on the half equator. Surface a little
+  rough. Proportion of the three dimensive axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Principal axis (or length) 0.12, transverse axis (or breadth) 0.1,
+  sagittal axis (or thickness) 0.08; pores 0.01, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cenolarcus dimensivus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Network of the shell regular, with circular pores (without hexagonal frames), three times as
+  broad as the thin bars; about twelve pores on the half meridian, nine on the half equator. Surface
+  thorny. Proportion of the three dimensive axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Principal axis 0.15, transverse axis 0.12, sagittal axis 0.09; pores
+  0.012, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cenolarcus triaxonius</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Network of the shell regular, with circular, hexagonally framed pores, four times as broad as
+  the thin bars; about twelve pores on the half meridian, nine on the equator. Surface smooth. From
+  the inner surface of the shell arise six very thin radial beams, opposite in pairs in the three
+  dimensive axes; all six beams end freely in a little knob, at an equal distance from the centre;
+  therefore this remarkable species seems to have lost a medullary shell (descending from
+  <i>Coccolarcus</i> or <i>Larnacilla</i>?). Proportion of the three dimensive axes =
+  2&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Principal axis 0.13, transverse axis 0.11, sagittal axis 0.09; pores
+  0.012, bars 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Cenolarcus lentellipticus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Network of the shell regular, with circular pores of the same breadth as the thick bars; about
+  eighteen pores on the half meridian, fourteen on the half equator. Surface smooth. Proportion of
+  the three dimensive axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Principal axis 0.16, transverse axis 0.12, sagittal axis 0.08; pores
+  and bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Cenolarcus minimus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Network of the shell subregular, with very small circular pores of the same breadth as the
+  bars; only four pores on the half meridian, three on the half equator. Surface smooth. Proportion
+  of the three dimensive axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page608">{608}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Principal axis 0.05, transverse 0.04, sagittal axis 0.03; pores and
+  bars 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 267. <i>Larcarium</i>,<a id="NtA_306" href="#Nt_306"><sup>[306]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcarida</span> with a simple, lentelliptical
+  latticed shell, without a medullary shell; surface covered with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Larcarium</i> differs from <i>Cenolarcus</i> only in the possession of
+  radial spines on the surface of the simple fenestrated lentelliptical shell. These spines are
+  commonly disposed symmetrically, opposite in pairs, either on the poles of the three dimensive
+  axes, or on the poles of certain diagonal axes. Larcarium differs from the similar genera
+  <i>Larcidium</i>, <i>Larnacidium</i>, and <i>Larnacantha</i> by the absence of any medullary
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Larcarium amphistylum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thorny, with two large conical spines, opposite on both poles of the principal axis,
+  somewhat longer than it. Network of the shell regular, with circular, hexagonally framed pores,
+  twice as broad as the bars; about twelve pores on the half meridian, ten on the half equator.
+  Proportion of the three dimensive axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Principal axis (or length) 0.15, transverse axis (or breadth) <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads '0.012'.">0.12</span>, sagittal axis (or thickness) 0.09;
+  pores 0.01, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Larcarium staurostylum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell smooth, with four short three-sided pyramidal spines of equal length, opposite in pairs
+  on the poles of the principal and lateral axes. Network of the shell regular, with circular pores
+  of the same breadth as the bars; about eight pores on the half meridian, six on the half equator.
+  Proportion of the three dimensive axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.1, thickness 0.08; pores and bars
+  0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Larcarium hexastylum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell smooth, with six short conical spines of equal length (= the shortest axis of the shell),
+  opposite in pairs on the poles of the three dimensive axes. Network of the shell subregular, with
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page609">{609}</span>circular pores three times as broad as the bars;
+  about eleven pores on the half meridian, nine on the half equator. Proportion of the three
+  dimensive axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.08, thickness 0.06, pores 0.006;
+  bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Larcarium axostylum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thorny, with six strong conical radial spines, opposite in pairs on the poles of the
+  three dimensive axes. All three pairs are of different sizes, the length of each spine
+  corresponding nearly to the size of the shell-axis, of which it is the prolongation. Network of
+  the shell subregular, with circular pores twice as broad as the bars; ten on the half meridian,
+  eight on the half equator. Proportion of the three dimensive axes =
+  2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.09, thickness 0.06; pores 0.01,
+  bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Larcarium octostylum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thorny, with eight thin cylindrical radial spines, opposite in pairs in two crossed
+  diagonal planes. Network of the shell irregular, with roundish pores, twice to four times as broad
+  as the bars; nine to eleven on the half meridian, five to seven on the half equator. Proportion of
+  the three dimensive axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.09, thickness 0.07; pores 0.006 to
+  0.012, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 267, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Larcarium polystylum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thorny, with numerous (twenty to thirty) stronger conical radial spines, about as long as
+  the shortest axis of the shell. Network of the shell irregular, with roundish pores, twice to four
+  times as broad as the bars; seven to eight on the half meridian, five to six on the half equator.
+  Proportion of the three dimensive axes = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.09, breadth 0.06, thickness 0.03; pores 0.006 to
+  0.012, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 323, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Larcarium ch�tostylum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell bristly, with very numerous (sixty to eighty or more) very thin, bristle-like, radial
+  spines, somewhat longer than the longest axis of the shell. Network irregular, with very small
+  roundish pores, about the same size as the bars; sixteen to eighteen on the half meridian,
+  thirteen to fifteen on the half equator. Proportion of the three dimensive axes =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;1.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page610">{610}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell (without spines) 0.13, breadth 0.1, thickness
+  0.07; pores and bars 0.004 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 273, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Coccolarcida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcarida</span> with encased
+  lentelliptical shell, composed of two or more concentric lentelliptical latticed shells, which are
+  united by radial beams (at least one inner medullary shell and one outer cortical shell).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 268. <i>Coccolarcus</i>,<a id="NtA_307" href="#Nt_307"><sup>[307]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcarida</span> with two concentric latticed
+  shells, an outer lentelliptical cortical shell, and an inner (spherical or lentelliptical)
+  medullary shell, both connected by radial beams. Surface without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Coccolarcus</i> differs from <i>Cenolarcus</i> by the possession of an
+  internal medullary shell. This is quite simple, either spherical or lentelliptical, and connected
+  with the outer cortical shell by a number of radial beams. In the similar <i>Larnacilla</i> this
+  connection is effected by four internal latticed lamell� (the half lateral wings of the transverse
+  girdle); therefore we find here four internal gates (on the poles of the principal axis), absent
+  in <i>Coccolarcus</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Coccolarcus lentellipsis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with smooth surface and regular network; pores circular, twice as broad as the
+  bars; about thirteen on the half meridian, eleven on the half equator. Proportion of the three
+  dimensive axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Medullary shell spherical, half as broad as the
+  transverse radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Principal axis (or length) of the cortical shell 0.15, transverse axis
+  (or breadth) 0.12, sagittal axis (or thickness) 0.09; pores 0.01, bars 0.005; diameter of the
+  medullary shell 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Coccolarcus platellipsis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with thorny surface and irregular network; pores roundish, twice to three times
+  as broad as the bars; sixteen to eighteen on the half meridian, ten to twelve on the half equator.
+  Proportion of the three dimensive axes = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Medullary shell
+  lentelliptical, one-third as large as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page611">{611}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.17, breadth 0.11, thickness 0.06; pores
+  0.008 to 0.012, bars 0.004; medullary shell 0.03 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 269. <i>Larcidium</i>,<a id="NtA_308" href="#Nt_308"><sup>[308]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcarida</span> with two concentric latticed
+  shells, an outer lentelliptical cortical shell, and an inner (spherical or lentelliptical)
+  medullary shell, both connected by radial beams. Surface covered with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Larcidium</i> differs from the foregoing <i>Coccolarcus</i> only in
+  the possession of radial spines, and bears to it the same relation that <i>Larcarium</i> does to
+  <i>Cenolarcus</i>. The spines are commonly symmetrically disposed, opposite in pairs in the
+  dimensive axes, sometimes also in diagonal axes.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Larcidium dissacanthum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with thorny surface and regular network; pores circular, hexagonally framed,
+  three times as broad as the bars; about thirteen on the half meridian, eleven on the half equator.
+  Proportion of the three dimensive axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Medullary shell spherical,
+  one-fourth as broad as the cortical, connected with it by two thin beams, lying in the principal
+  axis, and prolonged on its poles into two strong conical spines, somewhat longer than the greatest
+  axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell (or principal axis) 0.15, breadth 0.09,
+  thickness 0.07; pores 0.015, bars 0.005; medullary shell 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Larcidium hexacanthum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with smooth surface and regular network; pores circular, twice as broad as the
+  bars; about eleven on the half meridian, nine on the half equator. Proportion of the three axes =
+  2&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Medullary shell spherical, one-third as broad as the cortical. On
+  the surface six strong, three-sided pyramidal spines, all about as long as the breadth of the
+  cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.12, breadth 0.1, thickness 0.08; pores
+  0.01, bars 0.005; medullary shell 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area. Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Larcidium axacanthum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with rough surface and irregular network; pores roundish, twice to four times as
+  broad as the bars; about fifteen to nineteen on the half meridian, twelve to fourteen on the half
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page612">{612}</span>equator. Proportion of the three axes =
+  2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Medullary shell lentelliptical, of the same form and structure as
+  the cortical, but only one-third as large, connected with it by six thin radial beams, lying in
+  pairs in the three dimensive axes; on the outside they are prolonged into six strong conical
+  radial spines, which are in pairs of different size (as in <i>Larcarium axostylum</i>); the length
+  of each spine nearly equals the axis of the cortical shell, of which it is the prolongation.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell (and the principal spines) 0.18, breadth
+  of it (and length of the lateral spines) 0.135, thickness of it (and length of the sagittal
+  spines) 0.09; pores 0.005 to 0.013, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Larcidium octacanthum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with irregular network; pores roundish, once to four times as broad as
+  the bars; about thirteen to fifteen on the half meridian, eleven to thirteen on the half equator.
+  Proportion of the three axes = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Medullary shell lentelliptical,
+  one-fifth as large as the cortical, connected with it by eight radial beams, which are situated in
+  two crossed diagonal planes (opposite in pairs), and are prolonged on the surface into eight long
+  and thin cylindrical radial spines similar to <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.16, breadth 0.11, thickness 0.045;
+  pores 0.003 to 0.012, bars 0.003; medullary shell 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Larcidium dodecanthum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, figs. 8,
+  8<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell rough, with irregular network; pores roundish, twice to four times as broad as
+  the bars; about twelve to fourteen on the half meridian, eight to ten on the half equator.
+  Proportion of the three axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Medullary shell lentelliptical,
+  one-third as large as the cortical, connected with it by twelve thin radial beams, which are
+  prolonged outside into twelve strong conical radial spines, about half as long as the breadth of
+  the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.14, breadth 0.1, thickness 0.07; pores
+  0.008 to 0.015, bars 0.004; medullary shell 0.04 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Larcidium polyacanthum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell spiny, with irregular network; pores roundish, once to twice as broad as the
+  bars; about ten to twelve on the half meridian, six to eight on the half equator. Proportion of
+  the three axes = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Medullary shell lentelliptical, half as large as
+  the cortical shell, connected with it by numerous (twenty to twenty-five) radial beams, which are
+  prolonged outside into three-sided pyramidal spines, about as long as the breadth of the
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.12, thickness 0.06; pores
+  0.01 to 0.015, bars 0.008; medullary shell <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.3'.">0.03</span> to 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page613">{613}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Spongolarcida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcarida</span> with spongy
+  lentelliptical shell (with or without enclosed medullary shell).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 270. <i>Spongolarcus</i>,<a id="NtA_309" href="#Nt_309"><sup>[309]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcarida</span> with lentelliptical spongy shell,
+  containing a central cavity of the same form, without medullary shell (without radial spines).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Spongolarcus</i> differs from <i>Cenolarcus</i> (its probable
+  ancestral form) only in the development of spongy framework forming the wall of the hollow
+  lentelliptical shell. It corresponds, therefore, to <i>Plegmosph�ra</i> among the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>, and to <i>Spongellipsis</i> among the <span
+  class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>. From these two similar spongy <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>
+  it differs in its characteristic lentelliptical form, with three dimensive axes of unequal
+  length.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongolarcus lentellipsis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy network of the shell very loose, its meshes fifteen to twenty times as broad as the
+  bars. Surface of the shell nearly smooth; diameter of its internal cavity twice as large as the
+  thickness of its wall. Proportion of the three dimensive axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length 0.16, breadth 0.12, height 0.08; thickness of the spongy wall
+  0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongolarcus triaxonius</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy network of the shell rather loose, its meshes twelve to sixteen times as broad as the
+  bars. Surface of the shell rough; diameter of its internal cavity about eight times as large as
+  the thickness of its wall. Proportion of the three dimensive axes =
+  2&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;3.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length 0.25, breadth 0.2, height 0.16; thickness of the spongy wall
+  0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongolarcus dimensivus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spongy network of the shell dense, its meshes four to eight times as broad as the bars. Surface
+  of the shell thorny; diameter of its internal cavity about fifteen times as large as the thickness
+  of its wall. Proportion of the three dimensive axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length 0.2, breadth 0.16, height 0.12; thickness of the spongy wall
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page614">{614}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spongolarcus amphicentria</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p>? <i>Amphicentria salpa</i>, Ehrenberg, 1861, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 296; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, Taf. ii. fig. 18.</p>
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Spongurus salpa</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 466.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spongy network of the shell compact, its meshes about the same breadth as the bars. Surface of
+  the shell spiny, with some larger spines around the poles of the axis; diameter of the internal
+  cavity about six times as large as the thickness of its wall. Proportion of the three dimensive
+  axes = 1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. (Perhaps this <i>Spongolarcus</i> is identical with
+  <i>Amphicentria salpa</i>, very imperfectly described and figured by Ehrenberg, <i>loc.
+  cit.</i>?)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length 0.14, breadth 0.09, height 0.05; thickness of the spongy wall
+  0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic; off Greenland, 1000 fathoms, Ehrenberg;
+  Station 64, depth (2700) fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 271. <i>Stypolarcus</i>,<a id="NtA_310" href="#Nt_310"><sup>[310]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcarida</span> with lentelliptical spongy shell,
+  composed of compact spongy framework, without central cavity and medullary shell (without radial
+  spines).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stypolarcus</i> differs from <i>Spongolarcus</i> in the absence of any
+  central cavity. This is quite filled up by spongy framework, which forms the whole mass of the
+  lentelliptical body. <i>Stypolarcus</i> bears therefore the same relation to <i>Spongolarcus</i>
+  that <i>Styptosph�ra</i> does to <i>Plegmosph�ra</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stypolarcus spongiosus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Lentelliptical shell composed in the whole mass of loose, spongy framework of similar texture,
+  with irregular meshes, about ten to twenty times as broad as the thin bars. Surface rough, without
+  radial spines. Proportion of the three axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length 0.2, breadth 0.16, height 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XXV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Larnacida</span></span>, Haeckel, 1883 (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, figs.
+  3-8).</h4>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with a regular, completely
+  latticed, lentelliptical cortical shell, without open gates and annular constrictions; either this
+  cortical shell or the enclosed medullary shell is trizonal, composed of three elliptical,
+  latticed, dimensive girdles of different sizes, perpendicular one to another.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page615">{615}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Larnacida</span> immediately follows the Larcarida as the next
+  simple group of all <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>; some genera of both groups (such as
+  <i>Larnacalpis</i> and <i>Coccolarcus</i>, or <i>Larnacantha</i> and <i>Larcidium</i>) may easily
+  be confounded from their being so much alike. In both the lentelliptical shell is composed of two
+  concentric shells, an inner (medullary) and an outer (cortical) shell. But the connection between
+  these shells and the construction of the inner shell is quite different in the two groups. Whilst
+  in the Larcarida the medullary shell is connected with the cortical shell simply by radial beams,
+  here in the Larnacida this connection is effected by two latticed lamell�, which are the lateral
+  wings of a transverse girdle. Therefore we encounter here for the first time that peculiar mode of
+  growth which characterises the greater part of the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, but
+  particularly the Pylonida. But whilst in the Pylonida between the three crossed lattice-girdles,
+  remain four open gates, here in the Larnacida the gates become closed by lattice-work; the
+  lentelliptical cortical shell becomes perfect.</p>
+
+  <p>The most simple genus of Larnacida, and no doubt the common ancestral form of this whole
+  family, is <i>Larnacilla</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 1<i>a</i>, 1<i>b</i>). The most important shell of this typical genus is composed of a
+  simple lentelliptical medullary shell and of three elliptical latticed girdles surrounding it,
+  perpendicular one to another. These three "dimensive girdles" lie in the perimeter of the three
+  dimensive planes, the minor (and first) in the equatorial plane, the second (and major) in the
+  lateral plane, the third (and intermediate) in the sagittal plane. Therefore we have before us the
+  same "trizonal shell" as in the important genus <i>Trizonium</i> among the Pylonida. But whilst in
+  <i>Trizonium</i>, as in all Pylonida, the four gates between the girdles remain open, here in
+  <i>Larnacilla</i> they become perfectly closed by lattice-work.</p>
+
+  <p>The formation of the typical "<i>Larnacilla</i>-shell" begins with a simple, spherical or
+  lentelliptical lattice-shell, from both sides of which arise two latticed "lateral wings" opposite
+  on the poles of the transverse axis. These two wings are comparable to the lateral chambers of
+  <i>Tholartus</i> (among the Tholonida), but differ by two large openings. Each wing is a short
+  cylindrical tube with latticed wall, open at both ends; the axis of the tube (going through the
+  centre of the open ends) is parallel to the principal axis of the whole shell (and of the central
+  chamber). Therefore both wings form together a transverse ring, the middle of which encloses the
+  central chamber. The distal parts of both wings grow towards the poles of the principal axis; if
+  they became united here, the second (lateral) girdle would be complete. Between it and the first
+  girdle four open gates remain ("<i>Tetrapyle</i>"); but these become overgrown by the third or
+  sagittal girdle, and at last the gates between this and the two other girdles become closed by
+  lattice-work. This perfect fenestration of the trizonal cortical shell, and the complete closing
+  of the gates between the girdles by network, is the only difference between <i>Trizonium</i> and
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>In <i>Larnacilla</i> and in the nearly allied <i>Larnacidium</i> (only differing by radial
+  spines <span class="pagenum" id="page616">{616}</span>on the surface) the "trizonal shell" is an
+  external or "cortical shell," enclosing the central capsule, the interior of which only contains
+  the simple central chamber and the jointed proximal parts of both lateral wings. In the other
+  genera of Larnacida (by proceeding growth) this trizonal <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell becomes enclosed
+  by the growing central capsule and is now only a "medullary shell," whilst on the outside of the
+  central capsule in the same manner is developed an outer cortical shell (<i>Larnacalpis</i>,
+  <i>Larnacantha</i>); and perhaps the same process may be repeated. But sometimes also this
+  cortical shell becomes doubled by a simple envelop of network (<i>Larnacoma</i>). In the
+  Larnacospongida the cortical shell is composed of a spongy framework (corresponding to the
+  Spongolarcida in the foregoing family).</p>
+
+  <p>The lattice-work of the Larnacida is commonly irregular (as in most other <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>), and its pores have little signification for the different species.
+  On the outer surface often arise radial spines, symmetrically disposed either in dimensive planes
+  or in diagonal planes.</p>
+
+  <p>The central capsule is constantly a true lentellipsis or a "triaxial ellipsoid," characterised
+  by three halving, elliptical dimensive planes, perpendicular one to another. It bears a different
+  relation to the skeleton in the two subfamilies of Larnacida. In the first subfamily, the
+  Larnacillida (<i>Larnacilla</i>, <i>Larnacidium</i>), the central capsule encloses only the simple
+  spherical or lentelliptical central chamber ("simple medullary shell"), and is enveloped by the
+  trizonal cortical shell. In the other subfamily, the Larnacalpida (<i>Larnacalpis</i>,
+  <i>Larnacospongus</i>, &amp;c.), this trizonal "<i>Larnacilla</i>-shell" becomes enclosed by the
+  overgrowing central capsule, which now becomes enveloped by an external, latticed or spongy,
+  lentelliptical "cortical shell."</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Larnacida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Larnacida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Larnacida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">I</span>I. Subfamily Larnacillida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Medullary shell simple, spherical or subspherical. Cortical shell
+        lentelliptical, trizonal; between them four gates.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi wnw">Shell without radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">272. <i>Larnacilla</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell with radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">273. <i>Larnacidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05 w30 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Larnacalpida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Medullary shell <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped, double; the inner spherical or
+        subspherical, the outer lentelliptical and trizonal.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace10sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell simple or double, but not spongy.</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell simple.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Without radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">274. <i>Larnacalpis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">275. <i>Larnacantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell double, without radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">276. <i>Larnacoma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell simple or double, wholly or partly
+      spongy.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell without radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">277. <i>Larnacospongus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Shell with radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">278. <i>Larnacostupa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Larnacida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Larnacida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="9">I. Subfamily Larnacillida. Medullary shell simple, spherical or subspherical.
+      Cortical shell lentelliptical, trizonal; between them four gates.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell without radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">272. <i>Larnacilla</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell with radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">273. <i>Larnacidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="9">II. Subfamily Larnacalpida. Medullary shell <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped, double;
+      the inner spherical or subspherical, the outer lentelliptical and trizonal.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Cortical shell simple or double, but not spongy.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical shell simple.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Without radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">274. <i>Larnacalpis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">275. <i>Larnacantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical shell double, without radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">276. <i>Larnacoma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Cortical shell simple or double, wholly or partly spongy.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell without radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">277. <i>Larnacospongus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Shell with radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">278. <i>Larnacostupa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page617">{617}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Larnacillida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larnacida</span> with a simple,
+  spherical or lentelliptical, medullary shell, connected by the lateral wings of a latticed
+  transverse girdle with the simple lentelliptical trizonal cortical shell; the central capsule
+  encloses the former and is enveloped by the latter.</p>
+
+  <h5 class="sp3">Genus 272. <i>Larnacilla</i>,<a id="NtA_311" href="#Nt_311"><sup>[311]</sup></a>
+  n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larnacida</span> with a simple lentelliptical
+  cortical shell, connected by the lateral wings of a latticed transverse girdle with the simple,
+  spherical or lentelliptical, medullary shell. Surface without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Larnacilla</i> represents the most simple form of Larnacida, and at
+  the same time the most important common ancestral form, from which the greater number of <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> may be derived, viz., all those genera which possess  the
+  characteristic "<i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell." This typical form of medullary shell
+  may be derived from the genus <i>Trizonium</i> among the Pylonida by the closing of the four open
+  gates of this genus. The free opening of these four gates becomes overgrown and closed by
+  lattice-work, developed from the free edges of the three crossed girdles, and thus finally all
+  three girdles are united in the form of a simple lentelliptical shell (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  1<i>a</i>, 1<i>b</i>). Seen from the sagittal poles (or from the poles of the shortest axis, fig.
+  1), the shell exhibits on both sides of the small spherical medullary shell the two lateral wings
+  of the transverse girdle from the face; seen from the lateral poles (or from the poles of the
+  transverse axis, fig. 1<i>a</i>), one of these wings appears in the optical section as an oblong
+  ring, which seemingly encloses the concentric medullary shell, and on both sides is grown together
+  with the sagittal girdle; seen from the principal poles (or from the poles of the longitudinal
+  axis, fig. 1<i>b</i>), both wings exhibit their elliptical opening (at the right and left from the
+  central medullary shell). The two concentric shells are only connected by the two lateral
+  tube-like wings of the transverse girdle; the lateral and the sagittal girdles have no connection
+  with the medullary shell. The latter is sometimes spherical, at other times lentelliptical.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Larnacilla typus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>,
+  fig. 1, 1<i>a</i>, 1<i>b</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with smooth surface and with subregular network; pores twice as broad as the
+  bars; about twelve pores on the half meridian, ten on the half equator.  Proportion of the three
+  dimensive axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Internal four gates (between transverse and
+  lateral girdles) roundish-triangular, little broader than high. Medullary shell spherical,
+  scarcely one-third as broad as the lentelliptical cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page618">{618}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell (or principal axis) 0.13, breadth of it
+  (or transverse axis) 0.1, height of it (or sagittal axis) 0.07; pores 0.006, bars 0.003; medullary
+  shell (diameter) 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Larnacilla prometor</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with rough surface and regular network; pores three times as broad as the bars;
+  about ten on the half meridian, eight on the half equator. Proportion of the three axes =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Internal four gates (between transverse and lateral girdles)
+  kidney-shaped, twice as broad as high. Medullary shell lentelliptical, of the same form as the
+  external cortical shell, but only one third as large.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.15, breadth 0.1, height 0.05, pores
+  0.015, bars 0.005; medullary shell 0.02 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Larnacilla subglobosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly spherical, with thorny surface and irregular network; pores roundish,
+  twice to four times as broad as the bars; twelve to sixteen in the half circumference. Proportion
+  of the three axes very little different = 1.3&nbsp;:&nbsp;1.4&nbsp;:&nbsp;1.5. Internal four gates
+  elliptical, one and a half times as broad as high. Medullary shell spherical, one-fourth as broad
+  as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.15, breadth 0.14, height 0.13; pores
+  0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003; medullary shell 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area. Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Larnacilla medullaris</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell lentelliptical, with smooth surface and irregular network; pores roundish, very
+  small, scarcely as broad as the bars; about eight to nine on the half meridian, six to seven on
+  the half equator. Proportion of the three axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. Internal four
+  gates elliptical. Medullary shell spherical, scarcely one-third as broad as the cortical shell.
+  (This small species may be only the medullary shell of some other Larcoid, the cortical shell of
+  which is not yet formed.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.06, breadth 0.04, height 0.03; pores
+  and bars about 0.004; medullary shell 0.013.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 273. <i>Larnacidium</i>,<a id="NtA_312" href="#Nt_312"><sup>[312]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larnacida</span> with a simple lentelliptical
+  cortical shell, connected by the lateral wings of a latticed transverse girdle with the simple,
+  spherical or lentelliptical, medullary shell. Surface armed with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page619">{619}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Larnacidium</i> has the same shell-formation as the foregoing
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>, and differs from it only in the possession of radial spines on the surface,
+  which in all known species exhibit a symmetrical disposition. From the nearly allied genus
+  <i>Larcidium</i> it differs in the characteristic mode of connection between the two shells, owing
+  to the different kind of growth. In <i>Larcidium</i> this connection is effected only by radial
+  beams, whereas in <i>Larnacidium</i> (as in all Larnacida) by two lateral latticed tubes, the
+  wings of the primary transverse girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Larnacidium staurobelonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, with four strong conical, radial spines in the lateral plane, opposite
+  in pairs, two on the poles of the principal and two on the poles of the transverse axis. Pores
+  subregular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; about twelve on the half meridian. Proportion of
+  the three axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4.  Medullary shell spherical, one-third as broad as
+  the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.12, breadth 0.09, height 0.06; pores
+  0.008, bars 0.04; medullary shell 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Larnacidium hexabelonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with six strong, three-sided pyramidal, radial spines, lying opposite in
+  pairs on the poles of the three dimensive axes. Pores subregular, circular, three times as broad
+  as the bars; about fourteen on the half meridian. Proportion of the three axes =
+  2&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Medullary shell spherical, one-third as broad as the cortical
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.14, breadth 0.11, height 0.08; pores
+  0.01, bars 0.003; medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Larnacidium polybelonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very spiny, with numerous (twenty to thirty or more) larger thin radial spines,
+  about as long as the shell. Pores irregular, twice to five times as broad as the bars; about
+  sixteen on the half meridian. Proportion of the three axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;3.
+  Medullary shell lentelliptical, half as large as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.11, breadth 0.09, height 0.07; pores
+  0.004 to 0.01, bars 0.002; length of the medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.05, height 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225. depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Larnacalpida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larnacida</span> with a double,
+  trizonal, <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell, enclosed in the central capsule, and enveloped
+  by a simple or double, latticed or spongy, lentelliptical, cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page620">{620}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 274. <i>Larnacalpis</i>,<a id="NtA_313" href="#Nt_313"><sup>[313]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larnacida</span> with a simple lentelliptical
+  cortical shell, without radial spines. Medullary shell double, <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Larnacalpis</i> represents the most simple form of the sub-family
+  Larnacalpida, and is very important as the common original form of all those <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> in which a double <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell is
+  surrounded by a simple, perfectly closed, latticed, lentelliptical cortical shell. Therefore the
+  same typical, trizonal, lentelliptical shell, which in <i>Larnacilla</i> represents the external
+  envelop (or cortical shell) of the central capsule, here in <i>Larnacalpis</i> becomes enclosed as
+  an internal nucleus (or medullary shell) in the interior of the central capsule, and this latter
+  becomes overgrown by a new lentelliptical cortical shell. The connection between the two shells of
+  <i>Larnacalpis</i> is either effected by a number of radial beams (e.g., in <i>Larnacalpis
+  triaxonia</i> by six beams situated in the three dimensive axes), or by two lateral, latticed,
+  tube-like wings, which are repetitions of the smaller lateral wings connecting its external shell
+  with the internal medullary shell (as in <i>Larnacalpis lentellipsis</i>). The latter species may
+  be regarded as a <i>Pylonium</i> with a completely latticed shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Larnacalpis lentellipsis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, figs. 2,
+  2<i>a</i>, 2<i>b</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with thorny surface and irregular network; pores roundish, twice to four times
+  as broad as the bars; about sixteen on the half meridian, twelve on the half equator. Proportion
+  of the three dimensive axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Medullary shell one-third as large as
+  the cortical, with four elliptical internal gates, connected with it by two opposite beams in the
+  principal axis and by two latticed wings in the transverse axis; therefore between the two shells
+  are four large kidney-shaped gates, halved by the polar beams (as in <i>Octopyle</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell (or principal axis) 0.14, breadth (or
+  transverse axis) 0.11, height (or sagittal axis) 0.07; pores 0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.005; length of
+  the medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.04, height 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 273, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Larnacalpis phacodiscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with thorny surface and regular network; pores circular, twice as broad as the
+  bars; about ten on the half meridian, eight on the half equator. Proportion of the three axes =
+  2&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;3. Medullary shell half as large as the cortical, with four
+  kidney-shaped internal gates.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.13, breadth 0.11, height 0.09; pores
+  0.012, bars 0.006; length of the medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.045, height 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page621">{621}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Larnacalpis macrococcus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with spiny surface and regular network; pores circular, small, of the same
+  breadth as the bars; about twenty-two on the half meridian, nineteen on the half equator.
+  Proportion of the three axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Medullary shell two-thirds as large
+  as the cortical, with four wide internal semicircular gates.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.1, breadth 0.075, height 0.05; pores
+  and bars 0.003; length of the medullary shell 0.066, breadth 0.05, height 0.032.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Larnacalpis subsph�rica</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with rough surface and irregular network; roundish pores twice to five times as
+  broad as the bars; about twenty-four on the half meridian, twenty-one on the half equator.
+  Proportion of the three axes = 1.2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1.3&nbsp;:&nbsp;1.4. Medullary shell half as large
+  as the cortical, with four elliptical internal gates.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.14, breadth 0.13, height 0.12; pores
+  0.004 to 0.01, bars 0.002; length of the medullary shell 0.08, breadth 0.07, height 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Larnacalpis triaxonia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with smooth surface and peculiar network, composed of four meridian rows of
+  larger pores (five large elliptical pores on each half meridian, the largest in the equator) and
+  numerous small irregular pores between them. Proportion of the three axes =
+  2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Medullary shell with four semicircular internal gates, about
+  one-fourth as large as the cortical, connected with it by six thin radial beams, opposite in pairs
+  in the three dimensive axes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.14, breadth 0.1, height 0.07; large
+  pores 0.03, small pores 0.002 to 0.01, bars 0.002 to 0.01; length of the medullary shell 0.04,
+  breadth 0.03, height 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 275. <i>Larnacantha</i>,<a id="NtA_314" href="#Nt_314"><sup>[314]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larnacida</span> with a simple lentelliptical
+  cortical shell, armed with symmetrically disposed radial spines. Medullary shell double,
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Larnacantha</i> has the same characteristic shell-formation as the
+  foregoing <i>Larnacalpis</i>, and differs from it only in the possession of radial spines, which
+  are symmetrically distributed on the surface in a definite order. Commonly these spines are
+  external prolongations of the internal radial beams, which connect the double
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell with the simple lentelliptical cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page622">{622}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Larnacantha dissacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, with two large cylindrical spines, opposite on the poles of the
+  principal axis, and somewhat longer than it. Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the
+  bars; about eleven on the half meridian. Proportion of the three axes =
+  2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Medullary shell one-third as large as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell (principal axis) 0.13, breadth
+  (transverse axis) 0.1, height (sagittal axis) 0.07; pores 0.009, bars 0.003; length of the
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell 0.045.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 256, depth 2950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Larnacantha stauracantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, with four large conical spines in the lateral plane, two larger opposite
+  on the poles of the principal, two smaller on those of the transverse axis. Pores regular,
+  circular, twice as broad as the bars; about seventeen on the half meridian. Proportion of the
+  three axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;3.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Medullary shell one-third as large as the cortical
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.15, breadth 0.13, height 0.11; pores
+  0.008, bars 0.004; length of the medullary shell 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Larnacantha quadricornis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell spiny, with four strong, horn-like curved spines in the lateral plane, opposite
+  in pairs on the poles of the crossed diagonal axes. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to four times
+  as broad as the bars; about fourteen on the half meridian. Proportion of the three axes =
+  2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Medullary shell one-third as large as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.14, breadth 0.11, height 0.07; pores
+  0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003; length of the medullary shell 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Larnacantha hexacantha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with six strong conical radial spines in the lateral plane, two opposite
+  on the poles of the principal axis, four others opposite in pairs on the poles of the two crossed
+  diagonal axes. Pores with peculiar distribution; twelve large elliptical pores (nearly of the size
+  of the medullary shell) symmetrically disposed in four crossed meridians (between the sagittal and
+  the lateral meridians), separated by bands of smaller irregular pores. Proportion of the three
+  axes = 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. Medullary shell hexagonal, one-third as large as the
+  cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.14, breadth 0.11, height 0.08; large
+  pores 0.04, small pores 0.003 to 0.01, bars 0.004; length of the medullary shell 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page623">{623}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Larnacantha bicruciata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, in the lateral plane with eight strong conical radial spines,
+  alternating with eight smaller spines; four of the eight stronger spines opposite on the poles of
+  the principal and transverse axes (in the figure 5, by mistake, not represented large enough),
+  four others between those, opposite on the poles of the two crossed diagonal axes. Pores with a
+  peculiar disposition; on both flat sides of the lentellipsis an elliptical ring of eight large
+  elliptical pores (alternating with the eight stronger radial spines), separated by bands of
+  smaller irregular pores. Proportion of the three axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4.  Medullary
+  shell nearly half as long as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.16, breadth 0.13, height 0.08; large
+  pores 0.03, small pores 0.003 to 0.01, bars 0.006; length of the medullary shell 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, surface, Madagascar (Rabbe).</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Larnacantha octacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with eight long and thin, cylindrical, radial spines, lying opposite in
+  pairs in two crossed diagonal planes. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to five times as broad as
+  the bars; about sixteen on the half meridian. Proportion of the three axes =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;1&#x2153;&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Medullary shell scarcely one-fourth as long as the cortical
+  shell. (This species resembles closely the common <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>, from which it seems
+  to be developed by a complete over-growing of the four gates, which become closed by a network
+  connecting the free edges of the transverse and lateral girdles.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.13, height 0.1; pores
+  0.005 to 0.015, bars 0.003; length of the medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Larnacantha cladacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very spiny, with eight longer ramified spines, lying opposite in pairs in two
+  crossed diagonal planes; each spine with two to six irregular, lateral branches. Pores irregular,
+  roundish, twice to three times as broad as the bars; about twelve on the half meridian. Proportion
+  of the three axes = 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;6&nbsp;:&nbsp;7. Medullary shell nearly half as long as the
+  cortical shell. (Differs from the foregoing by the branching spines end the larger medullary
+  shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.15, breadth 0.13, height 0.11; pores
+  0.01 to 0.015, bars 0.005; length of the medullary shell 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, surface, Cocos Islands (Rabbe).</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Larnacantha prismatica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, four-sided prismatic, with eight short, parallel, three-sided pyramidal
+  spines; these lie opposite in pairs in four parallel longitudinal lines, as prolongations of the
+  four <span class="pagenum" id="page624">{624}</span>lateral edges of the prism, and arise from its
+  eight corners. Pores regular, circular, three times as broad as the bars; about fourteen on the
+  half meridian. Proportion of the three axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;3&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Medullary shell half
+  as long as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.11, breadth 0.07, height 0.05; pores
+  0.006, bars 0.002; length of the medullary shell 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Larnacantha decacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with ten short and stout, conical, radial spines, two opposite on the
+  poles of the principal axis (as prolongations of inner axial beams), eight others opposite in
+  pairs in two crossed diagonal planes. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as
+  the bars; about sixteen on the half meridian. Proportion of the three axes =
+  3&nbsp;:&nbsp;3.75&nbsp;:&nbsp;4. Medullary shell about one-third as long as the cortical
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.16, breadth 0.15, height 0.12; pores
+  0.008 to 0.016, bars 0.004; length of the medullary shell 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Larnacantha dodecantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly smooth, but with twelve strong conical radial spines; four in the lateral
+  plane opposite in pairs (two on the poles of the principal, and two on the poles of the transverse
+  axis); eight others opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes. Pores with a peculiar
+  disposition: twelve large elliptical pores in two crossed meridian planes (alternating with the
+  twelve spines), separated by bands of irregular small pores. Proportion of the three axes =
+  1&nbsp;:&nbsp;1.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;2. Medullary shell hexagonal, one-third as long as the cortical
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.15, breadth 0.11, height 0.08; large
+  pores 0.03, small pores 0.005 to 0.01, bars 0.003; length of the medullary shell 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Larnacantha drymacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell very spiny, on the whole surface covered with a forest of numerous (thirty to
+  fifty or more) large branched spines, about the length of the shell; each spine with three to nine
+  lateral branches, simple or forked (very similar to <i>Cromyodrymus abietinus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>, fig. 6).
+  Pores very irregular, roundish. Proportion of the three axes = 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;3.
+  Medullary shell half as long as the cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.16, breadth 0.13, height 0.1; pores
+  0.005 to 0.015, bars 0.03; length of the medullary shell 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page625">{625}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 276. <i>Larnacoma</i>,<a id="NtA_315" href="#Nt_315"><sup>[315]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larnacida</span> with double lentelliptical cortical
+  shell, without radial spines. Medullary shell double, <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Larnacoma</i> has originated from the nearly allied <i>Larnacalpis</i>
+  by duplication of the cortical shell. Whilst in both genera the connection between the
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell and the primary cortical shell is the same, many short
+  radial beams arise from the surface of the latter in <i>Larnacoma</i>, which at constant equal
+  distances from it unite by a network forming the secondary or outer cortical shell. It differs
+  from the similar Druppulida (<i>Cromyodruppa</i>) by the sagittal flattening of the lentelliptical
+  shell and the <i>Larnacilla</i>-form of the double medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Larnacoma lentellipticum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with smooth surface and elliptical perimeter, one and a third times as long as broad. All
+  four shells lentelliptical. Distance between the two cortical shells about twice as great as the
+  distance of the inner cortical and outer medullary shell. Network of both outer shells irregular,
+  with large roundish pores, twice to six times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length (or principal axis) of the first (innermost) shell 0.03, second
+  0.08, third 0.16, fourth (outermost) 0.27, breadth (or transverse axis) corresponding&mdash;(A)
+  0.02, (B) 0.05, (C) 0.11, (D) 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 323, depth 1900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Larnacoma quadruplex</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with thorny surface and elliptical perimeter, one and a fifth times as long as broad. All
+  four shells lentelliptical. Distance between the two cortical shells somewhat smaller than the
+  distance between the inner cortical and outer medullary shell. Network of both outer shells
+  irregular, with large roundish pores, twice to ten times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the first shell 0.02, second 0.06, third 0.15, fourth 0.24;
+  breadth corresponding&mdash;(A) <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.16'.">0.016</span>, (B) 0.04, (C) 0.11, (D) 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Larnacoma hexagonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with thorny surface and hexagonal perimeter, as long as broad. All four shells hexagonal,
+  connected by six piercing radial beams (two in the principal axis, four others in two crossed
+  diagonals). Distance between the two cortical shells somewhat greater than the distance between
+  the <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'outer'.">inner</span> cortical and <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'inner'.">outer</span> medullary shell. Network of both
+  outer shells subregular, with small circular pores, twice as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page626">{626}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the first shell 0.02, second 0.05, third 0.09, fourth 0.16;
+  breadth corresponding&mdash;(A) 0.015, (B) 0.035, (C) 0.065, (D) 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, west of Tristan da Cunha, Station 332, depth
+  2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 277. <i>Larnacospongus</i>,<a id="NtA_316" href="#Nt_316"><sup>[316]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larnacida</span> with spongy lentelliptical cortical
+  shell, without radial spines. Medullary shell double, <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Larnacospongus</i> differs from the nearly allied genera
+  <i>Larnacalpis</i> and <i>Larnacoma</i> by the spongy texture of the lentelliptical cortical shell
+  whilst the enclosed medullary shell in both genera is the same trizonal <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell.
+  Therefore <i>Larnacospongus</i> (and the following nearly related <i>Larnacostupa</i>) can be
+  derived directly by development of a spongy envelop either from <i>Larnacilla</i> and
+  <i>Larnacalpis</i>, or from <i>Trizonium</i> and <i>Amphipyle</i>.  But some species of these
+  spongy genera appear to be derived rather from <i>Tetrapyle</i> or <i>Pylonium</i>, perhaps also
+  from <i>Cubotholus</i>.  Their phylogenetic origin may be explained in different ways.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Larnacospongus larnacillifer</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell lentelliptical, one and a half times as long as broad, with rough surface and
+  rather loose spongy framework, directly enclosing a trizonal <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell of the same
+  form, but of only one-third its size.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the whole shell 0.17, breadth 0.12; length of the medullary
+  shell 0.06, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, east coast of Patagonia, Station 319,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Larnacospongus tetrapylifer</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell lentelliptical, one and a third times as long as broad, with thorny surface;
+  composed of an outer envelop of loose spongy framework and an inner lattice-shell with four
+  kidney-shaped gates, like <i>Tetrapyle;</i> the latter encloses a trizonal medullary shell of
+  one-fourth its size.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the whole shell 0.22, breadth 0.16; length of the medullary
+  shell 0.045, breadth 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, west of Tristan da Cunha, Station 332,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page627">{627}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 278. <i>Larnacostupa</i>,<a id="NtA_317" href="#Nt_317"><sup>[317]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larnacida</span> with spongy lentelliptical cortical
+  shell, with radial spines on the surface. Medullary shell double, <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Larnacostupa</i> differs from the preceding Larnacospongus only in the
+  possession of radial spines, covering either the whole surface irregularly or disposed in a
+  certain symmetrical order.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Larnacostupa octacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell lentelliptical, with thorny surface, and rather dense, irregular, spongy
+  framework, which arises from an inner latticed cortical shell, like that of <i>Tetrapyle</i> or
+  <i>Pylonium</i>. This latter is twice as large as the enclosed <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell. Eight long
+  and thin, cylindrical, radial spines, opposite in pairs in two diagonal planes. (Seems to be the
+  common <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>, enveloped by an outer spongy framework mantle.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the whole shell (without spines) 0.22, breadth 0.16; length
+  of the medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Larnacostupa spinosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell lentelliptical, about one and a half times as long as broad, with very lax and
+  irregular spongy framework, arising from a nearly quadrangular lattice-shell like that of
+  <i>Tetrapyle</i>; this latter encloses a <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell of half its size. Whole surface
+  covered with thin bristle-like radial spines, of about the length of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the whole shell (without spines) 0.18, breadth 0.12; length
+  of the medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, off Kerguelen, Station 150, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Larnacostupa dendrophora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly spherical, scarcely longer than broad, with lax, irregular spongy
+  framework, arising from a lentelliptical trizonal medullary shell (like <i>Larnacilla</i>). Whole
+  surface covered with thin arborescent radial spines, about half as long as the shell, each spine
+  with three to six irregular branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the whole shell (without spines) 0.15, breadth 0.13; length
+  of the medullary shell 0.07, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page628">{628}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Family XXVI. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Pylonida</span></span>, Haeckel, 1881 (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Pylonida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 463.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with regular, incompletely latticed
+  cortical shell, distinguished by two to four or more symmetrically disposed gates or large
+  fissures remaining between one to three latticed dimensive girdles (perpendicular one to another).
+  One, two, or three concentric systems of such girdles (each system with three girdles) may be
+  developed.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Pylonida</span> is the most important and interesting among all
+  the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, not only because it is much richer in different and
+  peculiar forms than the other families of this section, but also because it has direct and very
+  complex relations to all the other families of <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>. It is even
+  possible that the Pylonida represent the original ancestral group of the whole section, and that
+  the apparently simpler group of the Larcarida must be derived from the former by retrogressive
+  metamorphosis.</p>
+
+  <p>Till the year 1881 the family Pylonida, which here now exhibits ten genera with eighty-six
+  species, was only represented by one single species, accurately described and extensively
+  illustrated by Johannes M�ller in 1858, the well known and widely distributed cosmopolitan
+  <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i> (Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 33, Taf. iii.). A slight
+  modification of it was afterwards described by Ehrenberg as <i>Schizomma quadrilobum</i> (Abhandl.
+  d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, Taf. ii. fig. 12). A more accurate description of it, with a
+  good explanation of its characteristic growth, was given in 1879 by Richard Hertwig in his
+  Organismus der Radiolarien (pp. 52-54, Taf. iv. figs. 7, 8; Taf. vi. figs. 2, 5). In my Prodromus
+  (1881, p. 463) I constituted for a large number of allied species, detected in the Challenger
+  collection, the special family Pylonida, and distinguished among it twelve different genera.
+  However, I think it now better to restrict the definition of the family as given in the above
+  definition, and to remove from it a number of genera formerly with it united, as the genera
+  <i>Triopyle</i> and <i>Hexapyle</i>, appertaining to the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>The characteristic type of all true Pylonida is clearly demonstrated by their peculiar mode of
+  growth, the consequence of which is the imperfect lattice-work of the fenestrated larcoid shell.
+  This remarkable growth is effected by the development of elliptical latticed girdles (or rings),
+  which enclose a quite simple, spherical, subspherical, or lentelliptical primordial shell. The
+  girdles lie in three different planes, perpendicular to one another, and are of different sizes;
+  each girdle being somewhat larger than the foregoing and somewhat smaller than the following
+  girdle. Between these latticed girdles remain on the surface of the shell large openings or
+  "gates," which are not closed by network, and it is just the symmetrical disposition and form of
+  these open "gates," separated and enclosed by the fenestrated girdles, which give to the Pylonida
+  their characteristic appearance.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page629">{629}</span></div>
+
+  <p>To understand clearly this peculiar constitution of the Pylonida-shell by a system of
+  alternating girdles, developing one after the other it is indispensable to pay careful attention
+  to the three different elliptical dimensive planes, which characterise all <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, and to the three different dimensive axes, which bisect those
+  planes. The girdle which first develops around simple primordial shell or central chamber is the
+  transverse girdle, lying in the equatorial plane; then comes, secondly, the lateral girdle, lying
+  in the lateral plane; and thirdly follows the sagittal girdle, lying in the sagittal or median
+  plane. The three simplest genera of the Pylonida&mdash;<i>Monozonium</i>, <i>Dizonium</i>,
+  <i>Trizonium</i>&mdash;represent these three different stages, with one, two, or three girdles.
+  These three genera constitute the first subfamily, Haplozonaria (with one single system of
+  girdles); all three girdles lie in the surface of a simple lentelliptical cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p>From this first subfamily the other two subfamilies of Pylonida must be derived, by repetition
+  of the same characteristic process of growth. In the Diplozonaria a second system of girdles has
+  been developed, constituting a second (outer) cortical shell of lentelliptical form, concentric
+  with the first. Also in this second system the transverse girdle is first developed, secondly the
+  lateral girdle, thirdly the sagittal girdle. The three genera <i>Amphipyle</i>, <i>Tetrapyle</i>
+  (with <i>Octopyle</i>), and <i>Pylonium</i> represent these three different stages of growth.</p>
+
+  <p>Commonly the growth of the Pylonida stops with the completion of the second system but
+  sometimes the same process is once repeated and a third system of girdles is formed, constituting
+  a third lentelliptical shell; in this case also the succession of the three latticed girdles is
+  the same; firstly the (third) transverse girdle is formed, secondly the (third) lateral girdle,
+  and thirdly the (third) sagittal girdle. Each of these three girdles of the third system encloses
+  concentrically the corresponding girdles of the second and first system. The three corresponding
+  genera of this third subfamily (Triplozonaria) are <i>Amphipylonium</i>, <i>Tetrapylonium</i>, and
+  <i>Pylozonium</i>. But in general this highest number of girdles (nine) is very seldom reached;
+  commonly the growth of the Pylonida stops with five girdles (<i>Tetrapyle</i> and
+  <i>Octopyle</i>). More than nine girdles I have never observed, though there remains the
+  possibility of the apposition of a fourth system owing to the peculiar imperfect character of the
+  growth itself.</p>
+
+  <p>The central or primordial chamber of the shell, with which in all Pylonida the shell-building
+  commences, is a quite simple, very small fenestrated shell. Commonly one sees on the surface only
+  five to ten small pores (three to four on the diameter). Its form seems to be sometimes spherical,
+  sometimes elongated, ellipsoidal or probably lentelliptical. It may be originally a small
+  <i>Cenolarcus</i>. This simple central chamber, the true "medullary shell" of the small
+  Haplozonaria, is quite different from the medullary shell of the larger Diplozonaria, and
+  particularly of the well-known <i>Tetrapyle</i>. The former observers, J. M�ller as well as R.
+  Hertwig, have described in these forms also the medullary shell as a simple spherical or oblong
+  body. But a careful <span class="pagenum" id="page630">{630}</span>comparison of many hundred
+  specimens of them and of their dimensions, has convinced me that this was an error, and that the
+  small spherical or elliptical medullary shell of <i>Tetrapyle</i> and the other Diplozonaria
+  possesses already the same complex structure, composed of a system of three girdles, as
+  <i>Trizonium</i> and <i>Larnacilla</i>. Whilst in the Haplozonaria probably the simple central
+  chamber only represents the medullary shell (enclosed in the central capsule), and the first
+  system of girdles (complete in <i>Trizonium</i>) the external cortical shell, with the progressive
+  growth this latter becomes enclosed in the central capsule and so constitutes the "trizonal
+  medullary shell" of the Diplozonaria and Triplozonaria.</p>
+
+  <p>A very difficult matter is the mode of connection between the cortical and medullary shell. In
+  most of the Pylonida it seems that the first or transverse girdle (in each system) is produced by
+  the formation of two lateral wings or chambers (one on each side of the medullary shell), so that
+  each wing (or half girdle) represents a short and wide, nearly cylindrical tube, the axis of which
+  (with free openings on both poles) is parallel to the principal axis of the medullary shell. In
+  this case (probably the ordinary one) both principal faces of the medullary shell itself (dorsal
+  and ventral face) constitute the middle part of the first girdle whilst its lateral parts are
+  formed by the wings (comparable to the lateral chambers of <i>Amphitholus</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>In the second case (probably a much rarer one) there is a free ring-shaped space between the
+  medullary shell and the first (transverse) girdle, and both are connected by a small number of
+  very short and small radial beams (R. Hertwig, <i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 52, line 19 to 21 from above).
+  This mode of connection would be the same as is common between the concentric shells of the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> and <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span>. The distinction between
+  these two different modes of connection is often very difficult.</p>
+
+  <p>The second or lateral girdle is commonly not in direct connection with the medullary shell, or
+  only by some scattered radial beams (mainly in the principal axis). This lateral guide arises by
+  prolongation of both wings of the transverse girdle in the lateral plane, so that from both sides
+  (right and left) they become united on the poles of the principal axis. The minor axis of the
+  elliptical lateral ring (thus formed) is therefore the major axis of the foregoing (transverse)
+  elliptical ring; the major axes of both are perpendicular one to another. The major axis of the
+  lateral ring is the principal (or longitudinal) axis of the whole body.</p>
+
+  <p>The third or sagittal girdle becomes developed from the second almost in the same manner as the
+  second from the first. On both poles of the principal axis two latticed wings arise from the
+  lateral girdle, growing further in the direction of an elliptical ring, which represents the
+  perimeter of the sagittal plane or median plane. These wings are already mentioned by J. M�ller as
+  "prominent roofs, protecting the gates of the <i>Tetrapyle</i>-shell." If these roofs grow towards
+  the equatorial plane of the shell and become united in pairs on the poles of the sagittal axis,
+  the third girdle becomes <span class="pagenum" id="page631">{631}</span>complete. R. Hertwig
+  supposes that the minor axis of this sagittal girdle is constantly at the same time the major axis
+  of the lateral girdle, but this is not always the case. Very often the size of both these girdles
+  is nearly the same, or one is not much larger than the other. In this case the principal axis of
+  the body is the major axis of the second as well as of the third girdle.</p>
+
+  <p>The characteristic "gates" of the Pylonida, or the large wide openings in their cortical shell,
+  remaining between the crossed latticed girdles, are in general roundish, sometimes nearly
+  circular, commonly more elliptical, kidney-shaped or semilunar, their special form varying much
+  according to the different form of the girdles. The narrowest part of each girdle, or its
+  "isthmus," in the case of the halves of the transverse girdle is commonly at their origin from the
+  medullary shell, in the case of the halves of the lateral girdle at the poles of the principal
+  axis, and in the case of the halves of the sagittal girdle at the poles of the sagittal axis. The
+  number of the gates is quite constant in the different genera. If only one girdle (the transverse)
+  be developed, we find only two large gates, between the two wings on the poles of the principal
+  axis (in <i>Monozonium</i>, <i>Amphipyle</i>, <i>Amphipylonium</i>). In all other cases there are
+  four gates (determining the original name "<i>Tetrapyle</i>"), as well if only two or if all three
+  girdles be completed. If two girdles be complete (in <i>Dizonium</i>, <i>Tetrapyle</i>,
+  <i>Tetrapylonium</i>) the four gates lie opposite in pairs on the sagittal faces (two anterior and
+  two posterior gates), and are limited by the transverse and lateral girdles. If all three girdles
+  be complete (in <i>Trizonium</i>, <i>Pylonium</i>, <i>Pylozonium</i>) the four gates lie opposite
+  in pairs on the lateral faces (two dorsal and two ventral gates), and are limited by the sagittal
+  and the transverse girdles. If we turn the shell through an angle of 90�, we have the same aspect
+  as in the former group. A sagittal septum sometimes becomes developed, beginning with two polar
+  beams, rising from the poles of the principal axis. If these polar beams become branched and
+  connected with the middle part of the lateral girdle, we get a latticed vertical septum, which
+  divides the four gates of <i>Tetrapyle</i> into eight gates, <i>Octopyle</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>The lattice-work of the Pylonida is commonly very variable and irregular, with roundish meshes
+  of very unequal size, therefore without value in the determination of the species. Commonly the
+  outside of the shell is thorny, and often distinguished by larger radial spines, symmetrically
+  disposed. We can separate these into two groups; "dimensive" spines, lying in one of the three
+  dimensive axes (principal, transverse, or sagittal), and "diagonal" spines, lying crossed in pairs
+  in diagonal axes. Among these latter eight diagonal wing-spines, which arise from the lateral
+  edges of the four gates, are particularly remarkable; they are not only characteristic of
+  <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>, but also of a large number of other Pylonida, and form the
+  starting-point for many specific forms.</p>
+
+  <p>The shell of the Pylonida is characterised by extraordinary variability and great <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page632">{632}</span>inclination to individual abnormalities, formation of
+  varieties and transitions into other families, hence derived, as Larnacida, Tholonida, Lithelida,
+  &amp;c.</p>
+
+  <p>The central capsule in all Pylonida, in which I could observe it, was a true lentellipsis (or a
+  "triaxial ellipsoid" in the geometrical sense, with the three unequal isopolar axes of the
+  "rhombic octahedron"). In the living Pylonida it is commonly coloured pink or scarlet. During
+  growth its dimensions are probably more or less changed, and perhaps the axes alternate. Regarding
+  the relation of the central capsule to the skeleton, we can distinguish two different groups,
+  quite as in the nearly allied Larnacida. In the Haplozonaria (as also in the Larnacillida) the
+  central capsule encloses only the central chamber and is enveloped by the first system of girdles,
+  whereas in the Diplozonaria and Triplozonaria (as in the Larnacalpida) that "trizonal shell"
+  becomes enclosed (as the "medullary shell") in the central capsule, which is now enveloped by the
+  second system of girdles as the "cortical shell."</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Pylonida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Pylonida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Pylonida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 w30 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">II</span>I. Subfamily Haplozonaria.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">One system of girdles. Medullary shell simple, spherical or lentelliptical;
+        cortical shell simple, with one, two, or three girdles.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell only with  one latticed (transverse)
+      girdle,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">279. <i>Monozonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell with two perfect girdles (transverse and
+      lateral),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">280. <i>Dizonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell with three perfect girdles (transverse,
+      lateral, and sagittal</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">281. <i>Trizonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">I</span>II. Subfamily Diplozonaria.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Two systems of concentric girdles. Medullary shell trizonal, with three
+        perfect girdles; cortical shell simple, with one, two or three girdles.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell only with one perfect (transverse)
+      girdle,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">282. <i>Amphipyle</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell with two perfect girdles (the transverse and
+      lateral).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Four gates simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">283. <i>Tetrapyle</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Four gates bisected by a sagittal septum,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">284. <i>Octopyle</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell with three perfect girdles (transverse,
+      lateral, and sagittal),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">285. <i>Pylonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Subfamily Triplozonaria.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Three systems of concentric girdles. Medullary shell trizonal, with three
+        perfect girdles, quite as the inner cortical shell; outer cortical shell with  one, two, or
+        three girdles.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Outer cortical shell (third system) only with one perfect
+      (transverse) girdle,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">286. <i><span class="correction"
+      title="Original reads 'Amhipylonium'.">Amphipylonium</span></i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Outer cortical shell with two perfect girdles (transverse
+      and lateral),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">287. <i>Tetrapylonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Outer cortical shell with three perfect girdles
+      (transverse, lateral, and sagittal),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">288. <i>Pylozonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Pylonida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Pylonida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Haplozonaria. One system of girdles. Medullary shell simple,
+      spherical or lentelliptical; cortical shell simple, with one, two, or three girdles.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical shell only with  one latticed (transverse) girdle,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">279. <i>Monozonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical shell with two perfect girdles (transverse and
+      lateral),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">280. <i>Dizonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical shell with three perfect girdles (transverse, lateral,
+      and sagittal</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">281. <i>Trizonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Diplozonaria. Two systems of concentric girdles. Medullary shell
+      trizonal, with three perfect girdles; cortical shell simple, with one, two or three
+      girdles.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical shell only with one perfect (transverse) girdle,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">282. <i>Amphipyle</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical shell with two perfect girdles (the transverse and
+      lateral).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Four gates simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">283. <i>Tetrapyle</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Four gates bisected by a sagittal septum,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">284. <i>Octopyle</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Cortical shell with three perfect girdles (transverse, lateral,
+      and sagittal),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">285. <i>Pylonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">III. Subfamily Triplozonaria. Three systems of concentric girdles. Medullary
+      shell trizonal, with three perfect girdles, quite as the inner cortical shell; outer cortical
+      shell with  one, two, or three girdles.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Outer cortical shell (third system) only with one perfect
+      (transverse) girdle,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">286. <i>Amphipylonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Outer cortical shell with two perfect girdles (transverse and
+      lateral),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">287. <i>Tetrapylonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Outer cortical shell with three perfect girdles (transverse,
+      lateral, and sagittal),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">288. <i>Pylozonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Haplozonaria</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylonida</span> with one single system
+  of fenestrated girdles (with one, two, or three girdles, lying in one lentelliptical face).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page633">{633}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 279. <i>Monozonium</i>,<a id="NtA_318" href="#Nt_318"><sup>[318]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylonida</span> with simple, spherical or
+  subspherical, central chamber, surrounded by one single (transverse) latticed girdle.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Monozonium</i> is the most simple and primitive of all Pylonida, and
+  may be regarded as their common ancestral form; it may probably be derived phylogenetically either
+  directly from <i>Cenosph�ra</i> or from <i>Lentellipsis</i>, either by apposition of two imperfect
+  lateral chambers, or by surrounding it with an equatorial latticed girdle. This transverse girdle
+  is composed of three parts, the central chamber and two lateral wings, which represent two short
+  hollow latticed tubes, the axes of which are parallel to the principal axis. On both principal
+  sides (on the anterior and posterior faces) there are two large open gates as in <i>Amphipyle</i>.
+  If we imagine the openings of the tube-shaped lateral wings closed by lattice-work,
+  <i>Monozonium</i> becomes transformed into <i>Tholartus</i>, the most simple form of Tholonida.
+  Probably in all Pylonida the ontogeny of the shell begins with the formation of a
+  <i>Monozonium</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Monozonaris</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell smooth or rough, without radial spines or
+  thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Monozonium primordiale</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber of the shell spherical, smooth, with three to four pores on the half equator.
+  Both wings of the girdle of the same breadth, but of twice the length of the central chamber, with
+  three to four longitudinal rows of pores.  No radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central chamber 0.02; breadth of the wings 0.02,
+  length 0.04; pores and bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Monozonium alatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber of the shell lentelliptical, smooth, one and a half times as long as broad,
+  with three to four pores on the half equator. Both wings of the girdle twice as broad, and
+  somewhat longer than the central chamber, with five to six longitudinal rows of pores. No radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central chamber 0.03, breadth 0.02; breadth of the wings
+  0.04, length 0.05; pores and bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, surface.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda."><i>Monozonium hartingii</i> =
+  <i>Haliomma amphiaspis</i>, Harting, 1863 (L. N. <a href="#ln18">18</a>, p. 15, pl. 2, fig.
+  43).</span></p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page634">{634}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Monozonitis</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell with radial spines or thorns, symmetrically
+  disposed.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Monozonium pleurostylum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber spherical, smooth, with four to five pores on the half equator. Both wings of
+  the girdle of the same breadth, but somewhat longer than the central chamber, with four to five
+  longitudinal rows of pores. On the poles of the lateral axis two opposite strong conical spines
+  (one in the middle of each wing).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central chamber 0.025; breadth of the wings 0.025,
+  length 0.03; pores and bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Monozonium amphistylum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber lentelliptical, one and a half times as long as broad, with three to four pores
+  on the half equator. Breadth and length of each wing somewhat greater than that of the central
+  chamber. On the latter two strong conical spines, opposite on the poles of the principal or
+  longitudinal axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central chamber 0.03, breadth 0.02; breadth of the wings
+  0.025, length 0.04; pores and bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Monozonium staurostylum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber lentelliptical, one and a third times as long as broad, with four to five pores
+  on the half equator. Both wings of the girdle have the same breadth, but one and a half times the
+  length of the central chamber. Four conical radial spines, two opposite on the poles of the
+  lateral, two on the poles of the principal axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central chamber 0.028, breadth 0.021; breadth of the
+  wings 0.02, length 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 280. <i>Dizonium</i>,<a id="NtA_319" href="#Nt_319"><sup>[319]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylonida</span> with simple, spherical or
+  subspherical, central chamber, surrounded by two crossed latticed girdles, one smaller (primary)
+  transverse and one larger (secondary) lateral girdle.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Dizonium</i> differs from the preceding <i>Monozonium</i> in the
+  possession of two crossed elliptical lattice-girdles. The smaller girdle, immediately surrounding
+  the <span class="pagenum" id="page635">{635}</span>central chamber, is the transverse girdle (the
+  single girdle of <i>Monozonium</i>). On the poles of its major axis (the transverse axis) it is
+  connected with the larger girdle, the elliptical perimeter of which circumscribes the lateral
+  plane. The minor axis of this latter is the major axis of the former.  Between the two crossed
+  girdles remain four larger openings or gates, quite as in <i>Tetrapyle</i>. But whilst in
+  <i>Tetrapyle</i> the enclosed medullary shell is a trizonal <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell, here in
+  <i>Dizonium</i> it is a simple spherical or lentelliptical chamber.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Dizonaris</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell smooth or rough, without radial spines or
+  thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Dizonium circulare</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber of the shell spherical, smooth, with four to five pores on the half equator.
+  Lateral girdle circular, three times as broad as the former. Four gates semilunar, twice as broad
+  as high. No radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central chamber 0.02, of the lateral girdle 0.06;
+  height of the gates 0.02, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Dizonium ellipticum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber of the shell elliptical, smooth, with three to four pores on the half equator.
+  Lateral girdle elliptical, three times as long and broad as the central chamber. Four gates
+  kidney-shaped, twice as broad as high.  No radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central chamber 0.03, breadth 0.02; length of the
+  lateral girdle 0.09, breadth 0.06; height of the gates 0.02, breadth 0.038.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Dizonium transversum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber of the shell spherical, rough, with five to six pores on the half equator.
+  Lateral girdle transverse-elliptical, so that its longer axis corresponds to the lateral axis of
+  the transverse girdle, and equals four times the diameter of the central chamber. Four gates
+  kidney-shaped, four times as broad as high. No radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central chamber 0.02; length of the lateral girdle
+  0.05, breadth 0.08; height of the gates 0.01, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page636">{636}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Dizonitis</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell with radial spines or thorns, symmetrically
+  disposed.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Dizonium pleuracanthum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>, fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber of the shell nearly spherical, smooth. Lateral girdle elliptical, one and a
+  third times as long as broad, three times as long as the central chamber. Four gates
+  transverse-elliptical, one and a half times as broad as high.  Two conical spines, opposite on the
+  poles of the lateral axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central chamber 0.03; length of the lateral girdle
+  0.1, breadth 0.075; height of the gates 0.026, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Dizonium amphacanthum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber elliptical. Lateral girdle elliptical, twice as long as broad. Four gates
+  heart-shaped, about as high as broad.  Two conical spines, opposite on the poles of the principal
+  axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central chamber 0.03, breadth 0.02; length of the
+  lateral girdle 0.1, breadth 0.05; height and breadth of the gates 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Dizonium stauracanthum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>, fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber spherical. Lateral girdle elliptical, one and a third times as long as broad.
+  Four gates elliptical, one and a half times as broad as high, halved by an axial beam (as in
+  <i>Octopyle</i>). Four conical radial spines opposite in pairs, two on the poles of the principal,
+  two on the poles of the transverse axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central chamber 0.025; length of the lateral girdle
+  0.09, breadth 0.06; height of the gates 0.024, breadth 0.036.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Dizonium octacanthum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber spherical. Lateral girdle elliptical, one and a half times as long as broad.
+  Four gates kidney-shaped, twice as broad as high. Eight radial spines, opposite in pairs in two
+  crossed diagonal planes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central chamber 0.02; length of the lateral girdle
+  0.075, breadth 0.05; height of the gates 0.02, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page637">{637}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 281. <i>Trizonium</i>,<a id="NtA_320" href="#Nt_320"><sup>[320]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylonida</span> with simple, spherical or
+  subspherical, central chamber, surrounded by three latticed girdles, one smaller (primary)
+  transverse, one larger (secondary) lateral, and one (tertiary) sagittal girdle.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Trizonium</i> represents the most highly developed form of the
+  Haplozonaria, with three complete elliptical latticed girdles, crossed at right angles and lying
+  in the perimeter of the three dimensive planes. Commonly the first (transverse) girdle is the
+  smallest, immediately connected with the spherical or lentelliptical central chamber. The minor
+  axis of the second (lateral) girdle is identical with the major axis of the first girdle. The
+  third (sagittal) girdle is either larger than both others, or intermediate between them. If the
+  four gates between the girdles become afterwards closed by lattice-work, the "trizonal shell" of
+  <i>Trizonium</i> passes over into the typical <i>Larnacilla</i>, the ancestral form of a great
+  many <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Trizonaris</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell smooth or rough, without radial spines or
+  thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Trizonium tricinctum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber of the shell elliptical. Lateral girdle elliptical, one and a half times as
+  long as broad. Four gates kidney-shaped, one and a half times as broad as high. Ten to eleven
+  pores on the half equator, fourteen to sixteen on the half meridian of the lentelliptical shell.
+  No radial spines on the surface.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central chamber 0.024, breadth 0.016; length of the
+  lateral girdle 0.075, breadth 0.05; height of the four gates 0.026, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Trizonium constrictum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber elliptical. Lateral girdle violin-shaped, on both sides in the middle
+  constricted, twice as long as broad. Four gates transverse-elliptical, twice as broad as high.
+  Eight to nine pores on the half equator, twelve to thirteen on the half meridian. No radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central chamber 0.03, breadth 0.02; length of the
+  lateral girdle 0.09, breadth (in the middle) 0.045; height of the gates 0.022, breadth 0.044.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page638">{638}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Trizonium hexagonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber spherical. Lateral girdle hexagonal, with parallel sides, twice as long as
+  broad. Four gates triangular, twice as broad as high. Eleven to twelve pores on the half equator,
+  sixteen to eighteen on the half meridian. No radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central chamber 0.025; length of the lateral girdle
+  0.08, breadth 0.04; height of the gates 0.018, breadth 0.036.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Trizonium octogonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber spherical. Lateral girdle octagonal; two lateral sides of the octagon twice as
+  long as the two polar sides and the four diagonal sides. Four gates hexagonal, one and a half
+  times as broad as high. Nine to ten pores on the half equator, twelve to fourteen on the half
+  meridian. No radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central chamber 0.02; length of the lateral girdle
+  0.01, breadth 0.07; height of the gates 0.04, breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, surface; Ceylon, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Trizonitis</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell with radial spines or thorns, symmetrically
+  disposed.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Trizonium pleurobelonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber spherical. Lateral girdle elliptical, one and a third times as long as broad.
+  Four gates nearly circular. Ten to eleven pores on the half equator, fifteen to sixteen on the
+  half meridian. Two opposite conical spines on the poles of the lateral axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central chamber 0.02; length of the lateral girdle
+  0.08, breadth 0.06; height and breadth of the gates 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, off Buenos Ayres, Station 323, depth 1900
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Trizonium amphibelonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0">? <i>Echinosph�ra datura</i>, R. Hertwig (partim), 1879, Organismus d. Radiol.,
+    p. 54, Taf. iv. figs. 8, 8<i>a</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Central chamber lentelliptical. Lateral girdle lanceolate, nearly one and a half times as long
+  as broad. Four gates subtriangular. Eight to nine pores on the half equator, ten to twelve on the
+  half meridian. Two opposite thin and long spines on the poles of the principal axis, numerous
+  shorter radial spines on the whole surface. Possibly this species is identical with one of the
+  three different <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> which R. Hertwig has described as
+  <i>Echinosph�ra datura</i>. His fig. 8, Taf. iv., would be the aspect from the sagittal
+  girdle.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page639">{639}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central chamber 0.04, breadth 0.025; length of the
+  lateral girdle 0.11, breadth 0.08; height of the gates 0.03, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Genoa), Haeckel, (Messina), R. Hertwig,
+  surface; Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Trizonium staurobelonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber spherical, with two opposite polar beams. Lateral girdle elliptical, one and a
+  half times as long as broad. Four gates transverse-elliptical, half as high as broad. Ten to
+  eleven pores on the half equator, fourteen to fifteen on the half meridian. Four conical radial
+  spines, two on the poles of the lateral, two on the poles of the principal axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central chamber 0.02; length of the lateral girdle
+  0.075, breadth 0.05; height of the gates 0.014, breadth 0.028.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Trizonium hexabelonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber elliptical. Lateral girdle hexagonal, one and a half times as long as broad.
+  Four gates rhombic, two-thirds as high as broad. Eight to nine pores on the half equator, twelve
+  to thirteen on the half meridian. Six radial spines in the lateral plane, opposite in pairs on the
+  six corners of the lateral girdle (two principal and four diagonal).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central chamber 0.024, breadth 0.018; length of the
+  lateral girdle 0.06, breadth 0.04; height of the gates 0.02, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Trizonium octobelonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber elliptical. Lateral girdle hexagonal, one and one-third times as long as broad.
+  Four gates kidney-shaped or nearly rhombic, twice as broad as high. Eleven to twelve pores on the
+  half equator, sixteen to seventeen on the half meridian. Eight radial spines, opposite in pairs in
+  two crossed diagonal planes. (An intermediate stage between <i>Dizonium octacanthum</i> and
+  <i>Amphipyle octostyle</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central chamber 0.03, breadth 0.024; length of the
+  lateral girdle 0.09, breadth 0.07; height of the gates 0.025, breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Trizonium decabelonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber elliptical. Lateral girdle hexagonal, one and a half times as long as broad.
+  Four gates rhombic, twice as broad as high. Twelve to thirteen pores on the half equator,
+  seventeen to eighteen on the half meridian. Ten radial spines, two opposite on the two poles of
+  the principal axis, eight others opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page640">{640}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the central chamber 0.04, breadth 0.03; length of the
+  lateral girdle 0.12, breadth 0.08; height of the gates 0.03, breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Trizonium dodecabelos</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber spherical. Lateral girdle octagonal, nearly twice an long as broad. Four gates
+  hexagonal, one and a half times as broad as high. Nine to ten pores on the half equator, fifteen
+  to sixteen on the half meridian. Twelve radial spines, four in the lateral plane, in pairs on both
+  sides of the poles of the principal axis, eight others opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal
+  axes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the central chamber 0.025; length of the lateral girdle
+  0.1, breadth 0.06; height of the gates 0.033, breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Diplozonaria</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylonida</span> with two concentric
+  systems of fenestrated girdles, lying in two concentric lentelliptical faces (every one system
+  with one to three girdles, lying in one lentelliptical face).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 282. <i>Amphipyle</i>,<a id="NtA_321" href="#Nt_321"><sup>[321]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 463.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylonida</span> with trizonal lentelliptical
+  medullary shell, surrounded by one single (transverse) latticed cortical girdle.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Amphipyle</i> opens the large series of Diplozonaria, comprising all
+  Pylonida, the shell of which is composed of two concentric systems of latticed girdles; the first
+  system constituting the characteristic "trizonal medullary shell" or "<i>Larnacilla</i>-shell;"
+  the second system composed of one to three girdles of the second order. The first system lies
+  inside, the second outside the central capsule. In <i>Amphipyle</i> only the first (transverse)
+  girdle of the second system becomes developed, and therefore on both poles of the principal axis
+  are two large open gates. <i>Amphipyle</i> repeats the two-winged form of <i>Monozonium</i>; but
+  whilst the medullary shell in this latter is a simple central chamber, it is here a trizonal
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Amphipylissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Cortical shell smooth or thorny, but without large,
+  symmetrically disposed spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page641">{641}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Amphipyle aceros</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell quite smooth, without any spines or thorns. Both lateral wings (or opposite half
+  girdles) semilunar, with convex lateral crest, three times as long as broad; twice as broad as the
+  trizonal lentelliptical medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.03; length of each
+  lateral wing (or principal dimension of the latticed girdle) 0.18, breadth of it (or transverse
+  dimension of each girdle-tube) 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Amphipyle stenoptera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, without spines. Both lateral wings of the same breadth as the
+  lentelliptical medullary shell, but five times as long as broad, prolonged on both ends into
+  cylindrical latticed tubes, with rectilinear lateral crest.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.04; length of each
+  cylindrical lateral wing 0.2, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, off Ascension Island, Station 343,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Amphipyle platyptera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, but without larger spines. Both lateral wings nearly triangular, very
+  broad and short, four times as broad as the medullary shell between them, and only twice as long
+  as broad, with rectilinear lateral crest.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.25; length of each
+  lateral wing 0.18, breadth 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Ceylon, Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Amphipylura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Cortical shell armed with large, symmetrically disposed
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Amphipyle amphiceros</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with two conical spines on the poles of the longitudinal axis (of the
+  lentelliptical medullary shell), without other large spines, but with small thorns on the surface;
+  two to three longitudinal rows of irregular, roundish pores on each half wing of the cortical
+  girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell (or principal axis) 0.06, breadth (or
+  transverse axis) 0.04; length of each lateral wing 0.2, breadth of it 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 222, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page642">{642}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Amphipyle tetraceros</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with smooth surface, and with four strong conical spines in the lateral plane,
+  opposite in pairs on the ends of the concave lateral crests (one pair on the end-points of the
+  lateral line of each wing); four to five longitudinal rows of irregular, roundish pores on each
+  half wing of the cortical girdle.  Surface of the medullary shell spiny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.08, breadth of the same 0.05; length
+  of each lateral wing 0.16, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Amphipyle stauroceros</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with four strong conical spines, two on the poles of the longitudinal axis, two
+  opposite on the poles of the transverse axis (perpendicular to the former). Three to four
+  longitudinal rows of irregular, roundish pores on each half wing of the cortical girdle, about six
+  pores in the longest row. Lateral crest convex.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.03; length of each
+  lateral wing 0.15, breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Amphipyle amphiptera</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with six strong conical spines, lying in the lateral plane in three parallel
+  longitudinal lines; two on the poles of the longitudinal axis, two others on the poles of the wing
+  axes, which are parallel to the former. Two to three longitudinal rows of irregular, roundish
+  pores on each half wing of the cortical girdle, about eight pores in the longest row. Lateral
+  crest convex, thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.045; length of each
+  lateral wing 0.09, breadth 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Amphipyle hexaceros</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with six strong conical spines lying in the lateral plane; two on the
+  poles of the lateral axis (in the central point of each wing), two on the end-points of the
+  triangular crest of each wing (on both poles of the longitudinal wing-axis).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.04; length of each
+  lateral wing 0.13, breadth 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page643">{643}</span></div>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Amphipyle octoceros</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with eight long radial spines, lying in two crossed diagonal planes,
+  opposite in pairs.  These eight horns are the prolongations of the anterior and posterior edges of
+  each wing, on both sides of its lateral plane; they are of great importance, as appearing (by
+  heredity) in many other Pylonida (<i>e.g.</i>, in <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>). Lateral crest of
+  each wing without spines, slightly convex.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.07, breadth 0.05; length of each
+  lateral wing 0.15, breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Amphipyle cladoceros</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell spiny, with eight strong ramified radial spines, lying in the same two crossed
+  diagonal planes as in the preceding species. It differs from this in the ramification of the eight
+  horns, which bear six to nine irregular lateral branches, partly simple, partly bifurcate. Lateral
+  crest of each wing spiny, convex.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.045; length of each
+  lateral wing (without spines) 0.2, breadth 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, surface, Madagascar, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Amphipyle decaceros</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell spiny, with ten strong conical spines; eight lying in two crossed diagonal
+  planes, in the same disposition (opposite in pairs) as in both preceding species; two others
+  opposite on the poles of the principal axis, arising from both poles of the medullary shell
+  (columella-beams). Spiny crest of the wings convex, semilunar.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.04, breadth 0.03; length of each
+  lateral wing 0.12, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Amphipyle dodecaceros</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with twelve large cylindrical spines; eight lying in two crossed
+  diagonal planes, in the same disposition (opposite in pairs) as in the three preceding species;
+  four others crossed at right angles in the lateral plane, two opposite on the poles of the
+  principal, two on the poles of the lateral axis (the latter shorter). Both lateral wings nearly
+  rhombic.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.04; length of the
+  lateral wings 0.15, breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, coast of Brazil, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page644">{644}</span></div>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Amphipyle callizona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+  fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, with sixteen strong and short conical spines, lying opposite in pairs in
+  two crossed diagonal planes; each lateral wing four-sided prismatic, its lateral face concave,
+  both ends truncated, and each end provided with four divergent spines. Length of the wings
+  somewhat greater, but breadth smaller, than that of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.07, breadth 0.05; length of the
+  lateral wings 0.09, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 283. <i>Tetrapyle</i>,<a id="NtA_322" href="#Nt_322"><sup>[322]</sup></a> J. M�ller,
+  1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 154.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylonida</span> with trizonal lentelliptical
+  medullary shell, surrounded by two crossed latticed cortical girdles, one smaller (primary)
+  transverse, and one larger (secondary) lateral girdle. Four gates between the two cortical girdles
+  simple, without a sagittal septum.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tetrapyle</i>, till 1881 the only known genus of the whole family, was
+  founded by Johannes M�ller in 1858, and clearly illustrated by the Mediterranean (and common
+  cosmopolitan) <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>, hitherto the best known type of this family. Afterwards
+  (1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 832) Ehrenberg founded the genus
+  <i>Schizomma</i> for a nearly allied form, which exhibits only slight specific differences
+  (compare my Monograph, 1862, p. 434). Some good remarks on the structure of this typical genus and
+  its relations to other Pylonida are to be found in Richard Hertwig's Organismus, &amp;c., 1879, p.
+  52, but the true trizonal structure of the medullary shell in this genus was not recognised by
+  him, so that his description agrees more with <i>Dizonium</i>. We confine here the genus
+  <i>Tetrapyle</i> to those Pylonida for which <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i> of J. M�ller remains the
+  determining type; the cortical shell is composed only of two perfect lattice-girdles (the
+  transverse and lateral), between which four wide gates remain open. This structure is similar to
+  that of <i>Dizonium</i>; but whilst here the medullary shell is a simple central chamber, in
+  <i>Tetrapyle</i> it is a complete trizonal or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tetrapylissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Cortical shell smooth or thorny, but without large,
+  symmetrically disposed spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page645">{645}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Tetrapyle circularis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+  fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell rough, without radial spines. Lateral girdle circular, therefore the
+  longitudinal axis is equal to the transverse. Four gates kidney-shaped, twice as broad as high. In
+  each half wing of the transverse girdle six to seven longitudinal rows of irregular, roundish
+  pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; cortical shell 0.15 long and
+  broad; gates 0.04 high, 0.08 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Tetrapyle circopyle</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, without radial spines. Lateral girdle elliptical, one and a half times
+  as long as broad. Four gates nearly circular. On each half wing of the transverse girdle four to
+  five rows of subregular, circular pores. (Similar to <i>Tetrapyle pleuracantha</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>, fig. 9, but
+  without lateral spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; cortical shell 0.16 long, 0.11
+  broad; gates 0.05 high and broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Tetrapyle quadriloba</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Tetrapyle quadriloba</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 436.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Schizomma quadrilobum</i>, Ehrenberg, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 815; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1872, Taf. x. figs. 12-14.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, without regular, radial spines. Lateral girdle elliptical, one and a
+  half times as long as broad. Four gates nearly circular. On each half wing of the transverse
+  girdle three to four rows of irregular, roundish pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.06 long, 0.04 broad; cortical shell 0.16 long, 0.1
+  broad; diameter of the gates 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian Ocean, Pacific,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Tetrapyle nephropyle</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, without radial spines. Lateral girdle elliptical, one and a third times
+  as long as broad. Four gates kidney-shaped, nearly twice as broad as high, with two prominent
+  polar spines on the poles of the longitudinal axis of the medullary shell. On each half wing of
+  the transverse girdle three to four longitudinal rows of large roundish pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.06 long, 0.04 broad; cortical shell 0.24 long, 0.18
+  broad; gates 0.05 high, 0.08 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page646">{646}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Tetrapyle cardiopyle</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell rough, without radial spines. Lateral girdle with hexagonal contour, nearly
+  cylindrical in the middle part, conical at both ends, twice as long as broad. Four gates
+  heart-shaped, about as high as broad. On each half wing of the transverse girdle three to four
+  longitudinal rows of subregular, polygonal pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.04 long, 0.02 broad; cortical shell 0.14 long, 0.07
+  broad; gates 0.05 high and broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Eastern Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, depth (2450)
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tetrapylura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Cortical shell armed with large, symmetrically disposed
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Tetrapyle fusiformis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell rough, with two strong conical spines on the poles of the longitudinal axis.
+  Lateral girdle spindle-shaped, one and a half times as long as broad. Four gates kidney-shaped,
+  twice as broad as high. On each half wing of the transverse girdle four to five longitudinal rows
+  of irregular, roundish pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.07 long, 0.05 broad; cortical shell 0.18 long, 0.12
+  broad; gates 0.04 high, 0.08 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Atlantic, Mexican Gulf Stream, depth 1500
+  fathoms, Schaffner.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Tetrapyle pleuracantha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>, fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell rough, with two strong conical spines on the poles of the transverse axis.
+  Lateral girdle elliptical, one and half times as long as broad. Four gates subcircular or nearly
+  hexagonal, about as high as broad. On each half wing of the transverse girdle three to four
+  longitudinal rows of very irregular pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.045 long, 0.035 broad; cortical shell 0.16 long,
+  0.11 broad; gates 0.045 high and broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, off New Guinea, Stations 222 to
+  224, depths 1850 to 2450 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Tetrapyle transversa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with two strong conical lateral spines on the poles of the transverse
+  axis. Lateral girdle elliptical, only four-fifths as long as broad. Four gates elliptical, twice
+  as broad as high, with two prominent spines on the poles of the longitudinal axis of the medullary
+  shell. On each half wing of the transverse girdle five to six longitudinal rows of subregular,
+  roundish pores. (Similar to <i>Octopyle transversa</i>, but without sagittal septum and with
+  stronger lateral spines.)</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page647">{647}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.05 long, 0.035 broad; cortical shell 0.12 long, 0.15
+  broad; gates 0.03 high, 0.06 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Southern Pacific, Station 290, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Tetrapyle cruciata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, with four strong radial spines, two on the poles of the longitudinal
+  axis, two on the poles of the transverse axis. Lateral girdle nearly circular, quite as long as
+  broad. Four gates kidney-shaped, twice as broad as high. On each half wing of the transverse
+  girdle five to six rows of subregular, circular pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.06 long, 0.05 broad; cortical shell 0.16 long and
+  broad; gates 0.05 high, 0.09 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Tetrapyle staurophora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with four strong radial spines, two on the poles of the longitudinal
+  axis, two on the poles of the transverse axis. Lateral girdle elliptical, one and a half times as
+  long as broad. Four gates nearly hexagonal, quite as high as broad. On each half wing of the
+  transverse girdle three to four longitudinal rows of irregular, roundish pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.06 long, 0.04 broad; cortical shell 0.18 long, 0.12
+  broad; gates 0.08 high and broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Atlantic, coast of Brazil, Rabbe,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Tetrapyle quadricornis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with four strong horn-like curved spines, lying in the lateral plane and
+  converging in pairs towards the poles of the transverse axis. Lateral girdle elliptical, one and a
+  third times as long as broad. Four gates kidney-shaped, twice as broad as high. On each half wing
+  of the transverse girdle four to five rows of irregular, roundish pores. (May be only the young
+  form of <i>Pylonium quadricorne</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+  fig. 14.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; cortical shell 0.16 long, 0.12
+  broad; gates 0.03 high, 0.07 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Tetrapyle tetracantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with four strong radial spines lying in the lateral plane and in pairs
+  in its two crossed diagonal axes. Lateral girdle elliptical, constricted in the middle, nearly
+  twice as long as broad. Four gates kidney-shaped, one and a half times as broad as high. On each
+  half wing of the transverse girdle three to four longitudinal rows of large, irregular, roundish
+  pores. <span class="pagenum" id="page648">{648}</span>(Similar to <i>Tetrapylonium
+  quadrangulare</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>,
+  fig. 15, but without a sagittal girdle and with stronger lateral spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.06 long, 0.04 broad; cortical shell 0.18 long, 0.1
+  broad; gates 0.007 high, 0.01 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Canary Islands, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Tetrapyle quadrigata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with four brush-like groups of radial spines on the four diagonal
+  corners of the lateral plane, opposite in pairs in diagonal axes. Lateral girdle nearly square,
+  somewhat broader than long. Four gates kidney-shaped, twice as broad as high. On each half wing of
+  the transverse girdle five to six longitudinal rows of irregular, roundish pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.06 long, 0.04 broad; cortical shell 0.14 long, 0.15
+  broad; gates 0.03 high, 0.07 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 33,
+    Taf. ii. figs. 1-6.</p>
+    <p><i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 435.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 52, Taf.
+    iv. fig. 7, Taf. vi. figs. 2, 5, 5<i>a.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with eight long and thin, cylindrical radial spines, lying in two
+  crossed diagonal planes, opposite in pairs. These eight characteristic diagonal spines (or
+  "angular spines") are the same as in <i>Amphipyle octoceros</i> and many other Pylonida, and arise
+  as prolongations of the proximal edges of the four gates (or of the lateral wings on the eight
+  points, where they are intersected by the edges of the lateral ring). This cosmopolitan, widely
+  distributed and very variable species was a long time the only known species of all the Pylonida,
+  and very accurately first described (1858) by Johannes M�ller, afterwards (1879) by R. Hertwig.
+  But in the descriptions of these authors also some different species (such as the following) may
+  be confounded with the true typical <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>. The four gates of this species
+  are transverse-elliptical or almost triangular, nearly twice as broad as high.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.04, breadth 0.03; length of the
+  cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.13; height of the gates 0.05, breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; very common in all warmer seas, Mediterranean,
+  Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Tetrapyle cladacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with eight strong ramified radial spines, lying opposite in pairs in two
+  crossed diagonal planes, as in the preceding species. It differs from this by the peculiar
+  ramification of the eight spines, which bear two to eight simple or furcate lateral branches
+  arising under <span class="pagenum" id="page649">{649}</span>right angles (already commencing in a
+  transitional variety of <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>, J. M�ller, <i>loc. cit.</i>, Taf. ii. figs.
+  5, 6). Four gates transverse-elliptical, one and a half times as broad as high.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; cortical shell 0.16 long, 0.13
+  broad; gates 0.05 high, 0.08 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Corfu), Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Tetrapyle pluteus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>, var., J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, Taf. iii. figs. 7-12.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with eight strong radial spines, lying opposite in pairs, as in the two
+  foregoing species. On the distal edge each of the four triangular gates is protected by a
+  prominent roof of lattice-work (or "pluteus"), which arises from the distal part of the lateral
+  girdle and connects the two angular diagonal spines of each gate. Therefore the shell assumes the
+  characteristic form very well represented by J. M�ller in his fig. 11 (seen from the lateral side)
+  and fig. 7 (seen from the pole of the principal axis).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.04 long, 0.03 broad; cortical shell 0.15 long, 0.11
+  broad; gates 0.045 high, 0.07 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Atlantic, Stations 348 to 353, &amp;c.,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>17. <i>Tetrapyle turrita</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+  fig. 10).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, but with ten strong conical spines, two on the poles of the principal
+  axis, eight others symmetrically distributed on both sides of the distal edge of the four roundish
+  gates, and directed towards the transverse axis. Lateral girdle lanceolate, twice as long as
+  broad.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.05 long, 0.04 broad; cortical shell 0.2 long, 0.1
+  broad; gates 0.05 high, 0.07 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>18. <i>Tetrapyle dodecaceros</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with twelve stronger conical spines, eight diagonal spines in two
+  crossed planes (as in <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>), and four others in the lateral plane, in pairs
+  on both sides of a deep sagittal constriction of the quadrangular lateral girdle. Four gates
+  kidney-shaped, twice as broad as high. On each half wing of the transverse girdle five to six
+  longitudinal rows of irregular, roundish pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Medullary shell 0.06 long, 0.04 broad; cortical shell 0.18 long, 0.14
+  broad; gates 0.04 high, 0.08 broad.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page650">{650}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 284. <i>Octopyle</i>,<a id="NtA_323" href="#Nt_323"><sup>[323]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 464.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylonida</span> with trizonal lentelliptical
+  medullary shell, surrounded by two crossed, latticed, cortical girdles; one smaller (primary)
+  transverse, and one larger (secondary) lateral girdle. Four gates between the two cortical girdles
+  divided by a sagittal septum into eight gates.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Octopyle</i> comprises those Pylonida which are distinguished from the
+  nearly allied <i>Tetrapyle</i> by the development of a sagittal septum, dividing the four gates of
+  the latter into eight separate gates. The septum begins with the formation of two axial rods or
+  columell�, which afterwards become branched; the branches communicating one with another and with
+  the middle parts of the lateral girdle (on the poles of the principal axis), there is formed a
+  latticed septum in the sagittal plane, which separates more or less incompletely the right and
+  left halves of the shell. The four gates of <i>Tetrapyle</i> become halved by this septum, and
+  their number doubled.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Octopylissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Cortical shell smooth or thorny, but without larger
+  symmetrically disposed spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Octopyle ovulina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell lentelliptical, smooth, without thorns. Lateral girdle elliptical, one and a
+  third times as long as broad. Transverse girdle narrow, with two pores on the isthmus (or on the
+  narrowest part of each quadrant). Sagittal septum as long as the elliptical medullary shell. Eight
+  gates egg-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.035; length of the
+  cortical shell 0.16, breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Octopyle quadrata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, nearly square, of equal length and breadth. Lateral girdle quadrangular,
+  with rounded edges, of equal length and breadth. Transverse girdle narrow, with three pores on the
+  isthmus. Sagittal septum of the same length as the subspherical medullary shell. Eight gates
+  nearly circular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the medullary shell 0.04, of the cortical shell 0.14.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Northern Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page651">{651}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Octopyle subglobosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly spherical, thorny, of equal length and breadth. Lateral girdle broad,
+  nearly circular. Transverse girdle broad, with four pores on the isthmus. Sagittal septum shorter
+  than the subspherical medullary shell.  Eight gates egg-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the medullary shell 0.05, of the cortical shell 0.13.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Southern Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Octopyle transversaria</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, transverse-elliptical. Lateral girdle very broad, one and a third times
+  as broad as long. Transverse girdle also very broad, with five pores on the isthmus. Sagittal
+  septum shorter than the elliptical medullary shell. Eight gates small, roundish.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.04; length of the
+  cortical shell 0.11, breadth 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Octopylura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Cortical shell armed with large, symmetrically disposed
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Octopyle amphistyle</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, nearly spindle-shaped, about twice as long as broad. Transverse girdle
+  broad, with four large pores on the isthmus. Lateral girdle lanceolate. Sagittal septa about as
+  long as the medullary shell, prolonged at both poles of the principal axis into two opposite,
+  strong, angular spines. Eight gates obliquely quadrangular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.07, breadth 0.05; length of the
+  cortical shell 0.2, breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Octopyle staurostyle</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly rhombic, smooth, one and a half times as long as broad, with four strong,
+  conical, radial spines, two on the poles of the principal axis (as prolongations of the sagittal
+  septa), two others on the poles of the transverse axis. Transverse girdle narrow, with two pores
+  on the isthmus. Sagittal septa longer than the medullary shell. Eight gates triangular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.04, breadth 0.03; length of the
+  cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, depth 2250 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page652">{652}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Octopyle tetrastyle</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell lentelliptical, with rough surface and four angular radial spines in the lateral
+  plane, opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonals. Lateral girdle nearly rectangular (each angle
+  with one spine), one and a third times as long as broad. Sagittal septum longer than the hexagonal
+  medullary shell. Eight gates egg-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.03; length of the
+  cortical shell 0.16, breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Octopyle tetraptera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell quadrangular, with thorny surface and four latticed wing-like prolongations on
+  the corners of the quadrangle, opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonals, each wing supported by
+  a strong radial spine. Lateral girdle quadrangular, one and a half times as long as broad. On the
+  isthmus of the transverse girdle four pores. Sagittal septum longer than the hexagonal medullary
+  shell. Eight gates triangular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.07, breadth 0.04; length of the
+  cortical shell 0.24, breadth 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Octopyle stenozona</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+  fig. 11).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell quadrangular, with thorny surface, and four conical spines in the lateral plane,
+  on the points, where both cortical girdles are crossed. Lateral girdle very narrow, nearly square,
+  with rounded corners, of equal length and breadth. On the isthmus of the narrow transverse girdle
+  only one pore. Sagittal septum of the same length as the subspherical medullary shell. Eight gates
+  irregular roundish or nearly circular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the medullary shell 0.04, of the cortical shell 0.14.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, depth 1990 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Octopyle euryzona</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly quadrangular, very thorny, with four bunches of stronger radial spines on
+  the four corners. Lateral girdle broad, with rounded edges of the quadrangle, little longer than
+  broad. On the isthmus of the broad transverse girdle four pores. Sagittal septum of the same
+  length as the elliptical medullary shell, with many radial beams. Eight gates nearly square.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.035; length of the
+  cortical shell 0.16, breadth 0.14.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Southern Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page653">{653}</span></div>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Octopyle hexastyle</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly rectangular, thorny, with six strong radial spines in the lateral plane,
+  two opposite on the poles of the principal axis (prolongations of the principal beam at the
+  sagittal septum), four others on the truncate corners of the quadrangular lateral girdle, which is
+  one and a half times as long as broad. On the isthmus of the broad transverse girdle three pores.
+  Sagittal septum longer than the hexagonal medullary shell. Eight egg-shaped gates.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.04; length of the
+  cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Northern Atlantic, surface; Canary Islands, Station 9, depth
+  3150 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Octopyle sexangulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>, fig. 12).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, hexagonal, with six strong conical radial spines on the six corners of
+  the lateral girdle, lying in the lateral plane, two opposite on the poles of the transverse axis,
+  four others in pairs on both sides of the annular sagittal constriction, which is only twice as
+  long as the elliptical medullary shell. Transverse girdle broad, with five pores on the isthmus.
+  Eight gates roundish, smaller than the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.045, breadth 0.035; length of the
+  cortical shell 0.11, breadth 0.13.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Octopyle octostyle</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell elliptical, thorny, with eight long cylindrical radial spines, lying in two
+  crossed diagonal planes, opposite in pairs, quite as in the nearly related <i>Tetrapyle
+  octacantha</i>. It differs from this species by the perfect, latticed, vertical sagittal septum,
+  which divides every gate into two triangular halves. Lateral girdle elliptical, one and a third
+  times as long as broad. Transverse girdle on the isthmus with three pores. Septum longer than the
+  elliptical medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.045; length of the
+  cortical shell 0.16, breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Octopyle obtecta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell quadrangular, thorny, with eight strong diagonal spines, lying in two crossed
+  planes, and arising from the proximal edges of the gates in the same way as in the foregoing
+  species. It differs from this by four prominent latticed roofs, which arise from the distal edge
+  of the gates and connect the diagonal spines of one gate. <i>Octopyle obtecta</i> bears therefore
+  the same relation to <i>Octopyle octostyle</i> that <i>Tetrapyle pluteus</i> does to <i>Tetrapyle
+  octacantha</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.055, breadth 0.04; length of the
+  cortical shell 0.16, breadth 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, surface, Madagascar, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page654">{654}</span></div>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Octopyle decastyle</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+  fig. 13).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, nearly quadrangular, with ten stronger radial spines, two opposite on
+  the poles of the principal axis (as prolongations of the axial beams), eight others opposite in
+  pairs in two diagonal planes (as in the foregoing species). Lateral girdle nearly square, with
+  slightly convex lateral faces, slightly concave principal faces. Transverse girdle broad, with
+  four pores on the isthmus. Sagittal septum of the same length as the hexagonal medullary shell.
+  Eight gates elliptical or irregular roundish.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.05, breadth <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.32'.">0.032</span>; diameter of the cortical shell 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 285. <i>Pylonium</i>,<a id="NtA_324" href="#Nt_324"><sup>[324]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 464.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylonida</span> with trizonal lentelliptical
+  medullary shell surrounded by three crossed latticed cortical girdles, one smaller (primary)
+  transverse, one larger (secondary) lateral, and one (tertiary) sagittal girdle.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Pylonium</i> is the most highly developed among the Diplozonaria, with
+  six complete latticed girdles, three on the medullary shell, three on the cortical shell, the
+  latter corresponding to the former. In each of the two systems the transverse girdle is smaller
+  than the lateral; the sagittal girdle may be smaller or larger than the lateral girdle.
+  <i>Pylonium</i> repeats the typical form of <i>Trizonium</i>; but whilst in this latter the
+  medullary centre of the shell is a simple spherical chamber, here in <i>Pylonium</i> it is a true
+  trizonal or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Pylonissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Cortical shell smooth or thorny, but without large,
+  symmetrically disposed spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pylonium circozonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, without radial spines; all its three girdles nearly of the same size,
+  subcircular, very narrow, only with one to two rows of pores. Four gates subcircular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Principal axis 0.12, transverse axis 0.11; diameter of the
+  subspherical medullary shell 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page655">{655}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pylonium hexazonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell smooth, without symmetrical radial spines. Transverse girdle elliptical, one and
+  a half times as long as broad. Lateral and sagittal girdles nearly circular. Four gates
+  egg-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Principal axis 0.16, transverse axis 0.15; diameter of the
+  subspherical medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Pylonium nephropylium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, without radial spines. All its three girdles elliptical, one and a third
+  times as long as broad. Four gates kidney-shaped, nearly twice as broad as high.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Principal axis 0.17, transverse axis 0.13; length of the
+  lentelliptical medullary shell 0.04, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Pylonura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Cortical shell armed with large, symmetrically disposed
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Pylonium quadricorne</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>,
+  fig. 14).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with four strong horn-like curved spines in the lateral plane. All its
+  three girdles elliptical, one and a third times as long as broad. Four gates kidney-shaped, twice
+  as broad as high. (This species is a further developmental stage of <i>Tetrapyle quadricornis</i>,
+  with perfect sagittal girdle.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Principal axis 0.16, transverse axis 0.12; length of the medullary
+  shell 0.05, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, surface; Indian
+  Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Pylonium octacanthum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with eight long and thin cylindrical radial spines, lying in two crossed
+  diagonal planes, opposite in pairs, and arising from the eight points where the transverse girdle
+  is crossed by the lateral girdle. All three girdles elliptical, one and a half times as long as
+  broad; four gates triangular. (This species is a further developmental stage of <i>Tetrapyle
+  octacantha</i>, with perfect sagittal girdle.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Principal axis 0.18, transverse axis 0.13; length of the medullary
+  shell 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page656">{656}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Pylonium stenozonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell thorny, with eight short conical radial spines, lying in two crossed diagonal
+  planes (as in the foregoing species). All three girdles nearly of the same size, subcircular, very
+  narrow, only with one to two rows of pores. Four gates kidney-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Principal axis 0.15, transverse axis 0.14; diameter of the
+  quadrangular medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Triplozonaria</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylonida</span> with three concentric
+  systems of fenestrated girdles, lying in three concentric lentelliptical faces (every system with
+  one to three girdles lying in one lentelliptical face).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 286. <i>Amphipylonium</i>,<a id="NtA_325" href="#Nt_325"><sup>[325]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 463.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylonida</span> with trizonal lentelliptical
+  medullary shell, surrounded by a double latticed cortical shell; inner cortical shell
+  <i>Pylonium</i>-shaped, with three perfect crossed girdles; outer cortical shell only represented
+  by a single (transverse) girdle.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Amphipylonium</i> opens the series of Triplozonaria, or of those
+  Pylonida in which the shell is composed of three concentric systems of latticed girdles. The first
+  (and innermost) system represents the complete trizonal medullary shell, which is probably a
+  lentelliptical <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell. The first and intermediate system is formed of a complete
+  trizonal cortical shell of the same form, but much larger (like <i>Pylonium</i>). The third (and
+  outermost) system is represented by one to three latticed girdles, corresponding to the former and
+  forming an outer or second cortical shell. In <i>Amphipylonium</i> (as the most simple form of the
+  Triplozonaria) there is only developed the first (transverse) girdle of the third system. It
+  repeats therefore the form of <i>Amphipyle</i>, the cortical shell of which is here double
+  (Prodromus, 1881, p. 463).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Amphipylonium semilunare</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell lentelliptical, one and a half times as long as broad, with smooth surface
+  and four semilunar gates. Transverse girdle of the outer cortical shell with two smooth semilunar
+  wings, with convex, smooth lateral crests; each wing as broad as the transverse girdle of the
+  inner cortical shell and twice as long as its lateral girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the lentelliptical medullary shell 0.04, breadth 0.03;
+  length of the inner cortical shell 0.15, breadth 0.1; length of each lateral wing of the outer
+  cortical shell 0.3, breadth 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page657">{657}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Amphipylonium spinosissimum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell lentelliptical, one and a third times as long as broad, with thorny
+  surface and four kidney-shaped gates. Transverse girdle of the outer cortical shell very spiny,
+  with two semilunar wings, with convex thorny lateral crests; each wing one and a half times as
+  broad as the transverse girdle of the inner cortical shell, and one and a half times as long as
+  its lateral girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the lentelliptical medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.03;
+  length of the inner cortical shell <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.016'.">0.16</span>, breadth 0.12; length of each lateral wing of the
+  outer cortical shell 0.24, breadth 0.18.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Amphipylonium tetraceros</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell hexagonal, one and a half times as long as broad, with smooth surface and
+  four transverse elliptical gates. Transverse girdle of the outer cortical shell smooth, with
+  rectilinear smooth lateral crests, which are prolonged at both ends into strong conical spines
+  (therefore four spines in the lateral plane); each wing of the same breadth as the transverse
+  girdle of the inner cortical shell, and twice as long as its lateral girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the hexagonal medullary shell 0.03, <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads 'breath'.">breadth</span> 0.02; length of the inner cortical shell 0.12,
+  breadth 0.08; length of each lateral wing of the outer cortical shell 0.24, breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Northern Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Amphipylonium octoceros</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Inner cortical shell quadrangular, one and a third times as long as broad, with thorny surface
+  and four kidney-shaped gates. Transverse girdle of the outer cortical shell thorny, constricted at
+  the equator, with concave thorny lateral crests, and with eight strong radial spines, opposite in
+  pairs and lying in two crossed diagonal planes; each wing narrower than the transverse girdle of
+  the inner cortical shell and twice as long as its lateral girdle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the subspherical medullary shell 0.04, breadth 0.035; length
+  of the inner cortical shell 0.14, breadth 0.11; length of each lateral wing of the outer cortical
+  shell 0.26, breadth 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Southern Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 267. <i>Tetrapylonium</i>,<a id="NtA_326" href="#Nt_326"><sup>[326]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 464.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylonida</span> with trizonal lentelliptical
+  medullary shell, surrounded by a double latticed cortical shell; inner cortical shell
+  <i>Pylonium</i>-shaped, with three perfect crossed girdles; outer cortical shell represented by
+  two crossed girdles, one (smaller) transverse and one (larger) lateral girdle.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page658">{658}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tetrapylonium</i> represents a further developmental stage of the
+  foregoing <i>Amphipylonium</i>; whilst in this latter the outer cortical shell (or the third
+  system of girdles) is formed only by a transverse girdle, here this is crossed by a lateral
+  girdle. <i>Tetrapylonium</i> repeats therefore the typical form of <i>Tetrapyle</i>, but with
+  doubled cortical shell (Prodromus, 1881, p. 464).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Tetrapylonium pantellipticum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell elliptical, one and a third times as long as broad, with smooth surface
+  and four elliptical gates. Inner cortical shell elliptical, with smooth surface and four
+  elliptical gates which repeat the form of the four outer gates, but are of half the size.
+  Transverse girdle broad, with five pores on the isthmus.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length (or principal axis) of the first shell (medullary shell) 0.04,
+  breadth (or transverse axis) 0.03; length of the second (or inner cortical) shell 0.12, breadth
+  0.09; length of the third (or outer cortical) shell 0.18, breadth 0.14.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Tetrapylonium reniforme</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell elliptical, one and a half times as long as broad, with thorny surface and
+  four large kidney-shaped gates. Inner cortical shell of the same form, but one-third smaller, also
+  with four kidney-shaped gates. Transverse girdle small, but with two pores on the isthmus.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the first (innermost) shell 0.03, breadth 0.02; length of
+  the second (middle) shell 0.14, breadth 0.08; length of the third (outermost) shell 0.2, breadth
+  0.11.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Tetrapylonium quadrangulare</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>, fig. 15).</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell nearly quadrangular, one and a third times as long as broad, with four
+  rounded corners, from which arise in the lateral plane four three-sided pyramidal radial spines,
+  opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal axes. Surface thorny; four gates elliptical or nearly
+  quadrangular. Inner cortical shell more elliptical, by one half smaller, with broader transverse
+  girdle and four kidney-shaped gates. Medullary shell nearly spherical, of half the size.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the first shell 0.045, breadth 0.035; length of the second
+  shell 0.1, breadth 0.07; length of the third shell 0.16, breadth 0.11.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, off Tristan da Cunha, Station 332, depth 2200
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Tetrapylonium octacanthum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell elliptical, one and a third times as long as broad, with thorny surface,
+  and eight long and thin radial spines arising from the corners of the four triangular gates, and
+  lying <span class="pagenum" id="page659">{659}</span>opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal
+  planes. Inner cortical shell of the same shape, but two-thirds smaller, also thorny. Transverse
+  girdle broad, with four pores on the isthmus. (This species appears to be the common <i>Tetrapyle
+  octacantha</i>, with doubled cortical shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the first shell 0.04, breadth 0.03; length of the second
+  shell 0.16, breadth 0.12; length of the third shell 0.24, breadth 0.18.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Tetrapylonium armatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell nearly quadrangular, one and a fourth times as long as broad, with very
+  spiny surface. Between numerous smaller (simple or branched) thorns arise twelve larger radial
+  spines, symmetrically distributed, eight wing-spines crossed in two diagonal planes (as in
+  <i>Tetrapylonium octacanthum</i>) and four corner spines on the four rounded corners of the
+  lateral plane (as in <i>Tetrapylonium quadrangulare</i>). Therefore this species combines the
+  armature of both foregoing species. Four gates kidney-shaped. Inner cortical shell elliptical,
+  smooth, three-fourths smaller.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the first shell 0.045, breadth 0.035; length of the second
+  shell 0.18, breadth 0.15; length of the third shell 0.25, breadth 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 288. <i>Pylozonium</i>,<a id="NtA_327" href="#Nt_327"><sup>[327]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Pylonida</span> with trizonal lentelliptical
+  medullary shell, surrounded by double latticed cortical shell; inner cortical shell as well as the
+  outer <i>Pylonium</i>-shaped, each with three perfect crossed girdles (transverse, lateral, and
+  sagittal).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pylozonium</i> is the most highly developed form of the Pylonida, as
+  all three systems of concentric girdles here become fully developed, each system with three
+  perfect girdles. In this genus only among all the Pylonida we find nine complete latticed girdles,
+  and in each of the three dimensive planes three concentric elliptical girdles. The first system
+  forms the medullary shell, the second system the inner cortical shell, and the third system the
+  outer cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pylozonium novemcinctum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell lentelliptical, thorny, one and a third times as long as broad, without
+  radial spines, with four kidney-shaped gates. Inner cortical shell of the same shape, but
+  one-third smaller, four times as large as the lentelliptical medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.04, breadth 0.03; length of the inner
+  cortical shell 0.16, breadth 0.12; length of the outer cortical shell 0.24, breadth 0.18.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page660">{660}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pylozonium octacanthum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate9"><b>9</b></a>, fig. 16).</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell lentelliptical, one and a third times as long as broad, with thorny
+  surface and eight long and thin radial spines arising from the corners of the four elliptical
+  gates, and lying opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes. Inner cortical shell of the
+  same shape but one-fourth smaller, about twice as large as the lentelliptical medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the medullary shell 0.065, breadth 0.045; length of the
+  inner cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.12; length of the outer cortical shell 0.24, breadth
+  0.18.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XXVII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Tholonida</span></span>, n. fam. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with regular, completely latticed
+  cortical shell, which is composed of two to six or more hemispherical or cap-shaped domes (vaulted
+  chambers or cupolas). The domes lie opposite in pairs on the poles of the three dimensive axes,
+  are separated by annular constrictions, and surround a simple or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped central
+  chamber.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> represents a peculiar and very remarkable group
+  of the <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, distinguished from the other groups of this suborder by
+  the characteristic form of the shell, composed of a variable number of hemispherical domes or
+  cupolas. The middle and original part of the shell is constantly formed of an elliptical or
+  subspherical central chamber, which often, but not constantly, contains a small medullary shell.
+  An even number (two, four, six, or more) of domes is attached to the poles of the three dimensive
+  axes of the central chamber; according as only one, or two, or all three axes develop cupolas, we
+  distinguish in this <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'subfamily'.">family</span>
+  three different subfamilies (the Amphitholida, Staurotholida, and Cubotholida). The Amphitholida
+  (or Tholonida monaxonia) form cupolas only on the two poles of one single axis, and this axis
+  corresponds to the minor (or transverse) axis of the central chamber, we find here therefore
+  constantly at least two lateral cupolas (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-7). The Staurotholida (or Tholonida diaxonia) form cupolas on the poles of two axes
+  perpendicular one to another; these two axes are the major (principal) and the minor (transverse)
+  axis of the central chamber, we find here therefore constantly at least four cupolas crossed in
+  pairs (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>,
+  figs. 8-11).  The Cubotholida (or Tholonida triaxonia) form cupolas on the poles of all three
+  dimensive axes (perpendicular one to another); corresponding to the principal, transverse, and
+  sagittal axes of the lentelliptical central chamber; therefore we find here constantly at least
+  six cupolas, attached in pairs on the six sides of the central chamber (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, figs.
+  12-17).</p>
+
+  <p>The number of genera and species in the family <span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> is rather
+  large, but the number of individuals is much smaller than in most of the other <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, and <span class="pagenum" id="page661">{661}</span>particularly
+  than in the nearly allied Pylonida; the greater number of the species are very rare. Besides this
+  they seem to be very variable and inclined to produce numerous abnormalities. Very often
+  intermediate forms of transition are to be found between the Tholonida and other <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, particularly the Pylonida and Lithelida. In many species the
+  thick-walled shell is very opaque, and offers great difficulties to the clear study; in the
+  greater number the structure of the shell cannot be understood completely without rolling the
+  shell to the different sides; and the distinction between the Staurotholida and Cubotholida is
+  often very difficult.</p>
+
+  <p>The primordial chamber of the Tholonida, or the central chamber in which its growth begins, is
+  either a simple lentelliptical shell (without enclosed medullary shell), like <i>Cenolarcus</i>,
+  or it is a trizonal shell, like <i>Larnacilla</i>, and contains a small concentric medullary
+  shell. But this important inner shell of the central chamber offers peculiar difficulties for
+  study. In many cases (probably in the greater number) there is no doubt the same characteristic
+  trizonal medullary shell, which we found in the Larnacida and Pylonida, and this is our principal
+  argument, if we regard the Tholonida as <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, which are most nearly
+  allied to both these families, and in which the fenestrated open cortical girdles of the Pylonida
+  are replaced by fenestrated closed cupolas or domes; the characteristic "gates" or large fissures
+  in the cortical shell of the former are therefore here perfectly closed by network. The Tholonida
+  agree in this point with the Larnacida, but are distinguished from them by the prominent vaultings
+  of the hemispherical cupolas or domes, which give them a peculiar appearance. Each pair of domes
+  (opposite on both poles of one dimensive axis) corresponds to one single girdle of the
+  Pylonida.</p>
+
+  <p>Regarding the absence or presence of a medullary shell in the central chamber, we may divide
+  the Tholonida into two groups, Cenotholida (without medullary shell) and Coccotholida (with
+  medullary shell). The absence of the medullary shell in many Tholonida may be either primary
+  (original) or secondary (by reduction and loss of it). Probably in the larger proportion (if not
+  always?) its absence is the consequence of reduction and loss, and in this case the Cenotholida
+  must be derived phylogenetically from the Coccotholida, but possibly often (or always?) the
+  contrary may also be the case. At present we cannot find certain arguments for one opinion or the
+  other.</p>
+
+  <p>The connection between the medullary (internal) and the cortical (external) shell of the
+  central chamber in the Coccotholida is effected by two lateral wings of a latticed transverse
+  girdle; on both sides of the latter remain the four internal open "gates" of the Pylonida and
+  Larnacida. Very often the limiting edges of these four gates are prolonged into eight external
+  radial spines which lie opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes, and correspond to the
+  eight portal-spines of <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>. Besides these, we often find four other beams
+  opposite in pairs in the two crossed axes (principal and lateral).  Very often also these radial
+  beams (between medullary and <span class="pagenum" id="page662">{662}</span>cortical shells) are
+  prolonged on the outside into prominent free radial spines. But other spines may also arise from
+  the surface. Very remarkable is the presence of twenty symmetrically disposed radial spines in
+  some forms of Amphitholida (<i>Amphitholus acanthometra</i> and <i>Amphitholonium acanthonium</i>,
+  &amp;c.). It recalls the twenty radial spines of the <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>, though
+  the laws of distribution in the two similar cases are quite different.</p>
+
+  <p>The cortical shell of the Tholonida remains either simple, or it becomes doubled by formation
+  of an outer veil or envelope. This outer cortical shell or "veil" may either repeat completely the
+  typical form of the inner with its cupolas, or it may form an ellipsoidal envelope without
+  dome-shaped partitions. Its network is either like that of the inner, or it is very delicate and
+  irregular, spider-web like. The connection between the two cortical shells is effected by a
+  variable number of radial beams, often prolonged on the outside into radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>The growth of the Tholonida by apposition of new chambers is very characteristic, constantly
+  pairs of chambers originating at both opposite poles of the three dimensive axes, firstly on the
+  transverse axis, secondly on the principal axis, thirdly on the sagittal axis. It is possible that
+  by repeated apposition of new chambers the Tholonida are transformed into <span
+  class="gsp">Discoidea</span>, but commonly the number of domes is restricted, two in the
+  Amphitholida, four in the Staurotholida, six in the Coccotholida. If new chambers in an irregular
+  manner or in a spiral order be opposed to those first formed pairs of chambers, the Tholonida may
+  be transformed into Soreumida, Streblemida, or Lithelida. The phylogenetic connection between
+  these families is probably very complex and very worthy of further research.</p>
+
+  <p>The network of the shell in the Tholonida is sometimes regular, with circular (often
+  hexagonally framed) pores of equal size, sometimes irregular, with roundish pores of unequal size.
+  Commonly the shell is thick and compact; in those genera in which the cortical shell is doubled,
+  the inner is commonly compact, the outer a very delicate veil.</p>
+
+  <p>The central capsule of the Tholonida is originally always enclosed by the central chamber, and
+  like this of lentelliptical form, a triaxial ellipsoid. With the apposition of cupolas the growing
+  central capsule may form dome-shaped protuberances which enter into the former. So we may find in
+  the Amphitholida a central capsule with three joints (separated by two annular parallel
+  constrictions), in the Staurotholida a cross-shaped capsule (with four caps around the central
+  lentellipsis), in the Cubotholida a clustered capsule with six caps, surrounding six sides of the
+  cubical central mass. In the Coccotholida (with medullary shell in the central chamber) the latter
+  encloses in the centre the nucleus of the cell. The calymma, or the jelly-veil between the central
+  capsule and the enveloping shell, probably always exhibits annular constrictions, corresponding to
+  those which separate the cupolas of the shell. All these anatomical peculiarities in the Tholonida
+  require a further accurate study.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page663">{663}</span></div>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Tholonida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Tholonida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Tholonida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 w30 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">II</span>I. Subfamily Amphitholida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Cupolas developed only in the direction of one single axis (commonly two
+        cupolas). (Tholonida unidimensiva.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Central chamber simple, without medullary shell.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two simple cupolas (without veil),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">289. <i>Tholartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two double cupolas (with veil),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">290. <i>Tholodes</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Central chamber <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped, with enclosed
+      medullary shell.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two simple cupolas (without veil),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">291. <i>Amphitholus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two double cupolas (with veil),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">292. <i>Amphitholonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">I</span>II. Subfamily Staurotholida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Cupolas developed in the direction of two axes perpendicular one to another
+        (commonly four cupolas). (Tholonida bidimensiva.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Central chamber simple, without medullary shell.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Four simple cupolas (without veil),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">293. <i>Tholostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Four double cupolas (with veil),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">294. <i>Tholoma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Central chamber <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped, with enclosed
+      medullary shell.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Four simple cupolas (without veil),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">295. <i>Staurotholus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Four double cupolas (with veil),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">296. <i>Staurotholonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Subfamily Cubotholida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Cupolas developed in the direction of three axes perpendicular one to another
+        (commonly six cupolas). (Tholonida tridimensiva.)</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Central chamber simple, without medullary shell.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Six simple cupolas (without veil),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">297. <i>Tholocubus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Six double cupolas (with veil),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">298. <i>Tholonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Central chamber <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped, with enclosed
+      medullary shell.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Six simple cupolas (without veil,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">299. <i>Cubotholus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Six double cupolas (with veil),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">300. <i>Cubotholonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Tholonida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Tholonida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Amphitholida. Cupolas developed only in the direction of one
+      single axis (commonly two cupolas). (Tholonida unidimensiva.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Central chamber simple, without medullary shell.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two simple cupolas (without veil),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">289. <i>Tholartus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two double cupolas (with veil),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">290. <i>Tholodes</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Central chamber <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped, with enclosed medullary
+      shell.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two simple cupolas (without veil),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">291. <i>Amphitholus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two double cupolas (with veil),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">292. <i>Amphitholonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Staurotholida. Cupolas developed in the direction of two axes
+      perpendicular one to another (commonly four cupolas). (Tholonida bidimensiva.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Central chamber simple, without medullary shell.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Four simple cupolas (without veil),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">293. <i>Tholostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Four double cupolas (with veil),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">294. <i>Tholoma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Central chamber <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped, with enclosed medullary
+      shell.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Four simple cupolas (without veil),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">295. <i>Staurotholus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Four double cupolas (with veil),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">296. <i>Staurotholonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">III. Subfamily Cubotholida. Cupolas developed in the direction of three axes
+      perpendicular one to another (commonly six cupolas). (Tholonida tridimensiva.)</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Central chamber simple, without medullary shell.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Six simple cupolas (without veil),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">297. <i>Tholocubus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Six double cupolas (with veil),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">298. <i>Tholonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Central chamber <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped, with enclosed medullary
+      shell.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Six simple cupolas (without veil,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">299. <i>Cubotholus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Six double cupolas (with veil),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">300. <i>Cubotholonium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Amphitholida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with monaxial growth;
+  cupolas opposite on the poles of one axis. (Shell commonly three-chambered, with two domes on both
+  sides of the central chamber.)</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 289. <i>Tholartus</i>,<a id="NtA_328" href="#Nt_328"><sup>[328]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with simple cortical shell (without
+  external veil); with two hemispherical cupolas, opposite on the poles of one axis; central chamber
+  between them simple (without medullary shell).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page664">{664}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tholartus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>,
+  fig. 1) represents the most simple form of all Tholonida, a three-jointed simple cortical shell
+  without medullary shell; two hemispherical cupolas or domes are attached on both lateral sides of
+  a simple triaxial ellipsoidal central chamber, corresponding to the poles of its lateral or
+  transverse axis. <i>Tholartus</i> may be regarded as the common ancestral form of all Tholonida,
+  and may be derived either from the Pylonida <i>Monozonium</i> (by complete lattice-locking of the
+  lateral wings) or from the Ellipsida <i>Cenellipsis</i> (by development of two lateral
+  protuberances on the poles of the transverse axis). But it is also possible that the absence of
+  the medullary shell is produced by reduction, and in this case <i>Tholartus</i> may be descended
+  from <i>Amphitholus</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tholartella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth or rough, without radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Tholartus tricolus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber one and a half times as high and as broad as both cupolas. Surface of the shell
+  rough. Pores regular, circular, without hexagonal frames, three times as broad as the bars; about
+  sixteen on the half meridian of the central chamber (or its vertical diameter).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell (major axis of the central chamber, vertical) 0.1,
+  breadth of the shell (major axis of the whole three-chambered shell, horizontal) 0.13; pores 0.01,
+  bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Tholartus paniscus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber of the same breadth, but of the double height of both cupolas. Surface of the
+  shell rough. Pores regular, circular, with hexagonal frames, of the same breadth as the bars;
+  eight to ten on the half meridian of the central chamber.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell (major axis of the central chamber, vertical)
+  0.12, breadth of the shell (major axis of the whole three-chambered shell, horizontal) 0.15; pores
+  and bars 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Tholartus isocolus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber of the same breadth and height as both cupolas. Surface of the shell smooth.
+  Pores irregular, roundish, once to three times as broad as the bars; ten to fifteen on the half
+  meridian of the central chamber.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.14; pores 0.004 to 0.01, bars
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page665">{665}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tholartissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Tholartus tripanis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber of the same size as both cupolas. Surface of the shell thorny, everywhere
+  covered with short conical radial spines, about as long as the cupolas. Pores regular or
+  subregular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the half meridian.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.12; pores 0.01, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Tholartus sagitta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber twice as large as both cupolas. Surface of the shell spiny, with eight to
+  twelve regularly (?) distributed radial spines, radiating from the two constrictions between the
+  three chambers. Spines needle-shaped, very thin and long. Pores subregular or irregular, roundish
+  or circular, about three times as broad as the bars; twelve to sixteen on the half meridian.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.11, breadth 0.15; pores 0.01, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 290. <i>Tholodes</i>,<a id="NtA_329" href="#Nt_329"><sup>[329]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with double cortical shell (with
+  external veil), with two hemispherical cupolas, opposite on the poles of one axis; central chamber
+  between them simple (without medullary shell).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Tholodes</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>,
+  fig. 2) differs from <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Thalartus'.">Tholartus</span></i>,
+  its probable ancestral form, only in the duplication of the shell; the outer shell has exactly the
+  same three-jointed form as the inner; both are connected by eight radial beams, lying in two
+  diagonal planes and corresponding to the eight frontal spines of <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>.
+  Possibly <i>Tholodes</i> may also be descended from <i>Amphitholonium</i> by loss of the medullary
+  shell. I have observed only one single specimen of this genus.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Tholodes cupula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>,
+  fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell of the same form and structure as the inner shell. Central chamber larger than both
+  cupolas. Surface a little rough, without radial spines. Distance of both shells equals the height
+  of the outer cupolas. Pores of both shells regular, circular, three times as broad as the <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page666">{666}</span>bars; six to seven in the semicircle of one inner cupola,
+  ten to twelve in the semicircle of one outer cupola. Both shells are connected by eight radial
+  beams, crossed in two diagonal planes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the outer shell 0.1, minor 0.065; major axis of the
+  inner shell 0.05, minor 0.04; pores 0.006, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, depth 4475
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 291. <i>Amphitholus</i>,<a id="NtA_330" href="#Nt_330"><sup>[330]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with simple cortical shell (without
+  external veil), with two hemispherical cupolas, opposite on the poles of one axis; central chamber
+  (between them) <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped, with medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Amphitholus</i> is the most simple form of all Coccotholida (or all
+  Tholonida provided with medullary shell). Its simple cortical shell exhibits, like
+  <i>Tholartus</i>, two lateral hemispheric cupolas, attached on both sides of a <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'lentelleptical'.">lentelliptical</span> central chamber
+  (on the poles of its transverse axis). The central chamber has the form of a triaxial ellipsoid,
+  and contains, like <i>Larnacilla</i>, a small medullary shell, connected with it by the wings of a
+  latticed transverse girdle. <i>Amphitholus</i> may be derived either from <i>Tholartus</i> by
+  secondary production of a cortical shell, or (more probably) from <i>Larnacilla</i> by apposition
+  of two lateral dome-shaped protuberances. In the latter case it may be regarded as an
+  <i>Amphipyle</i>, the lateral open wings of which are closed by lattice-work.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Amphitholissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth or rough, without radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Amphitholus artiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>,
+  fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber of the same height as both cupolas. Surface of the cortical shell rough. Pores
+  regular, circular, with prominent hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the bars; eight to ten in
+  the basal semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.16, minor axis 0.1; pores 0.008, bars
+  0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Amphitholus artidium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber one-fourth higher than both cupolas. Surface of the cortical shell smooth.
+  Pores irregular, roundish, once to three times as broad as the bars. (Very similar to
+  <i>Tholartus</i> tricolus, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>,
+  fig. 1, but different by the medullary shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.15, minor axis 0.12; pores 0.004 to 0.01,
+  bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page667">{667}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Amphitholura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell with radial spines or thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Amphitholus octacanthus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber about twice as high and broad as both cupolas. From the surface arise,
+  symmetrically distributed, eight stout conical radial spines, lying in two diagonal planes, as
+  prolongations of the eight wing-beams, which connect the <i>Tetrapyle</i>-shaped medullary shell
+  with the two ring-like constrictions of the cortical shell. Pores of the latter regular, circular,
+  twice as broad as the bars; ten to twelve in the basal semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.15, minor 0.12; pores 0.01, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Amphitholus dodecanthus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber a little larger than both cupolas. From the surface arise twelve strong conical
+  radial spines, four on the poles of the major and the minor axis of the shell, lying in the
+  lateral plane; eight others lying in two diagonal planes, as prolongations of the eight
+  wing-beams, which connect the <i>Tetrapyle</i>-shaped medullary shell with the two ring-like
+  constrictions of the cortical shell. Pores of the latter irregular, roundish, twice to four times
+  as broad as the bars; sixteen to eighteen in the basal semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.15, minor 0.11; pores 0.004 to 0.008, bars
+  0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 256, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Amphitholus acanthometra</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, figs. 5,
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber about twice as broad and as high as both cupolas. On the surface quite
+  symmetrically distributed twenty long and strong cylindrical radial spines; eight in the sagittal
+  plane or in the meridian plane of the central chamber (four opposite in pairs in the principal and
+  the sagittal axes, four others in the middle between the principal and the sagittal spines); four
+  in the horizontal transverse plane, on both sides of the poles of the major or lateral axis; and
+  eight in diagonal planes (corresponding to the eight wing-spines of <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>).
+  In the centre of the central chamber is a distinct trizonal medullary shell like that of
+  <i>Tetrapyle</i>, with two vertical columella beams. Pores of the cortical shell subregular,
+  circular, with elevated hexagonal frames, about four times as broad as the bars; five to seven in
+  the semicircle of one cupola. (This remarkable species differs from <i>Tholartus vicenus</i> in
+  the possession of a medullary shell, from <i>Amphitholonium acanthometra</i> by the simple
+  cortical shell. Compare these species).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.14 to 0.16, minor axis 0.10 to 0.12; pores
+  0.015, bars 0.004; major axis of the medullary shell 0.04 to 0.05, minor (horizontal) axis 0.02 to
+  0.03; length of the twenty radial spines 0.18 to 0.24, basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page668">{668}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Amphitholus armatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber twice as broad, but of the same height, as the flat vaulted cupolas. Surface
+  armed with thirty to forty very large three-sided prismatic spines, longer than the major axis of
+  the shell. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to five times as broad as the bars; eight to nine on
+  the basal semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.15, minor axis 0.1; pores 0.006 to 0.015,
+  bars 0.003; length of the spines 0.2 to 0.25, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Amphitholus polyacanthus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber of the same breadth and height as both cupolas. Surface armed with very
+  numerous (sixty to eighty) strong conical spines, about as long as the minor axis of the shell.
+  Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; sixteen to eighteen in the basal
+  semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.13, minor 0.08; pores 0.006, bars 0.003;
+  length of the radial spines 0.09, breadth 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Amphitholus panicium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Central chamber ellipsoidal, nearly twice as broad, but of the same height, as both cupolas.
+  Whole surface thorny; the largest radial thorns about as long as the medullary shell. Pores
+  irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars. On the base of each cupola a circle
+  of ten to twelve larger square pores, separated by radial beams, which are prolonged into stouter
+  free spines. This remarkable formation of the cupolas, very rare in this family, recalls the
+  characteristic formation of the distal chambers of the Panartida and Zygartida (<i>e.g.</i>, Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate40"><b>40</b></a>, figs. 4,
+  8, &amp;c.), where it is very common.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.15, minor 0.1; pores 0.005 to 0.012, bars
+  0.003; large square pores 0.02; axes of the medullary shell 0.03 and 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 292. <i>Amphitholonium</i>,<a id="NtA_331" href="#Nt_331"><sup>[331]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with double cortical shell (with
+  external veil), with two hemispherical cupolas, opposite on the poles of one axis; central chamber
+  (between them) <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped, with medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Amphitholonium</i> differs from the nearly allied <i>Amphitholus</i>
+  (probably its ancestral form) only in the duplication of the cortical shell; the outer has the
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page669">{669}</span>same three-jointed form as the inner, and is
+  connected with it by a variable number of radial beams. From the similar <i>Tholodes</i> it
+  differs in the possession of a medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Amphitholonium tricolonium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell smooth, of the same three-jointed form as the inner, at an equal distance
+  from it throughout the whole circumference; central chamber higher-vaulted than both cupolas.
+  Network of the outer shell delicate, with subregular, circular pores. Pores of the thick-walled
+  inner shell subregular, circular, with hexagonal frames, three times as broad as the bars; eight
+  to ten in the basal semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the outer cortical shell 0.2, minor axis 0.15; major
+  axis of the inner cortical shell 0.16, minor axis 0.11; pores 0.01, bars 0.0035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Amphitholonium octostylium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'lentelleptical'.">lentelliptical</span>,
+  smooth, not articulated, at a varying distance from the three-jointed inner shell; central chamber
+  of the latter twice as high as both hemispherical cupolas. Network of the outer shell very thin,
+  cob-web like. Pores of the inner shell subregular, roundish, twice as broad as the bars; six to
+  seven in the semicircle of one cupola. Eight thin and long, bristle-shaped, radial spines,
+  opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the outer cortical shell 0.16, minor 0.12; major axis of
+  the inner cortical shell 0.12, minor 0.09; pores 0.01, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Amphitholonium acanthonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell of the same three-jointed form as the inner, at a uniform distance from
+  it; central chamber higher vaulted than both cupolas. Network of the outer shell irregular,
+  delicate, of the inner regular, strong, with circular, hexagonally framed pores, three times as
+  broad as the bars; eight to nine in the semicircle of one cupola. On the surface, quite
+  symmetrically disposed, twenty long and strong, cylindrical, radial spines; eight in the sagittal
+  plane, four in the transverse plane; eight in two diagonal planes between the former and the
+  latter. The remarkable geometric disposition of the twenty spines is in this species quite the
+  same as in <i>Amphitholus acanthometra</i>. It differs from this nearly allied species in the
+  double cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the outer cortical shell 0.18, minor 0.14; major axis of
+  the inner cortical shell 0.14, minor 0.1; pores 0.012, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page670">{670}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Staurotholida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with diaxial growth;
+  cupolas crossed in pairs, opposite on the poles of two axes, perpendicular one to another. (Shell
+  commonly five-chambered, with four domes, cross-wise surrounding the central chamber.)</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 293. <i>Tholostaurus</i>,<a id="NtA_332" href="#Nt_332"><sup>[332]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with simple cortical shell (without
+  external veil), composed of four hemispherical cupolas in cross-form, opposite in pairs on the
+  poles of two axes perpendicular one to another; central chamber simple (without medullary
+  shell).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tholostaurus</i> is the most simple form of the Staurotholida, or the
+  Tholonida with four crossed hemispherical cupolas, lying on the poles of two axes perpendicular
+  one to another. The central chamber communicates by four wide openings with the four domes, and
+  contains no medullary shell. <i>Tholostaurus</i> may originate either from <i>Tholartus</i> by
+  apposition of two opposite cupolas between the first pair, or from <i>Staurotholus</i> by loss of
+  the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tholostaurantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth or rough, without radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Tholostaurus quadrigatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All four cupolas nearly of the same size and form, subregular. Surface smooth, without radial
+  spines. Pores subregular, circular, four times as broad as the bars; eight to ten pores in the
+  basal semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12; pores 0.008, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Tholostaurus cruciformis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Two opposite cupolas larger than the two others. Surface rough, without radial spines. Pores
+  regular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars; twelve to fourteen in the basal
+  semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.16, minor axis 0.12; pores 0.006, bars
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page671">{671}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tholostauroma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell with radial spines or thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Tholostaurus tetrabelonis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All four cupolas nearly of the same size and form, subregular. Pores regular, circular,
+  hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the bars; twelve to fourteen in the semicircle of one
+  cupola. Four long and stout conical radial spines, two vertical on the poles of the principal
+  axis, two horizontal on the poles of the transverse axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.15, minor 0.13; pores 0.006, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Tholostaurus octobelonis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Two opposite cupolas larger than the two others. Pores subregular, circular, three times as
+  broad as the bars; ten to twelve in the semicircle of one cupola. Eight long and thin,
+  needle-shaped, radial spines, in pairs crossed in two diagonal planes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.16, minor 0.12; pores 0.01, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Tholostaurus dodecabelos</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Two opposite cupolas larger than the two others. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to three
+  times as broad as the bars; six to eight in the semicircle of one cupola. Twelve thin and long
+  radial spines, four on the poles of the two crossed axes (principal and lateral), eight crossed in
+  two diagonal planes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.14, minor 0.11; pores 0.006 to 0.01, bars
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Tholostaurus polybelonis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Two opposite cupolas larger than the two others. Pores circular, hexagonally framed, of the
+  same breadth as the bars; ten to twelve in the semicircle of one cupola. Numerous (twenty to
+  thirty or more) thin, bristle-like, radial spines, about as long as the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.15, minor axis 0.12; pores and bars
+  0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 294. <i>Tholoma</i>,<a id="NtA_333" href="#Nt_333"><sup>[333]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with double cortical shell (with
+  external veil), composed of four hemispherical cupolas in cross-form, opposite in pairs on the
+  poles of two axes perpendicular one to another; central chamber simple (without medullary
+  shell).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page672">{672}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tholoma</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>,
+  figs. 10, 13) differs from the preceding <i>Tholostaurus</i> (its probable ancestral form) only in
+  the duplication of the shell. The outer (secondary) shell has the same cross-form as the inner
+  (primary) shell. In the two observed species the growth seems to be different, in the first
+  species all four cupolas of each cross being of the same size, form, and age; in the second two
+  opposite cupolas, larger and apparently older than the other two. <i>Tholoma</i> is possibly the
+  offspring of <i>Staurotholonium</i>, from which it may have been produced by loss of the medullary
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tholomantha</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth, without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Tholoma quadrigeminum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p>All four chambers in each cortical shell nearly equal, subregular. Surface smooth, without
+  radial spines. Structure of the network in both shells similar. Pores regular, circular, twice as
+  broad as the bars; six to eight in the basal semicircle of one inner, ten to twelve in the
+  semicircle of one outer cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.14, of the inner 0.09; pores 0.006, bars
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 302, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tholomura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Tholoma metallasson</i>,<a id="NtA_334" href="#Nt_334"><sup>[334]</sup></a> n. sp. (Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, fig.
+  13).</p>
+
+  <p>Two opposite chambers in each cortical shell larger than the two others; the larger chambers of
+  the inner shell corresponding to the smaller chambers of the outer shell. Network in both shells
+  of the same structure, regular, with circular, hexagonally framed pores of the same breadth as the
+  bars; eight to ten in the semicircle of an inner, fourteen to sixteen in the semicircle of an
+  outer cupola. Numerous (twenty to thirty or more) thin, cylindrical, bristle-shaped, long radial
+  spines, symmetrically disposed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the outer shell 0.26, minor axis 0.2; major axis of the
+  inner shell 0.16, minor axis 0.13; pores and bars 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 295. <i>Staurotholus</i>,<a id="NtA_335" href="#Nt_335"><sup>[335]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with simple cortical shell (without
+  external veil), composed of four hemispherical cupolas in cross-form, opposite in pairs on the
+  poles of <span class="pagenum" id="page673">{673}</span>two axes perpendicular one to another;
+  central chamber <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped (with enclosed medullary shell).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Staurotholus</i> differs from <i>Tholostaurus</i> in the possession of
+  a medullary shell in the central chamber, and may be derived from this genus by its production.
+  But it may also be derived from <i>Amphitholus</i> by apposition of two secondary opposite cupolas
+  between the two primary cupolas. The symmetrical position of an increasing number of radial spines
+  in the different species is remarkable (resembling <i>Tholostaurus</i> as well as
+  <i>Amphitholus</i>).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Staurotholissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth or rough, without radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Staurotholus quadratus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the cortical shell smooth. All four cupolas nearly of the same size and form;
+  therefore principal and lateral axes equal. Pores regular, circular, with hexagonal frames, twice
+  as broad as the bars; eight to ten on the basal semicircle of one cupola. Medullary shell
+  square.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.15; pores 0.01, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 323, depth 1900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Staurotholus cruciatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the cortical shell rough. The two principal cupolas somewhat larger than the two
+  lateral cupolas; therefore the longitudinal axis longer than the transverse. Pores irregular,
+  roundish, twice to three times as broad as the bars; twelve to sixteen in the semicircle of one
+  cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.16, minor 0.13; pores 0.005 to 0.009, bars
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Staurotholura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Staurotholus tetrastylus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>The two principal cupolas smaller than the two lateral cupolas. Pores subregular, circular,
+  three times as broad as the bars; six to eight in the semicircle of one cupola. Medullary shell
+  elliptical. On the surface four long cylindrical radial spines; two in the principal and two in
+  the lateral axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.15, minor 0.12; pores 0.012, bars
+  0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 166, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page674">{674}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Staurotholus octostylus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>The two lateral cupolas larger than the two principal cupolas. Pores subregular, circular,
+  twice as broad as the bars; ten to twelve in the semicircle of one cupola. Medullary shell
+  hexagonal, connected with each ring-like constriction by eight strong cylindrical radial spines
+  (longer than the whole shell), lying in two crossed meridian planes, and corresponding to the
+  eight diagonal wing-spines of <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.12, minor 0.1; pores 0.008, bars
+  0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Staurotholus decastylus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>The two principal cupolas twice as broad and high as the two lateral cupolas. Pores subregular,
+  circular, four times as broad as the bars; six to eight in the semicircle of one cupola. Ten long
+  and thin radial spines with thickened conical bases, about as long as the major axis of the shell,
+  by inner prolongations connected with the lentelliptical medullary shell; two polar spines in the
+  principal axis, eight wing-spines in two crossed diagonal planes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.12, minor 0.1; pores 0.012, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific; Station 224, depth 1850
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Staurotholus dodecastylus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>The two lateral cupolas larger than the two principal cupolas. Pores subregular, circular,
+  three times as broad as the bars; five to seven in the semicircle of one cupola. Twelve strong
+  cylindrical radial spines, four on the poles of the two larger axes (two principal and two
+  lateral), eight wing-spines in two crossed diagonal planes. Medullary shell hexagonal.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major (lateral) axis 0.11, minor (principal) 0.09; pores 0.009, bars
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Staurotholus polystylus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>The two principal cupolas larger than the two lateral cupolas. Pores irregular, roundish, twice
+  to three times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve in the semicircle of one cupola. On the surface
+  numerous thin bristle-shaped spines (twenty to thirty or more).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.14, minor 0.11; pores 0.006 to 0.01, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 231, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 296. <i>Staurotholonium</i>,<a id="NtA_336" href="#Nt_336"><sup>[336]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with double cortical shell (with
+  external veil), composed of four hemispherical cupolas in cross-form, opposite in pairs on the
+  poles of two axes perpendicular one to another; central chamber <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped (with
+  medullary shell).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page675">{675}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Staurotholonium</i> differs from the nearly allied <i>Staurotholus</i>
+  (its probable ancestral form) only in the duplication of the cortical shell. The outer shell
+  commonly repeats the cross-form of the inner, with four corresponding cupolas; but sometimes the
+  four cupolas of the outer shell alternate in size and form with those of the inner, or the outer
+  shell forms a simple lenticular envelope around the inner. From the similar <i>Tholoma</i>,
+  <i>Staurotholonium</i> differs in the possession of a medullary shell in the central chamber.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Staurotholodes</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the outer cortical shell smooth or rough,
+  without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Staurotholonium biquadratum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell smooth, of the same regular crucial form as the inner, equidistant from it
+  everywhere. Form and structure of both cortical shells nearly the same, but the outer about twice
+  as large as the inner; both connected only by eight diagonal beams.  All four cupolas of each
+  cortical shell regular, of the same size.  Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars;
+  six to eight in the basal semicircle of each cupola. Medullary shell square. (Similar to
+  <i>Staurotholus quadratus</i>, but differs by the double cortical shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer cortical shell 0.16, of the inner 0.08, of the
+  medullary shell 0.04; pores of the inner cortical shell 0.006, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Staurotholonium bicruciatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell rough, twice as large as the inner, of the same form and structure, at an
+  equal distance from it. In both shells the principal cupolas are larger than the lateral. Pores
+  irregular, roundish, in the outer shell four times, in the inner twice as large as the bars; eight
+  to ten in the basal semicircle of one cupola. (Similar to <i>Staurotholus cruciatus</i>, but
+  differs mainly in the double cortical shell.) Medullary shell lentelliptical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major (longitudinal) axis of the outer cortical shell 0.016, of the
+  inner 0.08; minor (transverse) axis of the former 0.14, of the latter 0.07; medullary shell 0.03
+  to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Staurotholonium alternatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell smooth, very different from the inner; in the outer the two principal
+  cupolas are larger than the two lateral; in the inner inversely smaller. Pores subregular,
+  circular, in the outer shell four times, in the inner shell twice as broad as the bars; ten to
+  twelve pores in the basal semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page676">{676}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis (length) of the outer cortical shell 0.15, minor (breadth)
+  0.13; pores 0.012, bars 0.003; major axis (length) of the inner cortical shell 0.11, minor axis
+  (breadth) 0.09; pores 0.006, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, surface, Madagascar, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Staurotholonium lenticulare</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell smooth, lenticular, with circular circumference, with very delicate
+  irregular network and small roundish pores. Its distance from the inner much greater in the four
+  diagonal points than in the four polar points. Inner cortical shell regular, cross-like, with four
+  cupolas of similar size and form. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; eight to
+  ten in the basal semicircle of one cupola. Medullary shell lenticular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer cortical shell 0.16, of the inner 0.12; pores of
+  the inner 0.008, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Staurotholoma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the outer cortical shell with radial spines or
+  thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Staurotholonium octodoratium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell of the same form and structure as the inner, but twice as large, both
+  principal domes somewhat larger than both lateral. Pores subregular, circular, of the same breadth
+  as the bars; five to six in the semicircle of one inner, eight to ten of one outer cupola. Eight
+  thin and long bristle-like spines, opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the outer cortical shell 0.15, minor 0.12; major axis of
+  the inner cortical shell 0.07, minor 0.06; pores and bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 231, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Staurotholonium octodoronium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell of the same form as the inner, both little distant; network of the outer
+  irregular and delicate. Pores of the inner regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; seven to
+  nine in the basal semicircle of one cupola. Both lateral domes larger than the principal. Eight
+  long and thin, cylindrical radial spines opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the outer cortical shell 0.2, minor 0.18; major axis of
+  the inner cortical shell 0.16, minor 0.14; pores 0.008, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page677">{677}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Cubotholida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with triaxial growth;
+  cupolas lying in pairs on the six sides of a cubical central chamber, opposite at the poles of
+  three axes perpendicular one to another. (Shell commonly seven-chambered, with six domes
+  surrounding the central chamber.)</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 297. <i>Tholocubus</i>,<a id="NtA_337" href="#Nt_337"><sup>[337]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with simple cortical shell (without
+  external veil), composed of six hemispherical cupolas, opposite in pairs on the poles of three
+  axes perpendicular one to another, covering six sides of the simple cuboidal central chamber
+  (without medullary shell).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tholocubus</i> is the most simple form of the Cubotholida, or of the
+  Tholonida with domes situated in three axes perpendicular one to another; six hemispherical
+  cupolas lying on the six sides of a cuboidal central chamber; this latter contains no medullary
+  shell. <i>Tholocubus</i> may be derived phylogenetically either from <i>Tholostaurus</i> by
+  apposition of two opposite domes on the flat sides of the cross-shell, or from <i>Cubotholus</i>
+  by loss of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tholocubulus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth or rough, without radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Tholocubus tessellatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, fig.
+  12).</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the shell smooth, without radial spines. Pores regular, circular, hexagonally
+  framed, twice as broad as the bars; eight to twelve pores on the semicircle of one cupola.
+  Principal cupolas smaller than the lateral, larger than the sagittal cupolas.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15; pores 0.01, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Tholocubus tesserarius</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the shell rough, without radial spines. Pores irregular, roundish, once to three
+  times as broad as the bars; twelve to sixteen pores in the semicircle of one cupola. All six
+  cupolas nearly of the same size.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16; pores <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.04'.">0.004</span> to 0.008, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, depth 2965 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page678">{678}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tholocubitus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell with radial spines or thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Tholocubus tesseralis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, fig.
+  16).</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the shell with numerous (eight to sixteen) thin and long, bristle-shaped radial
+  spines (the greater part broken off in the figured specimen); pores subregular, circular, three to
+  four times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve in the semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.16, minor axis 0.14; pores 0.01, bars
+  0.0027.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 298. <i>Tholonium</i>,<a id="NtA_338" href="#Nt_338"><sup>[338]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with double cortical shell (with
+  external veil), composed of six hemispherical cupolas, opposite in pairs on the poles of three
+  axes perpendicular one to another, covering six sides of the simple cuboidal central chamber
+  (without medullary shell).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tholonium</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>,
+  fig. 17) differs from the preceding <i>Tholocubus</i> only in the duplication of the cortical
+  shell. The outer (secondary) shell forms either a simple (spheroidal or ellipsoidal) thin veil
+  around the inner (primary) shell, or both shells are of the same form, with six corresponding
+  cupolas. Possibly <i>Tholonium</i> is the offspring of <i>Cubotholonium</i>, having originated by
+  loss of the medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tholonetta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth or rough, without radial
+  spines or thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Tholonium bicubicum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell with six hemispherical dome-shaped protuberances, corresponding in those of the
+  inner shell. Both shells connected by numerous radial beams. Surface of the outer shell smooth;
+  its network nearly of the same shape as that of the inner, with subregular, circular pores, twice
+  as broad as the bars; ten to fifteen pores on the semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.14, of the inner 0.12; pores of the
+  latter 0.006, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page679">{679}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Tholonium ellipticum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell ellipsoidal, without dome-shaped protuberances, with smooth surface, without radial
+  spines; network delicate, with subregular, circular pores. Inner shell with regular, circular,
+  hexagonally framed pores, twice as broad as the bars; ten to twelve pores on the semicircle of one
+  cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the outer shell 0.16, minor axis 0.14; major axis of the
+  inner shell 0.14, minor axis 0.12; pores 0.008, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific central area, Station 267, depth 2700 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Tholonium sph�ricum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell spherical, without dome-shaped protuberances, with smooth surface, without radial
+  spines; network very delicate, with very small subregular, circular pores. Inner shell with
+  regular, circular pores of the same breadth as the bars; fourteen to sixteen on the basal
+  semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spherical outer shell 0.15, inner shell 0.12; pores
+  and bars of the inner shell 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tholonilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the outer shell covered with radial spines or
+  thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Tholonium hexonium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>,
+  fig. 17).</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell ellipsoidal, without dome-shaped protuberances, covered with numerous (thirty to
+  fifty) thin and long, bristle-shaped radial spines; network very delicate, irregular, with
+  roundish pores. Inner shell with six marked hemispherical domes of somewhat different sizes; pores
+  regular, circular, with prominent hexagonal frames, twice as broad as the bars; ten to twelve on
+  the basal semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the outer shell 0.15, minor axis 0.14; major axis of the
+  inner shell 0.13, minor axis 0.12; pores 0.008, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Tholonium sph�ronium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell very thin walled, spherical, without dome-shaped protuberances, with smooth
+  surface, excepting eight large radial spines, rising from the eight corners of the inner cubical
+  central chamber. Pores of the outer shell very small, subcircular. Inner shell very thick walled,
+  with six marked hemispherical domes; pores subregular, circular, with prominent hexagonal frames,
+  twice as broad as the bars; six to eight on the semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page680">{680}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spherical outer shell 0.15, inner shell 0.11; pores of
+  the inner 0.01, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 299. <i>Cubotholus</i>,<a id="NtA_339" href="#Nt_339"><sup>[339]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with simple cortical shell (without
+  external veil), composed of six hemispherical cupolas, opposite in pairs on the poles of three
+  axes perpendicular one to another, covering six sides of the cuboidal <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped
+  central chamber (with medullary shell).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Cubotholus</i> differs from <i>Tholocubus</i> in the possession of a
+  medullary shell in the central chamber, and may be derived from this genus by its production; but
+  it may also be derived from <i>Staurotholus</i> by apposition of two opposite domes on the flat
+  sides of the cross-shell. Sometimes all six domes are of the same size and form, but commonly
+  different in pairs.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Cubotholissa</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth or rough, without radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cubotholus regularis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>,
+  fig. 14).</p>
+
+  <p>On the six sides of the cubical central chamber six hemispherical cupolas of the same size and
+  form. Surface smooth. Pores regular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; eight in the basal
+  semicircle of each cupola. Medullary shell apparently spherical (?), connected with the eight
+  corners of the central chamber by eight radial beams, regularly disposed. (This species is
+  remarkable for the perfect symmetry of the shell, the six sides of which appear to be quite
+  similar. It differs from the similar <i>Tholocubus regularis</i> in the possession of a medullary
+  shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell (equal in all three dimensive axes)
+  0.15; pores 0.01, bars 0.005; diameter of the medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 273, depth 2350 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cubotholus quadraticus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the shell smooth. Both principal cupolas (on the poles of the longitudinal axis)
+  larger than the four other cupolas, which have the same size and lie cross-wise in the equatorial
+  plane. (Therefore two of the three fundamental axes equal, the third larger.) Pores subregular,
+  circular, three times as broad as the bars; ten to twelve in the semicircle of each
+  cupola-basis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis 0.16, minor axis 0.12; pores 0.012, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Pullen; depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page681">{681}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cubotholus rhombicus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the shell smooth. Both principal cupolas (on the poles of the longitudinal axis)
+  larger than the two lateral (on the poles of the transverse axis), and these larger than the two
+  sagittal cupolas (on the poles of the sagittal axis). Therefore all three fundamental axes
+  unequal. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars; eight to twelve in
+  the basal semicircle of each cupola. Medullary shell lentelliptical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major (principal) axis 0.16, middle (lateral) axis 0.14, minor
+  (sagittal) axis 0.12; pores 0.006 to 0.012, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Cubotholura</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell with radial spines or thorns.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Cubotholus octoceras</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All six cupolas in pairs of different sizes. Both principal domes larger than the lateral
+  domes, and these larger than the sagittal domes. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as the
+  bars; eight to ten in the semicircle of each cupola. From the surface arise (at the intersecting
+  points of every three cupolas) eight strong conical radial spines, about as long as the
+  shell-axis; they lie in two diagonal planes, and are the external free prolongations of eight
+  inner beams (homologous with the eight wing-spines of <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>), which connect
+  the lentelliptical medullary shell with the eight corners of the cuboidal central chamber.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the cortical shell 0.15, middle 0.13, minor 0.11; pores
+  0.008, bars 0.004; diameters of the medullary shell corresponding to 0.05, 0.04, 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, depth 1850
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 300. <i>Cubotholonium</i>,<a id="NtA_340" href="#Nt_340"><sup>[340]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Tholonida</span> with double (or sometimes triple)
+  cortical shell (with external veil), composed of six hemispherical cupolas, opposite in pairs on
+  the poles of three axes perpendicular one to another, covering six sides of the cuboidal
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped central chamber (with medullary shell).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cubotholonium</i> differs from the nearly allied <i>Cubotholus</i>
+  (its probable ancestral form) only in duplication of the cortical shell. I have observed only two
+  species of this rare form, both rather different. In the first species the outer cortical shell
+  forms a simple spherical thin veil around the inner, the six cupolas of which are nearly of the
+  same form and size. In the second species each of the domes of the <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page682">{682}</span>inner cortical shell is protected by an outer larger cupola, and besides
+  this the whole shell is enveloped by a thin ellipsoidal veil (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, fig. 15).
+  Therefore this species may be the representative of a peculiar genus, the most highly developed of
+  all Tholonida&mdash;<i>Tholothauma</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cubotholonium sph�roides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell (or veil) spherical, with smooth surface; network very delicate, with very
+  thin bars and very small irregular, roundish pores. Inner cortical shell simple, composed of six
+  hemispherical cupolas, surrounding the six sides of the cubical central chamber, which encloses a
+  spherical medullary shell (one-third as large as itself). Network of the inner cortical shell
+  regular, with circular pores of the same breadth as the bars, twelve to fourteen in the basal
+  semicircle of one cupola.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spherical outer shell 0.2, of the inner cortical shell
+  0.15; pores and bars of the latter 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cubotholonium ellipsoides</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate10"><b>10</b></a>, fig.
+  15).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Tholothauma ellipsoides</i>, Haeckel, 1883, MS.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Outer cortical shell (or veil) ellipsoidal, with very thin irregular network and thorny
+  surface. Inner cortical shell double, with six double, flatly vaulted cupolas, surrounding the six
+  sides of the <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped central chamber; the double domes of each shell are in
+  opposite pairs somewhat larger than the alternating pairs. Pores subregular, circular, about the
+  same breadth as the bars; eight to twelve in the basal semicircle of one cupola. Central chamber
+  with ellipsoidal medullary shell. Radial spines short, very numerous.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the outer cortical shell 0.28, minor 0.24; major axis of
+  the inner cortical shell 0.16, minor axis 0.14; pores and bars 0.006; medullary shell 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XXVIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Zonarida</span></span>, n. fam. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, figs.
+  9-12).</h4>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with regular, completely latticed
+  cortical shell, distinguished by two to four or more annular constrictions, which lie (all or
+  partly) in the dimensive planes (sagittal, transverse, or lateral), and by which four to eight or
+  more vaulted cupolas or dome-like chambers become separated. In the centre of this chambered
+  cortical shell lies constantly a trizonal or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Zonarida</span> comprises a small number of peculiar <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, resembling the Tholonida in the composition of the polythalamous
+  cortical shell by a number of cupolas or dome-shaped protuberances. But the disposition and origin
+  of these latter <span class="pagenum" id="page683">{683}</span>are quite different. Whilst in the
+  Tholonida the axes of the domes are dimensive axes, and these are separated by annular
+  constrictions lying in diagonal planes, in the Zonarida we find the contrary; the axes of the
+  domes are here diagonal axes, and these are separated by annular constrictions lying in dimensive
+  planes. However, this definition agrees absolutely only in the four-chambered <i>Zonarium</i> and
+  in the eight-chambered <i>Zonidium</i>, whilst in the six chambered <i>Zoniscus</i> only four
+  domes are disposed according to this law, two others, however, in the same manner as in the
+  Tholonida. Therefore this genus is intermediate between both families.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Cortical Shell</i> of the Zonarida is in all cases completely latticed and of regular
+  lentelliptical fundamental form, as in the nearly allied Larnacida and Tholonida. The three
+  dimensive axes are constantly of different sizes, each with two equal poles; commonly (as in the
+  human body) the principal or longitudinal axis is the longest, the sagittal (or dorso-ventral)
+  axis the shortest; the transverse (or lateral) axis being intermediate between them. Of the three
+  dimensive planes the lateral plane is the largest (determined by the principal and transverse
+  axes); the smallest is the equatorial plane (crossed by the transverse and sagittal axes); the
+  sagittal plane (determined by the sagittal and principal axes) being intermediate between
+  them.</p>
+
+  <p>The annular constrictions of the cortical shell which produce the dome-shaped protuberances are
+  different in number in the three known genera&mdash;two, three, or four. To each constriction
+  often (but not always) corresponds an internal latticed septum, which connects the cortical with
+  the medullary shell. The number of the cupolas is always double the number of the annular
+  constrictions by which they are separated, therefore four, six, or eight.</p>
+
+  <p>In all known Zonarida the sagittal septum is quite constant, but derived from the original
+  axial rod, which lies in the principal axis. By ramification of this axial beam and reticular
+  connection with the sagittal girdle arises the sagittal septum, which we found first in
+  <i>Octopyle</i>, halving the four gates of <i>Tetrapyle</i>. Whilst this sagittal septum (between
+  right and left halves of the body) is common to all three known genera of this family, the number
+  and shape of the other annular constrictions are different. In <i>Zonarium</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, fig. 9) we
+  find only one transverse constriction (in the equatorial plane), in <i>Zoniscus</i> (figs. 10, 11)
+  two parallel transverse constrictions (parallel to the equatorial plane, on both sides of it).
+  <i>Zonidium</i> (fig. 12) is a combination of both foregoing genera; it has three parallel
+  transverse constrictions (one in the equatorial plane, and one on each side of it).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Latticed Domes</i> (cupolas or chambers) of the cortical shell exhibit correspondingly a
+  different number and disposition in the three known genera. In <i>Zonarium</i> are found only four
+  crossed chambers, separated by the sagittal and transverse septa; the axes of the four crossed
+  domes are diagonal axes, whilst in the similar <i>Staurotholus</i> they are dimensive axes
+  (principal and transverse axes). In <i>Zonidium</i> we find eight domes, each cupola of
+  <i>Zonarium</i> being halved by a diagonal septum. <i>Zoniscus</i> is intermediate <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page684">{684}</span>between the two foregoing genera, and has six cupolas,
+  three on each side of the sagittal septum.</p>
+
+  <p>The inner communication of the cupolas or chambers is more or less free, the lattice-work of
+  the separating septa between them commonly remaining more or less imperfect, or represented only
+  by some isolated beams or meshes. The outer network of the cupolas is commonly irregular (as in
+  the majority of <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>), but sometimes distinguished by a small number
+  of regularly disposed larger apertures (similar to the "gates" of the Pylonida). From the surface
+  radial spines often arise in characteristic number and symmetrical disposition, commonly as
+  prolongations of the septal axes or of the constricted edges.</p>
+
+  <p>The <i>Medullary Shell</i> in all Zonarida is a true trizonal or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped
+  lattice-shell (compare above, p. <a href="#page600">600</a>); its perimeter (or the first lateral
+  girdle) is sometimes more elliptical, at other times more hexagonal; the hexagon is amphithect;
+  both its lateral sides are often concave and commonly longer than the four other sides.</p>
+
+  <p>The <i>Central Capsule</i> in all Zonarida is in a strict geometrical sense a true lentellipsis
+  (compare above, p. <a href="#page599">599</a>); its principal axis is commonly one and a third to
+  one and a half times as great as the transverse axis, and twice to three times as great as the
+  sagittal axis. The lentelliptical central capsule encloses the trizonal medullary shell, whilst it
+  is externally enveloped by the chambered cortical shell.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Zonarida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp4 mc smaller vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Zonarida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Zonarida">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two annular constrictions and four cupolas,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">301. <i>Zonarium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Three annular constrictions and six cupolas,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">302. <i>Zoniscus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 pr2">Four annular constrictions and eight cupolas,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">303. <i>Zonidium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 301. <i>Zonarium</i>,<a id="NtA_341" href="#Nt_341"><sup>[341]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Zonarida</span> with four dome-shaped chambers of
+  the cortical shell, separated by two annular constrictions (one sagittal and one transverse).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Zonarium</i> is the most simple form of the Zonarida, and differs from
+  the nearly allied <i>Larnacalpis</i> by two ring-like constrictions, which are crossed at right
+  angles, one in the sagittal (or median) plane, and one in the transverse (or equatorial) plane. By
+  these two annular constrictions four egg-shaped or kidney-shaped chambers become imperfectly
+  separated, which correspond to the quadrants of the lateral plane. The first cause of the marked
+  constrictions may be the formation of the latticed sagittal septum, which is found first in
+  <i>Octopyle</i>, as halving the four gates of <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page685">{685}</span><i>Tetrapyle</i>. Between this septum and the constricted narrow
+  transverse girdle the cortical shell grows out in the form of four vaulted cupolas; every two
+  opposite domes are congruent, two neighbouring are symmetrically equal.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Zonarium quadrigatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell quadrangular, one and a half times as long as broad, with four rounded corners.
+  Surface thorny, with numerous short radial spines. Sagittal constriction twice as long as the
+  hexagonal medullary shell. Four cupolas kidney-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.16, breadth 0.11; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Zonarium quadrispinum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell quadrangular, nearly rectangular, about twice as long as broad, with four
+  corners, from which arise four strong, three-sided pyramidal, radial spines (crossed in two
+  diagonals of the lateral plane). Surface thorny, only smooth in the transverse constriction.
+  Sagittal constriction three times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell. Four cupolas
+  elliptical or nearly quadrangular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.22, breadth 0.1; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.07, breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Zonarium octangulum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell octangular, one and a fourth times as long as broad, with eight strong conical
+  spines on the eight corners; these are separated by four deep constrictions on the poles of the
+  principal and transverse axes, and by four truncated planes on the poles of the crossed diagonal
+  axes between the former. Sagittal constriction twice as long as the hexagonal medullary shell.
+  Four cupolas kidney-shaped or nearly pentagonal.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.15, breadth 0.12; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.07, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Zonarium tetratholium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell quadrangular, with four rounded corners. Surface thorny, with sixteen stronger
+  radial spines; eight of these lie in the lateral plane, in the same symmetrical disposition as in
+  the foregoing species; eight others lie on both sides of the lateral plane, opposite in pairs in
+  two crossed diagonal planes, in the same symmetrical disposition as in <i>Tetrapyle
+  octacantha</i>. Sagittal <span class="pagenum" id="page686">{686}</span>constriction three times
+  as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell. Four cupolas obliquely elliptical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.16, breadth 0.12; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.04, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 302. <i>Zoniscus</i>,<a id="NtA_342" href="#Nt_342"><sup>[342]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Zonarida</span> with six dome-shaped chambers of the
+  cortical shell, separated by three annular constrictions (one sagittal and two transverse,
+  parallel to the equatorial plane).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Zoniscus</i> differs from <i>Zonarium</i> as well as from
+  <i>Zonidium</i> by the development of the transverse girdle, which is not constricted, but on the
+  contrary prominently vaulted in the equatorial plane. Therefore both wings of the transverse
+  girdle form here two opposite lateral or "equatorial cupolas," as in <i>Amphitholus</i>. These are
+  separated from four other domes (the "corner cupolas") by two transverse annular constrictions,
+  which correspond to the free edges of the original transverse girdle. The corner domes of each
+  pair are separated from each other by the sagittal septum.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Zoniscus rectangulus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly rectangular, with rounded corners, nearly one and a half times as long as
+  broad. Surface thorny, without larger radial spines. Sagittal constriction scarcely half as long
+  as the hexagonal medullary shell. Both equatorial cupolas (or wings of the transverse girdle)
+  scarcely half as large as the four corner cupolas.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.15, breadth 0.11; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.07, breadth 0.045.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Zoniscus hexathalamus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly elliptical, one and a third times as long as broad. Surface nearly
+  smooth, without radial spines. Sagittal constriction three times as long as the lentelliptical
+  medullary shell. Both equatorial cupolas about as large as the four corner cupolas.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.12, breadth 0.09; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.035, breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page687">{687}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Zoniscus tetracanthus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly quadrangular, one and a half times as long as broad, with four prominent
+  corners, from which arise in the lateral plane four strong, three-sided pyramidal radial spines
+  (opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal axes). Surface thorny, with exception of the concave
+  lateral sides. Sagittal constriction two and a half times as long as the hexagonal medullary
+  shell. Both equatorial cupolas scarcely half as large as the four corner cupolas.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.12; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.07, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Zoniscus octacanthus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly four-sided, prismatic, one and a third times as long as broad, with spiny
+  surface. Eight longer thin radial spines opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes (as in
+  <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>). Sagittal constriction two and a half times as long as the hexagonal
+  medullary shell. Both equatorial cupolas somewhat larger than the four corner cupolas.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.16, breadth 0.12; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.055, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Zoniscus hexatholius</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>,
+  fig. 11).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly rectangular, with four rounded corners and deep sagittal constriction,
+  one and a fourth times as long as broad with thorny surface. Twelve longer edged radial spines;
+  eight opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal planes (as in the foregoing species), four others
+  in the lateral plane, opposite in pairs on both sides of the sagittal constriction, which is
+  scarcely twice as long as the hexagonal, in the equatorial plane constricted medullary shell. Both
+  equatorial cupolas nearly of the same size as the four corner cupolas.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.16, breadth 0.13; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.07, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, depth 1375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 303. <i>Zonidium</i>,<a id="NtA_343" href="#Nt_343"><sup>[343]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Zonarida</span> with eight dome-shaped chambers of
+  the cortical shell, separated by four annular constrictions (one sagittal, one transverse, and two
+  others parallel to the latter).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Zonidium</i> must be regarded as a <i>Zonarium</i>, in which the four
+  cupolas (in the quadrants of the lateral plane) are halved by diagonal beams or latticed septa,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page688">{688}</span>lying opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal
+  planes. Therefore the number of the septa (four) and the domes (eight) is here doubled. Among the
+  eight cupolas we distinguish four median (on both sides of the sagittal plane) and four lateral
+  (on both sides of the equatorial plane); both groups are of different size and form. Probably
+  <i>Zonidium</i> is derived from <i>Zonarium</i> by lattice-connection between the eight diagonal
+  wing-spines, which in both species of this genus are present, the same as in <i>Tetrapyle
+  octacantha</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Zonidium octostylium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly quadrangular, with rounded corners and thorny surface. Eight long and
+  thin radial spines on both sides of the lateral plane opposite in pairs and lying in two crossed
+  diagonal planes (as in <i>Tetrapyle octacantha</i>). Sagittal constriction three times as long as
+  the lentelliptical medullary shell. Four medial cupolas (on both sides of the sagittal plane)
+  somewhat larger than the four lateral cupolas (on both sides of the equatorial plane).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.15, breadth 0.12; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Zonidium octotholium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate50"><b>50</b></a>,
+  fig. 12).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly octangular, with spiny surface; twenty long and stout radial spines
+  between numerous smaller spines; eight wing-spines opposite in pairs in two crossed diagonal
+  planes (as in the preceding species); twelve other strong spines in the lateral plane (four longer
+  opposite in pairs on the poles of the principal and transverse axes, eight others smaller,
+  alternating between these and the diagonal spines). Sagittal constriction twice as long as the
+  hexagonal medullary shell. Four median cupolas somewhat smaller than the four lateral cupolas.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.15; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.07, breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XXIX. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Lithelida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, figs.
+  1-7).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Lithelida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 515.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with symmetrical spiral shell,
+  divided by the spiral plane into two symmetrical halves; all windings of the spiral lie in this
+  plane. Primordial chamber either simple or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Lithelida</span> comprises all those <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> in which the growth of the latticed shell is spirally winding in one
+  plane, <i>Nautilus</i>-like. They agree in the spiral growth with the following family. But in the
+  Streblonida the spiral is screw-shaped, <span class="pagenum" id="page689">{689}</span>ascending
+  (like <i>Helix</i>). Therefore in these latter the geometrical fundamental form of the shell is
+  asymmetrical or "dysdipleural," whereas in the Lithelida bilateral-symmetrical or "eudipleural."
+  The lentelliptical or nearly spherical shell may be divided by a median section into two
+  symmetrical halves; the right half is the mirror image of the left half.</p>
+
+  <p>When in 1862 I founded the family Lithelida in my Monograph (p. 515), I knew only one genus,
+  <i>Lithelius</i>, with two species. The rich material of the Challenger collection contains a
+  great number of similar spirally constructed <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, so that at the
+  present time we may distinguish at least six genera. These belong to two different subfamilies,
+  which may possibly be afterwards better separated as families. The first subfamily, Spiremida,
+  possess a simple, spherical or subspherical, medullary shell; the second subfamily, Larcospirida,
+  possess a trizonal or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell. No doubt these latter must be
+  derived from Pylonida, as we observe all stages of development starting from a simple
+  <i>Trizonium</i>; but perhaps also the Spiremida have the same origin, their simple, spherical or
+  subspherical, medullary shell being derived from a trizonal or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary
+  shell by reduction.</p>
+
+  <p>The general appearance in both subfamilies of the Lithelida is quite the same, and it requires
+  a careful study of the medullary shell to distinguish certainly the Spiremida from the
+  Larcospirida. This distinction is often not easy, particularly in the larger forms; the shell is
+  often very opaque and difficult to understand. Only in one position, if the spiral axis be
+  parallel to the axis of the eye of the observer, and the spiral plane be therefore fully seen in
+  the optical plane of the microscope, the spiral line (or the axial section of the latticed spiral
+  lamella) is distinctly observed; in all other positions the figure of the spiral is more or less
+  indistinct, and the whole microscopical image often quite intricate and confused. The sufficient
+  study of this family requires therefore the contemplation of the shell from different sides, and
+  is the more difficult, as the variability of the Lithelida&mdash;as of the Pylonida&mdash;is
+  extraordinarily great.</p>
+
+  <p>The description which I gave of <i>Lithelius</i> (1862) in my Monograph is in some points
+  erroneous, and was afterwards (1879) corrected by R. Hertwig, who explained particularly the near
+  relation of it to <i>Tetrapyle</i>. Indeed the intermediate forms between the Lithelida and the
+  Pylonida are so numerous and so evident in all stages of development, that the derivation of the
+  former (at least of the Larcospirida) from the latter is quite clear. The analogy between the
+  structure of the Lithelida and the calcareous (foraminiferous) Alveolinida is not so complete as I
+  supposed it to be in my Monograph (1862); particularly the formation of the small chambers between
+  the turnings of the spiral lamella is much more complete in the Alveolinida than in the
+  Lithelida.</p>
+
+  <p>The cortical shell of all Lithelida has the same geometrical fundamental form as
+  <i>Nautilus</i> or as the nautiloid Polythalamia (<i>Polystomella</i>, <i>Nummulites</i>,
+  &amp;c.); therefore the shell is dipleural, being divided by the median plane into two symmetrical
+  lateral halves. <span class="pagenum" id="page690">{690}</span>Since the spiral line lies in the
+  median plane, we will call it the spiral plane; it separates the right half from the left. The
+  axis of the body, around which the spiral turns (without touching it), is the spiral axis. The
+  latticed part of the cortical shell, which turns around them, is the spiral lamella. Only in one
+  genus of our family, viz., <i>Tholospira</i>, are the spiral axis, the lateral axis, the spiral
+  plane, and the sagittal plane quite as in <i>Nautilus</i>. In all other genera this disposition is
+  different or is uncertain. This depends on the different part of the cortical shell, from which
+  the spiral growth begins. In this respect we can distinguish four different modes.</p>
+
+  <p>In the Larcospirida (or the Lithelida with <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell) the spiral
+  growth exhibits four quite different forms. It begins here with <i>Larcospira</i>, in which
+  already the first cortical girdle of the Diplozonaria determines the spiral growth; one wing of
+  this girdle, the transverse girdle of <i>Amphipyle</i>, grows more swiftly than the other,
+  overgrows it, and thus turns around the principal axis. In <i>Pylospira</i> the first or
+  transverse girdle is already perfectly formed (as in <i>Amphipyle</i>), and the spiral growth is
+  introduced by the second or lateral girdle of <i>Tetrapyle</i>; one wing of it (the right or the
+  left) grows more swiftly than the other, overgrows it, and thus turns around the sagittal axis. In
+  <i>Tholospira</i> also the second girdle is complete, and the spiral growth begins from the third
+  or sagittal girdle. One of its wings grows more swiftly than the other, overgrows it, and thus
+  turns around the transverse axis. Consequently we see that each of the three dimensive planes of
+  the lentelliptical Larcoid-body may be the spiral plane: in <i>Larcospira</i> the transverse
+  plane, in <i>Pylospira</i> the lateral plane, in <i>Tholospira</i> the sagittal plane.
+  Correspondingly the spiral axis in the first genus is the principal, in the second the sagittal,
+  in the third the transverse axis of the central <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell. Therefore in these three
+  genera the spiral plane is the plane of the latticed girdle, which determines the spiral growth,
+  one of both its wings overgrowing the other.</p>
+
+  <p>In each of the three above mentioned genera the spiral may be simple or double; it remains
+  simple if only one of both wings of the turning girdle overgrow the other, and this latter remain
+  a simple half girdle (or tube-like wing). Whereas the spiral becomes double if the second wing of
+  the girdle afterwards follow the example of the first wing and now turn around it in the same
+  direction. As this happens in all three genera, we can subdivide them into six subgenera.</p>
+
+  <p>A quite peculiar form of spiral growth is produced in <i>Spironium</i>, in which the direction
+  of growth in both lateral wings of the transverse girdle is inverse from the beginning. The left
+  wing grows against the posterior, the right wing against the anterior pole of the principal axis,
+  turning around it in crossed, eight-like spirals. The whole shell afterwards assumes a
+  lentelliptical form.</p>
+
+  <p>Commonly between the embracing spiral turnings or convolutions a great number of radial beams
+  is developed, irregularly disposed and often branching; they support the <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page691">{691}</span>thin spiral lamell� and give to the whole shell more solidity. Often
+  these beams form imperfect radial septa, by which the spiral cavity of the turnings is divided
+  into a variable number of chambers. But these chambers never become so regular and perfect as in
+  the analogous nautiloid Polythalamia.</p>
+
+  <p>In many Lithelida the growth of the shell reaches a certain limit, concluding with the
+  formation of a superficial latticed lamella of lentelliptical or nearly spherical form. In many
+  other forms of the family this seems not to be the case; but these may possibly be younger forms,
+  afterwards reaching the same limit.</p>
+
+  <p>The network of the shell in the Lithelida is commonly quite irregular, and so variable that its
+  special conformation has usually no value in the determination of the species. The surface of the
+  shell is often covered with radial spines, which are sometimes arborescent.</p>
+
+  <p>The central capsule seems always to preserve the same lentelliptical form (or triaxial
+  ellipsoid) as in all other <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>. With the increase of growth it
+  encloses successively a larger part of the spiral cortical shell, but on the outside is constantly
+  protected by the last turnings of the spiral, or by the lattice-lamella of the surface.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Lithelida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w60 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Lithelida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Lithelida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 w30 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">I</span>I. Subfamily Spiremida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Central medullary shell simple, spherical or lentelliptical.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface of the cortical shell smooth or thorny, withou radial
+      spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">304. <i>Spirema</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Surface of the cortical shell covered with numerous simple or branched
+      radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">305. <i>Lithelius</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Larcospirida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Central medullary shell double, trizonal or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">The transverse girdle turns around the principal axis,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">306. <i>Larcospira</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">The lateral girdle turns around the sagittal axis,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">307. <i>Pylospira</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">The sagittal girdle turns around the transverse axis,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">308. <i>Tholospira</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Both wings of the transverse girdle turn around the principal axis in
+      an opposite diagonal direction,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">309. <i>Spironium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Lithelida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Lithelida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">I. Subfamily Spiremida. Central medullary shell simple, spherical or
+      lentelliptical.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface of the cortical shell smooth or thorny, withou radial
+      spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">304. <i>Spirema</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Surface of the cortical shell covered with numerous simple or
+      branched radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">305. <i>Lithelius</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">II. Subfamily Larcospirida. Central medullary shell double, trizonal or
+      <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">The transverse girdle turns around the principal axis,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">306. <i>Larcospira</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">The lateral girdle turns around the sagittal axis,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">307. <i>Pylospira</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">The sagittal girdle turns around the transverse axis,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">308. <i>Tholospira</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Both wings of the transverse girdle turn around the principal axis
+      in an opposite diagonal direction,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">309. <i>Spironium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Spiremida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 464.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Lithelida</span> with simple, spherical
+  or subspherical, medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 304. <i>Spirema</i>,<a id="NtA_344" href="#Nt_344"><sup>[344]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 464.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Lithelida</span> with simple, spherical or
+  subspherical, medullary shell, and lentelliptical or subspherical, spirally constructed cortical
+  shell; surface smooth or thorny, without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page692">{692}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spirema</i> begins the series of the Spiremida, or of those Lithelida
+  in which the medullary shell presents a simple latticed sphere or ellipsoid, never composed of a
+  double, trizonal or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped shell. In the present state of our knowledge we
+  cannot say whether this simple medullary shell be a primary formation, or effected by secondary
+  means, by reduction of a double <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell, which is constantly
+  found in the Larcospirida. The species of this genus (as of all Lithelida) are difficult to
+  distinguish, are transformistic, and incline very much to variations and abnormalities. The spiral
+  may be simple or double.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Spiremarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spiral convolutions of the cortical shell simple.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spirema lentellipsis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell lentelliptical, with smooth surface; proportion of its three dimensive axes =
+  4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. In the median plane are visible four perfect turnings of the simple
+  spiral, the breadth of which gradually increases towards the third convolution, finally
+  decreasing; the broadest (third) turning three times as broad as the simple spherical medullary
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the lentelliptical cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.15, height
+  0.12; diameter of the spherical medullary shell 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spirema melonia</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly spherical, with smooth surface; proportion of its three dimensive axes =
+  1.4&nbsp;:&nbsp;1.5&nbsp;:&nbsp;1.6. In the median plane are visible three perfect turnings of the
+  simple spiral, all of the same breadth as the simple spherical medullary shell; the breadth of
+  each convolution somewhat greater at the poles of the principal than at the poles of the sagittal
+  axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.15, height 0.14; medullary shell
+  0.018.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spirema flustrella</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Flustrella haliomma</i>, Ehrenberg (1861), Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, 1872, p. 293, Taf. ii. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell egg-shaped, with thorny surface; proportion of its three axes =
+  4&nbsp;:&nbsp;5&nbsp;:&nbsp;6. In the median plane are visible three perfect turnings of the
+  simple spiral, the first and second of about the same breadth as the simple spherical medullary
+  shell, the third suddenly increasing, and finally three to four times as broad. Network of the
+  surface irregular, with roundish pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.17, height 0.14; medullary shell
+  0.013.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Greenland, 1000 fathoms, Ehrenberg; F�r�e
+  Channel, John Murray.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page693">{693}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spiremidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spiral convolutions of the cortical shell double.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spirema diplospira</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell lentelliptical, with smooth surface; proportion of its three dimensive axes =
+  6&nbsp;:&nbsp;7&nbsp;:&nbsp;8. In the median plane are visible three perfect turnings of a double
+  spiral, the breadth of which gradually increases; the broadest (third) convolution three times as
+  broad as the simple lentelliptical medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.24, breadth 0.21, height 0.18; medullary shell
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific, Philippines, Station 200, depth 250
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Spirema subglobosum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly spherical, with thorny surface; proportion of its three axes =
+  2&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.1&nbsp;:&nbsp;2.2. In the median plane are visible two perfect turnings of a
+  double spiral, the breadth of which in the second convolution is four times as great as that of
+  the first convolution and the simple spherical medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.22, breadth 0.21, height 0.2; medullary shell
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, off Sierra Leone, Station 348, depth
+  (2450) fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 305. <i>Lithelius</i>,<a id="NtA_345" href="#Nt_345"><sup>[345]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1862,
+  Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 519.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Lithelida</span> with simple, spherical or
+  subspherical, medullary shell, and lentelliptical or subspherical, spirally constructed cortical
+  shell; surface covered with numerous, simple or branched, radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Lithelius</i>, founded by me in 1862, and represented by two
+  Mediterranean species, was at that time the only known form of this family, which now contains six
+  genera and twenty-seven species. It differs from the foregoing <i>Spirema</i> in the possession of
+  numerous radial spines on the surface. These may be either simple or branched. The spiral may be
+  simple or double, and according to this latter modification we distinguish two different
+  subgenera.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Lithospira</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spiral convolutions of the cortical shell simple.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Lithelius spiralis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lithelius spiralis, Haeckel</i>, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 519, Taf. xxvii.
+    figs. 6, 7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell lentelliptical, one and a third times as long as broad, covered with very
+  numerous (one hundred to one hundred and fifty or more) simple, bristle-shaped radial spines,
+  about as long <span class="pagenum" id="page694">{694}</span>as the shell. Spiral turnings simple,
+  all nearly of the same breadth and scarcely broader than the simple spherical medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell (with six spiral convolutions) 0.15,
+  breadth 0.13; diameter of the medullary shell 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Messina, Haeckel, surface; Atlantic, Stations
+  348 to 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Lithelius primordialis</i>, R. Hertwig.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lithelius primordialis</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., p. 54,
+    Taf. vi. figs. 4, 4<i>a</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell subspherical, covered with numerous simple, bristle-shaped radial spines, longer
+  than the shell. Spiral turnings simple, with gradually increasing breadth, so that the beginning
+  of the third spiral is twice as broad as the first and as the simple spherical medullary
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell (with two spiral convolutions) 0.12;
+  diameter of the medullary shell 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Messina, R. Hertwig, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Lithelius alveolina</i>, Haeckel, 1862.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lithelius alveolina</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 520, Taf.
+    xxvii. figs. 8, 9.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell spherical, covered with simple, very numerous (two hundred to three hundred or
+  more), short, bristle-shaped radial spines, scarcely half as long as the radius of the shell.
+  Spiral turnings simple, with gradually increasing breadth, so that the beginning of the third
+  spiral is three times as broad as the first and as the simple spherical medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell (with four spiral convolutions) 0.2;
+  diameter of the medullary shell 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, on many
+  Stations, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Lithelius capreolus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell lentelliptical, one and a fourth times as long as broad, covered with numerous
+  (eighty to one hundred and twenty or more) short, branched radial spines, about half as long as
+  the radius of the shell; each spine once or twice dichotomous, with curved divergent branches.
+  Spiral turnings simple, with gradually increasing breadth, so that the beginning of the third
+  spiral is twice as broad as the first, and as the simple spherical medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell (with four spiral convolutions) 0.18,
+  breadth 0.14; diameter of the medullary shell 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Drymospira</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 464.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spiral convolutions of the cortical shell double.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page695">{695}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Lithelius solaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>,
+  fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell spherical, covered with simple, very numerous (two hundred to three hundred)
+  bristle-shaped radial spines, longer than the diameter of the shell. Spiral turnings double, both
+  of the same breadth, gradually increasing with the growth of the shell and several times
+  surpassing the diameter of the simple spherical medullary shell. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, fig. 2,
+  exhibits only the first convolutions in the centre of the shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell (with four spiral convolutions) 0.18;
+  diameter of the medullary shell 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 266 to 272, surface and in
+  various depths.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Lithelius arborescens</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell lentelliptical, one and a half times as long as broad, covered with numerous
+  (fifty to eighty or more) branched radial spines, about as long as the greatest diameter of the
+  shell; each spine with two to four lateral branches, which are again branched or dichotomous.
+  Spiral turnings double, both of little different breadth, which increases considerably with the
+  growth of the shell, so that the third turn is four times as broad as the simple spherical
+  medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell (with three spiral convolutions) 0.18,
+  breadth 0.12; diameter of the medullary shell 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel, surface, John Murray.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Larcospirida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Lithelida</span> with double, trizonal,
+  or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 306. <i>Larcospira</i>,<a id="NtA_346" href="#Nt_346"><sup>[346]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Lithelida</span> with double, trizonal, or
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell; cortical shell subspherical or lentelliptical,
+  constructed of a simple or double spiral of the transverse girdle (or primary cortical girdle);
+  the spiral lamella revolving around the principal axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Larcospira</i> begins the interesting series of the Larcospirida, or
+  of those Lithelida in which the medullary shell is formed by a trizonal or
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped lattice-shell, and the cortical shell by spiral turnings of one of the
+  three girdles, which compose the cortical shell of the Pylonida. In <i>Larcospira</i>, as the
+  oldest and most simple form of Larcospirida, the spiral is formed by the transverse girdle, or the
+  first girdle of the Diplozonaria, the only cortical girdle of <i>Amphipyle</i>. If in this genus
+  one of both wings of the transverse girdle grow stronger than the other and overgrow the latter,
+  turning <span class="pagenum" id="page696">{696}</span>around the principal axis, we reach the
+  characteristic form of <i>Larcospirema</i>, the first subgenus of <i>Larcospira</i>; but if
+  afterwards the second wing follow the example of the first, and overgrow it from the other side,
+  we reach the typical form of the second subgenus, <i>Larcospironium</i>. In this latter subgenus
+  the spiral becomes double, whilst in the former it remains simple.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Larcospirema</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spiral convolutions or turns of the cortical shell simple;
+  only one single wing of the transverse girdle turning around the principal axis.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Larcospira lentelliptica</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with smooth surface, four times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell.
+  Perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical, one and a half times as long as broad, without
+  constrictions. One lateral wing of the transverse girdle is more strongly developed and turns
+  around the other in two to three simple spiral turns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.2, breadth 0.16; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Larcospira quadrangula</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with thorny surface, three times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell.
+  Perimeter of the lateral plane nearly quadrangular, with four rounded corners (on the poles of two
+  crossed diagonal axes), one and a third times as long as broad, with one sagittal constriction at
+  the poles of the principal axis. One lateral wing of the transverse girdle turns around the other
+  in one and a half to two simple spiral turns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.14; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Larcospira sexangula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with spiny surface, four times as long as the hexagonal medullary shell.
+  Perimeter of the lateral plane nearly hexagonal, one and a half times as long as broad, with six
+  rounded corners (two on the poles of the principal axis, four on the poles of two crossed diagonal
+  axes), with three slight ring-like constrictions. One lateral wing of the transverse girdle turns
+  around the other in two to two and a half simple spiral turns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.24, breadth 0.16; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page697">{697}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Larcospironium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spiral convolutions or turns of the cortical shell double;
+  both wings of the transverse girdle turning around the principal axis.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Larcospira oliva</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with smooth surface, six times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell.
+  Perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical, one and a fourth times as long as broad, without
+  constrictions. Both lateral wings of the transverse girdle turn round one another and form one and
+  a half to two double spiral turns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.25, breadth 0.2; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.04, breadth 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 307. <i>Pylospira</i>,<a id="NtA_347" href="#Nt_347"><sup>[347]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Lithelida</span> with double, trizonal or
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell; cortical shell subspherical or lentelliptical,
+  constructed of a single or double spiral of the lateral girdle (or second cortical girdle); the
+  spiral lamella revolving round the sagittal axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Pylospira</i> follows after <i>Larcospira</i> as the second genus of
+  Larcospirida; but in this latter the spiral of the cortical shell is formed by the transverse
+  girdle (or the first lattice-girdle of the Diplozonaria), whilst in <i>Pylospira</i> it is
+  produced by the lateral girdle, or the second lattice-girdle of that group. Therefore
+  <i>Pylospira</i> may be derived phylogenetically from <i>Tetrapyle</i> in the same manner as
+  <i>Larcospira</i> from <i>Amphipyle</i>. Whilst in this latter the first cause of the spiral
+  turning, the unequal growth of both girdle-wings, proceeds from the transverse girdle, in
+  <i>Pylospira</i> it proceeds from the lateral girdle. One of its wings overgrows the other,
+  turning around the sagittal axis. If the second wing do not become developed, the spiral remains
+  simple and represents the subgenus <i>Pylospirema</i>; but if afterwards the second wing follow
+  the example of the first and overgrow it from the other side, we reach the typical form of the
+  second subgenus, <i>Pylospironium</i>, with a double spiral.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Pylospirema</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spiral convolutions or turns of the cortical shell simple,
+  only one single wing of the lateral girdle turning around the sagittal axis.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page698">{698}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pylospira tetrapyle</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with thorny surface, five times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell.
+  Perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical, one and a half times as long as broad. Four internal
+  gates (as in <i>Tetrapyle</i>, between the complete lateral wings of the transverse girdle)
+  kidney-shaped. One principal wing of the lateral girdle turns around the other in one and a half
+  to two simple spiral turns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.21, breadth 0.15; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.04, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pylospira octopyle</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with thorny surface, three times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell.
+  Perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical or nearly hexagonal, with four rounded corners (on the
+  poles of two crossed diagonal axes), one and a third times as long as broad. Eight internal
+  egg-shaped gates (as in <i>Octopyle</i>), between the complete lateral wings of the transverse
+  girdle, and two axial beams in the principal axis. One single wing of the lateral girdle turns
+  around the other in two to three simple spiral turns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.18, breadth 0.14; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.06, breadth 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Pylospironium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spiral convolutions or turns of the cortical shell double;
+  both wings of the lateral girdle turning around the sagittal axis.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Pylospira cymbium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with smooth surface, seven times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell.
+  Perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical, one and a third times as long as broad. Four internal
+  kidney-shaped gates between the complete lateral wings of the transverse girdle (as in
+  <i>Tetrapyle</i>). Both principal wings of the lateral girdle turn round one another in two to two
+  and a half double spiral turns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.22, breadth 0.17; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.03, breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page699">{699}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 308. <i>Tholospira</i>,<a id="NtA_348" href="#Nt_348"><sup>[348]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Lithelida</span> with double, trizonal or
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell; cortical shell subspherical or lentelliptical
+  constructed of a simple or double spiral of the sagittal girdle (or third cortical girdle); the
+  spiral lamella revolving around the transverse axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tholospira</i> represents the third genus of Larcospirida. Whilst the
+  spiral growth of the cortical shell is produced in <i>Larcospira</i> by the first (transverse)
+  girdle of the Diplozonaria, in <i>Pylospira</i> by the second (lateral) girdle, in
+  <i>Tholospira</i> it is effected by the third or sagittal girdle, which we found complete in
+  <i>Pylonium</i>. If in this genus one wing of the sagittal girdle overgrow the other remaining one
+  and turn around the transverse axis, we get <i>Tholospirema</i>, the first subgenus of our genus,
+  with simple spiral; but if afterwards the second wing follow the example of the first, and
+  overgrow it from the other side, we get <i>Tholospironium</i>, with double spiral.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tholospirema</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spiral convolutions or turns of the cortical shell simple,
+  only one single wing of the sagittal girdle turning around the transverse axis.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Tholospira nautiloides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell with smooth surface, five times as long as the lentelliptical medullary shell.
+  Perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical, one and a half times as long as broad. Four internal
+  kidney-shaped gates (between the lateral wings of the transverse girdle, as in <i>Tetrapyle</i>).
+  One wing of the sagittal girdle turns around the other in two to two and a half simple spiral
+  turns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.24, breadth 0.18; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, between Ceylon and Socotra, Haeckel,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Tholospira spinosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell covered with numerous (sixty to eighty or more) simple, bristle-like radial
+  spines, about the length of the shell. Perimeter of the lateral plane nearly quadrangular, with
+  four rounded corners (on the poles of two crossed diagonal axes), one and a half times as long as
+  broad. Eight internal egg-shaped gates (between the lateral wings of the transverse girdle and two
+  axial <span class="pagenum" id="page700">{700}</span>beams in the principal axes, as in
+  <i>Octopyle</i>). One wing of the sagittal girdle turns around the other in two to three simple
+  spiral turns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.27, breadth 0.18; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.04, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Tholospira dendrophora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell covered with numerous (forty to fifty or more) branched radial spines, about
+  half as long as the shell; each spine with two to six dichotomous branches. Perimeter of the
+  lateral plane elliptical, one and a third times as long as broad. Eight internal egg-shaped gates,
+  as in the foregoing species. One single wing of the sagittal girdle turns around the other in
+  three to four spiral turns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.22, breadth 0.17; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tholospironium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spiral convolutions of the cortical shell double; both
+  wings of the sagittal girdle turning around the transverse axis.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Tholospira hystrix</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell covered with numerous (sixty to eighty or more) simple conical spines, about
+  half as long as the shell. Perimeter of the lateral plane hexagonal, one and a half times as long
+  as broad. Four internal kidney-shaped gates, as in <i>Tetrapyle</i>. Both wings of the sagittal
+  girdle turn round one another in two to two and a half double spiral turns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.21, breadth 0.14; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.04, breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Tholospira cervicornis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell covered with numerous (forty to fifty or more) branched radial spines; each
+  spine antler-shaped, about as long as the medullary <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell, with eight to twelve
+  dichotomous branches (similar to <i>Cromyodrymus abietinus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>, fig. 6).
+  Perimeter of the lateral plane elliptical, one and a third times as long as broad. Four internal
+  kidney-shaped gates, as in <i>Tetrapyle</i>. Both wings of the sagittal girdle turn round one
+  another in one and a half to two double spiral turns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.2, breadth 0.15; length of the
+  medullary shell 0.03, breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page701">{701}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 309. <i>Spironium</i>,<a id="NtA_349" href="#Nt_349"><sup>[349]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Lithelida</span> with double, trizonal or
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell; cortical shell subspherical or lentelliptical,
+  constructed of two crossed spirals, which arise from both lateral wings of one girdle (commonly
+  the lateral girdle) and revolve in an opposite diagonal direction around the principal axis.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spironium</i> differs in a very remarkable manner from all foregoing
+  Lithelida, and is distinguished by a quite peculiar mode of growth. It is most nearly allied to
+  <i>Larcopyle</i>, and may, like this, be derived from <i>Amphipyle</i> (or rather from
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>, beginning to transform into <i>Amphipyle</i>). But whilst in <i>Larcopyle</i>
+  one of the two wings of the lateral girdle overgrows the other in the direction of the transverse
+  axis (turning around the principal axis), here in <i>Spironium</i> both lateral wings begin at the
+  same time to grow out from the lateral sides of the <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell; the
+  most remarkable thing is, however, that the direction of growth in the wings is diverse from the
+  beginning: the left wing grows downwards and turns around the lower (aboral) pole of the principal
+  axis, the right wing grows upwards and turns around the upper (oral) pole of the same axis. Thus
+  both wings of the lateral girdle are crossed in diagonal axes, and with increasing growth one
+  overgrows the other in the direction of these diagonals, so as to resemble the figure 8 in shape.
+  The open gates remaining between the turnings of the girdle become afterwards closed on the
+  surface by irregular lattice-work, and so the whole cortical shell assumes finally a spherical,
+  ellipsoidal, or lentelliptical form. Its surface sometimes becomes covered with simple or branched
+  radial spines. In the interior the eight characteristic egg-shaped gates of <i>Octopyle</i> are
+  commonly (or constantly?) visible, two strong radial beams in the principal axis arising from the
+  poles of the lentelliptical medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Spironetta</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell smooth or rough, but not with radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spironium octonium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell lentelliptical, its breadth (or transverse axis) surpassing considerably the
+  length (or the principal axis). Surface thorny and somewhat hump-backed. The spiral wings of the
+  transverse girdle have about the same breadth as the eight internal gates between them and the
+  axial beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell (or principal axis) 0.15, breadth (or
+  transverse axis) 0.2; length of the medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, west of Tristan da Cunha, Station 332, depth
+  2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page702">{702}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spironium diagonale</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell nearly spherical, four times as great as the subspherical medullary shell.
+  Surface rough. The spiral wings of the transverse girdle about half as broad as the eight internal
+  gates between them and the axial beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.16, of the medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spironilla</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell covered with simple or branched
+  radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spironium spinosum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell subspherical, five times as great as the subspherical medullary shell. Surface
+  covered with numerous (sixty to eighty or more) simple, bristle-like radial spines, longer than
+  the shell. The spiral wings of the transverse girdle of about the same breadth as the eight
+  internal gates between them and the axial beams.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the cortical shell 0.2, of the medullary shell 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Spironium arbustum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell lentelliptical, its breadth surpassing its length considerably. Surface covered
+  with numerous (forty to sixty or more) thin radial spines, about as long as the greatest diameter
+  of the shell; each spine with two to six lateral branches, which are either simple or again
+  branched (similar to <i>Cromyodrymus abietinus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate30"><b>30</b></a>, fig. 6).
+  The spiral wings of the transverse girdle only half as broad as the eight internal gates between
+  them and the strong beams of the principal axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cortical shell 0.12, breadth 0.15; length of the
+  hexagonal medullary shell 0.05, breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XXX. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Streblonida</span></span>, n. fam. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, figs. 8,
+  9).</h4>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with asymmetrical, spiral,
+  polythalamous shell, composed of a variable number of roundish chambers, which form together an
+  ascending spiral; both halves of the shell unequal. Primordial chamber either simple or
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Streblonida</span> comprises those <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> in which a number of chambers is arranged in an ascending spiral,
+  round a simple or trizonal primordial chamber, like winding stairs. They show the same spiral
+  structure as in the foregoing <span class="pagenum" id="page703">{703}</span>family, but whilst in
+  the Lithelida the spiral line lies in one plane (as in <i>Nautilus</i>), in the Streblonida it
+  ascends like a screw (as in <i>Helix</i>). Therefore the former have the same relation, regarding
+  the spiral structure, to the nautiloid Polythalamia as the latter to the turbinoid Foraminifera.
+  Indeed the single forms of Streblemida repeat in their special structure the characteristic genera
+  of Turbinoida, such as <i>Globigerina</i>, <i>Rosalina</i>, <i>Pulvinulina</i>,
+  <i>Hastigerina</i>, &amp;c. As in these calcareous turbinoid Foraminifera, so also in the
+  analogous siliceous Streblonida the distinction of species is very difficult and open to many
+  objections.</p>
+
+  <p>The number of species in this family is very small; all are rare and for the most part very
+  opaque and difficult to understand, so that the following distinction of a dozen species can have
+  only a provisional value. To get a complete idea of their peculiar structure, the shell must be
+  turned and observed from different sides, and thus their full study requires yet much time and
+  work. There are to be found evident transitional forms between them and the Lithelida on the one
+  hand and the Soreumida on the other. Besides this, most species of Streblonida seem to have more
+  inclination to individual varieties and abnormalities than the majority of the other
+  Radiolaria.</p>
+
+  <p>The general form of the whole shell is in the Streblonida sometimes more egg-shaped or even
+  subspherical, at other times more top-like or conical, sometimes nearly discoidal. The height of
+  the shell (or the vertical axis of the ascending spiral) is occasionally larger, at other times
+  smaller than the breadth (or the greatest horizontal diameter, perpendicular to the height). Some
+  very flat forms seem to approach the Lithelida. With regard to the internal screw-formation, the
+  shell of all Streblonida is asymmetrical.</p>
+
+  <p>The number of the aggregated incomplete chambers is commonly between ten and twenty, but
+  ascends sometimes to thirty, forty, or more. Sometimes the size of all the chambers is nearly the
+  same, sometimes they increase gradually, occasionally also very rapidly. The primordial chamber
+  (or the first and oldest) seems to be commonly the smallest, and inversely, the last and youngest
+  chamber, the largest. But sometimes (in <i>Streblopyle</i>) also the contrary may be the case. The
+  form of the single chambers is very variable, from the spherical or hemispherical through all
+  transitions leading to irregular roundish or longish forms. The network is commonly irregular,
+  with small roundish pores of different sizes, but sometimes also regular, circular. The surface of
+  the shell is commonly smooth or rough, rarely covered with radial spines. In most species the
+  reticulation and particularly the  separation of the chambers is more or less incomplete.</p>
+
+  <p>As in the Lithelida, so also in the Streblonida we can distinguish two subfamilies. In the
+  Streblacanthida (<i>Streblonia</i>, <i>Streblacantha</i>) the primordial chamber is a simple,
+  spherical, subspherical, or lentelliptical latticed shell. In the Streblopylida
+  (<i>Streblopyle</i>) the primordial chamber is trizonal or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped, as in the
+  greater number of <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, composed of three elliptical latticed
+  girdles of unequal size, perpendicular one to another, and surrounding a simple central chamber.
+  As in the Lithelida, so also <span class="pagenum" id="page704">{704}</span>here we cannot
+  certainly say whether the former have originated from the latter by reduction of the
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell, or whether both groups be of different origin. The latter is perhaps more
+  probable. This family as well as the foregoing requires a much more careful study than I could
+  give to it.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Streblonida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w60 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Streblonida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Streblonida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 w40 sp0">
+        <p>I. Subfamily Streblacanthida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Primordial chamber simple, spherical or lentelliptical.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell without radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">310. <i>Streblonia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell with radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">311. <i>Streblacantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Streblopylida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Primordial chamber trizonal or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped</p>
+      </td>
+      <td></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell without radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">312. <i>Streblopyle</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Streblonida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Streblonida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">I. Subfamily Streblacanthida. Primordial chamber simple, spherical or
+      lentelliptical.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell without radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">310. <i>Streblonia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell with radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">311. <i>Streblacantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">II. Subfamily Streblopylida. Primordial chamber trizonal or
+      <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell without radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">312. <i>Streblopyle</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 310. <i>Streblonia</i>,<a id="NtA_350" href="#Nt_350"><sup>[350]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Streblonida</span> with simple, spherical,
+  subspherical, or lentelliptical primordial chamber, beginning the screw-like series of spirally
+  ascending chambers. Surface smooth or thorny, without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Streblonia</i> contains those Streblonida in which a variable number
+  of roundish, subspherical, or longish chambers form a screw-like aggregate, beginning with a quite
+  simple primordial chamber. The special order of the complex spiral offers interesting resemblances
+  to different genera of the calcareous Foraminifera, from which I have taken the corresponding name
+  of the species. The whole form of the shell is sometimes more egg-shaped or subspherical, at other
+  times more top-like or conical, occasionally very flat.  Its surface is smooth or rough, but not
+  covered with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Streblonia globigerina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell subspherical, thick walled, clustered, with eight to ten nearly spherical chambers, of
+  rapidly increasing size, the tenth chamber about twelve times as broad as the first. Breadth of
+  the shell nearly equal to the height. Pores subregular, circular, hexagonally formed, of about the
+  same breadth as the bars; about sixteen on the breadth of the tenth chamber. (Resembles very much
+  the common <i>Globigerina</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Breadth of the shell 0.18, height 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, depth 3125 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Streblonia uvigerina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell nearly egg-shaped, clustered, with eight to eleven subspherical chambers of gradually
+  increasing size, the tenth chamber about six times as broad as the first. Breadth of the shell
+  about <span class="pagenum" id="page705">{705}</span>half its height.  Pores of the shell
+  subregular, circular, about twice as broad as the bars; about twenty on the breadth of the tenth
+  chamber. (Resembles some species of <i>Uvigerina</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Breadth of the shell 0.11, height 0.23.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Streblonia polymorphina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell egg-shaped, thin walled, with twelve to fourteen roundish chambers of rapidly increasing
+  size, the tenth chamber about seven times as broad as the first. Breadth of the shell about
+  two-thirds of the height. Pores irregular roundish, twice as broad as the bars; about twenty on
+  the tenth chamber. (Resembles certain forms of <i>Polymorphina</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Breadth of shell 0.22, height 0.14.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Streblonia bulimina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell nearly egg-shaped, thick walled, clustered, with fourteen to eighteen egg-shaped chambers
+  of rapidly increasing size, the tenth chamber about eight times as broad as the first. Breadth of
+  the shell about two-thirds of the height. Pores irregular, roundish, half as broad as the bars;
+  about twelve on the breadth of the tenth chamber. (Resembles closely <i>Bulimina</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Breadth of the shell 0.17, height 0.24.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 268, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Streblonia rosalina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell top-shaped or flatly conical, with twelve to sixteen chambers of gradually increasing
+  size, the tenth chamber about four times as broad as the first. Breadth of the shell twice as
+  large as the height. Pores subregular, circular, very small, of the same breadth as the bars;
+  about twelve on the breadth of the tenth chamber. (Resembles some forms of <i>Rosalina</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Breadth of the shell 0.27, height 0.13.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Streblonia planorbulina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very flatly conical, nearly lenticular or discoidal, with twenty to twenty-five chambers
+  of nearly equal size, the tenth chamber a little broader than the first. Breadth of the shell
+  exceeds five to six times the height. Pores subregular, circular, very small, half as broad as the
+  bars; about eight on the breadth of the tenth chamber. (Resembles closely
+  <i>Planorbulina</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Breadth of the shell 0.3 to 0.4, height 0.06 to 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Pullen, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page706">{706}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Streblonia pulvinulina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell top-shaped or flatly conical, with thirty to forty chambers of slowly increasing size,
+  the tenth chamber about three times as broad as the first. Breadth of the shell exceeds three
+  times the height. Pores circular, subregular, very small, about one-third as broad as the bars;
+  about thirty in the breadth of the tenth chamber. (Resembles closely <i>Pulvinulina</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Breadth of the shell 0.25, height 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 263, depth 2650 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 311. <i>Streblacantha</i>,<a id="NtA_351" href="#Nt_351"><sup>[351]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Streblonida</span> with simple, spherical,
+  subspherical, or lentelliptical primordial chamber, beginning the screw-like series of spirally
+  ascending chambers. Surface covered with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Streblacantha</i> differs from the nearly allied <i>Streblonia</i>
+  only in the covering of radial spines, and bears therefore the same relation to it as
+  <i>Hastigerina</i> has to <i>Globigerina</i> amongst the similar calcareous Polythalamia.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Streblacantha siderolina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, figs. 8,
+  8<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Streblonia siderolina</i>, Haeckel, 1883, MS.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell flatly conical, with fourteen to sixteen nearly hemispherical chambers of gradually
+  increasing size, the tenth chamber about six times as broad as the first. Breadth of the shell
+  nearly equal to the height. Pores subregular, circular, hexagonally framed, twice as broad as the
+  bars; about nine pores on the breadth of the tenth chamber. Surface covered with numerous short
+  conical radial spines, one-fourth to one-sixth as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Breadth of the shell 0.15, height 0.17.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 298, depth 2225 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Streblacantha calcarina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell conical, with sixteen to eighteen roundish chambers of gradually increasing size, the
+  tenth chamber about three times as broad as the first. Breadth of the shell about one and a half
+  times the height. Pores irregular, roundish. Surface covered with numerous strong conical radial
+  spines, about half as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Breadth of the shell 0.24, height 0.17.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 285, depth 2375 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page707">{707}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Streblacantha hastigerina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell nearly spherical, clustered, with nine to eleven nearly spherical chambers of rapidly
+  increasing size, the tenth chamber about six times as broad as the first. Breadth of the shell
+  nearly equal to the height. Pores subregular, circular, of about the same breadth as the bars.
+  Surface bristly, covered with numerous very thin and long, needle-shaped radial spines, longer
+  than the diameter of the shell. (Resembles closely <i>Hastigerina</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Breadth of the shell 0.18, height 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 312. <i>Streblopyle</i>,<a id="NtA_352" href="#Nt_352"><sup>[352]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition</i>.&mdash;<span class="gsp">Streblonida</span> with trizonal lentelliptical
+  medullary shell (composed like <i>Larnacilla</i> of three elliptical dimensive girdles surrounding
+  one simple central primordial chamber). From this begins a screw-like series of spirally ascending
+  chambers. Surface smooth or thorny, without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Streblopyle</i> presents externally the same appearance and contour as
+  <i>Streblonia</i>, and is composed like this of a variable number of chambers, ascending
+  screw-like around the axis of the spiral shell. The first or primordial chamber, however, in which
+  the growth begins, is in <i>Streblonia</i> a simple spherical shell, but in <i>Streblopyle</i> a
+  trizonal shell or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell (compare above, p. <a href="#page600">600</a>). The
+  chambers are very incompletely separated, and comparatively much larger, their number much smaller
+  than in <i>Streblonia</i>. The structure in the species of this genus is difficult to
+  understand.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Streblopyle helicina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell helicoid, one and a third times as high as broad, with eight to twelve incomplete
+  semizonal chambers, ascending spirally from the lateral half girdle of the lentelliptical
+  medullary shell, octopyle-shaped, and enveloping it in three to four spiral turnings. The height
+  of the whole cortical shell equals nearly five times the height of the trizonal medullary shell.
+  Pores irregular, roundish. Surface of the shell rough or nearly smooth. (This species seems to be
+  nearly allied to <i>Spironium octonium</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Breadth of the spiral cortical shell 0.18, height 0.24; breadth of the
+  medullary shell 0.04, height 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Streblopyle spirulina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell egg-shaped or nearly spherical, about as high as broad, with eight to nine semizonal
+  chambers, ascending spirally from the subspherical trizonal medullary shell, and enveloping it in
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page708">{708}</span>four to five turnings. The sixth chamber twice as
+  broad as the trizonal medullary shell. Pores irregular, roundish.  Surface of the shell
+  thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Breadth of the spiral cortical shell 0.27, height 0.25; breadth of the
+  medullary shell 0.05, height 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 265, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XXXI. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Phorticida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, figs. 10,
+  11).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Phorticida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 464.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with quite irregular monothalamous
+  shell, representing irregular modifications of an original lentelliptical latticed shell; the
+  irregular cortical shell encloses a regular or subregular, lentelliptical or trizonal medullary
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The family Phorticida comprises a small number of <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> in which a
+  subregular, trizonal, lentelliptical medullary shell is enclosed by an irregular simple or spongy
+  cortical shell. The lattice-work of the latter is sometimes simple and complete, at other times
+  incomplete, with open gates (as in the Pylonida), sometimes also spongy. Its form is always more
+  or less irregular, roundish, often dimply or tuberous; different from most other <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>The medullary shell is constantly a regular or subregular <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell, composed of
+  three elliptical latticed girdles of different sizes, perpendicular one to another. This leaves no
+  doubt that the Phorticida are true <span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>. The connection of it with
+  the cortical shell is rarely effected by radial beams, commonly by two opposite latticed wings,
+  which are identical with the lateral halves of the transverse girdle in the Pylonida diplozonaria
+  (<i>Amphipyle</i>, <i>Tetrapyle</i>). Often also between this transverse and a second (lateral)
+  girdle there remain large open gates, so that the affinity between these Phorticida and the
+  Pylonida cannot be doubted. In other cases these gates become closed, so that they more nearly
+  approach the Larnacida. From both families they differ by the irregularity of the papillate or
+  tuberous cortical shell. The network is more or less irregular, its surface often thorny, but
+  never covered with symmetrically disposed radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>The central capsule is lentelliptical, encloses the medullary shell, and is enveloped by the
+  cortical shell, as in the nearly allied Pylonida and Larnacida, of which the Phorticida may be
+  regarded as irregular aberrant forms.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Phorticida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp4 mc smaller vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Phorticida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Phorticida">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi pr2 it1p05">Cortical shell simply latticed,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">313. <i>Phorticium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Cortical shell spongy,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">314. <i>Spongophortis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page709">{709}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 313. <i>Phorticium</i>,<a id="NtA_353" href="#Nt_353"><sup>[353]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 464.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phorticida</span> with irregular cortical shell of
+  simple lattice-work, enclosing a lentelliptical <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Phorticium</i> comprises all Phorticida in which the irregular
+  cortical shell is formed by simple lattice-work, not by spongy framework. We can divide this genus
+  into two subgenera: in <i>Phortopyle</i> (as in the <i>Pylonida</i>) the lattice-work of the
+  cortical shell exhibits large openings or gates; in <i>Phortolarcus</i> these gates are perfectly
+  closed by network; the former may be regarded as abnormal or irregular Pylonida, the latter as
+  modifications of Larnacida.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Phortopyle</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Lattice-work of the irregular cortical shell incomplete,
+  with large openings or gates.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Phorticium pylonium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>,
+  fig. 10).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell irregular, roundish, about three times as large as the enclosed lentelliptical,
+  regular, <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell, connected with it by some radial beams and irregularly latticed
+  girdles; between these remain four to eight large open gates of irregular roundish form and size;
+  and these gates are the same as in <i>Tetrapyle</i> and <i>Octopyle</i>. This very variable
+  species may be regarded as a monstrosity of those genera of Pylonida; it is very common, but all
+  individuals are more or less unequal; some specimens approach to some common species of
+  <i>Tetrapyle</i>. The surface of the shell is more or less spiny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the irregular cortical shell 0.12 to 0.18; length of the
+  lentelliptical medullary shell 0.05 to 0.06, breadth 0.035 to <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '0.45'.">0.045</span>.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, &amp;c.,
+  common, surface and in various depths.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Phorticium spironium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell irregular, roundish, tuberous, about four times as large as the enclosed
+  subregular <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell, connected with it by some irregular radial beams, and by
+  opposite, spirally begining, irregularly latticed girdles, comparable to those of
+  <i>Spironium</i>; between them remain six to twelve large open gates of irregular size and form.
+  Surface rough. The resemblance to some forms of <i>Spironium</i> makes it probable that this
+  species is a deformity or monstrosity of that genus.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the irregular cortical shell 0.12 to 0.2, of the
+  lentelliptical medullary shell 0.03 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Stations 270 to 274, surface, and in
+  various depths.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page710">{710}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Phortolarcus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Lattice-work of the irregular cortical shell complete,
+  without large openings or gates.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Phorticium deforme</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell irregular, roundish or longish, three times as large as the enclosed subregular,
+  lentelliptical <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell, connected with it by two opposite latticed wings (the
+  halves of the transverse girdle of <i>Tetrapyle</i>). Network of the cortical shell irregular,
+  dense, perfectly closed, without larger openings or gates. Surface thorny. (May be regarded as a
+  monstrous form of <i>Larnacalpis</i>.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the irregular cortical shell 0.15 to 0.18, of the
+  medullary shell 0.04 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Phorticium abnorme</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell irregular, roundish, tuberous, with five to ten quite irregular or nearly
+  hemispherical protuberances, which resemble the cupolas of Zonarida. The regular lentelliptical
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell is one-third to one-fourth as large as the enclosing cortical shell, and
+  is connected with it by some irregular radial beams. Lattice-work completely closed, without
+  gates. Surface spiny. (May be regarded as an anomalous form of <i>Zonidium</i>; as in the other
+  species of this variable genus, the individuals are very unequal.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the irregular cortical shell 0.12 to 0.2, of the medullary
+  shell 0.03 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Atlantic and Pacific, tropical zone, surface, and at various
+  depths.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 314. <i>Spongophortis</i>,<a id="NtA_354" href="#Nt_354"><sup>[354]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 464.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phorticida</span> with irregular cortical shell of
+  spongy framework, enclosing a lentelliptical <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Spongophortis</i> differs from <i>Phorticium</i> in the spongy
+  framework of the cortical shell. This encloses the inner <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary shell
+  either directly, or both shells are separated by a hollow interval, and connected either by radial
+  beams or by latticed lamell�. Perhaps both these subgenera might be better separated as
+  genera.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page711">{711}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stypophorticium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spongy cortical shell immediately enclosing the
+  lentelliptical medullary shell, without hollow interval.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Spongophortis spongiosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell irregular, roundish, rough or tuberous, composed of loose spongy framework,
+  which immediately envelops the lentelliptical central <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell; the diameter of the
+  former becomes about five to six times as large as that of the latter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy cortical shell 0.15 to 0.25, of the trizonal
+  medullary shell 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Spongophorticium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spongy cortical shell separated by a hollow interval from
+  the lentelliptical medullary shell.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Spongophortis radiosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell irregular, roundish, four to five times as large as the enclosed lentelliptical
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell, with which it is connected by ten to twenty irregularly disposed radial
+  beams. Spongy framework compact, about as thick as the medullary shell. Surface covered with
+  numerous short, bristle-shaped, radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy cortical shell 0.15 to 0.2, of the trizonal
+  medullary shell 0.035 to 0.045.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Spongophortis larnacilla</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, figs.
+  11<i>a</i>-11<i>d</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Cortical shell irregular, roundish, tuberous, three to four times as large as the enclosed
+  lentelliptical <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell, connected with it by two opposite latticed wings (the
+  halves of the transverse girdle of <i>Tetrapyle</i>). Spongy framework compact, about half as
+  thick as the medullary shell. Surface rough. (May be regarded as an abnormal <i>Tetrapyle</i> or
+  <i>Larnacalpis</i>, with an irregular spongy cortical shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the spongy cortical shell 0.16 to 0.2, of the trizonal
+  medullary shell 0.04 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page712">{712}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Family XXXII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Soreumida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, figs. 12,
+  13).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Soreumida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 464.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> with quite irregular polythalamous
+  shell, composed of a variable number of chambers, aggregated without any definite order.
+  Primordial chamber either simple or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Soreumida</span> contains a small number of <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span>, different from most other <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> in
+  the complete irregularity of the polythalamous shell, which is composed of a variable number of
+  roundish chambers or subspherical latticed shells, aggregated in the form of an irregular heap. We
+  can distinguish in this family only two genera, with very different structure of the central
+  medullary shell or the first chamber beginning the growth; and these correspond to the two
+  subfamilies of the nearly allied Streblonida (p. <a href="#page704">704</a>). In <i>Soreuma</i>
+  (as in <i>Streblonia</i>) the first or primordial chamber, from which the growth begins, is like
+  the others, a simple spherical or irregular roundish lattice-shell. In <i>Sorolarcus</i>, however
+  (as in <i>Streblopyle</i>), the first or primordial chamber is a trizonal or
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell. It is not improbable that the former originated phylogenetically from
+  <i>Streblonia</i>, the latter from <i>Streblopyle</i>, by loss of the original spiral order of
+  growth. But it is also possible that these groups have no nearer relation. Among the calcareous
+  Foraminifera a very similar form is represented by <i>Acervulina</i> and its allies.</p>
+
+  <p>The general form of the whole shell in the Soreumida is sometimes more egg-shaped or
+  lentelliptical, at other times even subspherical, occasionally quite irregular, tuberous, or
+  clustered. The number of the aggregated chambers is very variable, in <i>Sorolarcus</i> between
+  ten and thirty, in <i>Soreuma</i> ascending to fifty to eighty, sometimes from one hundred to one
+  hundred and fifty and more. Their size is sometimes nearly equal, at other times very different,
+  their form commonly very irregular, roundish, but sometimes also subspherical or egg-shaped. The
+  network of the shell is also commonly irregular, with roundish pores of different sizes. The
+  surface is usually smooth or rough, rarely covered with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>The central capsule is not known, as I observed only a few skeletons of this family.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Soreumida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp4 mc smaller vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Soreumida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Soreumida">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi pr2 it1p05">Primordial chamber of the shell simple, subspherical or
+      roundish,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">315. <i>Soreuma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Primordial chamber of the shell trizonal or
+      <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">316. <i>Sorolarcus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 315. <i>Soreuma</i>,<a id="NtA_355" href="#Nt_355"><sup>[355]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 464.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Soreumida</span> with numerous chambers, aggregated
+  without any regularity around one simple, spherical or subspherical, central chamber.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page713">{713}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Soreuma</i> contains those Soreumida in which no trace of any regular
+  structure is found, but all the chambers of the irregular shell are without any order, aggregated
+  around a simple spherical or subspherical central chamber or medullary shell. <i>Soreuma</i> may
+  have originated either from <i>Sorolarcus</i> by loss of the central <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell or
+  from <i>Cenolarcus</i> by irregular apposition of new chambers around the lentelliptical central
+  chamber or simple Larcoid-shell. Some species seem to exhibit a transition to <i>Sorolarcus</i>.
+  Owing to the absolute irregularity of the polythalamous shell <i>Soreuma</i> resembles
+  <i>Acervulina</i> among the Foraminifera.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Soreumium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Soreuma irregulare</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>,
+  fig. 12).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell irregular, clustered, or tuberous, composed of a large number (one hundred and twenty to
+  one hundred and fifty or more) of irregular, roundish chambers of very different sizes, the
+  largest four to five times as broad as the smallest. Network very delicate, with very small
+  roundish pores, to five times as broad as the bars. Surface thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.3, of the single chambers 0.02 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Soreuma acinosum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell irregularly lentelliptical, with different growth in the three dimensions, composed of a
+  large number (forty to sixty or more) of irregular, roundish chambers of very different sizes, the
+  largest six to eight times as broad as the smallest. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as
+  the bars. Surface smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.21, breadth 0.17, height 0.13; diameter of the
+  largest chambers 0.03, of the smallest 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Soreuma subglobosum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell nearly spherical, composed of a variable number (twelve to fifteen or more) of
+  irregularly aggregated subspherical chambers of nearly equal size. Pores subregular, circular,
+  twice as broad as the bars. Surface thorny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25, of the largest chambers 0.04, of the
+  smallest 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page714">{714}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Soreuma acervulina</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell quite irregular, cloddy, or tuberous, composed of twenty to thirty (or more) roundish
+  chambers of almost uniform size, the largest twice to three times as broad as the smallest. Pores
+  irregular, roundish. Surface smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.18 to 0.24, of the largest chambers 0.06, of
+  the smallest 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Soreumidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Soreuma spinosum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell quite irregular, cloddy, or tuberous, composed of thirty to forty subspherical chambers
+  of nearly the same size. Pores subregular, circular, twice as broad as the bars; on the equator of
+  each chamber six to eight pores. Surface thorny, covered with irregularly scattered conical radial
+  spines, about as long as the diameter of the chambers.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.17 to 0.25, of the chambers 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, depth 2300 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Soreuma setosum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell nearly spherical, composed of sixty to seventy (or more) irregular, roundish chambers of
+  very different sizes, the largest five to six times as broad as the smallest. Pores irregular,
+  roundish. Surface bristly, covered with very numerous, long and thin, bristle-shaped radial
+  spines, about as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.28, of the chambers 0.005 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 271, depth 2425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 316. <i>Sorolarcus</i>,<a id="NtA_356" href="#Nt_356"><sup>[356]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Soreumida</span> with numerous chambers, aggregated
+  irregularly around a trizonal medullary shell or <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Sorolarcus</i> comprises those Soreumida in which the heap of
+  irregularly aggregated chambers encloses a central trizonal medullary shell, by which they
+  demonstrate clearly their descent from Larnacida or Pylonida. The lentelliptical medullary <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page715">{715}</span>shell exhibits quite the same characteristic structure as
+  that of <i>Larnacilla</i>, being composed of three elliptical latticed girdles, perpendicular one
+  to another. In some species also the beginning of a second system of girdles is clearly indicated,
+  so that there can be no doubt as to their derivation from <i>Amphipyle</i> or
+  <i>Tetrapyle</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Sorolarcium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell without radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Sorolarcus larnacillifer</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate49"><b>49</b></a>, fig.
+  13).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell irregular, clustered, or tuberous, composed of twenty to thirty irregular, roundish
+  chambers of very different size, the largest four to eight times as broad as the smallest,
+  aggregated without order around a central, lentelliptical, <i>Larnacilla</i>-shaped medullary
+  shell. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad as the bars. Surface smooth or a
+  little spiny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the whole shell 0.18, of the central
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 266, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Sorolarcus tetrapylifer</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell irregularly roundish, clustered, composed of ten to twelve irregular rather long chambers
+  of almost uniform size, the largest twice as broad as the smallest, aggregated without order
+  around a central shell of the structure of <i>Tetrapyle</i>, which encloses an inner trizonal
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell of half the size. Pores irregular, roundish, twice to four times as broad
+  as the bars. Surface spiny.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the whole shell 0.25, of the outer (<i>Tetrapyle</i>-like)
+  medullary shell 0.12, of the inner (<i>Larnacilla</i>-like) shell 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, central area, Station 272, depth 2600 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Sorolarcidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell with radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Sorolarcus terminalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell nearly spherical, composed of fifteen to eighteen irregularly aggregated roundish
+  chambers of nearly equal size; in the centre a lentelliptical <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell. Surface
+  covered with numerous thin, bristle-like radial spines, somewhat longer than the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the whole shell 0.21, of the central
+  <i>Larnacilla</i>-shell 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page716">{716}</span></div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h2><b>Legion II. <span class="gsp">ACANTHARIA</span>,</b></h2>
+
+  <p class="ac"><b>vel Actipylea, vel Acanthometrea (Pls. 129-140).</b></p>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc14">
+    <p><i>Acantharia</i>, Haeckel, 1881.</p>
+    <p><i>Actipylea</i>, Haeckel, 1882.</p>
+    <p><i>Acanthometrea</i>, Hertwig, 1879.</p>
+    <p><i>Panacantha</i>, Haeckel, 1878.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radiolaria with simple membrane bounding the central capsule, which is
+  everywhere perforated by innumerable fine pores (disposed either equally or symmetrically).
+  Extracapsulum without ph�odium. Skeleton centrogenous (its growth proceeding from the centre),
+  acanthinic (organic, not siliceous). Fundamental form originally spherical.</p>
+
+  <p>The legion <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> vel <span class="sc">Actipylea</span>, to the
+  extent here defined, was constituted by me, 1878, in my Protistenreich (p. 102) under the name
+  "<span class="sc">Panacantha</span>." A more accurate definition of this group was given in 1879
+  by Hertwig under the name <span class="sc">Acanthometrea</span>. Both names were replaced by me,
+  1881, in my Prodromus (pp. 421, 465) by the more convenient name <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>. This legion comprises all those Radiolaria which were first
+  described by Johannes M�ller, 1858, as <i>Acanthometrae</i>, and also an important part of his
+  <i>Haliomma</i>. In my Monograph (1862, pp. 371-424) I disposed them in three families,
+  Acanthometrida, Diploconida, and Dorataspida.</p>
+
+  <p>Although the number of genera and species in this legion is much increased by the rich
+  collection of the Challenger, we can divide all <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> into two
+  different orders: <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> (without complete lattice-shell) and <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> (provided with a complete lattice-shell).</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> agree with the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span> in
+  the structure of the simple capsule-membrane, which is perforated by numerous small pores (but
+  constantly devoid of the large main opening, which the <span class="sc">Nassellaria</span> and
+  <span class="sc">Ph�odaria</span> possess, being hence united as "Merotrypasta"). We can therefore
+  unite both former legions as "Holotrypasta" (compare above, pp. <a href="#page5">5</a>, <a
+  href="#page6">6</a>); but in many <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> (if not in all?) the numerous
+  small pores of the capsule-membrane exhibit a certain peculiar arrangement not observed in the
+  <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>; therefore the latter can be regarded as true "Peripylea" in
+  opposition to the former as "Actipylea."</p>
+
+  <p>The peculiar main character of all <span class="sc">Actipylea</span> or <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> is determined by the chemical constitution of their skeleton, which
+  is not silex, but a peculiar organic substance, called by me in 1862 "acanthin" (Monogr. d.
+  Radiol., pp. 30, 32). In all other Radiolaria the skeleton is composed of silex or of a silicate.
+  But besides this <span class="pagenum" id="page717">{717}</span>chemical difference, an important
+  morphological character of the skeleton also separates the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> from
+  all other Radiolaria: in the latter the skeleton is never centrogenous or arising from the centre
+  of the capsule; in strict opposition to this general fact the skeleton of all <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> is centrogenous, composed of radial spines, which arise from the
+  central point of the capsule and pierce its membrane. These characteristic "radial spines of
+  acanthin," arising from the centre, are never hollow (as formerly was supposed), but constantly
+  solid. Their form is extremely variable, and most important for the distinction of genera and
+  species; but more interesting from a general point of view is their peculiar arrangement or
+  disposition.</p>
+
+  <p>The regular disposition of twenty radial spines has general value almost for all <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, with the exception only of the small group of <span
+  class="gsp">Actinelida</span>. In this latter group the number of radial spines is either more or
+  less than twenty, and their disposition is either quite irregular or follows a peculiar rule. The
+  number of individuals of these <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span>, compared with that of the
+  other <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, may be scarcely 1 per cent., whilst the latter have more
+  than 99 per cent.; the number of observed species is in the former about 5 per cent., in the
+  latter about 95 per cent. Nevertheless the small group of <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span> is
+  very important, being probably the ancestral group from which all other <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> have been phylogenetically derived. These other <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, with twenty regularly disposed radial spines, represent the two
+  large groups of <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> and <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>.
+  For short and clear distinction of these two groups of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, we will
+  call the <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span> (with irregular number and disposition of radial
+  spines) Adelacantha, in opposition to the Icosacantha (<span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> and
+  <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>), which all possess twenty regularly disposed radial
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>Johannes M�ller, the great zoologist, to whom we are indebted for the first detection and
+  accurate knowledge of the <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>, already recognised the regularity
+  in the peculiar disposition of their twenty radial spines (Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+  1858, pp. 12, 37). In honour of my great master I have called this regular disposition the
+  "M�llerian law of spine disposition," and have given a full explanation of it in my Monograph
+  (1862, pp. 40-45, 371, 372). With regard to its general value for all Icosacantha (<span
+  class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> and <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>), we might also call
+  this promorphological M�llerian law "the Icosacanthan law."</p>
+
+  <p>In 1862 I had already given the following precise definition of this "Icosacanthan law"
+  (<i>loc. cit.</i>, p. 40):&mdash;"Between two poles of a spineless axis are regularly disposed
+  five parallel zones, each with four radial spines; the four spines of each zone are equidistant
+  one from another, and also equidistant from each pole; and the four spines of each zone are so
+  alternating with those of each neighbouring zone, that all twenty spines together lie in four
+  meridian planes, which intersect one another at an angle of 45�."  For the clear conception of
+  this remarkable M�llerian law, and for the complete understanding of its high value for the
+  complicated <span class="pagenum" id="page718">{718}</span>morphology of all Icosacantha, it is
+  the most profitable way to retain constantly in mind for comparison the figure of a terrestrial
+  globe with its axis and zones. The axis of the globe is the spineless axis of all Icosacantha,
+  around which all twenty spines are symmetrically disposed; it is perpendicular to the bisecting
+  equatorial plane, in which lies the middle of the five parallel zones; therefore the four spines,
+  crossed perpendicularly in this equatorial plane, are called the equatorial spines (<i>c</i>1 to
+  <i>c</i>4 in the figures of Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>); often,
+  and mainly in the family Quadrilonchida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>),
+  these four equatorial spines are much larger or of a peculiar form, different from that of the
+  sixteen other spines. Each pair of the four equatorial spines lies in one equatorial axis, and
+  this latter is perpendicular to the crossing axis, in which lies the other pair of opposite
+  spines. We may regard these two equatorial diameters, perpendicular one to another and to the
+  spineless axis, as the two perradial axes or primary axes. Correspondingly the two meridian
+  planes, which are determined by one perradial axis and the spineless axis, may be called the two
+  primary or perradial meridian planes.</p>
+
+  <p>The globe is divided by the equatorial plane into two equal halves, the northern and the
+  southern hemisphere. In each hemisphere there are disposed quite symmetrically eight radial
+  spines, the distal ends of which fall in two parallel circles, a larger tropical circle (nearer to
+  the equator) and a smaller polar circle (nearer to the pole of the spineless axis). Therefore we
+  call the four spines of the former the "tropical spines" and the four spines of the latter the
+  "polar spines." The angle between the former and the equatorial plane is about 30�, the angle
+  between the latter and that plane about 60�.</p>
+
+  <p>The eight polar spines (four northern and four southern) lie in the same two meridian planes as
+  the four equatorial spines. Therefore in each of these two perradial planes lie six radial spines,
+  opposite in pairs; two equatorial and four polar spines. Commonly all eight polar spines are of
+  the same size and form; and often they are also equal to the eight tropical spines; but in some
+  cases (e.g., in some species of Quadrilonchida) they are much smaller than the twelve other
+  spines, and sometimes even rudimentary. In all figures of the Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a> (and also
+  in my Monograph, 1862, Taf. xv.-xxii.) the polar spines of the northern circle are marked by the
+  characters <i>a</i>1 to <i>a</i>4, the polar spines of the southern circle by the characters
+  <i>e</i>1 to <i>e</i>4. In the first perradial meridian plane lie <i>a</i>1 and <i>a</i>3,
+  <i>e</i>1 and <i>e</i>3, in the second <i>a</i>2 and <i>a</i>4, <i>e</i>2 and <i>e</i>4.</p>
+
+  <p>The eight tropical spines lie between the eight polar and the four equatorial spines, four in
+  each hemisphere; their distal points fall in two parallel circles, which correspond exactly to the
+  two tropics of the globe. Therefore the four northern tropical spines may be called "canceral
+  spines" (as their ends fall in the Tropic of Cancer) and the four southern correspondingly
+  "capricornal spines" (as their points lie <span class="pagenum" id="page719">{719}</span>in the
+  Tropic of the Capricorn). In the figures of the Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a> (as well
+  as in my Monograph, 1862, Taf. xv.-xxii.) the four northern or canceral spines are marked by the
+  characters <i>b</i>1 to <i>b</i>4, and the four southern or capricornal spines by the characters
+  <i>d</i>1 to <i>d</i>4. Also the eight tropical spines lie (crossed in pairs) in two meridian
+  planes; they do not lie, however, in those perradial planes, in which are placed the twelve other
+  spines; but in two different meridian planes, crossing the former at angles of 45�; we call these
+  the "secondary" or "interradial" meridian planes. Each of these planes is determined by the
+  spineless axis and by two crossed interradial or secondary axes; in each of the latter lie two
+  opposite tropical spines. In the first interradial meridian plane lie <i>b</i>1 and <i>b</i>3,
+  <i>d</i>1 and <i>d</i>3, in the second <i>b</i>2 and <i>b</i>4, <i>d</i>2 and <i>d</i>4.</p>
+
+  <p>It is a most interesting and important fact, that in all Icosacantha (<span
+  class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> and <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>) this regular
+  disposition of the twenty spines (in five parallel zones and four meridian planes) becomes
+  constantly preserved by heredity, whilst the form and size of the different spines are extremely
+  varied by adaptation.</p>
+
+  <p>Only  in a minority of the Icosacantha are all twenty spines perfectly equal or nearly equal in
+  size and form; and then it is often very difficult to distinguish the different zones in their
+  disposition. But in far the greater part the size or the form of the twenty spines becomes
+  different in different zones; and then we can commonly distinguish easily the five different
+  zones. Firstly, in all Quadrilonchida and Dorataspida, the four equatorial are distinguished from
+  the sixteen other spines either by form or by size, and often in a very remarkable degree. As soon
+  as these four principal spines are recognised, it is easy to determine also the sixteen others;
+  for the eight polar spines lie in the same two (perradial) meridian planes as the former, whilst
+  the eight tropical spines lie in two different (interradial) meridian planes, intersecting the two
+  former at angles of 45�. Commonly, therefore, this distinction is rather easy.</p>
+
+  <p>In the majority of the Icosacantha all four equatorial spines are exactly of the same form and
+  size. But in four families the two opposite spines of one equatorial axis are much larger, or of
+  another form, than those of the crossing axis. This is the case in the Amphilonchida, Belonaspida,
+  Hexalaspida, and Diploconida. Therefore we here call the major equatorial axis (with larger
+  spines) the "hydrotomical axis," and the minor axis (with smaller spines) the "geotomical axis."
+  Correspondingly, the meridian plane,  in which the two larger equatorial spines are placed
+  (<i>c</i>1, <i>c</i>3) and the appertaining four polar spines (<i>a</i>1, <i>a</i>3, <i>e</i>1,
+  <i>e</i>3) may be called the "hydrotomical plane"; in the remarkable family of Hexalaspida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>) all six
+  spines of this hydrotomical plane are much larger than the other fourteen. Perpendicular to this
+  plane is the second perradial meridian plane, which we call the "geotomical plane"; in it lie the
+  two smaller equatorial spines (c2, c4) and the corresponding four polar spines (<i>a</i>2,
+  <i>a</i>4, <i>e</i>2, <i>e</i>4). In some Hexalaspida (<i>Hexonaspis</i> and <i>Hexacolpus</i>)
+  the six spines of the hydrotomical plane become so preponderant that <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page720">{720}</span>the other fourteen spines appear rudimentary; and in some of them the two
+  equatorial spines of the hydrotomical plane are much larger than the four polar spines of the same
+  plane. This curious relation reaches its maximum in the Diploconida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>).</p>
+
+  <p>The different development of the two equatorial axes (of the larger hydrotomical and the
+  smaller geotomical axis) is the first and most important cause of the peculiar forms, which are
+  produced in the four cited families. We derive these terms also from the metaphor of the
+  terrestrial globe. The hydrotomical plane is that meridian plane of the globe which intersects
+  almost only the water-hemisphere (the island of Ferro in the Atlantic, the island of Pandora in
+  the Pacific). Perpendicular to this is the geotomical plane, the meridian of which intersects
+  great land-masses in both hemispheres (Bombay in India, Athabasca in Canada). Both poles of the
+  smaller geotomical axis are everywhere equal (the East Indian and the Western American). However,
+  both poles of the larger hydrotomical axis (the eastern Atlantic and the western Pacific) are in
+  some genera very different, <i>e.g.</i>, in <i>Amphibelone</i> among the Amphilonchida, and in
+  <i>Zygostaurus</i> among the Quadrilonchida. In this case we call the anterior (commonly more
+  developed) pole of the hydrotomical axis the frontal pole, the opposite posterior (commonly
+  smaller) the caudal pole (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>,
+  figs. 7, 8; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>,
+  figs. 9, 10). On both sides of these (right and left) lie symmetrically the two equal poles of the
+  geotomical lateral axis.</p>
+
+  <p>The promorphology of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> demonstrates that the geometrical
+  fundamental form in those groups is different. In the majority of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, where the two equatorial axes are equal, that form is a double
+  square-pyramid or a "quadrate octahedron"; the four equal equatorial spines indicate the two
+  diagonals of the square, which is the common base of the united regular four-sided pyramids; their
+  common axis is the spineless axis of the body; the ends of the polar spines fall on the edges of
+  the pyramids, while the ends of the tropical spines fall on the halving lines of their faces.
+  However, in those <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> in which the two equatorial axes become
+  different, the square double pyramid becomes changed into a rhombic double pyramid; the common
+  base of the united pyramids is thus a rhombus; the hydrotomical axis is the larger, the geotomical
+  axis the smaller diagonal of the rhombus.</p>
+
+  <p>Opposed to the Icosacantha, under the name "Adelacantha," is the small group of Actinelida, in
+  which the number and disposition of the radial spines is variable, not determined by the M�llerian
+  law. Probably this group is the common ancestral stock, from which the Icosacantha have been
+  derived by gradual development of their peculiar disposition. Probably the oldest and most
+  primitive form of all <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> is <i>Actinelius</i>, in which a variable
+  and undetermined (often very large) number of radial spines is united in one common central point,
+  and therefore forms a needle-sphere. Whilst here all spines (often more than a hundred) are of
+  equal size and form, in the nearly allied <i>Astrolophus</i> large and small spines are
+  intermingled. Both genera together form the small ancestral family of Astrolophida. In the strange
+  family of Litholophida the radial spines do not <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page721">{721}</span>radiate within a spherical space (equally disposed in all directions),
+  but within a quadrant or even an octant, forming a conical brush or pencil.</p>
+
+  <p>One very remarkable form of <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span> is <i>Actinastrum</i>, forming
+  the transition from these Adelacantha to the common regular Icosacantha. In the two observed
+  species of <i>Actinastrum</i> we find thirty-two radial spines, twenty of which are disposed after
+  the M�llerian law, as in the Icosacantha. The other twelve are four interradial equatorial spines
+  (lying in the two secondary meridian planes) and eight perradial tropical spines (lying in the two
+  primary meridian planes). Therefore here in each primary meridian plane are placed ten spines (two
+  equatorial, four tropical, and four polar spines), whereas in each secondary meridian plane are
+  placed six spines (two equatorial and four tropical). But here also all thirty-two spines are so
+  regularly placed that their free distal ends fall into five parallel zones, four in each polar
+  zone, eight in each tropical zone, and eight in the equatorial zone.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Junction</i> of the radial spines in the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>
+  becomes effected in four different ways:&mdash;(1) by simple apposition of the pyramidal central
+  ends or bases; (2) by a basal leaf-cross, or by broad wings, four on each spine, supported one
+  upon the other; (3) by a central concrescence of the meeting bases of all the twenty spines,
+  growing perfectly together; and (4) by a concrescence in pairs of every two opposite spines. The
+  most common and probably the original mode of junction is the first&mdash;by pyramidal apposition;
+  the spines at the central base are pointed in the form of a pyramid, and the triangular faces of
+  the neighbouring pyramids are simply placed upon one another. Often the small basal pyramids are
+  imperfectly separated from the spines by an annular constriction. Commonly the basal pyramids of
+  the four equatorial spines are six-sided, those of the sixteen other spines five-sided.</p>
+
+  <p>The second mode of junction, by a basal leaf-cross, is developed from the first and appears as
+  a strengthening or a mechanical elaboration of it. Immediately above the basal pyramid arise from
+  its radial edges four thin and broad triangular leaves or wings, and the meeting edges of the
+  neighbouring wings are in apposition one with the other, so that between the bases of every three
+  or four neighbouring spines a hollow pyramidal space remains open. The apex of such a pyramidal
+  space is directed towards the centre of the body, but separated from it by the small basal
+  pyramid; its open base is directed outwards. The twenty-two hollow pyramidal spaces are disposed
+  regularly in four different groups:&mdash;(A) Four equatorial spaces, four-sided, each limited by
+  two equatorial and two tropical spines (one canceral and one capricornal); (B) eight perizonal
+  spaces (four northern and four southern), four-sided, each limited by one equatorial, two
+  tropical, and one polar spine; (C) eight peripolar spaces (four northern and four southern),
+  three-sided, each limited by one tropical and two polar spines; (D) two polar spaces (one northern
+  and one southern), four-sided, each limited by four neighbouring polar spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page722">{722}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The third mode of junction, by central concrescence of all twenty spines, was formerly regarded
+  by me as an important peculiarity, sufficient for the separation of subfamilies and genera
+  (Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, pp. 399, 401; Prodromus, 1881, p. 466). But I found afterwards that in
+  many species where the twenty spines commonly remain separated, accidentally they grow perfectly
+  together and form one single piece of acanthin&mdash;a starrulet with twenty rays. Therefore I now
+  think it is more natural to divide those species only into different subgenera.</p>
+
+  <p>A fourth and a very different mode of junction, quite sufficient for the distinction of
+  different families, is the concrescence in pairs of every two opposite spines, lying in one
+  diameter (in <i>Acanthochiasma</i> and <i>Chiastolus</i>). Here we obtain a number of "diametral
+  spines" (each composed of two originally opposed radial spines) and all these diametral spines are
+  crossed loosely near the central point of the body without any solid and permanent apposition
+  (Chiastolida). However, in some species of this peculiar family the central part of the diametral
+  spines is twisted like a screw or spirally convoluted (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>, figs. 2,
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Form of the Radial Spines</i> in the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> is extremely
+  varied, and constitutes the main characters for the distinction of nearly four hundred species.
+  But all these different forms may be reduced phylogenetically to three different fundamental
+  forms:&mdash;(<i>a</i>) the cylindrical (with circular transverse section), (<i>b</i>) the
+  two-edged (with elliptical or lanceolate transverse section), and (<i>c</i>) the four-edged (with
+  square transverse section). No doubt the first (<i>a</i>) is the original primitive form, from
+  which the two others are secondarily derived. Triangular spines never occur in the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, whilst, however, they are common in the <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>. The first and original form, the cylindrical spine, is either a
+  true cylinder of equal thickness in its whole length, or it is more or less conical. Rarely the
+  spine is in the distal half spindle-shaped, and thicker than in the basal half. The second form,
+  the two-edged spine, is more or less compressed from two opposite sides; its two edges are either
+  more blunt, rounded, or more acute, sharp; its transverse section in the former case is
+  elliptical, in the latter case lanceolate or rhomboidal. Sometimes the two edges are broader and
+  in the form of two thin opposite wings. The two-edged spines may be occasionally shorter,
+  triangular or lanceolate, at other times longer sword-shaped or linear. The third form, the
+  four-edged spine, has constantly a square transverse section; the sides of this square are either
+  even or concave; in the latter case the four edges are broadened and wing-like, but in the former
+  case not. The quadrangular spines are either prismatic (of equal breadth throughout their whole
+  length) or pyramidal (becoming gradually thinner towards the distal apex).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Apex of the Radial Spines</i>, or their free distal end, is in the majority of <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> simple, conical. In the minority it is either truncated or bifid, or
+  four-sided pyramidal, often with two, rarely with four prominent parallel teeth. In some forms
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page723">{723}</span>the bifid spines are so deeply cleft that they
+  become forked. Much more interesting and more varied than these different forms of the distal end
+  are those of the apophyses of the radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Apophyses of the Radial Spines</i>, or their "lateral transverse processes," are of the
+  greatest importance for the morphological development of the whole subclass. Only in sixteen among
+  the sixty-five genera of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> are the apophyses perfectly wanting;
+  in the other genera they determine in the first place their general character. In the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> the apophyses remain perfectly free, whilst in the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> their meeting ends or branches compose the latticed shell. All
+  differences in form and shape of the apophyses can be reduced to only two primary modes; either
+  the spine bears two opposite or four crossed apophyses; correspondingly all Acantharia apophysaria
+  may be divided into two different main groups, the Zygapophysica (with two opposite lateral
+  processes) and the Staurapophysica (with four crossed lateral processes opposite in pairs). Both
+  groups have probably no direct phylogenetic connection, but seem to be derived independently from
+  different stocks, and produce different families. The Zygapophysica are probably derived from
+  Astrolonchida with two-edged spines (<i>Zygacantha</i>), and from this group arise the
+  Diporaspida, the ancestral group of the majority of <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>. On
+  the other hand the Staurapophysica are probably derived from Astrolonchida with four-edged spines
+  (<i>Acanthonia</i>), and from this group arise the Tessaraspida. The apophyses of the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> are partly simple, partly branched or even latticed; the apophyses
+  of the <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> are never simple, constantly branched and commonly
+  latticed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Malacoma</i> (or the whole soft body of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> as
+  opposed to the skeleton) exhibits some peculiarities which distinguish them from the other
+  Radiolaria, as well in the structure of the central capsule and its nucleus as in that of the
+  enveloping extracapsular body and the pseudopodia.</p>
+
+  <p>The <i>Central Capsule</i> is constantly spherical in the far greater number of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, viz., in the following six families:&mdash;Astrolophida,
+  Chiastolida, Astrolonchida, Dorataspida, Sph�rocapsida, and Phractopeltida. Among these six
+  families the Astrolonchida and Dorataspida are far greater and far richer in different forms than
+  all the other families. The central capsule becomes ellipsoidal or cylindrical, prolonged in one
+  axis, in the three families, Amphilonchida, Belonapsida, and Diploconida; it becomes discoidal or
+  lenticular, by the shortening of one axis, in two families, viz., in the Quadrilonchida and
+  Hexalaspida. Finally, the peculiar family Litholophida is distinguished by the conical form of its
+  central capsule.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Membrane</i> of the central capsule in all <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> is simple,
+  commonly thin, sometimes very delicate; in some species it seems to be developed late, just
+  immediately before the formation of the spores; but in no species is it completely missing. The
+  membrane is constantly pierced by innumerable fine pores, for the emission of the <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page724">{724}</span>pseudopodia; but in many species (and probably more or
+  less in all <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>) there is recognisable a certain regularity in the
+  disposition of the numerous pseudopodia and of the pores by which they radiate from the capsule.
+  Sometimes these pores are disposed in a regular network of ramified lines, whilst the meshes of
+  this network are devoid of pores; in other cases they form regular tufts or bushes between the
+  radial spines. Probably in no <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> are the pores of the capsule
+  membrane so numerous and so equally distributed throughout as in the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>; we may therefore call the former <span class="sc">Actipylea</span>
+  (in opposition to the latter, as <span class="sc">Peripylea</span>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Nucleus</i> of the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> is constantly excentric, whilst it
+  is originally constantly central in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>. This excentric
+  position is a necessary consequence of the centrogenous development of the radial spines. Probably
+  connected with this peculiarity is the other, that the nucleus assumes a peculiar, complicated
+  structure, and that in the greater number of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> it becomes cleft
+  very early, and that this cleavage is effected by a peculiar kind of gemmation, first detected and
+  very accurately described by R. Hertwig (compare his Organismus d. Radiol., 1879, pp. 10-24).
+  However, in the young <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> the nucleus is constantly simple, and in
+  a certain number of species its cleavage takes place late (as in the greater number of <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Endoplasm</i>, or the intracapsular sarcode, exhibits in the greater number of <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> a more or less distinct radial arrangement; but this is often
+  concealed by the different enclosed products of the endoplasm&mdash;oil-globules, vacuoles, red or
+  different coloured pigment-granules, crystals, &amp;c. Often it encloses a variable number of
+  "yellow cells" (becoming green by mineral acids) to be considered as symbiotic xanthell�.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Calymma</i> or the jelly-veil, including the central capsule, in the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> is more or less voluminous, and commonly envelops the skeleton
+  perfectly. In its surface is sometimes developed a peculiar network of "supporting fibres." A very
+  peculiar product are the remarkable "Myophrisca" of the <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>,
+  which are wanting in the <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>; they were first detected by
+  Johannes M�ller, and figured as "Cilien-Kr�nze," afterwards explained by Hertwig as "contractile
+  F�den," similar to muscular fibrill� (compare below).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Matrix</i>, placed between the calymma and central capsule, in the majority of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> is a rather thin layer of granular exoplasm.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Pseudopodia</i> arising from it are not so numerous as in the <span
+  class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, and not so equally disposed over the whole surface. Also their
+  tendency to ramify, anastomose, and form networks seems to be much less developed. Commonly they
+  are simple or little ramified. In many cases (and perhaps everywhere) there may be distinguished
+  two different kinds of pseudopodia:&mdash;(1) Axopodia, or permanent pseudopodia (with axial
+  filaments?), piercing the wall of the central capsule, and arising from the central mass of
+  endoplasm; and (2) Collopodia, or variable pseudopodia (without axial filaments), arising outside
+  the capsule from the matrix of extracapsular sarcode or from the <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page725">{725}</span>exoplasm on the surface of the calymma. These and other differentiations
+  seem to indicate that the pseudopodia in the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> are more highly
+  developed than in the <span class="sc">Spumellaria</span>, and justify the denomination of the
+  former as "Actipylea."</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of</i> <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>.</h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w60 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of
+  Acantharia" summary="Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of
+  Acantharia">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 w40 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">I</span>I. ACANTHOMETRA.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Skeleton composed only of acanthinic radial spines not forming a complete
+        lattice-shell.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines in variable and indefinite number, disposed
+      irregularly,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">1. <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines constantly twenty, disposed regularly after the M�llerian
+      law of Icosacantha,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">2. <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. ACANTHOPHRACTA.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Skeleton composed of twenty acanthinic radial spines (disposed after the
+        M�llerian law) and of a spherical or variously shaped complete lattice-shell.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines all twenty of equal size; shell and central capsule
+      spherical,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">3. <span class="gsp">Sph�rophracta</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines of different sizes; shell and central capsule
+      ellipsoidal, discoidal, or heteromorphous,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">4. <span class="gsp">Prunophracta</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp3 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of
+  Acantharia" summary="Synopsis of the Orders and Suborders of
+  Acantharia">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">I. ACANTHOMETRA. Skeleton composed only of acanthinic radial spines not
+      forming a complete lattice-shell.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Radial spines in variable and indefinite number, disposed
+      irregularly,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Radial spines constantly twenty, disposed regularly after the
+      M�llerian law of Icosacantha,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">II. ACANTHOPHRACTA. Skeleton composed of twenty acanthinic radial spines
+      (disposed after the M�llerian law) and of a spherical or variously shaped complete
+      lattice-shell.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Radial spines all twenty of equal size; shell and central capsule
+      spherical,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. <span class="gsp">Sph�rophracta</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Radial spines of different sizes; shell and central capsule
+      ellipsoidal, discoidal, or heteromorphous,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. <span class="gsp">Prunophracta</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h3>Order III. ACANTHOMETRA, Johannes M�ller, 1855.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc33">
+    <p><i>Acanthometra</i>, J. M�ller, 1855, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin.</p>
+    <p><i>Acanthometrida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 371.</p>
+    <p><i>Acanthometrea</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 133.</p>
+    <p><i>Acanthonida et Litholophida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, pp. 465, 469.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Acantharia</span> without complete latticed
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The order <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>, the third order of Radiolaria, comprises all
+  those <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> in which the acanthinic skeleton is only composed of
+  radial spines arising from one common central point, but never forms a complete latticed shell. By
+  the absence of such a latticed or fenestrated shell the <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>
+  differ principally from the nearly allied <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>, the second
+  order of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, which constantly possess such a complete shell.</p>
+
+  <p>Johannes M�ller, who first detected and described the <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> (in
+  1855, <i>loc. cit.</i>), defined them as follows:&mdash;"Radiolaria without shell, with siliceous
+  radial spines" (1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 46). He described and figured
+  eighteen species of them, disposed in four genera (<i>Acanthometra</i> with fifteen species, and
+  <i>Zygacantha</i>, <i>Lithophyllium</i>, <i>Lithoptera</i>, each with a single species). Among
+  those eighteen species, however, were two "Acanthometr� cataphract�," appertaining to the
+  following order, the <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>In my Monograph (1862, p. 371) all true <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> were united into
+  a single family, Acanthometrida, with the following definition:&mdash;"Skeleton composed of a
+  number of radial spines, piercing the central capsule and united in its centre, without <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page726">{726}</span>latticed shell." In the majority of them I observed that
+  the skeleton did not consist of silex, but of a very peculiar organic substance, which I called
+  "acanthin." At that time I divided the family Acanthometrida into four subfamilies:&mdash;(1)
+  Acanthostaurida, (2) Astrolithida, (3) Litholophida, (4) Acanthochiasmida. The two former now
+  represent the suborder <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>, the two latter the suborder <span
+  class="gsp">Actinelida</span>. The number of genera which I distinguished in my Monograph amounted
+  to nine, the number of species to fifty. By the rich collections of the Challenger this number is
+  so much increased that we can here describe twenty-seven genera and one hundred and sixty
+  species.</p>
+
+  <p>Richard Hertwig in his work on the Organismus der Radiolarien (1879, pp. 6-25) adopted my
+  family Acanthometrida, and gave a very accurate description of its anatomical structure. He
+  confirmed my observations that the radial spines of this family are never hollow, but solid, and
+  that their chemical substance is not silex, but the organic matter "acanthin." He found that the
+  simple nucleus of the Acanthometrida is commonly very early cleft, and that the peculiar brushes
+  of filaments on the calymma, described by Johannes M�ller and by me as "Gallert-cilien," are
+  peculiar "contractile filaments," comparable to the "muscle-fibrill�" of some Infusoria, or the
+  "Myophan-filaments" (Myophrisca).</p>
+
+  <p>The order <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> is here divided into two different suborders of
+  very unequal extent and value, the <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>. The first may be regarded as the common ancestral stock, not only
+  of the second, but of all <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>. In the small group of <span
+  class="gsp">Actinelida</span> the number of radial spines is variable and commonly indefinite,
+  often very large (more than a hundred); they are therefore Adelacantha. The second suborder, the
+  <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>, comprise by far the greatest part of the order, and possess
+  constantly twenty radial spines, regularly disposed after the M�llerian law; they are therefore
+  (like all <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>) Icosacantha (compare above, p. <a
+  href="#page717">717</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Actinelida</span> possess constantly simple radial spines, without any
+  apophyses; their form is commonly very simple and primitive. This suborder comprises three small
+  but very different families, the Astrolophida, Litholophida, and Chiastolida. The first family,
+  the Astrolophida, is the original ancestral group. A large and variable, commonly indefinite
+  number of radial spines is here united in the centre of the spherical central capsule and
+  radiating within a spherical space. In the second family, the Litholophida, a small and variable
+  number of radial spines (between ten and twenty) is united in the apex of a conical central
+  capsule and radiating within the quadrant or octant of a spherical space. In the third family, the
+  Chiastolida, a variable number of radial spines is grown together by pairs, in such a manner that
+  every two opposite spines (placed originally in one axis of the spherical central capsule) forms a
+  single "diametral spine"; all these diametral spines are not united in the centre of the central
+  capsule but only crossed loosely near the centre.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page727">{727}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>, the second suborder of <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>, embraces by far the greatest number in this order, viz., all
+  those forms in which twenty radial spines are regularly disposed after the M�llerian
+  law&mdash;Icosacantha (compare above, p. <a href="#page717">717</a>). The radial spines of this
+  suborder are either simple or provided with transverse processes (either two opposite or four
+  crossed apophyses). They are commonly united in the middle of the central capsule by their opposed
+  basal ends, forming small pyramids; the meeting triangular faces of the neighbouring pyramids
+  being propped one upon another. Above these small basal pyramids often arises a basal leaf-cross
+  formed by four broad triangular leaves or wings with straight edges; the meeting thin edges of the
+  neighbouring spines serve for strengthening the basal junction and form hollow pyramidal spaces or
+  compartments, filled with the contents of the central capsule (compare p. <a
+  href="#page721">721</a>). The suborder <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> comprises three
+  different families, the Astrolonchida, Quadrilonchida, and Amphilonchida. The first family, the
+  Astrolonchida, comprises by far the greater number of the <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>;
+  those genera in which all twenty spines are perfectly equal or nearly equal in size and form. In
+  the second family, the Quadrilonchida, the four equatorial spines are much larger (and often also
+  of another form) than the sixteen other spines (often also the eight tropical larger than the
+  eight polar spines). The third family, the Amphilonchida, is distinguished by the preponderating
+  development of only two opposite equatorial spines, which are much larger (and often also of
+  another form) than the eighteen other spines.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Suborders and Families of</i> <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>.</h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w60 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Suborders and Families
+  of Acanthometra" summary="Synopsis of the Suborders and Families
+  of Acanthometra">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>Suborder I. ACTINELIDA.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Number of the radial spines variable, either more or less than twenty,
+        commonly disposed irregularly and not according to the M�llerian law.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace11sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines very numerous (thirty to a hundred or more), radiating
+      from a common centre within a spherical space,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">1. <span class="sc">Astrolophida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines between ten and twenty, radiating from one common point
+      within a sphere-quadrant,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">2. <span class="sc">Litholophida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines of variable number; every two opposite spines grown
+      together in the centre; therefore numerous diametral spines are crossed freely in the
+      centre,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">3. <span class="sc">Chiastolida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>Suborder II. ACANTHONIDA.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Number of the radial spines constantly twenty, disposed regularly according
+        to the M�llerian law.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace10sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">All twenty radial spines nearly equal, and of the same size and
+      form,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">4. <span class="sc">Astrolonchida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Four equatorial spines much larger than (and often also of different
+      form from) the sixteen other spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">5. <span class="sc">Quadrilonchida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two opposite equatorial spines (or principal spines) much larger than
+      (and often also of different form from) the eighteen other spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">6. <span class="sc">Amphilonchida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp3 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Suborders and Families
+  of Acanthometra" summary="Synopsis of the Suborders and Families
+  of Acanthometra">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Suborder I. ACTINELIDA. Number of the radial spines variable, either more or
+      less than twenty, commonly disposed irregularly and not according to the M�llerian law.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Radial spines very numerous (thirty to a hundred or more),
+      radiating from a common centre within a spherical space,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. <span class="sc">Astrolophida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Radial spines between ten and twenty, radiating from one common
+      point within a sphere-quadrant,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. <span class="sc">Litholophida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Radial spines of variable number; every two opposite spines grown
+      together in the centre; therefore numerous diametral spines are crossed freely in the
+      centre,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. <span class="sc">Chiastolida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Suborder II. ACANTHONIDA. Number of the radial spines constantly twenty,
+      disposed regularly according to the M�llerian law.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">All twenty radial spines nearly equal, and of the same size and
+      form,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. <span class="sc">Astrolonchida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Four equatorial spines much larger than (and often also of
+      different form from) the sixteen other spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">5. <span class="sc">Quadrilonchida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two opposite equatorial spines (or principal spines) much larger
+      than (and often also of different form from) the eighteen other spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">6. <span class="sc">Amphilonchida.</span></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page728">{728}</span></div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h3>Suborder I. ACTINELIDA, Haeckel, 1882.</h3>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> with a variable
+  number of radial spines, which are commonly irregularly disposed, not according to the
+  Icosacantha.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XXXIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Astrolophida</span></span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Astrolophida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 469.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Acantharia</span> with a variable number of simple
+  radial spines, radiating within a spherical space from one common central point which is the
+  centre of the spherical central capsule. No lattice shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Astrolophida</span> comprises the simplest and the most primitive
+  forms among all <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, and may therefore be regarded as the common
+  ancestral stock of this whole legion or subclass of Radiolaria. The acanthinic skeleton is
+  composed of a variable number of quite simple radial spines, which are united in the centre of the
+  spherical central capsule and radiate, piercing its walls and the surrounding jelly-veil, within a
+  spherical space.</p>
+
+  <p>The first observed form of this family is the ancestral genus <i>Actinelius</i>, two different
+  species of which I detected in 1864 in the northern Mediterranean, at Villafranca, near Nice
+  (compare Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., 1865, Bd. xv. p. 364, Taf. xxvi. fig. 4). Three other species
+  of the same genus were afterwards found by me in the Challenger collections. Whilst in this
+  <i>Actinelius</i> all radial spines are of the same size, a new nearly allied genus,
+  <i>Astrolophus</i> (with two species), differs from it by the different size of the radial spines,
+  a small number of very large spines being intermingled with a very large number of small spines.
+  In these two genera, <i>Actinelius</i> and <i>Astrolophus</i> (the true "Astrolophida" <i>sensu
+  strictiori</i>), the number of the radial spines is quite indeterminable and their arrangement
+  quite irregular and variable.</p>
+
+  <p>A third remarkable genus, <i>Actinastrum</i>, differs from these two genera in the definite
+  number and regular order  of thirty-two radial spines, and may therefore perhaps better represent
+  a peculiar family, Actinastrida. In this genus (of which two species were observed) the thirty-two
+  radial spines are disposed in such a regular manner that they lie in four meridian planes, and
+  that their distal ends fall into five parallel zones. These five zones and these four planes are
+  the same as we find in all Icosacantha (compare above, p. <a href="#page717">717</a>). Also the
+  constant twenty spines of these latter are present in <i>Actinastrum</i>; but their number is here
+  enlarged by twelve other spines missing in the Icosacantha; four of these are secondary or
+  interradial equatorial spines, lying opposite in pairs between the four primary or perradial
+  equatorial spines; and eight are perradial tropical spines, lying between the eight interradial
+  tropical spines. Therefore the <span class="pagenum" id="page729">{729}</span>distal ends of the
+  thirty-two radial spines are disposed regularly in five parallel zones, and while two zones (the
+  two polar) contain only the points of every four spines, three zones (the single equatorial and
+  the two tropical) contain the points of every eight spines. The four meridian planes are in
+  <i>Actinastrum</i> the same as in the Icosacantha, crossed in the spineless axis at angles of 45�.
+  But in the Icosacantha each of the two perradial meridian planes contains six radial spines (two
+  equatorial and four polar), each of the two interradial meridian planes only four tropical spines.
+  Whereas in <i>Actinastrum</i> each of the two primary or perradial meridian planes contains ten
+  spines (two equatorial, four tropical, and four polar), each of the two secondary or interradial
+  meridian planes six spines (two equatorial and four tropical). We find therefore altogether
+  thirty-two radial spines in three orders; eight equatorial, sixteen tropical, and eight polar
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>Only one other genus of Radiolaria exhibits the same characteristic disposition of thirty-two
+  radial spines as <i>Actinastrum</i>, and this is <i>Chiastolus</i>; but here the two opposite
+  spines of each pair are grown together and form one diametral spine; and the sixteen diametral
+  spines are crossed in the centre of the capsule. In <i>Actinastrum</i>, as in <i>Astrolophus</i>
+  and <i>Actinelius</i>, the central ends or bases of all the spines are pyramidal, and the
+  triangular faces of the neighbouring spines rest one upon another (as in the greater number of
+  <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>). The form of the radial spines in all Astrolophida is quite
+  simple, without lateral processes or apophyses; chiefly cylindrical, more rarely compressed,
+  two-edged or quadrangular.</p>
+
+  <p>The central capsule in all Astrolophida is spherical, and in the younger specimens contains a
+  single large concentric and lobed nucleus, but in the older specimens a large number of small
+  nuclei. The surrounding jelly-veil or calymma seems commonly to envelop the spines perfectly. The
+  piercing pseudopodia radiate everywhere between the spines, and are very numerous and thin. The
+  circulating granules in them are sometimes red (<i>Actinelius purpureus</i>).</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Astrolophida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w50 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrolophida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrolophida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 w40 sp0">Radial spines of indefinite number and of irregular
+      disposition.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines of equal size,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">317. <i>Actinelius</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines of unequal size,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">318. <i>Astrolophus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Radial spines thirty-two, disposed regularly in five
+      parallel zones,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">319. <i>Actinastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrolophida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrolophida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Radial spines of indefinite number and of irregular disposition.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines of equal size,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">317. <i>Actinelius</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines of unequal size,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">318. <i>Astrolophus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Radial spines thirty-two, disposed regularly in five parallel zones,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">319. <i>Actinastrum</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 317. <i>Actinelius</i>,<a id="NtA_357" href="#Nt_357"><sup>[357]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1865, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xv. p. 364.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolophida</span> with a variable and undetermined
+  number of simple radial spines, all of equal size, united in the centre of the spherical central
+  capsule.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page730">{730}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Actinelius</i> comprises the most simple and primitive forms among all
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>, and may be regarded as the common ancestral stock of this
+  whole legion. The spherical central capsule is pierced by numerous simple radial spines of equal
+  size, the pyramidal bases of which are supported one upon another with their triangular faces in
+  the centre of the capsule. The number and position of the spines are quite indefinite and
+  variable. We may derive <i>Actinelius</i> either from <i>Actissa</i> (<span
+  class="gsp">Colloidea</span>) by development of acanthinic radial spines, or directly from
+  <i>Actinosph�rium</i> (Heliozoa) by formation of a central capsule.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Actinelarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial spines cylindrical, conical, or spindle-shaped,
+  their transverse section circular.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Actinelius primordialis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Spines sixty to eighty or more, cylindrical, at the distal end thickened, spindle-shaped. Apex
+  simple. Base a small slender pyramid. Central capsule yellow. Granules of the sarcode
+  colourless.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4, breadth in the distal part 0.02, in
+  the basal part 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Actinelius purpureus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinelius purpureus</i>, Haeckel, 1865, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xv. p.
+    364, Taf. xxvi. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines thirty to forty or more, cylindrical, very thin, a little thinner towards both ends.
+  Apex simple. Base a small sulcate pyramid. Central capsule opaque, purple. Granules of the sarcode
+  also purple.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Nice), Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Actinelidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial spines compressed, two-edged; their transverse
+  section elliptical or lanceolate.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Actinelius protogenes</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines fifty to sixty, compressed, two-edged, gradually broadened towards the truncated distal
+  end. Basal or proximal end thin, pyramidal. The spines of this species are similar to those of
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page731">{731}</span><i>Actinastrum pentazonium</i> (p. <a
+  href="#page733">733</a>) and of <i>Chiastolus amphicopium</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>, fig. 3),
+  but much more numerous, smaller, and not regularly disposed. These latter two Actinelida must be
+  separated on account of the regular disposition of the thirty-two spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2, basal breadth 0.008, distal breadth
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 165, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Actinelonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial spines quadrangular, prismatic, or pyramidal, their
+  transverse section square.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Actinelius pallidus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Actinelius pallidus</i>, Haeckel, 1865, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xv. p.
+    364.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines eighty to one hundred and twenty or more, quadrangular, prismatic, of equal breadth
+  throughout their whole length. Apex simple, truncate or pyramidal. Base a four-sided slender
+  pyramid. Central capsule pale yellowish. Granules of the sarcode colourless.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Actinelius polyacanthus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines two hundred to three hundred or more, quadrangular, pyramidal, gradually thinned towards
+  the simple apex. Base a small three-sided pyramid. Central capsule opaque.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.12 to 0.18, basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 318. <i>Astrolophus</i>,<a id="NtA_358" href="#Nt_358"><sup>[358]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 469.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolophida</span> with a variable and undetermined
+  number of simple radial spines of different sizes (large and small spines intermingled), which are
+  united in the centre of the spherical central capsule.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Astrolophus</i> differs from the nearly allied ancestral genus
+  <i>Actinelius</i> only in the unequal size of the numerous radial spines. In both observed species
+  very numerous small spines are intermingled with a small number of large spines, and between them
+  numerous spines of medium size. The small spines fill up the hollow spaces between the basal parts
+  of the large spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page732">{732}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Astrolophus stellaris</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines from one hundred to two hundred, of very different sizes, but of similar form;
+  about sixteen to twenty very large spines, forty to fifty of medium size, and one hundred to one
+  hundred and twenty much smaller. All spines cylindrical in the greater part of their length, with
+  simple apex, gradually thickened towards the central part, conical, without edges. The base itself
+  is a slender pyramid with four to eight edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the largest spines 0.3 to 0.4, of the majority 0.1 to 0.2,
+  of the smallest 0.05 to 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Astrolophus solaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>,
+  figs. 12<i>a</i>, 12<i>b</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines from two hundred to three hundred, of very different sizes, but of similar form;
+  about twenty to thirty very large spines, sixty to eighty of medium size, and one hundred and
+  twenty to one hundred and fifty much smaller. All spines cylindrical in the greater part of their
+  length, with simple apex, gradually thickened and four-edged towards the central base. The base
+  itself is a slender pyramid with four to eight edges; partly the faces, partly the edges of these
+  basal pyramids rest one upon another, the points of the larger spines meeting in the centre.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the largest spines 0.4 to 0.5, of the majority 0.2 to 0.3,
+  of the smallest 0.1 to 0.16; basal thickness of the largest spines 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-east Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 296,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 319. <i>Actinastrum</i>,<a id="NtA_359" href="#Nt_359"><sup>[359]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolophida</span> with thirty-two simple radial
+  spines, regularly disposed within four meridian planes in such an order that their distal ends
+  fall into five parallel zones. Central ends of the thirty-two spines supported one upon another in
+  the centre of the spherical central capsule.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Actinastrum</i> differs from the two preceding genera in the definite
+  number and order of the thirty-two radial spines, which are disposed in a very remarkable manner.
+  Twenty radial spines are disposed after the M�llerian law of Icosacantha (compare above, p. <a
+  href="#page717">717</a>). The remaining twelve spines are four equatorial spines lying in the two
+  secondary meridian planes, and eight tropical spines lying in the two primary meridian planes. We
+  have therefore together eight equatorial, sixteen tropical, and eight polar spines (compare above,
+  p. <a href="#page729">729</a>).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page733">{733}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Actinastrum legitimum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All thirty-two radial spines of equal size and similar form, cylindrical, conical at the distal
+  end, at the central base pyramidal. Central capsule pellucid, colourless.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the radial spines 0.3, breadth 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Actinastrum pentazonium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All thirty-two radial spines of equal size and similar form, compressed, two-edged, gradually
+  becoming broader and thinner from the pyramidal central base towards the truncated distal end.
+  Central capsule dark, opaque. (Compare the similar <i>Chiastolus amphicopium</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>, fig.
+  3.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the radial spines 0.2, breadth at the base 0.005, at the
+  distal end 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific (west coast of Patagonia), Station 302,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XXXIV. <span class="sc">Litholophida,</span> Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Litholophida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 401.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with a variable number of simple
+  radial spines radiating within a conical space (or within the quadrant of a sphere) from one
+  common central point, which is the apex of the conical central capsule. No lattice-shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Litholophida</span>, represented only by a single genus,
+  <i>Litholophus</i>, differs from all other <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> in the remarkable
+  fact that the common point, from which the radial spines arise, is not the geometrical central
+  point of the whole body, but is quite excentric in position, the apex of the conical or pyramidal
+  central capsule. Therefore the spines form together a kind of brush or broom.</p>
+
+  <p>When I founded the family Litholophida in my Monograph (1862, p. 401) I knew only a single
+  species, <i>Litholophus rhipidium</i>, observed very frequently in Messina. Another species,
+  <i>Litholophus ligurinus</i>, was afterwards (1864) found by me at Nice. Six other species were
+  detected in the preparations of the Challenger, some of them very frequent. All these eight
+  species of <i>Litholophus</i> are very nearly allied, and exhibit only slight differences in the
+  form and number of the radial spines; their mode of excentric connection and the structure of the
+  peculiar soft body is everywhere the same.</p>
+
+  <p>The radial spines in all observed Litholophida possess the form of the genus <i>Acanthonia</i>,
+  <i>i.e.</i>, they are quite simple, four-sided prismatic or quadrangular, with square transverse
+  section; their four edges are sometimes smooth, at other times elegantly denticulate, commonly
+  more or less prominent or wing-shaped. In the greater number of species they are very long and of
+  nearly equal breadth, prismatic; in some species they are more pyramidal, thinned towards the
+  distal end; the latter <span class="pagenum" id="page734">{734}</span>is commonly truncated or
+  broken off, sometimes pyramidal. The central end is everywhere thinned, more or less pyramidal,
+  and the neighbouring spines are propped one upon another by the triangular faces of their small
+  basal pyramids. A slight pressure is sufficient to destroy their connection.</p>
+
+  <p>The number and disposition of the radial spines seem to be variable and irregular, but require
+  further researches. In four of the observed eight species I found constantly ten spines, in two
+  other species from ten to twenty (commonly twelve or sixteen), and in two species twenty or more.
+  A certain order or disposition of the spines within the conical space in which they radiate could
+  nowhere be ascertained.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">When I first observed <i>Litholophus</i>, I supposed that it might only be a
+  mutilated or altered form of an <i>Acanthonia</i>. Afterwards, observing many specimens with ten
+  spines, I was led to the suggestion that they were produced by self-division of an
+  <i>Acanthonia</i>, and that the number of the spines in each half of the body might be afterwards
+  doubled. But this suggestion seems to be refuted by the fact that in no other genus of the
+  numerous <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> is self-division observed, and that many hundreds of
+  <i>Litholophus</i> which I observed exhibit quite constantly only a single form of radial spines,
+  that of <i>Acanthonia</i>&mdash;simple quadrangular spines without any apophyses.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 320. <i>Litholophus</i>,<a id="NtA_360" href="#Nt_360"><sup>[360]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 401.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Litholophida</span> with a variable number of
+  quadrangular diverging radial spines, united with pyramidal bases in the apex of the conical
+  central capsule.</p>
+
+  <p>The genus <i>Litholophus</i>, the only one of this family, exhibits the peculiarities just
+  described, but might more nearly be defined as a typical "genus" by the quadrangular form of the
+  radial spines, identical with those of <i>Acanthonia</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>The central capsule of <i>Litholophus</i> is constantly conical or pyramidal, commonly opaque,
+  of a dark brownish or reddish colour; it contains many small nuclei. It envelops the basal half of
+  all radial spines in such a manner that their basal parts are united in its apex, and their distal
+  parts pierce the rounded base of the conical capsule (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The calymma or the jelly envelope of the central capsule is only developed at its
+  base, where the spines radiate; at the conical mantle of the capsule it is very thin. The spines
+  seem to be perfectly enclosed in the calymma and connected with it by the same contractile
+  retinacula or "myophrisca" which we observe in the <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>. The
+  pseudopodia arise only from the rounded base of the conical capsule, and radiate between the
+  spines, piercing the calymma, diverging within the conical space occupied by the fascicle of
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page735">{735}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Litholopharium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Ten radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Litholophus decimalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ten radial spines, four-sided prismatic, with prominent smooth edges, of equal breadth
+  throughout their whole length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Litholophus pyramidalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ten radial spines, four-sided pyramidal, with prominent smooth edges, gradually thickened from
+  the small pyramidal base towards the truncated distal end.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4, breadth in the basal part 0.002, in
+  the middle part 0.006, in the distal part 0.012 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Litholophus decapristis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Ten radial spines, four-sided prismatic, with prominent, elegantly denticulated edges, of equal
+  breadth in their whole length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.4, breadth 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Litholophus decastylus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Ten radial spines, four-winged pyramidal, with broad and thin, elegantly denticulated edges,
+  gradually thickened from the small pyramidal base towards the truncated distal end.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth in the basal part 0.002, in
+  the middle part 0.005, in the distal part 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Litholophidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Number of the radial spines variable, between ten and
+  twenty, commonly twelve to sixteen.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page736">{736}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Litholophus ligurinus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Litholophus ligurinus</i>, Haeckel, 1865, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool., Bd. xv. p.
+    366.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines of variable number, from eleven to twenty, commonly twelve to sixteen, four-sided
+  prismatic, with smooth thin edges, of equal breadth in their whole length or a little thinner
+  towards the proximal end.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3, breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Nice); Central Pacific, Station 274,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Litholophus rhipidium</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Litholophus rhipidium</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 402, Taf.
+    xix. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines of variable number, from eleven to twenty, commonly twelve to sixteen, four-sided
+  prismatic, with distantly denticulated edges, of equal breadth in their whole length or a little
+  thinner towards both ends.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3, breadth 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina); North Atlantic, Station 352,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Litholophonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Number of the radial spines twenty (or more?).</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Litholophus fasciculus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines constantly (?) twenty, four-sided prismatic, with smooth prominent edges, nearly of
+  equal breadth throughout their whole length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.5, breadth 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Litholophus penicillus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines constantly twenty (or more?), four-sided prismatic, with distantly denticulated edges,
+  gradually thickened from the small pyramidal base to the middle part, of equal breadth in the
+  distal half.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4, breadth 0.005 to 0.007.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 252, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XXXV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Chiastolida</span></span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Acanthochiasmida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 402.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with a variable number of simple
+  radial spines, which are grown together in pairs (two opposite spines of each pair representing
+  together a single diametral spine). Diametral spines crossed loosely in the centre of the
+  spherical or irregular roundish central capsule. No lattice-shell.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page737">{737}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Chiastolida</span> (or Acanthochiasmida) differs from all other
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> in the peculiar mode of the radial spines; these grown together
+  in pairs in the centre of the body, so that every two spines opposite in one axis of the body form
+  together one single diametral spine. All diametral spines are loosely crossed in the middle of the
+  central capsule, or connected by a peculiar screw-like winding, but not united firmly.</p>
+
+  <p>I established the family Acanthochiasmida in my Monograph (1862, p. 402) upon the single genus
+  <i>Acanthochiasma</i> (with three species), in which only ten diametral spines are constantly
+  found; I derived these from the twenty radial spines of the common <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>, supposing that every two opposite spines of the latter (lying in
+  one axis) were grown together in the centre, whilst the intimate connection of the twenty radial
+  spines in the common centre was dissolved. This opinion was afterwards confirmed by Richard
+  Hertwig, who observed <i>Acanthochiasma</i> intact in the living state. Although two species of
+  this genus are cosmopolitan and very common, the number of species is very small; I could add to
+  those three older known forms only a single new species.</p>
+
+  <p>Another genus of this family, <i>Chiastolus</i>, was observed by me only in a single specimen
+  but it is extremely interesting. It has sixteen diametral spines, disposed quite regularly after
+  the same law of the thirty-two spines of <i>Actinastrum</i> which we described above (compare
+  above, p. <a href="#page729">729</a>). Therefore we cannot doubt that the former is derived from
+  the latter in the same way, every two opposite radial spines (of one axis) being grown together to
+  form a single diametral spine. As we place <i>Acanthometron</i> (with twenty spines) and
+  <i>Actinastrum</i> (with thirty-two spines) in two different families, it would perhaps be more
+  convenient to separate also <i>Acanthochiasma</i> and <i>Chiastolus</i> as representatives of two
+  different families&mdash;Acanthochiasmida (with ten diametral spines) and Chiastolida (with
+  sixteen diametral spines).</p>
+
+  <p>As we derive <i>Acanthochiasma</i> from <i>Acanthometron</i> by concrescence in pairs of the
+  twenty radial spines, the M�llerian law of Icosacantha must be employed also to the ten diametral
+  spines of the former, therefore two of them are equatorial, four tropical, and four polar spines.
+  In the same way we may employ the new law of disposition found in the thirty-two radial spines of
+  <i>Actinastrum</i> equally to the sixteen diametral spines of <i>Chiastolus</i>, which we derive
+  from the former, four of them are equatorial, eight tropical, and four polar spines (compare
+  above, p. <a href="#page732">732</a>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Chiastolida is spherical, and exhibits in general the same
+  shape as in the <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>, and specially in the Astrolonchida. Of
+  course every diametral spine pierces the capsule twice, at two points diametrically opposed. In
+  some species of <i>Acanthochiasma</i> the central capsule is formed very late, so that it seems
+  often to be absent. A very accurate description of the capsule and its nucleus, as well as of the
+  calymma and the pseudopodia, is given by Richard Hertwig in his Organismus der Radiolarien (1879,
+  pp. 10-18). The pseudopodia are very numerous, and sometimes bear reddish granules.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page738">{738}</span></div>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Chiastolida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp4 mc smaller vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Chiastolida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Chiastolida">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 pr2 sp0">
+        <p>I. Subfamily Chiastolidina.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Sixteen diametral spines, derived by concrescence of thirty-two radial
+        spines,</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">321. <i>Chiastolus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Acanthochiasmida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Ten diametral spines, derived by concrescence of twenty radial spines,</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">322. <i>Acanthochiasma</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 321. <i>Chiastolus</i>,<a id="NtA_361" href="#Nt_361"><sup>[361]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Chiastolida</span> with sixteen diametral spines,
+  derived from thirty-two radial spines opposite and grown together in pairs.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Chiastolus</i>, hitherto known only by a single observed specimen,
+  comprises the Chiastolida with sixteen diametral spines, which are loosely crossed in the centre
+  of the body. Four of these spines are equatorial, four polar, and eight tropical. We derive
+  <i>Chiastolus</i> from <i>Actinastrum</i> by concrescence of every two opposite spines in one axis
+  of the body (compare above, pp. <a href="#page729">729</a>, <a href="#page732">732</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Chiastolus amphicopium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>, figs. 3,
+  3<i>a</i>, 3<i>b</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Spines in the central part cylindrical, spirally convoluted in a very peculiar manner,
+  broadened towards both ends, strongly compressed, two-edged; the broadest parts are the two
+  truncated distal ends, five to seven times as broad as the thinnest central part, which is placed
+  between two spindle-shaped intumescences. These cochleary central parts of the sixteen spines seem
+  to be resting one upon another. Each spine (composed of two opposite equal radial spines) has
+  nearly the form of a double oar. The single observed specimen (preserved in glycerine) exhibited a
+  most regular disposition of the thirty-two spines (grown together in pairs in the centre). The
+  diameter of the dark non-transparent spherical central capsule equalled one-fifth to one-fourth of
+  the total length of the double spines. When the soft parts of the body were destroyed by sulphuric
+  acid, the sixteen single spines were suddenly dispersed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the sixteen double spines 0.5, distal breadth (of the
+  truncated ends) 0.05, central breadth 0.01; diameter of the central capsule 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-east Pacific (near Juan Fernandez), Station 297,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 322. <i>Acanthochiasma</i>,<a id="NtA_362" href="#Nt_362"><sup>[362]</sup></a> Krohn,
+  1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 810.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Chiastolida</span> with ten diametral spines,
+  derived from twenty radial spines opposite and grown together in pairs.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page739">{739}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Acanthochiasma</i> with a small number of common species, comprises
+  the Chiastolida with ten diametral spines, which are loosely crossed in the centre of the body. I
+  could distinguish only four species, two of which are cosmopolitan and very widely distributed. In
+  all four species the diametral spines are quite simple, cylindrical; only in one species
+  distinguished by a spiral winding or torsion in the middle part, where they are crossed one to
+  another. We derive <i>Acanthochiasma</i> from <i>Acanthometron</i> by concrescence of every two
+  spines opposite in one axis of the body.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Acanthochiasma krohnii</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthochiasma krohnii</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p.403, Taf. xix. fig.
+    7.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthochiasma krohnii</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., Taf. ii.
+    fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines needle-shaped, cylindrical, very thin and long, of equal breadth in their whole length,
+  distinguished by a high degree of elasticity. Central capsule colourless or yellowish-white,
+  transparent. Granules of the sarcode colourless.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.5 to 1.0, breadth 0.001 to 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, very
+  common.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Acanthochiasma rubescens</i>, Krohn.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthochiasma rubescens</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 403.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines cylindrical, of equal breadth in their whole length, not very elastic, pointed at the
+  two ends. Central capsule intransparent, reddish, with violin-shaped concretions. Granules of the
+  sarcode red coloured.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.6, breadth 0.004 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Madeira, Krohn; Lanzerote, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Acanthochiasma fusiforme</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthochiasma fusiforme</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 404, Taf.
+    xix. fig. 8.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines spindle-shaped, from the thicker central part thinned towards the two thin conical ends,
+  perfectly straight and smooth, rigid, inelastic. Central capsule non-transparent, brown.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.5, breadth in the central part 0.006 to
+  0.009.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Acanthochiasma spirale</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines spindle-shaped, tapering from the thicker central part towards the two thin conical
+  ends, rigid, inelastic; their central part is spirally convoluted in a very peculiar cochlea-like
+  manner, as in <i>Chiastolus amphicopium</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>, figs.
+  3<i>a</i>, 3<i>b</i>). The ten spines are propped one upon another by the central screw. Central
+  capsule dark, opaque.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth of the central spiral part
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page740">{740}</span></div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h3>Suborder II. ACANTHONIDA, Haeckel (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>).</h3>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Acanthonida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 465.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> with twenty radial
+  spines, disposed according to the M�llerian or Icosacanthan law in five zones each of four
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XXXVI. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Astrolonchida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Astrolonchida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 465.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> with twenty radial spines of
+  nearly equal size and similar form, disposed according to the law of the Icosacantha. No
+  lattice-shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span>, the first and oldest of the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>, is no doubt the ancestral stock not only of this suborder but also
+  all <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>, <i>i.e.</i>, of all Icosacantha or all <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> in which twenty radial spines are regularly disposed according to the
+  M�llerian law, forming five zones each of four alternating spines (compare above, p. <a
+  href="#page717">717</a>). The Astrolonchida differ from the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> in the absence of a complete lattice-shell, from the other two
+  families of <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span> (the Quadrilonchida and Amphilonchida) in the
+  equal size and similar form of all the spines. Probably this equality is nowhere quite perfect,
+  since in all Icosacantha the central bases of the twenty spines exhibit originally certain slight
+  differences of form and junction, effected by the regular disposition itself. But setting aside
+  this slight difference, only recognisable by means of a very accurate investigation of the central
+  junction (and in thinner spines often not at all recognisable), the twenty spines of the
+  Astrolonchida appear perfectly equal. Therefore the four equatorial spines are not distinguished
+  from the sixteen other spines, as is constantly the case in the two following families.</p>
+
+  <p>The number of genera (eleven) and of species (seventy-six) in the Astrolonchida is far larger
+  than in the five other families of <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>, and requires a
+  distinction into three different subfamilies. (A) In the Zygacanthida the form of the radial
+  spines is quite simple, without apophyses or transverse processes; (B) in the Phractacanthida each
+  spine bears two opposite apophyses (rarely two longitudinal rows of these opposite apophyses); (C)
+  in the Stauracanthida each spine bears a cross of four apophyses, opposite in pairs (rarely four
+  longitudinal crossed rows of apophyses, opposite in pairs). The Phractacanthida and Stauracanthida
+  appear as two divergent branches of the pedigree, derived independently from the common ancestral
+  stock of Zygacanthida.</p>
+
+  <p>In the Zygacanthida, constantly devoid of apophyses, we can distinguish only three genera,
+  characterised by the different fundamental form of the radial spines; these are:&mdash;(1)
+  <i>Acanthometron</i>, with cylindrical or conical spines (without edges); (2) <i>Zygacantha</i>,
+  with compressed and two-edged spines; (3) <i>Acanthonia</i>, with four-edged, prismatic or
+  pyramidal spines. The transverse section of the spines is in the first case <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page741">{741}</span>circular, in the second elliptical or lanceolate, in the third square.
+  All the different forms of spines, which we find in the numerous <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, may be reduced to these three forms, and among these the second and
+  third are derived from the first.</p>
+
+  <p>The development of apophyses or of lateral transverse processes (wanting in the Zygacanthida)
+  is of the greatest value for the further differentiation of the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>. For from the Phractacanthida (with two opposite apophyses on each
+  spine) we must derive the Phrastaspida, the common ancestral stock of the Diporaspida (and
+  therefore also the Belonaspida, Hexalaspida, Diploconida, and Phractopeltida). On the other hand
+  the Stauracanthida (with four crossed apophyses on each spine) have produced the Stauraspida, or
+  the ancestral group of the Tessaraspida and Sph�rocapsida. From all these <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>, possessing a complete lattice-shell, the Astrolonchida differ
+  in the absence of such a complete shell. Also in the few cases in which the apophyses become
+  latticed (<i>Doracantha</i> among the Phractacanthida, and <i>Phatnacantha</i> among the
+  Stauracanthida), the lattice-plates of the neighbouring spines never meet with their edges, as is
+  the case in all <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>. But in a phylogenetic as well as in an
+  ontogenetic sense the former are the ancestral stock of the latter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> in the Astrolonchida is commonly spherical, sometimes with twenty
+  roundish elevations or conical papill�, extending radially to the basal half of the radial spines.
+  The calymma is voluminous, and forms around the radial spines conical or cylindrical
+  "jelly-sheaths," which are connected with the spines by coronas of Myophrisca (or of the bodies
+  formerly called "Gallert-cilien," afterwards recognised as "contractile Filamente").</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Astrolonchida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrolonchida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrolonchida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>I. Subfamily Zygacanthida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Twenty radial spines simple, without apophyses or lateral transverse
+        processes.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Spines cylindrical, with circular transverse section,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">323. <i>Acanthometron</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Spines compressed, two-edged or lamellar, with elliptical
+      or rhomboidal transverse section,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">324. <i>Zygacantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Spines quadrangular (prismatic or pyramidal), with four
+      edges, with square transverse section,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">325. <i>Acanthonia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Phractacanthida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Twenty radial spines provided each with two opposite apophyses (or two
+        longitudinal rows of apophyses).</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Two apophyses opposite on each spine.</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Apophyses simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">326. <i>Lithophyllium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Apophyses branched,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">327. <i>Phractacantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Apophyses latticed,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">328. <i>Doracantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Two opposite longitudinal rows of apophyses (four to eight
+      or more apophyses on each spine, opposite in pairs),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">329. <i>Astrolonche</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Subfamily Stauracanthida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Twenty radial spines provided each with four crossed apophyses (or four
+        crossed longitudinal rows of apophyses).</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Four apophyses (in cross form) opposite in pairs on each
+      spine.</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Apophyses simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">330. <i>Xiphacantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Apophyses branched,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">331. <i>Stauracantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">Apophyses latticed,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">332. <i>Phatnacantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Four longitudinal rows of apophyses, opposite in pairs in
+      cross form on each spine,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">333. <i>Pristacantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrolonchida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Astrolonchida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Zygacanthida. Twenty radial spines simple, without apophyses or
+      lateral transverse processes.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spines cylindrical, with circular transverse section,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">323. <i>Acanthometron</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spines compressed, two-edged or lamellar, with elliptical or
+      rhomboidal transverse section,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">324. <i>Zygacantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Spines quadrangular (prismatic or pyramidal), with four edges,
+      with square transverse section,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">325. <i>Acanthonia</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Phractacanthida. Twenty radial spines provided each with two
+      opposite apophyses (or two longitudinal rows of apophyses).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two apophyses opposite on each spine.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Apophyses simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">326. <i>Lithophyllium</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Apophyses branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">327. <i>Phractacantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Apophyses latticed,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">328. <i>Doracantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two opposite longitudinal rows of apophyses (four to eight or more
+      apophyses on each spine, opposite in pairs),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">329. <i>Astrolonche</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">III. Subfamily Stauracanthida. Twenty radial spines provided each with four
+      crossed apophyses (or four crossed longitudinal rows of apophyses).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four apophyses (in cross form) opposite in pairs on each
+      spine.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Apophyses simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">330. <i>Xiphacantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Apophyses branched,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">331. <i>Stauracantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Apophyses latticed,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">332. <i>Phatnacantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Four longitudinal rows of apophyses, opposite in pairs in cross
+      form on each spine,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">333. <i>Pristacantha</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page742">{742}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Zygacanthida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span> with twenty simple
+  radial spines, without apophyses or lateral transverse processes.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 323. <i>Acanthometron</i>,<a id="NtA_363" href="#Nt_363"><sup>[363]</sup></a> J. M�ller,
+  1855, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 229.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span> with simple cylindrical or
+  needle-shaped radial spines, without edges and without apophyses; their transverse section is
+  circular.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Acanthometron</i>, with the restricted definition here given, is the
+  most simple form of all <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>, and may be regarded as the common
+  ancestral form not only of this suborder but also of all <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>,
+  in general of all Icosacantha, or all <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> in which twenty radial
+  spines are regularly disposed after the M�llerian law (p. <a href="#page717">717</a>). In the
+  wider sense, given originally to <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> by Johannes M�ller, its
+  discoverer, this genus comprised all <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> constituting here our
+  order "<span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>" (Radiolaria without lattice-shell, with radial
+  spines united in the centre). In my Monograph (1862, p. 375) I restricted this genus to those
+  "Acanthometrida" in which twenty simple spines of equal size (and without apophyses) are supported
+  one upon another in the centre, and I separated as <i>Astrolithium</i> those forms in which they
+  are grown together in the centre. But this difference now appears not so important, and I restrict
+  here the genus <i>Acanthometron</i> (not <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>) to those most
+  simple forms in which the simple radial spines are cylindrical or conical, without edges.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Acanthometrella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spines at the central base without leaf-cross, united by
+  the opposed triangular faces of their pyramidal bases, resting one upon another.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Acathometron'">Acanthometron</span>
+  elasticum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthometra elastica</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 376, Taf. xv. fig. 1,
+    Taf. xviii. fig. 1.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra elastica</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., Taf. i.
+    figs. 2, 2<i>a</i>, 2<i>b</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines cylindrical, very thin and long, needle-shaped, at the central base four-sided
+  pyramidal, without leaf-cross. Distal apex conical. The spines are very elastic, of nearly equal
+  thickness in their whole length. Central capsule quite pellucid, colourless, with a variable
+  number of yellow pigment-bodies (xanthell�?).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.6, breadth 0.001 to 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan, very common in all warmer seas; Mediterranean,
+  Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page743">{743}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Acanthometron cylindricum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Spines cylindrical, thick and long, at the central base thickened with a pear-shaped knob, and
+  with very small central fulcral pyramid, without leaf-cross. Distal apex rounded or truncated.
+  Central capsule opaque, filled with red pigment-bodies.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.4 to 0.8, breadth 0.01 to 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Acanthometron fuscum</i>, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthometra fusca</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 47, Taf.
+    xi. fig. 4.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra fusca</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol, p. 377.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines very thin and long, in the proximal half cylindrical, in the distal half conical,
+  gradually thinned towards the simple conical apex. Central base a small four-sided pyramid,
+  without leaf-cross. Central capsule opaque, filled with brown pigment-bodies.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.4, breadth 0.002 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Cette, Portofino, Messina).</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Acanthometron bulbosum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra bulbosa</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 377, Taf. xv.
+    fig. 2, Taf. xviii fig. 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines very thin and long, cylindrical, with simple needle-shaped apex; in the basal part
+  conical, towards the centre much thickened, with a short four-sided fulcral pyramid, without
+  leaf-cross. Central capsule opaque, filled with brown pigment-bodies.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.5, breadth in the middle and outer part
+  0.001, in the basal part 0.008 to 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean; Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Acanthometron dolichoscion</i>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>, figs.
+  6-8).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra dolichoscia</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 377, Taf.
+    xviii. figs. 3<i>a</i>, 3<i>b</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines very long and thin, cylindrical, in the thickened outer half about twice as thick as in
+  the thin inner half, at the simple apex compressed, two-edged. Central base little thickened, with
+  a small four-sided pyramid, without leaf-cross. Central capsule transparent, whitish or
+  yellowish.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.6 to 0.8, breadth in the proximal part 0.004,
+  in the distal part 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina, Portofino), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Acanthometron conicum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines short and thick, conical, gradually thinner from the thick conical base towards the
+  simple apex. Central part of the base with a large fulcral pyramid, but without leaf-cross.
+  Central capsule transparent, colourless (?).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.08 to 0.12, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page744">{744}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Acanthometron pellucidum</i>, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthometra pellucida</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 47,
+    Taf. xi. figs. 1-3.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra pellucida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 378.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines cylindrical, very thin and long, needle-shaped, nearly of equal thickness in their whole
+  length. Central base with a small fulcral pyramid, without leaf-cross. Distal apex bifid or
+  bifurcate, with two thin parallel teeth. Central capsule pellucid, colourless, with yellow
+  pigment-bodies. (Differs from <i>Acanthometron elasticum</i> mainly in the bifid apex.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spine 0.1 to 0.3, breadth 0.002 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Acanthometron wageneri</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra wageneri</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 378.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines cylindrical, in the thickened outer half about twice as broad as in the thin inner half.
+  Central base a little thickened, with large fulcral pyramid, but without leaf-cross. Distal apex
+  bifid, with two divergent, often denticulated teeth. Central capsule pellucid, with yellow
+  pigment-bodies. (Differs from <i>Acanthometron dolichoscion</i> mainly in the bifid apex.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.5, breadth in the inner part 0.003, in
+  the outer 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Adriatic Sea; Triest, Wagner; Corfu, Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Phyllostaurus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 381.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spines at the central base with a broad leaf-cross,
+  composed of four prominent triangular lamell�; the meeting edges of the neighbouring lamell� are
+  propped one upon another in such a manner that there are formed twenty-two hollow pyramidal spaces
+  or compartments (compare p. <a href="#page721">721</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Acanthometron siculum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra sicula</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 382, Taf. xvii.
+    figs. 1, 2; Taf. xviii. fig. 8.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines elongate, conical, tapering gradually from the thick base towards the simple distal
+  apex. Conical circular base supported by a basal leaf-cross of double the breadth. Central capsule
+  yellowish-brown, opaque.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4, basal breadth 0.008 to 0.012,
+  leaf-cross 0.024.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page745">{745}</span></div>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Acanthometron catervatum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra brevispina</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 382, Taf.
+    xv. fig. 5, Taf. xviii. fig. 9.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines cylindrical, nearly of equal breadth throughout their whole length. Apex either simple,
+  conical, or bifid. Base with a large leaf-cross, four to six times as broad as the spine itself.
+  Central capsule transparent, yellow.  The Atlantic specimens have much longer spines than those
+  figured from the Mediterranean, but are otherwise not different. Therefore I have changed the
+  inconvenient name <i>brevispinum</i> into <i>catervatum</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.1 to 0.3, breadth 0.005 to 0.008; basal
+  leaf-cross 0.02 to 0.032.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina); North Atlantic, Station 354, Gulf
+  Stream (F�r�e Channel) in great abundance, John Murray, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Astrolithium</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss.
+  Berlin, p. 810.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spines in the basal part grown perfectly together, so that
+  the whole skeleton forms a single piece of acanthin; a star with twenty equal rays.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Acanthometron bulbiferum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Astrolithium bulbiferum</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 466.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines needle-shaped, cylindrical, very thin and long, with simple apex; suddenly thickened and
+  forming a broad regular cone at the central base; all twenty conical bulbs have their broad bases
+  grown together and forming a central icosahedron of acanthin; from its twenty faces arise the
+  circular bases of the cones in regular disposition.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.5, breadth 0.001 to 0.003; height of the
+  basal cones 0.06, basal breadth of them 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Acanthometron bifidum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Astrolithium bifidum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 400, Taf. xx.
+    fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines needle-shaped, cylindrical, of equal breadth in their whole length. Distal apex bifid,
+  with two parallel straight teeth. Central bases of all twenty spines grown perfectly together and
+  forming a central sphere of acanthin. Central capsule brown opaque.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2, breadth 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page746">{746}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 324. <i>Zygacantha</i>,<a id="NtA_364" href="#Nt_364"><sup>[364]</sup></a> J. M�ller,
+  1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 51.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span> with simple, compressed, and
+  two-edged radial spines, without apophyses; their transverse section is elliptical or
+  rhomboidal.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Zygacantha</i> comprised in the original definition of J. M�ller only
+  a single species, <i>Zygacantha furcata</i>, distinguished from the other <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> by forked spines with two long parallel teeth. It seems now
+  advisable to unite in this genus all those Astrolonchida in which the simple spines are two-edged,
+  compressed, or leaf-shaped. The term <i>Zygacantha</i> may be conceived as the general expression
+  of the important fact, that in all Icosacantha the twenty spines are opposite in pairs.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Zygacantharium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spines at the central base without leaf-cross and without
+  hollow pyramidal compartments, united by the opposed triangular faces of their pyramidal bases,
+  resting one upon another.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Zygacantha lanceolata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthometra lanceolata</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 48,
+    Taf. xi. fig. 12.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra lanceolata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 380.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines lanceolate, from the broader middle part equally thinned towards the two ends. Apex
+  simple. Base pyramidal, without leaf-cross. Each flat lamellar spine exhibits an elevated middle
+  rib (like a lanceolate leaf), and is therefore compressed quadrangular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.1 to 0.15, greatest breadth (in the width) 0.03
+  to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Saint Tropez, French shore), J. M�ller; North
+  Atlantic (Canary Islands), Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Zygacantha costata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines compressed, two-edged, linear, of nearly equal breadth in their whole length. Apex
+  truncate. Base pyramidal, without leaf-cross. Each flat lamellar spine exhibits an elevated middle
+  rib, which in the distal half is cleft into two divergent rods ending in the corners of the
+  truncated apex. (Similar to <i>Zygacantha dicopa</i>, but with broader free spines, which are not
+  grown together in the centre.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.1 to 0.15, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page747">{747}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Zygacantha compressa</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra compressa</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 378, Taf.
+    xviii. figs. 4<i>a</i>, 4<i>b</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines in the proximal half compressed, broad lanceolate, four to six times as broad as in the
+  thin cylindrical distal half. Apex simple or short bifid. Base pyramidal, thickened, without
+  leaf-cross. No middle rib. Central capsule opaque, yellowish or reddish-brown.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.5, breadth of the inner half 0.015 to
+  0.02, of the outer half 0.002 to 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina); Atlantic (Canary Islands), Station
+  352, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Zygacantha furcata</i>, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Zygacantha furcata</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 51, Taf.
+    ix. fig. 6.</p>
+    <p><i>Acanthometra furcata</i>, J. M�ller, 1856, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 499.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra furcata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 380.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines compressed, fork-shaped, divided by two thickened knots into three sections of nearly
+  equal length; middle section broader than the proximal, but smaller than the distal section, which
+  is cleft by a deep fissure into two long parallel straight branches.  Base pyramidal, without
+  leaf-cross. Central capsule purple, with yellow bodies.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.1 to 0.15, basal breadth 0.003 to 0.005, distal
+  breadth 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Cette). J. M�ller, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Zygacanthidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spines at the central base with a cross of four prominent
+  leaves; the meeting edges of the neighbouring lamell� so rest one upon another that twenty-two
+  hollow pyramidal compartments are formed (compare p. <a href="#page721">721</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Zygacantha dichotoma</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Zygacantha dichotoma</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 381.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra dichotoma</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 50, Taf. ix. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines compressed, pincer-shaped, cleft nearly throughout their whole length into two thin
+  parallel straight rods or fork branches, which are united only in their middle by a narrow bridge,
+  and at their central base by the pyramidal small central apex; above this pyramid each rod is
+  divided into two broad triangular leaves, forming a large basal leaf-cross. Central capsule
+  purple, with yellow bodies.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.1 to 0.15, breadth 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Nice), J. M�ller, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page748">{748}</span></div>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Zygacantha complanata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines compressed, two-edged, linear, of equal breadth throughout their whole length. Apex
+  bifid. Base thickened, with a large leaf-cross. (Similar to <i>Amphilonche complanata</i>, but
+  different in the equal size of all twenty spines, which are somewhat broader.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.12 to 0.18, breadth 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Zygacantha semicompressa</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra hemicompressa</i>, Car, 1884, Zool. Anzeiger, p. 94, with
+    woodcut.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines in the proximal half compressed, two-edged, linear, three to four times as broad as in
+  the needle-shaped cylindrical distal half. Apex simple. Base pyramidal, with a small leaf-cross.
+  Central capsule transparent.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.1 to 0.2, breadth in the proximal half 0.02, in
+  the distal half 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Genoa), Haeckel; Adriatic Sea (Trieste), <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads 'Czar'.">Car</span>, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Zygacantha foliacea</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines lanceolate, tapering from the broader middle part towards the two ends, with two
+  dentated or serrated edges and a prominent middle rib. Apex simple. Base with a small leaf-cross.
+  The spines like the leaves of <i>Agave americana</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.15 to 0.2, middle breadth 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, near the Island of Socotra, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Zygacanthonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spines in the centre grown perfectly together and forming
+  a single star-shaped piece of acanthin.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Zygacantha dicopa</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Astrolithium dicopum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 400, Taf. xx.
+    figs. 3, 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines compressed, two-edged, linear, of nearly equal breadth throughout their whole length,
+  with a prominent middle rib, which in the distal third is cleft into two divergent teeth, ending
+  in the two corners of the broad, obliquely truncated apex. All twenty spines with their central
+  bases grown together and forming one single piece of acanthin&mdash;a star with twenty rays.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.12 to 0.2, breadth 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, many
+  Stations, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page749">{749}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 325. <i>Acanthonia</i>,<a id="NtA_365" href="#Nt_365"><sup>[365]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 465.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span> with simple, four-edged,
+  prismatic or pyramidal radial spines, without apophyses; their transverse section is square.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Acanthonia</i> comprises all those Astrolonchida (formerly united with
+  <i>Acanthometron</i>) in which the simple spines either in their whole length or in the greatest
+  part of it are four-edged, with square transverse section. They are sometimes more prismatic (with
+  equal breadth), at other times more pyramidal (with decreasing breadth towards the distal apex).
+  If <i>Acanthometron</i> be the common simple ancestral form of the Acanthonida, then the two-edged
+  <i>Zygacantha</i>, and the four-edged <i>Acanthonia</i> may be regarded as two divergent main
+  lines arising from it; the former leading to the Phractacanthida and Diporaspida, the latter
+  leading to the Stauracanthida and Tessaraspida.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Acanthonarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spines at the central base, without leaf-cross and without
+  hollow pyramidal compartments, united by the triangular faces of their pyramidal bases, resting
+  one upon another.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Acanthonia tetracopa</i>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>, figs.
+  9-11).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthometra tetracopa</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 47,
+    Taf. vii. figs. 3 to 5, Taf. xi. fig. 5.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra tetracopa</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 379, Taf.
+    xviii. fig. 5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular prismatic, with prominent lamellar edges, of equal breadth in their whole
+  length. Base pyramidal, without leaf-cross. Apex truncated, or with four short teeth (sometimes
+  only two teeth). Central capsule opaque, brown or yellow.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.15 to 0.2, breadth 0.01 to 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, many
+  Stations, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Acanthonia prismatica</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular prismatic, without prominent edges, with four plane lateral faces, of equal
+  breadth throughout their whole length. Base pyramidal, without leaf-cross. Apex truncate, with
+  square apical face.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.1 to 0.16, breadth 0.005 to 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page750">{750}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Acanthonia denticulata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular prismatic, with prominent elegantly denticulated edges, of equal breadth
+  throughout their whole length. Both ends pyramidal, without leaf-cross. (Similar to <i>Amphilonche
+  denticulata</i>, but with the twenty spines all equal, and with spherical central capsule.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.12 to 0.16, breadth 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Acanthonia m�lleri</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra m�lleri</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 379, Taf. xv.
+    fig. 3, Taf. xviii. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular, nearly prismatic, but tapering gradually from the pyramidal base towards
+  the distal bifid apex, which bears two thin, parallel, or little divergent teeth; four edges
+  elegantly denticulated; base without leaf-cross. Central capsule yellowish or reddish.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.12 to 0.18, basal breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina); Atlantic, Stations 348 to 352,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Acanthonia fragilis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra fragilis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 380, Taf. xv.
+    fig. 4, Taf. xviii. fig. 7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular, nearly prismatic, but gradually thickened from the pyramidal base towards
+  the distal truncated end; four edges regularly denticulated; base without leaf-cross. Central
+  capsule opaque.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.5 and more, basal breadth 0.002 to 0.003,
+  distal breadth 0.008 to 0.016 or more.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina); North Atlantic, Station 354,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Acanthonia convexa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular, with four broad lamellar, convex, prominent edges, which from the broader
+  middle part are thinned towards the two emarginated ends; each end with a small quadrangular
+  pyramid, without leaf-cross. All the twenty spines of this species exhibit nearly the same form,
+  which is seen in the caudal or posterior (geotomical) spine of <i>Amphilonche anomala</i> (Monogr.
+  d. Radiol., Taf. xviii. fig. 23, <i>b</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.12 to 0.16, breadth in the middle part 0.02 to
+  0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Acanthonia concava</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular, with four broad lamellar, concave, prominent edges, which from the smaller
+  middle part are broadened towards the two emarginated ends; each end with a small <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page751">{751}</span>quadrangular pyramid, without leaf-cross. All the twenty
+  spines of this species exhibit nearly the same form, which is seen in the frontal or anterior
+  (hydrotomical) spine of <i>Amphilonche anomala</i> (Monogr. d. Radiol., Taf. xviii. fig. 23,
+  <i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.15, breadth in the middle part 0.012, on both
+  ends 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Acanthonia quadrangula</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular prismatic, with smooth prominent straight edges, but of very different
+  breadth in both halves; the inner or proximal half (inside the central capsule) twice to four
+  times as broad as the outer or distal half (outside the central capsule); both ends suddenly
+  separated by a constriction, in which is inserted the membrane of the capsule. The latter is
+  pellucid, with a number of yellow bodies. Apex of the spines simple, base pyramidal, without
+  leaf-cross.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.4, breadth of the basal half 0.01, of
+  the distal half 0.002 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Atlantic, Canary Islands, Azores, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Acanthonidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spines at the central base with a broad leaf-cross,
+  composed of four prominent triangular lamell�; the meeting edges of these crossed lamell� between
+  every three or four neighbouring spines so rest one upon another that twenty-two hollow pyramidal
+  compartments are formed (compare p. <a href="#page721">721</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Acanthonia echinoides</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthometra echinoides</i>, Clapar�de et Lachmann, 1858, �tudes sur les Infusoires et les
+    Rhizopodes, &amp;c., p. 459, pl. xxiii. figs. 1-5.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra echinoides</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 383.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular prismatic without prominent edges, with four plane lateral faces, of equal
+  breadth throughout their whole length.  Central base three to four times as broad, with large
+  leaf-cross. Apex truncated or bifid (sometimes with four short teeth).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.5, breadth 0.004 to 0.008; leaf-cross
+  0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, west coast of Norway (Clapar�de et Lachmann);
+  F�r�e Channel (Gulf Stream), John Murray, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Acanthonia claparedei</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra claparedei</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 383, Taf.
+    xviii. fig. 12.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular prismatic, with four prominent lamellar edges, of equal breadth throughout
+  their whole length. Apex bifid. Central base twice as broad, with large leaf-cross. Central
+  capsule opaque, reddish-brown.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.6, breadth 0.016; leaf-cross 0.032.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina); Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page752">{752}</span></div>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Acanthonia cuspidata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra cuspidata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 383, Taf.
+    xviii. fig. 11.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular pyramidal, with four prominent lamellar edges, tapering gradually from the
+  broad base towards the simple distal apex. Basal leaf-cross as broad, with a small central
+  pyramid.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.5, basal breadth 0.012; leaf-cross 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Acanthonia quadrifolia</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra quadrifolia</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 382, Taf.
+    xviii. fig. 10.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines in the basal part quadrangular pyramidal, with four prominent lamellar edges and a large
+  basal leaf-cross; in the distal part three to six times as long, cylindrical, of equal breadth.
+  Apex simple, conical, or bifid. Central capsule yellow or whitish. This common species differs
+  from the nearly allied <i>Acanthometron catervatum</i> mainly by the strong development of the
+  large basal leaves or wings.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.5, breadth in the distal half 0.002, in
+  the basal part 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean; North Atlantic, Stations 252 to 254; F�r�e
+  Channel, Gulf Stream, in enormous numbers, John Murray, surface and at various depths.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Acanthonia diplopyramis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines formed like a quadrangular double pyramid or an irregular octahedron; the basal
+  leaf-cross being extremely developed, with four very large and thin lamellar leaves; the basal
+  halves of the twenty double pyramids are united by the meeting edges of those leaves, while their
+  distal halves are free, with simple apices. Therefore the four triangular leaves of each spine are
+  equally thinned from the middle towards the two ends.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.1 to 0.2, greatest breadth 0.04 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Acanthonia multispina</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthometra multispina</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 47,
+    Taf. vii. figs. 6-9.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra multispina</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 384.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular, with four lamellar prominent edges, in the proximal half nearly prismatic,
+  in the distal half pyramidal; both halves separated by a prominent short tooth on each edge. Here
+  in the middle part the breadth (including the four teeth) is equal to the basal leaf-cross.
+  Central capsule opaque, brown.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, greatest breadth 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina); Tropical Atlantic, Station 348.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page753">{753}</span></div>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Acanthonia serrulata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular pyramidal, with simple apex; the large basal leaf-cross nearly half as long
+  as the prolonged distal part. The four prominent triangular edges of the latter are very thin and
+  broad lamell�, finely dentate or serrate.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, greatest breadth 0.05 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Acantholithium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spines in the basal part grown together, so that the whole
+  skeleton is not composed of twenty separated pieces, but represents a single piece of
+  acanthin&mdash;a star with twenty equal rays.</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Acanthonia stellata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular pyramidal, with simple distal apex, in the basal part grown perfectly
+  together, so that the whole skeleton forms a single piece of acanthin&mdash;a starlet with twenty
+  equal rays. The free pyramidal part of each spine is twice to four times as long as the basal
+  part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.1 to 0.15, greatest breadth (on the surface of
+  the central solid sphere) 0.02 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Phractacanthida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span> with twenty radial
+  spines, each of which bears two opposite apophyses or lateral transverse processes; sometimes two
+  longitudinal rows of opposite apophyses.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 326. <i>Lithophyllium</i>,<a id="NtA_366" href="#Nt_366"><sup>[366]</sup></a> J. M�ller,
+  1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 52.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span> with two simple, not branched,
+  opposite apophyses on each radial spine.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lithophyllium</i> was founded by J. M�ller for a single species
+  (<i>Lithophyllium foliosum</i>), which we also here retain as the type of the genus. It is the
+  first observed Astrolonchid, which bears two opposite lateral apophyses on each spine, and may
+  therefore be regarded as the ancestral form of the subfamily Phractacanthida. The two opposite
+  apophyses are here simple, whilst in the other genera of the subfamily they are branched or
+  multiplied.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page754">{754}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Lithophyllium cruciatum</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthometra cruciata</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 49,
+    Taf xi. fig. 11.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Xiphacantha cruciata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 385, Taf.
+    xviii. fig. 13.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines cylindrical, very thin, crossed perpendicularly in the distal third by a thin transverse
+  beam; both lateral rods of the cross have the same length as the distal end. Apex simple. Base
+  pyramidal, without leaf-cross.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.05 to 0.15, breadth 0.001 to 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Atlantic, Stations 352 to 354, &amp;c.,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Lithophyllium gladiatum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Spines compressed, sword-shaped, two-edged, crossed perpendicularly in the middle part by a
+  broad, somewhat curved transverse beam; both lateral rods of the cross are triangular compressed,
+  and have the same length as the proximal end. Apex simple. Base pyramidal, without leaf-cross.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions</i>.&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.25, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat</i>.&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Lithophyllium condylatum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines compressed quadrangular, tapering from the broader middle towards the two ends; from the
+  middle part arise two opposite perpendicular apophyses, which bear on the rounded end a thickened
+  condyle. Apex simple. Base pyramidal, with a small leaf-cross.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.1 to 0.12, breadth in the middle part 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266 to 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Lithophyllium foliosum</i>, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Lithophyllium foliosum</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 52,
+    Taf. xi. figs. 6-10.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Xiphacantha foliosa</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 385.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines lanceolate, tapering from the broader middle towards the two ends. From the middle part
+  or from the outer third arise two opposite triangular apophyses, which are not perpendicular to
+  the axis of the spine, but form an acute angle with its distal part. Therefore each spine
+  represents a broad leaf with a middle rib and with three lobes or truncated teeth. The distal apex
+  is distinguished by a violet colour. Base pyramidal, without leaf-cross. Central capsule
+  yellow.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.05 to 0.1, breadth 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, French shore, Saint Tropez, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page755">{755}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 327. <i>Phractacantha</i>,<a id="NtA_367" href="#Nt_367"><sup>[367]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 465.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition</i>.&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span> with two branched, but not
+  latticed, opposite apophyses on each radial spine.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Phractacantha</i> differs from its ancestral form, the preceding
+  <i>Lithophyllium</i> by the ramification of the apophyses, which are either forked or bear lateral
+  branches. If the prolonged fork-branches of the neighbouring spines meet and form a lattice-shell,
+  this genus passes over into <i>Phractaspis</i>, the common ancestral form of the Diporaspida.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Phractacantha</i> bifurca, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines cylindrical, thin, of equal breadth throughout their whole length. Apex simple. Base
+  pyramidal, without leaf-cross. From the outer third arise two opposite, thin, forked apophyses;
+  ends of the fork branches acute.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.1, breadth 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Phractacantha bipennis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines compressed, two-edged, tapering from the broader middle towards the two ends. Apex
+  simple. Base pyramidal, without leaf-cross. From the middle arise two opposite broad, forked
+  apophyses; ends of the fork-branches broad and obtuse.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.15, breadth in the middle 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 328. <i>Doracantha</i>,<a id="NtA_368" href="#Nt_368"><sup>[368]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 465.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition</i>.&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span> with two latticed or
+  fenestrated apophyses on each radial spine.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Doracantha</i> arises from the foregoing <i>Phractacantha</i> by union
+  of the fork-branches of the apophyses on each spine. By this concrescence is formed a polygonal or
+  roundish plate with two pores, pierced by the radial spine between them. <i>Doracantha</i> may be
+  regarded as a <i>Dorataspis</i>, in which the twenty small fenestrated plates have not become
+  united.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page756">{756}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Doracantha dorataspis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines compressed, two-edged, tapering from the broader middle towards the two ends. Apex
+  simple. Base pyramidal, without leaf-cross. From the middle part of each spine arise two opposite
+  forked apophyses; the neighbouring fork-branches are recurved and united in the tangential plane;
+  so that each spine bears a plate or shield with two elliptical pores; the margin of the roundish
+  plate bears a variable number of short teeth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 329. <i>Astrolonche</i>,<a id="NtA_369" href="#Nt_369"><sup>[369]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 465.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span> with numerous simple apophyses
+  (four to eight or more on each radial spine), which are arranged in two opposite longitudinal rows
+  (rarely in six such rows, opposite in three parallel planes).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Astrolonche</i> differs from the preceding Phractacanthida in the
+  multiplication of the simple apophyses. Commonly these are opposite in pairs in two longitudinal
+  rows (on the two edges of the compressed spine, at least two on each side). But sometimes (in the
+  subgenus <i>Astrolonchidium</i>) there are six instead of two longitudinal rows of teeth, and
+  these are placed in three parallel planes.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Astroloncharium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Each spine with two longitudinal rows of apophyses,
+  opposite in one meridian plane.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Astrolonche bicruciata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines compressed, two-edged, almost of equal breadth throughout their whole length, with
+  simple apex and small leaf-cross at the base. From the two edges of the  middle part of each spine
+  arise two pairs of opposite apophyses, which are compressed and a little curved (convex on the
+  distal, concave on the proximal margin). All four apophyses are of the same size and form; the
+  radial distance of each pair much smaller than their common distance from the centre.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.25, breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Astrolonche mucronata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthometra mucronata</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 49,
+    Taf. x. fig. 9.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Aspidomma mucronatum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 424.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines conical, little compressed, with simple apex and small leaf-cross at the base. From the
+  basal half of each spine arise two pairs of opposite apophyses, which exhibit a very different
+  form. <span class="pagenum" id="page757">{757}</span>The upper or distal apophyses (nearly in the
+  middle of the spine) are flat, leaf-shaped, broadened in the periphery, often lobed, and sometimes
+  branched or even fenestrated. (Transition to <i>Phractaspis</i> and <i>Dorataspis</i>, or to
+  <i>Phractopelta</i>?) The lower or proximal apophyses are thick, simple, all slightly curved; they
+  are equidistant from the former and from the centre.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, greatest breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Cette on the French shore), surface, J.
+  M�ller.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Astrolonche pectinata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthometra pectinata</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 48,
+    Taf. x. figs. 1, 2.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Xiphacantha pectinata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 386.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines compressed quadrangular, with short, simple or bifid apex, pyramidal on the base,
+  without leaf-cross. From the two broader edges of the proximal half arise two longitudinal rows of
+  opposite apophyses; three to four slender teeth in each row.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2, breadth 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Cette (French shore), surface, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Astrolonche pinnata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines in the distal half compressed, linear, two-edged, with bifid apex; in the proximal half
+  three times as broad lanceolate, at the base pyramidal, without leaf-cross. From the two broader
+  edges of the proximal half arise two longitudinal rows of opposite apophyses; four to six broad
+  triangular teeth in each row.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4, breadth in the outer half 0.012, in
+  the inner half 0.03 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Astrolonchidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Each spine with three parallel double rows of opposite
+  apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Astrolonche serrata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Xiphacantha serrata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 386, Taf. xvii. fig. 3,
+    Taf. xviii. figs. 14<i>a</i>, 14<i>b</i>.</p>
+    <p><i>Xiphacantha serrata</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 11, Taf. ii. fig.
+    4.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra serrata</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 807.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines in the distal half thin, nearly cylindrical or a little compressed, thinned towards the
+  short simple or bifid apex; in the proximal half three to six times as broad, four-winged, with
+  six longitudinal rows of opposite apophyses. From the edges of the two broader (lateral) wings
+  arise three <span class="pagenum" id="page758">{758}</span>to four pairs of strong conical teeth;
+  from the edges of the two smaller (sagittal) wings arise also three to four pairs of teeth, but
+  very short and broad, triangular; each of these teeth bears on both its (lateral) sides two
+  opposite slender conical teeth, which are parallel to the large conical teeth of the lateral
+  wings. Therefore all teeth (eighteen to twenty-four) are placed opposite in pairs in three
+  parallel planes. Base of the spines pyramidal, with a small leaf-cross. The central capsule of
+  this large and  very remarkable species commonly entirely includes the apophyses of the spines,
+  and is opaque, whitish.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth of the distal half 0.002 to
+  0.004, of the proximal half 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Stauracanthida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span> with a cross of
+  four free apophyses (or four crossed longitudinal rows of apophyses) on each radial spine.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 330. <i>Xiphacantha</i>,<a id="NtA_370" href="#Nt_370"><sup>[370]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 384.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span> with four simple apophyses on
+  each radial spine, opposite in pairs in the form of a cross.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Xiphacantha</i> was founded by me in 1862 for all those
+  <i>Acanthometrida</i> which bear simple or branched apophyses on their twenty equal spines. I
+  restrict here the genus to those Astrolonchida which bear on each spine a cross of four simple,
+  not branched, apophyses. These are either conical teeth or broad wings, sometimes extremely thin
+  leaves. <i>Xiphacantha</i> may be regarded as the ancestral form not only of the subfamily
+  Stauracanthida, but also of the Tessaraspida, derived from the latter.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Xiphacanthonia</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Apophyses of the radial spines small, formed like a tooth
+  or a hook, not wing-shaped.  Edges of the spines commonly narrow, little prominent.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Xiphacantha quadridentata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Xiphacantha quadridentata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 387, Taf. xviii.
+    figs. 15<i>a</i>, 15<i>b</i>.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra quadridentata</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 48, Taf. x. fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines slender, four-sided prismatic, gradually thinner towards the simple pyramidal apex. Base
+  with large wing-cross. Four apophyses about in the middle of each spine, conical, straight,
+  smooth, about as long as the basal breadth of the spine. Central capsule opaque,
+  reddish-brown.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page759">{759}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth in the middle part 0.012, on
+  the base 0.02; length of the apophyses 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Atlantic, Stations 348, 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Xiphacantha crucifera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines slender, four-sided prismatic, thin, of nearly equal breadth throughout the whole
+  length. Base with small wing-cross. Four apophyses much nearer the proximal than the distal end,
+  thin, straight smooth, three to six times as long as the basal breadth of the spine. Central
+  capsule pellucid, with yellow bodies.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.4 to 0.5, breadth 0.002 to 0.004; length of the
+  apophyses 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Xiphacantha spinulosa</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Xiphacantha spinulosa</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 388, Taf. xvii. fig.
+    4.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra spinulosa</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 807.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines stout, four-sided prismatic, of nearly equal breadth throughout the whole length, on the
+  distal apex truncated, two-edged. Base with large wing-cross. Four apophyses about in the middle
+  of each spine, conical, straight, spinulated, twice to four times as long as the basal breadth of
+  the spine. Central capsule opaque, yellow.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.27, breadth 0.014; length of the apophyses
+  0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Xiphacantha emarginata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines stout, four-sided, in the proximal half prismatic, in the distal half pyramidal, with
+  emarginated apex. Base with very large wing-cross. Four apophyses about in the middle of each
+  spine, compressed, straight, two-edged, with emarginated ends, about twice as long as the basal
+  breadth of the spine. Central capsule small, pellucid.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.02 to 0.03; length of the
+  apophyses 0.04 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Xiphacantha falcata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines slender, four-sided prismatic, gradually thickened from both ends towards the middle
+  part, with simple apex. Base with very small wing-cross. Four apophyses about in the middle part
+  of each spine, falcated, compressed, recurved, twice to three times as long as the greatest
+  breadth of the spine.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page760">{760}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4, greatest breadth 0.015; length of the
+  apophyses 0.03 to 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Xiphacantha ancorata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines slender, four-sided prismatic, gradually thickened from the narrow base towards the
+  short, simple, pyramidal apex. Base with large wing-cross. Four apophyses on the distal end,
+  immediately below the pyramidal apex, falcated, strongly recurved, like an anchor with four strong
+  teeth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.4 to 0.5, basal breadth 0.005, distal breadth
+  0.015; length of the apophyses 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Madagascar, Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Xiphacanthidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Apophyses of the radial spines broad, compressed,
+  wing-shaped, formed like a large thin plate. Edges of the spines commonly broad, strongly
+  prominent.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Xiphacantha stauroptera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines four-winged, from the middle part little thinner towards both ends. Apex simple
+  pyramidal. Base with small wing-cross. Four apophyses wing-shaped, isosceles triangular or
+  truncated quadrangular; their base is about half as broad as their length, and occupies in the
+  basal half of each spine about one-sixth to one-eighth of its length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.1 to 0.15; greatest breadth (diagonal of the
+  cross of the apophyses) 0.006 to 0.009.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Xiphacantha trigonoptera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines four-winged, tapering rapidly from the broad middle part towards both ends. Apex simple
+  pyramidal. Base with a small wing-cross. Four apophyses equilateral triangular; their base
+  occupies the middle of each spine, extending to about one-fifth of its length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.15 to 0.2, greatest breadth (diagonal of the
+  cross of the apophyses) 0.06 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Xiphacantha macroptera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines four-winged, from the broad middle part gradually thinner towards both ends. Apex simple
+  pyramidal. Base with small wing-cross. Four apophyses wing-shaped, very long and broad, <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page761">{761}</span>triangular; their base occupies about the middle third of
+  each spine; the proximal side of each wing is the shortest, truncated or concave.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.4 to 0.5, greatest breadth (diagonal of the
+  middle leaf-cross) 0.08 to 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Stations 253 to 256, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Xiphacantha platyptera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines four-winged, nearly prismatic in the basal and distal parts. Apex truncated. Base with
+  small wing-cross. Four apophyses wing-shaped, very broad and thin, extremely delicate, of
+  irregular quadrangular or nearly rhomboidal form; their base occupies the middle half of the
+  length of the spines (second and third quarter). Very variable in form. Often the edges of the
+  wing-apophyses of the neighbouring spines seem to meet.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, greatest breadth (diagonal of the
+  leaf-cross) 0.06 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Pacific, widely distributed, Stations 239, 253, 272, 288,
+  &amp;c., surface.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Xiphacantha ciliata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate129"><b>129</b></a>,
+  figs. 4, 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Spines four-winged, prismatic in the basal and the distal third. Apex pyramidal, short. Base
+  with large leaf-cross. Four apophyses wing-shaped, nearly semicircular, with dentated edges and
+  rough spinulate or porous faces; their base occupies the middle third of the length of each
+  spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2 to 0.3, greatest breadth (diagonal of the
+  apophysial cross) 0.08 to 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Stations 342 to 352, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Xiphacantha alata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Xiphacantha alata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 388.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra alata</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 48, Taf. ix. figs. 1-3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines four-winged, prismatic in the basal quarter, more slender in the distal half. Apex
+  simple pyramidal. Base with small wing-cross. Four apophyses wing-shaped, nearly semicircular,
+  with denticulated edges (and often also with spinulate faces); their base occupies the second
+  quarter of the length of each spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4, greatest breadth (diagonal of the
+  apophysial cross) 0.05 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Nice), M�ller, (Portofino), Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 331. <i>Stauracantha</i>,<a id="NtA_371" href="#Nt_371"><sup>[371]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 465.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span> with four branched (but not
+  latticed) apophyses on each radial spine, opposite in pairs in the form of a cross.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page762">{762}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stauracantha</i> differs from its ancestral form, <i>Xiphacantha</i>,
+  in the ramification of the four crossed apophyses on each spine. These bear either lateral
+  branches, which are parallel to the cross axes of the radial spine itself (subgenus
+  <i>Stauracanthonium</i>), or they are forked, with divergent branches not parallel to those cross
+  axes (subgenus <i>Stauracanthidium</i>). Both subgenera may perhaps be better separated as genera.
+  They form the transition to the <i>Stauraspida</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Stauracanthonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Apophyses of the radial spines not forked, but crossed by
+  perpendicular branches, which are placed in tangential planes and parallel to the cross axes of
+  the quadrangular spine itself.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stauracantha orthostaura</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Spines four-sided prismatic, with simple apex and small leaf-cross at the base; with four thin
+  slender conical apophyses in the proximal third. Each apophysis represents a regular rectangular
+  cross, being intersected in its middle by one perpendicular rod of its own length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3, breadth 0.02; distance of the apophyses from
+  the apex 0.15 to 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 169, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stauracantha tetrastaura</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spine four-winged prismatic, with four broad prominent edges, pyramidal apex, and large basal
+  leaf-cross, with four broad compressed apophyses about in the middle. Each apophysis represents a
+  vertical lamella (placed in a meridian) with convex distal and concave proximal edge, and is
+  crossed in its apical part by one perpendicular short rod.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.5, breadth 0.03; distance of the apophyses from
+  the centre 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Stauracantha diplostaura</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines four-sided prismatic, with truncated apex and broad basal leaf-cross; in the proximal
+  half with four slender conical apophyses. Each apophysis is crossed in its apical half at right
+  angles by two short parallel transverse rods.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.32, breadth 0.012; distance of the apophyses
+  from the centre 0.11.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page763">{763}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Stauracantha scalaris</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines four-winged prismatic, with four broad prominent edges, truncated apex, and small basal
+  leaf-cross; in the proximal third with four compressed lamellar apophyses. Each apophysis is
+  pinnate with opposite pinnul�, or crossed at right angles by three to six parallel transverse
+  rods.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.24, breadth 0.016; central distance of the
+  apophyses 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Stauracantha johannis</i>, n. sp. <span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda.">(Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</span></p>
+
+  <p>Spines four-sided pyramidal, with simple apex and broad basal leaf-cross, with four large
+  conical apophyses about in their middle. Each apophysis bears two irregular rows of alternating
+  perpendicular lateral branches, the length of which decreases from the base towards the apex of
+  the apophysis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2, middle breadth 0.02; central distance of the
+  apophyses 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-east Pacific (off Juan Fernandez), Station 300,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Stauracantha murrayana</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Xiphacantha species</i>, Wyville Thomson, 1877, The Atlantic, vol. i. p. 235, fig. 53.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Xiphacantha murrayana</i>, Haeckel, 1878, Protistenreich, p. 45, fig. 33.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular prismatic, with pyramidal apex and small basal leaf-cross, with four
+  regular conical apophyses in the proximal part. Each apophysis is crossed at right angles by two
+  parallel transverse rods; the smaller apical rod is simple; the larger basal rod is crossed again
+  on each side by a secondary perpendicular branch, which therefore is parallel to the apophysis
+  itself.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3, breadth 0.01, distance of the apophyses
+  0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Stauracantha pinnulata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines four-winged pyramidal, with prominent edges, simple apex and large basal leaf-cross, in
+  the middle with doubly pinnate triangular apophyses. Each apophysis is crossed at right angles by
+  three to four transverse parallel rods, which bear again perpendicular secondary branches; the
+  outline of the doubly pinnate apophysis is an isosceles triangle.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3, middle breadth 0.02; distance of the
+  apophyses 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page764">{764}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stauracanthidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Apophyses of the radial spines forked, each with two
+  divergent terminal branches, which are not parallel to the cross axes of the quadrangular
+  spine.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Stauracantha stauraspis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dorataspis polyancistra, juvenis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p.
+    418, Taf. xxi. fig. 7.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines slender, quadrangular prismatic, with simple apex and pyramidal base (without basal
+  leaf-cross); with four slender apophyses, which are simply forked in the outer third. Each
+  apophysis with two recurved fork branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.12, breadth 0.004; distance of the apophyses
+  0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Stauracantha bifurca</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines stout, four-winged prismatic, with pyramidal apex and pyramidal base (without
+  leaf-cross); in their middle with four compressed, little curved apophyses (convex on the outer,
+  concave on the inner edge), which are simply forked at the end. Each apophysis with two short
+  straight fork branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2, breadth 0.006; distance of the apophyses
+  0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Stauracantha quadrifurca</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Spines slender, four-sided prismatic, with simple apex and pyramidal base (without leaf-cross);
+  with four slender apophyses, which are doubly forked about in their middle. Each apophysis with
+  four short and thin terminal branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.2, breadth 0.002; distance of the apophyses
+  from the centre 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Stations 325 to 330, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 332. <i>Phatnacantha</i>,<a id="NtA_372" href="#Nt_372"><sup>[372]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 465.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span> with four apophyses on each
+  radial spine, opposite in pairs in cross form, and forming a lattice-plate by communicating
+  branches.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Phatnacantha</i> has been derived from the preceding
+  <i>Stauracantha</i> by concrescence of the branches of the apophyses. Therefore each spine bears a
+  lattice-plate or a fenestrated shield. If the growing plates of the neighbouring spines <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page765">{765}</span>meet together, then the characteristic lattice-shell of
+  the <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Tesseraspida'.">Tessaraspida</span> is
+  perfect. Either each plate bears four crossed pores (like <i><span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads 'Tesseraspis'.">Tessaraspis</span></i>), or a larger number of pores (four
+  aspinal and four to eight or more coronal) like <i>Icosaspis</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Phatnacantha tessaraspis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular prismatic, with simple pyramidal apex and small basal leaf-cross. Each
+  spine bears in the basal half a square plate, which is perforated by four square pores; margin of
+  the plate with twelve short straight teeth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.12, breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Phatnacantha icosaspis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Spines quadrangular with prominent edges; prismatic in the basal half, with a broad basal
+  leaf-cross, pyramidal in the distal half, with a simple or truncate apex. Each spine bears in the
+  middle part a square plate, which is perforated by eight to sixteen or more square pores (four
+  aspinal and four to eight or more coronal); margin of the plate with twenty-four to forty-eight or
+  more short straight irregular compressed teeth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.18, breadth 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 273, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 333. <i>Pristacantha</i>,<a id="NtA_373" href="#Nt_373"><sup>[373]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Astrolonchida</span> with numerous simple apophyses
+  (eight to sixteen or more on each radial spine) which are arranged in four longitudinal rows
+  opposite in pairs in the form of a cross.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pristacantha</i> differs from all other Stauracanthida in the
+  multiplication of the crossed apophyses (at least eight on each spine), and exhibits therefore to
+  them the same relation as <i>Astrolonche</i> exhibits to the other Phractacanthida. The remarkable
+  <i>Astrolonchidium serratum</i> appears intermediate between both groups.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pristacantha octodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Spines four-sided prismatic, a little broader in the middle part than at either end, with thin
+  prominent edges. Apex truncate or pyramidal. Base pyramidal, with a small leaf-cross. From the
+  four edges arise in the basal half (between first and second third of the length) eight slender,
+  conical, or triangular apophyses (two on each edge).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.4 to 0.6, breadth 0.02 to 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page766">{766}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pristacantha dodecodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Spines four-winged, of lanceolate outline, tapering from the broader middle towards the two
+  ends. Apex pyramidal.  Base with a large leaf-cross.  From the four wings arise in the basal part
+  (between first and second third of the length) twelve triangular apophyses (three from each
+  wing).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3, breadth in the middle 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Pristacantha polyodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate130"><b>130</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>Spines in the distal half four-sided prismatic, thin, with pyramidal apex; in the basal half
+  much broader, four-winged, with a large leaf-cross on the base. From the four wings of the basal
+  half arises a variable number of slender teeth or triangular apophyses, commonly sixteen to
+  twenty-four, often irregular (four to six from each wing).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the spines 0.3 to 0.4, breadth in the distal part 0.007 to
+  0.01, in the basal part 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific (off New Zealand), Station 169, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XXXVII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Quadrilonchida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Acanthostaurida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 466.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with twenty radial spines of very
+  unequal size, disposed according to the law of the Icosacantha; four equatorial spines much larger
+  than the sixteen others. No lattice-shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Quadrilonchida</span> differs from the foregoing ancestral family,
+  the Astrolonchida, in the unequal development of the twenty radial spines. The four equatorial
+  spines are constantly much larger, and often also of another form and shape, than the sixteen
+  other spines; often also among these the eight tropical spines are larger and of another form than
+  the eight polar spines. Therefore the five parallel girdles or zones of every four spines, which
+  in the Astrolonchida are equal, are here distinctly unequal. The whole body is flattened and
+  compressed in the direction of the spineless axis, so that the equatorial plane is larger than any
+  other plane, laid through the centre. In consequence of this flattening the central capsule is
+  also commonly compressed and flattened, lenticular or discoidal, rarely spherical. In the
+  Astrolonchida the "promorph" or the "geometrical fundamental form" is constantly a square double
+  pyramid, the axes of which are of equal length.  In the Quadrilonchida it becomes a square double
+  pyramid, the two equatorial axes of which (or the diagonals of the square) are constantly longer
+  than all other axes.</p>
+
+  <p>In the simpler forms of Quadrilonchida are found only two different kinds of spines, the four
+  larger equatorial spines being of the same size and form, and the sixteen smaller <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page767">{767}</span>spines also not differing from one another
+  (<i>Acanthostaurus</i>, &amp;c.).  But in the majority of this family there are three different
+  kinds: four larger equatorial spines, eight tropical spines of middle size, and eight smaller
+  polar spines (<i>Belonostaurus</i>, &amp;c.); the latter become sometimes rudimentary, so that
+  only twelve spines are developed (four larger equatorial and eight smaller tropical spines). In
+  this case the development of the flat discoidal body is much stronger in the equatorial plane than
+  in all other planes. These discoidal or lenticular Quadrilonchida exhibit a relation to the
+  spherical Astrolonchida similar to that which the <span class="gsp">Discoidea</span> exhibit to
+  the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> among the <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>A further morphological differentation takes place in the remarkable genera
+  <i>Lonchostaurus</i> and <i>Zygostaurus</i>. In the former (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>, figs.
+  4-6) the four larger equatorial spines becomes differentiated in pairs, so that the opposite equal
+  spines of one pair, <i>c</i>1, <i>c</i>3 (in the longitudinal or hydrotomical axis), are larger,
+  and often also of another form, than the opposite equal spines of the other pair, <i>c</i>2,
+  <i>c</i>4 (in the transverse or geotomical axis). The most peculiar form is the rather common
+  <i>Zygostaurus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>,
+  figs. 7, 8). Here the two opposite spines of one equatorial axis (of the longitudinal axis) become
+  very different, so that the anterior or frontal spine (<i>c</i>1) is very unequal to the posterior
+  or caudal spine (<i>c</i>3), whereas the two opposite spines, of the other equatorial axis (of the
+  transverse axis) remain equal (<i>c</i>2, <i>c</i>4). Therefore the fundamental forms become here
+  "amphithect," as in the Ctenophora.</p>
+
+  <p>The numerous Quadrilonchida may be disposed in two different subfamilies: in the
+  Acanthostaurida all twenty radial spines are simple, without apophyses; in the Lithopterida all
+  twenty spines (or  only one part of them) bear two opposite apophyses (or lateral transverse
+  processes). The former correspond to the Zygacanthida, the latter to the Phractacanthida among the
+  Astrolonchida. The two opposite apophyses are simple in <i>Quadrilonche</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, fig. 1).
+  In <i>Xiphoptera</i> they are provided on their distal side with lateral branches which are
+  parallel to the spine itself. In <i>Lithoptera</i> the spines bear two to four parallel pairs of
+  transverse apophyses, and these are crossed by perpendicular branches, parallel to the spine
+  itself, so that there arise fenestrated wings or latticed plates, comparable to the sails of a
+  wind-mill. The lattice-work of these plates lies in the same meridian plane with the radial spine
+  itself, and is therefore not comparable to the fenestrated apophyses of <i>Doracantha</i>, of
+  <i>Phatnacantha</i>, and of the Dorataspida; in these the lattice-plates lie in tangential planes,
+  perpendicular to the radial spine.</p>
+
+  <p>The apophyses of the Lithopterida may be developed either on all twenty spines equally, or only
+  on twelve spines (four equatorial and eight tropical, whilst the eight polar spines are simple,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>,
+  fig. 10), or only on the four equatorial spines (whilst the sixteen others are simple, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Quadrilonchida is rarely spherical, commonly more or <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page768">{768}</span>less compressed from both poles of the spineless axis,
+  lenticular or discoidal, sometimes square. It is enveloped by a voluminous calymma constantly
+  bearing coronals of "Myophrisca" (compare p. <a href="#page724">724</a>).</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Quadrilonchida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Quadrilonchida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Quadrilonchida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 w30 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">I</span>I. Subfamily Acanthostaurida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">All twenty spines simple, without lateral apophyses (sometimes forked, but
+        neither branched nor latticed).</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace9sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Four equatorial spines of equal size and form.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Eight tropical and eight polar spines nearly equal,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">334. <i>Acanthostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Eight tropical and eight polar spines very different,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">335. <i>Belonostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Four equatorial spines of very different size or form (the
+      two lateral constantly equal).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two principal spines of equal size and form,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">336. <i>Lonchostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two principal spines (frontal and caudal) very different,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">337. <i>Zyostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Lithopterida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Either all twenty spines or a part of them provided with two opposite lateral
+        branches or apophyses.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Apophyses simple, neither branched nor latticed,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">338. <i>Quadrilonche</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Apophyses branched or pinnate, but not latticed,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">339. <i>Xiphoptera</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Apophyses latticed, with fenestrated network,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">340. <i>Lithoptera</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Quadrilonchida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Quadrilonchida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="9">I. Subfamily Acanthostaurida. All twenty spines simple, without lateral
+      apophyses (sometimes forked, but neither branched nor latticed).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Four equatorial spines of equal size and form.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Eight tropical and eight polar spines nearly equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">34. <i>Acanthostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Eight tropical and eight polar spines very different,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">35. <i>Belonostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Four equatorial spines of very different size or form (the two
+      lateral constantly equal).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two principal spines of equal size and form,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">336. <i>Lonchostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Two principal spines (frontal and caudal) very different,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">337. <i>Zyostaurus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="9">II. Subfamily Lithopterida. Either all twenty spines or a part of them
+      provided with two opposite lateral branches or apophyses.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apophyses simple, neither branched nor latticed,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">338. <i>Quadrilonche</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apophyses branched or pinnate, but not latticed,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">339. <i>Xiphoptera</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Apophyses latticed, with fenestrated network,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">340. <i>Lithoptera</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Acasthostaurida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 466.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Quadrilonchida</span> with simple radial
+  spines, without apophyses.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 334. <i>Acanthostaurus</i>,<a id="NtA_374" href="#Nt_374"><sup>[374]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 395.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Quadrilonchida</span> with four equatorial spines of
+  equal size and form, which are much larger than the sixteen other spines. Eight tropical and eight
+  polar spines nearly equal.  No apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Acanthostaurus</i> is the most simple and primitive form of the
+  Quadrilonchida, and the common ancestral genus of this family; it is at the same time its most
+  common and widely distributed form. Some species appear in astonishing numbers in different seas.
+  It has been derived from <i>Acanthometron</i> by stronger development of the four equatorial
+  spines, which are all of equal size and much larger than the sixteen others.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page769">{769}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Acostaurus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All twenty spines separated, in the centre united only by
+  the triangular faces or the meeting leaf-shaped edges of their pyramidal bases.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Acanthostaurus aequatorialis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines cylindrical, of nearly equal breadth throughout their whole length. Apex simple conical.
+  Base with a large leaf-cross. Four equatorial spines of the same form as the sixteen others, but
+  much longer and about three times as broad.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four major spines 0.2 to 0.25, breadth 0.008; length of
+  the sixteen minor spines 0.01 to 0.15, breadth 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Acanthostaurus bipennis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines linear, sword-shaped, strongly compressed, two edged; of nearly equal breadth in their
+  whole length. Apex bifid. Base with a small leaf-cross. Four equatorial spines of the same form as
+  the sixteen others, but twice as long and as broad.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four major spines 0.4 to 0.5, of the sixteen minor 0.2
+  to 0.3; breadth of the former 0.02, of the latter 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Acanthostaurus conacanthus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Spines conical, short, gradually tapering from the thick base towards the simple apex. Base
+  with large leaf-cross. Four equatorial spines more cylindrical, twice to three times as long and
+  as broad as the sixteen others.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four major spines 0.15 to 0.2, of the sixteen minor 0.05
+  to 0.08; basal breadth of the former 0.03, of the latter 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Acanthostaurus purpurascens</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthostaurus purpurascens</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 395, Taf. xix.
+    figs. 1, 2.</p>
+    <p><i>Acanthostaurus purpurascens</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organism. d. Radiol., Taf. i. figs. 8,
+    9, Taf. iii. figs. 13, 15.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra purpurascens</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad.
+    d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 809.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines nearly cylindrical, with four blunt (often scarcely visible) edges, tapering slightly
+  from the central to the distal end. Apex bifid, with two short parallel teeth. Base with a broad
+  leaf-cross. <span class="pagenum" id="page770">{770}</span>Four equatorial spines one and a half
+  times to twice as long and broad as the sixteen others. Central capsule cruciate, with four arms
+  (enveloping the basal part of the four large spines); filled up with yellow bodies and purple
+  granules. Calymma large, with a network of purple granules. The four main spines are constantly
+  much larger than the sixteen others, but in variable proportion. The eight polar spines are
+  sometimes rudimentary.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four major spines 0.3 to 0.4, of the sixteen minor 0.15
+  to 0.3; breadth of the former 0.012, of the later 0.008 or less.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina); Atlantic, Stations 348 to 354,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Acanthostaurus pallidus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthostaurus pallidus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 396.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra pallida</i>, Clapar�de et Lachmann, 1858, �tudes sur les
+    Infusoires, &amp;c., p. 461, Taf. xxiv. fig. 6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines four-sided prismatic, with four blunt edges, of nearly equal breadth throughout their
+  whole length. Apex bifid. Base with a small leaf-cross. Four equatorial spines much larger than
+  the sixteen others. Central capsule spherical, transparent, containing some yellow bodies.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four main spines 0.12 to 0.2, of the sixteen others 0.04
+  to 0.08; breadth of the former 0.01, of the latter 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, west coast of Norway, Clapar�de; F�r�e
+  Channel, John Murray.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Acanthostaurus forceps</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthostaurus forceps</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 396, Taf. xix. figs. 3,
+    4.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra forceps</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 809.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines pincer-shaped, linear, compressed, cleft nearly throughout their whole length into two
+  parallel thin, straight branches, which are united only at the pyramidal base and by means of a
+  small bridge in the middle part. Four main spines twice as long and as broad as the sixteen
+  others. Central capsule square, filled up with red pigment, and containing yellow bodies. The
+  diagonals of the square are the two equatorial axes.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four main spines 0.1, of the sixteen others 0.05;
+  breadth of the former 0.01, of the latter 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina); North Atlantic, Canary Islands,
+  Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Acanthostaurus hastatus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthostaurus hastatus</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 397, Taf. xix. fig.
+    5.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra hastata</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 809.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines of very different size and form; four equatorial spines cylindrical in the basal half,
+  spear-shaped or lanceolate in the distal half, with thin edges, little longer, but five to eight
+  times as <span class="pagenum" id="page771">{771}</span>broad as the sixteen smaller spines, which
+  are cylindrical, of equal breadth throughout their whole length, with bifid apex. Base of all
+  twenty spines pyramidal, without leaf-cross. Central capsule yellow, spherical, or lenticular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four major spines 0.066, breadth in the middle 0.005, on
+  the apex 0.008; length of the sixteen smaller spines 0.054, breadth 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Staurolithium</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 401.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All twenty spines in the centre melted and grown together,
+  forming one single, star-like piece of acanthin.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Acanthostaurus cruciatus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Staurolithium cruciatum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 401, Taf. xx. fig.
+    6.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Astrolithium cruciatum</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 811.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Spines cylindrical, of equal breadth throughout their whole length. Apex simple conical. Four
+  equatorial spines twice as long and broad as the sixteen other spines. All twenty spines in the
+  centre melted and grown together, forming a single piece of acanthin. Central capsule spherical,
+  red-brown, opaque.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four equatorial spines 0.12, breadth 0.006; length of
+  the sixteen smaller spines 0.06, breadth 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 335. <i>Belonostaurus</i>,<a id="NtA_375" href="#Nt_375"><sup>[375]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Quadrilonchida</span> with four equatorial spines of
+  equal size and form, which are much larger than the sixteen other spines. Eight tropical and eight
+  polar spines very different. No apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Belonostaurus</i> differs from the preceding <i>Acanthostaurus</i> in
+  the unequal size and form of the eight tropical and the eight polar spines; the latter are much
+  smaller than the former and often quite rudimentary, so that the skeleton appears composed only of
+  twelve spines, four larger equatorial and eight smaller tropical spines. The central bases of the
+  polar spines are constantly preserved. The central capsule is a flattened square disk.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Belonostaurus quadratus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines little compressed, almost cylindrical in the basal half, lanceolate,
+  broader, with simple apex in the distal half. Eight tropical spines a little shorter, but only
+  half as broad, <span class="pagenum" id="page772">{772}</span>sword-shaped, two-edged, of equal
+  breadth, with simple apex. Eight polar spines very short, conical, also with simple apex. Base
+  without leaf-cross, a simple pyramid.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four equatorial spines 0.18, of the eight tropical
+  spines 0.14, of the eight polar spines 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Belonostaurus bicuspis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines compressed, almost lanceolate in the basal half, bifid, with two large,
+  bent, little divergent horns in the distal half. Eight tropical spines nearly of the same form,
+  but only half as large, with much smaller horns. Eight polar spines rudimentary, very short,
+  conical, with simple apex. Base with a large leaf-cross.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four equatorial spines 0.2, of the eight tropical spines
+  0.1, of the eight polar spines 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 263, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 336. <i>Lonchostaurus</i>,<a id="NtA_376" href="#Nt_376"><sup>[376]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 397 (<i>sensu emendato</i>).</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Quadrilonchida</span> with four equatorial spines of
+  unequal size and form; the principal spines (in the longitudinal axis) larger than the lateral
+  spines (in the transverse axis); both opposite spines of each pair equal. Sixteen other spines
+  much smaller (often the eight tropical larger than the eight rudimentary polar spines). No
+  apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Lonchostaurus</i> differs from the two preceding genera in the unequal
+  size and shape of both equatorial pairs of spines, whilst the two opposite spines of each pair are
+  equal. Therefore the equatorial plane is here a rhombus, not a square, as in the preceding genera.
+  We encounter here for the first time the differentiation of the two equatorial axes, the
+  longitudinal (or hydrotomical) and the transverse (or geotomical) axis. The sixteen other spines
+  are constantly smaller (often also the eight polar more or less rudimentary).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Lonchostaurus rhomboides</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines cylindrical, twice to three times as broad as the sixteen smaller
+  spines, conical at the distal apex; the two opposite spines of the longitudinal axis twice as long
+  as those of the transverse axis. Sixteen smaller spines conical at the base, with simple
+  bristle-shaped apex. The surface of the rhombical calymma, including the spines, was covered in
+  the figured specimen with small plates like those of <i>Sph�rocapsa</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cross (longitudinal axis) 0.24, breadth (transverse
+  axis) 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 302, depth 1450 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page773">{773}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Lonchostaurus lanceolatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines compressed, lanceolate, tapering equally from the middle towards the two
+  ends; the two opposite spines of the longitudinal axis one and a half times as long as those of
+  the transverse axis. Sixteen smaller spines compressed, linear, two-edged, half as long and only
+  one-fourth as broad as the two longitudinal spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the equatorial cross 0.3, breadth 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Lonchostaurus bifidus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines compressed, nearly rectangular, forked, with two long and thin, bent,
+  little divergent horns; the two opposite spines of the longitudinal axis about one-third longer
+  and broader than those of the transverse axis. Sixteen smaller spines of the same form, also
+  forked, but the eight tropical only half as large, and the eight polar spines scarcely one-fourth
+  as large as the two longitudinal spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the equatorial cross 0.36, breadth 0.26.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-west Pacific, Station 166, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Lonchostaurus bifurcus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines nearly rhomboidal, about one and a half times as large as the eight
+  tropical and three times as large as the eight polar spines; the two opposite spines of the
+  longitudinal axis only with two large divergent straight horns; the two spines of the transverse
+  axis somewhat shorter, with four short horns (the two outer horns longer than the two inner).
+  Eight tropical spines doubly forked, each with four thin bristle-shaped horns. Eight polar spines
+  very short, each with two thin bristle-shaped, much divergent horns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the equatorial cross 0.34, breadth 0.28.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North-west Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Lonchostaurus rhombicus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines nearly rhomboidal, tapering from the broader middle towards the two
+  ends. Leaf-cross of their base very large. The two opposite spines of the longitudinal axis about
+  one-third larger than the two spines of the transverse axis. Eight tropical spines of the same
+  form, but only half as large. Eight polar spines rudimentary, very short, conical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the equatorial cross 0.4, breadth 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Lonchostaurus crystallinus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines lanceolate or rhomboidal, with broad leaf-cross at the base, of a
+  peculiar crystalline structure and a lamellated surface, both opposite spines of the longitudinal
+  axis twice as <span class="pagenum" id="page774">{774}</span>large as the two spines of the
+  transverse axis. Eight tropical spines of similar form, but only half as large, and with a very
+  large, extremely prominent, lamellated leaf-cross. Eight polar spines quite rudimentary, scarcely
+  prominent.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length 0.36, breadth 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 337. <i>Zygostaurus</i>,<a id="NtA_377" href="#Nt_377"><sup>[377]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Quadrilonchida</span> with four equatorial spines of
+  unequal size and form; both lateral spines (in the transverse axis) equal; but both principal
+  spines (in the longitudinal axis) very different, the frontal larger than the caudal. Sixteen
+  other spines much smaller (often the eight tropical larger than the eight rudimentary polar
+  spines). No apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Zygostaurus</i> differs from all other Staurolonchida in the peculiar
+  differentiation of the four equatorial spines; the two opposite spines of the hydrotomical or
+  longitudinal axis being very different in size and form (the frontal spine forked, the caudal
+  spine simple); whilst the two opposite spines of the geotomical or lateral axis (perpendicular to
+  the former) are equal, forked, but different in shape from the former. Therefore the geometrical
+  fundamental form of the body in this remarkable genus becomes "amphithect" or "bilateral" in the
+  widest signification of this term (comp. my General Morphology, vol. i. pp. 480, 482). Of the
+  three different dimensive axes one (the longitudinal) exhibits unequal poles, whilst the two other
+  (the sagittal and lateral) axes exhibit equal poles.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Zygostaurus amphithectus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>Frontal spine (<i>c</i>1) little different from the two lateral spines; each with two divergent
+  curved horns, which are equal and of about the same length as the simple broad basal part. Caudal
+  spine (<i>c</i>3) simple, spindle-shaped, about as long as the frontal spine. Tropical spines
+  little smaller than the three former, and of the same symmetrical forked form. Eight polar spines
+  much smaller, but also forked, with thin bristle-shaped branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the cross (longitudinal axis) 0.5, breadth (lateral axis)
+  0.4.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Zygostaurus longicornis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Frontal spine (<i>c</i>1) little different from the two lateral spines, each with two divergent
+  curved horns, which are equal and of about the same length as the simple broad basal part. Caudal
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page775">{775}</span>spine (<i>c</i>3) simple, lanceolate, shorter than
+  the frontal spine. Eight tropical spines in the basal part smaller than the three former, but with
+  much longer fork-branches, which are prolonged into very thin and long bristles. Eight polar
+  spines rudimentary, very short.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the equatorial cross 0.4, breadth 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Zygostaurus cornutus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Frontal spine (<i>c</i>1) little different from the two lateral spines, each with two divergent
+  straight horns, which are shorter than the basal part. Caudal spine (<i>c</i>3) simple,
+  triangular, shorter than the three former. Eight tropical spines of equal size and form, doubly
+  forked, each with four thin, bristle-shaped, little divergent teeth. Eight polar spines short,
+  simply forked.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the equatorial cross 0.5, breadth 0.4.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Zygostaurus caudatus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Frontal spine (<i>c</i>1) very different from the others, pincer-shaped, with two long, nearly
+  parallel slightly bent horns. Lateral spines (<i>c</i>2 and <i>c</i>4) only half as long, with two
+  short, nearly parallel horns. Caudal spine (<i>c</i>3) very long and stout, spindle-shaped, about
+  twice as long as the frontal spine. Eight tropical spines of equal size and form, symmetrical,
+  with two long and thin, divergent horns. Eight polar spines short and stout, with two divergent
+  horns.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the equatorial cross 0.8, breadth 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Zygostaurus frontalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Frontal spine (<i>c</i>1) very different from the others, with two very long, divergent, stout
+  branches. Lateral spines (<i>c</i>2 and <i>c</i>4) only half as long, each with two stout, nearly
+  parallel horns of equal length. Caudal spine (<i>c</i>3) simple, sword-like, shorter than the
+  three former. Eight tropical spines of equal size and form, symmetrical, of the same shape as the
+  two lateral, but only half as large. Eight polar spines very small, rudimentary, each with two
+  short teeth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the equatorial cross 0.7, breadth 0.5.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Zygostaurus sagittalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Frontal spine (<i>c</i>1) very different from the others, with two equal, strongly divergent,
+  bent horns. Lateral spines (<i>c</i>2 and <i>c</i>4) little smaller, but with two very unequal
+  horns (the anterior shorter than the posterior). Caudal spine (<i>c</i>3) simple, sword-like or
+  triangular, two-edged, longer <span class="pagenum" id="page776">{776}</span>than the frontal
+  spine. Eight tropical spines different, the four anterior (<i>b</i>1, <i>b</i>4, <i>d</i>1,
+  <i>d</i>4) smaller, with longer horns; the four posterior (<i>b</i>2, <i>b</i>3, <i>d</i>2,
+  <i>d</i>3) broader, with shorter horns; the anterior horn of each tropical spine is longer than
+  the posterior. Eight polar spines rudimentary, simple, very short.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the equatorial spine-cross 0.6, breadth 0.4.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Lithopterida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Quadrilonchida</span> with two opposite
+  transverse apophyses either on all twenty spines or only on a part of them.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 338. <i>Quadrilonche</i>,<a id="NtA_378" href="#Nt_378"><sup>[378]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Quadrilonchida</span> with two simple opposite
+  apophyses either on each radial spine or only on a part of the twenty spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Quadrilonche</i> is the ancestral form of the Lithopterida, or of
+  those Quadrilonchida which bear two opposite apophyses or transverse processes. In
+  <i>Quadrilonche</i> these apophyses are simple, whilst they are branched in <i>Xiphoptera</i> and
+  fenestrated in <i>Lithoptera</i>. Each of these three genera may be divided into three subgenera;
+  in the first only the four equatorial spines are provided with apophyses, in the second twelve
+  spines (four equatorial and eight tropical), in the third subgenus all twenty spines.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Quadriloncharium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Four large equatorial spines provided with transverse
+  apophyses; sixteen other smaller spines simple, without apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Quadrilonche tetrastaura</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines very large, compressed, two-edged, each crossed in the distal third by
+  two opposite simple apophyses. Sixteen other spines also compressed, linear, somewhat shorter than
+  the former and only half as broad, without apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four major spines 0.12, breadth 0.02; length of the
+  sixteen minor spines 0.08, breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page777">{777}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Quadrilonche platystaura</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines lanceolate, compressed, with two opposite triangular simple apophyses in
+  the broadest middle part. Sixteen other spines also lanceolate, much smaller, of about half the
+  length, but only of one-fourth the breadth, without apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four major spines 0.2, breadth 0.018; length of the
+  sixteen minor spines 0.1, breadth 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 235, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Quadrilonchidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All twenty spines provided with transverse apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Quadrilonche mesostaura</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines almost of the some form and length as the sixteen others, but of double
+  or triple the breadth; each spine in its middle third with two opposite broad triangular
+  apophyses, in the basal third rectangular, compressed, in the distal third isosceles triangular,
+  with simple apex.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four major spines 0.16, breadth 0.01 to 0.015; length of
+  the sixteen minor spines 0.12, breadth 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 345, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Quadrilonche telostaura</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines one and a half times as long and three times as broad as the sixteen
+  others; all twenty spines cylindrical, of equal breadth throughout their whole length, with simple
+  conical apex; each spine crossed in the distal third by two opposite, simple, conical
+  apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four major spines 0.3, breadth 0.012; length of the
+  sixteen minor spines 0.2, breadth 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 339. <i>Xiphoptera</i>,<a id="NtA_379" href="#Nt_379"><sup>[379]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 466.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Quadrilonchida</span> with two opposite branched
+  (but not latticed) apophyses, either on each radial spine or only on a part of the twenty
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Xiphoptera</i> differs from the preceding ancestral genus
+  <i>Quadrilonche</i> in the ramification of the apophyses, which bear perpendicular branches on
+  their distal side. These are therefore parallel to the spine itself. If the branches become united
+  by transverse beams then we get <i>Lithoptera</i>.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page778">{778}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Xiphoptera tessaractena</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines in the outer third crossed by two opposite transverse apophyses, each of
+  which bears on its distal side two to three branches, perpendicular to the apophysis and parallel
+  to the spine itself. Sixteen other spines much smaller, in the outer third crossed by two simple
+  opposite transverse apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four major spines 0.18, of the sixteen minor 0.05 to
+  0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 238, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Xiphoptera dodecactena</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines one and a half times to twice as long and broad as the eight tropical
+  spines. These twelve spines have the same form and are crossed in their distal third by two large
+  opposite transverse apophyses, each of which bears on its distal side two to four branches,
+  perpendicular to the apophysis and parallel to the spine. Eight polar spines much smaller than the
+  twelve others, simple, without apophyses. The central capsule of this species exhibited a conical
+  protuberance around the base of each individual spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the twelve larger spines 0.1 to 0.2, of the eight smaller
+  0.02 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Xiphoptera icosactena</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines about twice as long and four times as broad as the sixteen other spines.
+  All twenty spines crossed in the outer third by two large opposite transverse apophyses, each of
+  which bears on its distal side two to four branches perpendicular to the apophysis and parallel to
+  the spine itself.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the four equatorial spines 0.26, of the sixteen smaller 0.11
+  to 0.14.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 340. <i>Lithoptera</i>,<a id="NtA_380" href="#Nt_380"><sup>[380]</sup></a> J. M�ller,
+  1858, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 155.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Quadrilonchida</span> with two opposite branched and
+  latticed apophyses, either on each radial spine or only on a part of the twenty spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Lithoptera</i>, founded by Johannes M�ller in 1858 for the first
+  observed Mediterranean species, <i>Lithoptera fenestrata</i>, differs from all other
+  Quadrilonchida in the fenestrated form of the apophyses, which he compared to the sails of a
+  windmill. This peculiar fenestration is effected by two to four parallel pairs of opposite
+  apophyses, which are crossed by perpendicular branches, parallel to the spine itself. <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page779">{779}</span>Therefore the wings or lattice-plates have quadrangular
+  meshes and lie in one meridian plane of the spine, not in a tangential plane (as in the
+  <i>Acanthophracta</i>). Commonly the lateral ends of the four broad equatorial wings are so
+  crossed that one lateral corner of each wing lies on the upper, the other corner on the under side
+  of both its neighbours; but sometimes the meeting corners have grown together.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Lithopteranna</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Four equatorial spines with transverse apophyses; sixteen
+  others (eight tropical and eight polar spines) simple, without apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Lithoptera tetraptera</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines spindle-shaped, with latticed apophyses, each crossed by two transverse
+  beams which are connected at equal distances by four rods parallel to the spine (therefore each
+  wing with four square meshes in a single row). Lateral corners of the neighbouring wings not
+  meeting. Sixteen smaller spines (eight tropical and eight polar) simple, conical, without
+  apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diagonal of the square body 0.24; length of the inner square 0.16.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Lithoptera m�lleri</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lithoptera m�lleri</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 398, Taf. xx.
+    figs. 1, 2.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines four-edged, with large latticed apophyses, each crossed by three
+  transverse beams, which are connected at irregular distances by eight to twelve rods parallel to
+  the spine (therefore each wing with two rows of rectangular meshes). The wings are placed not
+  perfectly in the equatorial plane, but a little obliquely, so that each wing lies with one lateral
+  corner on the upper, with the other corner on the under side of its neighbours. Sixteen smaller
+  spines simple, thin, cylindrical, without apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diagonal of the square body 0.3; length of the inner square 0.17.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Lithoptera lamarckii</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines four-edged, with large latticed apophyses; each crossed by three
+  transverse beams, which are connected at short distances by twelve to sixteen rods parallel to the
+  spine (therefore each wing with two rows of hexagonal or nearly elliptical meshes). Wings placed
+  as in <i>Lithoptera m�lleri</i>. Sixteen smaller spines simple, thin, prismatic, without
+  apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diagonal of the square body 0.35; length of the inner square 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page780">{780}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Lithoptera tetragona</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Four equatorial spines compressed, four-edged, with large latticed apophyses, each crossed by
+  four transverse beams, which are connected at regular distances by eight to twelve rods parallel
+  to the spine. (Therefore each wing with three rows of square meshes.) Wings placed in the
+  equatorial plane and grown together by their meeting lateral ends, forming a square equatorial
+  girdle of lattice-work.  Sixteen smaller spines simple, thin, prismatic, without apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the square body 0.4; length of the inner square 0.22.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Lithopterella</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Twelve spines (four equatorial and eight tropical) with
+  transverse apophyses; the eight polar spines simple, without apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Lithoptera quadrata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate131"><b>131</b></a>,
+  fig. 10).</p>
+
+  <p>Twelve spines with transverse apophyses; eight (polar) spines simple, small, without apophyses.
+  Four equatorial spines very large and stout, compressed, each crossed by four transverse beams,
+  which are connected by eight to ten rods parallel to the spine (therefore each wing with three
+  rows of irregular rectangular meshes). Wings placed in the equatorial plane and grown together by
+  their meeting lateral ends, forming a square equatorial girdle of lattice-work. Eight tropical
+  spines thin, crossed by a long and thin transverse beam, which bears on its distal side eight to
+  ten rods parallel to the spine.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diagonal of the square body 0.35; length of the inner square 0.18.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 326, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Lithoptera dodecaptera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Twelve spines with transverse apophyses; eight (polar) spines simple, small, without apophyses.
+  Four equatorial spines very large, quadrangular; each crossed by three transverse beams, which are
+  connected by ten to twelve rods parallel to the spine (therefore each wing with two rows of square
+  meshes). Wings placed as in <i>Lithoptera m�lleri</i>. Eight tropical spines much thinner, crossed
+  each by two transverse beams, which are connected by six to eight rods parallel to the spine
+  (therefore each wing with one row of rectangular meshes).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diagonal of the square body 0.4; length of the inner square 0.25.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Lithopteromma</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All twenty spines with transverse apophyses.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page781">{781}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Lithoptera darwinii</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lithoptera darwinii</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Nat�rl. Sch�pfungsgesch., Aufl. vii.
+    p. 706, Taf. xvi. fig. 12.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All twenty spines with transverse apophyses; these are quite simple in the eight small
+  cross-shaped polar spines; also simple, but bearing some perpendicular rods, in the eight thin
+  tropical spines. Four equatorial spines very large and stout, each crossed by four transverse
+  beams, which are connected by eight to ten rods parallel to the spine (therefore each wing with
+  three rows of irregular rectangular meshes). Wings placed in the equatorial plane and grown partly
+  together by their meeting lateral ends.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diagonal of the square body 0.4; length of the inner square 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-east Pacific, west coast of Patagonia, Station 302,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Lithoptera icosaptera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All twenty spines with transverse apophyses, bearing one to three rows of rectangular meshes;
+  eight polar spines small, each with a single row; eight tropical spines long and thin, each with
+  two parallel rows. Four equatorial spines much larger and thicker, each with three parallel
+  transverse rows of meshes. All twenty wings free, not grown together by their lateral ends.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diagonal of the square body 0.48; length of the inner square 0.24.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Belligemma, Ceylon (Haeckel), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Lithoptera fenestrata</i>, J. M�ller.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lithoptera fenestrata</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 154, Taf. xi. fig. 13.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All twenty spines with transverse apophyses, bearing one to three rows of irregular,
+  rectangular meshes; eight polar and eight tropical spines small, each with a single row of meshes
+  (between two parallel transverse beams). Four equatorial spines little larger, each with two rows
+  (between three parallel transverse beams). Central capsule filled up with green pigment.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diagonal of the square body 0.3; length of the inner square 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Saint Tropez, Nice).</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XXXVIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Amphilonchida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Acantholonchida</i> (Amphilonchida et Amphilithida), Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 466.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with twenty radial spines of very
+  unequal size, disposed according to the law of the Icosacantha; two opposite equatorial spines (in
+  the longitudinal axis) much larger than the eighteen others. No lattice-shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Amphilonchida</span> is distinguished from all other <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> by the excessive development of two opposite equatorial spines,
+  which are much larger <span class="pagenum" id="page782">{782}</span>than the eighteen other
+  spines. In my Monograph (1862, p. 389) I had united all these Acanthonida in a single genus
+  <i>Amphilonche</i> (with ten species). Some species of it are very common and widely distributed;
+  but in general the number of different forms in this family is much smaller than in the two
+  foregoing families.</p>
+
+  <p>The two principal spines, which in all Amphilonchida are much larger than the eighteen other
+  spines, characterise the "hydrotomical axis" or the larger equatorial axis. The two other
+  equatorial spines or the "geotomical spines" are much smaller, and commonly of the same size as
+  the eight tropical and the eight polar spines. In the genera <i>Amphilonche</i> and
+  <i>Amphibelone</i> these eighteen smaller spines are rather equally developed; sometimes they are
+  very small or quite rudimentary, so that the skeleton seems to be represented only by the two very
+  long principal spines (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>,
+  fig. 4). The genus <i>Acantholonche</i> is distinguished by the unequal size of the eight tropical
+  and the eight polar spines, the latter being more or less rudimentary. However, the central bases
+  of all twenty spines, by which they are united in the centre, are constantly present. The genus
+  <i>Amphibelone</i> is distinguished by the unequal size and form of the two principal spines, one
+  of them the "caudal spine," being larger (and often of another form) than the opposite "frontal
+  spine."</p>
+
+  <p>The form of the radial spines is in the Amphilonchida far less varied and complicated than in
+  the other Acanthonida (the Astrolonchida and Quadrilonchida). Apophyses or lateral transverse
+  processes are never developed. The three main forms of spines are the same as in the other
+  Acanthonida; they are (1) either cylindrical or conical (like <i>Acanthometron</i>), or (2)
+  compressed or two-edged (like <i>Zygacantha</i>), or (3) quadrangular or four-edged (like
+  <i>Acanthonia</i>). Often the spines are angular in the inner or proximal, roundish in the outer
+  or distal part. The distal apex is commonly simple, conical or pyramidal. The central base is
+  commonly also pyramidal, as in the majority of the Acanthonida; and the triangular faces of the
+  neighbouring bases are simply propped one upon another. More rarely a basal leaf-cross is
+  developed above the basal pyramid. Very rarely the central bases of the united spines grow
+  together in the centre, so that the whole skeleton forms a single piece of acanthin.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> is rarely spherical, commonly prolonged in the direction of the
+  hydrotomical axis; ellipsoidal or cylindrical, sometimes also four-sided prismatic; it commonly
+  envelops the greater part of the two principal spines; its structure and contents are the same as
+  in the other Acanthonida.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Amphilonchida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Amphilonchida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Amphilonchida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Eighteen smaller spines of nearly equal size and
+      similar form.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Two opposite large principal spines (frontal and caudal) equal,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">341. <i>Amphilonche</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Caudal spine larger than the frontal spine,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">342. <i>Amphibelone</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Eight tropical and eight polar spines of different
+      sizes (the latter often rudimentary),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">343. <i>Acantholonche</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Amphilonchida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Amphilonchida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Eighteen smaller spines of nearly equal size and similar form.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Two opposite large principal spines (frontal and caudal)
+      equal,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">341. <i>Amphilonche</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Caudal spine larger than the frontal spine,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">342. <i>Amphibelone</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Eight tropical and eight polar spines of different sizes (the latter often
+      rudimentary),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">343. <i>Acantholonche</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page783">{783}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 341. <i>Amphilonche</i>,<a id="NtA_381" href="#Nt_381"><sup>[381]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 389.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Amphilonchida</span> with two equal principal spines
+  (frontal and caudal spines not different); the eighteen smaller spines nearly equal.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Amphilonche</i> represents the original and at the same time the most
+  common form of Amphilonchida; the two opposite principal spines are of equal size and form, much
+  larger (and often also of another form) than the eighteen smaller spines; these latter exhibit no
+  marked differences in size and form.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Amphiloncharium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spines in the centre united by triangular faces of their
+  pyramidal bases, propped one upon another. No basal leaf-cross.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Amphilonche belonoides</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Amphilonche belonoides</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 392, Taf. xvi. fig. 6,
+    Taf. xviii. fig. 21.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra belonoides</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 808.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines cylindrical, of equal breadth throughout their whole length, with simple
+  conical apex; base a small pyramid, without leaf-cross. Eighteen smaller spines conical, much
+  shorter, with simple bristle-shaped apex. Central capsule spindle-shaped or cylindrical,
+  yellow.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.4 to 0.8, of the eighteen minor 0.05
+  to 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Amphilonche lanceolata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines compressed, lanceolate, two-edged, gradually tapering from the broader
+  middle towards the two ends; apex simple; base a large pyramid, with broad leaf-cross. Eighteen
+  smaller spines about half as long, pyramidal, with simple conical or bristle-shaped apex. Central
+  capsule lentelliptical, pink, opaque.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.2, of the eighteen minor 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 343, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Amphilonche diodon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>,
+  fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines compressed, lanceolate, two-edged, tapering from the broader middle
+  towards the two ends; apex simple; base a small pyramid, without leaf-cross. Eighteen smaller
+  spines <span class="pagenum" id="page784">{784}</span>sword-shaped, only two-thirds or one-half as
+  long, and one-third or one-fourth as broad, each with two opposite teeth in the distal part.
+  Central capsule ellipsoidal.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.13, breadth 0.02; length of the
+  eighteen minor spines 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 352, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Amphilonche tenuis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Amphilonche tenuis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 389, Taf. xvi. fig. 1, Taf.
+    xviii. fig. 16.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra tenuis</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 807.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines quadrangular prismatic, with smooth edges, slightly or not at all
+  prominent, of equal breadth throughout their whole length; apex simple or bifid; base a small
+  pyramid, without leaf-cross. Eighteen smaller spines of the same form, but only one-fourth or
+  one-third as long. Central capsule spherical or ellipsoidal, colourless.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.2 to 0.3, of the eighteen minor
+  spines 0.05 to 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina); Atlantic, Station 354, Canary
+  Islands, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Amphilonche denticulata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Amphilonche denticulata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 390, Taf.
+    <span class="correction" title="Printed 'vi', corrected by Errata.">xvi</span>. fig. 2, Taf.
+    xviii. fig. 17.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines quadrangular prismatic, with prominent, elegantly denticulated edges, of
+  equal breadth throughout their whole length; apex simple or truncated; base a small pyramid,
+  without leaf-cross. Eighteen smaller spines of the same form, but only one-fourth or one-third as
+  long. Central capsule ellipsoidal, opaque, yellowish-brown.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.3 to 0.4, of the eighteen minor 0.1;
+  breadth of the former 0.009, of the latter 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Amphilonche heteracantha</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Amphilonche heteracantha</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 293, Taf. xvi. fig.
+    7.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra heteracantha</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 808.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines quadrangular prismatic, very large, with four broad, prominent, lamellar
+  edges, of equal breadth throughout their whole length. Apex as well as the base a four-sided
+  pyramid. Eighteen smaller spines very thin, conical, with bristle-shaped apex; base a small
+  pyramid, without leaf-cross. Central capsule cylindrical or violin-shaped, opaque yellow.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth 0.015 to 0.02;
+  length of the eighteen minor spines 0.1 to 0.15, basal breadth 0.004 to 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina); Central Pacific, Station 271,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page785">{785}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Amphilonche elongata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Amphilonche elongata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 392, Taf. xviii. figs.
+    22<i>a</i>, 22<i>b</i>.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra elongata</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 48, Taf. vii. fig. 13.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines quadrangular prismatic in the proximal half, cylindrical or spindle-shaped
+  in the distal half, with simple apex; base a small pyramid, without leaf-cross. Eighteen smaller
+  spines very thin, bristle-shaped, conical on the base, with small pyramid. Central capsule
+  spindle-shaped, transparent, yellow.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.3 to 0.5, breadth 0.01 to 0.03;
+  length of the eighteen smaller spines 0.05 to 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Indian, Pacific,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Amphilonchidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spines at the central base with a broad leaf-cross,
+  composed of four prominent triangular lamell�; between the meeting edges of the latter twenty-two
+  pyramidal compartments or basal funnels.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Amphilonche ovata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Amphilonche ovata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 390.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra ovata</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin,
+    p. 47, Taf. vii. fig. 10, Taf. ix. fig. 4.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines cylindrical, of equal breadth throughout their whole length, with simple
+  conical or bifid apex; base with a large leaf-cross of double the breadth. Eighteen smaller spines
+  of the same form, but thinner and only half as long. Central capsule ellipsoidal, brown,
+  opaque.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.3 to 0.4, breadth 0.008 to 0.012;
+  length of the eighteen minor spines 0.1 to 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Amphilonche conica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>,
+  fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines conical, elongate, with simple apex; base thickened, with large
+  leaf-cross. Eighteen smaller spines also conical, of about the same basal breadth, but only
+  one-fourth to one-half as long. Central capsule ellipsoidal, pellucid.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.15 to 0.2, basal breadth 0.03 to
+  0.04; length of the eighteen minor spines 0.05 to 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 265 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page786">{786}</span></div>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Amphilonche lancetta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines compressed, lanceolate, two edged, gradually tapering from the broader
+  middle towards the two ends; apex simple; base of double the breadth, with a large leaf-cross.
+  Eighteen smaller spines of the same form, but shorter and only half as broad. Central capsule
+  lentelliptical, pellucid.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.2 to 0.3, breadth in the middle part
+  0.02 to 0.03; length of the eighteen smaller spines 0.1 to 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Amphilonche complanata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Amphilonche complanata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 390, Taf. xvi. fig. 3,
+    Taf. xviii. fig. 18, <i>a</i>, <i>b</i>.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra complanata</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 808.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines compressed, two-edged, linear, of equal breadth throughout their whole
+  length; apex emarginate or bifid; base with a large leaf-cross of double the breadth. Eighteen
+  smaller spines of the same form, but only one-fourth to one-half as large. Central capsule
+  ellipsoidal, yellow, pellucid.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.15 to 0.25, breadth 0.004 to 0.006;
+  length of the eighteen minor spines 0.05 to 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Amphilonche messanensis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Amphilonche messanensis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 391, Taf. xvi. fig. 4,
+    Taf. xviii. fig. 19.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra messanensis</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 808.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines quadrangular prismatic, often a little compressed from two sides, of
+  nearly equal breadth throughout their whole length; apex either truncate or emarginate, with two
+  opposite teeth; base with a large leaf-cross of double the breadth. Eighteen smaller spines of
+  similar form or more compressed, much shorter. Central capsule spherical or ellipsoidal, yellow,
+  transparent.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.12 to 0.18, breadth 0.016; length of
+  the minor spines <span class="correction" title="Original reads '0.5'.">0.05</span> to 0.09.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina, Corfu), Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Amphilonche hydrotomica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines quadrangular prismatic, with four broad prominent lamellar edges or wings,
+  of equal breadth throughout their whole length; apex pyramidal; base with a large leaf-cross.
+  Eighteen smaller spines cylindrical or bristle-shaped, only half as long and very thin. Central
+  capsule cylindrical or spindle-shaped, very long, opaque.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page787">{787}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.1 to 0.2, breadth 0.02 to 0.03;
+  length of the eighteen minor spines 0.05 to 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Amphilonche violina</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines quadrangular prismatic, nearly violin-shaped, with four very broad,
+  prominent, lamellar wings, which are constricted in the middle part, and broadened towards the two
+  ends; apex truncate pyramidal; base with a large leaf-cross. Eighteen smaller spines much shorter,
+  of equal breadth at the base, assuming the form of a quadrangular pyramid, thin prismatic in the
+  distal half. Central capsule spindle-shaped, opaque.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.15 to 0.18, breadth 0.02 to 0.025;
+  length of the eighteen minor spines 0.04 to 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>15. <i>Amphilonche tetraptera</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Amphilonche tetraptera</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 391, Taf. xvi. fig. 5,
+    Taf. xviii. fig. 20.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra tetraptera</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d.
+    Wiss. Berlin, p. 808.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines four-sided pyramidal, with four broad lamellar prominent edges; apex
+  simple or bifid; base with a large leaf-cross. Eighteen smaller spines of similar form, but only
+  half as large. Central capsule spherical, opaque.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.2, breadth on the base 0.025; length
+  of the eighteen minor spines 0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina); North Atlantic, Canary Islands,
+  Stations 352 to 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Amphilithium</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 466.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Spines in the basal part grown together, so that the whole
+  skeleton represents a single piece of acanthin; a star with two larger and eighteen smaller
+  rays.</p>
+
+  <p>16. <i>Amphilonche concreta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>, figs. 4,
+  4<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines cylindrical, very long, of equal breadth throughout their whole length,
+  with simple conical apex. Eighteen smaller spines short, conical or bristle-shaped, scarcely
+  one-fourth or one-tenth as long, often quite rudimentary. All twenty spines perfectly grown
+  together in the centre, forming a single piece of acanthin (derived from <i>Amphilonche
+  belonoides</i> by central concrescence; often the sutures of the concreted bases are visible, fig.
+  4<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.1 to 0.4, breadth 0.005 to 0.015;
+  length of the eighteen minor spines 0.005 to 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page788">{788}</span></div>
+
+  <p>17. <i>Amphilonche acufera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines thick, four-sided prismatic in the basal half, cylindrical or
+  spindle-shaped in the distal half, with simple conical apex. Eighteen smaller spines shorter,
+  thin, bristle-shaped or conical on the base. All twenty spines in the centre perfectly grown
+  together, forming a single piece of acanthin. (Derived from <i>Amphilonche elongata</i> by central
+  concrescence.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two major spines 0.3 to 0.5, breadth 0.01 to 0.03;
+  length of the eighteen minor spines 0.08 to 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 342. <i>Amphibelone</i>,<a id="NtA_382" href="#Nt_382"><sup>[382]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 392.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Amphilonchida</span> with two unequal principal
+  spines (the frontal spine very different from the caudal spine); the eighteen smaller spines
+  nearly equal.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Amphibelone</i> exhibits among the Amphilonchida the same remarkable
+  differentiation of the two principal or longitudinal spines, as <i>Zygostaurus</i> among the
+  Quadrilonchida; the frontal spine differs commonly from the caudal spine not only in its size, but
+  also in its peculiar form; commonly one pole of the longitudinal axis is much more strongly
+  developed than the other. The eighteen smaller spines are nearly equal.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Amphibelonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All twenty spines separate, but in contact in the centre
+  and resting one against another by the triangular sides of their pyramidal bases, without a
+  prominent basal leaf-cross.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Amphibelone aciculata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines thick, without edges and wings, the frontal spine short, spindle-shaped,
+  the caudal three to six times as long, cylindrical, both of equal breadth, with simple conical
+  apex and simple pyramidal base, without leaf-cross. Eighteen smaller spines very thin,
+  bristle-shaped, of the same length as the frontal spine. Central capsule cylindrical or
+  spindle-shaped, enveloping the two principal spines nearly throughout their whole length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the frontal spine 0.2 to 0.4, of the caudal spine 1.0 to
+  2.0; breadth of both 0.01; length of the eighteen smaller spines 0.1 to 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page789">{789}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Amphibelone cultellata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines broad, two-edged, knife-shaped; two opposite in the equatorial plane, thin
+  and broad wings or lamell� are developed, and these enclose the proximal part of both spines,
+  whilst their distal part is free, cylindrical, with conical apex: the two wings of the longer
+  caudal spine are lanceolate, twice to four times as broad as the two wings of the shorter frontal
+  spine; their base is a simple pyramid without leaf-cross. Eighteen smaller spines conical, with
+  bristle-shaped prolongation, one-fourth to one-half as long as the frontal spine. Central capsule
+  green, semitransparent.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the frontal spine 0.1 to 0.2, breadth 0.02 to 0.03; length
+  of the caudal spine 0.2 to 0.4, breadth 0.04 to 0.08; length of the eighteen smaller spines 0.05
+  to 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Maldive Islands (Haeckel), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Amphibelone pyramidata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines four-winged, with four crossed, very thin and broad wings, which are
+  somewhat broader in the convex middle part than at either end; both ends of each spine four-sided
+  pyramidal, with four concave edges and a very small terminal pyramid; base without leaf-cross. The
+  longer caudal spine is twice as broad at the distal end as at its proximal end, and three times as
+  broad as the distal end of the shorter frontal spine. Eighteen smaller spines bristle-shaped, with
+  four-sided pyramidal bases. Central capsule pyramidal, enveloping the two principal spines
+  throughout their whole length; the base of the slender quadrangular pyramid is on the caudal, the
+  apex on the frontal pole of the longitudinal axis.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the frontal spine 0.2 to 0.25, distal breadth 0.01; length
+  of the caudal spine 0.3 to 0.4, distal breadth 0.03; length of the eighteen smaller spines 0.04 to
+  0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cape of Good Hope, Station 143, depth 1900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Amphibelone anomala</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Amphilonche anomala</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 394, Taf. xvi. fig. 8, Taf.
+    xviii. figs. 23<i>a</i>, 23<i>b</i>.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Acanthometra anomala</i>, Haeckel, 1860, Monatsber. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss.
+    Berlin, p. 808.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines four-winged, nearly prismatic, with four crossed, very broad and thick
+  wings; both ends of each spine four-sided pyramidal, with four concave edges and a very small
+  terminal pyramid; base without leaf-cross. The edges of the four wings are concave on the shorter
+  frontal, convex on the longer caudal spine. Eighteen smaller spines only one-fourth to one-half as
+  long, linear, two-edged, with two parallel teeth on the distal end. Central capsule four-sided
+  prismatic, olive-green, enveloping almost completely the two principal spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the frontal spine 0.12, middle breadth 0.016; length of the
+  caudal spine 0.14, middle breadth 0.024; length of the eighteen smaller spines 0.04 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page790">{790}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Amphibelithium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;All twenty spines grown together in the centre, forming a
+  single star-shaped piece of acanthin.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Amphibelone clavaria</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines roundish, without edges and wings; the smaller frontal spine elongate
+  conical, the larger caudal spine two to four times as long, cylindrical, in the distal part
+  spindle-shaped or club-shaped, with conical apex. Central base simple pyramidal, without
+  leaf-cross. Eighteen smaller spines much shorter, bristle-shaped. Central capsule very long,
+  club-shaped. All twenty spines perfectly grown together in the centre.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the frontal spine 0.12, of the caudal spine 0.4 to 0.8;
+  frontal breadth 0.01, caudal breadth 0.03; length of the eighteen smaller spines 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 343. <i>Acantholonche</i>,<a id="NtA_383" href="#Nt_383"><sup>[383]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 466.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Amphilonchida</span> with two equal principal spines
+  (frontal and caudal spines not different). The eighteen smaller spines are very unequal, ten of
+  them (eight tropical and two transverse equatorial spines) much larger than the rudimentary eight
+  polar spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Acantholonche</i> differs from its ancestral genus <i>Amphilonche</i>
+  in the different shape of the eight tropical and the eight polar spines; these latter are much
+  smaller than the former, which are almost equal to the two transverse equatorial spines. The two
+  principal spines are equal, but in size and shape very different from the others.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Acantholonche amphipolaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines stout, quadrangular prismatic in the basal half, cylindrical or
+  spindle-shaped in the distal half, with simple conical apex; base a small pyramid without
+  leaf-cross. Two transverse and eight tropical spines, about half as long as the former, very thin,
+  bristle-shaped, conical at the basal part. Eight polar spines very small, scarcely one-eighth or
+  one-fourth as long as the latter, short pyramidal or conical, often quite rudimentary. Central
+  capsule cylindrical, enveloping the basal half of the two principal spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two principal spines 0.4 to 0.5, of the ten smaller
+  spines 0.2 to 0.3, of the eight rudimentary polar spines 0.01 to 0.06; breadth of the two large
+  spines 0.02 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 266 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page791">{791}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Acantholonche peripolaris</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate132"><b>132</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Two principal spines quadrangular prismatic, with four broad prominent lamellar wings, of
+  increasing breadth towards the pyramidal distal apex. Both ends of each spine four-sided
+  pyramidal, base without leaf-cross. Two transverse and eight tropical spines about two-thirds as
+  long as the former, four-sided pyramidal in the basal half, conical in the distal half, often
+  curved. Eight polar spines very small, about one-fourth as long as the latter, short conical or
+  pyramidal. Central capsule four-sided prismatic, enveloping both principal spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the two principal spines 0.2, of the ten smaller spines
+  0.12, of the eight rudimentary polar spines 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h3>Order IV. ACANTHOPHRACTA, Richard Hertwig, 1879.</h3>
+
+  <div class="poem smaller pc28">
+    <p><i>Acanthometr� cataphract�</i>, Johannes M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k.</p>
+    <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, pp. 12, 22, 49.</p>
+    <p><i>Dorataspida et Diploconida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol.,</p>
+    <p style="margin-left:0.70em">pp. 404, 412.</p>
+    <p><i>Acanthophractida</i>, Richard Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol.,</p>
+    <p style="margin-left:0.70em">pp. 25, 137.</p>
+    <p><i>Dorataspida, Diploconida, et Sph�rocapsida</i>, Haeckel, 1881,</p>
+    <p style="margin-left:0.70em">Prodromus, p. 467.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with complete latticed shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The order <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>, the fourth order of Radiolaria, comprises
+  all those <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> in which the acanthinic skeleton is a complete
+  latticed or fenestrated shell, supported by radial spines arising from one common central point.
+  By the possession of such a complete shell the <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> differ from
+  their ancestral group, the nearly allied <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span>, which represent
+  the older and simpler, first order of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>. All <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> are Icosacantha (like the <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>,
+  their ancestral group), and possess twenty radial spines disposed according to the M�llerian law
+  (compare above, p. <a href="#page717">717</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>Johannes M�ller, who first observed five representatives of this order, called a part of them
+  "<i>Acanthometr� cataphract�</i>," and united these with the true <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> (<i>Acanthometra costata</i> and <i>Acanthometra cataphracta</i>;
+  Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1858, pp. 12, 49). Another part was united by him with the
+  true <i>Haliomma</i> (<i>Haliomma echinoides</i>, <i>Haliomma hystrix</i>, <i>Haliomma
+  tabulatum</i>; Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, 1858, pp. 36, 37). He supposed that these
+  latter formed the immediate transition from the true <span class="gsp">Acanthometra</span> to the
+  true <i>Haliomma</i>, and that their skeleton was siliceous.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page792">{792}</span></div>
+
+  <p>In my Monograph (1862, p. 412) I founded a separate subfamily, Dorataspida, for the
+  "<i>Acanthometr� cataphract�,</i>" which I considered as the first subfamily of the "Ommatida."
+  That subfamily contained at that time only two genera, <i>Dorataspis</i> (with seven species) and
+  <i>Haliommatidium</i> (with five species). A third genus, <i>Aspidomma</i> (with two species), was
+  united by me with the Haliommatida (because of its double shell). For a fourth genus
+  (<i>Diploconus</i>) with a single species I founded the peculiar family of Diploconida. Therefore
+  the whole number of <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> described in my Monograph amounted
+  only to four genera and fifteen species. Now the rich collections of the Challenger have added
+  such a great number of new forms, that we may distinguish here thirty-eight genera and two hundred
+  and twelve species.</p>
+
+  <p>Richard Hertwig in his excellent work (Der Organismus der Radiolarien, 1879, p. 25) separated
+  his "Acanthophractida" perfectly from the "Ommatida" (or the siliceous <span
+  class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>), and united them with the "Acanthometrida" in his order
+  "Acanthometrea." But he separated them also from the nearly allied Diploconida, following my
+  former arrangement. He distinctly noted that the skeleton in all these Acanthophractida (as well
+  as in the Acanthometrida) consists not of silex but of the organic substance "acanthin."</p>
+
+  <p>The astonishing number of new and interesting forms of <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>
+  which I have found in the rich collection of the Challenger enables me to distinguish now in this
+  suborder six different families, two of which are perfectly new (the Sph�rocapsida and the
+  Hexalaspida). But the four other families also are so much enlarged that their interesting
+  morphology appears in quite a new and clear light. Far the largest and most important of these six
+  families is that of the true Dorataspida, which embraces seventeen genera and one hundred and
+  eight species (more than the other five families together). From this largest and oldest ancestral
+  family four other families have afterwards arisen, whilst a single family, the Sph�rocapsida,
+  seems to possess no direct phylogenetic connection with the five other families.</p>
+
+  <p>The peculiar and quite new family of Sph�rocapsida (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, figs.
+  7-11; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  figs. 6-10) differs from all other <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> in the singular
+  structure of the spherical acanthinic shell, composed of innumerable small plates or aglets, each
+  of which is pierced by a very small porule. This peculiar pavemented shell (enclosing the central
+  capsule and separated from it by the jelly-like calymma) seems to be produced on the surface of
+  the spherical calymma, immediately by secretion of the pseudopodia, and independently from the
+  twenty radial spines, united in the centre of the sphere. On the twenty points, where the spines
+  perforate the shell, there are originally eighty larger pores (four around each piercing spine);
+  but there is no certain indication that the shell is produced by the meeting apophyses of the
+  twenty spines, as is the case in the five other families of <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>. Therefore perhaps it is <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page793">{793}</span>more natural to unite these latter into another suborder as <span
+  class="gsp">Cladophracta</span>, and to separate them from the Sph�rocapsida, which may be called
+  Capsophract�.</p>
+
+  <p>The Dorataspida (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate134"><b>134</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>), the
+  common ancestral stock of the <span class="gsp">Cladophracta</span>, in the definition here
+  restricted embraces all those <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> in which the spherical
+  lattice-shell is simple and composed of the meeting branches of twenty radial spines united in its
+  centre. As already pointed out above, this family is probably diphyletic, and embraces two
+  subfamilies which have been derived originally from two different forms of <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>&mdash;the Diporaspida (with two opposite apophyses on each spine)
+  derived from the Phractacanthida, and the Tessaraspida (with four crossed apophyses on each spine)
+  derived from the Stauracanthida; in the former we find originally forty apophyses, in the latter
+  eighty apophyses, by the meeting branches of which the spherical lattice-shell originates. The
+  four following families of <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> have probably been derived from
+  the Diporaspida.</p>
+
+  <p>The Phractopeltida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-6) differ from all other <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> in the possession of a
+  double lattice-shell, composed of two concentric spheres which are united by the twenty radial
+  spines meeting in the centre. As all Phractopeltida possess originally only two apophyses on each
+  radial spine, they must be derived from the Diporaspida (<i>Orophaspis</i>), and bear to them the
+  same relation as the Dyosph�rida do to the Monosph�rida. As the spherical central capsule of the
+  Phractopeltida is enclosed between both shells, smaller than the outer, larger than the inner
+  shell, the latter may be called "medullary shell," the former "cortical shell." This family
+  represents among the <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> only the "Diplophracta," whilst all
+  others are "Haplophracta."</p>
+
+  <p>The three families here characterised may be called together "<span
+  class="gsp">Sph�rophracta</span>," as their central capsule and the enveloping shell are
+  constantly spherical (or the shell sometimes an "endospherical polyhedron"). On the contrary the
+  following three families of <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> may be united as "<span
+  class="gsp">Prunophracta</span>," as their central capsule and shell are never spherical, but
+  either ellipsoidal or lenticular or of another form. The common ancestral stock of this suborder
+  are the Belonaspida, in which the form of the central capsule and the enclosing lattice-shell is
+  ellipsoidal; they are derived from the Dorataspida (and probably all from the subfamily
+  Diporaspida) by the prolongation of two opposite radial spines which are larger than the eighteen
+  others; they are the two equatorial spines of the "hydrotomical axis" (compare above, p. <a
+  href="#page719">719</a>, and Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>,
+  figs. 6-9).</p>
+
+  <p>The Hexalaspida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>)
+  represent a new and very remarkable family, distinguished from all other <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> by the preponderating development of six stout radial spines,
+  which are much larger than the fourteen others. These six principal spines lie in one meridian
+  plane of the shell (in the "hydrotomical plane," p. <a href="#page720">720</a>), and are the two
+  opposite equatorial spines and the four appertaining polar spines of the same plane. <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page794">{794}</span>As the fourteen smaller spines develop their apophyses at
+  smaller distances from the centre, the shell assumes a peculiar lenticular or discoidal form, and
+  the margin of this disk bears the six larger spines. Moreover the enclosed small central capsule
+  is lenticular. The Hexalaspida may be derived immediately from the Belonaspida.</p>
+
+  <p>The Diploconida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>)
+  form the last and the most modified family of all <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>. The
+  remarkable shell exhibits the strange form of a double cone, bearing in its axis two very large
+  opposite spines; these are the two equatorial spines of the "hydrotomical axis" (p. <a
+  href="#page719">719</a>). The double-conical or nearly cylindrical shell is composed of three
+  different parts or segments; the small middle part is the true lattice-shell of the Hexalaspida
+  and Belonaspida, and bears the eighteen smaller (often quite rudimentary) radial spines. The two
+  other parts (opposite on both poles of its hydrotomical axis) are the conical or cylindrical,
+  solid, basal sheaths of the two large equatorial spines, enveloping their major part. In
+  consequence of this peculiar metamorphosis of the shell the Diploconida represent the last and the
+  most aberrant group of all <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Suborders and Families of</i> <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>.</h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w60 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Suborders and Families
+  of Acanthophracta" summary="Synopsis of the Suborders and Families
+  of Acanthophracta">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 w40 sp0">
+        <p>Suborder I. SPH�ROPHRACTA.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Twenty radial spines of equal size. Shell spherical (or an endospherical
+        polyhedron).</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace13sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell spherical, simple, pierced by twenty or eighty aspinal pores and
+      composed of a pavement of innumerable very small plates or aglets, each pierced by one
+      porule,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">1. <span class="sc">Sph�rocapsida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell spherical, simple, composed of the meeting branches of two or
+      four apophyses of the twenty radial spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">2. <span class="sc">Dorataspida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell spherical, double, composed of two concentric lattice-spheres,
+      which are connected by the twenty radial spines and composed of the meeting branches of their
+      apophyses,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">3. <span class="sc">Phractopeltida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>Suborder II. PRUNOPHRACTA.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Twenty radial spines of unequal size; two or six hydrotomical spines much
+        larger than the eighteen or fourteen others. Shell not spherical.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace12sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell ellipsoidal, with prolonged hydrotomical axis, the two spines of
+      which are larger than the eighteen others,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">4. <span class="sc">Belonaspida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell lenticular or discoidal, with six larger spines placed in the
+      hydrotomical plane (fourteen other spines much smaller),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">5. <span class="sc">Hexalaspida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Shell diploconical or nearly cylindrical, with two opposite large
+      funnels, the sheaths of the enlarged two spines of the hydrotomical axis (eighteen other
+      spines much smaller or rudimentary),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">6. <span class="sc">Diploconida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp3 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Suborders and Families
+  of Acanthophracta" summary="Synopsis of the Suborders and Families
+  of Acanthophracta">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Suborder I. SPH�ROPHRACTA. Twenty radial spines of equal size. Shell spherical
+      (or an endospherical polyhedron).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell spherical, simple, pierced by twenty or eighty aspinal pores
+      and composed of a pavement of innumerable very small plates or aglets, each pierced by one
+      porule,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">1. <span class="sc">Sph�rocapsida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell spherical, simple, composed of the meeting branches of two
+      or four apophyses of the twenty radial spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">2. <span class="sc">Dorataspida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell spherical, double, composed of two concentric
+      lattice-spheres, which are connected by the twenty radial spines and composed of the meeting
+      branches of their apophyses,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">3. <span class="sc">Phractopeltida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Suborder II. PRUNOPHRACTA. Twenty radial spines of unequal size; two or six
+      hydrotomical spines much larger than the eighteen or fourteen others. Shell not
+      spherical.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell ellipsoidal, with prolonged hydrotomical axis, the two
+      spines of which are larger than the eighteen others,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">4. <span class="sc">Belonaspida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell lenticular or discoidal, with six larger spines placed in
+      the hydrotomical plane (fourteen other spines much smaller),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">5. <span class="sc">Hexalaspida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Shell diploconical or nearly cylindrical, with two opposite large
+      funnels, the sheaths of the enlarged two spines of the hydrotomical axis (eighteen other
+      spines much smaller or rudimentary),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">6. <span class="sc">Diploconida</span>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page795">{795}</span></div>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h3>Suborder I. SPH�ROPHRACTA, Haeckel.</h3>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell spherical, with twenty radial beams of equal
+  size.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XXXIX. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Sph�rocapsida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, figs.
+  7-11; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  figs. 6-10).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Sph�rocapsida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 469.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with simple spherical porous shell,
+  composed of innumerable very small plates, each of which is pierced by one radial porule. Twenty
+  radial spines of equal size meeting in the centre of the shell and disposed according to the
+  M�llerian law of the Icosacantha, sometimes short and enclosed in the shell, at other times long
+  and piercing it (rarely rudimentary or quite absent). Shell pierced therefore either by twenty
+  larger perspinal pores or by eighty smaller aspinal pores. Central capsule spherical, enclosed in
+  the porous shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Sph�rocapsida</span>, founded by me in 1881 for the single genus
+  <i>Sph�rocapsa</i>, represents a very peculiar and remarkable group of the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>, very different from the five other families of this suborder,
+  and probably derived, independently of them, directly from the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>. Whilst the lattice-shell of the five other families is composed of
+  the meeting branches of lateral apophyses of the twenty spines, and its meshes are all or partly
+  the intervals between these apophyses, in the Sph�rocapsida the spherical shell has quite another
+  structure, and is composed of innumerable small plates (each with one pore) which are secreted on
+  the surface of the spherical calymma, independently of the twenty radial spines, which do not
+  possess true apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p>In all Sph�rocapsida the structure of the spherical shell is quite peculiar and different from
+  that of all other Radiolaria. It is composed everywhere of innumerable very small plates or
+  aglets, which are connected irregularly like paving-stones, and form a single continuous layer or
+  pavement on the surface of the spherical calymma (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, fig. 11,
+  <i>a</i>; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  figs. 8, 10). The small plates or paving-stones, which we will call "aglets," are connected at
+  their meeting edges by a kind of cement, and form together with it a continuous thick capsule of
+  acanthin. The form of the aglets is commonly more or less irregular, roundish or polygonal,
+  sometimes longish (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  fig. 11, <i>a</i>), more rarely it becomes rather regular, hexagonal, square, or roundish (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>, fig. 8).
+  Usually all aglets of one and the same individual are of nearly equal size, between 0.01 and 0.02
+  in diameter, rarely less or more. The outer face of the aglets is more or less concave, so that
+  the elevated meeting edges of the neighbouring aglets commonly form together a prominent network
+  of crests (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  figs. 8, 10); rarely the meeting edges partly cover one another like squamules (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, fig. 11,
+  <i>a</i>). <span class="pagenum" id="page796">{796}</span>Each small plate or aglet is pierced in
+  its centre by a single radial canalicule or porule. The dimpled surface, so produced, resembles
+  somewhat the dimpled plates of <i>Ceriaspis</i>, &amp;c. Different from these innumerable very
+  small dimples of the surface are the twenty larger "spinal dimples," or the concave larger plates,
+  which are originally pierced by the twenty radial spines. Before we describe these, we must
+  examine the spines themselves.</p>
+
+  <p>The twenty radial spines of all observed Sph�rocapsida (sixteen species) agree perfectly with
+  those of the genus <i>Acanthonia</i> (p. <a href="#page749">749</a>), and especially with
+  <i>Acanthonia tetracopa</i>, <i>Acanthonia denticulata</i>, &amp;c. All twenty spines, regularly
+  disposed according to the M�llerian law of the Icosacantha, are of equal size, constantly
+  four-edged prismatic, of equal breadth throughout their whole length. The prominent four edges are
+  parallel, sometimes smooth, at other times elegantly denticulated. The central bases of the twenty
+  spines are pyramidal, without leaf-cross, and propped one upon another with their triangular
+  faces, as in the majority of the <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>The relation of the twenty radial spines to the spherical shell exhibits in the five genera
+  described very peculiar and important differences. In the first described genus, in
+  <i>Sph�rocapsa</i>, the spines are exactly as long as the shell-radius, and therefore are not
+  prominent over the surface of the shell, with which they are firmly connected; the truncated
+  distal end of the spine lies therefore here in the surface of the shell itself, and is connected
+  with it by its four edges, between which four open aspinal pores remain, as in <i>Tessaraspis</i>,
+  &amp;c. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  figs. 6-10). In the next allied genus, <i>Astrocapsa</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, figs. 9,
+  10), the spines are longer than the shell-radius, and therefore more or less prominent over its
+  surface; the piercing part of each spine is also surrounded by four aspinal pores. In the two
+  following genera, <i>Porocapsa</i> and <i>Cannocapsa</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, figs. 7,
+  8), the radial spines are shorter than the shell-radius and therefore quite hidden and withdrawn
+  inside the shell, which they do not reach. But in the ideal prolongation of each spine the shell
+  is pierced by a single large opening, the "perspinal pore" or "perspinal hole," composed of the
+  four united aspinal pores. Whilst in <i>Porocapsa</i> the perspinal pores are simple, they are
+  prolonged in <i>Cannocapsa</i> into cylindrical tubes, open at both ends. The twenty perspinal
+  holes of these Porocapsida are therefore derived by confluence of the eighty original aspinal
+  pores of the Astrocapsida and preserve the same regular disposition, according to the M�llerian
+  law of the Icosacantha. Finally, the same law as is valid also in the last genus is found in
+  <i>Cenocapsa</i>; here the radial spines have completely disappeared, and the whole skeleton is a
+  simple sphere, but of the same structure, and with the same twenty perspinal pores as in
+  <i>Porocapsa</i>. It is very interesting that this spineless <i>Cenocapsa</i> among the <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> exhibits the same shell (a simple hollow sphere) as a last reduced
+  form, which <i>Cenosph�ra</i> among the <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span> produces as a
+  primitive ancestral form of numerous genera.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page797">{797}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Sph�rocapsida is spherical, constantly smaller than the
+  enclosing concentric shell, and separated from it by the calymma. Its structure seems to be the
+  same as in the <span class="gsp">Acanthonida</span>, and specially in the Astrolonchida. The
+  pseudopodia (not yet observed) are probably protruded only through the twenty perspinal holes or
+  the eighty aspinal pores.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Sph�rocapsida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w60 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Sph�rocapsida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Sph�rocapsida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 w40 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">II</span>I. Subfamily Astrocapsida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Radial spines connected with the porous shell, as long or longer than its
+        radius. Eighty aspinal pores.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines as long as the radius, without external prolongation,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">344. <i>Sph�rocapsa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Spines longer than the radius, with external prolongation,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">345. <i>Astrocapsa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">I</span>II. Subfamily Porocapsida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Radial spines not connected with the porous shell, shorter than its radius.
+        Twenty perspinal pores.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Perspinal holes of the shell simple, without external
+      prolongation,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">346. <i>Porocapsa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Perspinal holes of the shell prolonged into radial centrifugal
+      tubuli,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">347. <i>Cannocapsa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>III. Subfamily Cenocapsida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Radial spines disappeared.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Twenty perspinal holes of the shell simple, without tubular
+      prolongation,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">348. <i>Cenocapsa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Sph�rocapsida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Sph�rocapsida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">I. Subfamily Astrocapsida. Radial spines connected with the porous shell, as
+      long or longer than its radius. Eighty aspinal pores.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines as long as the radius, without external prolongation,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">344. <i>Sph�rocapsa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Spines longer than the radius, with external prolongation,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">345. <i>Astrocapsa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">II. Subfamily Porocapsida. Radial spines not connected with the porous shell,
+      shorter than its radius. Twenty perspinal pores.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Perspinal holes of the shell simple, without external
+      prolongation,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">346. <i>Porocapsa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Perspinal holes of the shell prolonged into radial centrifugal
+      tubuli,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">347. <i>Cannocapsa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">III. Subfamily Cenocapsida. Radial spines disappeared.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Twenty perspinal holes of the shell simple, without tubular
+      prolongation,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">348. <i>Cenocapsa</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Astrocapsida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial spines connected with the porous shell, as long as
+  or longer than its radius. Therefore the shell pierced by eighty aspinal pores (four around each
+  spine).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 344. <i>Sph�rocapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_384" href="#Nt_384"><sup>[384]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 469.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Sph�rocapsida</span> with twenty radial spines as
+  long as the radius of the shell, without external prolongation; therefore their distal ends
+  inserted in the perspinal holes, each of which is composed of four aspinal pores.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Sph�rocapsa</i> is the most common form of the Sph�rocapsida, and
+  comprises those species in which the radial spines are as long as the radius of the shell, and
+  therefore are connected with the margin of its aspinal holes, but not prolonged beyond its
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page798">{798}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Sph�rocapsa cruciata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  figs. 6, 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Aspinal holes nearly circular, with flat radially striated margin. Four aspinal pores of each
+  hole rounded equilateral triangular. Porules of the shell simple, without ring and dimple. Four
+  edges of the spines smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.4 to 0.5, of the central capsule 0.3 to
+  0.4.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel (Gulf Stream), 1880, John
+  Murray, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Sph�rocapsa dentata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Aspinal holes four-lobed, with broad concave margin denticulated on the periphery. Four aspinal
+  pores of each hole pear-shaped, oblong, elevated in the centre. Porules of the shell simple,
+  without ring and dimple. Four edges of the spines denticulate.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.3 to 0.4, of the central capsule 0.2 to
+  0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Sph�rocapsa quadrata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Aspinal holes square, with concave umbilicus in the centre, surrounded by a convex denticulated
+  margin. Four aspinal pores of each hole nearly square. Shell-porules with a polygonal elevated
+  smooth ring, in the bottom of a shallow dimple. Four edges of the spines smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.22, of the central capsule 0.17.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, south of Australia, Station 159, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Sph�rocapsa pavimentata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p>Aspinal holes four-lobed, with broad concave, irregularly crenated and figured margin. Four
+  aspinal pores of each hole violin-shaped. Porules of the shell surrounded by an irregularly oblong
+  ring with thick elevated, elegantly crenated margin. Four edges of the spines smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.36, of the central capsule 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-east Pacific (off Valparaiso), Station 298,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 345. <i>Astrocapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_385" href="#Nt_385"><sup>[385]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Sph�rocapsida</span> with twenty radial spines
+  longer than the radius of the shell, piercing its perspinal holes, with free external
+  prolongation; therefore with four aspinal pores around each spine.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Astrocapsa</i> differs from the preceding <i>Sph�rocapsa</i> in the
+  external prolongation of the radial spines piercing the perspinal holes; it assumes therefore the
+  common shape of the Dorataspida more than the other Sph�rocapsida do.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page799">{799}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Astrocapsa tritonis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Aspinal holes circular, with smooth convex margin and four circular aspinal pores. Porules of
+  the shell simple, without ring and dimple. Four edges of the spines smooth, their outer free part
+  about as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25; outer length of the spines 0.3.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel, Gulf Stream (expedition of
+  H.M.S "Triton," August, 1882), John Murray, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Astrocapsa stellata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  fig. 10).</p>
+
+  <p>Aspinal holes cruciform, with high crenated margin. Four aspinal pores of each hole egg-shaped.
+  Porules of the shell simple, without ring and dimple. Four edges of the spines denticulate; their
+  outer free part twice to three times as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.36; outer length of the spines 0.5 to 0.8.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean (near Kerguelen), Station 152, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Astrocapsa quadrifida</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Aspinal holes four-lobed, with four prominent teeth between the four roundish aspinal pores.
+  Porules of the shell surrounded by a high polygonal smooth ring. Four edges of the spines
+  denticulate; their outer free part about as long as the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.28; outer length of the spines 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Astrocapsa coronata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Aspinal holes circular, with a coronet of numerous thin parallel teeth. Porules of the shell in
+  dimples on irregular polygonal small plates, with coronated ring. Four edges of the spines
+  denticulate; their outer free part about twice as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.4 to 0.5 ; outer length of the spines 1.0 to
+  1.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel, Gulf Stream (expedition of the
+  "Knight Errant," 1880), John Murray, surface and at depths varying from 10 to 200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Porocapsida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial spines not connected with the porous shell, shorter
+  than its radius; therefore the shell pierced by twenty perspinal pores (each one in the ideal
+  radial prolongation of one spine).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page800">{800}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 346. <i>Porocapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_386" href="#Nt_386"><sup>[386]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Sph�rocapsida</span> with twenty radial spines
+  shorter than the radius of the shell; therefore their distal ends not connected with the twenty
+  perspinal holes, which are simple, not prolonged into radial tubes.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Porocapsa</i> and the following <i>Cannocapsa</i> form together the
+  small sub-family of Porocapsida, distinguished by the peculiar reduction or retrograde development
+  of the twenty radial spines; all these twenty are present and disposed according to the M�llerian
+  law of the Icosacantha, but they are shorter than the radius of the shell and therefore do not
+  reach it. In the ideal prolongation of the spines the shell is pierced by twenty simple
+  quadrangular or circular perspinal holes.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Porocapsa murrayana</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Perspinal holes cruciform, with smooth thickened margin or with four short teeth between the
+  four lobes. Porules of the shell simple, without ring and dimple. Four edges of the spines smooth.
+  (Differs from <i>Sph�rocapsa cruciata</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  figs. 6, 7, living in the same locality, mainly in the reduction of the radial spines, which do
+  not reach the shell.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.28; length of the spines 0.2.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel, Gulf Stream (expedition of
+  H.M.S. "Triton," August 1882), John Murray, surface and in depths from 40 to 640 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Porocapsa tetrodon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Perspinal holes cruciform, with four triangular prominent teeth between the four lobes of the
+  cross. Porules of the shell with an elevated polygonal ring, in the bottom of a dimple. Four edges
+  of the spines elegantly denticulate.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.36; length of the spines 0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Porocapsa octodon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Perspinal holes square, with four larger prominent teeth on the sides of the square, and four
+  smaller teeth on its corners. Porules of the shell surrounded by an elevated ring with elegantly
+  crenated irregular margin. Four edges of the spines smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.48; length of the spines 0.18.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Arctic Ocean (Greenland), in the contents of the stomach of
+  the Peromedusa, <i>Periphylla hyacinthina</i>.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page801">{801}</span></div>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Porocapsa coronodon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Perspinal holes circular, with ciliated margin, which forms a crown of sixteen to twenty-four
+  thin parallel teeth. Poruli of the shell surrounded by an elevated ring with high crenated margin.
+  Four edges of the spines denticulate.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.55; length of the spines 0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 347. <i>Cannocapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_387" href="#Nt_387"><sup>[387]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Sph�rocapsida</span> with twenty radial spines
+  shorter than the radius of the shell; therefore their distal ends not connected with the twenty
+  perspinal holes, which are prolonged outside into radial tubes (each one in the radial ideal
+  prolongation of one inner spine).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cannocapsa</i>, exhibits the same peculiar reduction of the radial
+  spines as the foregoing <i>Porocapsa</i>; the spines are also here shorter than the shell-radius
+  and do not therefore reach the perspinal holes of the shell. But whilst these latter are simple in
+  <i>Porocapsa</i>, they are prolonged into radial tubules in <i>Cannocapsa</i>; the outer surface
+  bears therefore twenty such cylindrical tubules, separated by a short distance from the inner
+  enclosed spines, but disposed quite regularly according to the law of Icosacantha.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cannocapsa osculata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Perspinal holes prolonged into short cylindrical tubuli, the length of which about equals their
+  diameter. Both ends of the tubuli with smooth thickened margin. Poruli of the shell simple,
+  without ring and dimple. Four edges of the spines smooth; their length equals about four-fifths of
+  the shell-radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.24; length of the spines 0.09, of the tubuli
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, F�r�e Channel (Gulf Stream), surface, John
+  Murray.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Cannocapsa stethoscopium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Perspinal holes prolonged into cylindrical tubuli, half as long as the shell radius. Both ends
+  of the tubuli with smooth thin trumpet-shaped margins. Poruli of the shell simple, without ring
+  and dimple. Four edges of the spines smooth; their length about equals three-fourths of the
+  shell-radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2; length of the spines 0.08, of the tubuli
+  0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic (west of Tristan da Cunha), Station 333,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Cannocapsa tubulosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Perspinal holes prolonged into cylindrical tubuli, which are as long as or longer then the
+  shell-radius. Both ends of the tubuli with smooth thickened margin. Poruli of the shell simple,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page802">{802}</span>without ring and dimple. Four edges of the spines
+  smooth; their length scarcely equals half the shell-radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15; length of the spines 0.03, of the tubuli
+  0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic (east coast of Patagonia), Station 318,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 3. <span class="sc">Cenocapsida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Radial spines completely reduced and absent; shell cavity
+  therefore simple; shell pierced by twenty perspinal pores (each placed in the direction of one
+  radial spine which has disappeared).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 348. <i>Cenocapsa</i>,<a id="NtA_388" href="#Nt_388"><sup>[388]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Sph�rocapsida</span> without radial spines, with
+  simple cavity of the spherical shell, which is pierced by twenty perspinal holes (each one placed
+  in the radial direction of one spine which has disappeared).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Cenocapsa</i> comprises only a single species, but is very remarkable
+  in that it is the most reduced form among all Sph�rocapsida. The twenty radial spines of the
+  Icosacantha have perfectly disappeared by complete retrograde metamorphosis, and the only evidence
+  of their former existence (in the ancestral genus <i>Porocapsa</i>) are the twenty perspinal holes
+  remaining in the shell. <i>Cenocapsa</i> is the only form of <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>
+  which possesses no radial spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Cenocapsa nirvana</i>, n. sp. (<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  fig. 11, 11<i>a</i>, <span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda.">11<i>c</i></span>).</p>
+
+  <p>Perspinal holes four-lobed, cruciform, with four short triangular teeth between the four lobes
+  of the cross. Poruli of the shell in the bottom of an elliptical dimple surrounded by an elevated
+  ring.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.3, of the aspinal holes 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 248, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XL. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Dorataspida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pls.
+  134-138).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Dorataspida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 412.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with simple spherical
+  lattice-shell, composed of the branched apophyses of twenty equal radial spines meeting in its
+  centre and disposed according to the M�llerian law of Icosacantha. Central capsule spherical,
+  enclosed in the fenestrated shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> is the most important family of the <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span>, or of those <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> in which the
+  radial spines are connected by a complete extracapsular lattice-shell. The Dorataspida represent
+  probably the ancestral <span class="pagenum" id="page803">{803}</span>stock of this whole order,
+  with the exception of the Sph�rocapsida. The four following families of the order may be easily
+  derived from the Dorataspida. The number of genera (seventeen) and of species (one hundred and
+  eight) is in this family greater than in the other five families together. When I constituted that
+  family in my Monograph 1862, it comprised only one genus, <i>Dorataspis</i>, with seven species.
+  The nearly allied genus <i>Haliommatidium</i> (<i>Phatnaspis</i>) belongs to the Belonaspida.</p>
+
+  <p>The Dorataspida differ from the other <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> in the simple
+  spherical lattice-shell, which is composed of the meeting apophyses of the twenty radial spines.
+  In three other families of the suborder the shell is not spherical, but ellipsoidal (Belonaspida),
+  discoidal (Hexalaspida), or diploconical (Diploconida). In the Phractopeltida the spherical shell
+  is double, composed of two concentric lattice-spheres. In the Sph�rocapsida the simple spherical
+  shell is not composed of the apophyses of the spines, but of innumerable small plates.</p>
+
+  <p>The family Dorataspida may be divided into two very different subfamilies, which are probably
+  derived, independently of one another, from  two different subfamilies of the Astrolonchida. The
+  first subfamily, Diporaspida, exhibits on each radial spine two opposite apophyses, like its
+  ancestral group, the Phractacanthida (p. <a href="#page753">753</a>); whereas the second
+  subfamily, Tessaraspida, possesses on each radial spine four crossed apophyses (opposite in
+  pairs), like its ancestral group, the Stauracanthida (p. <a href="#page758">758</a>). Therefore
+  the composition of the spherical shell, produced by the meeting branches of the tangential
+  apophyses, is essentially different in the two subfamilies: in the Diporaspida each radial spine
+  is surrounded by two opposite primary aspinal meshes, in the Tessaraspida by four crossed primary
+  aspinal meshes.</p>
+
+  <p>Another principle of division may be established for the whole family by the different mode of
+  composition of the shell, and regarding this important difference we may distinguish also two
+  different subfamilies as <span class="gsp">Cladophracta</span> and <span
+  class="gsp">Peltophracta</span>. In the first and simpler subfamily, the <span
+  class="gsp">Cladophracta</span>, the shell is composed totally (or sometimes partially) of the
+  meeting branches of the apophyses of the neighbouring spines; but in each single spine (or in the
+  most part of them) the branches of the apophyses are not united, and form no lattice-plate (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>, figs. 1
+  to 8). Whereas in the <span class="gsp">Peltophracta</span> the shell is composed constantly of
+  twenty perforated plates, as in each single spine the branches of its apophyses are united and
+  form a fenestrated shield with two or four (and sometimes numerous) pores (Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>).</p>
+
+  <p>In the Diporaspida as well as in the Tessaraspida we find numerous representatives of the two
+  groups of the <span class="gsp">Cladophracta</span> and of the <span
+  class="gsp">Peltophracta</span>; therefore the whole family of Dorataspida may be divided into
+  four different tribes. The Diporaspida (with two opposite apophyses on each spine) are partly
+  <span class="gsp">Cladophracta</span> (the Phractaspida, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>, figs.
+  1-4), partly <span class="gsp">Peltophracta</span> (the Ceriaspida, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>). On the
+  other hand the Tessaraspida (with four crossed apophyses on each <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page804">{804}</span>spine) are also partly <span class="gsp">Cladophracta</span> (the
+  Stauraspida, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>,
+  figs. 5-8), partly <span class="gsp">Peltophracta</span> (the Lychnaspida, Pls. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>). The
+  differences and relations of these tribes are placed synoptically in the following table<span
+  class="wnw">:&mdash;</span></p>
+
+  <table class="sp2 mc ba smaller w50 vx" title="Synopsis of the four tribes of
+  Dorataspida" summary="Synopsis of the four tribes of
+  Dorataspida">
+    <tr class="ba">
+      <th>Synopsis of the four tribes of Dorataspida.</th>
+      <th>A. Diporaspida.<br/>
+      Two opposite apophyses on each radial spine. Two primary aspinal meshes.</th>
+      <th>B. Tessaraspida.<br/>
+      Four crossed apophyses on each radial spine. Four primary spinal meshes.</th>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="sp0 it1p05">
+        <p><i>a.</i> Cladophracta</p>
+        <p class="sp0">All twenty spines (or a part of them) without lattice-plates.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="it1p05">1. Tribe Phractaspida.</td>
+      <td class="it1p05">3. Tribe Stauraspida.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr class="br">
+      <td class="sp0 it1p05">
+        <p><i>b.</i> Peltophracta</p>
+        <p class="sp0">All twenty spines with lattice-plates.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="it1p05">2. Tribe Ceriaspida.</td>
+      <td class="it1p05">4. Tribe Lychnaspida.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <p>All Dorataspida are true Icosacantha, and the twenty spines, composing the spherical shell, are
+  equally developed, regularly disposed according to the M�llerian law, and of equal size; also the
+  distance of their plates from the common centre is equal. Nevertheless they are never of perfectly
+  the same form; in consequence of their peculiar disposition in five zones (each with four spines)
+  certain slight differences are effected, so that with accurate knowledge of the peculiar
+  shell-composition it is generally not difficult to distinguish the spines of the equatorial, the
+  two tropical, and the two polar zones.</p>
+
+  <p>Already the central bases, by which the twenty spines are united in the centre of the sphere,
+  exhibit certain differences in the five zones. Commonly these bases are small pyramids, all
+  meeting with their apex in the centre, and the triangular faces of the neighbouring pyramids are
+  supported one upon another. The four equatorial pyramids are commonly six-sided, the other sixteen
+  five-sided; but sometimes there are eight six-sided and twelve five-sided basal pyramids; two
+  opposite polar spines on each pole having a six-sided base (like the four equatorial), the other
+  two polar spines on each pole having a five-sided base (like the eight tropical). Rarely the
+  central bases are perfectly grown together, forming a single spherical central piece of
+  acanthin.</p>
+
+  <p>The three different fundamental forms of radial spines, which are found in all <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, the cylindrical, the two-edged, and the four-edged (spines with
+  circular, with elliptical, and with square transverse section respectively) occur also in the
+  different groups of Dorataspida; but commonly the two-edged or compressed form is prevalent in the
+  Diporaspida, the four-edged or quadrangular form in the Tessaraspida. In the majority of species
+  the spines are thickened in the shell-face, where the apophyses arise, and thinner towards the two
+  ends. Usually the outer or distal part of the spine (outside the shell) is longer than the inner
+  or proximal part (inside <span class="pagenum" id="page805">{805}</span>the shell). The distal
+  apex is commonly simple, conical or pyramidal, rarely bifid or truncate. The edges of the spines
+  are commonly smooth, rarely denticulate or serrate.</p>
+
+  <p>The apophyses, or the lateral transverse processes of the radial spines, in the Dorataspida
+  assume the greatest variety and complexity in form, size, mode of ramification, and in composition
+  of the shell. An expert and practised observer may determine easily the range of each spine,
+  whether it be an equatorial (<i>c</i>), or a tropical (<i>b</i>, <i>d</i>), or a polar spine
+  (<i>a</i>, <i>e</i>, Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>-<a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>). The two
+  opposite apophyses of the Diporaspida, as well as the four crossed apophyses of the Tessaraspida,
+  lie constantly in certain meridian planes of the spine, which have a legitimate signification for
+  each of the five zones. The comparative morphology of this regular disposition of the apophyses
+  and the regular meeting of their branches is of the greatest interest, and necessary for the
+  complete understanding of the complicated structure of these wonderful shells.</p>
+
+  <p>The pores or meshes of the spherical shell, offering the most varied forms, may generally be
+  divided into two different groups, into sutural and parmal meshes. The sutural pores are bordered
+  by the meeting branches of the apophyses of two, three, or four neighbouring spines, and therefore
+  also by the sutures in which they meet. The parmal pores on the other hand are bordered only by
+  the united branches of the apophyses of a single spine and pierce the shield or lattice-plate
+  formed by them. Therefore the shell-meshes of the <span class="gsp">Cladophracta</span> are all
+  sutural pores (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-8; rarely and only in a part of the spines parmal pores also: <i>Zonaspis</i>,
+  <i>Dodecaspis</i>); whereas the shell-meshes of the <span class="gsp">Peltophracta</span>,
+  piercing the shields or lattice-plates of all twenty spines, are always partly sutural, partly
+  parmal pores (Pls. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>, <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>). The
+  parmal pores again may be divided into two different groups&mdash;aspinal and coronal pores.
+  Aspinal pores ("ad spinam") are those which lie immediately on the sides of the radial spine and
+  are bordered by the primary branches of its apophyses; therefore constantly only two in the
+  Diporaspida, four in the Tessaraspida. Coronal pores on the contrary are those which lie in the
+  periphery of the lattice-plates, surrounding in a circle or crown the aspinal pores and not
+  touching the spine itself. In <i>Dorataspis</i>, <i>Ceriaspis</i>, <i>Tessaraspis</i>,
+  <i>Lychnaspis</i>, &amp;c., all parmal meshes are only aspinal pores (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>, figs.
+  2-5; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>);
+  whilst in <i>Coscinaspis</i>, <i>Acontaspis</i>, <i>Icosaspis</i>, <i>Hylaspis</i>, &amp;c., one
+  part of the parmal pores is aspinal, one part coronal (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>). The
+  number, form, and size of the coronal pores is very variable and often very large (sometimes more
+  than a hundred in one plate).</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Cladophracta</span> exhibit a comparatively simple shell-formation;
+  either all twenty spines or at least a part of them not forming lattice-plates. The most primitive
+  form among these is <i>Phractaspis</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 2). The forty apophyses of its twenty spines are simply forked, and their eighty
+  fork-branches united by forty sutures, enclosing twenty-two sutural meshes: two square polar
+  meshes (between the four polar spines on the poles of the spineless axis, <i>a a a a</i> and <i>e
+  e e e</i>); eight triangular <span class="pagenum" id="page806">{806}</span>circumpolar meshes
+  (each between two polar and one tropical spine, <i>a b a</i> and <i>e d e</i>); eight quadrangular
+  tropical meshes (each between one polar, one equatorial, and two tropical spines, <i>a b c b</i>
+  and <i>e d c d</i>); and four rhomboidal equatorial meshes (between two tropical and two
+  equatorial spines, <i>c b c d</i>). If the fork-branches be again forked (<i>Phractaspidium</i>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>,
+  fig. 3), the number of the sutures and sutural meshes is doubled, and the same is the case in
+  <i>Stauraspis</i>, the most simple form of the Tessaraspida.</p>
+
+  <p>A peculiar small group, and an interesting transition for the <span
+  class="gsp">Cladophracta</span> to the <span class="gsp">Peltophracta</span>, is presented by the
+  Zonaspida among the Tessaraspida (<i>Zonaspis</i> and <i>Dodecaspis</i>). Here only one part of
+  the radial spines bears lattice-plates, the other part not. In <i>Zonaspis</i> the four equatorial
+  spines bear lattice-plates, the sixteen other only free branches of the apophyses. In
+  <i>Dodecaspis</i> twelve spines are provided with lattice-plates (four equatorial and eight polar
+  spines), whilst the eight other (tropical) spines are devoid of them.</p>
+
+  <p>The <span class="gsp">Peltophracta</span> exhibit a great variety in the form and composition
+  of their twenty lattice-plates or fenestrated shields. In the most simple case (a part of
+  <i>Dorataspis</i> and <i>Diporaspis</i>) the shell is composed of four (equatorial) hexagonal
+  plates, and sixteen pentagonal plates (four tropical and four polar); in this case the four polar
+  plates meet on each pole in one common point. More commonly, however, the shell seems to be
+  composed of eight hexagonal plates (four equatorial and the four polar spines of the hydrotomical
+  plane) and twelve pentagonal plates (eight tropical and the four polar spines of the geotomical
+  plane); in this case only two (hexagonal) polar plates meet on each pole in a suture which
+  separates the two other (pentagonal) polar plates (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>, fig. 4).
+  In the majority of the Dorataspida the composition of the shell is much more complicated and often
+  very difficult to understand. Often the surface of the plates is covered with a network of
+  elevated crests, by which concave blind dimples are separated (<i>Ceriaspis</i>,
+  <i>Hystrichaspis</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>);
+  and sometimes these dimples become pierced by coronal pores (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>, fig. 11,
+  &amp;c.).</p>
+
+  <p>Peculiar by-spines or "accessory spines" cover the outer surface of the shell in a great part
+  of Dorataspida, and commonly these most characteristic by-spines are not placed radially, but
+  parallel to the radial spine, from the lattice-plate of which they arise (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  5; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>,
+  figs. 4-8; Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, Taf. xxi. figs. 8, 9). They are commonly placed perpendicular
+  to the sutural condyles, or the branch-ends of the apophyses; so that close to each suture arises
+  a pair of divergent by-spines, belonging to the meeting apophyses of the two neighbouring spines,
+  which meet in the suture (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>,
+  fig. 4). Rarely these thin, bristle-shaped by-spines are quite simple and straight, commonly they
+  undulate or are zigzag and often armed with recurved hooks. Sometimes they are also forked or
+  arborescent (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Dorataspida is constantly spherical and about one-third
+  smaller than the enclosing shell, from which it is separated by the spherical calymma. <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page807">{807}</span>The membrane of the central capsule is commonly rather
+  thin, and pierced by the twenty radial spines, meeting in the centre of the capsule. Between these
+  lie innumerable small pores for the radiating pseudopodia; however, in many cases (and perhaps
+  constantly) these pores exhibit a certain regular disposition. In many species the central capsule
+  encloses Xanthell� or symbiotic yellow unicellular Alg�. The nucleus becomes cleft very early in
+  the majority of Dorataspida.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Dorataspida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Dorataspida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Dorataspida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="9" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">I</span>I. Subfamily Diporaspida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Each radial spine with two opposite primary apophyses; therefore the whole
+        shell with forty primary apophyses.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="9" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace17sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="5" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">I. Tribe Phractaspida. Twenty radial spines
+      without lattice-plates; no normal pores.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">No by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">349. <i>Phractaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">With by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">350. <i>Pleuraspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="7" class="vmi it1p05">II. Tribe Ceriaspida. Twenty radial spines all with
+      lattice-plates produced by union of the branched apophyses of each plate.</td>
+      <td rowspan="7" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace14sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi it1p05">Forty parmal pores (two in each plate)&mdash;no coronal
+      pores in the plates.</td>
+      <td rowspan="5" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace11sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Plates not dimpled, without network of crests.</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace6sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">No by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">351. <i>Dorataspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">With by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">352. <i>Diporaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">No by-spines, but free apophyses,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">353. <i>Orophaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Plates dimpled, with a network of crests.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">No by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">354. <i>Ceriaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">With by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">355. <i>Hystrichaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Eighty to two hundred or more parmal pores (in
+      each plate two aspinal and two to ten or more coronal pores).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">No by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">356. <i>Coscinaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">With by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">357. <i>Acontaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="8" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Tessaraspida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Each radial spine with four crossed primary apophyses; therefore the whole
+        shell with eighty primary apophyses.</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="8" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace15sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">III. Tribe Stauraspida. Twenty radial spines all or partly
+      without lattice-plates.</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">All twenty spines without lattice-plates.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">No by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">358. <i>Stauraspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">With by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">359. <i>Echinaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Four plates with, sixteen without, lattice-plates.</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">With by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">360. <i>Zonaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05">Twelve plates with, eight without, lattice-plates.</td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace2sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">With by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">361. <i>Dodecaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05">IV. Tribe Lychnaspida. Twenty radial spines all with
+      lattice-plates (produced by union of the branched apophyses of each plate).</td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Eighty parmal pores (four on each
+      plate)&mdash;no coronal pores in the plates.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">No by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">362. <i>Tessaraspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">With by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">363. <i>Lychnaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">One hundred and sixty to three hundred or more
+      parmal pores (in each plate four aspinal and four to twelve or more coronal pores).</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">No by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">364. <i>Icosaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">With by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vmi wnw">365. <i>Hylaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Dorataspida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Dorataspida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="11">I. Subfamily Diporaspida. Each radial spine with two opposite primary
+      apophyses; therefore the whole shell with forty primary apophyses.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">I. Tribe Phractaspida. Twenty radial spines without
+      lattice-plates; no normal pores.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">349. <i>Phractaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">350. <i>Pleuraspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">II. Tribe Ceriaspida. Twenty radial spines all with lattice-plates
+      produced by union of the branched apophyses of each plate.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Forty parmal pores (two in each plate)&mdash;no coronal pores in
+      the plates.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Plates not dimpled, without network of crests.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">351. <i>Dorataspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">352. <i>Diporaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No by-spines, but free apophyses,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">353. <i>Orophaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Plates dimpled, with a network of crests.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">354. <i>Ceriaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">355. <i>Hystrichaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Eighty to two hundred or more parmal pores (in each plate two
+      aspinal and two to ten or more coronal pores).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">356. <i>Coscinaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">357. <i>Acontaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="11">II. Subfamily Tessaraspida. Each radial spine with four crossed primary
+      apophyses; therefore the whole shell with eighty primary apophyses.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">III. Tribe Stauraspida. Twenty radial spines all or partly without
+      lattice-plates.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">All twenty spines without lattice-plates.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">358. <i>Stauraspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">359. <i>Echinaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Four plates with, sixteen without, lattice-plates.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">360. <i>Zonaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Twelve plates with, eight without, lattice-plates.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">361. <i>Dodecaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="9">IV. Tribe Lychnaspida Twenty radial spines all with lattice-plates
+      (produced by union of the branched apophyses of each plate).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">Eighty parmal pores (four on each plate)&mdash;no coronal pores in
+      the plates.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">362. <i>Tessaraspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">363. <i>Lychnaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="7">One hundred and sixty to three hundred or more parmal pores (in
+      each plate four aspinal and four to twelve or more coronal pores).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">364. <i>Icosaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">365. <i>Hylaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page808">{808}</span></div>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 1. <span class="sc">Diporaspida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with twenty radial
+  spines, each of which bears two opposite apophyses. The spherical shell is composed either of the
+  meeting branches of these apophyses (Phractaspida), or of twenty perforated plates, produced by
+  concrescence of their branches (Ceriaspida).</p>
+
+  <h4><b>A.</b> Tribe I. <span class="gsp">Phractaspida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> without perforated
+  plates; the spherical shell is composed only of the meeting branches of the two opposite
+  apophyses, which arise from each radial spine. Therefore the meshes of the shell are all
+  sutural.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 349. <i>Phractaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_389" href="#Nt_389"><sup>[389]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 467.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> without perforated plates; shell
+  composed only of the meeting branches of the two opposite apophyses, which arise from each radial
+  spine. Condyles of the branch-ends without by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Phractaspis</i> is the most simple and primitive form among all
+  Dorataspida, and may be regarded as the common ancestral form either of this whole family, or at
+  least of its first subfamily, the Diporaspida. In all members of this subfamily the spherical
+  shell is composed of twenty radial spines, each of which bears two opposite apophyses; but the
+  mode of composition is different in the two tribes of the subfamily, in the Phractaspida and
+  Ceriaspida. In the simpler tribe, the Phractaspida, the shell is composed only of the meeting
+  branches of the apophyses of neighbouring spines; there are no peculiar perforated plates or
+  shields. In the Ceriaspida, however, both apophyses of each single spine form a perforated plate
+  or shield by union of their branches, and the shell is formed of the meeting edges of these
+  shields. Of course the Ceriaspida must be derived from the simpler Phractaspida.
+  <i>Phractaspis</i>, as the common ancestral form of both, exhibits a very simple structure of the
+  shell (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 2). Commonly, if the fork-branches of each apophysis be not again branched, the shell
+  possesses only twenty-two large meshes and forty sutures. More rarely their number increases, the
+  fork-branches of the apophyses being again branched (<i>Phractaspidium</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Phractasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell with twenty-two meshes, and forty sutures, each
+  spine with only four branches, its two apophyses being simply forked.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page809">{809}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Phractaspis prototypus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines cylindrical, thin, pointed; the outer and inner halves of nearly equal size. Each
+  spine bears in its middle part two opposite apophyses, which are simply forked; the four condyles
+  of each spine (or the thickened ends of the fork-branches) are united with the meeting condyles of
+  the neighbouring spines by sutures. Therefore the network of the spherical shell is composed of
+  twenty-two large meshes: two square polar meshes on each pole (<i>a a a a</i> and <i>e e e e</i>);
+  eight triangular circumpolar meshes (each between two polar and one tropical spine, <i>a b a</i>
+  and <i>e d e</i>); eight tropical rhomboidal meshes (each between one polar, one equatorial, and
+  two tropical spines: <i>a b c b</i> and <i>e d c d</i>); and four rhomboidal equatorial meshes
+  (each between two tropical and two equatorial spines <i>c b c d</i>).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the meshes 0.03 to 0.04; breadth of the
+  spines and bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean (Corfu), Atlantic (Stations 348,
+  354), Indian Ocean (Ceylon), Pacific (Stations 253, 265, 274), &amp;c., surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Phractaspis complanata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines leaf-shaped, strongly compressed, two-edged, pointed; their outer part longer
+  than the inner. Each spine with two opposite apophyses which are simply forked, therefore with
+  four condyles. The network with forty sutures and twenty-two large meshes, as in the foregoing
+  species. The broad faces of the eight polar spines lie in two meridian planes, of the four
+  equatorial spines in the equatorial plane, of the eight tropical spines in two planes parallel to
+  the latter. The planes of the leaf-shaped fork-branches lie in the spherical face.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the meshes 0.02 to 0.03; breadth of the
+  fork-branches 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 343, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Phractaspis condylophora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines quadrangular, thin; their outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner. Each spine
+  with four branches, its two opposite apophyses being simply forked. The eighty condyles (or
+  sutural ends of the branches) much thickened, twice to four times as broad as the branches
+  themselves. Network with forty sutures and twenty-two large meshes, as in both foregoing
+  species.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the meshes 0.03 to 0.04; breadth of the
+  condyles 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Phractaspis bipennis</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Dorataspis bipennis</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 413, Taf. xxi. figs. 1,
+    2.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Phractasplenium bipenne</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Radial spines very thin, quadrangular; their outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner. Each
+  spine with four bent branches, its two opposite apophyses being simply forked. Eighty <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page810">{810}</span>condyles, very thin, pointed. In the specimens of this
+  remarkable species, which I first observed in Messina, two opposite equatorial spines had quite
+  free apophyses, not connected with the neighbouring spines; therefore the thin lattice-work of the
+  shell exhibited only thirty-six sutures and twenty meshes (two meshes with six sutures, six meshes
+  with four sutures, and twelve meshes with three sutures). In similar specimens, which I afterwards
+  observed in the Canary Islands, all four equatorial spines were connected in the same manner with
+  the neighbouring spines; therefore they possessed forty sutures and twenty-two meshes, like
+  <i>Phractaspis prototypus</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>,
+  fig. 2). Perhaps the Mediterranean species represents a peculiar genus, <i>Phractasplenium
+  bipenne</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the meshes 0.03 to 0.05; breadth of the
+  spines 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), Canary Islands (Lanzerote),
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Phractaspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell with forty to eighty or more meshes, and eighty to
+  one hundred or more sutures. Each spine with six to eight or more branches, its two apophyses
+  being doubly forked or more ramified.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Phractaspis constricta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines strongly compressed, two-edged, pointed; their outer half twice constricted and
+  somewhat longer than the inner half. Each spine with two opposite forked apophyses, the branches
+  of which are again forked; therefore eight condyles on each spine. The network of the spherical
+  shell with eighty sutures and sixty-two meshes (twenty-two large primary meshes and forty smaller
+  secondary meshes, the latter between the distal fork-branches).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.11, of the large meshes 0.04 to 0.05, of the
+  small meshes 0.01; breadth of the spines 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 348, depth 2450 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Phractaspis cataphracta</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthometra cataphracta</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+    49, Taf. x. figs. 7, 8.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dorataspis cataphracta</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 415.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Radial spines thin, quadrangular; their outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner. Each spine
+  with six to eight condyles, the fork-branches of their two opposite apophyses being (all or
+  partly) again forked. The network with sixty to eighty sutures and meshes: sometimes as regular as
+  in the preceding species, at other times more or less irregular.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the meshes 0.02 to 0.04; breadth of the
+  bars 0.004 to 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Cette), M�ller (Messina), Haeckel; North
+  Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page811">{811}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 350. <i>Pleuraspis</i>,<a id="NtA_390" href="#Nt_390"><sup>[390]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 467.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> without perforated plates; shell
+  composed only of the meeting branches of the two opposite apophyses, which arise from each radial
+  spine. Condyles of the branch ends bearing by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Pleuraspis</i> has quite the same structure of the shell as the
+  foregoing <i>Phractaspis</i>, and differs from it only in the development of external by-spines;
+  commonly each condyle of the branch end of the apophyses bears one zigzag by-spine, which is
+  directed parallel to the radial main-spine from which the apophyses arise. Therefore each suture
+  of the shell is armed with two divergent by-spines (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Pleurasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell regularly developed with twenty-two meshes and forty
+  sutures (sometimes twenty to twenty-four meshes and thirty-six to forty-eight sutures); each spine
+  commonly with four branches, its two apophyses being simply forked.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pleuraspis horrida</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial  spines roundish, somewhat compressed, very thick, conical, pointed at both ends, outer
+  part nearly twice as long as the inner. Two apophyses of each spine simply forked, with short and
+  broad branches and thickened condyles.  Forty sutures, very broad.  Twenty-two large meshes three
+  to four times as broad as the bars. By-spines much developed, as long as the radius, zigzag, with
+  alternating recurved hooks.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the meshes 0.04 to 0.06; breadth of the
+  bars 0.01 to 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific (east of Philippines), Station 215,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Pleuraspis amphithecta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines two-edged, leaf-shaped, strongly compressed, pointed at both ends; outer half
+  longer than the inner. Two apophyses of each spine simply forked, with short and very broad
+  branches; condyles not thickened. Forty sutures, broad. Twenty-two large meshes twice to three
+  times as broad as the bars. By-spines zigzag, half as long as the radius. (Resembles
+  <i>Phractaspis complanata</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>,
+  fig. 1.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the meshes 0.02 to 0.03; bars
+  0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page812">{812}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Pleuraspis costata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Acanthometra costata</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 49,
+    Taf. ii. fig. 1, Taf. x. figs. 4-6.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dorataspis costata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 414, Taf. xxiii.
+    fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Radial spines roundish, conical, pointed at both ends; outer and inner halves of nearly equal
+  length. Two apophyses of each spine simply forked, with broad branches and thickened condyles.
+  Forty sutures, broad. Twenty-two large meshes, four to five times as broad as the bars. By-spines
+  straight, denticulate, half as long as the radius. (This common species is rather variable in size
+  and details.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.13, meshes 0.03 to 0.06, bars 0.005 to
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cosmopolitan; Mediterranean, Atlantic, Pacific, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Pleuraspis pyramidalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines quadrangular, their outer part pyramidal, very thick, about half as long as the
+  prismatic inner part. Two apophyses of each spine simply forked, with very short and broad
+  branches. Condyles much thickened. Forty sutures, very broad. Twenty-two meshes small, the largest
+  twice as broad as the bars; the smaller only half as broad. By-spines short, straight,
+  denticulate, half as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14, meshes 0.005 to 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 222, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Pleuraspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell with forty to eighty or more meshes and eighty to
+  one hundred or more sutures; each spine with six to eight or more branches, its two apophyses
+  being forked twice or oftener.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Pleuraspis ramosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines roundish, stout, somewhat compressed; their inner and outer half nearly of equal
+  length. Two apophyses of each spine doubly forked or more irregularly branched; therefore commonly
+  eight (sometimes six, seven, nine, or ten to twelve) thickened condyles on each spine. Sutures
+  eighty to one hundred, broad. Irregular meshes sixty to eighty; three to five times as broad as
+  the bars. By-spines zigzag, ramified, half as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the meshes 0.007 to 0.014, breadth of
+  the bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page813">{813}</span></div>
+
+  <h4><b>B.</b> Tribe II. <span class="gsp">Ceriaspida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span>, the spherical shell
+  of which is composed of twenty perforated plates, produced by union of the branches of the two
+  opposite apophyses, which arise from each radial spine. Therefore the meshes of the shell are
+  partly sutural, partly parmal.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 351. <i>Dorataspis</i>,<a id="NtA_391" href="#Nt_391"><sup>[391]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1860, Monatsber. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 811.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with twenty plates, which are
+  perforated by forty aspinal pores (two pores in each plate). Surface of the shell without combs,
+  dimples, and by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Dorataspis</i> opens the long series of the Ceriaspida, or of those
+  Dorataspida in which the shell is composed of twenty plates, each of which is perforated by two
+  primary aspinal pores. This tribe has arisen from the simpler Phractaspida by reunion of the
+  branches of the apophyses in each single spine. If in <i>Phractaspis</i>, their common ancestral
+  form  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 2), the neighbouring fork-branches of both opposite apophyses in each radial spine become
+  recurved and united, they will produce a shield, which is perforated by two pores and between them
+  by the spine itself. These two "primary aspinal pores" are characteristic of all Ceriaspida; among
+  these <i>Dorataspis</i> itself is the most simple form. Its shell exhibits therefore constantly
+  forty aspinal pores, and besides these a variable number of "sutural pores" (in the sutures
+  between the twenty plates). If in each suture there be only a single pore, we get on the whole
+  fifty-two or fifty-four pores; if in each suture there be two or three pores, that number becomes
+  doubled or tripled.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Doratasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell with fifty-two sutures; four polar plates on each
+  pole of the main axis meeting in one point (in the pole itself); therefore all eight polar plates
+  pentagonal and of equal size. Spherical shell therefore composed of four (equatorial) hexagonal
+  plates and of sixteen pentagonal (eight tropical and eight polar plates).</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Dorataspis fusigera</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>,
+  fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with fifty-two sutures and fifty-two sutural meshes, with four hexagonal and sixteen
+  pentagonal plates. Both aspinal meshes of each plate elliptical, twice to four times as broad as
+  the <span class="pagenum" id="page814">{814}</span>sutural meshes. Radial spines in the outer half
+  fusiform, somewhat longer than the inner cylindrical half.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08 to 0.09, of the parmal meshes 0.1 to 0.2,
+  of the sutural meshes 0.004 to 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Dorataspis macracantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with fifty-two sutures and fifty-two sutural meshes; with four hexagonal and sixteen
+  pentagonal plates. Both aspinal meshes of each plate circular, small, twice as broad as the small
+  sutural meshes. Radial spines quadrangular, prismatic, their outer half twice to three times as
+  long as the inner half.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the parmal pores 0.008, of the sutural
+  meshes 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Dorataspis macropora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with fifty-two sutures and one hundred to one hundred and fifty sutural meshes, with four
+  hexagonal and sixteen pentagonal plates. Both aspinal meshes nearly circular, very large, five to
+  ten times as broad as the small circular sutural meshes; the number of the latter is in this
+  species multiplied, in each suture being two to three (commonly three) small pores. Radial spines
+  in the outer half leaf-shaped, compressed, nearly lanceolate, longer than in the inner cylindrical
+  half.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, of the parmal pores 0.03 to 0.04, of the
+  sutural pores 0.004 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Dorataspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell with fifty-four sutures; four polar plates on each
+  pole of the main axis different in pairs; two major hexagonal meeting in a polar suture (the
+  "hydrotomical suture"); two minor pentagonal, not meeting together (separated by that hydrotomical
+  suture). Spherical shell therefore composed of eight hexagonal plates (four equatorial and four
+  polar) and by twelve pentagonal plates (eight tropical and four polar plates).</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Dorataspis loricata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dorataspis loricata</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 415, Taf. xxi.
+    figs. 3-6.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell with fifty-four sutures and fifty-four sutural meshes, with eight hexagonal and twelve
+  pentagonal plates. Both aspinal meshes of each plate kidney-shaped or roundish, nearly of the
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page815">{815}</span>same size as the sutural meshes. Radial spines
+  cylindrical; their outer half on the pointed distal end two-edged and longer than the inner
+  half.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14, of its meshes 0.008 to 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), North Atlantic (Canary Islands),
+  Azores, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Dorataspis typica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>,
+  figs. 4, 4<i>a</i>).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with fifty-four crest-like sutures and fifty-four circular sutural meshes, with eight
+  hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates. Both aspinal meshes of each plate elliptical, twice to
+  three times as broad as the sutural meshes. Aspinal meshes of the four equatorial plates twice as
+  broad as those of the sixteen other plates. The meshes are surrounded by elevated and denticulated
+  crests (incipient spine-sheaths). Radial spines compressed, more or less two-edged; outer pointed
+  half somewhat larger than the inner half. (In this typical species the composition of the shell
+  prevailing in the majority of Ceriaspida is very clear.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.18, of the aspinal pores 0.02 to 0.03,
+  of the sutural pores 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 270 to 274, surface and in various
+  depths.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Dorataspis micropora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>,
+  fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with fifty-four sutures and fifty-four very small sutural meshes, with eight hexagonal
+  and twelve pentagonal plates. Both aspinal meshes of each plate elliptical, four to six times as
+  broad as the sutural meshes. Radial spines in the outer half conical, somewhat shorter than in the
+  inner cylindrical half.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.11, of the aspinal pores 0.01 to 0.02, of the
+  sutural pores 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Dorataspis gladiata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with fifty-four sutures and one hundred to one hundred and twenty sutural meshes, with
+  eight hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates. Both aspinal meshes elliptical, three times as broad
+  as the small sutural meshes; commonly two meshes in each suture. Radial spines sword-shaped,
+  two-edged, tapering from the shell towards the two ends. (Resembles <i>Belonaspis datura</i>, Pl.
+  <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>, fig.
+  9, but differs in the spherical shell, the equal size of the four equatorial spines, and the
+  absence of by-spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the aspinal pores 0.012, of the sutural
+  pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Dorataspis polypora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with fifty-four sutures and one hundred and sixty to two hundred sutural meshes, with
+  eight hexagonal and twelve pentagonal plates. Commonly three meshes (sometimes four) on <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page816">{816}</span>each suture. Both aspinal meshes kidney-shaped, four
+  times as broad as the small sutural meshes. Radial spines thick, in the inner longer part
+  cylindrical, in the outer shorter part conical. (Differs from all other species in the
+  multiplication of the sutural pores.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, of the aspinal pores 0.016, of the sutural
+  pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 352. <i>Diporaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_392" href="#Nt_392"><sup>[392]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with twenty plates, which are
+  perforated by forty aspinal pores (two pores in each plate). Surface of the shell without combs
+  and dimples, but armed with numerous by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Diporaspis</i> has the same characteristic structure of the shell as
+  the typical <i>Dorataspis</i>, and differs from it only in the development of numerous by-spines
+  on the surface. The number of the sutures between the twenty plates is sometimes fifty-two, at
+  other times fifty-four, and in each suture we find occasionally a single pore, at other times two
+  or three such pores.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Diporasparium</i>.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell with fifty-two sutures, four polar plates on each
+  pole of the main axis meeting in one common point; therefore all eight polar plates pentagonal and
+  of equal size. Shell therefore composed of four (equatorial) hexagonal plates, and of sixteen
+  pentagonal (eight tropical and eight polar) plates.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Diporaspis nephropora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate134"><b>134</b></a>, fig.
+  15).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with fifty-two sutures and fifty-two sutural pores, with four hexagonal and sixteen
+  pentagonal plates. Both aspinal pores of each plate kidney-shaped, about twice as broad as the
+  circular sutural pores. Radial spines thin, cylindrical, longer than the radius. By-spines forked,
+  only one-third as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.13, parmal pores 0.03, sutural pores 0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Diporaspis circopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with fifty-two sutures and one hundred to one hundred and fifty sutural pores, with four
+  hexagonal and sixteen pentagonal plates. Both aspinal pores of each plate circular, very large,
+  six to eight times as broad as the small circular sutural pores (in each suture two to three
+  pores). <span class="pagenum" id="page817">{817}</span>Radial spines strongly compressed,
+  two-edged; outer half shorter than the inner. By-spines undulate, half as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the parmal pores 0.02 to 0.03, of the
+  sutural pores 0.003 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 287, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Diporaspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell with fifty-four sutures, four polar plates on each
+  pole of the main axis different in pairs: two major hexagonal meeting in a polar ("geotomical")
+  suture, two minor pentagonal, not meeting together (separated by that suture). Shell therefore
+  composed of eight hexagonal plates (four equatorial and four polar) and of twelve hexagonal plates
+  (eight tropical and four polar).</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Diporaspis zygopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with fifty-four sutures and fifty-four circular sutural pores: with eight hexagonal and
+  twelve pentagonal plates. Both aspinal pores of each plate elliptical, three times as broad as the
+  sutural pores. Radial spines compressed, two-edged; outer half shorter than the inner. By-spines
+  very numerous, simple, one-third as long as the radius, forming coronels or elegant circles around
+  the pores (a small coronel around each sutural pore, a large one around each couple of aspinal
+  pores).</p>
+
+  <p>This typical species is nearly allied to <i>Dorataspis typica</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>, fig. 4),
+  and may be derived from it by development of the coronels of by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, aspinal pores 0.03, sutural pores
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 353. <i>Orophaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_393" href="#Nt_393"><sup>[393]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 468.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with twenty plates, which are
+  perforated by forty aspinal pores (two pores in each plate). Surface of the shell without combs,
+  dimples, and by-spines. Each radial spine bears outside of the shell two opposite free apophyses,
+  which are either simple or branched.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Orophaspis</i> differs not only from its ancestral form,
+  <i>Dorataspis</i>, but from all other Dorataspida in the development of peculiar free apophyses on
+  the radial spines, outside the shell. These apophyses, two being opposite on each spine, appear as
+  a repetition of the primary apophyses of <i>Phractaspis</i>; they are either simple or branched,
+  and sometimes the branches are united together, forming an outer free shield with two or four
+  pores. These outer plates represent the beginning of a second outer shell and form the transition
+  to <i>Phractopelta</i>, the ancestral form of the Phractopeltida.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page818">{818}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Orophasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Free apophyses of the radial spines simple, not
+  branched.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Orophaspis astrolonche</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores of the shell circular, twice as large as the sutural pores and as the breadth of
+  the bars. Radial spines very long, three to six times as long as the diameter of the shell,
+  compressed, two-edged; each with two simple, opposite, triangular apophyses; their distance from
+  the shell equal to its diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.05, parmal pores 0.004, sutural pores
+  0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 239, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Orophaspis gladiata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores of the shell circular, of the same size as the sutural pores and the bars. Radial
+  spines thick, spindle-shaped, scarcely longer than the diameter of the shell, each with two simple
+  opposite conical apophyses; their distance from the shell about equal to its radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.06, pores 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Orophaspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Free apophyses of the radial spines branched, their
+  branches free (not anastomosing).</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Orophaspis furcata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores of the shell roundish or elliptical, three times as broad as the sutural pores and
+  the bars. Radial spines very long, compressed, each with two opposite apophyses, which are simply
+  forked; their distance from the shell somewhat greater than its diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.06 to 0.08, parmal pores 0.006, sutural pores
+  0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Orophaspis ramosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores of the shell circular, of the same size as the sutural pores and the bars. Radial
+  spines compressed, very long, each with two opposite apophyses, which are more or less irregularly
+  branched (commonly between eight and twelve thin branches on each spine); their distance from the
+  shell smaller than its diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08, pores 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North-West Pacific, Station 235, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page819">{819}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Stegaspis</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 468.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Free apophyses of the radial spines branched, and by
+  reunion of their anastomosing branches forming perforated shields.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Orophaspis diporaspis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores of the shell circular, of the same size as the sutural pores and the bars. Radial
+  spines sword-shaped, two-edged, very broad; each spine bears an elliptical free shield with two
+  longish pores (opposite on the two flat sides of the sword). Distance of the twenty free two-pored
+  shields from the shell about equal to its diameter.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.04, of the pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Orophaspis tessaraspis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores of the shell roundish, somewhat larger than the sutural pores and the bars. Radial
+  spines very long, compressed; each spine bears a roundish free shield with four irregular pores
+  disposed in a cruciform manner, the two larger pores being opposite on the flat sides of the
+  spine, the two smaller being opposite but on its two edges. Distance of the twenty free four-pored
+  shields from the shell about equal to its radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.05, of the pores 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 239, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 354. <i>Ceriaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_394" href="#Nt_394"><sup>[394]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 468.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with twenty plates, which are
+  perforated by forty aspinal pores (two pores in each plate). Surface of the shell with numerous
+  dimples, separated by a network of elevated combs. No by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Ceriaspis</i> has the same structure of the shell, as its ancestral
+  form <i>Dorataspis</i>, differing from it only in the development of high combs or crests, which
+  form on the surface of the shell a peculiar elevated network. The dimples or funnel-shaped pits
+  between these combs are either all or partly perforated by the pores of the shell. Both the
+  aspinal pores of each plate are usually placed in one common dimple, whilst each sutural pore is
+  placed in its peculiar smaller dimple.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Ceriasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell-surface with seventy to one hundred or more small
+  funnel-shaped dimples, each of which opens on the bottom by one pore or by a couple of <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page820">{820}</span>apertures; twenty larger dimples in the centre of the
+  plates (each with a couple of aspinal pores) and fifty to one hundred or more smaller dimples,
+  each of which contains one sutural pore. No blind dimples between the perforated dimples.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Ceriaspis lacunosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical with seventy-two funnel-shaped dimples, each of which is perforated on the
+  bottom by one or two apertures; twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates, each with two
+  elliptical aspinal pores, and fifty-two smaller sutural dimples between them, each with one
+  circular pore of half the size. No blind dimples. Radial spines quadrangular, stout; their outer
+  part shorter than the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the forty parmal pores 0.01, of the
+  fifty-two sutural pores 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Ceriaspis scrobiculata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical, with seventy-four funnel-shaped dimples, each of which is perforated on the
+  bottom by one or two apertures; twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates, each with two
+  kidney-shaped large pores, and fifty-four smaller dimples on the sutures, each with one circular
+  pore of one-fourth of the size of the reniform pores. No blind dimples. Radial spines cylindrical,
+  the outer part longer than the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the forty parmal pores 0.016, of the
+  fifty-four sutural pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Ceriaspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell-surface with funnel-shaped dimples (commonly one
+  hundred and seventy-six or one hundred and eighty-two), which on the bottom are partly closed,
+  partly perforated by one aperture (or by a pair of pores). The blind dimples are placed on the
+  corners of the twenty plates, and are therefore either one hundred and four or one hundred and
+  eight; if there be no polar suture, the blind dimples are one hundred and four (twenty-four on the
+  four hexagonal equatorial plates, forty on the eight pentagonal tropical plates, and forty on the
+  eight pentagonal polar plates); if, however, there be a polar suture on both main poles, the
+  number of blind dimples is one hundred and eight (twenty-four on the four hexagonal equatorial and
+  twenty-four on the four hexagonal polar plates, two opposite on each pole; forty on the eight
+  pentagonal tropical plates and twenty on the four pentagonal polar plates, two opposite on each
+  pole). Between the blind dimples there are usually seventy-two to seventy-four perforated <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page821">{821}</span>dimples, twenty larger parmal dimples (enclosing a radial
+  spine and  a couple of aspinal pores) and fifty-two to fifty-four sutural dimples (sometimes one
+  hundred or more), each of which encloses one sutural pore.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Ceriaspis inermis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical, with one hundred and seventy-six funnel-shaped dimples, one hundred and four
+  of which are blind and seventy-two perforated; of the latter, each of the fifty-two smaller
+  contains a single sutural pore, each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores. The
+  elliptical or kidney-shaped aspinal pores are about twice as broad as the circular sutural pores.
+  Radial spines thin, compressed, two-edged; their outer prolongation very short, rudimentary,
+  scarcely higher than the axis of the surrounding funnel, and projecting but slightly from its
+  aperture.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the forty parmal pores 0.016, of the
+  fifty-two sutural pores 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 289, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Ceriaspis favosa</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>,
+  fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell polyhedral (icosahedral), with one hundred and eighty-two funnel-shaped dimples, one
+  hundred and eight of which are blind and seventy-four perforated; of the latter, each of the
+  fifty-four smaller contains a single sutural pore, each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal
+  pores. All pores roundish, nearly of the same size. Radial spines thin, compressed, two-edged;
+  their outer part somewhat longer than the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.13, of the pores 0.01 to 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Ceriaspis icosahedra</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell polyhedral (icosahedral), with one hundred and eighty-two funnel-shaped dimples, one
+  hundred and eight of which are blind and seventy-four perforated; of the latter, each of the
+  fifty-four smaller contains one small sutural pore, each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal
+  pores. The kidney-shaped aspinal pores are very large, four to six times as broad as the small
+  circular sutural pores. Radial spines strong, quadrangular, their outer part from two to three
+  times as long as the inner part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, of the parmal pores 0.015 to 0.02, of the
+  sutural pores 0.003 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 349, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Ceriaspis cicatricosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell spherical, with two hundred and fifty to three hundred (or more) small funnel-shaped
+  dimples, the majority of which are blind, the minority perforated by pores; of the latter forty
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page822">{822}</span>are aspinal pores (two at the base of each spine),
+  the others sutural pores. All pores nearly of the same size. As the shell of this species is very
+  dark and thick-walled, it was impossible to obtain more information with regard to the pores.
+  Radial spines very stout; the outer conical part shorter than the inner cylindrical part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, of the pores 0.006 to 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 355. <i>Hystrichaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_395" href="#Nt_395"><sup>[395]</sup></a> n.
+  gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with twenty plates, which are
+  perforated by forty aspinal pores (two pores in each plate). Surface of the shell with numerous
+  dimples, separated by a network of elevated combs. Numerous by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Hystrichaspis</i> has the same structure with regard to the shell, as
+  its ancestral form <i>Ceriaspis</i>, and differs from the latter only in possessing numerous
+  by-spines. Moreover, in the former the dimples of the shell-surface are either all perforated by
+  pores, or some of them are blind.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Hystrichasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell with seventy to one hundred or more funnel-shaped
+  dimples, each of which opens on the bottom by one aperture or by a couple of pores; twenty larger
+  dimples in the centre of the plates (each with a couple of pores, sometimes also three couples)
+  and fifty to one hundred or more smaller dimples, each of which contains one sutural pore. No
+  blind dimples between the perforated dimples.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hystrichaspis pectinata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with numerous (one hundred to two hundred?) funnel-shaped dimples, each of which is
+  pierced at the bottom by one or two pores; twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates (each
+  with two aspinal pores), and fifty to one hundred and fifty or more smaller dimples (each with one
+  sutural pore). No blind dimples. Crests between the dimples armed with a continuous series of
+  simple by-spines.  Radial main spines stout, in the inner half cylindrical, in the outer conical,
+  more or less compressed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.13, of the pores 0.004 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 352, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hystrichaspis furcata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with numerous (one hundred to two hundred?) funnel-shaped dimples, each of which is
+  pierced at the bottom by one or two pores; twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates (each
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page823">{823}</span>with two large aspinal pores), and fifty to one
+  hundred and fifty or more smaller dimples (each with one small sutural pore).  No blind dimples.
+  Crests between the dimples armed with forked by-spines. Radial main spines stout, leaf-shaped,
+  tapering towards both ends.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, parmal pores 0.01, sutural pores
+  0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 276, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hystrichaspis cristata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>, fig.
+  11).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Siphonasphis cristata</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell with numerous (one hundred to two hundred?) funnel-shaped dimples, each of which is
+  pierced at the bottom by one or more pores. Twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates are
+  pierced by the radial main-spines; among these fourteen contain each a couple of aspinal pores;
+  six others are much larger, and contain each six larger pores; these six plates are two opposite
+  equatorial plates and four polar plates, placed in the same meridian plane (the "hydrotomical
+  plane"); in each of these six "hydrotomical dimples" two pores are placed opposite to one another
+  on the two edges of the leaf-shaped spine, four others being opposite in pairs on both flat sides
+  of it. By this peculiar structure this species connects the true <i>Hystrichaspis</i> with
+  <i>Hexalaspis</i> and <i>Diploconus</i>; however the twenty spines are of equal length, and the
+  shell continues to be spherical. The twenty radial main-spines are leaf-like and compressed. The
+  crests between the dimples are dentated by a series of small by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the aspinal pores 0.01, of the sutural
+  pores 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 240, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Hystrichaspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell-surface with numerous funnel-shaped dimples
+  (commonly one hundred and seventy-six to one hundred and eighty-two), which on the bottom are
+  partly closed, partly perforated by one aperture (or by a pair of pores). The blind dimples are
+  situated on the corners of the twenty plates; their number is commonly one hundred and four or one
+  hundred and eight, sometimes more. The perforated dimples, alternating with the former, are
+  usually seventy-two to seventy-four, sometimes more; twenty larger parmal dimples (each with a
+  couple of aspinal pores, sometimes also with three such couples) and fifty-two to fifty-four
+  sutural dimples, sometimes one hundred or more (each with one sutural pore). (Compare the
+  definition of <i>Ceriaspidium</i>, p. <a href="#page820">820</a>.)</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Hystrichaspis dorsata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with one hundred and seventy-six funnel-shaped dimples, one hundred and four of which are
+  blind and seventy-two perforated; of the latter, each of the fifty-two smaller contains a single
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page824">{824}</span>sutural pore, each of the twenty larger a couple of
+  aspinal pores; the elliptical aspinal pores are twice as broad as the circular sutural pores. The
+  crests between the dimples are armed with simple scattered short by-spines; usually in the nodal
+  points, where three combs meet, there exist three or two divergent by-spines. The twenty radial
+  main-spines are thin and long, compressed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.22, of the aspinal pores 0.02, of the sutural
+  pores 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Hystrichaspis armata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with one hundred and seventy-six funnel-shaped dimples, one hundred and four of which are
+  blind and seventy-two perforated; of the latter, each of the fifty-two smaller contains a single
+  sutural pore, each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores. Crests between the dimples
+  comb-like, armed with a series of simple by-spines. Twenty main-spines very stout, in the inner
+  part cylindrical, in the outer shorter part conical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25, of the aspinal pores 0.02, of the sutural
+  pores 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-East Pacific, Station 300, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Hystrichaspis sulcata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with one hundred and eighty-two funnel-shaped dimples, one hundred and eight of which are
+  blind and seventy-four perforated; of the latter, each of the fifty-four smaller contains a single
+  sutural pore, each of the twenty larger a couple of aspinal pores. All pores nearly of the same
+  size, very small. Crests between the dimples very high, sulcated, on the free edge serrate with
+  short very numerous, simple by-spines. Radial main-spines very stout and short, conical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, of the pores 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Hystrichaspis foveolata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with very numerous (three hundred to four hundred?) small and deep funnel-shaped dimples,
+  the majority of which are blind, the minority perforated; among the latter there are forty larger
+  aspinal pores; the other smaller (scarcely half as large) pores are sutural. Crests between the
+  dimples densely armed with simple short by-spines. Radial main-spines stout, leaf-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the aspinal pores 0.01, of the sutural
+  pores 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Hystrichaspis divaricata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with numerous (two hundred to three hundred?) funnel-shaped dimples, the majority of
+  which are blind, the minority perforated; among the latter there are forty larger aspinal pores.
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page825">{825}</span>Crests between the dimples armed with long forked
+  by-spines with divergent fork-branches. Radial spines cylindrical, very long and thick, longer
+  than the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14, aspinal pores 0.08, sutural pores
+  0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Hystrichaspis fruticata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>, fig,
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with numerous (one hundred and fifty to two hundred?) funnel-shaped dimples, the majority
+  of which are blind, the minority perforated; forty aspinal pores elliptical, of the same size as
+  the circular sutural pores. Crests between the dimples bearing elegant arborescent by-spines.
+  Twenty radial main-spines long and thin, cylindrical or a little compressed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.17, pores 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific, Station 275, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Hystrichaspis serrata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell with numerous (two hundred to three hundred?) funnel-shaped dimples, the majority of
+  which are blind, the minority perforated; forty aspinal pores of the same size as the sutural
+  pores. Crests between the dimples covered with denticulated by-spines. Twenty radial main-spines
+  compressed, two-edged, with serrated edges, about as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.21, pores 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 238, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 356. <i>Coscinaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_396" href="#Nt_396"><sup>[396]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Doratispida</span> with twenty plates, which are
+  perforated by eighty to two hundred or more parmal pores (two aspinal and two to ten or more
+  coronal pores in each plate). Surface without by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Coscinaspis</i>, together with the following nearly allied genus
+  <i>Acontaspis</i>, may be separated from the other Ceriaspida as a peculiar tribe,
+  <i>Coscinaspida</i>. This tribe is characterised by the larger number of the parmal pores. Whilst
+  in all other Ceriaspida this number is constantly forty (only two pores in each plate), here it
+  may be from eighty to two hundred or more; in each shield the two primary "aspinal pores" are
+  surrounded by a circle of two to ten or more (commonly eight to twelve) "coronal pores." The
+  number of sutural pores in this group is also usually larger.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page826">{826}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Coscinasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Plates of the shell smooth, without crests, not
+  dimply.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Coscinaspis peripora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with smooth surface, without crests and dimples, perforated by pores of very
+  different sizes. Forty aspinal pores, roundish or elliptical, of about the same size as the fifty
+  or sixty violin-shaped sutural pores, and three to four times as broad as the small roundish
+  coronal pores, which are irregularly formed and distributed, four to eight occurring on each plate
+  (altogether one hundred to one hundred and twenty). Radial spines roundish, somewhat compressed;
+  inner and outer half nearly of the same length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, aspinal pores 0.01 to 0.012, coronal pores
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North-West Pacific, Station 235, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Coscinaspis stigmopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very thin walled, with smooth surface, without crests and dimples, perforated by pores of
+  very different sizes. Forty aspinal pores, roundish, of about the same size as the fifty or sixty
+  violin-shaped sutural pores, their diameter being about one-fifth of that of the plates. Coronal
+  pores very numerous (two hundred to four hundred) and very small, irregularly scattered, ten to
+  twenty occurring in each plate. Sutures strongly denticulated. Radial spines very thin and short,
+  cylindrical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, aspinal and sutural pores 0.01,
+  coronal pores 0.001 to 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 257, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Coscinaspis rhacopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very thin walled, with smooth surface, without crests and dimples, perforated by very
+  irregular pores of very different sizes and forms; commonly more or less lobed or sinuate. Forty
+  aspinal pores and fifty to eighty sutural pores, larger than the numerous (one hundred to two
+  hundred) irregularly scattered coronal pores. Sutures very sinuate. Radial spines cylindrical,
+  thin and long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell <span class="correction"
+  title="Original reads '1.15'.">0.15</span> to 0.18, aspinal and sutural pores 0.01 to 0.02,
+  coronal pores 0.001 to 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Coscinaspis coscinopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with smooth surface, without crests and dimples, perforated by very numerous
+  pores of circular form, but of different sizes. Forty aspinal pores and one hundred to two hundred
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page827">{827}</span>sutural pores much larger than the coronal pores,
+  which are very small and very numerous (fifty to sixty on each plate). Sutures sinuate. Radial
+  spines compressed, outer and inner half nearly of equal length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.3, aspinal and sutural pores 0.01 to 0.015,
+  coronal pores 0.001 to 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Coscinaspsis polypora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>, fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very thin walled, with smooth surface, without crests and dimples, the two aspinal pores
+  of each plate narrow, lanceolate, ten to twelve times as long as broad and half as long as the
+  radius of each plate. Coronal pores irregular, polygonal, very numerous (two hundred to three
+  hundred on each plate), commonly arranged more or less regularly in ten to twelve series parallel
+  to the longitudinal diameter of the aspinal spines (ten to twenty pores in each series). Sutural
+  pores irregular, polygonal, very numerous. Radial spines very thin and long, cylindrical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.24; length of the aspinal pores 0.04, breadth
+  0.004; coronal and sutural pores 0.002 to 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 349, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Coscinaspis orthopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very thin walled, with smooth surface, without crest and dimples. All pores of nearly
+  equal size and form; quadrangular, mostly rectangular; one hundred to two hundred, separated by
+  two systems of parallel bars, perpendicular one to another, occur in each plate. Sutural pores
+  mostly triangular. Radial spines very thin and long, cylindrical, somewhat compressed. (Similar to
+  those of <i>Phatnaspis <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'lacumaria'.">lacunaria</span></i>,
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>,
+  fig. 9, but spherical, not ellipsoidal.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, pores 0.008 to 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Coscinaspis parmipora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>, fig.
+  9).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Craniaspis parmipora</i>, Haeckel, 1866, Manuscript.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dorataspis parmipora</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, Atlas.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, with smooth surface, without crests and dimples. There are no sutural pores,
+  since all twenty plates are connected by perfect sinuate sutures (therefore this excellent species
+  may perhaps better represent a peculiar genus, called by me in 1866 <i>Craniaspis</i>). All pores
+  are parmal pores; each plate with two elliptical aspinal pores, which are twice to five times
+  broader than the numerous, roundish irregularly scattered coronal pores (thirty to fifty occurring
+  on each plate). The radial spines are quite internal, that is, not prolonged on the outside of the
+  shell; in this respect they resemble those of <i>Sph�rocapsa</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, aspinal pores 0.01, coronal pores 0.002 to
+  0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Canary Islands (Lanzerote), surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page828">{828}</span></div>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Coscinaspis isopora</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate134"><b>134</b></a>,
+  figs. 13, 14).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with smooth surface, without crests and dimples. All pores of the shell
+  nearly of the same size and of similar form, about as broad as the bars between them, and about
+  two hundred in number, viz., fifty to sixty (regularly fifty-two or fifty-four) sutural pores and
+  one hundred and forty to one hundred and fifty parmal pores (forty aspinal kidney-shaped pores,
+  and one hundred to one hundred and ten coronal circular pores: six in the angles of each
+  equatorial plate, and five in the angles of each tropical and polar plate; if the disposition be
+  quite regular, one hundred and four or one hundred and eight). Radial spines short, rudimentary,
+  conical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, of the pores and bars 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific, Station 218 (off New Guinea), surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Coscinaspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell dimply, with a network of prominent
+  crests.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Coscinaspis ceriopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick-walled, with numerous (one hundred and sixty to two hundred?) funnel-shaped
+  dimples, which are separated by prominent crests; on the bottom of each dimple there is a simple
+  or double circular pore. If this species be quite regularly developed, it closely resembles the
+  preceding, differing from it mainly in the prominent combs of the surface. It resembles also
+  <i>Ceriaspis favosa</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>,
+  fig. 6; but whilst in this latter the majority of the dimples are blind, here they are all
+  perforated. The twenty aspinal dimples (in the centre of each plate) present at the bottom a
+  couple of pores, all other dimples a single pore. Among the latter there are fifty to sixty
+  sutural pores and one hundred to one hundred and ten coronal pores, viz., six in each equatorial
+  plate, and five in each of the other plates; but the number is not quite constant. Radial spines
+  strong, in the inner part cylindrical, in the outer conical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the pores and bars 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific, Station 215, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 357. <i>Acontaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_397" href="#Nt_397"><sup>[397]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 468.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with twenty plates, which are
+  perforated by eighty to two hundred or more parmal pores (in each plate two aspinal and two to ten
+  or more coronal pores). Surface covered with by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Acontaspis</i> has the same characteristic structure of the shell as
+  <i>Ceriaspis</i>, differing from it only in the presence of numerous by-spines. Each plate is
+  perforated by four to sixteen or more (commonly ten to twelve) parmal pores, the two central of
+  which are primary "aspinal pores," all the others being secondary "coronal pores."</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page829">{829}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Acontasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Plates of the shell not dimply, without prominent
+  crests.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Acontaspis lanceolata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thin walled, even, without crests and dimples between them, perforated by about three
+  hundred pores of different sizes: forty aspinal pores elliptical, about as large as the irregular
+  (fifty to sixty) sutural pores, and two to four times as broad as the small circular coronal pores
+  (eight to twelve being on each plate, altogether about two hundred). Between the pores numerous
+  short conical by-spines. Radial main spines lanceolate, about as long as the radius. (Similar to
+  <i>Coscinaspis peripora</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>,
+  fig. 1, but with broad lanceolate spines and numerous short by-spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, aspinal and sutural pores 0.012 to 0.015,
+  coronal pores 0.004 to 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Acontaspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Surface of the shell dimply, with a network of prominent
+  crests.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Acontaspis hastata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate134"><b>134</b></a>,
+  fig. 16).</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, with numerous (one hundred and seventy to one hundred and ninety) dimples,
+  which are separated by an elevated network of prominent crests. In the centre of each plate a
+  larger dimple with a couple of aspinal pores, surrounded by a corona of ten or twelve smaller
+  dimples, each of which contains a single pore (a coronal and sutural alternately). All pores
+  circular or roundish, nearly of the same size. If the shell be quite regularly developed, there
+  are fifty to sixty sutural pores and one hundred to one hundred and ten coronal pores (six in each
+  equatorial plate, five in each of the other plates). The knobs of the meeting crests are conical,
+  and bear each a simple short by-spine. Radial main spines compressed, at the distal end
+  spear-shaped, with a rhomboidal plate below the apex, about as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.18, of the pores and bars 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific (off the Philippines), Station
+  215.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Acontaspis furcata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell thick walled, dimply, with a network of crests, of the same composition as in the
+  foregoing species, with one hundred and seventy to one hundred and ninety dimples (twenty aspinal,
+  one hundred to one hundred and ten coronal and fifty to sixty sutural dimples). All dimples and
+  pores nearly of the same size. Each node of the crested network bears a stout by-spine, which is
+  forked <span class="pagenum" id="page830">{830}</span>on the base, with two divergent straight
+  branches (similar to those of <i>Hystrichaspis furcata</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>, fig. 9).
+  Radial main spines two-edged, sword-like, nearly as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.13, of the pores 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Acontaspis capillata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Shell very dark and thick walled, non-transparent, with very numerous (three hundred to four
+  hundred or more?) deep funnel-shaped dimples, each of which is perforated by a small circular pore
+  (forty aspinal, two hundred to three hundred coronal, and fifty to one hundred sutural pores?).
+  The high crests between the dimples bear very numerous simple by-spines, nearly half as long as
+  the radius, so that the shell appears covered with hairs. Radial main spines very long and thin,
+  cylindrical, longer than the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, of the pores 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Subfamily 2. <span class="sc">Tessaraspida</span>, Haeckel.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with twenty radial
+  spines, each of which bears four crossed apophyses (opposite in pairs). The spherical shell is
+  composed either of the meeting branches of these apophyses (Stauraspida), or of twenty perforated
+  plates, produced by concrescence of their branches (Lychnaspida).</p>
+
+  <h4><b>A.</b> Tribe II. <span class="gsp">Stauraspida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p.
+  467.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with spherical shell,
+  which is composed either of the meeting branches of the four crossed apophyses only, or exhibits
+  four to twelve perforated plates which are produced by the crossed apophyses of four to twelve
+  radial spines (but never of all twenty spines). Each plate bears four crossed pores.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 358. <i>Stauraspis</i>,<a id="NtA_398" href="#Nt_398"><sup>[398]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 467.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> without perforated plates; shell
+  composed only of the meeting branches of the four crossed apophyses, which arise (opposite in
+  pairs) from each radial spine. Condyles of the branch-ends without by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Stauraspis</i> is the most simple and primitive form among all
+  Tessaraspida, or that subfamily of Dorataspida, in which the shell is composed of twenty <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page831">{831}</span>radial spines, each of which bears four crossed
+  apophyses.  The subfamily may be divided into two different tribes, the Stauraspida and
+  Lychnaspida.  In the Stauraspida either all twenty spines, or a part of them, bear no perforated
+  plates, and the shell is composed wholly or partially of the meeting branches of their apophyses.
+  In the Lychnaspida, however, the four apophyses of each single spine form, by reunion of their
+  recurved branches, a plate or shield with four crossed aspinal pores. The Lychnaspida represent
+  therefore a more developed stage in the shell-formation than the simpler Stauraspida.
+  <i>Stauraspis</i>, as the common ancestral form of both, may be derived phylogenetically from
+  <i>Xiphacantha</i> or <i>Stauracantha</i>, which differ only by the apophyses or branches of the
+  apophyses not meeting.  These branches (originally eight on each spine) are either simple or again
+  branched.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Staurasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Apophyses of the spines simple, not branched; therefore
+  each spine with four sutural condyles.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stauraspis cruciata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate134"><b>134</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines thin, quadrangular, prismatic; outer and inner half nearly of equal length.
+  Central bases pyramidal, with wing-like edges. Four apophyses of each spine simple, not branched,
+  with thin condyles. Large meshes of the shell ten to twenty times as broad as the bars. This and
+  the following species greatly resemble the simplest forms of <i>Phractaspis</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  2); they differ from these, however, by the equal size and distance of the four branches of each
+  spine, which thus form a rectangular cross.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1; breadth of the spines and bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stauraspis xiphacantha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines stout, cylindrical in the inner half, conical in the shorter outer half. Four
+  apophyses of each spine simple, not branched, broad, with thick condyles. Meshes of the shell six
+  to eight times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12; breadth of the spines and bars 0.008 to
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 290, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Stauraspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Apophyses of the spines branched; therefore each spine
+  with eight to twenty or more sutural condyles.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page832">{832}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Stauraspis furcata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines thin, quadrangular, prismatic; outer and inner halves nearly of equal length. The
+  four apophyses of each spine simply forked (or partly with bifid fork-branches); each spine with
+  eight to twelve sutural condyles. Meshes of the shell ten to twenty times as broad as the
+  bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15; breadth of the spines and bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Stauraspis stauracantha</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>, figs. 5,
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines thin, in the inner longer half cylindrical, in the outer half conical with
+  thickened base. Four apophyses of each spine doubly forked or dichotomously (more or less
+  irregularly) branched; each spine with sixteen to twenty-four sutural condyles. Meshes of the
+  shell of very different sizes and forms; the largest ten to fifteen, the smallest two to three
+  times as broad as the bars.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14; breadth of of the spines 0.002 to 0.01, of
+  the bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 343, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 359. <i>Echinaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_399" href="#Nt_399"><sup>[399]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 467.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> without perforated plates; shell
+  composed only of the meeting branches of the four crossed apophyses, which arise (opposite in
+  pairs) from each radial spine. Condyles of the branch-ends bearing by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Echinaspis</i> exhibits the same structure of the shell as its
+  ancestral form <i>Stauraspis</i>, and differs from it only in the development of by-spines on the
+  sutural condyli.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Echinaspis dichotoma</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines cylindrical, thin, outer half longer than the inner. Four apophyses of each spine
+  simply forked (or partly with bifid fork-branches); therefore each spine usually possesses eight
+  (sometimes ten to twelve) sutural condyles. Meshes of the shell ten to twelve times as broad as
+  the bars. Each condyle bears a zigzag by-spine, half as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the spines 0.004 to 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page833">{833}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Echinaspis diadema</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines thin and long, quadrangular, prismatic; outer half two to three times as long as
+  the inner. Four apophyses of each spine simply forked (or partly with bifid fork-branches); each
+  spine with eight to twelve sutural condyles. Meshes of the shell fifteen to twenty-five times as
+  broad as the bars. Each condyle bears a simple bristle-shaped by-spine, nearly as long as the
+  radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.11; breadth of the spines and bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 333, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Echinaspis echinoides</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate137"><b>137</b></a>, figs.
+  7,8).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines roundish, in the outer half conical, and two to three times as broad as in the
+  inner half. Four apophyses of each spine doubly forked or dichotomously (more or less irregularly)
+  branched; each spine with sixteen to twenty-four sutural condyles. Meshes of the shell four to
+  eight times as broad as the bars. Each condyle bears a zigzag by-spine, one-third as long as the
+  radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15; breadth of the spines 0.004 to 0.01, of
+  the bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 360. <i>Zonaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_400" href="#Nt_400"><sup>[400]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with four plates, each of which
+  is perforated by four crossed aspinal pores; these four plates are formed by the united branches
+  of the other spines (eight polar and eight tropical) form no lattice-plates by union. Each condyle
+  bears a by-spine.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Zonaspis</i> differs from all other Dorataspida in the peculiar
+  formation of the four equatorial spines, which form by union of the recurved branches of their
+  apophyses four perforated plates (each with four crossed pores), whilst the branches of the
+  sixteen other plates do not unite to form plates, but simply meet the branches of the neighboring
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Zonaspis fragilis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines very thin and long, cylindrical. Four meshes of each equatorial plate pentagonal,
+  ten to twelve times as broad as the bars. By-spines zig-zag, nearly as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, of the parmal pores 0.018.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page834">{834}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Zonaspis cingulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate134"><b>134</b></a>,
+  figs. 3, 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines cylindrical in the inner half, with thickened pyramidal bases (fig. 3), conical
+  in the outer half; both halves of equal length. The four meshes of each equatorial plate
+  egg-shaped, four to six times as broad as the bars. By-spines zigzag, half as long as the
+  radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the parmal meshes 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific (east coast off Philippines), Station 275,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Zonaspis �quatorialis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>, fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines stout, cylindrical in the shorter inner half, conical in the longer outer half.
+  The four meshes of each equatorial plate circular, only twice as broad as the bars. By-spines
+  zigzag, nearly as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.11, of the parmal meshes 0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 361. <i>Dodecaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_401" href="#Nt_401"><sup>[401]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with twelve plates, each of which
+  is perforated by four crossed aspinal pores; these twelve plates are formed by the united branches
+  of the apophyses of four equatorial and eight polar spines. The branches of the apophyses of the
+  eight tropical spines form no lattice-plates by union. Each condyle bears a by-spine.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Dodecaspis</i> differs from all other Dorataspida in the peculiar
+  composition of its shell; twelve spines (four equatorial and eight polar spines) form by union of
+  the branches of their apophyses twelve plates, each of which exhibits four crossed pores, whilst
+  the eight other (tropical) spines form no perforated plates, but simply unite with the
+  neighbouring spines by meeting branches. Some irregularity is often to be found in this genus;
+  instead of four pores in each plate there may be two closed, the other two which are opposite
+  being open. Several times I observed a peculiar "hemihedral" variety: only six spines of one
+  meridian plane (the two equatorial and the four polar spines of the "hydrotomical" plane)
+  exhibited complete shields, whilst the branches of the other fourteen plates remained open. This
+  "hemihedral" form may perhaps represent a peculiar genus, <i>Hemiaspis</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Dodecaspis tricinata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate134"><b>134</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines thin and long, cylindrical. The four meshes of each equatorial and each polar
+  plate of equal size, pentagonal, about eight times as broad as the bars. By-spines zigzag, nearly
+  as long as the radius. In this species the hemihedral variety, <i>Hemiaspis</i>, often occurs.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the parmal pores <span
+  class="correction" title="Original reads '0.16'.">0.016</span>.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-east Pacific (west coast of Patagonia), Station 302,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page835">{835}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Dodecaspis trizonia</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Radial spines thin, cylindrical in the longer inner half, conical in the shorter outer half.
+  The four meshes of each equatorial and each polar plate of equal size, roundish or nearly
+  circular, five to six times as broad as the bars. By-spines straight, denticulated, scarcely half
+  as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the parmal pores 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-west Pacific (east coast of New Zealand), Station 169,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h4><b>B.</b> Tribe II. <span class="gsp">Lychnaspida</span>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p.
+  467.</h4>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with twenty
+  perforated plates or fenestrated shields (each plate at least with four pores), produced by union
+  of the branches of the four crossed apophyses, which arise, opposite in pairs, from each radial
+  spine. The spherical shell is composed of the twenty plates united by sutures (rarely by
+  concrescence).</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 362. <i>Tessaraspis</i>,<a id="NtA_402" href="#Nt_402"><sup>[402]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 468.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with twenty plates, which are
+  perforated by eighty aspinal pores (four crossed pores in each plate). Surface smooth, without
+  by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Tessaraspis</i> introduces the series of Lychnaspida, which comprise
+  all those Dorataspida in which the shell is composed of twenty plates, each of which is perforated
+  by four primary aspinal pores. In <i>Tessaraspis</i> and <i>Lychnaspis</i> each plate exhibits
+  only these four primary pores, whilst in <i>Icosaspis</i> and <i>Hylaspis</i> they become
+  surrounded by a circle of secondary or coronal pores. If in <i>Stauraspis</i>, the common
+  ancestral form of the Tessaraspida, the four crossed apophyses of each single radial spine became
+  recurved and united together, we should have the typical plate of <i>Tessaraspis</i>, in which the
+  piercing radial spine is surrounded by four crossed pores of equal size. The number of sutural
+  pores, between the neighbouring plates, is variable; usually each plate is surrounded by a circle
+  of eight to twelve sutural pores. The sutures between the meeting condyles of the apophyses
+  usually remain open; but in some species they become obliterated (subgenus
+  <i>Tessaraspidium</i>).</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Tessarasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Condyles of the neighbouring plates connected by permanent
+  open sutures; therefore the whole shell is composed of twenty separated pieces of acanthin.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page836">{836}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Tessaraspis arachnoides</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores pentagonal, ten to twenty times as broad as the thin thread-like bars, on an
+  average of about the same size as the irregular sutural meshes; the majority of the latter are
+  either triangular or hexagonal.  Radial spines very thin and long, cylindrical, their outer part
+  two to four times as long as the inner. As the insertion of the spines is on the highest point of
+  the plates, the shell becomes polyhedral (dodecahedral?).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15 to 0.17, of the parmal meshes 0.02 to
+  0.025, sutural meshes 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Tessaraspis pentagonalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes pentagonal, three to four times as broad as the thick bars, and on an average
+  smaller than the irregular polygonal sutural meshes. Radial spines stout, quadrangular; their
+  outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner prismatic part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the parmal pores 0.01 to 0.012, bars
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 269, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Tessaraspis tetragonalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes tetragonal, or nearly square, six to eight times as broad as the thin bars, and
+  on an average larger than the irregular polygonal sutural meshes. Radial spines thin,
+  quadrangular, prismatic, their outer part longer than their inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, of the parmal pores 0.012 to 0.016, bars
+  0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Tessaraspis hexagonalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes hexagonal, ten to twelve times as broad as the thin bars, and on an average
+  larger than the polygonal sutural meshes (the two proximal sides of each hexagonal parmal mesh two
+  to three times as long as the four distal sides). Radial spines cylindrical, thin; their outer
+  part longer than the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, of the parmal pores 0.01 to 0.015, bars
+  0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 254, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Tessaraspis trigonalis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes triangular, three to four times as broad as the thick bars, and on an average
+  smaller than the irregular sutural meshes (in each plate all four parmal meshes of the same size,
+  formed like an isosceles triangle, the distal base of which is somewhat curved, and convex towards
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page837">{837}</span>the periphery, whilst the two proximal sides are
+  straight). Radial spines thick, rounded; their outer conical part shorter than the inner
+  cylindrical part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, of the parmal pores 0.01, of the sutural
+  pores 0.01 to 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic (near Ascension), Station 345, depth 2010
+  fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Tessaraspis circularis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes circular, all eighty of equal size, quite regular, five to six times as broad as
+  the thick bars, on an average larger than the roundish irregular sutural meshes. Radial spines
+  quadrangular, prismatic, the outer part longer than the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.18, parmal pores 0.015 to 0.018, bars
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South-east Pacific, Station 300, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Tessaraspis micropora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes circular, very small, all eighty of the same size, regular, scarcely as broad as
+  the separating thick bars, and much smaller than the large irregular sutural meshes. Radial spines
+  rounded, their outer conical part about as long as the inner cylindrical part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08, of the parmal pores 0.003, of the sutural
+  pores 0.005 to 0.015, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 225, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Tessaraspis diodon</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dorataspis diodon</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 417, Taf. xxii.
+    figs. 1-5.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes roundish, for the most part nearly circular, three to four times as broad as the
+  bars, and on an average smaller than the roundish sutural meshes. Radial spines in the inner part
+  cylindrical; the outer part very short (only one-third or one-fourth of the radius), divided
+  completely into two parallel conical pointed teeth by a deep incision.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, of the parmal pores 0.01 to 0.012, of the
+  sutural pores 0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Tessaraspis quadriforis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes irregular, roundish, of nearly equal size, four to six times as broad as the
+  bars, and on an average of the same size as the roundish sutural meshes. Radial spines
+  quadrangular, prismatic in the inner part, which is somewhat longer than the conical outer
+  part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, of the pores 0.012 to 0.018, bars
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Canary and Cape Verde Islands, Station 353,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page838">{838}</span></div>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Tessaraspis irregularis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes irregular, roundish, of unequal size, three to six times as broad as the bars,
+  and on an average larger than the irregular sutural meshes. Radial spines cylindrical, the outer
+  part longer than the inner part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.13, parmal pores 0.006 to 0.012, sutural pores
+  0.005 to 0.01; bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Tessaraspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Condyles of the neighbouring plates grown together and
+  sutures obliterated; therefore the whole shell forms a single piece of acanthin.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Tessaraspis quadrata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Tessaraspidium quadratum</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes square, four times as broad as the thin bars, on an average of the same size as
+  the polygonal sutural meshes. Radial spines stout, tetrapterous, prismatic, in the outer part
+  longer than in the inner. Sutures of the shell completely obliterated, therefore the whole shell
+  forms one piece.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, of the parmal pores 0.012, sutural pores
+  0.01 to 0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, depth 2200 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Tessaraspis rotunda</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes circular, of equal size, twice as broad as the thick bars, on an average smaller
+  than the roundish sutural meshes. Radial spines cylindrical in the inner part, which is somewhat
+  longer than the outer conical part. Sutures of the shell completely obliterated, therefore the
+  whole shell forms one piece.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, parmal pores 0.008, sutural pores 0.005 to
+  0.015.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Tessaraspis concreta</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a> fig.
+  5).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes irregular, polygonal or roundish, six to eight times as broad as the narrow and
+  high bars, much larger than the irregular sutural meshes.  Radial spines leaf-shaped, compressed,
+  two-edged, pointed at both ends; inner and outer part nearly of equal size.  Shell very thick
+  walled; meshes therefore funnel-shaped; sutures completely obliterated, therefore the whole shell
+  forms a single piece.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.09, parmal pores 0.02, sutural pores 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, depth 2750 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page839">{839}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 363. <i>Lychnaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_403" href="#Nt_403"><sup>[403]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Prodromus, p. 468.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with twenty plates, which are
+  perforated by eighty aspinal pores (four crossed pores in each plate). Surface covered with
+  numerous by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Lychnaspis</i>, the largest and most common of all Dorataspida,
+  exhibits the same structure of the shell as its ancestral form <i>Tessaraspis</i>, and differs
+  from it only in the development of by-spines on the sutural condyles. Many species of this genus
+  are very widely distributed, and appear in large numbers, and some of them are amongst the most
+  graceful and elegant of the Radiolaria.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Lychnasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Condyles of the neighbouring plates connected by permanent
+  open sutures; therefore the whole shell is composed of twenty separate pieces of acanthin.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Lychnaspis giltschii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <span class="correction"
+  title="Printed '95', corrected by Errata."><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a></span>,
+  fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes pentagonal, about ten or twelve times as broad as the thin bars, on an average of
+  the same size as the irregular polygonal sutural meshes. By-spines (two hundred to three hundred)
+  very delicate, half as long as the radius, barbed, and zigzag. Radial main-spines very thin and
+  long, straight, cylindrical; their outer part longer than the inner part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2, of the parmal pores 0.02, sutural pores
+  0.01 to 0.03, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Stations 338 to 348, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Lychnaspis capillaris</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes pentagonal, twenty to thirty times as broad as the very thin thread-like bars, on
+  an average of the same size as the irregular polygonal sutural meshes. By-spines (two hundred to
+  two hundred and fifty) very delicate, zigzag, with very small denticles, one-third as long as the
+  radius. Radial main-spines very thin and long, cylindrical, more or less undulated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25, parmal pores 0.025, sutural pores 0.02 to
+  0.04, bars 0.001.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 250, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Lychnaspis maxima</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes pentagonal, six to eight times as broad as the thick bars, for the most part
+  larger than the irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (four hundred to five hundred) nearly as <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page840">{840}</span>long as the radius, zigzag, with short denticles. Radial
+  spines very long and stout, quadrangularly-prismatic, with four smooth edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.3, parmal pores 0.03, sutural pores 0.01 to
+  0.025, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Stations 271 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Lychnaspis serrata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes pentagonal, three to four times as broad as the thick bars, smaller than the
+  irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (two hundred to three hundred) scarcely one-third as long as
+  the radius, zigzag, with strong denticles. Radial spines very long, stout,
+  quadrangularly-prismatic, with four serrated edges.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.22, parmal pores 0.015, sutural pores 0.012 to
+  0.03, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 330, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Lychnaspis wagenschieberi</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes tetragonal, nearly rhombic, three to four times as broad as the thick bars,
+  smaller than the large irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (about two hundred) large, as long as
+  the radius, with long recurved denticles, very zigzag. Radial main-spines very long, four-sided
+  prismatic. This species differs by the form and size of the spines, and by the square form of the
+  parmal pores from the similar <i>Lychnaspis polyancistra</i>, of which the late excellent engraver
+  Wagenschieber, of Berlin, has given such a beautiful figure in my monograph (Taf. xxi. fig.
+  8).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, parmal pores 0.014, sutural pores 0.015 to
+  0.02, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Lychnaspis polyancistra</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dorataspis polyancistra</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 418, Taf.
+    xxi. figs. 7-9.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes roundish, tetragonal, or nearly square, two to three times as broad as the thick
+  bars, smaller than the irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (about two hundred) thin, half as long
+  as the radius, zigzag, with blunt denticles. Radial main-spines stout, in the inner half
+  cylindrical, in the outer half (of the same length) conical, pointed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12, parmal pores 0.012, sutural pores 0.01 to
+  0.04, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page841">{841}</span></div>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Lychnaspis rottenburgii</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes roundish, about twice as broad as the thick bars, and for the most part smaller
+  than the irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (about two hundred to two hundred and fifty) thin,
+  zigzag, half as long as the radius. Radial main-spines very strong, cylindrical in the inner half,
+  in the outer half much thicker and conical, pointed. I call this species in honour of my learned
+  friend, the great patron of zoological studies, Mr. Paul Rottenburg, of Glasgow.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, parmal pores 0.012, sutural pores 0.01 to
+  0.03, bars 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 270, depth 2925 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Lychnaspis undulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes circular, twice as broad as the thick bars, on an average of the same size as the
+  irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (one hundred and fifty to two hundred) very thin, barbed and
+  zigzag, as long as the radius. Radial main-spines cylindrical; their outer pointed part longer
+  than the inner part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, parmal pores 0.01, sutural pores 0.01, bars
+  0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 343, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Lychnaspis longissima</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate134"><b>134</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes circular, very small, of the same breadth as the thick bars, much smaller than
+  the irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (one hundred to one hundred and ten) very long and thin,
+  zigzag, twice as long as the diameter of the shell. Radial main-spines very long and strong,
+  cylindrical (at the base quadrangular, pyramidal), four to six times as long as the diameter of
+  the shell, and one fourth as thick as its radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.08, parmal pores 0.002, sutural pores 0.01 to
+  0.015, bars 0.003; length of the radial spines 0.3 to 0.5.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Pacific (Philippines), Stations 200 to 215,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Lychnaspis minima</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate134"><b>134</b></a>,
+  figs. <span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda">2,</span> 7, 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes circular, very small, only half as broad as the thick bars, much smaller than the
+  irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (one hundred to one hundred and ten) half as long as the
+  radius, zigzag. Radial main-spines thick, in the inner part cylindrical, in the outer shorter part
+  conical, of very variable size.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.05, parmal pores 0.002, sutural pores 0.006 to
+  0.012, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 154, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page842">{842}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Lychnaspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Condyles of the neighbouring plates grown together and
+  sutures obliterated, therefore the whole shell forms a single piece of acanthin.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Lychnaspis echinoides</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma echinoides</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.36, Taf.
+    v. figs. 3, 4.</p>
+    <p><i>Haliommatidium echinoides</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p.
+    22.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliommatidium echinoides</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 422.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes pentagonal or somewhat roundish, four times as broad as the bars, and of about
+  the same size as the polygonal meshes. By-spines (about two hundred) short, zigzag. Radial spines
+  thin; their outer conical part shorter than the inner cylindrical part. Sutures perfectly
+  obliterated, but recognisable by the characteristic pair of divergent by-spines. (Some recent
+  observations on this species, made during 1880 in Portofino, have convinced me that the
+  interpretation of it given in my Monograph, 1862, <i>loc. cit.</i>, was quite correct.)</p>
+
+  <p><span class="correction" title="Added by Addenda."><i>Haliomma ligurinum</i>, J. M�ller (=
+  <i>Haliommatidium ligurinum</i>, Haeckel, L. N. <a href="#ln16">16</a>, p. 423) seems to be
+  closely allied to the preceding.</span></p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12 to 0.14, parmal pores 0.015, sutural pores
+  0.01 to 0.02, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean, Nice, Saint Tropez (J. M�ller); Portofino near
+  Genoa (Haeckel).</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Lychnaspis haliommidium</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Lychnaspidium haliommidium</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes circular, twice as broad as the bars, smaller than the irregular sutural meshes.
+  By-spines (about two hundred) barbed and zigzag, as long as the radius. Radial main-spines
+  four-sided; their outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner prismatic part. Sutures perfectly
+  obliterated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1, parmal pores 0.01, sutural meshes 0.015 to
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 335, depth 1425 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <p>13. <i>Lychnaspis rabbeana</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes circular, very small, of the same breadth as the bars, and much smaller than the
+  irregular sutural meshes. By-spines (about one hundred) very long and thin, zigzag, about as long
+  as the diameter of the shell. Radial main-spines cylindrical, thick, twice to three times as long
+  as the diameter of the shell. Sutures perfectly obliterated, with thickened condyles. Named in
+  honour of Captain Henrik Rabbe (of Bremen), to whom I am indebted for many new Indian and Atlantic
+  Radiolaria.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.086, parmal pores 0.002, sutural pores 0.012,
+  bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page843">{843}</span></div>
+
+  <p>14. <i>Lychnaspis cataplasta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores very small, circular, half as broad as the bars, and much smaller than the
+  irregular sutural pores. By-spines zigzag, as long as the diameter of the shell. Radial
+  main-spines very thin and long, needle-shaped, cylindrical, five to six times as long as the
+  diameter of the shell. Sutures perfectly obliterated. (This stunted species is one of the smallest
+  of the Dorataspida.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.05, parmal pores 0.0015, sutural pores 0.01,
+  bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean (off Kerguelen Island), Station 149,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 364. <i>Icosaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_404" href="#Nt_404"><sup>[404]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 468.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with twenty plates, which are
+  perforated by one hundred and sixty to three hundred or more parmal pores (in each plate four
+  crossed aspinal pores, and around them four to twelve or more coronal pores). Surface without
+  by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Icosaspis</i> and the closely allied <i>Hylaspis</i> differ from all
+  other Tessaraspida in the increased number of the parmal pores. Whilst this number in all other
+  genera is eighty (only four crossed pores in each plate), here it amounts to one hundred and sixty
+  to three hundred or more (sometimes more than a thousand); in each shield four primary, crossed
+  "aspinal pores" being surrounded by a circle of four to twelve or more "coronal pores." The number
+  of sutural pores in these two genera is also increased.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Icosasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Condyles of the neighboring plates connected by permanent
+  open sutures; therefore the whole shell composed of twenty separated pieces of acanthin.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Icosaspis tabulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>,
+  fig. 2).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes all of nearly equal size and form, square, four times as broad as the bars,
+  little larger than the triangular or polygonal sutural meshes.  In each plate fifty to seventy
+  (regularly sixty-four) quadrangular pores, viz., four primary square aspinal meshes, forming
+  together a regular square surrounded by two to three coronas of rectangular (not quite regular)
+  coronal meshes (six to eight in each transverse row). Radial spines tetrapterous, prismatic, with
+  four thin and broad wings, from which arise the crossed bars between the four primary pores. Outer
+  part of the spines longer than the inner. Commonly the condyles of the plates are only contiguous;
+  sometimes they grow together, and this form approaches <i>Icosaspis tetragonopa</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.3, of the pores 0.02, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, depth 2900 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page844">{844}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Icosaspis elegans</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>,
+  fig. 4; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate134"><b>134</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Tessaraspis elegans</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript et Atlas.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes of very different size and form; in the centre of each plate a cross of four
+  primary, pear-shaped "aspinal pores" (the largest of all); between them four secondary, little
+  smaller, crossed, egg-shaped "angular pores"; around this rosette of eight larger meshes an inner
+  complete circle of sixteen to twenty polygonal coronal pores, and an outer incomplete circle of
+  thirty to forty very small marginal pores. The latter are smaller than the irregular sutural
+  meshes, which are constricted in the middle, about forty to sixty around each plate. Radial spines
+  thin, cylindrical, or a little compressed; their outer part longer than the inner. In this elegant
+  and very common species the condyles usually remain separated by sutures; but sometimes the latter
+  become obliterated, and the whole shell then forms a single piece, <i>Icosaspidium
+  elegans</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.3, commonly 0.25; larger parmal pores
+  0.02, smaller <span class="correction" title="Original reads '0.01'.">0.001</span> to 0.003;
+  sutural pores 0.005 to 0.015; bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical and Subtropical Atlantic, Canary Islands to
+  Ascension Island, Stations 340 to 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Icosaspis cruciata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate134"><b>134</b></a>,
+  fig. 10).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes very different; in the centre of each plate a cross of four primary, nearly
+  oblong, rectangular "aspinal pores"; between these four secondary, triangular, egg-shaped "angular
+  pores" (the largest of all), and around this rosette a single circle of twelve to twenty-four
+  small "coronal pores." The latter are of about the same size as the irregular sutural meshes, of
+  which there are twenty to thirty around each plate. Radial spines thin, cylindrical, or a little
+  compressed; their outer part longer than the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2 to 0.3, commonly 0.25; larger parmal pores
+  0.025, smaller 0.005 to 0.01; bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical and Subtropical Pacific, Sandwich to Marquesas
+  Islands, Stations 256 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Icosaspis ornata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes very different; in the centre of each plate a cross of four primary octagonal
+  aspinal pores (the largest of all); between them four secondary, rhombic angular pores, and around
+  this rosette a circle of twelve to sixteen smaller, polyhedral coronal pores, which are however
+  larger than the irregular sutural pores (surrounding each plate to the number of twenty to
+  thirty). Radial spines thin, quadrangular, prismatic; the outer part longer than the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25; larger parmal pores 0.03, smaller 0.01;
+  sutural pores 0.004 to 0.008; bars 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, depth 1500 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page845">{845}</span></div>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Icosaspis spectabilis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes very different; in the centre of each plate four very large, pentagonal aspinal
+  pores, and around these two to three circles of smaller polygonal coronal pores, which are very
+  numerous, and not larger than the small sutural pores. Radial spines quadrangular, prismatic,
+  stout, very long; the outer part two to three times as long as the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.4, of the larger aspinal meshes 0.03, of the
+  outer meshes 0.002 to 0.02, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 333, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Icosaspis multiforis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes very numerous, more than one hundred in each plate; in the centre four larger
+  pear-shaped pores, and around these four to five circles of smaller pores, gradually smaller
+  towards the margin of the plate; the sutural meshes also very small and numerous (more than fifty
+  around each plate), so that the number of all the pores together amounts to two thousand or even
+  more. Radial spines thin, cylindrical, very long.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.32; larger aspinal pores 0.02, smaller 0.002
+  to 0.01; bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Icosaspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Condyles of the neighbouring plates grown together, and
+  sutures obliterated; therefore the whole shell forms a single piece of acanthin.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Icosaspis tetragonopa</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliommatidium tetragonopum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p.421,
+    Taf. xxii. fig. 13.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes all of nearly equal size and form, square, three times as broad as the bars,
+  little larger than the sutural meshes. In each plate commonly sixteen equal square meshes, viz.,
+  four primary aspinal and twelve secondary, surrounding the former as a square corona. Radial
+  spines tetrapterous, stout; the outer pyramidal half somewhat longer than the inner. This species
+  differs from the similar <i>Icosaspis tabulata</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>, fig. 2)
+  in the concrescence of the sutures, the smaller number of pores, and the form of the stouter
+  spines. The figure in my Monograph, drawn from a broken fragment, is not quite correct.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.18, pores 0.009, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina, Corfu), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Icosaspis icosahedra</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes of different size and form; in the centre of each plate a cross of four
+  pentagonal, primary aspinal pores, surrounded by a complete corona of twelve to sixteen polygonal
+  coronal <span class="pagenum" id="page846">{846}</span>pores and an incomplete corona of thirty to
+  forty very small marginal pores; the latter are not to be distinguished from the pores of the
+  obliterated sutures. Radial spines quadrangular, the outer pyramidal part shorter than the inner
+  prismatic part. Condyles grown together. As the plates are quite even, the shell becomes
+  icosahedral.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16, pores 0.002 to 0.02, bars 0.005.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Icosaspis icosastaura</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Tessaraspis icosastaura</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript et Atlas.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Parmal plates of different size and form; in the centre of each plate a cross of four larger
+  primary, pyriform aspinal pores; between these four smaller roundish angular pores, and around
+  this rosette a circle of ten to twenty (commonly sixteen) coronal pores, little larger than the
+  very small sutural pores. Radial spines very thin and long, cylindrical or bristle-shaped.
+  Condyles grown together; no suture visible.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14; larger pores of the cross 0.01, smaller
+  pores 0.002 to 0.008; bars 0.002 to 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 365. <i>Hylaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_405" href="#Nt_405"><sup>[405]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Dorataspida</span> with twenty plates, which are
+  perforated by one hundred and sixty to three hundred or more parmal pores (in each plate four
+  crossed aspinal pores, and around them four to twelve or more coronal pores). Surface covered with
+  numerous by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Hylaspis</i> exhibits the same structure of the shell as the nearly
+  allied ancestral genus <i>Icosaspis</i>, and differs from it only in the development of by-spines.
+  Some species of these two genera exhibit the highest degree of complication in the structure of
+  the shell seen among the Dorataspida.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hylaspis serrulata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate135"><b>135</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes four hundred to five hundred; in the centre of each plate a cross of four very
+  large pentagonal or roundish aspinal pores, and around this a circle of sixteen to twenty much
+  smaller irregular, polygonal, coronal pores; the latter of about the same size as the sutural
+  pores. On each condyle one thin zigzag-shaped by-spine, nearly as long as the radius. Twenty
+  radial spines very long, quadrangular, prismatic; on the inside thinner and smooth, on the outside
+  thickened, and armed with four rows of recurved teeth, serrated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.18, aspinal spines 0.02, other pores 0.002 to
+  0.01, bars 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 326, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page847">{847}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hylaspis coronata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes five hundred to six hundred; in the centre of each plate a cross of four long
+  rectangular aspinal pores, between these four larger egg-shaped angular pores; around this rosette
+  a circle of sixteen to twenty much smaller, irregular, roundish, coronal pores; the latter about
+  of the same size as the sutural pores. On each condyle one bearded by-spine about one-third or
+  one-fourth as long as the radius. Twenty radial spines, very long, smooth, quadrangular,
+  prismatic.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25, aspinal pores 0.02, other pores 0.005 to
+  0.01, bars 0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hylaspis barbata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal meshes twelve hundred to sixteen hundred; in the centre of each plate a cross of four
+  large, somewhat oblong, octahedral aspinal pores, between these four rhombic smaller angular
+  pores; around this rosette an inner circle of twelve to sixteen larger and an outer circle of
+  fifty to sixty very small coronal pores; the latter smaller than the sutural pores. On each
+  condyle one bristle-shaped zigzag by-spine, with recurved thin hooks, half as long as the radius.
+  Twenty radial spines, very long, cylindrical, smooth.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.25 to 0.3, aspinal pores 0.022, other pores
+  0.002 to 0.015, bars 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XLI. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Phractopeltida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, figs.
+  1-6).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Phractopeltida</i>, Haeckel, 1881, Prodromus, p. 468.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with double spherical
+  lattice-shell, composed of the branched apophyses of twenty radial spines meeting in its centre,
+  and disposed according to the M�llerian law of Icosacantha. Central capsule spherical, enclosing
+  the inner and surrounded by the outer concentric shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Phractopeltida</span> differs from all other <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> in the development of a double spherical shell, composed of two
+  concentric lattice-spheres, which are united by twenty radial spines meeting in the common centre.
+  We could therefore oppose the Phractopeltida as <i>Diplophracta</i> to all other <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> as <i>Haplophracta</i> (with simple shell). The former exhibit a
+  relation to the latter, similar to that exhibited by the Dyosph�rida to the simple Monosph�rida
+  among the <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>.</p>
+
+  <p>In my Monograph (1862, p. 423) I described only one genus appertaining to this family,
+  <i>Aspidomma</i>. I founded it upon the singular <i>Phractopelta</i>, described by <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page848">{848}</span>J. M�ller as <i>Haliomma hystrix</i>. A second species of
+  <i>Aspidomma</i>, the <i>Acanthometra mucronata</i> of J. M�ller, was probably an
+  <i>Astrolonche</i>. At that time I placed <i>Aspidomma</i> among the Haliommatida, led by the
+  erroneous opinion that it might represent a transition-form between <i>Dorataspis</i> and
+  <i>Haliomma</i>. But I afterwards gave up this view, as I was convinced that there is no true
+  phylogenetic connection between the acanthinic Dorataspida (<i>Actipylea</i>) and the siliceous
+  Haliommatida (<i>Peripylea</i>). Therefore in my Prodromus (1881, p. 468) I placed
+  <i>Aspidomma</i> among the Dorataspida and changed its name to <i>Phractopelta</i>, to avoid
+  further confusion with the unrelated Ommatida (<span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span>). It formed
+  there, with three nearly related genera, the "subfamily Phractopeltida," which we now advance to
+  the higher rank of a separate family. (By a typographical mistake the words are printed in the
+  Prodromus <i>Phractopelma</i> and Phractopelmida, &amp;c., instead of <i>Phractopelta</i> and
+  Phractopeltida, &amp;c.). The detection of other new species appertaining to this family, and a
+  closer anatomical investigation of them, has now led to the distinction of five different genera,
+  characterised by other differences than were employed in 1881 in the provisional system of the
+  "Prodromus."</p>
+
+  <p>The two concentric spherical lattice-shells of the Phractopeltida, connected by radial beams,
+  correspond perfectly to those of the double-shelled Dyosph�rida (<i>Haliomma</i>,
+  <i>Diplosph�ra</i>, &amp;c.), and in both cases we may call the smaller inner the "medullary
+  shell," and the larger outer the "cortical shell." There is no doubt that the double-shelled
+  Phractopeltida must be derived phylogenetically from the simple-shelled Dorataspida (just as we
+  derive the double Dyosph�rida from the simple Monosph�rida). But it is not yet possible to decide
+  positively which of the two shells is the first formed. Probably the small inner or medullary
+  shell of the Phractopeltida is the first formed, and corresponds to the simple spherical
+  lattice-shell of the Dorataspida; and the larger outer or cortical shell of the former is a later
+  new formation, absent in the latter family. This opinion seems to be confirmed by the genus
+  <i>Orophaspis</i>, the only form among the Dorataspida, in which the radial spines outside the
+  shell bear free latticed apophyses. If these twenty apophyses grow further and meet one another,
+  the second or outer shell of <i>Phractopelta</i> may be formed. But some objections may be raised
+  to this opinion from the peculiar structure and the very small size of the inner shell; and there
+  is some possibility that this latter is a secondary later product inside of the primary cortical
+  shell. The probably phylogenetic series which reveals the origin of the Phractopeltida is the
+  following:&mdash;<i>Acanthometron</i>, <i>Zygacantha</i>, <i>Lithophyllium</i>,
+  <i>Phractacantha</i>, <i>Doracantha</i>, <i>Dorataspis</i>, <i>Orophaspis</i>,
+  <i>Phractopelta</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>The twenty radial spines exhibit in all Phractopeltida the same characteristic position and
+  relation as in all other Icosacantha, and are constantly arranged according to the M�llerian law
+  in four meridian planes, their distal ends falling into five parallel zones. Their distinction in
+  the majority of the Phractopeltida is not difficult, <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page849">{849}</span>since the spines of the different zones bear apophyses of different
+  shapes. Sometimes the four equatorial spines are stouter than the sixteen other spines, and often
+  the eight tropical spines are somewhat different in form from the eight polar and from the four
+  equatorial spines. The length of all twenty spines is commonly equal. Their form is usually more
+  or less compressed, two-edged (as in <i>Zygacantha</i>), more rarely cylindrical (as in
+  <i>Acanthometron</i>), or somewhat quadrangular (but not truly prismatic); therefore the
+  transverse section of the spines is commonly elliptical or lanceolate, rarely circular or rhombic,
+  never square; this seems to indicate their origin from <i>Zygacantha</i>. As in all <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span>, the spines consist of acanthin, not of silex. Their central ends are
+  either perfectly grown together, and form a single star of acanthin, or the triangular faces of
+  their small pyramidal bases are supported one upon another, without true concrescence.</p>
+
+  <p>The apophyses of the radial spines, by which the two concentric spherical shells are formed,
+  seem to be constantly four on each spine, two being opposite in each shell. The proximal pair of
+  opposite apophyses, forming the inner or medullary shell, is constantly much smaller than the
+  distal pair composing the outer or cortical shell (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, fig. 5).
+  The proximal pair corresponds probably to the two primary apophyses of the Diporaspida
+  (<i>Phractaspis</i>, <i>Dorataspis</i>, &amp;c.), whilst the distal pair corresponds to the free
+  apophyses of <i>Orophaspis</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  fig. 6). Therefore the Phractopeltida may be derived phylogenetically from the Diporaspida (not
+  from the Tessaraspida). In the common ancestral genus of this family, <i>Phractopelta</i>, the
+  free part of the radial spines (outside the outer shell) is quite simple, without free apophyses;
+  in all other genera of the family that free part of the spines (either in all twenty spines or
+  only in some of them) bears a third pair of lateral apophyses; these may be either simple or
+  branched or even latticed; but the outer apophyses (of the third rank) remain constantly free, and
+  a third lattice-shell is never formed by union of their edges (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, figs.
+  2-4).</p>
+
+  <p>The inner lattice-shell of the Phractopeltida, or their "medullary shell," is constantly very
+  small (commonly 0.03 to 0.05 mm. in diameter, rarely more). Its structure is difficult to make
+  out; in the unbroken shell it is concealed by the dense network of the outer shell; in the broken
+  shell it is commonly destroyed. Usually the pores of the inner shell are very small, circular or
+  subcircular, scarcely as broad as the small separating bars. In the majority of Phractopeltida
+  their number seems to be about forty, being probably the forty primary aspinal pores of the
+  Diporaspida; in some species this number seems to be exceeded, so that perhaps some sutural pores
+  may exist between the aspinal pores; but commonly the twenty plates composing the inner shell
+  (each with two aspinal pores) seems to grow together perfectly by their meeting edges, so that
+  there are no sutural pores between them. Evident sutures were not recognisable in the inner shell
+  of any Phractopeltida.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page850">{850}</span></div>
+
+  <p>The outer lattice-shell of the Phractopeltida, or their "cortical shell," is at least twice as
+  broad, commonly about three times as broad, as the enclosed inner shell; it is much more varied in
+  composition than the latter. Like the greater part of the Dorataspida we may distinguish here in
+  the lattice-work two kinds of pores&mdash;parmal pores and sutural pores. The parmal pores are
+  produced by the union of the meeting branches of the apophyses of each single spine, and are
+  therefore visible on each isolated spine; whilst the sutural pores are formed by the meeting
+  branches of the apophyses of neighbouring spines. The distinction of the parmal and the sutural
+  pores, easy in most Dorataspida, is difficult in most Phractopeltida, because the sutures between
+  the meeting branches are usually very early obliterated. However, the place of the obliterated
+  suture is often indicated by the thickened condyles of the apophyses on both sides of the suture.
+  Commonly also the form of the sutural pores is much more irregular than that of the parmal pores;
+  the former are more or less constricted in the middle by the intumescence of the sutural condyles,
+  whilst the latter are more roundish, elliptical, kidney-shaped, or square. The number of the pores
+  in the outer shell in the typical normal form of Phractopeltida seems to be the same as in the
+  most species of <i>Dorataspis</i>, <i>Diporaspis</i>, &amp;c., between ninety and one hundred,
+  viz., forty parmal pores and from fifty to sixty sutural pores. However, in many species this
+  number is increased. Since in all Phractopeltida, each of the twenty plates is composed only of
+  the meeting branches of two opposite apophyses, we find originally in each plate only two primary
+  parmal pores or "aspinal pores." But in some species there occur four, six, or more pores in each
+  plate; in this case two of them only are aspinal pores, all the others being "coronal pores."
+  Moreover, in those species which exhibit on the base of each spine in the outer shell four crossed
+  pores (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  fig. 2), there are not four equivalent aspinal pores (as in the Tessaraspida), but the two
+  opposite are primary or aspinal pores and the other two (different from them in size and form)
+  coronal pores. However, the number of coronal pores in the Phractopeltida is never so large as in
+  many Dorataspida, and the same holds good also for the increasing number of the irregular sutural
+  pores. In none of the species observed does the total number of the pores in the outer shell reach
+  two hundred.</p>
+
+  <p>The original mode of development of the apophyses composing the outer shell seems to be
+  imitated by the free apophyses of the third order, which are developed from the radial spines
+  outside the outer shell in all Phractopeltida, with the single exception of the simple ancestral
+  genus <i>Phractopelta</i>. These apophyses of the third rank are also originally constantly two,
+  opposite to one another (after the type of <i>Lithophyllium</i>, <i>Dorataspis</i>, &amp;c.).
+  Commonly they do not remain simple, but become branched, and by communication of the neighbouring
+  branches small lattice-plates arise. Originally each of these free lattice-plates has only two
+  parmal pores, but the number of the parmal pores increases afterwards, so that we  may distinguish
+  two (primary) <span class="pagenum" id="page851">{851}</span>aspinal pores, and two, four, or more
+  (secondary) coronal pores. In the majority of species the two opposite apophyses are first crossed
+  at right angles by a transverse beam, and the two parallel transverse beams are again crossed by
+  perpendicular tertiary branches (again parallel to the apophyses). In this case the network of the
+  free lattice-plates becomes more or less rectangular. But in other species the ramification of the
+  apophyses assumes more the form of bifurcation or of irregular branching. As already said, the
+  neighbouring free lattice-plates of this third order never meet, and therefore a complete third
+  shell is never formed.</p>
+
+  <p>The different genera of Phractopeltida exhibit very remarkable differences in the development
+  of free apophyses (or lattice-plates of the third order). Whilst in the numerous species of the
+  ancestral genus <i>Phractopelta</i> all twenty spines remain simple, without such apophyses, only
+  in a single observed species (representing the genus <i>Pantopelta</i>) were all twenty spines
+  protected by them. In the three other genera only one part of the spines bears free apophyses, but
+  not the other part. The most frequent form is <i>Dorypelta</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, fig. 2);
+  here eight spines are simple (four equatorial and four polar spines of the hydrotomical plane),
+  whilst twelve spines bear apophyses (eight tropical and four polar spines of the geotomical
+  plane). In <i>Octopelta</i> the eight tropical spines only bear apophyses, whilst the twelve other
+  (four equatorial and eight polar) are simple. In <i>Stauropelta</i> finally the four equatorial
+  spines only are simple, whilst the sixteen other bear free apophyses (eight tropical and eight
+  polar spines).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Phractopeltida is constantly spherical, and enclosed between
+  the two concentric spherical shells; it is therefore larger than the inner and smaller than the
+  outer shell. Its wall is pierced by the twenty radial beams connecting the two shells. The shape
+  of the central capsule and of the enveloping calymma is the same as in the other <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> and specially in the Dorataspida.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Phractopeltida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Phractopeltida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Phractopeltida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">All twenty spines of the same form,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">All twenty spines without apophyses in the free external part,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">366. <i>Phractopelta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">All twenty spines with apophyses in the free part,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">367. <i>Pantopelta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Twenty radial spines, partly without, partly with
+      apophyses in the free external part,</td>
+      <td rowspan="3" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace7sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Eight tropical spines with apophyses, twelve others (eight polar and
+      four equatorial) simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">368. <i>Octopelta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Twelve radial spines (eight tropical and four polar) with apophyses,
+      eight others (four polar and four equatorial) simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">369. <i>Dorypelta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Sixteen radial spines (eight tropical and eight polar) with apophyses,
+      four equatorial, simple,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">370. <i>Stauropelta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Phractopeltida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Phractopeltida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">All twenty spines of the same form,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">All twenty spines without apophyses in the free external
+      part,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">366. <i>Phractopelta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">All twenty spines with apophyses in the free part,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">367. <i>Pantopelta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Twenty radial spines, partly without, partly with apophyses in the free
+      external part,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Eight tropical spines with apophyses, twelve others (eight polar
+      and four equatorial) simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">368. <i>Octopelta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Twelve radial spines (eight tropical and four polar) with
+      apophyses, eight others (four polar and four equatorial) simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">369. <i>Dorypelta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Sixteen radial spines (eight tropical and eight polar) with
+      apophyses, four equatorial, simple,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">370. <i>Stauropelta</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page852">{852}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 366. <i>Phractopelta</i>,<a id="NtA_406" href="#Nt_406"><sup>[406]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 468.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phractopeltida</span> with twenty simple radial
+  spines, bearing no free <span class="correction" title="Original reads 'aphophyses'.">apophyses</span>
+  outside the outer shell.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Phractopelta</i> is the most simple form among the Phractopeltida, and
+  may be regarded as the common ancestral form of this family. All twenty spines are of nearly equal
+  form and size, and bear no free apophyses on their free part, outside the two concentric shells.
+  <i>Phractopelta</i> may be derived from <i>Orophaspis</i> by further development of the free
+  apophyses, which by union of their branches form a second outer shell around the primary shell of
+  that Dorataspid.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Phractopeltaris</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Outer shell composed of twenty separated plates, the
+  sutures of their meeting condyles not being grown together.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Phractopelta dorataspis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, fig.
+  1).</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell composed of twenty plates, the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent
+  sutures. Each plate commonly with two elliptical aspinal pores, which are two to three times as
+  broad as the irregular sutural pores. Radial spines (in the outer free part) compressed, linear,
+  twice as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, of the inner 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific (off Japan), Station 239, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Phractopelta dyadopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell composed of twenty plates, the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent
+  sutures. Each plate commonly with two kidney-shaped aspinal pores, which are three to four times
+  as broad as the irregular sutural pores. Radial spines conical, about as long as the radius of the
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.08, of the inner 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 256, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Phractopelta diporaspis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell composed of twenty plates, the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent
+  sutures. Each plate commonly with two quadrangular aspinal pores, which are four to five times
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page853">{853}</span>as broad as the irregular sutural pores. Radial
+  spines compressed, sword-shaped, about as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.09, of the inner 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Phractopelta tessaraspis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell composed of twenty plates, the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent
+  sutures. Each plate commonly with four crossed, quadrangular, aspinal pores, the two opposite of
+  which are much larger than the two others. Sutural pores small, roundish. Radial spines
+  compressed, linear, about twice as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.084, of the inner 0.032.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific (off Japan), Station 238, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Phractopelta tetradopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell composed of twenty plates, the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent
+  sutures. Each plate commonly with four crossed quadrangular (or nearly circular) aspinal pores,
+  all of nearly the same size. Sutural pores polygonal or roundish. Radial spines cylindrical, two
+  to three times as long as the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, of the inner 0.045.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Phractopelta hexadopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell composed of twenty plates, the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent
+  sutures. Each plate commonly with six aspinal pores, the two opposite of which are much larger
+  than the four others. Sutural pores small, roundish. Radial spines compressed, two-edged, larger
+  than the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, of the inner 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Phractopelta octadopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell composed of twenty plates, the meeting condyles of which are separated by permanent
+  sutures. Each plate commonly with eight aspinal pores, the four crossed being larger than the four
+  others alternating with them. Sutural pores irregular. Radial spines conical, shorter than the
+  diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the inner 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean (Cocos Islands, surface), Rabbe.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page854">{854}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Phractopeltidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Outer shell composed of twenty united plates, the sutures
+  of their meeting condyles being grown together.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Phractopelta aspidomma</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell composed of twenty united plates, the meeting condyles of which are grown together.
+  On the base of each radial spine (where its outer free part arises from the surface of the outer
+  shell), two large elliptical aspinal pores, two to four times as large as the other roundish
+  pores. Radial spines compressed, sword-shaped, about as long as the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, of the inner 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Phractopelta haliomma</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell composed of twenty united plates, the meeting condyles of which are grown together.
+  On the base of each radial spine two large kidney-shaped aspinal pores, little larger than the
+  other irregular pores. Radial spines compressed, linear, two-edged, much longer than the diameter
+  of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.09, of the inner 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Phractopelta tessaromma</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <p>Outer shell composed of twenty united plates, the meeting condyles of which are grown together.
+  On the base of each radial spine four crossed egg-shaped aspinal pores, two opposite of which are
+  much larger than the two others. Sutural pores irregular. Radial spines cylindrical or little
+  compressed, thin, longer than the diameter of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, of the inner 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Phractopelta hystrix</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma hystrix</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 37, Taf.
+    v. figs. 1, 2.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Aspidomma hystrix</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 424.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Outer shell composed of twenty united plates, the meeting condyles of which are grown together.
+  On the base of each radial spine four crossed circular aspinal spines of equal size. Sutural pores
+  roundish, of about the same size. Radial spines conical, about as long as the radius of the
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.07, of the inner 0.024.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Nice), J. M�ller, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page855">{855}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 367. <i>Pantopelta</i>,<a id="NtA_407" href="#Nt_407"><sup>[407]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phractopeltida</span> with twenty radial spines,
+  each of which is protected by two free external apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Pantopelta</i> differs from all other Phractopeltida in the
+  development of free protecting apophyses on all twenty radial spines. Only a single specimen of
+  this rare form was seen, and in this all twenty spines exhibited no marked differences in form and
+  size, but were more or less irregularly developed.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Pantopelta icosaspis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Apophyses of all twenty radial spines with forked anastomosing branches, forming a more or less
+  irregular cup-like fenestrated shield, pierced by a variable number of pores. Distance of the
+  apophyses from the outer shell equal to half its radius. Pores of the outer shell irregular,
+  roundish, four to six times as broad as those of the inner shell. Radial spines compressed,
+  sword-shaped, longer than the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.08, of the inner 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean, Station 157, depth 1950 fathoms.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 368. <i>Octopelta</i>,<a id="NtA_408" href="#Nt_408"><sup>[408]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phractopeltida</span> with twelve simple spines
+  (four equatorial and eight polar), and with eight tropical spines protected by external free
+  apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Octopelta</i> differs from the other Phractopeltida in the possession
+  of eight shields or pairs of free apophyses outside the outer lattice-shell; the spines bearing
+  these apophyses are the eight tropical spines. The twelve other spines (eight polar and four
+  equatorial) are quite simple, without apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Octopelta cultella</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Apophyses of the eight tropical spines simple, compressed, knife-shaped, about as long as their
+  distance from the outer shell. On the base of each spine (in the network of the outer shell) two
+  orthogonal aspinal pores, two to three times as long as the other polygonal pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.08, of the inner 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 338, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page856">{856}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Octopelta furcella</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Apophyses of the eight tropical spines forked, each with two parallel simple fork-branches,
+  about as long as their distance from the outer shell. On the base of each spine (in the outer
+  shell) two kidney-shaped aspinal pores, about twice as broad as the other irregular pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, of the inner 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic (off Tristan d'Acunha), Station 332,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Octopelta scutella</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Apophyses of the eight tropical spines crossed by a transverse beam, which is again crossed by
+  two perpendicular branches; by union of these branches each tropical spine forms a square shield
+  with four crossed pores and twelve to sixteen marginal spikes. On the base of each spine (in the
+  surface of the outer shell) four crossed aspinal pores which correspond to those of the free
+  shields; these are somewhat larger than the other pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the inner 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 369. <i>Dorypelta</i>,<a id="NtA_409" href="#Nt_409"><sup>[409]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  Prodromus, p. 369.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phractopeltida</span> with eight simple spines (four
+  equatorial and four hydrotomical polar spines) and with twelve spines protected by external free
+  apophyses (eight tropical and four geotomical polar spines).</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Dorypelta</i>, the most common of all Phractopeltida which are
+  protected by free apophyses, exhibits a very peculiar differentiation of its twenty radial spines.
+  There are constantly eight simple spines and twelve spines with apophyses. The eight simple spines
+  are the four equatorial spines and four polar spines placed in the hydrotomical median plane. The
+  four other polar spines (placed in the geotomical meridian plane) and the eight tropical spines
+  are protected by two opposite apophyses, which are now simple, now branched or shield-shaped. A
+  similar differentiation occurs in no other Acanthophractida.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Dorypeltarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Free apophyses of the radial spines simple, not
+  branched.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page857">{857}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Dorypelta stauroptera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Apophyses of the long compressed radial spines simple, conical, about as long as their distance
+  from the shell. At the base of each spine (in the outer shell) two elliptical aspinal pores, two
+  to three times as large as the other pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, of the inner 0.044.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 238, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Dorypelta gladiata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Apophyses of the long cylindrical radial spines simple, triangular, about half as long as their
+  distance from the shell. At the base of each spine (in the outer shell) four crossed aspinal
+  pores, the two opposite of which are much larger than the other two pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.09, of the inner 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Dorypeltidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Free apophyses of the radial spines branched, with free
+  (not anastomosing) branches.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Dorypelta furcata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Apophyses of the long compressed spines simply forked, each with two simple parallel
+  fork-branches. At the base of each spine two elliptical aspinal pores, much larger than the other
+  roundish pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.08, of the inner 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Dorypelta tetrodon</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Apophyses of the long compressed spines crossed by a transverse beam, which bears four simple
+  parallel fork-branches or spikes (perpendicular to the beam), two larger medial and two smaller
+  lateral. At the base of each spine four crossed aspinal pores of nearly equal size, little
+  different from the other pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.09, of the inner 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 284, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Dorypelta ramosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Apophyses of the long cylindrical spines crossed by a transverse beam, which bears four to six
+  irregularly branched spikes or fork-branches, the medial of which are larger than the lateral. At
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page858">{858}</span>the base of each spine four crossed aspinal pores,
+  two opposite of which are much larger than the two other pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.09, of the inner 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 302, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Dorypeltonium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Free apophyses of the radial spines branched, and forming
+  perforated shields by union of their anastomosing branches.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Dorypelta lithoptera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Apophyses of the long compressed radial spines with anastomosing branches; each spine bearing
+  two free separated shields (each with two roundish aspinal pores). At the base of each spine (in
+  the network of the outer shell) two elliptical aspinal pores, larger than the other pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.09, of the inner 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 239, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Dorypelta tessaraspis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Apophyses of the long cylindrical spines with anastomosing branches; each spine bearing a
+  single free shield with four crossed aspinal pores of equal size (on the margin of the shield
+  twelve to sixteen spikes). At the base of each spine (in the outer shell) four crossed aspinal
+  pores, about as large as the other roundish pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.11, of the inner 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 263, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Dorypelta dodecaspis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Apophyses of the long two-edged spines with anastomosing branches; each spine bearing a single
+  free shield with six to eight parmal pores (four crossed aspinal pores alternating with four outer
+  coronal pores), on the margin of each shield twelve to sixteen spikes. At the base of each spine
+  (in the outer shell) four crossed aspinal pores, about as large as the other irregular pores.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, of the inner 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific (off Japan), Station 235, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 370. <i>Stauropelta</i>,<a id="NtA_410" href="#Nt_410"><sup>[410]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 468.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Phractopeltida</span> with four simple equatorial
+  spines and sixteen spines protected by external free apophyses (eight tropical and eight polar
+  spines).</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page859">{859}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Stauropelta</i> is distinguished from the other Phractopeltida by the
+  possession of sixteen pairs of free apophyses (on the eight tropical and the eight polar spines);
+  only the other four equatorial spines remain simple, without apophyses, and form a simple cross in
+  the equatorial plane.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Stauropelta cruciata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate133"><b>133</b></a>,
+  fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>Apophyses of the long polar and tropical spines crossed by a transverse beam, which is again
+  crossed by two perpendicular branches parallel to the apophyses; branches with free ends, not
+  united by concrescence. At the base of each spine (in the outer shell) two large elliptical
+  aspinal pores, larger than the other irregular pores. Four equatorial spines simple, without
+  apophyses, of the same size as the other sixteen spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.12, of the inner 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Stauropelta stauropora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Apophyses of the long polar and tropical spines crossed by a transverse beam, which is again
+  crossed by two perpendicular branches parallel to the apophyses; these branches are united by
+  concrescence, and form a square shield with four crossed pores, the centre of which is pierced by
+  the spine. At the base of each spine (in the outer shell) four crossed aspinal pores,
+  corresponding to those of the shield, of about the same size as the other roundish pores. Four
+  equatorial spines, simple, without apophyses, somewhat larger than the other sixteen spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the outer shell 0.1, of the inner 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Sunda-Archipelago, Singapore, Trebing,
+  surface.</p>
+
+<hr style="width:10em"/>
+
+  <h3>Suborder II. PRUNOPHRACTA.</h3>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Shell ellipsoidal, lenticular or diploconical, with radial
+  beams of different size.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XLII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Belonaspida</span></span>, n. fam. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>, figs.
+  6-9; Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  figs. 8, 9).</h4>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with a simple ellipsoidal
+  lattice-shell, composed of the branched apophyses of twenty radial spines meeting in its centre
+  and disposed according to the M�llerian law of Icosacantha. Two opposite equatorial spines larger
+  than the two others. Central capsule ellipsoidal, enclosed in the fenestrated shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Belonaspida</span>, formerly united by me with the Dorataspida (in
+  the Prodromus, 1881, p. 468), differs from it in the ellipsoidal form of the lattice-shell and
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page860">{860}</span>the enclosed central capsule. In the spherical
+  Dorataspida, their ancestral family, all twenty radial spines are of equal size, whilst here in
+  the Belonaspida two opposite spines are larger than the eighteen others. These two larger or
+  principal spines are both equatorial spines, placed in the longitudinal or major axis of the
+  ellipsoid, or the "hydrotomical axis" (compare above, p. <a href="#page719">719</a>). The two
+  other equatorial spines are constantly smaller, and lie in the transverse or minor axis of the
+  ellipsoid, or the "geotomical axis." The geometrical proportion of these two determining axes of
+  the ellipsoidal shell is very variable (even in one and the same species), commonly
+  4&nbsp;:&nbsp;3 or 3&nbsp;:&nbsp;2, rarely 2&nbsp;:&nbsp;1, often only 5&nbsp;:&nbsp;4 or
+  6&nbsp;:&nbsp;5. All meridian planes, passing through the principal spines (or the longitudinal
+  axis of the shell) are elliptical, and of equal size. All transverse planes, perpendicular to that
+  axis, are circular; the largest of these circular parallel planes is the geotomical plane, which
+  passes through the smaller equatorial spines and the spineless axis.</p>
+
+  <p>In the spherical Dorataspida the internal length of the radial spines (or the distance between
+  the shell and the centre) is equal in all twenty spines. In the ellipsoidal Belonaspida this
+  internal length is different, and commonly exhibits four different degrees; in the two principal
+  spines it is of first rank, in the eight tropical spines of second rank, in the four
+  (hydrotomical) polar spines of third rank, and in the six spines (four geotomical polar spines and
+  two transverse equatorial spines) of fourth rank. These differences of the internal length become
+  more important the more the hydrotomical axis is prolonged. Regarding all other qualities (in
+  form, disposition, and mode of junction at the centre) the ellipsoidal Belonaspida do not differ
+  from their ancestral group, the spherical Dorataspida (compare above, p. <a
+  href="#page802">802</a>). In both families the pyramidal central bases of the twenty spines are
+  commonly supported one upon another with their triangular neighbouring faces; but sometimes also
+  here (particularly in <i>Phatnaspis</i>) the central bases are perfectly grown together. In this
+  case also the sutures of the meeting branches of the apophyses are obliterated, whilst usually
+  they remain open. Such forms, with spines and plates perfectly grown together, form a single piece
+  of acanthin, and were formerly separated by me as a peculiar genus <i>Haliommatidium</i> (Monogr.
+  d. Radiol., 1862, p. 419). But as I now find this concrescence to be an accidental and inconstant
+  peculiarity of some species, it no longer seems to me to be of generic importance.</p>
+
+  <p>The apophyses of the twenty radial spines, the branches of which compose the ellipsoidal
+  lattice-shell, exhibit in all Belonaspida the same appearance as in the Diporaspida (and
+  especially the Ceriaspida) among the spherical Dorataspida. Everywhere each radial spine gives off
+  only two opposite primary apophyses, the fork-branches of which unite together and form a plate or
+  shield with two aspinal pores (as in <i>Dorataspis</i>). Commonly the shell exhibits only these
+  forty parmal pores, the other meshes between them being sutural pores. Only in one genus,
+  <i>Phatnaspis</i> (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>,
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page861">{861}</span>figs. 6-9), is this number multiplied; the two
+  opposite primary apophyses are here crossed by numerous perpendicular lateral branches, and these
+  are again united by secondary perpendicular ramules which are parallel to the apophyses
+  themselves; therefore each plate here forms a rhombic shield pierced by very numerous (often more
+  than one hundred) small quadrangular or circular pores. Only two of these numerous parmal pores
+  are the primary aspinal pores (sometimes, as in Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>, fig. 8,
+  distinguished by their larger size); all others are secondary or coronal pores. Therefore
+  <i>Phatnaspis</i> repeats the characteristic formation of <i>Coscinaspis</i>, from which it
+  differs in its ellipsoidal shell.</p>
+
+  <p>Moreover, the four other genera of the ellipsoidal Belonaspida correspond perfectly to certain
+  genera of the spherical Dorataspida, and may be derived from these by hypertrophy or stronger
+  development of two opposite equatorial spines. In <i>Thoracaspis</i> and <i>Belonaspis</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>, figs. 8,
+  9) the surface of the shell-plates is without crests and dimples (in the former without, in the
+  latter with accessory by-spines); they thus correspond to <i>Dorataspis</i> and <i>Diporaspis</i>
+  among the Dorataspida. In two other genera the surface of the shell-plates bears a network of
+  elevated crests, separating funnel-shaped dimples, in <i>Dictyaspis</i> without, in
+  <i>Coleaspis</i> with by-spines; these correspond to <i>Ceriaspis</i> and <i>Hystrichaspis</i>
+  among the Dorataspida. The small by-spines, covering the surface, exhibit the same forms as in the
+  Dorataspida; but they are usually smaller, and less developed in the Belonaspida.</p>
+
+  <p>The twenty radial spines are commonly more or less compressed or two-edged, sometimes very
+  flat, broad, and triangular (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  figs. 8, 9). In some species (mainly of <i>Phatnaspis</i>) they are very long, thin, and
+  needle-shaped (Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, Taf. xxii. figs. 10-12). Rarely they are cylindrical,
+  four-edged, or prismatic. The Belonaspida testify by this and other peculiarities to their near
+  relation to the Diporaspida and Phractacanthida and their older origin from <i>Zygacantha</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> is in the Belonaspida ellipsoidal, and more or less prolonged in the
+  hydrotomical or longitudinal axis of the shell. It is constantly smaller than the enveloping
+  ellipsoidal shell, and separated from it by the calymma. Its structure and the shape of its
+  nucleus are the same as in the nearly allied Dorataspida.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Belonaspida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w75 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Belonaspida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Belonaspida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p><span class="hid">I</span>I. Subfamily Coleaspida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Forty parmal pores (two aspinal pores on each plate, no coronal pores).</p>
+      </td>
+      <td rowspan="4" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace5sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Plates not dimpled, without prominent crests.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">No by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">371. <i>Thoracaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">372. <i>Belonaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05">Plates dimpled, with a network of prominent crests,</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace2sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">No by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">373. <i>Dictyaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">With by-spines,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">374. <i>Coleaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="3" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">
+        <p>II. Subfamily Phatnaspida.</p>
+        <p class="sp0">Eighty to two thousand or more parmal pores (two aspinal pores on each plate,
+        surrounded by two to one hundred or more coronal pores).</p>
+      </td>
+      <td class="vmi brace"><img src="images/rbrace3sm.png" class="brace" alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">No by-spines (plates not dimpled),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">375. <i>Phatnaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Belonaspida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Belonaspida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">I. Subfamily Coleaspida. Forty parmal pores (two aspinal pores on each plate,
+      no coronal pores).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Plates not dimpled, without prominent crests.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">371. <i>Thoracaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">372. <i>Belonaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="5">Plates dimpled, with a network of prominent crests,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">373. <i>Dictyaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">With by-spines,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">374. <i>Coleaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="7">II. Subfamily Phatnaspida. Eighty to two thousand or more parmal pores (two
+      aspinal pores on each plate, surrounded by two to one hundred or more coronal pores).</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">No by-spines (plates not dimpled),</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">375. <i>Phatnaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page862">{862}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 371. <i>Thoracaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_411" href="#Nt_411"><sup>[411]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Prodromus, p. 468.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Belonaspida</span> with forty parmal pores (two on
+  each plate), without dimples and crests, also without by-spines, therefore with smooth
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Thoracaspis</i> is the simplest form among the Belonaspida, and
+  repeats in this family the nearly allied genus <i>Dorataspis</i> among the Dorataspida. It differs
+  from this genus only in the characteristic prolongation of one equatorial axis, which effects an
+  ellipsoidal transformation of the spherical central capsule and the enclosing lattice-shell.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Thoracaspis ellipsoides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores large, elliptical, five or six times as large as the small circular sutural pores.
+  Each plate surrounded by five or six sutural pores (a single one on each side). Spines compressed
+  triangular, sword-like, two-edged; inner and outer half of nearly equal length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the ellipsoidal shell (or major axis) 0.15, breadth (or
+  minor axis) 0.12; length of the spines 0.07, basal breadth 0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Thoracaspis nephropora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores large, kidney-shaped, three to four times as large as the roundish small sutural
+  pores. Each plate surrounded by five or six sutural pores (a single one on each side). Spines in
+  the inner longer part cylindrical, in the outer shorter part conical, not compressed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.15; length of the spines 0.06,
+  basal breadth 0.018.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Thoracaspis circopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores circular, of the same size as the circular sutural pores. Each plate surrounded by
+  five or six sutural pores (a single one on each side). Spines compressed, thin, linear, two-edged;
+  outer part one and a half times as long as the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.17, breadth 0.13; length of the spines 0.12,
+  basal breadth 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Thoracaspis bipennis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores elliptical, about twice as large as the circular sutural pores, which are of
+  rather variable size. Each plate surrounded by eight to twelve sutural pores (commonly two on each
+  side). <span class="pagenum" id="page863">{863}</span>Spines compressed, triangular, gradually
+  tapering towards both ends; outer half a little longer, and much broader than the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.14, breadth 0.12; length of the spines 0.08,
+  basal breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 372. <i>Belonaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_412" href="#Nt_412"><sup>[412]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Prodromus, p. 468.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Belonaspida</span> with forty parmal pores (two on
+  each plate), without dimples and crests, but with numerous by-spines on the surface.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Belonaspis</i> differs from its ancestral genus <i>Thoracaspis</i>
+  only in the possession of numerous superficial by-spines, and bears therefore to it the same
+  relation as <i>Diporaspis</i> does to <i>Dorataspis</i>. The two latter differ from the two former
+  in the spherical form of the central capsule and the enclosing shell, which here becomes
+  ellipsoidal.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Belonaspis pandanus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores elliptical, three or four times as large as the circular sutural pores. Each plate
+  surrounded by five or six sutural pores (a single one on each side). Spines compressed,
+  triangular; outer part half as long as the inner, and twice as long as the numerous, simple,
+  bristle-shaped by-spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the ellipsoidal shell (or major axis) 0.12, breadth (or
+  minor axis) 0.1; length of the spines 0.03, basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 295, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Belonaspis furcata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores elliptical, twice as broad as the circular sutural pores. Each plate surrounded by
+  five or six sutural pores (a single one on each side). Spines compressed, linear, very thin; outer
+  part longer than the inner. By-spines very numerous, half as long as the radius, furcate, with
+  divergent fork-branches.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.08; length of the spines 0.12,
+  breadth 0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean (Cocos Islands), Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Belonaspis datura</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores elliptical, three or four times as large as the circular sutural pores. Each plate
+  surrounded by ten or twelve sutural pores (two on each side). Spines triangular, two-edged, about
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page864">{864}</span>as long as the radius of the shell; gradually
+  tapering from its surface towards both ends. By-spines very short and numerous, simple.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.13, breadth 0.11; length of the spines 0.08,
+  basal breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Belonaspis lanceolata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores elliptical, six or eight times as large as the small circular sutural pores. Each
+  plate surrounded by ten to twelve sutural pores (two on each side). Spines lanceolate, flat, in
+  the distal part needle-shaped, about as long as the diameter of the shell. By-spines very
+  numerous, zigzag, half as long as the shell-radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.15 breadth 0.13; length of the spines 0.14,
+  basal breadth 0.03; length of the by-spines 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 235, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Belonaspis conifera</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores kidney-shaped, three or four times as large as the small circular pores. Each
+  plate surrounded by ten to twelve sutural pores (two on each side). Spines very thick, half as
+  long in the outer conical part as in the inner cylindrical part. By-spines very short,
+  conical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.16; length of the spines 0.05,
+  basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 267, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Belonaspis multiforis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores circular, of the same size as the circular sutural pores. Each plate surrounded by
+  fifteen to eighteen sutural pores (three on each side). Spines compressed, about as long as the
+  radius. By-spines very numerous, zigzag, half as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.22, breadth 0.18; length of the spines 0.12,
+  basal breadth 0.012; length of the by-spines 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Equatorial Atlantic, Station 347, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 373. <i>Dictyaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_413" href="#Nt_413"><sup>[413]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Belonaspida</span> with forty parmal pores (two on
+  each plate), without by-spines, but with a network of prominent crests on the dimply surface.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Dictyaspis</i> repeats among the Belonaspida the characteristic
+  structure of <i>Ceriaspis</i> (among the Dorataspida), by the development of prominent crests
+  forming a <span class="pagenum" id="page865">{865}</span>network with dimples on the outer surface
+  of the shields. Either all the dimples or only a part of them are pierced by a pore. The forty
+  aspinal pores are united in pairs in twenty larger dimples. The shell is usually very thick-walled
+  and non-transparent.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Dictyaspis solidissima</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Dorataspis solidissima</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 416, Taf.
+    xxii. figs. 6-9.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Surface of the shell with seventy to eighty funnel-shaped dimples, each of which is perforated
+  at the base by one or two small meshes; twenty larger dimples in the centre of the plates (each
+  with two elliptical aspinal pores), and fifty to sixty smaller sutural dimples between them (each
+  with a single circular pore). All pores of nearly the same size. No blind dimples. Outer conical
+  part of the thick radial spines of the same length as the inner cylindrical part. Radius of the
+  shell four times as large as the thickness of its wall.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.12, breadth 0.1; length of the spines 0.06,
+  basal breadth 0.012.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Dictyaspis favosa</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the shell with one hundred and seventy to one hundred and ninety deep funnel-shaped
+  dimples, seventy to eighty of which are perforated, the others blind; among the former each of the
+  fifty to sixty smaller contains a single sutural pore, each of the twenty larger a couple of
+  aspinal pores. All pores of nearly the same size. Outer part of the compressed two-edged spines
+  triangular, half as long as the inner part. Radius of the shell six times as large as the
+  thickness of its wall. (Differs from <i>Ceriaspis favosa</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate138"><b>138</b></a>, fig. 6,
+  mainly in the ellipsoidal form of the shell and the different size and form of the spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.13; length of the spines 0.04,
+  basal breadth 0.025.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 265, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Dictyaspis compacta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Surface of the shell with one hundred and seventy to one hundred and ninety deep funnel-shaped
+  dimples, seventy to eighty of which are perforated, the others blind; among the former each of
+  fifty to sixty each contain a single sutural pore, twenty each a couple of aspinal pores. All
+  dimples nearly of the same size, very deep. Outer part of the compressed sword-like spines
+  somewhat longer than the inner part. Radius of the dark shell only twice as large as the thickness
+  of its compact wall.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.18, breadth 0.15; length of the spines 0.12,
+  basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page866">{866}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 374. <i>Coleaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_414" href="#Nt_414"><sup>[414]</sup></a> Haeckel, 1881,
+  Prodromus, p. 468.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Belonaspida</span> with forty parmal pores (two on
+  each plate), with numerous by-spines and with a network of prominent crests on the dimpled
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3">The genus <i>Coleaspis</i> differs from its ancestral genus <i>Dictyaspis</i> in
+  the development of numerous by-spines, and bears therefore among the ellipsoidal Belonaspida the
+  same relation to it as <i>Hystrichaspis</i> does to <i>Coscinaspis</i> among the spherical
+  Dorataspida. If the four equatorial spines in <i>Coleaspis</i> become different in pairs, it
+  passes over into <i>Hexalaspis</i>. The shell is usually very dark and thick-walled.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Coleaspis coronata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All twenty spines of nearly equal size and form, about as long as the radius of the shell,
+  compressed, sword-like, two-edged; both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis little longer
+  than the eighteen others. Crests between the dimples of the shell-surface dentated, forming around
+  the basal half of each spine a cylindrical sheath with a dentated, crown-like mouth, the teeth of
+  which are prolonged into simple by-spines. (Similar to <i>Hexaconus coronatus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>, fig. 5,
+  but differing in the nearly equal size of the spines and their sheaths, and in the longer
+  by-spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.2, minor 0.17; length of the spines 0.12,
+  basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Coleaspis vaginata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>,
+  fig. 13).</p>
+
+  <p>All twenty spines of nearly equal size and form, nearly as long as the diameter of the shell,
+  conical; both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis about one-third longer than the eighteen
+  others. Crests between the dimples of the shell-surface serrated, forming around the basal half of
+  each spine a conical truncate sheath with crested surface and serrated mouth, the teeth of which
+  are prolonged into short by-spines. (Similar to <i>Hexaconus vaginatus</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>, fig. 7,
+  but differing in the nearly equal size of all the spines and in the double thickness of the
+  shell-wall.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.12, minor 0.1, length of the spines 0.08,
+  basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Coleaspis obscura</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All twenty spines of nearly equal size and form, little longer than their large cylindrical
+  sheaths, which are nearly as long as the radius of the shell, and armed on the truncated mouth
+  with strong triangular by-spines, both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis one and a half
+  times as long as the eighteen others. Shell very dark and thick walled, quite opaque.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page867">{867}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.1, minor 0.08; length of the spines 0.06, of
+  their sheaths 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Arctic Ocean, Greenland, Koch, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i><span class="correction" title="Original reads 'Coleapsis'.">Coleaspis</span>
+  occulta</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All twenty spines of nearly equal size and form, quite concealed in their long cylindrical
+  sheaths, which are somewhat longer than the radius of the shell, and armed on the truncated mouth
+  with acute simple teeth; each sheath deeply sulcated, apparently resulting from the concrescence
+  of numerous parallel leaf-shaped by-spines. Small shell very dark and thick-walled, quite
+  opaque.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.08, minor 0.06; length of the spines and
+  their sheaths 0.05 to 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Antarctic Ocean (off Kerguelen), Station 159, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Coleaspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis much
+  larger and of peculiar form, different from the eighteen other spines.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Coleaspis amphilonche</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis much longer than the eighteen others, and of
+  very different form; one and a half times as long as the diameter of the shell, prismatic, with
+  six prominent edges, pyramidal at the distal point. The eighteen other spines triangular,
+  compressed, two-edged, scarcely as long as the radius of the thick-walled shell. Pores of the
+  shell irregular polygonal, separated by ciliated crests, which bear simple by-spines (one-third as
+  long as the radius).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.15, minor 0.12; length of the two larger
+  spines 0.22, of the eighteen smaller 0.06 to 0.08; basal breadth of the former 0.03, of the latter
+  0.008.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 341, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Coleaspis hydrotomica</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>, fig.
+  14).</p>
+
+  <p>Both equatorial spines of the hydrotomical axis much larger than the eighteen others, and of
+  very different form; about as long as the diameter of the shell, in the basal half four-sided
+  pyramidal, with four thick prominent edges, in the middle part constricted, in the distal half
+  lanceolate, two-edged. Both equatorial spines of the geotomical axis of similar form, but much
+  smaller, scarcely one-third as long. The sixteen other spines sword-like, thin, two-edged, about
+  as long as the radius of the thick-walled shell. Pores of the shell irregular roundish, separated
+  by high dentated crests, which bears zigzag by-spines (half as long as the radius).</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Major axis of the shell 0.12, minor axis 0.1; length of the two larger
+  spines 0.11, of the eighteen others 0.04 to 0.06; basal breadth of the former 0.04, of the latter
+  0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Cape of Good Hope, Station 143, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page868">{868}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 375. <i>Phatnaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_415" href="#Nt_415"><sup>[415]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1881, Prodromus, p. 468</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Belonaspida</span> with eighty to two thousand or
+  more parmal pores (four to one hundred or more on each plate), without by-spines on the
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Phatnaspis</i> corresponds to the spherical <i>Coscinaspis</i> among
+  the Dorataspida, and differs from the other Belonaspida in the great number of the parmal pores;
+  whilst the four other preceding genera exhibit only two opposite aspinal pores in the centre of
+  each plate, in this there are constantly numerous coronal pores in addition to these, and the
+  plates always possess the characteristic form of a wainscotted or panelled work, with quadrangular
+  meshes. The number of these parmal pores amounts in each plate to from ten to twenty, often one
+  hundred and twenty or more; therefore the number of parmal pores in the whole shell amounts to two
+  thousand or more. Sometimes the pores are circular, but in this case too they are surrounded by
+  quadrangular frames. The quadrangles are sometimes quite regular squares, sometimes more or less
+  irregular. The thin and fragile bars between the quadrangular pores form in each plate two
+  peculiar systems of parallel crests, which cross at right angles. Commonly the parallel crests of
+  one system (parallel to the major diameter of the compressed radial spines) are equidistant, and
+  pierce from one edge of the plate to the opposite, whilst the parallel crests of the other system
+  (parallel to the minor diameter of the spines) are interrupted and at different distances (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>, fig. 9);
+  but in other species both crossed systems are quite regular. In each plate there is one primary
+  diagonal rib (often stronger than the parallel crests) which connects the two opposite corners of
+  the rhomboidal plate. We can distinguish in this genus three different subgenera: A. in
+  <i>Phatnasparium</i> the primary diagonal rib arises from both flat sides of the compressed
+  sword-like, radial spines; B. in <i>Phatnasplenium</i> from both sharp edges of them; C. in
+  <i>Phatnaspidium</i> two crossed diagonal ribs arise from four edges of the spines (combination of
+  A and B). Therefore in the first subgenus (A) two primary aspinal pores are placed opposite on the
+  sharp edges of the spines, but in the second (B) inversely on their flat sides; in the third (C)
+  there are apparently four primary aspinal pores, which are probably derived from B or A by
+  division of the two pores.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Phatnasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;In the centre of each rhomboidal plate two primary aspinal
+  pores, opposite on both edges of the compressed spines, from both flat sides of which the primary
+  diagonal crest arises.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page869">{869}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Phatnaspis lacunaria</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores irregular quadrangular, of unequal size and form, ten to twelve on each side of
+  the primary diagonal rib, which arises from both flat sides of the two-edged spines; two primary
+  aspinal pores opposite on both edges of the latter. Spines much compressed, sword-like, their
+  outer half shorter than the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.21 to 0.23, breadth 0.18 to 0.2; basal breadth
+  of the spines 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 268, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Phatnaspis ensiformis</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores irregular quadrangular, of unequal size and form, six to eight on each side of the
+  primary diagonal rib, which arises from both flat sides of the two-edged spines; two primary
+  aspinal pores opposite on the two edges of the latter. Spines very broad, strongly compressed,
+  sword-like, their outer half larger than the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.16, breadth 0.11; basal breadth of the spines
+  0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Phatnaspis loculata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores regular quadrangular, of nearly equal size and form, twelve to sixteen on each
+  side of the primary diagonal rib, which arises from both flat sides of the two-edged spines; two
+  primary aspinal pores on the two edges of the latter. Spines linear, compressed, very long and
+  thin, their outer half three to four times as long as the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.24, breadth 0.18; breadth of the spines
+  0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Phatnaspis fenestrata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliommatidium fenestratum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 421.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores regular quadrangular, of nearly equal size and form, six to eight on each side of
+  the primary diagonal rib, which arises from both flat sides of the two-edged spines; two primary
+  aspinal pores on the two edges of the latter. Spines linear, little compressed, or nearly
+  needle-shaped, very long and thin, their outer half five to ten times as long as the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.11 to 0.12, breadth 0.07 to 0.08; breadth of the
+  spines 0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Phatnaspis cristata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>,
+  fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores circular, of very different size, separated by high square crests, ten to twelve
+  on each side of the high, comb-like, primary diagonal rib, which arises from both flat sides of
+  the <span class="pagenum" id="page870">{870}</span>twoedged spines; two primary aspinal pores on
+  the two edges of the latter. Each circular pore is surrounded by a square frame. Spines
+  sword-like, strongly compressed, their outer part longer than the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.2 to 0.22, breadth 0.16 to 0.18; basal breadth
+  of the spines 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 254, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Phatnaspis coscinoides</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores circular, regular, all of nearly equal size, twelve to sixteen on each side of the
+  primary diagonal rib, which arises from both flat sides of the two-edged spines; two primary pores
+  on the two edges of the latter. Spines linear, little compressed, their outer part much longer
+  than the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.18, breadth 0.15; breadth of the spines
+  0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 325, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Phatnasplenium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;In the centre of each rhomboidal plate two primary aspinal
+  pores, opposite on the two flat sides of the compressed spines, from the two edges of which the
+  primary diagonal crest arises.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Phatnaspis orthopora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores irregular quadrangular, of unequal size and form, four to six on each side of the
+  primary diagonal rib, which arises from both edges of the compressed spines; two larger primary
+  aspinal pores opposite on the two flat sides of the latter. Spines very thin and long, linear,
+  their outer half three to four times as long as the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.08, breadth 0.06; breadth of the spines
+  0.003.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 353, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>8. <i>Phatnaspis polypora</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores irregular polygonal, of very unequal size and form, sixteen to twenty on each side
+  of the primary diagonal rib, which arises from both edges of the compressed spines; two very
+  large, lanceolate, primary aspinal pores opposite on the two flat sides of the latter. Spines very
+  thin, linear, on the outside of the shell rudimentary. (This remarkable species somewhat resembles
+  <i>Coscinaspis polypora</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>,
+  fig. 8.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.32, breadth 0.24; breadth of the spines
+  0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page871">{871}</span></div>
+
+  <p>9. <i>Phatnaspis quadratura</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores regular, square, all of nearly equal size and form, ten to twelve on each side of
+  the primary diagonal rib, which arises from both edges of the compressed spines; two primary
+  aspinal pores opposite on the two flat sides of the latter, not different from the other pores.
+  Spines sword-like, their outer part about as long as the inner.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.2, breadth 0.16; basal breadth of the spines
+  0.004.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>10. <i>Phatnaspis tabulata</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Haliomma tabulatum</i>, J. M�ller, 1858, Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin, p. 37, Taf.
+    v. figs. 5-8.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliomma tabulatum</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 429.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores regular, circular, with square frames, all of nearly equal size, eight to ten on
+  each side of the primary diagonal rib, which arises from both edges of the compressed spines; two
+  primary aspinal pores opposite on the flat sides of the latter. Spines sword-like, short, scarcely
+  half as long as the radius of the shell, their central ends are thickened and cause by their union
+  the deceptive appearance of an enclosed "medullary shell."</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.12 to 0.15, breadth 0.1 to 0.12; breadth of the
+  spines 0.006.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean; Nice, M�ller; Portofino, near Genoa, Haeckel,
+  surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 3. <i>Phatnaspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;In the centre of each rhomboidal plate four primary
+  aspinal spines, forming a regular cross, the centre of which receives the cylindrical or
+  four-sided prismatic spine.</p>
+
+  <p>11. <i>Phatnaspis haliommidium</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>, fig.
+  7).</p>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores irregular quadrangular, of unequal size and form, eight to ten on each side of the
+  crossed diagonal ribs, which arise at right angles from the four edges of the prismatic spines;
+  four primary aspinal pores not different from the others. Outer part of the strong spines scarcely
+  longer than the inner. (Resembling <i>Icosaspis tabulata</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate136"><b>136</b></a>, fig. 2,
+  which, however, is distinguished by the spherical shell and the larger pores.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.22, breadth 0.17; breadth of the spines
+  0.016.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>12. <i>Phatnaspis m�lleri</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Haliommatidium m�lleri</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. A. Radiol, p. 419, pl.
+    xiii. figs. 10-12.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Parmal pores regular, square, all of nearly equal size and form, twelve to sixteen on each side
+  of the crossed diagonal ribs, which arise at right angles from the needle-shaped spines; the four
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page872">{872}</span>primary aspinal pores not different from the
+  others. Spines very thin and long, cylindrical; four to six times longer in the outer than in the
+  inner part.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.24, breadth 0.16; breadth of the spines
+  0.002.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XLIII. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Hexalaspida</span></span>, n. fam. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with a simple discoidal or
+  lenticular lattice-shell, composed of the branched apophyses of twenty radial spines meeting in
+  the centre and disposed according to the M�llerian law of Icosacantha. Six larger spines in the
+  hydrotomical plane, prominent on the margin of the circular or elliptical biconvex lens. Fourteen
+  other spines much smaller or rudimentary. Central capsule biconvex lenticular, enclosed in the
+  fenestrated shell.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Hexalaspida</span> represents a new small, but very interesting
+  group of Acanthophracta, which differs from all others in the lentelliptical or triaxial form of
+  the lenticular lattice-shell, the margin of which bears six larger spines placed in the
+  hydrotomical plane (compare above, p. <a href="#page719">719</a>). They may therefore be
+  characterised shortly as "<i>Acanthophracta lentelliptica</i>," with three different dimensive
+  axes and six larger marginal spines. A closer comparison with the other <span
+  class="sc">Acantharia</span> leaves no doubt that the Hexalaspida must be derived from the
+  Belonaspida by stronger development of six radial spines placed in the hydrotomical plane, namely,
+  two equatorial and four associated polar spines; whilst the six spines of the geotomical plane
+  (perpendicular to the former) are much smaller; the eight tropical spines are intermediate in size
+  between the former and the latter.</p>
+
+  <p>The geometrical fundamental form of the Hexalaspida (of the central capsule as well as of the
+  enclosing shell) is therefore lentelliptical, with three different dimensive axes, and they
+  exhibit among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span> a relation to the spherical Dorataspida and
+  the ellipsoidal Belonaspida similar to that which the lentelliptical <span
+  class="gsp">Larcoidea</span> exhibit to the spherical <span class="gsp">Sph�roidea</span> and the
+  ellipsoidal <span class="gsp">Prunoidea</span> among the <span class="gsp">Sph�rellaria</span>
+  (compare above, p. <a href="#page599">599</a>). The largest of the three dimensive axes (which are
+  perpendicular to one another) is here the hydrotomical axis, the shortest, on the contrary, the
+  geotomical axis; the intermediate in size being the spineless axis. The development of the whole
+  body is strongest in the hydrotomical meridian plane, in which the six principal spines are
+  placed; it is weakest in the geotomical plane, in which the six smallest spines are placed; the
+  eight tropical spines are intermediate in size between the others. This peculiar development is
+  illustrated by the figures of Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  where the four equatorial spines are everywhere marked by <i>c</i>, the eight tropical spines by
+  <i>b</i> and <i>d</i>, the eight polar spines by <i>a</i> and <i>e</i>.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page873">{873}</span></div>
+
+  <p>Rarely the six hydrotomical or principal spines are of equal size, and thus the margin of the
+  shell may be quite circular or regularly hexagonal (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>, figs.
+  1-3); the two equatorial spines of the hydrotomical plane are usually larger than its four polar
+  spines, and thus the margin of the shell becomes more or less elliptical (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>, figs.
+  4-7). Usually (almost constantly) these six larger spines are more or less compressed, triangular,
+  often very broad and flat; their two edges lie in the hydrotomical plane. Their two flat surfaces
+  are often furrowed, with longitudinal ribs or crests converging towards the simple apex of the
+  spines.</p>
+
+  <p>The fourteen smaller spines are regularly disposed according to the M�llerian law of
+  Icosacantha on both convex sides of the lenticular shell; they are not only smaller than the six
+  principal spines, but often also of different form, much thinner and shorter, sometimes
+  needle-shaped. In the genera <i>Hexonaspis</i> and <i>Hexacolpus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>, figs. 1,
+  2) only their inner part (inside of the shell) is developed, whilst their outer part is quite
+  rudimentary and not prominent on the surface. Therefore these genera appear to possess only six
+  marginal spines externally.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Lenticular Shell</i> itself offers in the Hexalaspida great difficulties in the way of
+  accurate study, as its wall is constantly very thick and dark, often quite opaque and
+  non-transparent. However, prolonged accurate researches have convinced me that its structure is
+  essentially the same as in the Belonaspida and especially in the genera <i>Dictyaspis</i> and
+  <i>Coleaspis</i>. As in these latter the twenty plates of the shell bear high crests or combs on
+  the outer surface, and by these funnel-shaped dimples are separated. The network of these crests
+  is more or less regular (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  figs. 1-7). Around the base of each radial spine the shell is usually elevated in the form of a
+  conical or cylindrical sheath; the crests are prolonged into the sheaths as longitudinal ribs,
+  parallel to the spine or convergent towards its apex. Whilst in <i>Hexalaspis</i> and
+  <i>Hexonaspis</i> these basal sheaths are not at all or but little prominent (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>, fig. 2;
+  Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>,
+  fig. 16), in <i>Hexaconus</i> and <i>Hexacolpus</i> they envelop the basal half (or even more) of
+  the spines, and very often the circular or elliptical free distal edge of the sheath is elegantly
+  denticulated or serrated  (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  figs. 1, 3-7; pl. 140, figs. 9-16).</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Pores</i> of the shell exhibit in the Hexalaspida the same shape as in the majority of
+  the Belonaspida. Each spine bears only two broad opposite apophyses, the fork-branches of which
+  unite to form a polygonal shield with two pores. The number of parmal pores is constantly (?)
+  forty, as each plate possesses only two primary aspinal pores; there are no secondary or coronal
+  pores. The numerous (between fifty and one hundred, rarely more) smaller pores between the forty
+  parmal pores are probably always sutural pores; however, their number and position is very
+  difficult to determine, on account of the high protecting crests; the majority of the
+  funnel-shaped dimples between the latter seem to be blind, not perforated. Sometimes all the
+  dimples, except the twenty spinal ones, seem to be blind and the sutural pores appear <span
+  class="pagenum" id="page874">{874}</span>to have disappeared completely, so that there remain only
+  twenty aspinal pores (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>The internal cavity of the shell in all Hexalaspida is very small, on account of the thickness
+  of the massive wall; the latter is often greater than the diameter of the cavity. Setting aside
+  this disproportion, the space of the cavity is further much reduced by the internal parts of the
+  thick radial spines, which are united in the centre by their pyramidal bases (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>, fig. 15).
+  Usually the twenty bases seem to remain free (supported one upon another by means of their
+  triangular faces); but sometimes they seem to grow together perfectly and to form a single central
+  star of acanthin. In some species, too, the sutures of the meeting branches of the apophyses of
+  neighbouring spines seem to grow together, so that the whole shell exhibits a single piece of
+  acanthin.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i> of the Hexalaspida is therefore very small and seems to fill up the
+  greatest part of the shell-cavity. Its form is constantly more or less lenticular, sometimes
+  lentelliptical. On account of the opacity of the shell I could not make out its shape more
+  closely.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Hexalaspida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp3 mc smaller w50 vx nothand" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Hexalaspida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Hexalaspida">
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 w50 sp0">All twenty spines externally developed, prominent
+      on the surface of the lenticular shell.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Sheaths of the spines not prominent,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">376. <i>Hexalaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Sheaths of the spines prominent,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">377. <i>Hexaconus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi it1p05 sp0">Only six spines (the hydrotomical spines) externally
+      developed and prominent on the margin of the disk; the other fourteen spines not
+      prominent.</td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="vmi brace"><img src="images/lbrace4sm.png" class="brace"
+      alt="brace"/></td>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Sheaths of the spines not prominent,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">378. <i>Hexonaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05">Sheaths of the spines prominent,</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">379. <i>Hexacolpus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <table class="sp4 w100 smaller handonly" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Hexalaspida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Hexalaspida">
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">All twenty spines externally developed, prominent on the surface of the
+      lenticular shell.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Sheaths of the spines not prominent,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">376. <i>Hexalaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Sheaths of the spines prominent,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">377. <i>Hexaconus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td colspan="5">Only six spines (the hydrotomical spines) externally developed and prominent
+      on the margin of the disk; the other fourteen spines not prominent.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Sheaths of the spines not prominent,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">378. <i>Hexonaspis</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" colspan="3">Sheaths of the spines prominent,</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd br"></td>
+      <td class="qd bb"></td>
+      <td rowspan="2" class="wnw pb05">379. <i>Hexacolpus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+      <td class="qd"></td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 376. <i>Hexalaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_416" href="#Nt_416"><sup>[416]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Hexalaspida</span> with twenty prominent radial
+  spines, which are not surrounded by prominent sheaths; the six hydrotomical spines much larger
+  than the fourteen others.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Hexalaspis</i> is the simplest form among the Hexalaspida, and may be
+  derived directly from <i>Dictyaspis</i> among the Belonaspida, by stronger development of the six
+  hydrotomical spines. As in the following genus <i>Hexaconus</i> all twenty spines are prominent
+  externally.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Hexalasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Six hydrotomical spines of equal size.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page875">{875}</span></div>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexalaspis heliodiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>All six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size (or sometimes the two equatorial a little
+  larger than the four polar spines), isosceles triangular, compressed, smooth; about as long as the
+  radius of the shell, and half as broad at the base. The fourteen other spines very small, also
+  triangular and compressed, but little prominent on the two convex sides of the lenticular
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.11; length of the six hydrotomical spines
+  0.05, basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271 to 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexalaspis stellata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size, lanceolate compressed, with two longitudinal
+  furrows on each flat side, about as long as the diameter of the shell, and one-fourth as broad at
+  the base. The fourteen other spines very thin, also compressed, half as long and only one-fourth
+  as broad as the six large spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14; length of the six hydrotomical spines
+  0.13, basal breadth 0.035.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 284, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Hexalaspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, two opposite
+  (equatorial) much larger than the four other (polar) spines.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hexalaspis sexalata</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size; the two equatorial spines about as long as the
+  shell-radius and twice as long as the four polar spines, which are isosceles triangular. The
+  fourteen other spines are only half as long and one-fourth as broad as the latter, little
+  prominent. (Resembles <i>Hexonaspis hastata</i>, Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>, fig. 16,
+  which is distinguishable by the furrows on the six spines and by the total absence of the fourteen
+  external rudimentary spines.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15; length of the two equatorial spines 0.08,
+  of the four polar spines 0.04, of the fourteen other spines 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 240, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Hexalaspis hexalastrum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size; the two equatorial spines somewhat longer than the
+  diameter of the shell and three times as long as the four polar spines, all six triangular,
+  smooth, of the same basal breadth (equal to half the radius). The fourteen other spines very thin,
+  conical at the base, nearly as long as the radius.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page876">{876}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.21; length of the two equatorial spines 0.24,
+  of the eighteen others 0.08 to 0.1; basal breadth of the six larger spines 0.05, of the fourteen
+  others 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Western Tropical Pacific, Station 224, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Hexalaspis hexaglypha</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size; the two equatorial very large, six-sided prismatic,
+  twice as long as the diameter of the shell and four times as long as the four pyramidal polar
+  spines; each of these six spines with six deep furrows between the six prominent edges. The
+  fourteen other spines very thin, compressed, two-edged, about as long as the radius of the
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.11; length of the two equatorial spines 0.2,
+  of the eighteen others 0.04 to 0.06; basal breadth of the six larger spines 0.03, of the fourteen
+  others 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 352, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 377. <i>Hexaconus</i>,<a id="NtA_417" href="#Nt_417"><sup>[417]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Hexalaspida</span> with twenty prominent radial
+  spines, which are surrounded at the base by prominent sheaths; the six hydrotomical spines much
+  larger than the fourteen others.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Hexaconus</i> differs from the preceding <i>Hexalaspis</i> in the
+  development of conical or cylindrical sheaths surrounding the basal parts of the radial spines;
+  these sheaths are developed sometimes around all twenty spines, sometimes only around the six
+  larger hydrotomical spines.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Hexaconarium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Six hydrotomical spines of equal size.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexaconus ciliatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  fig. 3).</p>
+
+  <p>All six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size, pyramidal, with six prominent edges, somewhat
+  longer than the radius of the shell. Sheaths sulcated, finely ciliated at the mouth, twice as
+  broad as long and only one-fourth as long as the spines. The fourteen smaller spines very thin,
+  bristle-shaped, shorter than the radius of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.16; length of the six hydrotomical spines
+  0.11; basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 270, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page877">{877}</span></div>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexaconus coronatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>All six hydrotomical spines of equal size, conical, somewhat compressed, with two prominent
+  edges, scarcely as long as the radius of the shell. Sheaths crested, strongly dentated on the
+  mouth, three times as broad as long and only one-sixth as long as the spines. Fourteen smaller
+  spines about half as large as the six principal spines, of the same form, but without coronated
+  sheaths.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2; length of the six hydrotomical spines 0.1;
+  basal breadth 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 253, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hexaconus velatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  fig. 6).</p>
+
+  <p>All six hydrotomical spines of equal size, conical, somewhat compressed, shorter than the
+  radius of the shell. Sheaths very large, truncated conical, enveloping the spines almost entirely,
+  with crested wall, only half as broad at the constricted mouth as at the base. The fourteen
+  smaller spines about half as large as the six principal spines, of the same form, but without
+  large sheaths.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.12; length of the six hydrotomical spines
+  0.05; basal breadth 0.01.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Atlantic, Station 354, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Hexaconidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, two opposite
+  (equatorial) much larger than the four other (polar) spines.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Hexaconus serratus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  fig. 4).</p>
+
+  <p>Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, the two equatorial being as long as the radius of the
+  shell and one and a half times as large as the four polar; all of the same form, triangular,
+  compressed, with six prominent edges. Sheaths cylindrical, half as long as the spines, with
+  prominent crests, and with strong serrated teeth at the distal mouth. The fourteen smaller spines
+  scarcely one-fourth or one-sixth as large as the six principal spines, without prominent
+  sheaths.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2; length of the equatorial spines 0.1, basal
+  breadth 0.05; length and breadth of the sheaths 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Hexaconus vaginatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size; the two equatorial very stout, pyramidal, six-edged,
+  nearly as long as the diameter of the shell, and on the base three to four times as broad as the
+  eighteen other spines, which are much thinner, all nearly of equal length, and two-edged. All
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page878">{878}</span>twenty spines are provided with prominent basal
+  sheaths, which are truncate conical, sulcate, and dentate on the narrowed distal mouth. The
+  sheaths of the six hydrotomical spines are twice to three times as large as those of the fourteen
+  smaller spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15; length of the spines 0.12; basal breadth
+  of the equatorial spines 0.04, of the other spines 0.02; length of the hydrotomical sheaths 0.05,
+  of the other sheaths 0.02.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Hexaconus echinatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>,
+  fig. 12).</p>
+
+  <p>Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size; the two equatorial, and their sheaths twice as large
+  as the four polar spines. These six spines are six-edged, pyramidal, and their basal half
+  enveloped by very large conical sheaths which are sulcate, and twice as broad on the dentate
+  distal mouth as on the narrower base. The other fourteen spines are very thin, two-edged, half as
+  long, with low sheaths. Approaches some forms of <i>Diploconus</i>.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15; length of the equatorial spines 0.13, of
+  the polar spines 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean, Belligemma, Ceylon, Haeckel, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 378. <i>Hexonaspis</i>,<a id="NtA_418" href="#Nt_418"><sup>[418]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Hexalaspida</span> with six prominent radial spines
+  (in the hydrotomical plane) which are not surrounded by prominent sheaths; the fourteen other
+  spines quite rudimentary, not prominent.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Hexonaspis</i> and the following <i>Hexacolpus</i> differ from the two
+  preceding genera in the rudimentary shape of the fourteen reduced and stunted smaller spines;
+  these are only developed inside the shell, and are not prominent outside over its surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Hexonasparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Six hydrotomical spines of equal size.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexonaspis heliosestrum</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size, isosceles triangular, compressed, smooth,
+  about as long as the diameter of the shell and three times as long as broad at the base. This
+  species is very similar to <i>Hexalaspis heliodiscus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>, fig. 2),
+  but differs in the larger size of the six marginal spines and in the complete external absence of
+  the fourteen smaller spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page879">{879}</span></div>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.13; length of the six marginal spines 0.12,
+  basal breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 348, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexonaspis hexapleura</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>, fig.
+  15).</p>
+
+  <p>All six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size, triangular, compressed, six-edged, about as
+  long as the radius of the shell and twice as long as broad on the base. Two strong prominent ribs
+  on each flat side of the spines. Shell very thick-walled, with a very small cavity.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.11; length of the six marginal spines 0.06,
+  basal breadth 0.03.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 332, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hexonaspis hexagona</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All six hydrotomical spines of equal size, very short, triangular, only half as long as broad
+  at the base. The whole shell accordingly forms a regular hexagon, the six corners of which are
+  formed by the distal points of the rudimentary spines, the six sides by their straight lateral
+  edges. Shell very dark.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2; length of the six marginal spines 0.03,
+  basal breadth 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic (east of Patagonia), Station 318, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Hexonaspidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, two opposite
+  (equatorial) much larger than the four other (polar) spines.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Hexonaspis hastata</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>,
+  fig. 16).</p>
+
+  <p>Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size; two larger equatorial spines with six prominent wings,
+  about as long as the radius of the shell and half as broad at the base; the four polar spines
+  quite as broad, but only half as long, nearly equilateral triangular, with two shallow furrows on
+  each flat side at the broader base. The fourteen smaller spines not visible on the surface, quite
+  rudimentary. Crests of the surface elegantly denticulated.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.14; length of the two equatorial spines 0.08,
+  of the four polar spines 0.04; basal breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page880">{880}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Genus 379. <i>Hexacolpus</i>,<a id="NtA_419" href="#Nt_419"><sup>[419]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Hexalaspida</span> with six prominent radial spines
+  (in the hydrotomical plane), which are surrounded by prominent sheaths at the base; the fourteen
+  other spines quite rudimentary, not prominent.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Hexacolpus</i> differs from the preceding <i>Hexonaspis</i> in the
+  development of conical or cylindrical sheaths around the basal parts of the radial spines. It
+  bears to the latter the same relation as <i>Hexaconus</i> exhibits to <i>Hexalaspis</i>.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Hexacolparium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Six hydrotomical spines all nearly of equal size.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Hexacolpus nivalis</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Hexalaspis nivalis</i>, Haeckel, 1882, Manuscript et Atlas.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>All six hydrotomical spines of nearly equal size and equidistant, thin, lanceolate, compressed,
+  somewhat shorter than the diameter of the hexagonal shell. Sheaths nearly prismatic, conical in
+  the distal third, each with twelve prominent parallel crests, which are separated by twelve deep
+  furrows; their contracted distal opening or mouth denticulate. The sheaths are as long as the
+  radius of the shell, and envelop two-thirds of the spines. (Resembles certain forms of
+  snow-crystals.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.15, thickness of its wall 0.08; length of the
+  spines 0.1, of the sheath 0.007; breadth of the latter 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Hexacolpus conifer</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>All six hydrotomical spines of equal size and equidistant, triangular, compressed, about as
+  long as the radius of the circular shell. Sheaths conical, sulcate, half as broad on the serrate
+  distal end as on the base. The sheaths envelop the basal half of the spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.18; length of the spines 0.1, of the sheaths
+  0.06; basal breadth of the latter 0.07, distal breadth 0.04.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 236, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Hexacolpidium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, two opposite
+  (equatorial) much larger than the four other (polar) spines.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page881">{881}</span></div>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Hexacolpus trypanon</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>,
+  fig. 11).</p>
+
+  <p>Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, two equatorial about as long as the diameter of the
+  shell and nearly twice as large as the four polar; all of the same form, quadrangular prismatic,
+  with prominent edges and pointed distal ends. Sheaths six-sided prismatic, with strong prominent
+  edges and thinner parallel ribs between them; their distal mouth with six strong denticulated
+  teeth. The sheaths envelop two-thirds of the spines, and are as broad as the radius of the
+  shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.13; length of the equatorial spines 0.12, of
+  their sheaths 0.08; breadth of the latter 0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 288, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Hexacolpus dodecodus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, two equatorial about as long as the radius of the
+  shell and twice as large as the four polar; all of the same form, triangular, compressed,
+  sulcated. Sheaths prismatic, with twelve prominent, parallel edges, and twelve strong serrated
+  triangular teeth on the mouth. The sheaths envelop the basal half of the spines. This species
+  greatly resembles <i>Hexaconus serratus</i> (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>, fig. 4),
+  but differs in the larger size of the equatorial spines and the complete reduction of the fourteen
+  smaller spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.2; length of the equatorial spines 0.1, of
+  their sheaths 0.06; breadth of the latter 0.08.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 248, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Hexacolpus infundibulum</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>, fig.
+  10).</p>
+
+  <p>Six hydrotomical spines of unequal size, two equatorial about twice as long as the diameter of
+  the shell and as the four polar spines; all six spines of the same form, quadrangular prismatic,
+  pointed at the distal pyramidal end. Sheaths conical, two to three times as broad at the
+  denticulate distal mouth as at the narrow base, sulcate; the mantle of the cone concavely vaulted.
+  The large sheaths envelop two-thirds or three-fourths of the spines.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Diameter of the shell 0.1 to 0.13; length of the equatorial spines
+  0.15 to 0.2, of their sheaths 0.1 to 0.15; basal breadth of the latter 0.04, distal breadth
+  0.12.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 272, surface.</p>
+
+  <h4>Family XLIV. <span class="gsp"><span class="sc">Diploconida</span></span>, Haeckel (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>).</h4>
+
+  <p class="ac smaller"><i>Diploconida</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p.404.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Acantharia</span> with simple diploconical shell,
+  composed of two very large equatorial spines which are opposite in the hydrotomical axis, are
+  surrounded by conical or cylindrical, often compressed sheaths, and arise from a small central
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page882">{882}</span>lattice-shell. Eighteen other spines (disposed
+  according to the M�llerian law of Icosacantha) much smaller, often rudimentary. Central capsule
+  ellipsoidal or diploconical.</p>
+
+  <p>The family <span class="gsp">Diploconida</span>, founded by me in 1862 for a single
+  Mediterranean species (<i>Diploconus fasces</i>), appears to be the most aberrant and strange form
+  among the <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>. As I had met with only a single specimen, very dark
+  and intransparent in its central part, my observations on its structure were imperfect and the
+  explanation of it partly erroneous (compare my Monograph, pp. 46, 404, Taf. xx. figs. 7, 8).
+  However, I regarded <i>Diploconus</i> as the representative of quite a peculiar family, derived
+  from the Acanthometrida, and I correctly compared the large opposite radial spines of one
+  equatorial axis with the corresponding parts in <i>Amphilonche</i>.</p>
+
+  <p>Afterwards Richard Hertwig observed some specimens of <i>Diploconus fasces</i> in the same
+  locality (Messina), and gave an accurate description of its central capsule, including numerous
+  small nuclei (1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 28, Taf. ii. fig. 3). He found also that the
+  peculiar diploconical skeleton is not composed of silex, but of acanthin. In the explanation of
+  the shell-structure he adopted my opinion.</p>
+
+  <p>In the rich collections of the Challenger I detected ten different forms of Diploconida, all
+  very rare, and for the most part represented only by single specimens. A twelfth species was found
+  by me in the collection of Captain Rabbe from the Indian Ocean. By the study of these new forms,
+  and particularly by their comparison with the most nearly allied Hexalaspida and Belonaspida, it
+  was possible for me to correct some errors in my former description and to give a much more
+  correct description and natural explanation of this very peculiar and strange family of Radiolaria
+  (compare Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>).</p>
+
+  <p>The most characteristic and the most voluminous part of the acanthinic skeleton in all
+  Diploconida appears as the diploconical or nearly cylindrical solid "mantle" giving them their
+  name and odd appearance (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>).
+  Usually this mantle is broader on its two opposite terminal openings than in its more or less
+  constricted middle part. This latter is now more spherical or ellipsoidal, now more lenticular,
+  and usually separated from the two cones by two slight transverse strictures. On the surface of
+  this middle part twelve to eighteen radial spines, which in <i>Diplocolpus</i> are rudimentary or
+  absent, are visible in <i>Diploconus</i>. The longitudinal axis of this shell is constantly
+  occupied by a very large pair of opposite stout prismatic or cylindrical principal spines, which
+  are united in the centre and usually more or less prominent with their distal apex over the two
+  openings of the double cone.</p>
+
+  <p>In my first communication on the <i>Diploconus</i> (1862, <i>loc. cit.</i>) I correctly
+  compared these two large spines in the prolonged main axis of the shell to the principal
+  equatorial spines of <i>Amphilonche</i> (or to the "hydrotomical spines," <i>c</i>1, <i>c</i>3);
+  but my explanation of the two peculiar cones enveloping them was erroneous. I supposed at that
+  time that they were formed by the eight flattened and leaf-shaped curved <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page883">{883}</span>tropical spines, so that around each principal spine the four
+  neighbouring tropical spines (two of the northern and two of the southern hemisphere) had grow
+  together by their edges and formed the peculiar conical sheath. I can now say that this opinion
+  (afterwards adopted also by Hertwig) was quite erroneous, the two conical or funnel-shaped sheaths
+  being the enlarged basal sheaths of the two hydrotomical spines, which we have already seen in the
+  Hexalaspida (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate139"><b>139</b></a>).
+  But whilst in these latter all six principal spines of the hydrotomical meridian plane are
+  hypertrophied (two equatorial and four polar spines), in the nearly allied Diploconida only the
+  two opposite equatorial spines are developed, whilst all other eighteen spines are more or less
+  atrophied or quite rudimentary. In <i>Diploconus</i> the latter are more or less evident, whilst
+  in <i>Diplocolpus</i> they disappear externally.</p>
+
+  <p>The true lattice-shell of the <span class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> (constantly composed of
+  the meeting apophyses of twenty radial spines) is therefore represented in the Diploconida by the
+  small roundish middle part of the whole shell, which is usually much smaller than the two opposite
+  cones, and separated from them by the two slight transverse strictures. Usually this small but
+  most important middle part of the shell is very dark and opaque, on account of its very thick wall
+  and small pores; but in some species it is clear enough to ascertain that the structure of this
+  lattice-shell is the same as in the lenticular Hexalaspida, there being a network of thick crests
+  on the outer surface and small pores in the dimples between them. Indeed, in many (and probably in
+  all) Diploconida the forty aspinal pores are present which we found in all Hexalaspida,
+  Belonaspida, and Diporaspida, so that these four families of <span
+  class="gsp">Acanthophracta</span> represent one continuous phylogenetical series;
+  <i>Phractaspis</i> among the Diporaspida is at the beginning, and <i>Diplocolpus</i> among the
+  Diploconida at the end of this remarkably transformed morphological series.</p>
+
+  <p>The twenty radial spines in all Diploconida are probably united very firmly (or even perfectly
+  grown together) in the centre of the small thick-walled lattice-shell, the inner space of which is
+  extremely reduced. Probably, too, the sutures between the meeting apophyses of the thick radial
+  spines are often (or even constantly) obliterated by concrescence, so that the whole shell forms a
+  single piece of acanthin. But I regret that I cannot ascertain these and other points in the
+  structure of the shell, as the small number of specimens observed did not permit an anatomical
+  examination to be made. I have no doubt, however, that the structure of the whole of the middle
+  main part of the shell is quite the same as in the lenticular shell of the thick-walled
+  Hexalaspida, and that in both families each of the twenty radial spines bears originally only two
+  opposite apophyses.</p>
+
+  <p>The characteristic mantle of the double cone of the Diploconida, or the basal sheath of their
+  two large, perfectly developed principal spines is usually much larger than the shell itself, and
+  more or less compressed from both poles of the shortened geotomical axis. Therefore the transverse
+  section of the two cones is usually elliptical, more <span class="pagenum"
+  id="page884">{884}</span>rarely circular. Their widest part is generally the distal opening; more
+  rarely this is a little constricted. The thin transparent lamella of acanthin, representing the
+  mantle of the double cone, is commonly ribbed or furrowed by longitudinal, parallel or divergent
+  crests, and elegantly denticulated on the edge of the distal opening.</p>
+
+  <p>The two conical or cylindrical halves of the mantle are connected with the two enclosed
+  principal spines not only at the base, where they arise from the small central lattice-shell, but
+  also throughout a certain part of their length, by means of two, four, or six wings or leaves,
+  which lie opposite and in pairs in the meridian planes of those spines. These meridian wings are
+  more or less triangular (with broader concave outer bases), and connected by their axial edge with
+  the spine and by their peripheral edge with the mantle. They separate two, four, or six conical
+  spaces or pyramidal compartments in each cone. But these aspinal compartments and the separating
+  septa are not new productions of the Diploconida, but are inherited from their ancestral family,
+  the Hexalaspida (compare above, p. <a href="#page873">873</a>).</p>
+
+  <p>The eighteen smaller spines in <i>Diploconus</i> are either of nearly equal size or more or
+  less differentiated. The eight tropical spines are often much larger than the eight polar spines.
+  The two geotomical spines, (or the two opposite equatorial spines of the shortened geotomical
+  axis) are often quite rudimentary. In <i>Diplocolpus</i> the external part (outside the shell) is
+  in all eighteen smaller spines rudimentary or atrophied.</p>
+
+  <p><i>The Central Capsule</i>, as shown by Hertwig, contains numerous small nuclei, and is divided
+  into three parts by the above named two transverse strictures; the smaller central part (in the
+  original lenticular lattice-shell) and the two opposite larger parts, filling up the greater part
+  of the two conical or cylindrical sheaths, and more or less adopting their form. Corresponding to
+  the shell itself the enclosed capsule is often more or less flattened, being compressed at both
+  poles of the geotomical axis. The pseudopodia seem to proceed only from the two large polar
+  apertures of the sheaths, and form therefore two opposite conical tufts or bunches.</p>
+
+  <h5><i>Synopsis of the Genera of Diploconida.</i></h5>
+
+  <table class="sp4 mc smaller vx" title="Synopsis of the Genera of Diploconida"
+  summary="Synopsis of the Genera of Diploconida">
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0">All twenty spines more or less developed (sometimes eight of them
+      rudimentary),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">380. <i>Diploconus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+    <tr>
+      <td class="vmi it1p05 sp0 pr2">Only the two hydrotomical spines developed (all the eighteen
+      others rudimentary),</td>
+      <td class="vbm wnw">381. <i>Diplocolpus</i>.</td>
+    </tr>
+  </table>
+
+  <h5>Genus 380. <i>Diploconus</i>,<a id="NtA_420" href="#Nt_420"><sup>[420]</sup></a> Haeckel,
+  1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 404.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Diploconida</span> with two very large spines
+  (opposite in the hydrotomical axis) and ten to eighteen other much smaller spines externally
+  visible.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page885">{885}</span></div>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Diploconus</i> must be derived from <i>Hexacolpus</i> (among the
+  <i>Hexalaspida</i>) by the stronger development of the two hydrotomical spines and their large
+  sheaths; all the other eighteen spines are much smaller, and usually devoid of prominent sheaths.
+  Sometimes the eight tropical spines are rudimentary.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Diploconulus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Mantle of the double cone not compressed; its transverse
+  section therefore circular.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Diploconus amalla</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>,
+  fig. 1).</p>
+
+  <p>Mantle of the double cone thick walled, not compressed, its transverse section circular; its
+  contour little convex; its surface nearly smooth; its distal margin regularly denticulated.
+  Diameter of its mouth twice as large as the equatorial diameter of the shell and one-third as long
+  as its total length. The two large spines prismatic, one-fourth longer than their conical sheath.
+  The eighteen smaller spines very thin, about half as long as the former, a little curved.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.3; equatorial breadth 0.05, polar breadth
+  0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, station 271, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Diploconus cyathiscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>, fig.
+  3).</p>
+
+  <p>Mantle of the double cone thin walled, not compressed; its transverse section circular; its
+  contour strongly convex; its surface with six stronger and many smaller ribs; its margin with
+  numerous straight and long, parallel denticles. Diameter of its mouth half as long as the whole
+  shell and one and a half times as long as its equatorial diameter. The two principal spines
+  one-fourth longer than their conical sheath. The eighteen smaller spines about half as long, thin,
+  straight.  Both geotomical spines thick and short.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.2; equatorial breadth 0.07, polar breadth
+  0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;West Tropical Pacific, Station 225, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Diploconus cylindrus</i>, n. sp.</p>
+
+  <p>Mantle of the double cone thick walled, dark, cylindrical, not compressed; its transverse
+  section circular; its contours straight, parallel; its surface with strong parallel straight
+  longitudinal ribs; its margin irregularly dentated. Diameter of its mouth one-fifth as long as the
+  whole shell and two-thirds as long as the diameter of the equatorial intumescence. The two
+  principal spines prismatic, nearly twice as long as their cylindrical sheath. The smaller spines
+  about half as long, thin, conical, straight. (Resembles the medial part of <i>Hexacolpus
+  trypanon</i>, Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>,
+  fig. 11.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.25; equatorial breadth 0.08, polar breadth
+  0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 241, surface.</p>
+
+  <div><span class="pagenum" id="page886">{886}</span></div>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Diploconium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Mantle of the double cone compressed from both poles of
+  the shortened geotomical axis; its transverse section therefore elliptical.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Diploconus fasces</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p><i>Diploconus fasces</i>, Haeckel, 1862, Monogr. d. Radiol., p. 405, Taf. xx. figs. 7, 8.</p>
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Diploconus fasces</i>, R. Hertwig, 1879, Organismus d. Radiol., p. 28, Taf.
+    ii. fig. 3.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Mantle of the double cone compressed, with elliptical transverse section; its contour straight;
+  its surface with numerous longitudinal furrows; its margin finely denticulated. Diameter of its
+  mouth two-fifths as long as the whole shell and three times as broad as its equatorial diameter.
+  The two main spines one-third longer than their conical sheath, four-edged. The eighteen smaller
+  spines thick and short, cylindrical or a little compressed.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.18; equatorial breadth 0.025, polar breadth
+  0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Mediterranean (Messina), surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Diploconus cotyliscus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>, fig.
+  4).</p>
+
+  <p>Mantle of the double cone compressed, thin walled, with elliptical transverse section; its
+  contour convex; surface and margin nearly smooth. Diameter of its mouth half as long as the whole
+  shell and twice as long as its equatorial diameter. The two main spines scarcely longer than their
+  hemispherical sheath. The smaller spines conical, straight, nearly of the same length.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.3; equatorial breadth 0.08, polar breadth
+  0.15.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Tropical Atlantic, Station 347, surface,</p>
+
+  <p>6. <i>Diploconus saturnus</i>, Haeckel.</p>
+
+  <div class="bq1 smaller it divsp0 sp2">
+    <p class="sp0"><i>Diploconus saturnus</i>, Haeckel, 1879, Nat�rl. Sch�pfungsgesch., Aufl. vii.
+    p. 706, Taf. xvi. fig. 11.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <p>Mantle of the double cone compressed, thick walled, with elliptical transverse section; its
+  contour convex; its surface with numerous deep and irregular longitudinal furrows and marginal
+  incisions. Diameter of its mouth one-third as long as the whole shell and twice as broad as its
+  equatorial diameter. The two hydrotomical spines short, scarcely longer than their sheath. The
+  eighteen other spines thin, cylindrical, nearly of the same length, curved. (Resembles a
+  sheaf.)</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.24; equatorial breadth 0.04, polar breadth
+  0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 300, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>7. <i>Diploconus hexaphyllus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>, fig.
+  2).</p>
+
+  <p>Mantle of the double cone compressed, thick walled, with elliptical transverse section; its
+  contour straight; surface with six stronger and numerous smaller straight ribs and six marginal
+  <span class="pagenum" id="page887">{887}</span>denticulate incisions. Diameter of its mouth
+  one-third as long as the whole shell and somewhat smaller than the equatorial diameter.
+  Hydrotomical spines about twice as long as their sheath, pyramidal, with emarginate point and six
+  wings. Geotomical spines short and strong, pyramidal. Sixteen other spines thin, straight,
+  conical.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.3; equatorial breadth 0.11, polar breadth
+  0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 266, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Genus 381. <i>Diplocolpus</i>,<a id="NtA_421" href="#Nt_421"><sup>[421]</sup></a> n. gen.</h5>
+
+  <p><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;<span class="gsp">Diploconida</span> with only two developed, very
+  large spines (opposite in the hydrotomical axis); all the other eighteen spines quite rudimentary
+  or externally atrophied.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4">The genus <i>Diplocolpus</i> is the last and the most modified genus among the
+  <span class="sc">Acantharia</span>. The eighteen smaller spines of <i>Diploconus</i> are here
+  quite rudimentary or have even perfectly disappeared by atrophy, so that the shell seems to
+  consist only of the large hydrotomical spines and their enveloping sheaths.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 1. <i>Diplocolpulus</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Mantle of the double cone not compressed; its transverse
+  section therefore circular.</p>
+
+  <p>1. <i>Diplocolpus costatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>,
+  fig. 7).</p>
+
+  <p>Mantle of the double cone thin walled, not compressed; its transverse section circular or
+  nearly hexagonal; its contour little convex; surface with six thick longitudinal equidistant ribs
+  and many thinner ribs between them; margin denticulate. Transverse diameter of the shell one-third
+  as long as the longitudinal. The two hydrotomical spines thick and short, little prominent over
+  the polar mouth. No rudiments of other spines visible externally.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.15; equatorial and polar breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Indian Ocean (Madagascar), Rabbe, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>2. <i>Diplocolpus cristatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a
+  href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>, fig.
+  6).</p>
+
+  <p>Mantle of the double cone thick walled, not compressed; its transverse section circular or
+  hexagonal; its contour nearly straight; surface with six thick prominent longitudinal equidistant
+  ribs; margin irregularly dentated. Transverse diameter of the shell half as long as the
+  longitudinal. <span class="pagenum" id="page888">{888}</span>The two hydrotomical spines very
+  thick and short, pyramidal, little prominent. Short rudiments of the eighteen other spines
+  present, bristle-shaped.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.1, breadth 0.05.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp4"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Atlantic, Station 335, surface.</p>
+
+  <h5>Subgenus 2. <i>Diplocolpium</i>, Haeckel.</h5>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Definition.</i>&mdash;Mantle of the double cone compressed from both poles of
+  the shortened geotomical axis; its transverse section therefore elliptical.</p>
+
+  <p>3. <i>Diplocolpus serratus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>,
+  fig. 5).</p>
+
+  <p>Mantle of the double cone thick walled, compressed, with elliptical transverse section; its
+  surface with numerous delicate ribs; contour little convex; margin regularly serrate. Hydrotomical
+  spines short, pyramidal, with six serrate wings. Transverse diameter of the shell nearly twice as
+  great at the polar mouth as at the equator and half as long as the whole shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.15; breadth on the equator 0.035, on the poles
+  0.07.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;Central Pacific, Station 274, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>4. <i>Diplocolpus dentatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>,
+  fig. 9).</p>
+
+  <p>Mantle of the double cone thin walled, compressed, with elliptical transverse section; its
+  contour straight; surface with six deeper and numerous shallower furrows; margin denticulated,
+  with six triangular prominent larger teeth. Hydrotomical spines very large prismatic, pyramidal at
+  the ends. Transverse diameter of the shell a little larger at the polar mouth than at the equator
+  and half as long as the whole shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.2; breadth on the equator 0.08, on the poles
+  0.1.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp3"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;North Pacific, Station 244, surface.</p>
+
+  <p>5. <i>Diplocolpus sulcatus</i>, n. sp. (Pl. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44527/44527-h/44527-h.htm#plate140"><b>140</b></a>,
+  fig. 8).</p>
+
+  <p>Mantle of the double cone thin walled, compressed, with elliptical transverse section; its
+  contour straight; surface with twelve to sixteen deep longitudinal furrows, which are separated by
+  thin, undulating, double edged ribs; margin little dentated. Hydrotomical spines short, pyramidal,
+  with six dentate wings. Transverse diameter of the shell a little larger at the polar mouth than
+  at the equator, about one-third of the whole length of the shell.</p>
+
+  <p><i>Dimensions.</i>&mdash;Length of the shell 0.17; breadth on the equator 0.05, on the poles
+  0.06.</p>
+
+  <p class="sp5"><i>Habitat.</i>&mdash;South Pacific, Station 291, surface.</p>
+
+  <p class="ac" style="margin-bottom:1.3ex;"><span class="x-larger">Notes.</span></p>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_1" href="#NtA_1">[1]</a>
+    <p>The numbers preceded by L. N. refer to the list of names of authors in the Bibliography on p.
+    <a href="#pageclxxvi">clxxvi</a>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_2" href="#NtA_2">[2]</a>
+    <p><i>Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena</i>, February 16, 1883.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_3" href="#NtA_3">[3]</a>
+    <p><i>Loc. cit.</i></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_4" href="#NtA_4">[4]</a>
+    <p><i>Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin</i>, 1858, p. 28.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_5" href="#NtA_5">[5]</a>
+    <p>Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, Taf. ii. p. 253.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_6" href="#NtA_6">[6]</a>
+    <p>Histologie der Radiolarien, pp. 43-73, Taf. iii.-v.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_7" href="#NtA_7">[7]</a>
+    <p><i>Sitzungsb. med.-nat. Gesellsch. Jena</i>, February 16, 1883.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_8" href="#NtA_8">[8]</a>
+    <p><i>Actissa</i> = Radiant, <span title="aktis" class="fsn">&#x1F00;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_9" href="#NtA_9">[9]</a>
+    <p><i>Thalassolampe</i> = Sea-scum; <span title="thalassa"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F71;&lambda;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&alpha;</span> and <span title="lamp�"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&mu;&pi;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_10" href="#NtA_10">[10]</a>
+    <p><i>Thalassopila</i> = Sea-ball; <span title="thalassa"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F71;&lambda;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&alpha;</span>, <span title="pila"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F77;&lambda;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_11" href="#NtA_11">[11]</a>
+    <p><i>Thalassicolla</i> = Sea-jelly, <span title="thalassa"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F71;&lambda;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&alpha;</span>, <span title="kolla"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F79;&lambda;&lambda;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_12" href="#NtA_12">[12]</a>
+    <p><i>Thalassophysa</i> = Sea-bladder; <span title="thalassa"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F71;&lambda;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&alpha;</span>, <span title="physa."
+    class="fsn">&phi;&#x1FE6;&sigma;&alpha;.</span></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_13" href="#NtA_13">[13]</a>
+    <p><i>Collozoum</i> = Jelly-animal; <span title="kolla"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F79;&lambda;&lambda;&alpha;</span>, <span title="z�on"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&#x1FF6;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_14" href="#NtA_14">[14]</a>
+    <p><i>Thalassosph�ra</i> = Sea-sphere; <span title="thalassa"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F71;&lambda;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&alpha;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_15" href="#NtA_15">[15]</a>
+    <p>Atlantic, vol. i. p. 233, fig. 51, 1877.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_16" href="#NtA_16">[16]</a>
+    <p><i>Thalassoxanthium</i> = Sea-burdock; <span title="thalassa"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F71;&lambda;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&alpha;</span>, <span title="xanthion."
+    class="fsn">&xi;&#x1F71;&nu;&theta;&iota;&omicron;&nu;.</span></p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_17" href="#NtA_17">[17]</a>
+    <p><i>Physematium</i> = Small vesicle; <span title="Phys�mation"
+    class="fsn">&Phi;&upsilon;&sigma;&eta;&mu;&#x1F71;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_18" href="#NtA_18">[18]</a>
+    <p><i>Thalassoplancta</i> = Floating on the sea; <span title="thalassoplankta"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&alpha;&lambda;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&#x1F79;&pi;&lambda;&alpha;&gamma;&kappa;&tau;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_19" href="#NtA_19">[19]</a>
+    <p>Compare <i>Thalassoplancta cavispicula</i>, Monogr. d. Radiol., 1862, p. 261, Taf. iii. figs.
+    10-13.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_20" href="#NtA_20">[20]</a>
+    <p><i>Lampoxanthium</i> = Scum-burdock; <span title="lampe"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&mu;&pi;&epsilon;</span>, <span title="xanthion"
+    class="fsn">&xi;&#x1F71;&nu;&theta;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_21" href="#NtA_21">[21]</a>
+    <p><i>Loc. cit.</i>, Taf. xxxii., xxxiii.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_22" href="#NtA_22">[22]</a>
+    <p><i>Belonozoum</i> = Needle-animal; <span title="belon�"
+    class="fsn">&beta;&epsilon;&lambda;&#x1F79;&nu;&eta;</span>, <span title="z�on"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&#x1FF6;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_23" href="#NtA_23">[23]</a>
+    <p><i>Sph�rozoum</i> = Spherical animal; <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>, <span title="z�on"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&#x1FF6;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_24" href="#NtA_24">[24]</a>
+    <p><i>Rhaphidozoum</i> = Needle-animal; <span title="rhaphis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1FE5;&alpha;&phi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="z�on"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&#x1FF6;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_25" href="#NtA_25">[25]</a>
+    <p>Ethmosph�rida = Liosph�rida simplicia = Monosph�rida anacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_26" href="#NtA_26">[26]</a>
+    <p><i>Cenosph�ra</i> = Hollow sphere; <span title="kenos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&epsilon;&nu;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_27" href="#NtA_27">[27]</a>
+    <p><i>Stigmosph�ra</i> = Sphere with central point; <span title="stigma"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1F77;&gamma;&mu;&alpha;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_28" href="#NtA_28">[28]</a>
+    <p><i>Ethmosph�ra</i> = Sieve-sphere; <span title="�thmos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F20;&theta;&mu;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_29" href="#NtA_29">[29]</a>
+    <p><i>Sethosph�ra</i> = Sieve-sphere; <span title="s�thos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&#x1FC6;&theta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_30" href="#NtA_30">[30]</a>
+    <p><i>Carposph�rida</i> = Liosph�rida duplicia = Dyosph�rida anacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_31" href="#NtA_31">[31]</a>
+    <p><i>Carposph�ra</i> = Fruit-shaped sphere, <span title="karpos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&alpha;&rho;&pi;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_32" href="#NtA_32">[32]</a>
+    <p><i>Liosph�ra</i> = Smooth sphere; <span title="leios"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&epsilon;&#x1FD6;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_33" href="#NtA_33">[33]</a>
+    <p>Thecosph�rida = Liosph�rida triplicia = Triosph�rida anacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_34" href="#NtA_34">[34]</a>
+    <p><i>Thecosph�ra</i> = Capsule-sphere; <span title="th�k�"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F75;&kappa;&eta;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_35" href="#NtA_35">[35]</a>
+    <p><i>Rhodosph�ra</i> = Rose-sphere; <span title="rhodon"
+    class="fsn">&#x1FE5;&#x1F79;&delta;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_36" href="#NtA_36">[36]</a>
+    <p>Cromyosph�rida = Liosph�rida tetraplicia = Tetrasph�rida anacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_37" href="#NtA_37">[37]</a>
+    <p><i>Cromyosph�ra</i> = Onion-sphere; <span title="chromyon"
+    class="fsn">&chi;&rho;&#x1F79;&mu;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_38" href="#NtA_38">[38]</a>
+    <p>Caryosph�rida = Liosph�rida multiplicia = Polysph�rida anacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_39" href="#NtA_39">[39]</a>
+    <p><i>Caryosph�ra</i> = Nut-sphere; <span title="karyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&rho;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_40" href="#NtA_40">[40]</a>
+    <p>Plegmosph�rida = Liosph�rida spongiosa = Spongosph�rida anacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_41" href="#NtA_41">[41]</a>
+    <p><i>Styptosph�ra</i> = Hemp-sphere; <span title="styptos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&upsilon;&pi;&tau;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_42" href="#NtA_42">[42]</a>
+    <p><i>Plegmosph�ra</i> = Sphere of wicker-work; <span title="plegma"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&lambda;&#x1F73;&gamma;&mu;&alpha;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_43" href="#NtA_43">[43]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongoplegma</i> = Spongy wickerwork; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="plegma"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&lambda;&#x1F73;&gamma;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_44" href="#NtA_44">[44]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongodictyon</i> = Spongy network; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diktyon"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&kappa;&tau;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_45" href="#NtA_45">[45]</a>
+    <p><i>Loc. cit.</i>, pp. 17, 55, 1858.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_46" href="#NtA_46">[46]</a>
+    <p><i>Abhandl. d. k. Akad. d. Wiss. Berlin</i>, p. 55, 1858.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_47" href="#NtA_47">[47]</a>
+    <p><i>Loc. cit.</i>, p. 530, 1862.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_48" href="#NtA_48">[48]</a>
+    <p><i>Loc. cit.</i>, pp. 30, 133, 1879.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_49" href="#NtA_49">[49]</a>
+    <p><i>Loc. cit.</i>, p. 471, 1881.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_50" href="#NtA_50">[50]</a>
+    <p><i>Loc. cit.</i>, p. 535, Taf. xxxiv. fig. 1.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_51" href="#NtA_51">[51]</a>
+    <p><i>Collosph�ra</i> = Jelly-sphere; <span title="kolla"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F79;&lambda;&lambda;&alpha;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_52" href="#NtA_52">[52]</a>
+    <p><i>Tribonosph�ra</i> = Cloak-sphere; <span title="trib�n"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&#x1F77;&beta;&omega;&nu;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_53" href="#NtA_53">[53]</a>
+    <p><i>Pharyngosph�ra</i> = Throat-sphere; <span title="pharynx"
+    class="fsn">&phi;&#x1F71;&rho;&upsilon;&gamma;&xi;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_54" href="#NtA_54">[54]</a>
+    <p><i>Buccinosph�ra</i> = Trumpet-sphere; <span title="bykan�"
+    class="fsn">&beta;&upsilon;&kappa;&#x1F71;&nu;&eta;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_55" href="#NtA_55">[55]</a>
+    <p><i>Acrosph�ra</i> = Pointed-sphere; <span title="akros"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_56" href="#NtA_56">[56]</a>
+    <p><i>Odontosph�ra</i> = Teeth-sphere; <span title="odous"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F40;&delta;&omicron;&#x1F7B;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_57" href="#NtA_57">[57]</a>
+    <p><i>Ch&#x0153;nicosph�ra</i> = Shell with coronel trepans; <span title="choinik�"
+    class="fsn">&chi;&omicron;&iota;&nu;&#x1F77;&kappa;&eta;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_58" href="#NtA_58">[58]</a>
+    <p><i>Siphonosph�ra</i> = Sphere with tubes; <span title="siph�n"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&#x1F77;&phi;&omega;&nu;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_59" href="#NtA_59">[59]</a>
+    <p><i>Mazosph�ra</i> = Teat-sphere; <span title="mazos"
+    class="fsn">&mu;&alpha;&zeta;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_60" href="#NtA_60">[60]</a>
+    <p><i>Trypanosph�ra</i> = Auger-sphere; <span title="trypanon"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&#x1F7B;&pi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_61" href="#NtA_61">[61]</a>
+    <p><i>Caminosph�ra</i> = Chimney-sphere; <span title="kaminos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&mu;&iota;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_62" href="#NtA_62">[62]</a>
+    <p><i>Solenosph�ra</i> = Sphere with tubules; <span title="s�l�n"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&omega;&lambda;&#x1F75;&nu;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_63" href="#NtA_63">[63]</a>
+    <p><i>Otosph�ra</i> = Shell with ears; <span title="otosphaira"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F40;&tau;&omicron;&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_64" href="#NtA_64">[64]</a>
+    <p><i>Coronosph�ra</i> = Coronal-sphere; <span title="koron�"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&#x1F79;&nu;&eta;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_65" href="#NtA_65">[65]</a>
+    <p><i>Clathrosph�ra</i> = Lattice-sphere.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_66" href="#NtA_66">[66]</a>
+    <p><i>Xanthiosph�ra</i> = Burdock-sphere; <span title="xanthion"
+    class="fsn">&xi;&#x1F71;&nu;&theta;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_67" href="#NtA_67">[67]</a>
+    <p>Stylosph�rida = Sph�roidea dissacantha, Prodromus, p. 449.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_68" href="#NtA_68">[68]</a>
+    <p><i>Xiphosph�ra</i> = Sword-sphere; <span title="xiphos"
+    class="fsn">&xi;&#x1F77;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_69" href="#NtA_69">[69]</a>
+    <p><i>Xiphostylus</i> = Sword style; <span title="xiphos"
+    class="fsn">&xi;&#x1F77;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_70" href="#NtA_70">[70]</a>
+    <p><i>Saturnalis</i> = Similar to <i>Saturnus</i>, with a ring.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_71" href="#NtA_71">[71]</a>
+    <p><i>Stylosph�ra</i> = Sphere with styles; <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_72" href="#NtA_72">[72]</a>
+    <p><i>Sph�rostylus</i> = Sphere with styles; <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>, <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_73" href="#NtA_73">[73]</a>
+    <p><i>Saturnulus</i> = Small <i>Saturnus</i>, with a ring.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_74" href="#NtA_74">[74]</a>
+    <p><i>Amphisph�ra</i> = Sphere with spines on both poles; <span title="amphi"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&mu;&phi;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_75" href="#NtA_75">[75]</a>
+    <p><i>Amphistylus</i> = Shell with styles on both poles; <span title="amphi"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&mu;&phi;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_76" href="#NtA_76">[76]</a>
+    <p><i>Saturninus</i> = Similar to Saturnus, with a ring.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_77" href="#NtA_77">[77]</a>
+    <p><i>Stylocromyum</i> = Onion with styles; <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kromyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&rho;&#x1F79;&mu;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_78" href="#NtA_78">[78]</a>
+    <p><i>Cromyostylus</i> = Onion with styles; <span title="kromyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&rho;&#x1F79;&mu;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_79" href="#NtA_79">[79]</a>
+    <p><i><span class="correction" title="Printed 'Spongolonche', corrected by
+    Errata.">Spongolonchis</span></i> = Spongy shell with spears; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span class="correction"
+    title="Printed '[Greek: l/onch�]', corrected by
+    Errata."><span title="lonchis" class="fsn">&lambda;&omicron;&gamma;&chi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span></span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_80" href="#NtA_80">[80]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongostylus</i> = Spongy shell with styles; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_81" href="#NtA_81">[81]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongostylidium</i>, diminutive of <i>Spongostylus</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_82" href="#NtA_82">[82]</a>
+    <p>Staurostylida = Staurosph�rida simplicia = Monosph�rida tetracantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_83" href="#NtA_83">[83]</a>
+    <p><i>Staurosph�ra</i> = Cross-sphere; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_84" href="#NtA_84">[84]</a>
+    <p><i>Staurostylus</i> = Cross-style; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_85" href="#NtA_85">[85]</a>
+    <p><i>Stylostaurus</i>, Style-cross; <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_86" href="#NtA_86">[86]</a>
+    <p>Staurolonchida = Staurosph�rida duplicia = Dyosph�rida tetracantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_87" href="#NtA_87">[87]</a>
+    <p><i>Staurolonche</i> = Crossed spear; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="lonch�"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F79;&gamma;&chi;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_88" href="#NtA_88">[88]</a>
+    <p><i>Staurancistra</i> = Crossed fish-hook; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="ankistra"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&gamma;&kappa;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_89" href="#NtA_89">[89]</a>
+    <p><i>Staurolonchidium</i> = Diminutive from <i>Staurolonche</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_90" href="#NtA_90">[90]</a>
+    <p><i>Stauroxiphos</i> = Sword with cross; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="xiphos"
+    class="fsn">&xi;&#x1F77;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_91" href="#NtA_91">[91]</a>
+    <p>Stauracontida = Staurosph�rida triplicia = Triosph�rida tetracantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_92" href="#NtA_92">[92]</a>
+    <p><i>Stauracontium</i> = Crossed dart; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="akontion"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&kappa;&#x1F79;&nu;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_93" href="#NtA_93">[93]</a>
+    <p>Staurocromyida = Staurosph�rida quadruplicia = Tetrasph�rida tetracantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_94" href="#NtA_94">[94]</a>
+    <p><i>Staurocromyum</i> = Cross-onion; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kromyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&rho;&#x1F79;&mu;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_95" href="#NtA_95">[95]</a>
+    <p><i>Cromyostaurus</i> = Onion-cross; <span title="kromyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&rho;&#x1F79;&mu;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_96" href="#NtA_96">[96]</a>
+    <p>Staurocaryida = Staurosph�rida multiplicia = Polysph�rida tetracantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_97" href="#NtA_97">[97]</a>
+    <p><i>Staurocaryum</i> = Cross-nut; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="karyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&rho;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_98" href="#NtA_98">[98]</a>
+    <p>Staurodorida = Staurosph�rida spongiosa = Spongosph�rida tetracantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_99" href="#NtA_99">[99]</a>
+    <p><i>Staurodoras</i> = Crossed spear; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="doras"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F79;&rho;&alpha;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_100" href="#NtA_100">[100]</a>
+    <p>Hexastylida = Cubosph�rida simplicia = Monosph�rida hexacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_101" href="#NtA_101">[101]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexastylus</i> = Shell with six styles; <span title="hexa"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F15;&xi;&alpha;</span>, <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_102" href="#NtA_102">[102]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexastylarium</i> = Shell with six styles; derivation from <i>Hexastylus</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_103" href="#NtA_103">[103]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexastylidium</i> = Shell with six styles; derivation from <i>Hexastylus</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_104" href="#NtA_104">[104]</a>
+    <p>Hexalonchida = Cubosph�rida duplicia = Dyosph�rida hexacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_105" href="#NtA_105">[105]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexalonche</i> = Shell with six spears; <span title="hexalonch�"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F11;&xi;&alpha;&lambda;&#x1F79;&gamma;&chi;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_106" href="#NtA_106">[106]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexancistra</i> = Shell with six fish-hooks; <span title="hexankistra"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F11;&xi;&#x1F71;&gamma;&kappa;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_107" href="#NtA_107">[107]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexaloncharium</i> = Shell with six spears; derivation from <i>Hexalonche</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_108" href="#NtA_108">[108]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexalonchidium</i> = Shell with six spears; derivation from <i>Hexalonche</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_109" href="#NtA_109">[109]</a>
+    <p>Hexacontida = Cubosph�rida triplicia = Triosph�rida hexacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_110" href="#NtA_110">[110]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexacontion</i> = Shell with six darts; <span title="hexakontion"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F11;&xi;&alpha;&kappa;&#x1F79;&nu;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_111" href="#NtA_111">[111]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexadendron</i> = Shell with six trees; <span title="hexadendron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F11;&xi;&alpha;&delta;&#x1F73;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_112" href="#NtA_112">[112]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexacontarium</i> = Shell with six darts; derivation, from <i>Hexacontion</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_113" href="#NtA_113">[113]</a>
+    <p>Hexacromyida = Cubosph�rida quadruplicia = Tetrasph�rida hexacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_114" href="#NtA_114">[114]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexacromyum</i> = Onion with six rays; <span title="hexa"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F15;&xi;&alpha;</span>, <span title="kromyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&rho;&#x1F79;&mu;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_115" href="#NtA_115">[115]</a>
+    <p>Hexacaryida = Cubosph�rida multiplicia = Polysph�rida hexacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_116" href="#NtA_116">[116]</a>
+    <p><i>Cubosph�ra</i> = Sphere with three axes of a cubus; <span title="kubos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1FE6;&beta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_117" href="#NtA_117">[117]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexacaryum</i> = Nut with six spines; <span title="hexa"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F15;&xi;&alpha;</span>, <span title="karyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&rho;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_118" href="#NtA_118">[118]</a>
+    <p>Hexadorida = Cubosph�rida spongiosa = Spongosph�rida hexacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_119" href="#NtA_119">[119]</a>
+    <p><i>Cubaxonium</i> = Shell with three axes like those of a cube; <span title="kubos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1FE6;&beta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="ax�nion"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&xi;&#x1F7D;&nu;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_120" href="#NtA_120">[120]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexadoras</i> = Shell with six spears; <span title="hexadoras"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F11;&xi;&#x1F71;&delta;&omicron;&rho;&alpha;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_121" href="#NtA_121">[121]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexadoridium</i> = Shell with six small spears; derivation from <i>Hexadoras</i>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_122" href="#NtA_122">[122]</a>
+    <p><i>Acanthosph�ra</i> = Spiny sphere; <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_123" href="#NtA_123">[123]</a>
+    <p><i>Heliosph�ra</i> = Sun sphere; <span title="h�lios"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F25;&lambda;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_124" href="#NtA_124">[124]</a>
+    <p><i>Conosph�ra</i> = Sphere with cones; <span title="k�nos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1FF6;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_125" href="#NtA_125">[125]</a>
+    <p><i>Coscinomma</i> = Sieve eye; <span title="koskinon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F79;&sigma;&kappa;&iota;&nu;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="omma"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&mu;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_126" href="#NtA_126">[126]</a>
+    <p><i>Cladococcus</i> = Nucleus with branches; <span title="klados"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&lambda;&#x1F71;&delta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kokkos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F79;&kappa;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_127" href="#NtA_127">[127]</a>
+    <p><i>Elaphococcus</i> = Shell with harts' horn-shaped spines; <span title="elaphos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F14;&lambda;&alpha;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kokkos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F79;&kappa;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_128" href="#NtA_128">[128]</a>
+    <p>Haliommida = Astrosph�rida duplicia = Dyosph�rida polycantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_129" href="#NtA_129">[129]</a>
+    <p><i>Haliomma</i> = Sea-eye; <span title="hals" class="fsn">&#x1F05;&lambda;&sigmaf;</span>,
+    <span title="omma" class="fsn">&#x1F44;&mu;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_130" href="#NtA_130">[130]</a>
+    <p><i>Heliosoma</i> = Sun-body; <span title="h�lios"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F25;&lambda;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="s�ma"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&#x1FF6;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_131" href="#NtA_131">[131]</a>
+    <p><i>Elatomma</i> = Pine-eye; <span title="elat�"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F10;&lambda;&#x1F71;&tau;&eta;</span>, <span title="omma"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&mu;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_132" href="#NtA_132">[132]</a>
+    <p><i>Leptosph�ra</i> = Delicate sphere; <span title="leptos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&epsilon;&pi;&tau;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_133" href="#NtA_133">[133]</a>
+    <p><i>Diplosph�ra</i> = Double sphere; <span title="diploos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&iota;&pi;&lambda;&#x1F79;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_134" href="#NtA_134">[134]</a>
+    <p><i>Drymosph�ra</i> = Woody sphere; <span title="drymos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&rho;&upsilon;&mu;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_135" href="#NtA_135">[135]</a>
+    <p><i>Astrosph�ra</i> = Star-sphere; <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_136" href="#NtA_136">[136]</a>
+    <p>Actinommida = Astrosph�rida triplicia = Triosph�rida polyacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_137" href="#NtA_137">[137]</a>
+    <p><i>Actinomma</i> = Radiant eye; <span title="aktis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="omma"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&mu;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_138" href="#NtA_138">[138]</a>
+    <p><i>Echinomma</i> = Urchin-eye; <span title="echinos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F10;&chi;&#x1FD6;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="omma"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&mu;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_139" href="#NtA_139">[139]</a>
+    <p><i>Pityomma</i> = Pine-eye; <span title="pitys"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F77;&tau;&upsilon;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="omma"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&mu;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_140" href="#NtA_140">[140]</a>
+    <p>Cromyommida = Astrosph�rida quadruplicia = Tetrasph�ria polyacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_141" href="#NtA_141">[141]</a>
+    <p><i>Cromyomma</i> = Onion-eye; <span title="kromyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&rho;&#x1F79;&mu;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="omma"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&mu;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_142" href="#NtA_142">[142]</a>
+    <p><i>Cromyechinus</i> = Onion-shaped Urchin; <span title="kromyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&rho;&#x1F79;&mu;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="echinos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F10;&chi;&#x1FD6;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_143" href="#NtA_143">[143]</a>
+    <p><i>Cromyodrymus</i> = Onion with trees; <span title="kromyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&rho;&#x1F79;&mu;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="drymos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&rho;&upsilon;&mu;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_144" href="#NtA_144">[144]</a>
+    <p>Caryommida = Astrosph�rida multiplica = Polysph�ria polyacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_145" href="#NtA_145">[145]</a>
+    <p><i>Caryomma</i> = Nut-eye; <span title="karyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&rho;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="omma"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&mu;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_146" href="#NtA_146">[146]</a>
+    <p><i>Arachnopila</i> = Cobweb ball; <span title="arachn�"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&rho;&#x1F71;&chi;&nu;&eta;</span>, <span title="pilos"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1FD6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_147" href="#NtA_147">[147]</a>
+    <p><i>Arachnopegma</i> = Cobweb-building; <span title="arachn�"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&rho;&#x1F71;&chi;&nu;&eta;</span>, <span title="p�gma"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1FC6;&gamma;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_148" href="#NtA_148">[148]</a>
+    <p><i>Arachnosph�ra</i> = Cobweb-sphere; <span title="arachn�"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&rho;&#x1F71;&chi;&nu;&eta;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_149" href="#NtA_149">[149]</a>
+    <p>Spongiommida = Astrosph�rida spongiosa = Spongosph�rida polyacantha.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_150" href="#NtA_150">[150]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongiomma</i> = Spongy-eye; <span title="spongia"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&iota;&alpha;</span>, <span title="omma"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&mu;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_151" href="#NtA_151">[151]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongodrymus</i> = Spongy wood; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="drymos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&rho;&#x1FE6;&mu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_152" href="#NtA_152">[152]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongechinus</i> = Spongy Urchin; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="echinos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F10;&chi;&#x1FD6;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_153" href="#NtA_153">[153]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongothamnus</i> = Spongy shrub; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="thamnos"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F71;&mu;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_154" href="#NtA_154">[154]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongopila</i> = Spongy ball; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="pilos"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1FD6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_155" href="#NtA_155">[155]</a>
+    <p><i>Rhizoplegma</i> = Root-shaped wicker-work; <span title="rhiza"
+    class="fsn">&#x1FE5;&#x1FD6;&zeta;&alpha;</span>, <span title="plegma"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&lambda;&#x1F73;&gamma;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_156" href="#NtA_156">[156]</a>
+    <p><i>Lychnosph�ra</i> = Lantern-sphere; <span title="lychnos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F7B;&chi;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_157" href="#NtA_157">[157]</a>
+    <p><i>Centrocubus</i> = Shell with a central cube; <span title="kentron"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F73;&nu;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="kubos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1FE6;&beta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_158" href="#NtA_158">[158]</a>
+    <p><i>Octodendron</i> = Shell with eight trees; <span title="okt�"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&kappa;&tau;&omega;</span>, <span title="dendron"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F73;&nu;&delta;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_159" href="#NtA_159">[159]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongosph�ra</i> = Spongy sphere; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_160" href="#NtA_160">[160]</a>
+    <p><i>Rhizosph�ra</i> = Root-sphere; <span title="rhiza"
+    class="fsn">&#x1FE5;&#x1FD6;&zeta;&alpha;</span>, <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_161" href="#NtA_161">[161]</a>
+    <p><i>Cenellipsis</i> = Hollow ellipsoid; <span title="kenos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&epsilon;&nu;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="elleipsis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F14;&lambda;&lambda;&epsilon;&iota;&psi;&iota;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_162" href="#NtA_162">[162]</a>
+    <p><i>Axellipsis</i> = Ellipsoid with an axial beam; <span title="axis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&xi;&iota;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="elleipsis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F14;&lambda;&lambda;&epsilon;&iota;&psi;&iota;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_163" href="#NtA_163">[163]</a>
+    <p><i>Ellipsidium</i> = Small ellipsoid; <span title="elleipsidion"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F10;&lambda;&lambda;&epsilon;&iota;&psi;&#x1F77;&delta;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_164" href="#NtA_164">[164]</a>
+    <p><i>Ellipsoxiphus</i> = Ellipsoid with swords; <span title="elleipsis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F14;&lambda;&lambda;&epsilon;&iota;&psi;&iota;&sigmaf;</span>, <span
+    title="xiphos" class="fsn">&xi;&#x1F77;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_165" href="#NtA_165">[165]</a>
+    <p><i>Axoprunum</i> = Plum with axis; <span title="axis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&xi;&iota;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="prounon"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&rho;&omicron;&#x1FE6;&nu;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_166" href="#NtA_166">[166]</a>
+    <p><i>Ellipsostylus</i> = Ellipsoid with styles; <span title="elleipsis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F14;&lambda;&lambda;&epsilon;&iota;&psi;&iota;&sigmaf;</span>, <span
+    title="stylos" class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_167" href="#NtA_167">[167]</a>
+    <p><i>Lithomespilus</i> = Siliceous medlar; <span title="lithos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F77;&theta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="mespilos"
+    class="fsn">&mu;&#x1F73;&sigma;&pi;&iota;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_168" href="#NtA_168">[168]</a>
+    <p><i>Lithapium</i> = Siliceous pear; <span title="lithos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F77;&theta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="apion"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&pi;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_169" href="#NtA_169">[169]</a>
+    <p><i>Pipettella</i> = Small pipette.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_170" href="#NtA_170">[170]</a>
+    <p><i>Druppula</i> = Small drupe or <span title="druppa"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&rho;&#x1F7B;&pi;&pi;&alpha;</span>, ripe Olive.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_171" href="#NtA_171">[171]</a>
+    <p><i>Druppocarpus</i> = Olive-fruit; <span title="druppa"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&rho;&#x1F7B;&pi;&pi;&alpha;</span>, <span title="karpos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&rho;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_172" href="#NtA_172">[172]</a>
+    <p><i>Prunulum</i> = Little-plum.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_173" href="#NtA_173">[173]</a>
+    <p><i>Prunocarpus</i> = Plum fruit; <span title="prounon"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&rho;&omicron;&#x1FE6;&nu;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="karpos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&rho;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_174" href="#NtA_174">[174]</a>
+    <p><i>Cromyodruppa</i> = Onion-olive; <span title="kromyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&rho;&#x1F79;&mu;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="druppa"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&rho;&#x1F7B;&pi;&pi;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_175" href="#NtA_175">[175]</a>
+    <p><i>Cromyocarpus</i> = Onion fruit; <span title="kromyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&rho;&#x1F79;&mu;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="karpos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&rho;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_176" href="#NtA_176">[176]</a>
+    <p><i>Lithatractus</i> = Spindle of silex; <span title="lithos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F77;&theta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="atraktos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&tau;&rho;&alpha;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_177" href="#NtA_177">[177]</a>
+    <p><i>Druppatractus</i> = Spindle-like olive; <span title="druppa"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&rho;&#x1F7B;&pi;&pi;&alpha;</span>, <span title="atraktos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&tau;&rho;&alpha;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_178" href="#NtA_178">[178]</a>
+    <p><i>Stylatractus</i> = Spindle with styles; <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="atraktos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&tau;&rho;&alpha;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_179" href="#NtA_179">[179]</a>
+    <p><i>Xiphatractus</i> = Sword-spindle; <span title="xiphos"
+    class="fsn">&xi;&#x1F77;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="atraktos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&tau;&rho;&alpha;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_180" href="#NtA_180">[180]</a>
+    <p><i>Cromyatractus</i> = Onion-spindle; <span title="kromyon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&rho;&#x1F79;&mu;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="atraktos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&tau;&rho;&alpha;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_181" href="#NtA_181">[181]</a>
+    <p><i>Pipetta</i> = Small pipe.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_182" href="#NtA_182">[182]</a>
+    <p><i>Pipettaria</i> = <i>Pipetta</i>-like.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_183" href="#NtA_183">[183]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongellipsis</i> = Spongy ellipsoid; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="elleipsis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F14;&lambda;&lambda;&epsilon;&iota;&psi;&iota;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_184" href="#NtA_184">[184]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongurus</i> = Spongy tail; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="oura"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F40;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F71;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_185" href="#NtA_185">[185]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongocore</i> = Spongy puppet; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kor�"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F79;&rho;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_186" href="#NtA_186">[186]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongoprunum</i> = Spongy plum; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="prounon"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&rho;&omicron;&#x1FE6;&nu;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_187" href="#NtA_187">[187]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongodruppa</i> = Spongy olive-fruit; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="druppa"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&rho;&#x1F7B;&pi;&pi;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_188" href="#NtA_188">[188]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongatractus</i> = Spongy-spindle; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="atraktos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&tau;&rho;&alpha;&kappa;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_189" href="#NtA_189">[189]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongoliva</i> = Spongy olive; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="eleia"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F10;&lambda;&epsilon;&iota;&#x1F71;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_190" href="#NtA_190">[190]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongoxiphus</i> = Spongy sword; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="xiphos"
+    class="fsn">&xi;&#x1F77;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_191" href="#NtA_191">[191]</a>
+    <p><i>Artiscus</i> = Small loaf; <span title="artiskos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&rho;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_192" href="#NtA_192">[192]</a>
+    <p><i>Stylartus</i> = Bread with styles; <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="artos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&rho;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_193" href="#NtA_193">[193]</a>
+    <p><i>Cannartus</i> = Leaf with tubes; <span title="kanna"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&nu;&nu;&alpha;</span>, <span title="artos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&rho;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_194" href="#NtA_194">[194]</a>
+    <p><i>Cyphanta</i> = <span title="Kyphanta" class="fsn">&Kappa;&#x1F7B;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&tau;&alpha;</span>,
+    Mediterranean port in Laconia.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_195" href="#NtA_195">[195]</a>
+    <p><i>Cyphonium</i> = Roundish vessel; <span title="kyph�nion"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F7B;&phi;&omega;&nu;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_196" href="#NtA_196">[196]</a>
+    <p><i>Cypassis</i> = <span title="kypassis" class="fsn">&kappa;&upsilon;&pi;&alpha;&sigma;&sigma;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>;
+    A girl's girdle.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_197" href="#NtA_197">[197]</a>
+    <p><i>Cyphocolpus</i> = Vaulted-bosom; <span title="kyphos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F7B;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kolpos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F79;&lambda;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_198" href="#NtA_198">[198]</a>
+    <p><i>Cyphinus</i> = <span title="kyphinos" class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F7B;&phi;&iota;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>;
+    derivation from <span title="kyphos" class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F7B;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span> =
+    roundish vessel, a kind of fruit.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_199" href="#NtA_199">[199]</a>
+    <p><i>Cyphinidium</i> = Small Cyphinus; <span title="kyphinidion"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&upsilon;&phi;&iota;&nu;&#x1F77;&delta;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_200" href="#NtA_200">[200]</a>
+    <p><i>Cannartiscus</i> = Small loaf with tubes; <span title="kanna"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&nu;&nu;&alpha;</span>, <span title="artiskos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&rho;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_201" href="#NtA_201">[201]</a>
+    <p><i>Cannartidium</i> = Small loaf with tubules; <span title="kanna"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&nu;&nu;&alpha;</span>, <span title="artidion"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&rho;&tau;&#x1F77;&delta;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_202" href="#NtA_202">[202]</a>
+    <p><i>Panartus</i> = quite bread-like; <span title="panartos"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F71;&nu;&alpha;&rho;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_203" href="#NtA_203">[203]</a>
+    <p><i>Peripanartus</i> = <i>Panartus</i> with mantle; <span title="peripanartos"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&pi;&#x1F71;&nu;&alpha;&rho;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_204" href="#NtA_204">[204]</a>
+    <p><i>Panicium</i> = A kind of bread.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_205" href="#NtA_205">[205]</a>
+    <p><i>Peripanicium</i> = <i>Panicium</i> with mantle.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_206" href="#NtA_206">[206]</a>
+    <p><i>Panarium</i> = Bread-basket.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_207" href="#NtA_207">[207]</a>
+    <p><i>Peripanarium</i> = <i>Panarium</i> (or bread-basket) with mantle.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_208" href="#NtA_208">[208]</a>
+    <p><i>Ommatocampe</i> = Caterpillar with eyes; <span title="omma"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&mu;&mu;&alpha;</span>, <span title="kamp�"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&mu;&pi;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_209" href="#NtA_209">[209]</a>
+    <p><i>Ommatartus</i> = Loaf with eyes; <span title="omma"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&mu;&mu;&alpha;</span>, <span title="artos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&rho;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_210" href="#NtA_210">[210]</a>
+    <p><i>Desmocampe</i> = Chain-like caterpillar; <span title="desmos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&epsilon;&sigma;&mu;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kamp�"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&mu;&pi;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_211" href="#NtA_211">[211]</a>
+    <p><i>Desmartus</i> = Chain-like loaf; <span title="desmos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&epsilon;&sigma;&mu;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="artos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&rho;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_212" href="#NtA_212">[212]</a>
+    <p><i>Zygocampe</i> = Caterpillar with paired joints; <span title="zygon"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&upsilon;&gamma;&#x1F79;&nu;</span>, <span title="kamp�"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&mu;&pi;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_213" href="#NtA_213">[213]</a>
+    <p><i>Zygartus</i> = Loaf with paired joints; <span title="zygon"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&upsilon;&gamma;&#x1F79;&nu;</span>, <span title="artos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&rho;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_214" href="#NtA_214">[214]</a>
+    <p><i>Cenodiscus</i> = Hollow disk; <span title="kenos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&epsilon;&nu;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_215" href="#NtA_215">[215]</a>
+    <p><i>Zonodiscus</i> = Disk with girdle; <span title="z�n�"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&#x1F7D;&nu;&eta;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_216" href="#NtA_216">[216]</a>
+    <p><i>Stylodiscus</i> = Disk with styles; <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_217" href="#NtA_217">[217]</a>
+    <p><i>Theodiscus</i> = Divine disk; <span title="theos"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&epsilon;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_218" href="#NtA_218">[218]</a>
+    <p><i>Crucidiscus</i> = Disk with cross.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_219" href="#NtA_219">[219]</a>
+    <p><i>Trochodiscus</i> = Wheel-disk; <span title="trochos"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_220" href="#NtA_220">[220]</a>
+    <p><i>Sethodiscus</i> = Sieve-disk; <span title="s�thos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&eta;&theta;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_221" href="#NtA_221">[221]</a>
+    <p><i>Phacodiscus</i> = Lenticular disk; <span title="phakos"
+    class="fsn">&phi;&alpha;&kappa;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_222" href="#NtA_222">[222]</a>
+    <p><i>Periph�na</i> = Shell with transparent girdle; <span title="periphaina"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&epsilon;&rho;&iota;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&nu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_223" href="#NtA_223">[223]</a>
+    <p><i>Perizona</i> = Shell with surrounding girdle; <span title="peri"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&epsilon;&rho;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="z�n�"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&#x1F7D;&nu;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_224" href="#NtA_224">[224]</a>
+    <p><i>Sethostylus</i> = Sieve with styles; <span title="s�thos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&eta;&theta;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_225" href="#NtA_225">[225]</a>
+    <p><i>Phacostylus</i> = Lens with styles; <span title="phakos"
+    class="fsn">&phi;&alpha;&kappa;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_226" href="#NtA_226">[226]</a>
+    <p><i>Triactiscus</i> = Shell with three rays; <span title="triaktiskos"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&iota;&alpha;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_227" href="#NtA_227">[227]</a>
+    <p><i>Sethostaurus</i> = Sieve-cross; <span title="s�thos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&eta;&theta;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_228" href="#NtA_228">[228]</a>
+    <p><i>Phacostaurus</i> = Lens with cross; <span title="phakos"
+    class="fsn">&phi;&alpha;&kappa;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_229" href="#NtA_229">[229]</a>
+    <p><i>Distriactis</i> = Shell with twice three rays; <span title="distriaktis"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&iota;&alpha;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_230" href="#NtA_230">[230]</a>
+    <p><i>Heliosestrum</i> = Sun-sieve; <span title="h�lios"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F25;&lambda;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="s�stron"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&#x1FC6;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_231" href="#NtA_231">[231]</a>
+    <p><i>Astrosestrum</i> = Stellated sieve; <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="s�stron"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&#x1FC6;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_232" href="#NtA_232">[232]</a>
+    <p><i>Heliodiscus</i> = Sun-disk; <span title="h�lios"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F25;&lambda;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_233" href="#NtA_233">[233]</a>
+    <p><i>Heliodrymus</i> = Sun-forest; <span title="h�lios"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F25;&lambda;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="drymos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&rho;&#x1FE6;&mu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_234" href="#NtA_234">[234]</a>
+    <p><i>Astrophacus</i> = Star-lens; <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="phakos"
+    class="fsn">&phi;&alpha;&kappa;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_235" href="#NtA_235">[235]</a>
+    <p><i>Lithocyclia</i> = Circular stone; <span title="lithos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F77;&theta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kyklion"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F7B;&kappa;&lambda;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_236" href="#NtA_236">[236]</a>
+    <p><i>Coccodiscus</i> = Disk with nucleus; <span title="kokkos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F79;&kappa;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_237" href="#NtA_237">[237]</a>
+    <p><i>Stylocyclia</i> = Circular shell with styles; <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kyklion"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F7B;&kappa;&lambda;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_238" href="#NtA_238">[238]</a>
+    <p><i>Amphicyclia</i> = Circular shell with spines on both sides; <span title="amphi"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&mu;&phi;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="kyklion"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F7B;&kappa;&lambda;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_239" href="#NtA_239">[239]</a>
+    <p><i>Trigonocyclia</i> = Triangular shell with circular rings; <span title="trigonon"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&#x1F77;&gamma;&omicron;&nu;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="kyklion"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F7B;&kappa;&lambda;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_240" href="#NtA_240">[240]</a>
+    <p><i>Staurocyclia</i> = Circular shell with four crossed spines; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kyklia"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F7B;&kappa;&lambda;&iota;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_241" href="#NtA_241">[241]</a>
+    <p><i>Astrocyclia</i> = Stellated circular shell; <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="kyklion"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F7B;&kappa;&lambda;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_242" href="#NtA_242">[242]</a>
+    <p><i>Coccocyclia</i> = Circular shell with nucleus; <span title="kokkos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F79;&kappa;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kyklios"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F7B;&kappa;&lambda;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_243" href="#NtA_243">[243]</a>
+    <p><i>Diplactura</i> = Stellated shell with double tail; <span title="diplous"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&pi;&lambda;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="aktis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="oura"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F40;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F71;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_244" href="#NtA_244">[244]</a>
+    <p><i>Amphiactura</i> = Stellated shell with tail on both sides; <span title="amphi"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&mu;&phi;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="aktis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="oura"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F40;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F71;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_245" href="#NtA_245">[245]</a>
+    <p><i>Trigonactura</i> = Triangular shell with three rays; <span title="trigonon"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&#x1F77;&gamma;&omicron;&nu;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="aktis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="oura"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F40;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F71;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_246" href="#NtA_246">[246]</a>
+    <p><i>Hymenactura</i> = Star-shaped shell with membrane between the rays; <span title="hym�n"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F51;&mu;&#x1F75;&nu;</span>, <span title="aktis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="oura"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F40;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F71;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_247" href="#NtA_247">[247]</a>
+    <p><i>Astractura</i> = Star-shaped shell with many rays; <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="aktis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="oura"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F40;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F71;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_248" href="#NtA_248">[248]</a>
+    <p><i>Stauractura</i> = Cruciform shell with four rays; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="aktis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="oura"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F40;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F71;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_249" href="#NtA_249">[249]</a>
+    <p><i>Pentactura</i> = Stellated shell with five rays; <span title="pente"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F73;&nu;&tau;&epsilon;</span>, <span title="aktis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="oura"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F40;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F71;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_250" href="#NtA_250">[250]</a>
+    <p><i>Echinactura</i> = <i>Echinus</i>-like shell with five rays; <span title="echinos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F10;&chi;&#x1FD6;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="aktis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="oura"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F40;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F71;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_251" href="#NtA_251">[251]</a>
+    <p><i>Archidiscus</i> = Primordial disk; <span title="archidiskos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&rho;&chi;&iota;&delta;&iota;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_252" href="#NtA_252">[252]</a>
+    <p><i>Axodiscus</i> = Disk with certain axes; <span title="axis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&xi;&iota;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_253" href="#NtA_253">[253]</a>
+    <p><i>Porodiscus</i> = Porous disk; <span title="poros"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F79;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_254" href="#NtA_254">[254]</a>
+    <p><i>Perichlamydium</i> = Shell surrounded by a mantle; <span title="peri"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&epsilon;&rho;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="chlamydion"
+    class="fsn">&chi;&lambda;&alpha;&mu;&#x1F7B;&delta;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_255" href="#NtA_255">[255]</a>
+    <p><i>Ommatodiscus</i> = Disk with eyes; <span title="omma"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&mu;&mu;&alpha;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_256" href="#NtA_256">[256]</a>
+    <p><i>Stomatodiscus</i> = Disk with openings; <span title="stoma"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1F79;&mu;&alpha;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_257" href="#NtA_257">[257]</a>
+    <p><i>Xiphodictya</i> = Net with swords; <span title="xiphos"
+    class="fsn">&xi;&#x1F77;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diktyon"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&kappa;&tau;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_258" href="#NtA_258">[258]</a>
+    <p><i>Tripodictya</i> = Net with tripod; <span title="tripous"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&#x1F77;&pi;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diktyon"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&kappa;&tau;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_259" href="#NtA_259">[259]</a>
+    <p><i>Staurodictya</i> = Cross-net; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diktyon"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&kappa;&tau;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_260" href="#NtA_260">[260]</a>
+    <p><i>Stylodictya</i> = Net with styles; <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diktyon"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&kappa;&tau;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_261" href="#NtA_261">[261]</a>
+    <p><i>Stylochlamydium</i> = Shell with styles and mantle; <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="chlamydion"
+    class="fsn">&chi;&lambda;&alpha;&mu;&#x1F7B;&delta;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_262" href="#NtA_262">[262]</a>
+    <p><i>Amphibrachium</i> = Shell with two arms; <span title="amphi"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&mu;&phi;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="brachi�n"
+    class="fsn">&beta;&rho;&alpha;&chi;&#x1F77;&omega;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_263" href="#NtA_263">[263]</a>
+    <p><i>Amphymenium</i> = Shell with veil on both sides; <span title="amphi"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&mu;&phi;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="hym�nion"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F51;&mu;&#x1F75;&nu;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_264" href="#NtA_264">[264]</a>
+    <p><i>Amphirrhopalum</i> = Shell with clubs on both sides; <span title="amphi"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&mu;&phi;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="rhopalon"
+    class="fsn">&#x1FE5;&#x1F79;&pi;&alpha;&lambda;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_265" href="#NtA_265">[265]</a>
+    <p><i>Amphicraspedum</i> = Shell with borders on both sides; <span title="amphi"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&mu;&phi;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="kraspedon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&rho;&#x1F71;&sigma;&pi;&epsilon;&delta;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_266" href="#NtA_266">[266]</a>
+    <p><i>Dictyastrum</i> = Reticulated star; <span title="diktyon"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&kappa;&tau;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_267" href="#NtA_267">[267]</a>
+    <p><i>Rhopalastrum</i> = Club-star; <span title="rhopalon"
+    class="fsn">&#x1FE5;&#x1F79;&pi;&alpha;&lambda;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_268" href="#NtA_268">[268]</a>
+    <p><i>Hymeniastrum</i> = Membranous star; <span title="hym�n"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F51;&mu;&#x1F75;&nu;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_269" href="#NtA_269">[269]</a>
+    <p><i>Euchitonia</i> = Nice shell; <span title="eu" class="fsn">&epsilon;&#x1F56;</span>, <span
+    title="chit�nia" class="fsn">&chi;&iota;&tau;&omega;&nu;&#x1F77;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_270" href="#NtA_270">[270]</a>
+    <p><i>Chitonastrum</i> = Star-shell; <span title="chit�nia"
+    class="fsn">&chi;&iota;&tau;&omega;&nu;&#x1F77;&alpha;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_271" href="#NtA_271">[271]</a>
+    <p><i>Trigonastrum</i> = Triangular star; <span title="trig�non"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&#x1F77;&gamma;&omega;&nu;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_272" href="#NtA_272">[272]</a>
+    <p><i>Stauralastrum</i> = Crossed sea-star; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="hals"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F05;&lambda;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_273" href="#NtA_273">[273]</a>
+    <p><i>Hagiastrum</i> = Holy starrulet; <span title="hagion"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F05;&gamma;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_274" href="#NtA_274">[274]</a>
+    <p><i>Histiastrum</i> = Star with enveloping tissue; <span title="histion"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F31;&sigma;&tau;&iota;&#x1F79;&nu;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_275" href="#NtA_275">[275]</a>
+    <p><i>Tessarastrum</i> = Starrulet with four rays; <span title="tessara"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&#x1F73;&sigma;&sigma;&alpha;&rho;&alpha;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_276" href="#NtA_276">[276]</a>
+    <p><i>Stephanastrum</i> = Garland-starrulet; <span title="stephanos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1F73;&phi;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_277" href="#NtA_277">[277]</a>
+    <p><i>Dicranastrum</i> = Fork-starrulet; <span title="dikranon"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&kappa;&rho;&alpha;&nu;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_278" href="#NtA_278">[278]</a>
+    <p><i>Myelastrum</i> = Medullary starrulet; <span title="myelos"
+    class="fsn">&mu;&#x1F7B;&epsilon;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_279" href="#NtA_279">[279]</a>
+    <p><i>Pentalastrum</i> = Little sea-star with five rays; <span title="pente"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F73;&nu;&tau;&epsilon;</span>, <span title="hals"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F05;&lambda;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_280" href="#NtA_280">[280]</a>
+    <p><i>Pentinastrum</i> = Starrulet with five rays; <span title="pente"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F73;&nu;&tau;&epsilon;</span>, <span title="inos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F34;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_281" href="#NtA_281">[281]</a>
+    <p><i>Pentophiastrum</i> = Starrulet with five snakes; <span title="pente"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F73;&nu;&tau;&epsilon;</span>, <span title="ophis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&phi;&iota;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_282" href="#NtA_282">[282]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexalastrum</i> = Little sea-star with six rays; <span title="hexa"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F15;&xi;&alpha;</span>, <span title="hals"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F05;&lambda;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_283" href="#NtA_283">[283]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexinastrum</i> = Starrulet with six rays; <span title="hexa"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F15;&xi;&alpha;</span>, <span title="inos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F34;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_284" href="#NtA_284">[284]</a>
+    <p><i>Triolena</i> = Shell with three arms; <span title="tria"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&#x1F77;&alpha;</span>, <span title="�len�"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F60;&lambda;&#x1F73;&nu;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_285" href="#NtA_285">[285]</a>
+    <p><i>Triopyle</i> = With three gate-openings; <span title="tria"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&#x1F77;&alpha;</span>, <span title="pyl�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F7B;&lambda;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_286" href="#NtA_286">[286]</a>
+    <p><i>Triodiscus</i> = Disk with three openings; <span title="triodiskos"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_287" href="#NtA_287">[287]</a>
+    <p><i>Pylolena</i> = Disk with alternating gates and arms; <span title="pyl�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F7B;&lambda;&eta;</span>, <span title="�len�"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F60;&lambda;&#x1F73;&nu;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_288" href="#NtA_288">[288]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexapyle</i> = With six gate-openings; <span title="hexa"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F15;&xi;&alpha;</span>, <span title="pyl�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F7B;&lambda;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_289" href="#NtA_289">[289]</a>
+    <p><i>Pylodiscus</i> = Disk with gates; <span title="pyl�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F7B;&lambda;&eta;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_290" href="#NtA_290">[290]</a>
+    <p><i>Discozonium</i> = Disk with girdle; <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="z�nion"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&omega;&nu;&#x1F77;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_291" href="#NtA_291">[291]</a>
+    <p><i>Discopyle</i> = Disk with gate; <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="pyl�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F7B;&lambda;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_292" href="#NtA_292">[292]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongodiscus</i> = Spongy disk; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="diskos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_293" href="#NtA_293">[293]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongophacus</i> = Spongy lens; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="phakos"
+    class="fsn">&phi;&#x1F71;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_294" href="#NtA_294">[294]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongolonche</i> = Spongy disk with spontoons; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="lonch�"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F79;&gamma;&chi;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_295" href="#NtA_295">[295]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongotripus</i> = Spongy disk with tripod; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="tripous"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&#x1F77;&pi;&omicron;&upsilon;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_296" href="#NtA_296">[296]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongostaurus</i> = Spongy disk with crossed spines; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_297" href="#NtA_297">[297]</a>
+    <p><i>Stylotrochus</i> = Wheel with styles; <span title="stylos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1FE6;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="trochos"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&omicron;&chi;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_298" href="#NtA_298">[298]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongotrochus</i> = Spongy wheel; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="trochos"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&#x1F79;&chi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_299" href="#NtA_299">[299]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongolena</i> = Spongy disk with two arms; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="�len�"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F60;&lambda;&#x1F73;&nu;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_300" href="#NtA_300">[300]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongobrachium</i> = Spongy shell with two arms; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="brachi�n"
+    class="fsn">&beta;&rho;&alpha;&chi;&#x1F77;&omega;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_301" href="#NtA_301">[301]</a>
+    <p><i>Rhopalodictyum</i> = Network with clubs; <span title="rhopalon"
+    class="fsn">&#x1FE5;&#x1F79;&pi;&alpha;&lambda;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="diktyon"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&kappa;&tau;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_302" href="#NtA_302">[302]</a>
+    <p><i>Dictyocoryne</i> = Net with clubs; <span title="diktyon"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&kappa;&tau;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="koryn�"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&omicron;&rho;&#x1F7B;&nu;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_303" href="#NtA_303">[303]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongasteriscus</i> = Spongy star; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="asteriskos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_304" href="#NtA_304">[304]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongaster</i> = Spongy star; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="ast�r"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&tau;&#x1F75;&rho;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_305" href="#NtA_305">[305]</a>
+    <p><i>Cenolarcus</i> = Hollow basket; <span title="kenos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&epsilon;&nu;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="larkos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&rho;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_306" href="#NtA_306">[306]</a>
+    <p><i>Larcarium</i> = A kind of basket; <span title="larkarion"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#x1F71;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_307" href="#NtA_307">[307]</a>
+    <p><i>Coccolarcus</i> = Basket with kernel; <span title="kokkos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F79;&kappa;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="larkos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&rho;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_308" href="#NtA_308">[308]</a>
+    <p><i>Larcidium</i> = Little basket, diminutive of <i>Larcus</i>; <span title="larkidion"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&alpha;&rho;&kappa;&#x1F77;&delta;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_309" href="#NtA_309">[309]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongolarcus</i> = Spongy basket; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="larkos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&rho;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_310" href="#NtA_310">[310]</a>
+    <p><i>Stypolarcus</i> = Hemp basket; <span title="styp�"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1F7B;&pi;&eta;</span>, <span title="larkos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&rho;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_311" href="#NtA_311">[311]</a>
+    <p><i>Larnacilla</i> = Little chest, diminutive of <i>Larnax</i>; <span title="larnax"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&rho;&nu;&alpha;&xi;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_312" href="#NtA_312">[312]</a>
+    <p><i>Larnacidium</i> = Little chest, diminutive of Larnax; <span title="larnax"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&rho;&nu;&alpha;&xi;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_313" href="#NtA_313">[313]</a>
+    <p><i>Larnacalpis</i> = Tankard-shaped chest; <span title="larnax"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&rho;&nu;&alpha;&xi;</span>, <span title="kalpis"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&lambda;&pi;&iota;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_314" href="#NtA_314">[314]</a>
+    <p><i>Larnacantha</i> = Chest with spines; <span title="larnax"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&rho;&nu;&alpha;&xi;</span>, <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_315" href="#NtA_315">[315]</a>
+    <p><i>Larnacoma</i> = Shell of chest form; <span title="larnax"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&rho;&nu;&alpha;&xi;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_316" href="#NtA_316">[316]</a>
+    <p><i>Larnacospongus</i> = Spongy chest; <span title="larnax"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&rho;&nu;&alpha;&xi;</span>, <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_317" href="#NtA_317">[317]</a>
+    <p><i>Larnacostupa</i> = Chest with hemp envelop; <span title="larnax"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&rho;&nu;&alpha;&xi;</span>, <span title="stup�"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&#x1F7B;&pi;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_318" href="#NtA_318">[318]</a>
+    <p><i>Monozonium</i> = With one girdle; <span title="monoz�nion"
+    class="fsn">&mu;&omicron;&nu;&omicron;&zeta;&omega;&nu;&#x1F77;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_319" href="#NtA_319">[319]</a>
+    <p><i>Dizonium</i> = With two girdles; <span title="diz�nion"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&iota;&zeta;&omega;&nu;&#x1F77;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_320" href="#NtA_320">[320]</a>
+    <p><i>Trizonium</i> = With three girdles; <span title="triz�nion"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&rho;&iota;&zeta;&omega;&nu;&#x1F77;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_321" href="#NtA_321">[321]</a>
+    <p><i>Amphipyle</i> = With one gate on both sides; <span title="amphi"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&mu;&phi;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="pyl�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F7B;&lambda;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_322" href="#NtA_322">[322]</a>
+    <p><i>Tetrapyle</i> = With four gate-openings; <span title="tetrapyl�"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&epsilon;&tau;&rho;&alpha;&pi;&#x1F7B;&lambda;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_323" href="#NtA_323">[323]</a>
+    <p><i>Octopyle</i> = With eight gate-openings; <span title="okt�"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F40;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F7D;</span>, <span title="pyl�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F7B;&lambda;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_324" href="#NtA_324">[324]</a>
+    <p><i>Pylonium</i> = Building with gates; <span title="pyl�nion"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&upsilon;&lambda;&#x1F7D;&nu;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_325" href="#NtA_325">[325]</a>
+    <p><i>Amphipylonium</i> = With one large gate on either side; <span title="amphi"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&mu;&phi;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="pyl�nion"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&upsilon;&lambda;&#x1F7D;&nu;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_326" href="#NtA_326">[326]</a>
+    <p><i>Tetrapylonium</i> = Building with four gates; <span title="tetra"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&#x1F73;&tau;&rho;&alpha;</span>, <span title="pyl�nion"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&upsilon;&lambda;&#x1F7D;&nu;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_327" href="#NtA_327">[327]</a>
+    <p><i>Pylozonium</i> = Shell with gates and girdles; <span title="pyl�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F7B;&lambda;&eta;</span>, <span title="z�nion"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&omega;&nu;&#x1F77;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_328" href="#NtA_328">[328]</a>
+    <p><i>Tholartus</i> = Cupola-bread; <span title="tholos"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F79;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="artos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&rho;&tau;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_329" href="#NtA_329">[329]</a>
+    <p><i>Tholodes</i> = Cupola-shaped; <span title="thol�d�s"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&omicron;&lambda;&#x1F7D;&delta;&eta;&sigmaf;</span> <i>vel</i> <span
+    title="tholoeid�s" class="fsn">&theta;&omicron;&lambda;&omicron;&epsilon;&iota;&delta;&#x1F75;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_330" href="#NtA_330">[330]</a>
+    <p><i>Amphitholus</i> = Shell with two opposite cupolas; <span title="amphi"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&mu;&phi;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="tholos"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F79;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_331" href="#NtA_331">[331]</a>
+    <p><i>Amphitholonium</i> = Small shell with two opposite cupolas; <span title="amphi"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&mu;&phi;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="thol�nion"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&omicron;&lambda;&#x1F7D;&nu;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_332" href="#NtA_332">[332]</a>
+    <p><i>Tholostaurus</i> = Cross of four cupolas; <span title="tholos"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F79;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_333" href="#NtA_333">[333]</a>
+    <p><i>Tholoma</i> = Dome-building; <span title="thol�ma"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&omicron;&lambda;&#x1FF6;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_334" href="#NtA_334">[334]</a>
+    <p>Alternating, <span title="metallass�n" class="fsn">&mu;&epsilon;&tau;&alpha;&lambda;&lambda;&#x1F71;&sigma;&sigma;&omega;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_335" href="#NtA_335">[335]</a>
+    <p><i>Staurotholus</i> = Cupolas cross-wise disposed; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="tholos"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F79;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_336" href="#NtA_336">[336]</a>
+    <p><i>Staurotholonium</i> = Small shell with cupolas cross-wise disposed; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="thol�nion"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&omicron;&lambda;&#x1F7D;&nu;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_337" href="#NtA_337">[337]</a>
+    <p><i>Tholocubus</i> = Cube with six cupolas on its sides; <span title="tholos"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F79;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kubos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1FE6;&beta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_338" href="#NtA_338">[338]</a>
+    <p><i>Tholonium</i> = Shell with cupolas; <span title="thol�nion"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&omicron;&lambda;&#x1F7D;&nu;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_339" href="#NtA_339">[339]</a>
+    <p><i>Cubotholus</i> = Shell with cupolas disposed on six cube-sides; <span title="kubos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1FE6;&beta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="tholos"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F79;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_340" href="#NtA_340">[340]</a>
+    <p><i>Cubotholonium</i> = Small shell with cupolas disposed on the six sides of a cube; <span
+    title="kubos" class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1FE6;&beta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="thol�nion"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&omicron;&lambda;&#x1F7D;&nu;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_341" href="#NtA_341">[341]</a>
+    <p><i>Zonarium</i> = Small girdle; <span title="z�narion"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&omega;&nu;&#x1F71;&rho;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_342" href="#NtA_342">[342]</a>
+    <p><i>Zoniscus</i> = Elegant girdle; <span title="z�niskos"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&omega;&nu;&#x1F77;&sigma;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_343" href="#NtA_343">[343]</a>
+    <p><i>Zonidium</i> = Little girdle; <span title="z�nidion"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&omega;&nu;&#x1F77;&delta;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_344" href="#NtA_344">[344]</a>
+    <p><i>Spirema</i> = Convolution, turning; <span title="speir�ma"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&epsilon;&#x1F77;&rho;&eta;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_345" href="#NtA_345">[345]</a>
+    <p><i>Lithelius</i> = Stony sun; <span title="lithos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F77;&theta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="h�lios"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F25;&lambda;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_346" href="#NtA_346">[346]</a>
+    <p><i>Larcospira</i> = Spiral basket; <span title="larkos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&rho;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="speira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&epsilon;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_347" href="#NtA_347">[347]</a>
+    <p><i>Pylospira</i> = Spiral shell with internal gates; <span title="pyl�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F7B;&lambda;&eta;</span>, <span title="speira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&epsilon;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_348" href="#NtA_348">[348]</a>
+    <p><i>Tholospira</i> = Shell with spiral domes; <span title="tholos"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F79;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="speira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&epsilon;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_349" href="#NtA_349">[349]</a>
+    <p><i>Spironium</i> = Shell with spiral structure; <span title="speir�nion"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&epsilon;&iota;&rho;&#x1F7D;&nu;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_350" href="#NtA_350">[350]</a>
+    <p><i>Streblonia</i> = Screw-shell; <span title="strebl�nion"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&rho;&epsilon;&beta;&lambda;&#x1F7D;&nu;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_351" href="#NtA_351">[351]</a>
+    <p><i>Streblacantha</i> = Screw-shell with spines; <span title="strebl�"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&rho;&#x1F73;&beta;&lambda;&eta;</span>, <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_352" href="#NtA_352">[352]</a>
+    <p><i>Streblopyle</i> = Screw-shell with gates; <span title="strebl�"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&rho;&#x1F73;&beta;&lambda;&eta;</span>, <span title="pyl�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F7B;&lambda;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_353" href="#NtA_353">[353]</a>
+    <p><i>Phorticium</i> = Small vessel; <span title="phortikion"
+    class="fsn">&phi;&omicron;&rho;&tau;&iota;&kappa;&#x1F77;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_354" href="#NtA_354">[354]</a>
+    <p><i>Spongophortis</i> = Spongy vessel; <span title="spongos"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&pi;&#x1F79;&gamma;&gamma;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="phortis"
+    class="fsn">&phi;&omicron;&rho;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_355" href="#NtA_355">[355]</a>
+    <p><i>Soreuma</i> = <span title="s�reuma" class="fsn">&sigma;&#x1F7D;&rho;&epsilon;&upsilon;&mu;&alpha;</span>,
+    heap.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_356" href="#NtA_356">[356]</a>
+    <p><i>Sorolarcus</i> = Basket heap; <span title="s�ros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&omega;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="larkos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F71;&rho;&kappa;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_357" href="#NtA_357">[357]</a>
+    <p><i>Actinelius</i> = Radiant sun; <span title="aktis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="h�lios"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F25;&lambda;&iota;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_358" href="#NtA_358">[358]</a>
+    <p><i>Astrolophus</i> = Star-like bunch; <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="lophos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F79;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_359" href="#NtA_359">[359]</a>
+    <p><i>Actinastrum</i> = Radiant star; <span title="aktis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_360" href="#NtA_360">[360]</a>
+    <p><i>Litholophus</i> = Stony brush; <span title="lithos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F77;&theta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="lophos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F79;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_361" href="#NtA_361">[361]</a>
+    <p><i>Chiastolus</i> = With crossed arms; <span title="chiastos"
+    class="fsn">&chi;&iota;&alpha;&sigma;&tau;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="�los"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F66;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_362" href="#NtA_362">[362]</a>
+    <p><i>Acanthochiasma</i> = Spine-cross; <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>, <span title="chiasma"
+    class="fsn">&chi;&#x1F77;&alpha;&sigma;&mu;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_363" href="#NtA_363">[363]</a>
+    <p><i>Acanthometron</i> = Spine proportion; <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>, <span title="metron"
+    class="fsn">&mu;&#x1F73;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_364" href="#NtA_364">[364]</a>
+    <p><i>Zygacantha</i> = Spines opposite in pairs; <span title="zyga"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&upsilon;&gamma;&#x1F71;</span>, <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_365" href="#NtA_365">[365]</a>
+    <p><i>Acanthonia</i> = Spiny article; <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>, <span title="�nia"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F64;&nu;&iota;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_366" href="#NtA_366">[366]</a>
+    <p><i>Lithophyllium</i> = With stony leaves; <span title="lithos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F77;&theta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="phyllion"
+    class="fsn">&phi;&#x1F7B;&lambda;&lambda;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_367" href="#NtA_367">[367]</a>
+    <p><i>Phractacantha</i> = Spines enclosed by a hedge; <span title="phraktos"
+    class="fsn">&phi;&rho;&alpha;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_368" href="#NtA_368">[368]</a>
+    <p><i>Doracantha</i> = Spear-like spine; <span title="dory"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F79;&rho;&upsilon;</span>, <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_369" href="#NtA_369">[369]</a>
+    <p><i>Astrolonche</i> = Star-spear; <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="lonch�"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F79;&gamma;&chi;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_370" href="#NtA_370">[370]</a>
+    <p><i>Xiphacantha</i> = Sword spine; <span title="xiphos"
+    class="fsn">&xi;&#x1F77;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_371" href="#NtA_371">[371]</a>
+    <p><i>Stauracantha</i> = Cruciate spine; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_372" href="#NtA_372">[372]</a>
+    <p><i>Phatnacantha</i> = Spine with fretwork; <span title="phatn�"
+    class="fsn">&phi;&#x1F71;&tau;&nu;&eta;</span>, <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_373" href="#NtA_373">[373]</a>
+    <p><i>Pristacantha</i> = Saw-spine; <span title="pristos"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&rho;&iota;&sigma;&tau;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_374" href="#NtA_374">[374]</a>
+    <p><i>Acanthostaurus</i> = Spine-cross; <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>, <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_375" href="#NtA_375">[375]</a>
+    <p><i>Belonostaurus</i> = Needle cross; <span title="belon�"
+    class="fsn">&beta;&epsilon;&lambda;&#x1F79;&nu;&eta;</span>, <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_376" href="#NtA_376">[376]</a>
+    <p><i>Lonchostaurus</i> = Spear-cross; <span title="lonch�"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F79;&gamma;&chi;&eta;</span>, <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_377" href="#NtA_377">[377]</a>
+    <p><i>Zygostaurus</i> = Pair-cross; <span title="zygon"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&upsilon;&gamma;&#x1F79;&nu;</span>, <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_378" href="#NtA_378">[378]</a>
+    <p><i>Quadrilonche</i> = Square-spear.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_379" href="#NtA_379">[379]</a>
+    <p><i>Xiphoptera</i> = Sword-wing; <span title="xiphos"
+    class="fsn">&xi;&#x1F77;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="pteron"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_380" href="#NtA_380">[380]</a>
+    <p><i>Lithoptera</i> = Stone wing; <span title="lithos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F77;&theta;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="pteron"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&tau;&epsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&nu;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_381" href="#NtA_381">[381]</a>
+    <p><i>Amphilonche</i> = With two opposed spears; <span title="amphi"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&mu;&phi;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="lonch�"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F79;&gamma;&chi;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_382" href="#NtA_382">[382]</a>
+    <p><i>Amphibelone</i> = With two opposed needles; <span title="amphi"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&mu;&phi;&#x1F77;</span>, <span title="belon�"
+    class="fsn">&beta;&epsilon;&lambda;&#x1F79;&nu;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_383" href="#NtA_383">[383]</a>
+    <p><i>Acantholonche</i> = Spiny spear; <span title="akantha"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&kappa;&alpha;&nu;&theta;&alpha;</span>, <span title="lonch�"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F79;&gamma;&chi;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_384" href="#NtA_384">[384]</a>
+    <p><i>Sph�rocapsa</i> = Spherical capsule; <span title="sphaira"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&phi;&alpha;&#x1FD6;&rho;&alpha;</span>, <span title="kapsa"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&psi;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_385" href="#NtA_385">[385]</a>
+    <p><i>Astrocapsa</i> = Star-capsule; <span title="astron"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F04;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="kapsa"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&psi;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_386" href="#NtA_386">[386]</a>
+    <p><i>Porocapsa</i> = Porous capsule; <span title="poros"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F79;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kapsa"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&psi;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_387" href="#NtA_387">[387]</a>
+    <p><i>Cannocapsa</i> = Tubular capsule; <span title="kanna"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&nu;&nu;&alpha;</span>, <span title="kapsa"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&psi;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_388" href="#NtA_388">[388]</a>
+    <p><i>Cenocapsa</i> = Hollow Capsule; <span title="kenos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&epsilon;&nu;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kapsa"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F71;&psi;&alpha;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_389" href="#NtA_389">[389]</a>
+    <p><i>Phractaspis</i> = Hedging shield; <span title="phraktos"
+    class="fsn">&phi;&rho;&alpha;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_390" href="#NtA_390">[390]</a>
+    <p><i>Pleuraspis</i> = Shield formed by ribs; <span title="pleura"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&lambda;&epsilon;&#x1FE6;&rho;&alpha;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_391" href="#NtA_391">[391]</a>
+    <p><i>Dorataspis</i> = Spear on the shield; <span title="dory"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F79;&rho;&upsilon;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_392" href="#NtA_392">[392]</a>
+    <p><i>Diporaspis</i> = Shield with two pores; <span title="diporos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&pi;&omicron;&rho;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_393" href="#NtA_393">[393]</a>
+    <p><i>Orophaspis</i> = Roof shield; <span title="orophos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&rho;&omicron;&phi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_394" href="#NtA_394">[394]</a>
+    <p><i>Ceriaspis</i> = Dimply shield; <span title="k�rion"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&eta;&rho;&#x1F77;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_395" href="#NtA_395">[395]</a>
+    <p><i>Hystrichaspis</i> = Porcupine-shield; <span title="hystrix"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F51;&sigma;&tau;&rho;&iota;&xi;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_396" href="#NtA_396">[396]</a>
+    <p><i>Coscinaspis</i> = Sieve-shield; <span title="koskinon"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F79;&sigma;&kappa;&iota;&nu;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_397" href="#NtA_397">[397]</a>
+    <p><i>Acontaspis</i> = Shield with spears; <span title="akontion"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&kappa;&#x1F79;&nu;&tau;&iota;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_398" href="#NtA_398">[398]</a>
+    <p><i>Stauraspis</i> = Cross-shield; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_399" href="#NtA_399">[399]</a>
+    <p><i>Echinaspis</i> = Urchin with shields; <span title="echinos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F10;&chi;&#x1FD6;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_400" href="#NtA_400">[400]</a>
+    <p><i>Zonaspis</i> = Shell with a girdle of shield; <span title="z�n�"
+    class="fsn">&zeta;&#x1F7D;&nu;&eta;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_401" href="#NtA_401">[401]</a>
+    <p><i>Dodecaspis</i> = Shell with twelve shields; <span title="d�deka"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F7D;&delta;&epsilon;&kappa;&alpha;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_402" href="#NtA_402">[402]</a>
+    <p><i>Tessaraspis</i> = Shield with four pores; <span title="tessara"
+    class="fsn">&tau;&#x1F73;&sigma;&sigma;&alpha;&rho;&alpha;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_403" href="#NtA_403">[403]</a>
+    <p><i>Lychnaspis</i> = Lantern-shield; <span title="lychnos"
+    class="fsn">&lambda;&#x1F7B;&chi;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_404" href="#NtA_404">[404]</a>
+    <p><i>Icosaspis</i> = Shell with twenty shields; <span title="eikosi"
+    class="fsn">&epsilon;&#x1F34;&kappa;&omicron;&sigma;&iota;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_405" href="#NtA_405">[405]</a>
+    <p><i>Hylaspis</i> = Forest shield; <span title="hyl�" class="fsn">&#x1F55;&lambda;&eta;</span>,
+    <span title="aspis" class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_406" href="#NtA_406">[406]</a>
+    <p><i>Phractopelta</i> = Hedging shield; <span title="phraktos"
+    class="fsn">&phi;&rho;&alpha;&kappa;&tau;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="pelt�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F73;&lambda;&tau;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_407" href="#NtA_407">[407]</a>
+    <p><i>Pantopelta</i> = Shell everywhere with shields; <span title="pant�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F71;&nu;&tau;&eta;</span>, <span title="pelt�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F73;&lambda;&tau;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_408" href="#NtA_408">[408]</a>
+    <p><i>Octopelta</i> = Shell with eight shields; <span title="okt�"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F44;&kappa;&tau;&omega;</span>, <span title="pelt�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F73;&lambda;&tau;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_409" href="#NtA_409">[409]</a>
+    <p><i>Dorypelta</i> = Spear with a light shield; <span title="dory"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F79;&rho;&upsilon;</span>, <span title="pelt�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F73;&lambda;&tau;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_410" href="#NtA_410">[410]</a>
+    <p><i>Stauropelta</i> = Cross-shield; <span title="stauros"
+    class="fsn">&sigma;&tau;&alpha;&upsilon;&rho;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="pelt�"
+    class="fsn">&pi;&#x1F73;&lambda;&tau;&eta;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_411" href="#NtA_411">[411]</a>
+    <p><i>Thoracaspis</i> = Cuirass-shield; <span title="th�rax"
+    class="fsn">&theta;&#x1F7D;&rho;&alpha;&xi;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_412" href="#NtA_412">[412]</a>
+    <p><i>Belonaspis</i> = Arrow-shield; <span title="belon�"
+    class="fsn">&beta;&epsilon;&lambda;&#x1F79;&nu;&eta;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_413" href="#NtA_413">[413]</a>
+    <p><i>Dictyaspis</i> = Net-shield; <span title="diktyon"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&#x1F77;&kappa;&tau;&upsilon;&omicron;&nu;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_414" href="#NtA_414">[414]</a>
+    <p><i>Coleaspis</i> = Shield with sheaths; <span title="koleos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&omicron;&lambda;&epsilon;&#x1F79;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_415" href="#NtA_415">[415]</a>
+    <p><i>Phatnaspis</i> = Panel-shield or fretwork; <span title="phatn�"
+    class="fsn">&phi;&#x1F71;&tau;&nu;&eta;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_416" href="#NtA_416">[416]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexalaspis</i> = Shield with six wings; <span title="hexalos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F15;&xi;&alpha;&lambda;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_417" href="#NtA_417">[417]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexaconus</i> = Shell with six cones; <span title="hexa"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F15;&xi;&alpha;</span>, <span title="k�nos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1FF6;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_418" href="#NtA_418">[418]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexonaspis</i> = Shield with six auricles; <span title="hexonos"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F15;&xi;&omicron;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="aspis"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F00;&sigma;&pi;&#x1F77;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_419" href="#NtA_419">[419]</a>
+    <p><i>Hexacolpus</i> = Shell with six bosoms; <span title="hexa"
+    class="fsn">&#x1F15;&xi;&alpha;</span>, <span title="kolpos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F79;&lambda;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_420" href="#NtA_420">[420]</a>
+    <p><i>Diploconus</i> = Double cone; <span title="diploos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&iota;&pi;&lambda;&#x1F79;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="k�nos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1FF6;&nu;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+  <div class="foot">
+    <a class="fnote" id="Nt_421" href="#NtA_421">[421]</a>
+    <p><i>Diplocolpus</i> = Double bosom; <span title="diploos"
+    class="fsn">&delta;&iota;&pi;&lambda;&#x1F79;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>, <span title="kolpos"
+    class="fsn">&kappa;&#x1F79;&lambda;&pi;&omicron;&sigmaf;</span>.</p>
+  </div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK REPORT ON THE RADIOLARIA COLLECTED BY H.M.S. CHALLENGER DURING THE YEARS 1873-1876, FIRST PART: PORULOSA (SPUMELLARIA AND ACANTHARIA)***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 44525-h.txt or 44525-h.zip *******</p>
+<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br />
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