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+Project Gutenberg's The War With Mexico, Volume II (of 2), by Justin H. Smith
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The War With Mexico, Volume II (of 2)
+
+Author: Justin H. Smith
+
+Release Date: December 16, 2013 [EBook #44438]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE WAR WITH MEXICO, VOLUME II ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by KD Weeks, David Edwards and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
+file was produced from images generously made available
+by The Internet Archive)
+
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+For this version of the text, italics are denoted with _underscore_
+characters, and bold text with =equal= signs. The ligature for 'oe' is
+separated into its two letters, e.g., 'manoeuvre'.
+
+There are three types of notes in the text. The lettered notes
+(originally asterisks) were printed as standard footnotes on each page.
+References to these notes now appear in brackets as [A], [B] and so on.
+The notes themselves have been moved to directly follow the paragraph
+within which they are referenced. Occasionally, an asterisk is used for
+some other purpose, usually preceding rather than following a word or
+phrase, and remain asterisks.
+
+Numeric references referring to the extensive Notes section of the text
+appear as bracketed numbers. Unlike standard footnotes, the references
+to those notes in the text are themselves not necessarily consecutive,
+nor are they unique. To assist in consulting those notes using search
+features, the chapter number has been prefixed to each, using Arabic
+numerals, as [21.1], [25.2], [30.3], etc. Any internal references
+directing attention to another note have also been changed.
+
+Within the Notes, there are =bold= numbers prefixed to key words (e.g.,
+'=123=keyword') which serve as references to sources. These numbered
+sources are found in the final section of the text. There may be
+multiple references to the same source.
+
+The logic behind this system is explained by the author in his Preface,
+and in more detail in the fifth note [P.5] of the Notes to that Preface.
+
+The notes themselves have several footnotes, using numbers and
+asterisks. These footnotes have been re-numbered sequentially as [1],
+[2], [3], etc.
+
+Right-side page headers contained descriptions of the current topic
+covered by the two open pages. These were retained and are placed on
+separate lines prior to the paragraph where the topic is introduced,
+and enclosed in brackets, as [Topic headers]. The choice of that
+position is not always obvious and should be regarded as approximate.
+Should the topic persist over multiple pages, any redundant headers
+have been removed.
+
+Illustrations are denoted with square brackets as [Illustration:
+<caption>] at approximately the point where they were printed. The
+captions are usually printed on the maps themselves. Where there is
+no title to the map, the caption has been provided from the table of
+illustrations, in mixed case.
+
+References to chapters I through XX, as well as their respective notes,
+refer to the Volume I of this work.
+
+ See http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44437
+
+Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes
+the original illustrations.
+
+ See 44438-h.htm or 44438-h.zip:
+ (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44438/44438-h/44438-h.htm)
+ or
+ (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44438/44438-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+ THE WAR WITH MEXICO
+
+
+
+
+ +----------------------------------------+
+ | BY THE SAME AUTHOR |
+ | |
+ | The |
+ | Annexation of Texas |
+ | |
+ | _Octavo ix + 496 pages_ |
+ | |
+ | _By mail, postpaid, $3.00_ |
+ | |
+ | ------------------------ |
+ | This is the only work attempting to |
+ | deal thoroughly with an affair that |
+ | was intrinsically far more important |
+ | than had previously been supposed, |
+ | and was also of no little significance |
+ | on account of its relation to the war |
+ | with Mexico. |
+ | ------------------------ |
+ | |
+ | THE MACMILLAN COMPANY |
+ | _PUBLISHERS_ |
+ +----------------------------------------+
+
+
+
+
+ THE
+
+ WAR WITH MEXICO
+
+ BY
+
+ JUSTIN H. SMITH
+
+ FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY
+ AT DARTMOUTH COLLEGE
+
+ AUTHOR OF "THE ANNEXATION OF TEXAS," "OUR
+ STRUGGLE FOR THE FOURTEENTH COLONY,"
+ "ARNOLD'S MARCH FROM
+ CAMBRIDGE TO QUEBEC,"
+ ETC.
+
+
+ VOLUME II
+
+
+ New York
+
+ THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
+
+ 1919
+
+ _All rights reserved_
+
+
+ COPYRIGHT, 1919,
+
+ BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.
+
+ Set up and printed. Published December, 1919.
+
+
+ Norwood Press
+ J. S. Cushing Co.--Berwick & Smith Co.
+ Norwood, Mass., U.S.A.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS OF VOLUME II
+
+
+ PAGE
+
+ MAPS AND PLANS IN VOLUME II vi
+
+ CONSPECTUS OF EVENTS xi
+
+ PRONUNCIATION OF SPANISH xiii
+
+ CHAPTER
+
+ XXI. BEHIND THE SCENES AT MEXICO 1
+
+ XXII. VERA CRUZ 17
+
+ XXIII. CERRO GORDO 37
+
+ XXIV. PUEBLA 60
+
+ XXV. ON TO THE CAPITAL 79
+
+ XXVI. CONTRERAS AND CHURUBUSCO 99
+
+ XXVII. NEGOTIATIONS 120
+
+ XXVIII. MOLINO DEL REY, CHAPULTEPEC AND MEXICO 140
+
+ XXIX. FINAL MILITARY OPERATIONS 165
+
+ XXX. THE NAVAL OPERATIONS 189
+
+ XXXI. THE AMERICANS AS CONQUERORS 210
+
+ XXXII. PEACE 233
+
+ XXXIII. THE FINANCES OF THE WAR 253
+
+ XXXIV. THE WAR IN AMERICAN POLITICS 268
+
+ XXXV. THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE WAR 294
+
+ XXXVI. CONCLUSION 310
+
+
+ NOTES ON VOLUME II 327
+
+ APPENDIX (LISTS OF SOURCES) 517
+
+ INDEX 563
+
+
+
+
+MAPS AND PLANS IN VOLUME TWO
+
+As equally good sources disagree sometimes, a few inconsistencies are
+unavoidable. Numerous errors have been corrected. An asterisk indicates
+an unpublished source. Statements, cited in the notes, have also been
+used.
+
+ PAGE
+ 1. The Fortress of San Juan de Ulua in 1854 21
+
+ From a *plan in the War Dept., Washington.
+
+ 2. Siege of Vera Cruz: General Plan 24
+
+ From a map drawn by McClellan from surveys done by six
+ American officers (N. Y. City Public Library); *a map
+ drawn by order of Lieut. Col. Henry Wilson (War Dept.,
+ Washington).
+
+ 3. Siege of Vera Cruz: The American Works 28
+
+ From a map drawn by Lieut. Foster, based on surveys of
+ four American officers (War Dept., Washington).
+
+ 4. From Vera Cruz to Perote 39
+
+ Based on a map issued by Manouvrier and Snell, New Orleans,
+ 1847 (Papers of N. P. Trist).
+
+ 5. Contour Lines near Cerro Gordo 40
+
+ From a *drawing in the War College, Washington.
+
+ 6. Battle of Cerro Gordo: General Map 43
+
+ Based on a map drawn by Lieut. Coppee from the surveys of
+ Maj. Turnbull and Capt. McClellan (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30
+ Cong., 1 sess.); a map drawn by McClellan (Mass. Hist.
+ Society); a *sketch of a reconnaissance by Lieut. Tower
+ (War Dept., Washington); *Croquis de la Posicion del campo
+ de Cerro Gordo, 1847 (War Dept., Washington); a plan by
+ I. A. de Soiecki (Vera Cruz City archives); and a *sketch
+ by Lieut. Thos. Williams (among his letters).
+
+ 7. Battle of Cerro Gordo: Central Portion 51
+
+ Based on the same sources as No. 6 _supra_.
+
+ 8. From Jalapa to Puebla 61
+
+ Based on a Fomento Dept. map.
+
+ 9. Profile of the Route from Vera Cruz to Mexico 62
+
+ From a map published by Manouvrier and Snell, New Orleans,
+ 1847 (Papers of N. P. Trist).
+
+ 10. A Part of the Valley of Mexico 80
+
+ From a map surveyed and drawn by Lieut. M. L. Smith and
+ Bvt. Capt. Hardcastle (Sen. Ex. Doc. 11; 31 Cong., 1
+ sess.); and a map by Balbontin (Invasion Americana).
+
+ 11. Battles of August 19 and 20, 1847: General Map 100
+
+ Based on a map drawn by Hardcastle from the surveys of
+ Maj. Turnbull, Capt. McClellan and Lieut. Hardcastle
+ (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.); the Smith and
+ Hardcastle map (No. 10 _supra_); a *map drawn by
+ Capt. Barnard from the surveys of Capt. Mason and Lieuts.
+ Beauregard, McClellan, and Foster (War Dept., Washington);
+ a map drawn by Hardcastle from the surveys of Mason
+ and Hardcastle (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.); a map
+ in Apuntes; and a map drawn by McClellan (Mass. Hist.
+ Society).
+
+ 12. Battle of Contreras 108
+
+ Based on the Turnbull map (No. 11 _supra_); a *plan
+ of Capt. Gardner (Pierce Papers); *notes by Capt. Henshaw
+ on a map by Hardcastle (Mass. Hist. Society); a *sketch
+ by Lieut. Collins, 4th Artillery (Collins Papers); New
+ Orleans _Picayune_, Sept. 12, 1847; a plan by
+ Balbontin (Invasion Americana); and a map in Apuntes.
+
+ 13. Battle of Churubusco 111
+
+ Based on the Turnbull map (No. 11 _supra_); a map
+ drawn by Hardcastle from the surveys of Mason and
+ Hardcastle (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.); and a
+ sketch by Balbontin ("Invasion Americana").
+
+ 14. The Tete de Pont, Churubusco 112
+
+ *Drawn by Lieuts. Beauregard and Tower from Beauregard's
+ survey (War Dept., Washington).
+
+ 15. Profile of East Curtain, Tete de Pont, Churubusco 113
+
+ *Drawn by Beauregard from the surveys of Lieuts. McClellan,
+ Beauregard, and Foster (War Dept., Washington).
+
+ 16. The Fortifications of Churubusco Convent 114
+
+ *Drawn by Beauregard and Tower from Beauregard's survey
+ (War Dept., Washington).
+
+ 17. Battles of Mexico: General Map 141
+
+ Based on a map drawn by Hardcastle from the surveys of
+ Turnbull, McClellan, and Hardcastle (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1;
+ 30 Cong., 1 sess.); and a map drawn by McClellan and
+ Hardcastle (published by the government).
+
+ 18. Battle of Molino del Rey 143
+
+ Based on the maps specified under No. 17 _supra_; a
+ sketch by Hardcastle (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.);
+ and a sketch in New Orleans _Picayune_, Oct. 17, 1847.
+
+ 19. Battle of Chapultepec 150
+
+ Based upon the maps specified under No. 17 supra; a
+ *sketch drawn by Tower from surveys of Beauregard and
+ Tower (War Dept., Washington); a plan accompanying Gen.
+ Quitman report (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.);
+ *recollections of Senor D. Ignacio Molina, Chief
+ Cartographer of the Fomento Dept., Mexico.
+
+ 20. Blindage at Chapultepec 151
+
+ 21. The Citadel, Mexico, in 1840 (War Dept. *plan, Washington) 159
+
+ 22. Alvarado, Mexico 198
+
+ A *plan by J. L. Mason (War Dept., Washington).
+
+ 23. A Part of Tabasco River 205
+
+ Based on a map in Ho. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 2 sess.
+
+ 24. Guaymas, Mexico 206
+
+ From a plan in Ho. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 2 sess.
+
+ 25. Mazatlan, Mexico 207
+
+ From a *drawing by Commander Wouldridge of Brigantine
+ _Spy_ (Admiralty Papers, Public Record Office,
+ London).
+
+ 26. The Tip of Lower California 207
+
+ Based on a map in Sen. Ex. Doc. 18; 31 Cong., 1 sess.
+
+ 27. Territory acquired from Mexico 241
+
+
+
+
+ CONSPECTUS OF EVENTS
+
+
+ 1845
+
+ March. The United States determines to annex Texas; W. S. Parrott
+ sent to conciliate Mexico.
+
+ July. Texas consents; Taylor proceeds to Corpus Christi.
+
+ Oct. 17. Larkin appointed a confidential agent in California.
+
+ Nov. 10. Slidell ordered to Mexico.
+
+ Dec. 20. Slidell rejected by Herrera.
+
+ 1846
+
+ Jan. 13. Taylor ordered to the Rio Grande.
+
+ Mar. 8. Taylor marches from Corpus Christi.
+
+ 21. Slidell finally rejected by Paredes.
+
+ 28. Taylor reaches the Rio Grande.
+
+ Apr. 25. Thornton attacked.
+
+ May 8. Battle of Palo Alto.
+
+ 9. Battle of Resaca de la Palma.
+
+ 13. The war bill becomes a law.
+
+ June 5. Kearny's march to Santa Fe begins.
+
+ July 7. Monterey, California, occupied.
+
+ 14. Camargo occupied.
+
+ Aug. 4. Paredes overthrown.
+
+ 7. First attack on Alvarado.
+
+ 13. Los Angeles, California, occupied.
+
+ 16. Santa Anna lands at Vera Cruz.
+
+ 18. Kearny takes Santa Fe.
+
+ 19. Taylor advances from Camargo.
+
+ Sept. 14. Santa Anna enters Mexico City.
+
+ 20-24. Operations at Monterey, Mex.
+
+ 22-23. Insurrection in California precipitated.
+
+ 23. Wool's advance from San Antonio begins.
+
+ 25. Kearny leaves Santa Fe for California.
+
+ Oct. 8. Santa Anna arrives at San Luis Potosi.
+
+ Oct. 15. Second attack on Alvarado.
+
+ 24. San Juan Bautista captured by Perry.
+
+ 28. Tampico evacuated by Parrodi.
+
+ 29. Wool occupies Monclova.
+
+ Nov. 15. Tampico captured by Conner.
+
+ 16. Saltillo occupied by Taylor.
+
+ 18. Scott appointed to command the Vera Cruz expedition.
+
+ Dec. 5. Wool occupies Parras.
+
+ 6. Kearny's fight at San Pascual.
+
+ 25. Doniphan's skirmish at El Brazito.
+
+ 27. Scott reaches Brazos Id.
+
+ 29. Victoria occupied.
+
+ 1847
+
+ Jan. 3. Scott orders troops from Taylor.
+
+ 8. Fight at the San Gabriel, Calif.
+
+ 9. Fight near Los Angeles, Calif.
+
+ 11. Mexican law regarding Church property.
+
+ 28. Santa Anna's march against Taylor begins.
+
+ Feb. 5. Taylor places himself at Agua Nueva.
+
+ 19. Scott reaches Tampico.
+
+ 22-23. Battle of Buena Vista.
+
+ 27. Insurrection at Mexico begins.
+
+ 28. Battle of Sacramento.
+
+ Mar. 9. Scott lands near Vera Cruz.
+
+ 29. Vera Cruz occupied.
+
+ 30. Operations in Lower California opened.
+
+ Apr. 8. Scott's advance from Vera Cruz begins.
+
+ 18. Battle of Cerro Gordo; Tuxpan captured by Perry.
+
+ 19. Jalapa occupied.
+
+ May 15. Worth enters Puebla.
+
+ June 6. Trist opens negotiations through the British legation.
+
+ 16. San Juan Bautista again taken.
+
+ Aug. 7. The advance from Puebla begins.
+
+ 20. Battles of Contreras and Churubusco.
+
+ Aug. 24-Sept. 7. Armistice.
+
+ Sept. 8. Battle of Molino del Rey.
+
+ 13. Battle of Chapultepec; the "siege" of Puebla begins.
+
+ 14. Mexico City occupied.
+
+ 22. Pena y Pena assumes the Presidency.
+
+ Oct. 9. Fight at Huamantla.
+
+ 20. Trist reopens negotiations.
+
+ Nov. 11. Mazatlan occupied by Shubrick.
+
+
+ 1848
+
+ Feb. 2. Treaty of peace signed.
+
+ Mar. 4-5. Armistice ratified.
+
+ 10. Treaty accepted by U. S. Senate.
+
+ May 19, 24. Treaty accepted by Mexican Congress.
+
+ 30. Ratifications of the treaty exchanged.
+
+ June 12. Mexico City evacuated.
+
+ July 4. Treaty proclaimed by President Polk.
+
+
+
+
+THE PRONUNCIATION OF SPANISH
+
+The niceties of the matter would be out of place here, but a few
+general rules may prove helpful.
+
+_A_ as in English "ah"; _e_, at the end of a syllable, like _a_ in
+"fame," otherwise like _e_ in "let"; _i_ like _i_ in "machine"; _o_, at
+the end of a syllable, like _o_ in "go," otherwise somewhat like _o_ in
+"lot"; _u_ like _u_ in "rude" (but, unless marked with two dots, silent
+between _g_ or _q_ and _e_ or _i_); _y_ like _ee_ in "feet."
+
+_C_ like _k_ (but, before _e_ and _i_, like [A]_th_ in "thin"); _ch_ as
+in "child"; _g_ as in "go" (but, before _e_ and _i_, like a harsh _h_);
+_h_ silent; _j_ like a harsh _h_; _ll_ like [B]_lli_ in "million"; _n_
+like _ni_ in "onion"; _qu_ like _k_; _r_ is sounded with a vibration
+(trill) of the tip of the tongue (_rr_ a longer and more forcible sound
+of the same kind); _s_ as in "sun"; _x_ like _x_ in "box" (but, in
+"Mexico" and a few other names, like Spanish _j_); _z_ like [A]_th_ in
+"thin."
+
+Words bearing no mark of accentuation are stressed on the last syllable
+if they end in any consonant except _n_ or _s_, but on the syllable
+next to the last if they end in _n_, _s_ or a vowel.
+
+ [A] In Mexico, however, usually like _s_ in "sun."
+
+ [B] In Mexico usually like _y_.
+
+ [Illustration: MEXICO IN 1919]
+
+
+
+
+THE WAR WITH MEXICO
+
+
+
+
+XXI
+
+BEHIND THE SCENES AT MEXICO
+
+
+September, 1846-March, 1847
+
+The revolution of August 4, as already has been suggested, was a
+complex and inconsistent affair, combining most heterogeneous elements:
+the popular institutions of 1824 and the autocratic power of the
+soldier upheld with bayonets; the army and the people, whose relations
+had always been, and in Mexico always had to be, those of wolf and
+lamb; the regular troops and the National Guards, who loved each other
+as fire loves water; General Salas reluctantly taking orders from
+Citizen Farias, and both of them doing obeisance to Liberator Santa
+Anna, whom both distrusted; and all cooperating to revive a federal
+constitution, which had been found in practice unworkable, and needed,
+in the opinion of everybody, to be redrawn.[21.3]
+
+Such a state of things argued insincerity; and in fact many had taken
+up the cry of Federalism at this time simply because the failure
+of reactionary designs had made the word a popular appeal, and
+because--nearly all the former leaders of that school having been
+crushed by the Centralists--there seemed to be room for new aspirants;
+while the state of things indicated also that more troubles were soon
+to arrive, since evidently no final solution of the political problem
+had been achieved, and such a welter of principles, traditions and
+methods was a loud invitation to the demagogue and the schemer. _Don
+Simplicio_ predicted that new stars were to flash out soon in the
+political heavens, and then disappear before the astronomers would have
+time to name them; and it added significantly, "The comets will be
+found to be all tails."[21.3]
+
+In particular the field was open for radical democracy. Calm judgment
+is never listened to in a period of excitement, and the Mexicans, like
+the French of 1792, instead of resorting to the practical Anglo-Saxon
+rule of compromising differences, believed in carrying principles to
+their logical end. Centralism and monarchical ideas had failed to
+render the nation happy; democracy was therefore the panacea, and the
+more of it the better. The demoralized condition of the people promoted
+this dangerous policy. Referring to all those concerned with public
+affairs, a thoughtful writer of the day characterized them as ignorant,
+destitute of honor, patriotism, morality, good faith or principles of
+any kind, and influenced exclusively by self-interest and ambition;
+and naturally men of the opposite kind held aloof in disgust and
+despair. For these reasons the conservative wing of the Federalists,
+led by Pedraza and known as the Moderados (_Moderates_), found itself
+distanced in the race for support; and the Puros--that is to say, pure
+Federalists and democrats--gained the ascendency at once.[21.3]
+
+Their acknowledged leader, as we have seen, was the patriotic though
+indiscreet Farias, but he was more honest than brilliant, and a
+man stepped forward now who reversed that description. This man
+was Rejon. A keen, subtle mind, a bold, unfaltering will, a ready,
+plausible tongue and a tireless ambition quite indifferent about
+means, characterized him chiefly, and for the present crisis these
+were redoubtable qualifications. The Spanish minister once remarked,
+after conversing with him, that it was impossible to trust a person who
+possessed no principles except the transient interests of his ambition.
+And Rejon had another qualification that was no less important. Though
+unworthy of confidence and everywhere distrusted, Santa Anna counted as
+an essential factor in all plans, a power that each party felt it must
+have; and Rejon was believed at this time to represent Santa Anna.[21.3]
+
+[POLITICS AT MEXICO]
+
+The aims and to some extent the methods of the radical faction were
+borrowed from the United States, but without regard to differences
+of race, experience and present circumstances. Government, they
+maintained, should be completely democratic and completely secular; and
+they dreamed of this consummation almost voluptuously, as a Mussulman
+dreams of paradise. They held public meetings, where everybody was
+free to speak; and in these disorderly gatherings they discussed
+religious freedom, the seizure of Church property, the reformation
+of the clergy, the secularization of marriage and education, the
+necessity of destroying military domination in politics, and the
+capital punishment of all suspected monarchists. In short, from the
+conservative point of view, they passed sentence of death on society.
+Santa Anna did not sympathize with their programme. He wished society
+to live--for him, and he was conducting now an equivocal correspondence
+with men hostile to the Puros. But it probably suited his purpose to
+have them succeed for a time, and to have the substantial citizens add
+to their litany, "From Rejon deliver us, good Lord!" He himself had
+played the part of the Lord before now, and was willing to do so again,
+though he preferred the more terrestrial name of dictator.[21.3]
+
+Of course property felt the menace, and it had reason to do so. During
+the latter part of September, 1846, an editorial in the official
+journal, commonly attributed to Rejon, intimated that if the rich did
+not contribute for the war, the people would know where to find their
+wealth; and even foreign houses were threatened. The British minister
+forced a prompt retraction of this language so far, at least, as his
+fellow-countrymen were concerned; but within two weeks a number of
+capitalists were invited to loan $200,000 with an intimation that,
+unless they did so, the money would be taken. Every one understood that
+the leopard, though now comparatively silent, had not changed his spots
+and would not, and hence four elite militia corps, familiarly known as
+the Polkos, were formed at Mexico to protect life and property. One
+of these, called the Victoria battalion, was composed of merchants,
+professional men and scions from wealthy families. Another, which
+bore the name of Hidalgo, consisted of clerks; and the Bravos and
+Independencia battalions, made up largely of artisans, represented the
+industrial interests of the city. The ministry, who desired to exclude
+such persons from the National Guard, opposed the recognition of these
+corps; but, supported by Salas, the substantial citizens carried the
+day.[21.3]
+
+An equally natural reaction caused by radical violence was political.
+In the hope of welding the Federalists into a harmonious party, the
+council of government had been revived, and members of both wings had
+been appointed to it. Santa Anna, in order to establish his particular
+friend Haro at the head of the treasury, next proposed to transfer
+Farias from that office to the presidency of the council. This was
+understood--correctly, no doubt--as a move to eliminate him virtually
+from the government, and was fiercely denounced; but Santa Anna then
+remarked that should Salas for any reason drop out, the president of
+the council would take his place at the head of the government, and
+Pedraza could have the post in case Farias preferred to remain as
+he was.[21.1] This put a new look on the matter, and the programme
+was carried out; but the Puro attacks upon their rivals continued to
+excite bitter resentment. When it was arranged that Farias and Pedraza
+should publicly shake hands, and crowds gathered to witness the amazing
+ceremony, it failed to occur. The Moderados belonging to the council
+resigned; the body ceased to enjoy prestige and influence; and Farias
+lost all official power. Naturally some of the blame for this result
+was laid to the charge of the Pedrazists. Partisan rancor grew still
+more savage. The fury of the French revolution was rivalled. "We must
+finish with our enemies or die ourselves," cried one factional organ;
+"the scaffold must be raised; we must drink their hearts' blood."
+Bankhead described the situation as one of "universal terror and
+distrust."[21.3]
+
+About the middle of October there came an explosion. Apparently
+Rejon demanded that Salas initiate the Puro reforms, and the acting
+Executive, who was not only weak and incompetent but obstinate,
+resented the pressure, and turned his face toward the Moderados. To
+the Puros this looked reactionary, and he was charged with a design to
+prevent Congress from assembling. Next it was required of Salas that
+he should give way to Farias as the representative of the new regime,
+and probably there were threats at least of bringing this change
+about, if necessary, through an insurrection of the populace.[21.2]
+Then Salas, with the Hidalgo battalion of which he was the commander,
+took possession of the citadel. The people, alarmed by rumors that a
+sack was contemplated, flew to arms; and Rejon found it necessary to
+moderate his tone.[21.3]
+
+[AN EXPLOSION]
+
+When the Executive, as was inevitable, dismissed him from office, he
+submitted; and Santa Anna himself, though his orders to Rejon had
+been to hold the post whatever Salas might do, found public sentiment
+at the capital too strong for him, and concluded to accept the change.
+Rejon's conduct had excited so much dissension and alarm, that his
+removal gratified all sensible persons at Mexico. The rumors and the
+disturbance were now attributed officially to agents of the United
+States, and comparative quiet returned.[21.3]
+
+The aims of Santa Anna and those of the Puros may have been exactly
+contrary in these events; but both overshot the mark, and they suffered
+a common loss of prestige. As one method of restoring it, they induced
+the governors of San Luis Potosi and Queretaro to declare that within
+their jurisdictions the Liberator would be recognized as head of the
+nation until the assembling of Congress; but their principal scheme
+was to carry the Presidential election. Congress, chosen on the first
+day of November, was to elect, and it consisted chiefly of men termed
+by well-to-do citizens "the dregs of society"--that is to say, poorly
+educated radicals taken from the masses.[21.3]
+
+This appeared to ensure a Puro triumph, yet there were serious
+difficulties. Rejon had been discredited, and the former administration
+of Farias had left painful memories. Besides, it was feared that his
+election would offend Santa Anna, who of course was not on very cordial
+terms now with the tribune of the people, and preferred to have a weak
+man like Salas, with whom satisfactory relations had grown out of the
+Rejon episode, continue in power. At one time Almonte seemed to be the
+Puro favorite; but finally it was decided to cast the Presidential vote
+for Santa Anna, who could not legally hold the chief political and the
+chief military offices at the same time and would no doubt remain with
+the army, and to elect Farias to the Vice Presidency as the actual
+executive.[21.3]
+
+Even this combination, however, met with strong and unexpected
+opposition. The conservatives and moderates were naturally against it;
+certain states--for the voting was done by these quasi sovereignties as
+units--could not forgive Santa Anna for past misdeeds, and the powerful
+Church party looked upon Farias as Antichrist. Finally Escudero
+of Chihuahua, whose delegation held the balance of power, opened
+negotiations with Farias, and that gentleman declared in writing his
+willingness to "join loyally" with any one who desired "in good faith
+the welfare of the country." Holding this instrument--a weapon, should
+there be need of it--in their hands, a number of the Moderados, who
+realized his honesty, vigor and good intentions, and believed now that
+he would give them a share in the administration, accepted the Puro
+candidates, and on December 22 by a narrow majority these were elected.
+The news produced a commotion; but without encountering serious
+opposition Farias took up the reins of government at once.[21.3]
+
+His primary aim was to support the war. This he intended to do because
+he felt an ardent patriotism, but other reasons also lay in his mind.
+Abominating the military class, he desired to have as many as possible
+of the corrupt officers left on the field, and he designed to keep the
+army so busy, that it would not be able to prevent the states, which
+were generally Federalist and democratic in sentiment, from organizing
+their strength, and making sure that no tyrannical central power would
+ever raise its front again. But the first requirement for military
+operations was money. Farias had, therefore, to take up immediately the
+financial problem, and he found it most difficult.[21.3]
+
+Of all the fields of Mexican misgovernment the worst had been the
+treasury, for it not only required a care and a good judgment that
+were peculiarly foreign to the national temperament, but provided
+opportunities for illegitimate gains that were most congenial. During
+Spanish rule the needs of the country had been fully met, and about
+nine millions a year, almost half of the revenues, left as a surplus.
+Under Iturbide a financial system which three centuries of able
+administration had built up was despised, and with mines abandoned,
+agriculture discouraged, commerce paralyzed, honesty relaxed, taxes
+diminished for the sake of popularity, and expenses increased for the
+sake of glory, the foundations of ruin were promptly laid. The logical
+superstructure soon mounted high in the shape of two British loans,
+which bound Mexico to pay about twenty-six million dollars in return
+for about fifteen, a large part of which was practically thrown away by
+her agents.[21.5]
+
+[FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES]
+
+The expulsion of the rich and thrifty Spaniards, the costs of civil
+wars, in which the nation paid for both sides, unwise and unstable
+fiscal systems, borrowing at such rates as four per cent a month,
+incredibly bad management,[21.4] and methods of accounting that made it
+impossible for the minister of the treasury to know the actual state of
+things, were enough to complete the edifice; but they were supplemented
+with peculation, embezzlement, multiplication of offices, collusion
+between importers and customhouses, and systematic smuggling winked at
+by half-starved officials. Revenue after revenue was mortgaged, and by
+1845 the government found itself entitled to only about thirteen per
+cent of what entered the treasury.[21.5]
+
+Since the beginning of hostilities our blockade, assisted by new
+methods of wholesale smuggling, had greatly reduced the income from
+duties, which had always been the principal reliance; the adoption of
+the federal system had given the best part of the internal revenue
+to the states; and the residue was almost wholly eaten up by the
+officials. The foreign debt amounted now to more than fifty millions
+and the domestic debt was nearly twice as great. Every known source of
+income had been anticipated. Freewill offerings had proved illusory.
+By ceasing to make payments on account of the debt in May, 1846, the
+government had largely increased its income, of course, but it had
+forfeited all title to financial sympathy; and the high officials,
+who robbed the treasury still in this time of supreme distress, had
+stripped it of all title to respect.[21.5]
+
+The government, therefore, had no real credit. Men who made this kind
+of gambling their business would now and then furnish a little money
+for a brief term at an exorbitant rate. In February, 1846, for example,
+a loan was placed at a total sacrifice of about thirty-seven per cent.
+But when the treasury was authorized to borrow fifteen millions in a
+regular way, nobody cared to furnish any part of the sum. New taxes
+were equally vain. In October, 1846, the government imposed a special
+war "contribution" in order to save the Mexicans, it explained, from
+becoming foreigners in their own country, like the Spaniards of
+Florida; and the chief result was to enrage a handful of persons, who
+found they had been silly enough to pay while almost everybody else
+had laughed. In November a forced loan was demanded of the clergy,
+but the project aroused such opposition that substantially it had to
+be given up. The whole gamut of methods, even violence, has been tried
+in vain, said the ministry in December. Business was dead, confidence
+gone, capital in hiding or sojourning abroad; and if by good luck a bag
+of silver dropped into the treasury, it seemed to evaporate instantly.
+Financially, reported the Spanish minister, the situation of the
+country was "truly frightful."[21.5]
+
+To make it more, not less, frightful, there did exist one vast
+accumulation of riches. This was the property belonging to the Church.
+No one could seriously deny that the nation had authority to use, in
+a time of dire need, funds that had been given to the organization in
+days of plenty, for this was a principle of Spanish law, and the Crown
+had exercised the right without so good an excuse. There was also
+a particular reason in the present instance, for the wealth of the
+Church, aside from articles used in worship, consisted mainly of land,
+and, as virtually no land tax existed in Mexico, it was escaping the
+common burden--a burden, too, that was peculiarly for its advantage,
+since in the case of American conquest it was bound to lose its
+exclusive privileges. Besides, there was the saying of its Founder,
+"Freely ye have received, freely give."[21.5]
+
+[THE POLICY OF FARIAS]
+
+Very naturally, then, people had been casting their eyes for some time
+at the riches of the Church. In June, 1844, _El Siglo XIX_, the most
+thoughtful newspaper of Mexico, had suggested raising funds for the
+Texas war by mortgaging some of its property; and a few months later
+Duff Green, then on the ground, had expressed the opinion that Mexico
+would have to choose between that resource and forced loans. In July,
+1845, the correspondent of the London _Times_ dropped a similar hint
+in that journal, and in the course of the year it became a popular
+idea, that the Church could perform a great public service, and at the
+same time vastly strengthen its own position, by providing means for
+the anticipated war against the United States. In October, 1846, the
+_Monitor Republicano_ suggested once more a mortgage of ecclesiastical
+property; and at one time the government actually decided upon the
+measure. Bankhead admitted that he could see no other resource. These
+hints were not, however, acted upon by the clergy; and after many long
+discussions they would only agree to advance $10,000 or $20,000 a month
+for a limited period. This was to insult the nation, exclaimed the
+_Monitor Republicano_.[21.5]
+
+Charged now with full responsibility, Farias met the issue squarely.
+Not only was he determined to carry on the war, but the letters of
+Santa Anna had been, and were, most urgent. November 7 the General
+demanded that "no step" should be neglected, if it could "help to
+prevent the name of Mexican from soon becoming the object of ridicule
+and contempt for the whole world." "Do not reply that the government
+cannot obtain funds," he wrote later; "This would be saying that the
+nation has ceased to exist ... so rich a nation cannot lack money
+enough to support its independence, nor can the government say that
+it has no authority to look for the money." These letters evidently
+referred to ecclesiastical property, and they were followed up at New
+Year's with almost daily communications of the same tenor. Such fearful
+urgency had a good excuse, for the government was now sending him no
+funds.[21.6]
+
+It had none. Although Farias kept faith with Escudero, the Moderados
+as a party showed the radical chief no mercy; the Centralists loathed
+the apostle of federalism; all conservatives detested the typical
+democrat, and the clericals abominated the extinguisher of titles. All
+the old ladies thought him worse than Luther, and many of every kind
+and condition rebelled at his brusque and tactless ways. No person
+of substance would lift a finger to support his measures. A cloud of
+distrust, passion, hostility and mortal hatred--mostly an emanation
+from the whole wretched past of the country--grew thicker about him
+each day. Raise money he could not. Moreover he probably felt little
+desire to do so by any of the ordinary methods. One of his cardinal
+principles was the necessity of destroying the fuero, the political
+strength and the intellectual domination of the Church by reducing its
+wealth; and now the demand of Santa Anna, the army and the nation that
+funds be provided for the war, appeared to make this policy opportune
+and even irresistible.[21.6]
+
+A committee of Congress reported against the plan of borrowing on
+the security of Church property; but that signified little, for no
+practical substitute was offered. There were fears that the army
+would break up. There were fears that for self-protection it would
+proclaim a dictatorship or march upon the capital. Santa Anna's
+warning and threatening communications were shown to Congress. The
+legislators tried to evade the issue, but they were told that all
+the responsibility rested upon their shoulders; that it was for them
+to choose between the salvation and the ruin of the fatherland; and
+on January 7 they grappled with the problem. Behind them--tireless,
+uncompromising, inexorable--the Executive insisted upon action; and
+behind him stood Santa Anna, demanding the same thing and promising to
+support it.[21.9]
+
+The session lasted virtually until January 11. The debates were hot,
+and they were bitter. To make use of the Church lands, it was argued,
+would invade the rights of property, lay upon one class of society the
+general burden, and, should the lands be sold, involve a tremendous
+loss of values, since there was little ready money in the country,
+and few would have the means and inclination to purchase. The country
+must be saved, answered Rejon, Juarez and their allies; is there any
+other resource?--point it out. "If the Yankee triumphs," cried one
+speaker, "what ecclesiastical property or what religion will be left
+us?" And upon these principal themes were played an infinite number
+of variations in all the possible tones of Mexican eloquence and
+fury.[21.9]
+
+Just before midnight on the ninth, however, the turmoil ceased; the
+handsome chamber of the Deputies became still. High above the throne in
+front glimmered pallidly the sword of Iturbide; in letters of gold, on
+the semi-circular wall at the rear, all the names of the Benemeritos
+of Mexico reflected the subdued light; shadows filled the galleries;
+exhausted members half-slumbered in their chairs, and others talked
+wearily here and there in groups; but the stillness was momentous,
+for the first article of a new law had been passed, authorizing the
+Executive to raise fifteen millions, for the purposes of the war,
+by pledging--if necessary, even selling--property vested in the
+Church.[21.7] Minor discussions followed. The religious, charitable and
+educational work of the clergy was guarded completely; many provisions
+designed to hamper the realization of the main purpose were accepted in
+order to conciliate opposition; and at length, on January 11, the plan
+became law.[21.9]
+
+[A CRISIS AT MEXICO]
+
+"The crisis is terrible," wrote the minister of relations two days
+later, and well he might. All the fierceness and intrigues of
+partisan politics, all the cunning of high and low finance, all the
+subtleties of priestcraft and all the terrors of a haughty Church came
+into play.[21.8] Freely we have received, but we will not give, and
+anathema to him who takes, was in effect the dictum of the prelates.
+For a time it looked as if no official would venture, at the peril
+of excommunication, to promulgate the law; but Farias and Juarez
+found a man, and he was appointed governor of the Federal District,
+in which lay the capital, for that purpose. Then came protests from
+the "venerable" clergy, complaints from state governments, mutinies
+of troops, and civilian insurrections organized by priests. Cries of
+"_Viva la religion!_ Death to the government!" resounded in the streets
+of the capital. Ministers of state were hard to find, and they soon
+went out of office. Minor officials resigned so rapidly they could
+hardly be counted. Santa Anna, after hailing the law as the salvation
+of the country, turned against it. Moderados in Congress, encouraged by
+the outcry, hurled epithets harder than stones at the Puros.[21.9]
+
+On the other hand some of the Deputies, the regular troops at the
+capital, who expected to profit by the law, the comandante general of
+Mexico, the National Guards and the democratic masses rallied to the
+support of the government; and Farias, his long head erect, and his
+face, always thoughtful and sad, now anxious but set, appealed to the
+patriotism of the nation, made the most of his authority as chief of
+the state, and held to his course with inflexible energy and courage.
+Not only was he determined to have the law respected, but he demanded
+that it should be made effective. Chaos was the result. "When we
+look for a ray of hope," said _El Republicano_, "we discover nothing
+but alarms, anxieties and every probability of social dissolution."
+"Furious anarchy," was Haro's description of the scene. There must soon
+be a crash, he added; "the Devil is running away with us."[21.9]
+
+Peaceful interests were not, however, entirely forgotten amid this
+turbulence. During the second week of January Moses Y. Beach,
+proprietor and editor of the New York _Sun_, arrived at Vera Cruz
+from Havana. He carried a British passport. Besides his wife Mrs.
+Storms, a remarkably clever newspaper woman, accompanied him.
+Presumably she was to play the part of secretary, for Beach had large
+financial enterprises in mind, and confidential clerical assistance
+would certainly be necessary. For some reason letters were written
+from Cuba to Santa Anna and the authorities at Vera Cruz denouncing
+him as an American agent; and the party had to go through with a
+tedious examination of three days, for the comandante general had been
+expressly ordered to watch all suspicious foreigners hailing from the
+United States. But the ordeal was passed satisfactorily, and on the
+twenty-third or twenty-fourth of January Beach arrived at the capital.
+Letters from Roman Catholic prelates of the United States and Cuba gave
+him a confidential standing at once in the highest Church circles;
+his project of a canal across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec excited the
+lively interest of Santa Anna's particular friends; and his plan for a
+national bank brought him into friendly relations with Farias and the
+other Puro leaders.[21.10]
+
+Still, the presence of this agent of civilization did not restore
+tranquillity. On February 4 the government contrived by shrewd
+management to put a law through Congress, which in effect gave it
+autocratic power to raise five millions, and thus cut through the
+complications and restrictions that had rendered the action of January
+11 substantially inoperative. The wrath of the Church blazed afresh. At
+all hazards Antichrist must be put down. Already they had concluded to
+supply Santa Anna with money, in return of course for his aid against
+Farias, and now they opened negotiations with the Moderados. This
+party, however, thought it would be good tactics to divide the Puros
+by supporting Farias, provided he would let them control his policy,
+and they so proposed; but the impracticable fellow, who was battling
+for principles and not place, declined the offer. Finally the Puros
+themselves, realizing that all the other factions were against their
+chief, decided that under his leadership they could not succeed, and
+resolved to throw him overboard.[21.11]
+
+[INSURRECTION AT MEXICO]
+
+While they were casting about for a method, a certain Person advised
+the clericals to offer an organized resistance against the laws
+of January 11 and February 4, and circumstances made that course
+easy. General Pena y Barragan, suspected of conspiring against the
+government, was placed under temporary arrest, and this made him eager
+to head a revolution. Farias, understanding that the Independencia
+battalion could not be trusted, ordered it to Vera Cruz, imagining that
+it would not refuse to march against the enemy. But on various more
+or less valid pretexts it did so; the other three elite battalions
+joined with it; and on February 27 they declared that Farias and
+Congress, having lost the confidence of the nation, had forfeited
+their authority, demanding at the same time the annulment of the
+"anti-religious" laws.[21.12] Amidst the ringing of bells and burning
+of gunpowder, the city echoed with the cries, "Death to Gomez Farias!
+Death to the Puros!" Cannon were soon at the street corners, and the
+usual scenes of a Mexican insurrection, fatal chiefly to peaceful
+residents, were presently on exhibition. The clergy, there is ample
+reason to believe, paid the costs, and priests left the confessionals
+to herald this new crusade in the streets.[21.13]
+
+After about nine days of indecisive skirmishing, however, the clericals
+felt discouraged. The nation had not rallied to their cause as they
+had expected. The sum of $40,000 was required for the next week of
+fighting, and they hesitated. But again a certain Person urged them
+on. The awkwardly drawn Plan was reduced to one article--Farias must
+be deposed. On that almost all could agree. Monarchists, Centralists,
+Santannistas, Clericals, Moderados, Puros were for once in happy
+unison. Salas reappeared with some troops to take revenge on his old
+enemy. And yet with epic heroism Farias, never faltering and never
+compromising either his official dignity or his personal character,
+held firmly on with his few soldiers and such of the populace as he
+could arm. Again the battle raged, and again the innocent fell. But
+who was it that directed this tempest? Who was the mysterious Person,
+overwhelming the government of Mexico with darkness and confusion at
+this critical hour? He was Moses Y. Beach, agent of the American state
+department and adviser to the Mexican hierarchy. Permission had been
+given him to bring about peace, if he could; and, unable to do this, he
+seized the opportunity to help Scott.[21.13]
+
+The time had now arrived for the Saviour of Society to appear, since
+all rational persons were desperately tired of the vain struggle;
+and Pena y Barragan wrote to Santa Anna, begging him to take
+possession of the Presidential chair. Congress did nothing, for many
+Deputies--fearing that it might act in a manner contrary to their
+sentiments--remained away from the chamber, and a quorum could not be
+assembled; but when Pedraza was arrested by the government, a large
+group of Moderado members, feeling that Santa Anna's "victory" at
+Buena Vista had confirmed his power, addressed him to the same effect
+as Pena; and the Liberator, giving his best corps barely four days
+of repose, and explaining his departure from the north as one more
+sacrifice on the altar of his country, set out with a substantial body
+of troops for Mexico.[21.14] Along his route women made wreaths and
+threw them before his feet. Men of every faction acclaimed him; and
+from Queretaro to the capital the road was filled with carriages, in
+which all sorts of persons desiring to reach his ear strove to outdo
+one another in despatch.[21.20]
+
+On the first news of the insurrection Santa Anna's impression had been
+that its ulterior aim was hostile to him,[21.15] for his partisans at
+the capital supported the government; and, as a Puro envoy confirmed
+this impression, he promised Farias military aid; but then appeared
+Moderado agents with strong assurances and probably with stronger
+financial arguments, and he went over, though not openly, to their side
+of the controversy. Both parties were ordered by him to discontinue
+hostilities, and both did so at once; for, as the clergy had now shut
+their strong boxes, the insurgent officers were anxious to reestablish
+a connection with the national treasury, while the regulars of Farias
+would not disobey Santa Anna. After the President's arrival at
+Guadalupe Hidalgo a _Te Deum_ was celebrated there in honor of his
+triumph over the Americans; and the next day, March 23, amidst real
+demonstrations of joy, he formally superseded Farias, while a certain
+Person[21.16]--diligently but vainly sought after by the police--was
+hastily making his way through the mountains in the direction of
+Tampico.[21.20]
+
+[SANTA ANNA TRIUMPHANT]
+
+Apparently Santa Anna had experienced the luckiest of turns. Precisely
+when the Americans had shattered his plans, and he found himself
+buried in the northern deserts with a broken, starving army,[21.17]
+this insurrection gave him a splendid occasion for making a triumphal
+march to the capital amid plaudits of gratitude and admiration, and
+he now found himself at the summit of prestige and power.[21.18] In
+reality, however, his situation was by no means entirely satisfactory.
+Understanding that the Puros--who in reality had served him with
+substantial good faith and therefore stood highest in his present
+sympathy--had lost their dominant position, he allied himself with
+their opponents; but the Moderados disliked and distrusted him still,
+and he received at least one distinct notice that by taking their
+side he was placing himself gratuitously in the hands of his enemies.
+The Puros did not feel extremely grateful to him for merely avoiding
+an open break with them; and, although it seemed wise to join in the
+acclamations lest some worse thing befall them, they were already
+sharpening their arrows against him. Indeed, they were believed to be
+sharpening their daggers, and he took full precautions. The clergy had
+trembled and recoiled on hearing that his arms had triumphed against
+the Americans, and the Saviour of Society now appeared to lean toward
+them--or toward their strong boxes; but they knew him well enough
+to foresee, as they soon realized, that he intended to extort ample
+compensation for all the favor shown them.[21.20]
+
+Such was the inner state of things, and the external course of events
+proved not less interesting. The effect of the insurrection upon the
+progress of the war, as we shall presently see, was notable, and in
+substance it produced a counter-revolution in domestic politics.
+As Farias was no more willing to resign than to compromise, some
+disposition of him seemed necessary, for Santa Anna would evidently
+have to take the field again shortly, and it would not have been
+expedient, whatever the rights of the case, to let the executive
+power fall back into his control. It was therefore decided to abolish
+the Vice Presidency; and in this way fell on April Fool's Day the
+noblest but most unpopular man in the country.[21.19] At the positive
+dictation of Santa Anna General P. M. Anaya, a Moderado, was then
+elected substitute president, while the raging Puros raged in vain. The
+clergy succeeded, by offering two millions of real money, in persuading
+Santa Anna to annul the laws of January 11 and February 4; but the
+day before he did this, Church property worth twenty millions was
+placed by Congress--theoretically, at least--within the reach of the
+government.[21.20]
+
+Not many weeks before this, _Don Simplicio_ had announced, "There
+will be presented an original tragi-comedy entitled 'All is a farce
+in our beloved Mexico,'" and now J. F. Ramirez, who had been minister
+of relations when the hated law passed, exclaimed in bitterness of
+heart: All of us, without an exception, have been acting in a way to
+deserve the contempt and chastisement of cultivated nations; "we are
+nothing, absolutely nothing, with the aggravating circumstance that our
+insensate vanity makes us believe that we are everything."[21.20]
+
+
+
+
+XXII
+
+VERA CRUZ
+
+February-March, 1847
+
+
+On the twenty-first of February, General Scott, who had sailed from
+Tampico in a storm the day before, observed in the distance what seemed
+to be greenish bubbles floating on the sea. These were the Lobos
+Islands, and presently he found there on transports the First and
+Second Pennsylvania, the South Carolina, and parts of the Louisiana,
+Mississippi and New York regiments of new volunteers. Within a week
+many more troops, including nearly all the regulars of the expedition,
+arrived from Tampico or the Brazos, and the natural break-water that
+protected the anchorage--a sandy coral island of about one hundred
+acres, fringed with surf, covered with bushes and small trees woven
+together with vines, and scented by the blossoms of wild oranges,
+lemons and limes--veiled itself behind the spars and cordage of nearly
+a hundred vessels.[22.3]
+
+Judicious measures prevented the smallpox from spreading. Drilling
+began; and the drum, fife and bugle aroused a fighting spirit, while
+visiting, social jollity and military discussion tended to create an
+army solidarity. In the evening bands played martial airs, and the
+watch fires on the coast gave an additional sharpness to the ardor
+of the soldiers. Meanwhile the General, who still expected vigorous
+opposition to his landing, waited impatiently for more surf-boats and
+heavy ordnance, looked anxiously for the ten large transports[22.1]
+in ballast requisitioned by him in November, elaborated his plans for
+disembarking, and issued the corresponding orders.[22.3]
+
+The next rendezvous was to be off Anton Lizardo, about a dozen miles
+beyond Vera Cruz and some two hundred more from the Lobos anchorage,
+where islands, reefs and the shore of the mainland combined to form
+a deep and capacious harbor; and about noon on the second of March
+the steamer _Massachusetts_ plowed through the fleet, dashing the
+spray from her bows, and set off in that direction. A blue flag with a
+red centre waving at her main-truck indicated that Scott was aboard,
+and when the noble figure of the commander-in-chief, standing with
+uncovered head on the deck, was observed, peal after peal of cheers
+resounded from ship to ship. The clanking of anchor chains followed
+them; the sailors broke into their hearty songs; the sails filled
+gracefully; and the fleet stood away.[22.3]
+
+For two days its progress was not fast, but then a norther set in.
+Like a panorama, peak after peak on the lofty sky line passed rapidly
+astern; and finally Orizaba, the "mountain of the star," upreared its
+head superbly more than three miles above sea level not far inland.
+Then came Green Island, where the _Albany_ and _Potomac_ were on hand
+to give any needful assistance,[22.2] and the _John Adams_ showed her
+black teeth to lurking blockade-runners; while in the distance the
+frowning bastions of Ulua "castle" could be made out, and the sixteen
+domes of Vera Cruz appeared to be promenading along her white wall.
+Pitching and rolling on the huge billows of inky water, with foam
+leaping high over their bows, the transports threaded their way swiftly
+between the tumbling and roaring piles of surf that marked the reefs,
+and finally, on March 5, the swallow-tail pennant of Commodore Conner
+and the flags of the American squadron were seen off Anton Lizardo.
+Cheers followed cheers as the transports dropped anchor one after
+another; and when the sun went down in a blaze of glory behind Orizaba,
+the spirits of the men, stimulated by so many novel, beautiful and
+thrilling scenes, by the approach of combat and the expectation of
+triumph, reached the very culmination of military enthusiasm. It was a
+good beginning--except that Scott arrived a month late, and the yellow
+fever usually came on time.[22.3]
+
+[VERA CRUZ]
+
+"Heroic" Vera Cruz, the city of the "True Cross," was in form an
+irregular hexagon, with a perimeter some two miles in length, closely
+packed with rather high buildings of soft, white-washed masonry.
+Although famous as the charnel house of Europeans, it was a rather
+pleasant place for those who could endure the climate. The little
+alameda, across which many a dandy strutted every day in tight linen
+trousers, a close blue jacket, gilt buttons and a red sash, and many a
+pretty woman tottered coquettishly in pink slippers, was charming. The
+curtained balconies gave one a hint now and then of ladies making their
+toilets and smoking their cigarettes just within; and the flat roofs,
+equipped with observatories commanding the sea, were delightful resorts
+in the cool of the day. Along the water front extended a massive wall,
+supplemented at the northern end with Fort Concepcion, at the southern
+end with Fort Santiago--both of them solidly built--and, between the
+two, with a mole of granite some two hundred yards in length. Landward
+the defences were feeble, for it had long been assumed that any serious
+attack would be made by water; but there were nine well-constructed,
+though in most cases not large, bastions, and between them dilapidated
+curtains of stone, brick and cement about fifteen feet high and two and
+a half or three feet thick.[22.9]
+
+Behind the town extended a plain rather more than half a mile wide;
+and beyond that rose hills of light sand--enlarged editions of the
+dunes that ran along the shore north and south of Vera Cruz--which
+gradually increased in height until some of them, two or three miles
+inland, reached an elevation of perhaps three hundred feet. Then
+came dense forests, cut here and there by a road and occasionally
+diversified with oases of cultivated land, richly scented by tropical
+fruits and flowers. To the southwest of the city lay a series of ponds
+and marshes, drained by a small stream that passed near the wall; and
+this creek, supplemented by cisterns and an underground aqueduct,
+provided the town with water. In the opposite direction, on a reef
+named the Gallega--distant nearly three quarters of a mile from Fort
+Concepcion--rose the fortress of Ulua, built of soft coral stone,
+faced with granite, in the most scientific manner, and large enough
+to accommodate 2500 men.[22.4] Water batteries lay wherever it seemed
+possible to effect a landing, and tremendous walls, enfeebled by no
+casemates, towered to a height of about sixty feet.[22.9]
+
+At the beginning of March, 1846, Mora y Villamil, the highest engineer
+officer in the Mexican army and at this time comandante general of
+Vera Cruz, feared that on account of Slidell's departure the Americans
+might suddenly attack him. Aided by Lieutenant Colonel Manuel Robles, a
+skilful and active subordinate, he drew up detailed plans for repairing
+the crumbling fortifications of the city and castle, and these were
+approved by the government; but the lack of money prevented the full
+execution of them. In October the captain of a British frigate warned
+the new comandante general that an American attack was imminent; and
+at about the same time Santa Anna, while bitterly reproaching the
+government for its neglect of the town and pointing out what needed
+to be done, charged him to make the "strong buildings" a second
+and a third line of defence in case of attack, and then perish, if
+necessary, under the ruins of the city; but again the want of funds
+vetoed adequate preparations. On the other hand, unpaid soldiers paid
+themselves by stealing powder and selling it.[22.9]
+
+About the middle of November it was learned at Mexico from a New
+Orleans newspaper that an expedition against Vera Cruz had been
+projected, and within two months the news was confirmed. Santa Anna
+heard of it, and wrote that 6000 militia should be assembled there. He
+was told in reply that his demand would be met early in February; and
+assurances were given to Congress that everything requisite had been
+done.[22.5] By the fourth of March the comandante general, to whom the
+information had been transmitted, was inditing urgent appeals for help,
+and soon the appearance of Scott showed that a crisis had arrived.
+In reliance on the promises of the general government, hopeful and
+incessant work on the fortifications now began; but within four days
+letters from the war department, conferring unlimited powers upon the
+commander, admitted that on account of the Polko insurrection at the
+capital no assistance could be given, and many of the people not only
+left the city, but endeavored to draw their friends and relatives from
+the National Guards.[22.9]
+
+In point of fact military men had long known that Vera Cruz, as
+a fortified town standing by itself, was indefensible. General
+Mora admitted that it needed stronger exterior works than could be
+constructed; and there was no squadron to keep Ulua supplied with
+provisions. The proper course for the comandante general was either
+to strip the city of whatever Scott could use, and merely endeavor to
+prevent him from advancing farther, as was privately argued by leading
+members of Congress, or--for the moral effect of such an example--to
+send all non-combatants away, and struggle until crushed; but neither
+public sentiment nor the government would have permitted the first of
+these plans, and, while the comandante had the second in mind on the
+fifth of March, it was too heroic for execution.[22.9]
+
+ [Illustration: SAN JUAN DE ULUA]
+
+[A FIGHTING CHANCE]
+
+Besides, there seemed to be a fighting chance. Ulua was much stronger
+than when the French, aided by fortune, had captured it, and the
+anchorage occupied by them could now be shelled. Some of the guns had
+been improperly mounted; some of the carriages were old; at some of
+the embrasures balls of different calibres were mixed; pieces without
+projectiles could be found, and projectiles without pieces; rust had
+impaired the fit of many balls; but the city and the fortress together
+had probably three hundred serviceable cannon and mortars,[22.6] more
+muskets than men, and plenty of ammunition. As an assault was expected,
+the streets were defended with cannon and barricades, sand-bags
+protected the doors and windows, loopholes without number were made in
+the wall, the rather shallow but wet ditch was cleared, and although
+barbed cactus made the approach of an enemy to the bastions almost
+impossible, thousands of pitfalls--each with a sword, bayonet or short
+pike set erect at the bottom--were dug beyond the wall, so arranged
+that no one marching straight forward could well avoid them.[22.9]
+
+Juan Soto, the governor of the state, was indefatigable, and as the
+state militia numbered about 20,000, it seemed reasonable to count
+upon succor. Giffard, the British consul, expected that substantial
+help would come from that source. Other states were likely to furnish
+aid; and the people, taught by the long inaction of the Americans off
+the shore to despise them and encouraged by fictitious reports that
+assistance would be rendered by the national government, felt united
+and enthusiastic.[22.7] The city council offered all its resources,
+and the well-to-do raised funds for a hospital by giving a theatrical
+performance. The garrison, led by the brave, active and popular though
+not very able Morales, now comandante general, may be estimated as at
+least 1200 in Ulua and 3800 in the city.[22.8] About half of them were
+merely National Guards; but these, decorated with tricolored cockades
+and red pompons, looked and felt extremely dangerous. "As God lives,"
+cried one of their leaders, "either we will triumph, or all of us,
+without a solitary exception, will be interred in the ruins." The
+civilians remaining in town may have numbered 3000.[22.9]
+
+Bearing in mind the necessity, not merely of taking Vera Cruz and Ulua,
+but of getting his army away from the coast before the advent of yellow
+fever, and satisfied that Polk would show him no mercy in case of
+ill-success, General Scott examined his problem with all possible care,
+and consulted freely the officers he particularly trusted.[22.10] He
+could not very prudently have left, say, 5000 men to mask or possibly
+reduce Vera Cruz, as some critics insisted he should have done, and
+advanced with the rest, for the essential purpose of his expedition was
+to capture that place, and such a course might have been viewed by the
+government as insubordinate. Besides, that policy would probably have
+been regarded by the Mexicans as a sign of weakness; the possession
+of the harbor and shipping facilities would evidently aid all further
+operations; by holding them it would be possible to deprive the enemy
+of war supplies and other necessaries; the arms, ammunition and cannon
+of the Mexicans were highly valuable, especially to them; and the
+American army would not have been an adequate aggressive force after
+thus detaching nearly half its numbers. The obstacle before Scott had,
+therefore, to be faced and overcome.[22.13]
+
+The best method, evidently, was to reduce the town before seriously
+attacking Ulua, because that success would greatly diminish the
+enemy's fire, make it possible to contract and so strengthen the
+American line, and somewhat facilitate the transportation of supplies.
+Such had been the General's plan from the first. Officers eager for
+distinction recommended an assault, and Scott well knew that a quick,
+brilliant stroke would best win him fame and popularity.[22.11] But he
+understood equally well that an assault, necessarily made at night,
+would entail a heavy loss of his best men--enough, perhaps, to prevent
+his advancing farther and escaping the pestilence--besides involving a
+great slaughter of both combatants and non-combatants in the town. On
+the other hand, as the British consul and the British naval commander
+agreed, there was not enough time before the yellow fever season to
+warrant relying upon starvation alone.[22.12] Siege and bombardment
+were therefore indicated, and Scott promptly decided upon that plan as
+combining, better than any other, humanity with effectiveness.[22.13]
+
+[THE DEBARKATION]
+
+The initial step was to select a point for debarking; and Conner, whom
+Scott had requested in December to study this problem, had already
+fixed upon the beach of Mocambo Bay, two and a half or three miles
+southeast of Vera Cruz, which was somewhat sheltered from northers and
+could be swept by the guns of the fleet. Sacrificios Island, a strip
+of sand representing a large reef, was just off shore, too, forming an
+anchorage here. Accordingly Scott, with Conner, the principal generals,
+Robert E. Lee, P. G. T. Beauregard and other officers, went up in the
+little steamer _Petrita_, reconnoitred the spot, and then--probably to
+deceive the Mexicans regarding his intentions--ran within a mile and
+a half of Ulua, where he was almost sunk by the gunners.[22.14] His
+judgment agreed with the Commodore's, and orders were given to land
+on the eighth. But when that morning came, signs of a norther showed
+themselves. The glass fell. The heat became stifling. A southerly
+wind loaded with moisture blew, and the summit of Orizaba, clad in
+the azure hue of the poet, stood sharply forth; hence the orders were
+countermanded.[22.17]
+
+ [Illustration: SIEGE OF VERA CRUZ GENERAL PLAN]
+
+The signs failed, however, and the extra day was available for the last
+preparations. A detailed plan of debarkation had been drawn up and
+announced while the army was at Lobos Islands, but certain difficulties
+had not been anticipated. The ten large transports in ballast had not
+come, and to land from a great number of small vessels at Sacrificios,
+where there was little room and foreign warships occupied all the safe
+anchorage, appeared imprudent. Conner, therefore, offered to transport
+the army on larger, better and more ably handled vessels belonging to
+the squadron, and Scott's wise acceptance of the proposal involved
+extensive readjustments.[22.17]
+
+These, however, were skilfully arranged, and when the dawn of March
+9 announced a perfect day, a scene of the greatest activity began.
+Signals fluttered to mastheads. In clarion tones officers issued their
+orders. Despatch boats dashed here and there. Sailors and soldiers
+roared their favorite airs. Fully half of the 10,000 and more troops
+were placed on the frigates _Raritan_ and _Potomac_, and most of the
+others on smaller vessels of the squadron. At about eleven o'clock the
+order to sail was given. Amid thunderous cheers the _Massachusetts_
+plunged through the fleet, and took its place in the lead with Conner's
+flagship. A gentle breeze from the southeast filled the sails; and the
+war vessels and transports were off. After a smooth voyage they began
+to arrive near Sacrificios at about one o'clock, and in close quarters,
+but without mishaps or even the least confusion, each dropped anchor
+in its allotted space.[22.15] The yards and rigging of the foreign
+war vessels were black with men, and ladies, armed with glasses and
+parasols, gazed impatiently from the deck of the British packet.[22.17]
+
+Without the loss of a moment three signal flags rose to the main-truck
+of the _Massachusetts_, and the work of landing Worth's brigade of
+regulars began. The double-shotted cannon of the squadron were brought
+to bear on the shore. Seven gunboats drawing eight feet or less formed
+a line within good grape range of the beach, and cleared for action.
+About sixty-five surf-boats, which had been towed from Anton Lizardo
+by steamers, were rowed by naval crews to the vessels carrying
+troops--each having a definite assignment--and after receiving from
+fifty to eighty soldiers apiece, making up the whole of the brigade,
+attached themselves in two long lines to the quarters of the steamer
+_Princeton_, which had now anchored about 450 yards from the shore.
+This process consumed several hours, and it was hardly ended when a
+shell whizzed over them. "Now we shall catch it," thought the soldiers,
+for rumors of opposition had been heard, two or three hundred cavalry
+could be seen, and artillery was supposed to be lurking behind the
+dunes.[22.17]
+
+The flash of a signal gun shot now from the _Massachusetts_; the
+surf-boats cut loose, faced the shore abreast in the order of battle,
+and struck out for land; and a cheer burst from every American throat.
+Great Orizaba cast aside its veil of haze, and stood out against the
+setting sun. Not a cloud flecked the sky; not a ripple marred the
+burnished water. Ulua and Vera Cruz thundered loudly, though in vain.
+National airs rolled from our squadron. Shells from the gunboats
+broke up the Mexican cavalry and searched the dunes. The oars of
+the straining sailors flashed. Muskets--not loaded but with fixed
+bayonets--glittered. Regimental colors floated at the stern of each
+boat. Suddenly one of the boats darted ahead and grounded on a bar
+about a hundred yards from the shore. Out leaped Worth; his officers
+followed him; and the whole brigade were instantly in the breaking
+ground-swell, holding aloft their muskets and cartridge-boxes.[22.17]
+
+Here was the chance of the enemy, for our vessels could not fire
+without endangering Americans; but no enemy was to be seen.[22.16] Led
+by their color-bearers the regulars quickly splashed ashore, formed
+in a moment, charged to the crest of the first dune, planted their
+standards and burst into cheers; the men on the ships, tongue-tied for
+some time by an excitement and anxiety that made their brains reel,
+answered with huzza after huzza till they made the bay "seem peopled
+with victorious armies," wrote one of the soldiers, and the strains
+of "Star-Spangled Banner" broke from the bands. Less formally, but
+rapidly and in order, the boats went back for the troops of Patterson
+and Twiggs; and by midnight, without having met with a single accident,
+more than 10,000 men, duly guarded by sentries, were eating their
+biscuit and pork on the sand or preparing to bivouac.[22.17]
+
+[VERA CRUZ INVESTED]
+
+During the night Mexicans in the rear did some shooting but without
+effect, and the process of investment began. Diverting attention from
+this by having a gunboat, sheltered about a mile from the city behind
+Point Hornos, throw shot and shell into Vera Cruz for a couple of hours
+the next forenoon, Scott had Pillow's brigade capture the hill of
+Malibran behind Worth's camp, and push on toward the rear of the city.
+Quitman then passed it; Shields passed Quitman, and Twiggs passed him.
+Wallowing up and down the slopes of deep sand in a sultry heat without
+water to drink proved to be extremely hard work; and breaking through
+the valleys, where a matted growth of chaparral--armed with thorns as
+keen as needles and stiff as bayonets--resisted everything but sharp
+steel, was harder yet. Day and night Mexican irregulars, both infantry
+and horse, and cannon salutes from the city and the castle embarrassed
+operations, and there were many brisk skirmishes. Moreover the landing
+had scarcely been made when a norther set in, covering the men with
+sand, blowing away old hilltops and building up new ones. But not long
+after noon on March 13 Twiggs reached the Gulf north of the city. The
+next morning a well-supported detachment from each brigade advanced as
+far as it could find cover, driving the Mexican outposts before it; and
+by night these detachments were only about seven hundred yards from the
+town.[22.21]
+
+The American position as a whole, known as Camp Washington, was now a
+semi-circular line about seven miles long. There were gaps, but these
+were rapidly closed with strong pickets. The railway and the roads were
+all occupied; the visible water supply of the city was cut off; and
+on March 16 Scott announced that nothing less than a small army could
+break through. Meantime, whenever the weather permitted, artillery,
+stores, horses and provisions were landed in the most systematic
+manner. Safeguards were issued to the representatives of foreign powers
+at Vera Cruz, and in a letter of March 13 to the Spanish consul[22.18]
+Scott indicated plainly that "bombardment or cannonade, or assault, or
+all" of these might be expected by the citizens.[22.21]
+
+The time to plant artillery had now arrived, and the ideal spot
+was found on the sixteenth; but after a battery had been laid out
+there, access to it proved to be dangerously exposed. Two days later,
+however, a fairly good point was discovered, near the cemetery and
+Worth's position, about half a mile south of the town, which screened
+it somewhat from the castle; and preparations to establish two mortar
+batteries there, about one hundred yards apart, began the following
+night. At the same time a deep road, wide enough to admit a six-mule
+team, was under construction.[22.21]
+
+ [Illustration: SIEGE OF VERA CRUZ AMERICAN BATTERIES]
+
+Most of this labor had to be done at night, and the utmost possible
+silence observed. As the transports lay a mile off shore, while the
+only wharf was an open beach, and a norther blew violently from the
+twelfth to the sixteenth, the work of landing ordnance and ordnance
+stores proceeded slowly. Fortunately the work on the batteries was not
+discovered; but the fire of Paixhan guns and heavy mortars from the
+city and castle, though irregular and singularly unfruitful despite
+the undeniable skill of the gunners,[22.19] compelled the Americans
+to adopt extreme precautions. Nor were these embarrassments the only
+ones. Notwithstanding seasonable orders, only fifteen carts and about
+a hundred draught horses had arrived. Not more than one fifth of the
+ordnance requisitioned by Scott about the middle of November and due
+at the Brazos--he now reminded Marcy--by January 15, had yet appeared.
+A great many artillery and cavalry horses had been drowned, injured or
+delayed; and there was a shortage of almost every requisite for siege
+operations.[22.20] But the army and the navy cooperated zealously;
+soldiers took the places of draught animals; and in spite of every
+difficulty three batteries, mounting seven 10-inch mortars, were in
+readiness by two o'clock on the afternoon of the twenty-second, and the
+soldiers felt eager to hear what they called the "sweet music" of these
+"faithful bull-dogs."[22.21]
+
+[THE BOMBARDMENT]
+
+At this hour, therefore, Scott formally summoned the town, intimating
+that both assault and bombardment were to be apprehended. The reply
+was a refusal to surrender; and at a quarter past four, accompanied by
+a deafening chorus of joyous, frantic shouts and yells, the American
+batteries opened, while the "mosquito fleet" of two small steamers and
+five gunboats,[22.22] each armed with a single heavy cannon, stationed
+themselves behind Point Hornos, and fired briskly.[22.24]
+
+Like "hungry lions in search of prey," a soldier thought, the shells
+from the mortars flew "howling" to their mark. With heavier metal and
+vastly more of it, Vera Cruz and the castle replied. The city wall
+blazed like a sheet of fire. Shot, shell and rockets came forth in a
+deluge, it seemed to the men; and the two columns of smoke, rolling
+and whirling, mounted high and collided as if striving to outflank and
+conquer each other. Still more terrible was the scene at night. A spurt
+of red fire; a fierce roar; a shell with an ignited fuse mounting high,
+pausing, turning, and then--more and more swiftly--dropping; the crash
+of a roof; a terrific explosion that shook the earth; screams, wailing
+and yells--all this could be distinctly seen or heard from the American
+lines. During the twenty-third and the following night the fire still
+raged, but on the American side more slowly, for although ten mortars
+were now at work, a norther interrupted the supply of ammunition.[22.24]
+
+But while the bombardment made an interesting spectacle, as a military
+operation it was proving unsatisfactory. The ordnance thus far received
+by Scott was inadequate for the reduction of the city--to say nothing
+of Ulua. With mortars, especially as the distances could not be
+ascertained precisely, it was impossible to be sure of hitting the
+bastions and forts. Shells could be thrown into the town, but while the
+houses suffered much, the fortifications and garrison escaped vital
+damage, and there was no sign of yielding. Not a few in the American
+army, who had supposed that a fortified city could be taken at sight
+like a mint julep, grew impatient; the officers eager for assault
+fumed; Worth, proud of his quick work at Monterey, sneered; Twiggs
+grunted. As an army man Scott naturally desired that branch of the
+service to reap all the glory of its campaign, but he now found himself
+compelled to ask for naval guns heavy enough to breach the wall, and
+make an assault practicable; and when Perry, who had taken Conner's
+place on the twenty-first, insisted that men from the squadron should
+work them, he consented.[22.24]
+
+The new battery, constructed by Robert E. Lee and mounting three long
+32's for solid shot and three 68's for shells, was planted just behind
+the bushy crest of a slight eminence, only some 800 yards from the city
+wall, where the enemy did not suppose that such an enterprise would be
+ventured; and until the guns were about ready to be unmasked on the
+morning of the twenty-fourth, its existence was not suspected.[22.23]
+Here were instruments of power and precision, and they told. The
+Mexicans concentrated upon them a terrific fire, but with no serious
+effect; and when on the next morning a battery consisting of four
+24-pounders and two 8-inch howitzers joined the infernal chorus, the
+fire, though hindered occasionally by the tardiness of ammunition,
+was "awful," said Scott and Lee, while the city appeared like one
+dense thunder-cloud, red with flashes and quivering with incessant
+roars.[22.24]
+
+That night the batteries played still more fiercely. Sometimes four or
+five shells were sizzling through the air at once. The fire, said an
+officer, was now "perfectly terrific"; and to heighten the wildness
+of the scene, many vessels could be observed by the light of the
+moon going ashore in the norther. About thirty were wrecked by this
+one gale, and others had to cut away their masts. In the meantime
+preparations for assaulting both by land and by water, should an
+assault prove to be necessary, were actively pressed.[22.24]
+
+[THE SITUATION IN VERA CRUZ]
+
+In town, during the early period of these operations, the enthusiasm
+continued to run high, for the cautious and faint-hearted had gone
+away, and the reports of the irregulars, constantly skirmishing against
+the Americans, were colored to suit the popular taste. Work on the
+fortifications proceeded, and fresh cartridges for the artillery were
+made with feverish haste. Bands played; the gunners amused themselves
+by firing at small and far distant groups among the sand-hills; and at
+night fireballs and rockets lighted up the plain in anticipation of the
+hoped-for assault. When the investment was completed, when the American
+outposts drew near the town, and especially when it became known that
+preparations for a bombardment were under way, the people grew more
+serious; but it was expected that forces from without would break the
+line, or at least prevent the construction of batteries.[22.26]
+
+A painful disappointment followed, however. Soto made great efforts to
+collect the tax levied by the state; but the citizens, impoverished
+by the long blockade, had no money, and without cash troops could not
+be fed. In spite of many hopes the fluctuating bands under Colonel
+Senobio, the chief leader of the irregulars in the vicinity, do not
+seem to have risen at any time far above 1000, and perhaps never
+reached that number. In vain Soto appealed for an able general and a
+nucleus of regulars. They were not within reach, and the few pieces of
+artillery could not be moved. The states of Puebla and Oaxaca tried to
+help, but were tardy and inefficient.[22.26]
+
+Men from the upper country dreaded the yellow fever; and those of
+the coast, volatile by nature, ignorant of real warfare, without
+organization, training or discipline, were astonished and confounded
+when they struck the solid American line. They pecked at it
+continually, but Morales himself could see that no skill, concert or
+strength marked their efforts. Discouragement and wholesale desertion
+followed. The city, therefore, could not obtain provisions by land;
+and as most of the seamen alongshore fled to the mountains, and boat
+communication became more and more difficult, it was realized that
+supplies from the interior were out of the question. After March 20 the
+troops could be given little or no meat; but soldiers were detailed to
+fish the prolific waters under the guns of Ulua, and no doubt beans and
+tortillas, the staple food of the common people, continued to be fairly
+plentiful.[22.26]
+
+The opening of the bombardment, however, precipitated a crisis, and as
+our fire grew more and more intense, the consternation and suffering
+increased. Crashing roofs; burning houses; flying pavements; doors,
+windows and furniture blocking the streets; a pandemonium of confused
+and frightful sounds; bells ringing without hands; awful explosions;
+domes and steeples threatening to fall; the earth quaking; crowds of
+screaming women, who rushed hither and thither; terrible wounds and
+sudden deaths--all these were new and overwhelming scenes.[22.25]
+Only one bakery escaped destruction, as it happened, and the children
+cried in vain for bread; the priests would not leave their shelter to
+comfort and absolve; and finally the very instinct of self-preservation
+was lost in a stupid despair more dreadful to witness than death
+itself.[22.26]
+
+The troops in the southwestern section, under our heaviest fire, became
+terror-stricken. In other quarters men left the ranks to look after
+families and friends; and when a murky dawn ended the terrible night
+of the twenty-fifth, demoralization was rife. People wandered about
+the streets crying for surrender. Always passionate, they now hated
+their own government for deserting them. The consuls went out under a
+flag of truce, but Scott refused to see them, sending them word--it
+was reported--that any persons leaving the city would be fired upon,
+and that unless it should surrender in the meantime, new as well as
+the old batteries would open the next morning. This fact overwhelmed
+the people; and the prospect of being exterminated at leisure by
+an enemy who could not be injured, beat down their last thought of
+resistance.[22.26]
+
+Consul Giffard had predicted that any plausible excuse for surrender
+would be turned to good account. Supplies were now said to be failing,
+and in the course of this dreadful night an informal meeting of
+officers agreed upon capitulation. Naturally the idea gave offence
+to many, and there was talk of opening a way through the American
+line with the sword. But a council of war soon decided to negotiate;
+commissioners were appointed; and Scott, who was invited to take
+similar action, did so. The six men came together on the afternoon of
+the twenty-sixth, but could not agree; and the Mexicans returned to the
+city, leaving behind them a proposition.[22.29]
+
+[THE SURRENDER OF VERA CRUZ]
+
+Worth, who was our chief representative, believed the negotiations
+were simply a waste of time, and favored an immediate assault; but
+Scott saw that the Mexicans, while trying to save appearances, really
+meant surrender, and the next morning granted with certain vital
+modifications their terms.[22.27] His demands were accepted, and it was
+thus agreed in substance that Landero, to whom the command had been
+turned over, should march his army out with all the honors of war,
+the troops be paroled, and the armament--so far as not destroyed in
+the course of the war--be disposed of by the treaty of peace. It was
+further agreed that all the Mexican sick should remain in town under
+Mexican care, private property be respected, and religious rights be
+held sacred.[22.29]
+
+It was a "shameful surrender," declared Santa Anna, and from a military
+point of view this could hardly be denied. Ulua had practically not
+been touched; it had a considerable supply of provisions, and there was
+a chance of obtaining more from blockade-runners. Vera Cruz was in a
+harder yet not in a desperate plight. Men of importance there, knowing
+the city would be denounced for surrendering, naturally endeavored
+to prove that it had suffered terribly and exhausted its resources
+before yielding; and the principal neutrals--friendly toward them,
+engaged mostly in trade, and more willing to have life sacrificed than
+property--raised an outcry against the proceedings of Scott that became
+a fierce indictment in Europe and the United States. But the British
+naval commander, though not inclined to favor the General, reported
+that the casualties in the city were only eighty soldiers killed or
+wounded, about one hundred old men, women and children killed, and an
+unknown number injured, and that its food supply, while no doubt less
+delicate and varied than could have been desired, would have lasted
+beyond the middle of April; and there is considerable evidence that his
+figures were approximately correct.[22.28] Ammunition did not fail, nor
+did water.[22.29]
+
+The surrender was really due therefore to the moral effect of
+Scott's artillery. Even Giffard, who termed his operations cruel
+and unnecessary, admitted this; and, bearing in mind the General's
+obligations to obey his government and save the lives of his men, the
+inevitable horrors of an assault by night, and the serious danger that
+a reliance upon starvation as the sole means of reducing the city
+would have given time for Santa Anna's regulars and the yellow fever to
+arrive, one concludes again and finally that Scott's method was humane
+and wise.[22.29]
+
+Owing to inequalities of the ground, the character of the soil, great
+skill on the part of our engineers, incessant care and remarkable good
+fortune, the total losses caused by 6267 Mexican shot, 8486 shells and
+all the bullets of the irregulars were only about nineteen killed and
+sixty-three wounded. The siege was not exactly a _fete champetre_,
+however. It was tiresome to be awakened at night so often by Mexican
+skirmishers, disagreeable to be routed out by the diabolical screech of
+a heavy shell, and quite annoying to have one of the "big dinner-pots,"
+as the soldiers called them, explode close by. Saturating dews,
+abominable drinking water, scanty and bad rations, howling wolves,
+lizards in one's boot, "jiggers" that made the feet itch incessantly,
+fleas that even a sleeping-bag could not discourage, and sand-flies
+nearly as voracious, were minor but real afflictions. When a norther
+began, the whole aspect of nature seemed to change. The sky became
+a pall, the atmosphere a winding-sheet, the wind a scourge; and the
+roaring, chilling blast filled one's ears, eyes, mouth and even pores
+with biting grit, cut the tents into ribbons, and sometimes buried
+their sleeping inmates.[22.30] To escape from the Mexican shot sentries
+often had to burrow in the sand, and under the tropical sun they
+learned to appreciate the power of the old brick oven. When carrying
+provisions or dragging cannon, amidst hills that blazed like the
+mirrors of Archimedes at Syracuse, men often dropped.[22.31]
+
+On the other hand, besides the initial high spirits, which helped
+immensely, and the excitement and comradeship that knocked off the
+edge of hardships, there were special sources of cheer--particularly
+the "blue-shirts," as the seamen were called. When turning out in the
+face of an icy sand-blast sharp enough to cut granite, it was something
+to hear a salty voice give the order, "Form line of battle on the
+starboard tack!" But sailors on shore leave, who burst from their long
+confinement like birds let loose, and "cruised" in the environs with
+perfect abandon, were better yet. Their sport with the wild monkeys
+was truly edifying, and their delight over the burro would have set
+Diogenes laughing. Sometimes they rode him, and sometimes they carried
+him. Planted in the Mexican style just forward of the creature's
+tail, they felt that at last they were riding the quarter-deck, and
+commanding a snug vessel of their own. Above all they enjoyed "mooring
+ship." This congenial manoeuvre was achieved by taking aboard for
+"anchor" a heavy block of wood, previously attached to the donkey's
+neck with a long rope, then racing at full speed, heaving the "anchor,"
+paying out the cable, and bringing up in a heap on the sand--the donkey
+on top, very likely.[22.31]
+
+Not less cheering and a little more military was the news, which
+arrived by the fifteenth of March, that "Old Wooden-leg's" army had
+been "licked up like salt" at Buena Vista. And still another comfort
+was to gaze from a safely remote hill at Vera Cruz, which looked--the
+soldiers agreed--so oriental, with airy palm trees visible over the
+white wall, hundreds of buzzards floating in wide circles far above,
+the dark bulwarks of Ulua set in waves of purple and gold on the left,
+a forest of American spars and masts on the right, piercing the misty
+splendor of the yellow beach, the bright sails of fishing boats in the
+middle distance, and the vast, blue, cool Gulf beyond it all. How the
+panting soldiers gloated on the prospect of taking possession![22.31]
+
+[VERA CRUZ OCCUPIED]
+
+And on March 29 they did so. The day was enchantingly summerlike; a
+delightful southeast breeze came over the water; and the domes of Vera
+Cruz were gilded with splendid sunshine. In a green meadow, shaded with
+cocoanut palms, a little way south of the town, Worth's brigade was
+drawn up in a dingy line, and a dingy line of volunteers, about seventy
+yards distant, faced it. At one end of the intervening space, near
+the city wall, stood sailors and marines. The American dragoons and a
+battery were opposite them, and a white flag waved at the centre. A
+little before noon the Mexican troops, in their best uniforms of blue,
+white and red, marched out of the gate, formed by company front with a
+band at the head of each regiment, advanced to the flag, and stacked
+arms. A few slammed or even broke their muskets; many kissed their
+hands to the city; and a standard bearer, who had removed his flag from
+the staff and secreted it in his bosom, wept for joy when permitted to
+keep it. But most of the men seemed in fairly good spirits, and as a
+rule the much-decorated officers, who retained their swords, produced a
+fine impression.[22.32]
+
+As the rear of the column left the gate, the Mexican banner on Fort
+Santiago, after receiving a last salute from the guns of the city
+and castle, was lowered; and then issued forth a crowd of men, women
+and children, loaded with fiddles, guitars, parrots, monkeys, dogs,
+game-cocks, toys and household utensils, that was enough to destroy any
+funereal sentiments which otherwise might have been felt. Even by the
+Mexican accounts, not a word or look of triumph, not even a note of
+authority, was chargeable to the victors; and Worth, who received the
+column, proffered a thousand courtesies. General Scott, the so-called
+"vain-glorious," remained in the background; but he sent a note
+excusing from their parole about forty officers, whom he expected to
+aid him at the capital as in effect advocates of peace.[22.32]
+
+Amid cheers and the waving of caps, American flags then rose on the
+forts, greeted by hundreds of salutes from sea and shore. It seemed,
+wrote a soldier, as if there were nothing in the world but cannon, and
+all the cannon thundering; and the glory of the Stars and Stripes,
+gleaming amidst the smoke, gave a new significance to the emblem of
+patriotism. With his bands playing favorite American airs, Worth's
+brigade now marched into the town; and later Scott, with his staff and
+a brilliant escort, followed it. Perry took formal possession of Ulua;
+and the disbanded Mexican troops that resided elsewhere scattered to
+their homes, preparing the people for submission wherever they went by
+tales of American invincibility, and teaching them by every sort of
+outrage to welcome American rule.[22.32]
+
+
+
+
+XXIII
+
+CERRO GORDO
+
+April, 1847
+
+
+I believe it would be many months after the capture of Vera Cruz and
+the fortress of Ulua, said Minister Pakenham in substance at the end
+of January, 1847, before an army strong enough to advance any distance
+into the interior could be collected there, and meantime the climate
+would be "frightfully destructive." Heat, fatigue, differences in
+food, and the yellow fever will cause heavy losses, wrote Bermudez de
+Castro, the Spanish minister at Mexico in March, and the road to the
+capital passes so many centres of population and so many fine military
+positions, that without great labor and preparations an invading force
+can be destroyed. Two men better qualified to express opinions on the
+matter could scarcely have been found; but without hesitation the
+"scientific and visionary" Scott addressed himself to the task. Had the
+requisitions duly made by him in November been complied with, he might
+by this time, at a trifling cost in lives, have been standing on the
+great plateau, and quite possibly within the capital; but now, with
+only two thirds of the desired troops[23.1] and an insufficient supply
+of many other essentials, he fearlessly girded up his loins.[23.5]
+
+Stores were expeditiously landed. The First Infantry and two
+independent volunteer companies received orders to garrison the town
+and the fortress. It was arranged to minimize the danger of yellow
+fever by keeping the Americans at the water-front as much as possible
+and cleaning the city. The military department of Vera Cruz, extending
+fifty miles inland, was created. Foreign merchants, under the threat
+of a six per cent duty on exported gold and silver, supplied funds by
+cashing official drafts on the United States at par. "One more appeal
+... to the ninety-seven honorable men, against, perhaps, the three
+miscreants in every hundred," urging them to cooperate actively in
+preventing even trivial outrages, was issued; and the people of the
+region were addressed[23.2] in a proclamation.[23.5]
+
+"Mexicans," said Scott, I am advancing at the head of a powerful army,
+which is soon to be doubled, and another army of ours is advancing
+in the north. "Americans are not your enemies," however, but only
+the enemies of those who misgoverned you, and brought about this
+unnatural war. To the peaceable inhabitants and to your church, which
+is respected by the government, laws and people in all parts of our
+country, we are friends. Everything possible will be done to prevent
+or punish outrages against you; and on the other hand any citizen, not
+belonging to the regular forces, who undertakes to injure us will be
+severely chastised. "Let, then, all good Mexicans remain at home, or
+at their peaceful occupations." Let them also furnish supplies, for
+all who do so will be paid in cash and protected. If such a course
+be followed, the war may soon end honorably for both sides; and the
+Americans, "having converted enemies into friends," will return
+home.[23.5]
+
+The problem of transportation, however, caused the General a great
+deal of trouble. As early as the beginning of February notice of
+his probable needs had been given by him to the quartermaster's
+department, and presumably steps had been taken to meet them; but the
+loss of animals on board the ships during storms or by the wrecking
+of transports had upset all calculations.[23.3] For wagons especially
+he was dependent upon the United States. At least eight hundred were
+needed, and up to April 5 only one hundred and eighty had arrived,
+though three hundred more were known to be on the way. Four or five
+thousand mules were required for wagons, two or three thousand for
+pack-saddles, and about four hundred mules or horses for the siege
+train; and by the same date less than 1100 had been obtained. An
+expedition to the village of La Antigua[23.4] on the north shore met
+with little success in this regard, and a more important one, to the
+rich country on the upper Alvarado River,[23.4] which was supposed
+to abound in horses and mules, produced but very disappointing
+results.[23.5]
+
+In the opinion of Scott, however, the district near Jalapa, a beautiful
+city about seventy-four miles inland, was likely to prove more
+satisfactory. From Beach's friend, Mrs. Storms, who had presented
+herself to him on March 20, he seems to have learned that friendly
+sentiments were entertained there. No serious opposition below that
+point and even for some distance beyond it seemed to him probable;
+and hence on April 8, although his means for equipping a road train
+were but a quarter of what he desired, and only an inadequate siege
+train could be moved, the second division of regulars, commanded by
+Brigadier General Twiggs, marched for Jalapa, which was also the
+first point where large quantities of subsistence and forage could be
+obtained.[23.5]
+
+ [Illustration: VERA CRUZ TO PEROTE]
+
+[MEXICAN DEFENSIVE PLANS]
+
+Measures to defend the route had been set on foot by Mexico in good
+season.[23.6] From the lofty plateau of the interior the national
+highway--which it was evident that an American army would have to
+follow on account of its artillery--wound through mountains to
+sea level, presenting, according to the minister of war, "almost
+insuperable obstacles against any audacious invader." Not far above
+Jalapa the village of Las Vigas marked a spot of military value, and
+the narrow, rugged pass at La Hoya, though it could be turned without
+much difficulty, afforded an excellent opportunity to stop a weak force
+or delay a strong one, while below that city Corral Falso, Cerro
+Gordo, Plan del Rio and the national bridge (_puente nacional_) were
+fine points. As early as October 11, 1846, an order to fortify several
+of these positions was issued. Some gangs of laborers assembled, a
+little preparatory clearing of the ground was done, a few cannon were
+moved about; but energy, money, supplies, appliances and engineering
+skill fell indefinitely short of the requirements, and up to the
+twentieth of March, 1847, nothing substantial was accomplished.[23.9]
+
+ [Illustration: CONTOUR LINES NEAR CERRO GORDO. The difference
+of elevation between two lines is fifty metres.]
+
+That day Santa Anna arrived near the capital on his return from the
+north, and, although he expected Vera Cruz to delay the Americans much
+longer than it did, he seems to have taken the southern danger into
+consideration at once. Disputes between the generals had sprung up. As
+a result La Vega was given the district from Vera Cruz to Corral Falso,
+General Gregorio Gomez that extending from Corral Falso to Las Vigas,
+and General Gaona a jurisdiction above this; and each was ordered to
+fortify his best points and raise as many troops as he could. Over all
+of these officers was then placed General Canalizo, a little man with a
+big tongue, as commander-in-chief of the eastern division. The forces
+under Senobio and other chiefs were to be gathered, "regularized" and
+trained. The troops--a cavalry brigade, two brigades of infantry and a
+force of artillery--that had followed the President from La Angostura
+were ordered to march toward Vera Cruz by the shortest route, a brigade
+under Rangel to proceed from the capital in the same direction, and
+2000 National Guards, from Puebla to join those corps; and General
+Mora, who now commanded the Army of the North, was instructed to send
+his bronze 16-pounders to Jalapa with all possible speed.[23.7] Every
+effective engineer then at the capital received similar marching
+orders, and attention was given to the need of ammunition, wagons,
+mules and other necessaries. At the same time instructions were issued
+to block the route _via_ Orizaba at Chiquihuite, a naturally strong
+position below that city.[23.9]
+
+Late on March 30 news that Vera Cruz had fallen reached the capital.
+At once the government expelled Black, the American consul residing
+at Mexico, and issued a circular calling upon all citizens to forget
+rancor and dissension, offer their lives and fortunes, and stand
+unitedly behind the President. "Mexicans," exclaimed Santa Anna, "do
+not hesitate between death and slavery.... Awake! A sepulchre opens at
+your feet; let it at least be covered with laurels!" and he adjured
+Canalizo in the name of the country to fortify Corral Falso and Cerro
+Gordo, and above all to defend the national bridge "in all possible
+ways and at all costs" in order to give time for troops to concentrate
+above it. With Senobio's forces and the militia--amounting, said
+this letter, to more than 2000 men--and aided by the topography of
+the ground, itself "equal in value to an army," the enemy could be
+detained, the President assured him; and he was authorized to shoot
+every deserter and every coward. At the same time Governor Soto was
+directed to proclaim martial law, call out all the fit men between the
+ages of fifteen and fifty years, and aid Canalizo in every possible
+way. Then, after transferring the executive power to General Anaya, the
+substitute President, Santa Anna left the capital on April 2. As he
+went down the steps of the palace to his waiting carriage, he and the
+onlookers felt sad presentiments they could not hide. Even his enemies
+had tears in their eyes, and it seemed to every one like a final
+good-by.[23.9]
+
+[SANTA ANNA AT THE FRONT]
+
+On the way gloomy reports met him. Soto wrote that while all in his
+power had been done, the fate of Vera Cruz had smitten the people
+with terror, and the resources of the state were far from adequate.
+Canalizo wrote no more hopefully. Efforts had been made to rouse the
+spirit of the public.[23.8] Under penalty of death all intercourse
+with the Americans had been prohibited, and under the same threat all
+citizens had been ordered to place beyond the invader's reach whatever
+could be of service to him. But the outlook was dark. Although a good
+engineer had been at the national bridge for a week, work on the
+fortifications had scarcely begun; eight hundred out of a thousand men
+had fled panic-stricken on learning of Scott's triumph at Vera Cruz,
+there was little ammunition or money, and the bridge could not be held.
+In view of Santa Anna's adjuration Canalizo promised to make another
+effort, but he soon ordered La Vega to abandon the position. The light
+fortifications recently built were demolished, and as wagons to carry
+the guns away could not be obtained, they were spiked and pitched into
+a ravine.[23.9]
+
+Observing at La Hoya that virtually nothing had been done, Santa
+Anna ordered Engineer Cano to fortify the pass, and then went on to
+his great hacienda of El Encero, eight miles below Jalapa, where he
+arrived on the fifth. Two days later, in company with Lieutenant
+Colonel Robles, he passed Corral Falso, five miles farther down the
+highway, and the hamlet of Cerro Gordo, nearly five miles beyond that,
+and finally, making a steep and circuitous descent, he came to Plan
+del Rio, about five miles from the hamlet. Near the first of these
+three positions the highway passed through a narrow, craggy defile,
+that could not be turned; but Santa Anna decided to make a stand at
+the second, because according to the country people and the traditions
+of both the Spanish regime and the revolutionary war, it was equally
+unassailable on the flanks, and holding it would force the Americans to
+remain within reach of the yellow fever, which ceased to be terrible
+just above Plan del Rio.[23.14]
+
+[CERRO GORDO]
+
+Very little work had been done at Cerro Gordo, but the position seemed
+admirable. About half a mile below the hamlet the descending highway
+entered a ravine, which rapidly deepened. On the left of this rose a
+hill named El Telegrafo, which, though low and easily ascended from
+the direction of the hamlet, was five or six hundred feet high on the
+opposite side and extremely steep. To the right of the ravine the
+grade of the hamlet continued for more than a mile, ending finally in
+three tongues, just south of which the plateau was cut, approximately
+east and west, by a precipitous canyon of rock more than five hundred
+feet deep, the channel of a small stream called the Rio del Plan. The
+tongues, which may be designated from south to north as _A_, _B_ and
+_C_, were parallel to the highway and more or less fully commanded
+it.[23.10] Near the head of the ravine, at a spot that may be called
+_D_, a road branched off from the highway toward the tongues, and there
+was a low eminence, _E_, in this vicinity.[23.14]
+
+ [Illustration: BATTLE OF CERRO GORDO GENERAL PLAN]
+
+Believing that Scott could advance with artillery only by the highway,
+Santa Anna gave his chief attention to this part of the terrain, and
+recalling Cano and his men from La Hoya, he sent them to assist Robles
+here. At the ends of the tongues parapets were laid out, which, though
+not completed, served to indicate the correct positions; and in front
+of each the bushes and trees were cut down and left on the ground, so
+that an assailant should be impeded and should have no screen. On _A_
+General Pinzon, a mulatto of considerable ability, was placed with
+about six guns and some five hundred men. At _B_, where the highway had
+formerly run, there were not less than eight guns and about a thousand
+troops under General Jarero. _C_ was held by Colonel Badillo with about
+five pieces and nearly three hundred men.[23.11] _E_ was entrusted to
+General La Vega with a reserve of some five hundred grenadiers; and
+that officer had charge also of a six or seven gun battery at _D_ and
+of a neighboring breastwork, parallel to the highway--which was cut at
+that point--and completely dominating it, where the Sixth Regiment,
+counting nine hundred bayonets, was placed. In all some 3500 men,
+including the artillery, occupied this wing.[23.14]
+
+April 17 Santa Anna transferred Robles, Cano and their laborers to
+the other side of the highway. On the summit of El Telegrafo, which
+commanded the entire position, there was a level space of about an
+acre, and in it stood a square stone tower. Here a breastwork, some
+distance back from the crest and partly enclosing the tower, was
+imperfectly constructed; four 4-pounders were planted; all the bushes,
+cactus and small trees within musket range on the slope were cut down
+and left on the ground; and the Third Infantry, consisting of about
+one hundred men, took possession of the summit. To the left and rear
+of this point ran a spur, which rose to a minor crest--a broken ledge
+eighteen or twenty feet high--some thirty feet lower than the summit
+and about a hundred yards from it. In the rear of all these points,
+close to the hamlet, lay the main camp and strong reserves of troops
+and guns. To Santa Anna the position seemed impregnable. He reported
+to the government that it was completely fortified, well armed with
+artillery and garrisoned with 12,000 men.[23.12] News from the capital
+that revolutionary movements were on foot and that something must be
+accomplished to prevent the idea of peace from gaining currency, no
+longer troubled him. Confiding in his army and his position he gave
+free rein to his vanity, his lordliness and his exultation. Here should
+the proud invaders be rolled back or here under the saffron wing of the
+plague should they rot. And then let domestic foes tremble![23.14]
+
+But a number of circumstances undermined him. The narrow camp, too
+much crowded with cottages, tents, huts and market booths, became
+confused even while there were no hostilities. Insects kept the troops
+restive. The supply of water, brought in barrels from the Rio del Plan,
+was insufficient,[23.13] and many drank the crude sap of the maguey,
+which made them ill. A sort of cholera set in, and exposure produced
+lung troubles. Far worse, however, were the moral distempers. Some of
+the troops had turned their backs to the Americans at Palo Alto, the
+Resaca, Monterey and Buena Vista, while others had recently, to their
+utter amazement, seen heroic Vera Cruz and mighty Ulua, the pride of
+Mexico, haul down their flags; and men of both classes represented
+the enemy as invincible. Every deserter was ordered shot, and this
+interference with a popular diversion gave offence.[23.14]
+
+Looking at the shaggy hills and ravines on his left, Santa Anna
+declared that a rabbit could not get through there. Perhaps not,
+thought many a soldier, but the Americans are not rabbits. About seven
+hundred yards in front of El Telegrafo stood a similar though somewhat
+lower hill called La Atalaya, which commanded a wide expanse of the
+rough country, and the engineers felt it should be fortified and
+strongly held; but the President would merely station twenty-five men
+there. Robles himself believed that Scott could turn the main position,
+and wanted fortifications erected at the extreme left; but Santa Anna
+would listen to no advice, and his cocksureness itself excited alarm.
+In private, officers talked of a disaster, and even Canalizo foreboded
+it. The tinder of a panic was ready.[23.14]
+
+[TWIGGS'S ADVANCE]
+
+Meanwhile Twiggs with two field batteries,[23.15] six 24-pounders, two
+8-inch howitzers, four 10-inch mortars, and a squadron of dragoons--in
+all some 2600 men--set out in the footsteps of Cortez.[23.16] Most
+fortunately the troops had a stock of enthusiasm, for the beginning
+of the march was terrible. After going three miles along the beach
+they struck off at a right angle for six or eight on a deep, sandy
+road, sometimes three or four feet below the level of the ground,
+with a blazing sun overhead, not a breath of moving air, and Twiggs's
+horse for a pace-maker. Many threw away everything detachable, and the
+greater part of the division--at least four fifths, it was said--fell
+by the way. Some died, and many others did not rejoin the command for
+days. Unbroken mules and drivers ignorant of their business added to
+the difficulties. The meagre facilities for transportation did not
+permit even officers to have tents, and some of the scanty supplies
+were lost through the breaking down of wagons.[23.19]
+
+The next day, happily, a change took place. The column set out before
+sunrise, marched more slowly, and halted occasionally; and the national
+highway, no longer buried in sand, proved to be a spacious, comfortably
+graded cement avenue, carried over the streams by handsome bridges
+of cut stone, and flanked on both sides by the estates of Santa
+Anna.[23.17] Now it penetrated a dark forest of palms, cactus, limes
+and countless other trees festooned with vines, and now it crossed
+rolling prairies. Here it was cut through solid rock; here it skirted
+a beautiful hill, with a charming vista of leafy glades; and presently
+it was clinging as if in terror to the face of a cliff. Bowers carpeted
+with many soft hues and perfumed with heliotrope recalled ideas of
+Eden, while marshes full of strange bloated growths, bluish-green pools
+rimmed with flowers of a suspicious brilliancy, and thick clumps of
+dagger plants tipped with crimson offered suggestions of a different
+sort.[23.19]
+
+Matted tangles of leafage spattered with gold, big tulipans gleaming in
+the shadows like a red rose in the hair of a Spanish dancer, blossoms
+like scarlet hornets that almost flew at one's eyes, and blooms like
+red-hot hair-brushes, the sight of which made the scalp tingle, were
+balanced with big, close masses of white throats and purple mouths, and
+with banks of the greenish-white cuatismilla, discharging invisible
+clouds of a fragrance that seemed to be locust blended with lily of the
+valley. Trees with tops like balloons, like corkscrews and like tables,
+trees drained almost dry by starry parasites that swung from their
+branches, trees covered with strawberry blossoms--or what appeared to
+be strawberry blossoms--that were to graduate into coffee beans, trees
+bare of everything except great yellow suns, the Flower of God, that
+fascinated one's gaze--these and countless other surprises followed one
+another; and then would come a whole grove netted over with morning
+glories in full bloom. Amid scenes like these our exhausted troops
+quickly regained their spirits.[23.19]
+
+Toward the end of the march on the eleventh, when about thirty-seven
+miles from Vera Cruz, the troops crossed a branch of the Antigua, and
+soon came to the river itself. In the triangular space thus bounded
+rose a hill crowned with an old fort.[23.18] Here stood the national
+bridge, a magnificent structure more than fifty feet high and nearly
+a quarter of a mile in length, commanding romantic views of the rapid
+stream winding through towering vistas of luxuriant vegetation. On
+leaving the bridge the road made a sharp turn to the left at the foot
+of a high and very steep bluff; and it seemed as if a battery planted
+at the top of the bluff, as La Vega's had been, might stop an army
+until overpowered with siege guns. But Canalizo had been wiser than
+his chief, for there were fords above and below and cross-roads in the
+rear, that made it possible to turn the position. So amidst a wondrous
+illumination from glow-worms and fireflies, the troops made their third
+camp here in peace.[23.19]
+
+Beyond this point the influence of Canalizo could be seen. The bamboo
+huts thatched with palm-leaves were all vacant and empty. Scarcely one
+living creature could be seen except flitting birds. These, however,
+still abounded: parrots, macaws, hawks, eagles, orioles, humming-birds,
+mocking-birds, cardinals brighter than cardinals, cranes larger than
+cranes, talkative chachalacas, toucans as vociferous as their bills
+were huge--every color from indigo to scarlet, and every note from the
+scream to the warble; and the same ocean of green still rolled its vast
+billows, warmed and brightened by the same golden sun.[23.19]
+
+At the end of this march, about thirteen miles from the national
+bridge, the highway narrowed and pitched down a long, steep, winding
+descent, with overhanging trees and rocks on one side and a precipice
+on the other, as if making for the centre of the globe. Then it crossed
+Rio del Plan, and came to a small, irregular opening, where a few
+scattered huts could be seen. This was Plan del Rio. Views of superb
+heights delighted the eye, but the hot breath of the coast could be
+felt in the valley. Even the hollows between the sand-hills of Vera
+Cruz were thought less pestilential. But the men lay down, and, as a
+soldier wrote, covered themselves with the sky.[23.19]
+
+In the midst of scenery like this, "Old Davy" Twiggs appeared like a
+perfectly natural feature. His robust and capacious body, powerful
+shoulders, bull-neck, heavy, cherry-red face, and nearly six feet
+of erect stature represented physical energy at its maximum. With
+bristling white hair and, when the regulations did not interfere, a
+thick white beard, he seemed like a kind of snow-clad volcano, a human
+AEtna, pouring forth a red-hot flood of orders and objurgations from
+his crater of a mouth; and he was vastly enjoyed by the rough soldiers
+even when, as they said, he "cursed them right out of their boots." In
+a more strictly human aspect he made an excellent disciplinarian, and
+he could get more work out of the men than anybody else in the army;
+but as a warrior, while he always looked thirsty for a fight, he was
+thought over-anxious to fight another day--to be, in short, a hero of
+the future instead of the past; and as a general, Scott had already
+said that he was not qualified "to command an army--either in the
+presence, or in the absence of an enemy." His brains were, in fact,
+merely what happened to be left over from the making of his spinal
+cord, and the soldiers' names for him--the "Horse" and the "Bengal
+Tiger"--classed him fairly as regarded intellect.[23.20]
+
+Twiggs had been warned by Scott that a substantial army, commanded by
+Santa Anna, lay in his front; lancers were encountered on April 11;
+and a reconnaissance of that afternoon, made because the enemy were
+said to be in force just ahead, proved that guns commanded the pass of
+Cerro Gordo; yet the next morning he advanced in the usual marching
+order. Nothing saved his division but the eagerness of the Mexicans.
+They opened fire before he was entirely within the jaws of death, and
+he managed to retreat--extricating his train with difficulty, however.
+The enemy have given up and withdrawn, boasted Santa Anna, while the
+Americans felt ashamed. Further reconnoitring on that day gave a still
+more impressive idea of the problem ahead; but the General, as if
+intoxicated by holding an independent command, ordered an assault made
+at daybreak the next morning. The Volunteer Division, consisting at
+present of two brigades, a field battery and a squadron of cavalry,
+then arrived. Patterson, who led it, seemed, however, by no means
+eager to accept the responsibility of command, and, as no confidence
+whatever was felt in Pillow, the second in rank, he placed the entire
+force under Twiggs on the ground of illness. Pillow and Shields, who
+were thought no less willing than Twiggs to make a bid for glory at the
+expense of their men, then demanded a day for rest and preparation; and
+accordingly, about sunset on the thirteenth, orders for the attack were
+issued.[23.20]
+
+[DISCOURAGEMENT]
+
+But the officers and soldiers, distrusting alike the information and
+the ability of their commander, now felt extremely depressed. The
+situation appeared hopeless, thought even Lieutenant U. S. Grant; and
+Captain Robert E. Lee described the Mexican position as an "unscalable"
+precipice on one side and "impassable" ravines on the other. It seemed,
+wrote a third man, like a Gibraltar; and the idea of assailing it with
+Twiggs for leader inspired the deepest alarm. Everybody not selfishly
+ambitious desired to wait for the commander-in-chief; and yet Polk,
+in order to justify his depreciation of Scott, said with reference to
+this very situation, that our forces would be victorious "if there
+was not an officer among them." Suddenly, however, the faces of the
+men brooding round their bivouac fires lighted up, for news came that
+Patterson, in order to veto the project of Twiggs, had assumed the
+command, and ordered offensive operations to be suspended.[23.20]
+
+Scott, whose ideas of an army differed radically from those prevalent
+in Mexico, hardly believed that Santa Anna could place himself below
+Jalapa at this time with as many as 4000 men, even though reports of
+a larger number reached him; but he arranged to drop his work at Vera
+Cruz on the first news of serious opposition, and letters from Twiggs
+and Pillow, received late on April 11 led him to set out the next
+day. Early on Wednesday afternoon, the 14th, he was at Plan del Rio,
+doffing his old straw hat as the soldiers, who doubtless realized that
+in taking Vera Cruz by siege instead of assault he had spared their
+lives, cheered tumultuously. Instantly chaos became order, confidence
+reigned, and the jealous clashes of the commanders ended. Now something
+will be done, thought the officers; the soldiers began to laugh and
+whistle; and what an officer called a "hum of satisfaction" pervaded
+the camp. Already the battle was half gained.[23.23]
+
+Engineers Beauregard and Tower had by this time done some
+reconnoitring, and, as indeed would have been fairly obvious to any
+intelligent person, had concluded that a turning movement against the
+Mexican left--toward which a trail had been found to lead--offered
+the best hope. But an idea was not a plan. The reconnaissances were
+far from complete, and reports upon the Mexican position and numbers
+differed materially. Hence the commander-in-chief, who accepted
+everything valuable done by his subordinates but never surrendered his
+own judgment, decided to begin anew, and, in the hope of gaining the
+highway in Santa Anna's rear and cutting off his entire army, sent
+Captain Lee at once to the ravines.[23.21] Friday that indefatigable
+engineer found himself in contact with the Mexican lines far to the
+rear of El Telegrafo. Reconnoitring could go no farther, and the
+highway toward Jalapa was not actually seen; but there were good
+reasons for believing it near, and the construction of a "road" for
+troops and artillery on the route discovered by Lee was pressed with
+great energy. At about 9 o'clock on Friday evening all the facts and
+conclusions were brought together in a plan by Major John L. Smith,
+senior engineer on the ground, and in substance his plan was adopted.
+Its essential point was, in accordance with Scott's announced aim, to
+gain the highway in the Mexican rear first of all, and then--not until
+then--attack in the rear and perhaps also on the front.[23.22] After
+the adjournment of this conference the army was further cheered by
+the arrival of Worth, 1600 picked men and a number of heavy guns. The
+Mexican forces were estimated as 12-18,000, and Scott had only 8500;
+but the bright stars of that night looked down on an army sleeping
+soundly in full courage and confidence.[23.23]
+
+[PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS]
+
+At seven or eight o'clock the next morning Twiggs advanced. His
+instructions were to avoid a collision, occupy La Atalaya, reach
+the Mexican left, and rest on his arms near the highway until the
+remainder of the army should be in position, and the time for acting
+decisively should arrive. Accordingly, after marching about three
+miles along the highway he turned off to the right by the road already
+cut, ordering the men to trail arms and preserve absolute silence. At
+one point the road lay for twenty-five or thirty feet in view of the
+enemy, and Lee proposed to screen it with brush. But this appeared to
+Twiggs quite unnecessary, and hence the Mexicans could observe not
+only the troops but four mountain howitzers, four 6-pounders, and
+two 12-pounders gleaming in the sun. Pinzon and also the outpost on
+La Atalaya notified Santa Anna of the American movement, and strong
+reinforcements were therefore despatched to that hill.[23.26]
+
+ [Illustration: BATTLE OF CERRO GORDO CENTRAL PART OF THE FIELD]
+
+Twiggs advanced but slowly, for the road--hewed in the roughest way
+through oaks, mesquite, chaparral, cactus and the like and over almost
+impassable ground--could barely answer its purpose, but about noonday
+the command found itself in the vicinity of La Atalaya. Lieutenant
+Gardner of the Seventh Infantry was then directed to ascend a
+neighboring hill with Company E, and take an observation of the enemy.
+He was attacked; upon which Colonel Harney, now commanding Twiggs's
+first brigade in place of Persifor F. Smith, who was ill, sent forces
+to relieve him, pursued the Mexicans to La Atalaya with the Mounted
+Rifles, First Artillery and other troops, and after a stiff combat
+occupied that point.[23.26]
+
+One of the captains--for on such ground independence of action was
+unavoidable--inquired of Twiggs how far to charge the enemy. "Charge
+'em to hell!" roared the Bengal Tiger; and naturally enough a small
+American force rushed down the farther slope of La Atalaya and began
+to ascend El Telegrafo. It was then in a desperate situation, exposed
+to the cannon of the Mexicans and to overwhelming numbers. A party of
+Americans under Major Sumner, which bravely hastened to its relief,
+succeeded only in sharing its plight. But happily cover was found;
+a howitzer discouraged the enemy; and later this group was able to
+retire. La Atalaya remained in American hands despite attempts to
+recover it; but the Mexicans had been fully warned, and our troops
+were not lying on their arms near the Jalapa route. Meantime or soon
+Shields's brigade came to the support of Twiggs, who now had control
+of nearly 5000 men. The casualties amounted to about ninety on our
+side and more than two hundred on the other; but the Mexicans, whose
+operations had been directed by Santa Anna himself, believed the
+Americans had seriously attacked El Telegrafo, and exulted loudly with
+shouts and music over what seemed to them a triumph.[23.26]
+
+Santa Anna did not yet believe, or would not admit, that Scott's main
+drive would be aimed against his left, but he recognized the wisdom
+of strengthening that wing. He therefore ordered a breastwork, which
+was made of short palisades reinforced behind with stones and brush,
+to be thrown up near the base of El Telegrafo, placed a couple of
+12-pounders, the Second Ligero and the Fourth Line regiments on the
+summit, selected brave Ciriaco Vazquez to command there, planted five
+guns on a slight eminence near headquarters to guard the mouth of a
+wooded ravine on the left, had the ground in front of this battery
+partly cleared, and ordered the Eleventh regiment and Canalizo's
+cavalry to support the guns. The Americans were not less active. By
+dint of extraordinary exertions General Shields's brigade, assisted
+by other troops, dragged a 24-pounder and two 24-pound howitzers with
+ropes through the woods and rocky gorges, pulled them up the steep
+and bristling side of La Atalaya, mounted them, and constructed a
+parapet for them and the rocket battery; and with perhaps even greater
+difficulty four New York companies placed an 8-inch howitzer on the
+farther side of Rio del Plan over against the tongues, _A_, _B_ and
+_C_. Darkness and rain did not facilitate these operations.[23.26]
+
+[THE BATTLE OF CERRO GORDO]
+
+Sunday morning the sky was clear, a gentle breeze from the Gulf just
+fluttered the red, white and green flag on the stone tower, and the
+Mexican trumpets blared in all directions. Soon the guns of La Atalaya
+solemnly announced the battle, producing consternation at first on
+the summit of El Telegrafo; but the pieces were badly aimed, and
+accomplished little beyond encouraging the Americans and calling forth
+a vigorous reply.[23.24] The Second Infantry and Fourth Artillery
+under Brevet Colonel Riley of Twiggs's division now moved on toward
+Santa Anna's rear and the Jalapa route, supported by the brigade of
+Shields, which included the New York regiment and the Third and Fourth
+Illinois. Learning of this activity in the valley, General Vazquez
+ordered Colonel Uraga with the Fourth Infantry and a 4-pounder to the
+minor crest of El Telegrafo, and as Riley crossed the continuation
+of the spur he was much annoyed by their fire. Four companies of the
+Second Infantry were therefore detached as skirmishers, and before
+long, in spite of Scott's orders and the protest of Lee, who was
+conducting Riley's command, Twiggs, pawing the ground somewhere out of
+range, ordered Riley's whole brigade up the hill. Shields, however,
+proceeded along the route discovered by Lee. The ground was rough and
+precipitous, and the growth of trees and thorny chaparral dense; but
+the General--a stout, soldier-like man with a heavy mustache, black
+hair and brilliant dark eyes--had a great deal of energy, and in three
+straggling files his men pushed on.[23.26]
+
+During the artillery duel Harney's command lay under cover on the
+summit of La Atalaya, listening to the harsh, bitter shriek of the
+Mexican grape, which tore the bushes into shreds; but at about 7
+o'clock a charge upon El Telegrafo was ordered.[23.25] As the troops
+measured the height, crowned with guns and fortifications and topped
+off with a scornful banner, the attempt seemed almost impudent; but
+that was the day's work, and it had to be done. First the "cursed
+Riflemen," as the Mexicans named them, were diverted to the left,
+where the Mexican Sixth Infantry could be seen approaching; the bugles
+sounded; and then the Third and the Seventh Infantry, supported by the
+First Artillery, dashed down the slope of La Atalaya. Here and in the
+valley they were swept by a deadly shower of bullets, canister and
+grape, and the front melted like snowflakes; but, as fearless Captain
+Roberts of the Rifles put it, "When dangers thickened and death talked
+more familiarly face to face, the men seemed to rise above every
+terror." The contest at the palisade breastwork was hard, and the
+Mexicans dared even to cross bayonets with Americans; but they finally
+gave way. Here a little time was taken for rest, and then forward
+pressed the troops, helping themselves up the slope, over craggy rocks
+and loose stones, and through the chaparral by catching at bushes and
+trees. The screen of woods and the steepness of the incline protected
+them now.[23.26]
+
+Very different proved the cleared part of the hill, where small trees,
+bushes and thorny cactus lay spread with tops pointing down. Here
+progress was slow and concealment impossible. But with deliberate
+fearlessness the men plodded firmly on, firing at will, strong in that
+mutual confidence which gives a charge its force. They "seem to despise
+death," cried the Mexicans in astonishment. Here and there one was
+struck down; here and there, breathless and exhausted, one dropped; but
+no flinching could be seen. Like the wave of fire in a burning prairie,
+the line moved steadily up. "Charge, charge!" shouted the officers; and
+the men yelled and cheered, yelled and cheered, yelled and cheered till
+sometimes it seemed as if even the trees were cheering, till sometimes
+the roar of the guns could not be heard; and Harney--red-headed,
+tempestuous Harney of the steel-blue eyes--at last in his element, led
+them as they deserved to be led. Superbly tall, his athletic figure
+needed no plume; the sword in his long arm waved them on; like the keen
+edge of a billow rushing upon the shore his calm, shrill voice rode the
+tumult.[23.26]
+
+Just below the crest a pause for breath; and then the blue stripe
+was up and over. At the breastwork the fighting was sharp, for Santa
+Anna had sent up two more regiments; but soon Vazquez fell; with
+pistols, bayonets and clubbed muskets the Mexicans were driven from
+the summit; and in a moment big Sergeant Henry of the Seventh had
+the Stars and Stripes flying from the tower. Riley's men, pushing up
+through dense thickets under a hot fire, had now taken possession of
+the spur; and while some of them hurried on to join Harney, others shot
+down the gunners of the battery on the summit. In a twinkling Captain
+Magruder turned the pieces, and poured a storm of iron on the flying
+Mexicans. General Baneneli, commanding the reserve just below, tried
+hard to charge, but his men would not face the yelling Americans. The
+Grenadiers and the Eleventh Infantry, hurried by Santa Anna in that
+direction, were overwhelmed by the fugitives; Riley's advance plunged
+down the hill toward the Mexican camp; and an indescribable confusion
+ensued.[23.26]
+
+Just at this time, after a fearful march of perhaps two miles, Shields
+with his foremost companies emerged from the chaparral on the Mexican
+left, and hastily prepared to charge. Three guns of the headquarters
+battery, one hundred and fifty or two hundred yards distant in their
+front, had been turned upon Riley, but the other two let fly at them.
+Shields fell and his men recoiled. It was no wonder. About three
+hundred raw volunteers, without regulars and without artillery,
+stood before cannon and an army! Some two thousand fresh horse under
+Canalizo, guarding that very ravine, faced them just at the left of the
+battery, and the cannon kept at work. But their mere emerging from the
+close chaparral at this point, in a strength which the enemy could not
+measure, was of itself a triumph.[23.26]
+
+"The Yankees! They have come out to the road!" cried the Mexicans;
+"Every one for himself!" Some of Riley's men shot down or frightened
+away the gunners of the battery, and in another moment seized three of
+the pieces. At the same instant a section of Shields's brigade, which
+had now come up in more force, captured the other two, while a second
+section, followed by the Seventh Infantry, struck for the highway.
+Canalizo, afraid of being cut off, took flight, as many had already
+done; and all the rest of the Mexicans who could, either followed him
+or, like Santa Anna himself, rushed headlong down one or the other of
+two paths, narrow and steep, that descended into the canyon of the Rio
+del Plan. Scott, who had watched the charge "under a canopy of balls,"
+as Major Patten said, was now on the scene. Harney, his old foe, he
+greeted in the warmest and friendliest of terms; and, as he moved among
+the victorious troops with tears rolling down his cheeks, he spoke to
+them noble and touching words, as not merely their commander but their
+elder brother in arms, fully sharing their pains, their pride and their
+joy.[23.26]
+
+While these brave scenes were enacted, the other flank witnessed a
+burlesque of war. Naturally Scott planned to attack the Mexican right
+in order to deceive Santa Anna regarding his intentions, prevent
+the troops of that wing from going to the assistance of the other,
+and perhaps accomplish something positive in that quarter.[23.27]
+This piece of work was assigned to Pillow's brigade, and although
+he objected to it as dangerous, a hint about discipline brought him
+into line. As early as April 13, in view of Twiggs's plan, he and
+Lieutenant Tower of the engineers had reconnoitred the ground, and this
+examination had been continued on the fifteenth and sixteenth; but the
+General did not understand or did not remember what he saw. It was
+clear, however, that a force attacking between _A_ and the canyon would
+have the enemy on but one side, and would be as far as possible from
+the guns occupying _B_ and _C_. With Scott's approval this plan was
+adopted, and the 8-inch howitzer was placed so as to command the flank
+and rear of the battery at _A_.[23.29]
+
+Pillow's orders were to set out on his march of about four miles at
+6 o'clock on Sunday morning, yet he did not reach his position until
+almost 9. One reason for the delay probably was, that in consequence of
+a manoeuvre, executed by his order, the rear of the column missed the
+proper route. Another reason also may be surmised. Aside from wanting
+confidence in their general's military capacity, his troops had long
+disliked him; and his display of unfeeling harshness on the march from
+Vera Cruz had given further offence. Under such circumstances things
+never can go well.[23.29]
+
+During the march he announced that he had changed his mind, and would
+have the First Pennsylvania (Wynkoop) supported by the First Tennessee
+(Campbell) attack on the northern face of tongue _A_, and the Second
+Tennessee (Haskell) supported by the Second Pennsylvania (Roberts)
+attack on the southern face of _B_, which was obviously sure--since it
+guarded the old road--to be held more strongly than either of the other
+tongues.[23.28] This ingenious plan, moreover, divided the American
+while tending to concentrate the Mexican strength. By mismanagement
+he reversed both of his attacking regiments--a mistake that caused
+embarrassment and loss of time; and then on leaving the highway, about
+three miles from Plan del Rio, and entering the narrow path leading to
+the point of attack, he adopted this order: Wynkoop, Haskell, Campbell,
+Roberts, which--since it was necessary to advance mostly in single
+file--placed Campbell and Roberts a long distance from the troops that
+each was to support, so that neither of them reached his position
+before the fighting on this wing ended.[23.29]
+
+On arriving at the appointed spot, where the orders of Mexican officers
+at _B_ could be heard very distinctly, Haskell began to form his badly
+scattered regiment. "Why the Hell don't Colonel Wynkoop file to the
+right?" shouted Pillow at the top of his voice. A bugle in the front
+sounded instantly, and within three minutes the Mexicans opened a heavy
+fire of grape and canister. Some of Haskell's men, brave but not in
+hand, bolted; others took shelter; and the rest, at Pillow's order,
+charged pell-mell. Emerging into the cleared space they received a
+murderous fire from all of the tongues. In less than three minutes
+about eighty, including every field officer except the colonel, were
+either killed or wounded, and all able to move were in flight. Pillow
+meanwhile, squatting in the bushes with his back to the enemy at a
+distance of about 450 yards, was "shot all to pieces," as he said, by a
+canister bullet that slightly wounded his upper arm; and he retired at
+a run, leaving Wynkoop without the promised instructions.[23.29]
+
+A state of general confusion ensued. Campbell and his men were anxious
+to charge; Wynkoop felt no less eager when it was too late; the Second
+Pennsylvania was demoralized; all were more or less under fire.
+Campbell, however, to whom Pillow resigned the command, got the men
+almost ready to charge upon tongue _A_; but then Pillow, venturing back
+from the rear, withdrew his brigade so far into the woods that, until
+notified by Scott, he did not know the Mexicans in his front, who found
+their rear was occupied by the Americans, had surrendered. As for the
+8-inch howitzer, it fired seven ineffective shells; and then, at the
+critical time, as Pillow had neglected to arrange a code of signals,
+Ripley, who controlled it, suspended work. Evidently, as Polk said,
+gallant Americans--and such Pillow's men really were--did not require a
+commander![23.29]
+
+A little before 10 o'clock the fighting was over and pursuit began.
+Having little cavalry and no adequate subsistence train Scott's powers
+in this respect were limited; but every man had been expected to set
+out in the morning with rations for two days, and substantially all
+the troops except Pillow's, accompanied by two incomplete batteries,
+moved actively forward. Patterson once more became well enough to act,
+and took charge of the advanced forces. Frequently bands of fugitives
+were seen at a distance, looking in their cotton or linen jackets
+like flocks of sheep. The artillery had some fair long shots, and
+occasionally other troops also came within reach of the enemy. But the
+Mexicans fled--even the cavalry--without stopping for ceremony, too
+much cowed to face even a small party of Americans; and the results
+were of little significance.[23.31]
+
+Heat and exhaustion checked the most advanced pursuers about four
+miles from Jalapa, but nothing could stop the Mexicans. Like stampeded
+cattle, the fugitives thought only of flying until worn out. No stand
+was made at Jalapa. At La Hoya, the second line of defence, General
+Gomez, hearing of the disaster, sent word to the rear, "All is lost
+at Cerro Gordo, all, all!" and fled. In complete disorder, panting,
+starving, falling by the way--the horses of the cavalry in a like
+state--the men streamed on toward Puebla, plundering when they could.
+Thousands also of those who surrendered managed to escape at one place
+or another in the rough, wooded country, and, as Scott could with
+difficulty feed his own army and thought future opposition could be
+weakened by proving the friendly sentiments of his proclamation, the
+remaining 3000 were released on parole.[23.30] More than 4000 stand of
+arms, old and not worth using, were destroyed; and about forty cannon,
+which Scott had no means of transporting, were rendered unserviceable
+and left at Cerro Gordo. The Mexican casualties were estimated at 1000
+or 1200, while the American loss during the two days amounted to only
+thirty officers and 387 men, of whom sixty-four were killed.[23.31]
+
+[JALAPA OCCUPIED]
+
+Next morning the Americans advanced again. For the two last miles below
+Jalapa the highway ran between continuous hedges loaded with blossoms
+and vocal with the songs of birds, while bougainvillea flamed here and
+there on a cabin or tree-top in a conflagration of purple, and the air
+was laden with delicious perfumes; and when the town was descried from
+an eminence, it seemed like a delicate mosaic set in a massive frame
+of rich emerald. Friends had been left behind forever, but grief was
+offset by the joy of surviving; and after dressing ranks the troops
+began to enter Jalapa at about 9 o'clock with bayonets fixed, colors
+flying and bands playing. Some of the girls could not help laughing at
+the unkempt appearance and nondescript costumes of the terrible and
+victorious Yankees; but the people, who lined the streets, appeared
+neither hostile nor afraid, and the bells rang out a welcome.[23.32]
+The soldiers for their part soon felt they had reached Eden, and they
+were none the less content on hearing of the dull saffron haze which
+now hung over Vera Cruz--a visible token that "King Death in his Yellow
+Robe" had once more set up his throne there; while Scott himself,
+wishing to tranquillize the army and favorably impress the public,
+proceeded to hide the errors of his subordinates with reports that
+misled the public.[23.33] As for the future he cheerfully announced,
+"Mexico has no longer an army." Apparently the United States had a very
+substantial one; but surprises were soon to occur.[23.34]
+
+
+
+
+XXIV
+
+PUEBLA
+
+April-August, 1847
+
+[THE ADVANCE FROM JALAPA]
+
+Wishing to take advantage of the Mexican panic, Scott hurried Worth's
+division after the fugitives. Down the steep hill on which Jalapa
+lies poured the men in blue, passing the little plaza and the quaint
+cathedral; and then without halt, leaving the city of flowers and its
+groves of liquidambar, they set out on a long, gradual ascent. What a
+march they now had! "The most beautiful country there is," commented
+an officer; and his remark was truer than he knew. Dominated by the
+splendid snowy peak of Orizaba, there spread a vast expanse of hills
+and gorges, mountains and valleys, here studded with white villages,
+there gemmed with a silver cascade, yonder brightened with fresh fields
+of corn and grain, always variegated with the shadows of lazy clouds,
+and everywhere softly receding into a deeper and still deeper blue; and
+as the column wound in and out through the clear, cool and fragrant
+atmosphere, every turn revealed new beauties or displayed once more the
+beauties already seen--only a little nearer each time, or a little more
+remote.[24.1]
+
+Gradually the ascent grew sharper and the air cooler, and about a dozen
+miles from Jalapa Worth came to the Black Pass--the "terrible pass,"
+wrote Scott--of La Hoya, where for more than a mile the troops were
+squeezed between two steep mountains, cleared to afford artillery a
+fair sweep, and partly fortified; but the seven or eight guns lay on
+the ground spiked, and not an enemy could be seen. Then after making a
+sharp twist they kept on winding and ascending for about six miles till
+they reached the log houses of Las Vigas, much like those of Russia
+and Sweden. Vegetation was luxuriant still; but the trees on the steep
+hills at the left were evergreens, and the flowers that brightened the
+overtowering walls, buttresses and spurting arches of black lava were
+mostly dandelions and yellow jarilla, for the Americans now stood a
+mile and a half above the sea and almost three quarters of a mile above
+Jalapa. Here the winds bit; and now and then masses of thick vapor,
+whirling up from an immense gorge and burying the column for a time in
+wintry twilight, would sweep on ahead of it in rolling, shining volumes
+of heaven-high clouds.[24.1]
+
+ [Illustration: JALAPA TO PUEBLA]
+
+This was the final pass; and after marching some twelve miles farther,
+one saw at the left edge of a sandy, gravelly plain, set with
+occasional tufts of coarse grass, the dust-brown castle of Perote and,
+seemingly just above it though in reality several miles distant, the
+pine-clad mountain of that name. The castle was a superb specimen of
+military architecture, capable of accommodating more than 2000 men;
+but it had long served chiefly as a state prison, a refuge for troops,
+an arsenal, and a depot for the rich convoys that went this way. The
+American troops could have passed by on the other side of the plain,
+had that been necessary; but it was not. With only twenty-three gunners
+and scarcely any powder, General Gaona could not have defended the
+place. Canalizo therefore ordered him to evacuate it on the nineteenth;
+and at noon on the twenty-second Worth took possession of its elaborate
+bastions, more than fifty cannon, more than 25,000 balls and shells and
+even 500 muskets, which the terror-stricken Mexicans had not cared to
+remove. Throwing Garland's brigade and Duncan's battery about fifteen
+miles in advance to facilitate the gathering of subsistence, Worth now
+halted in accordance with his orders.[24.1]
+
+[SCOTT'S DIFFICULTIES]
+
+Scott meantime remained at Jalapa to study his problems and make his
+preparations. The capital of Mexico, he believed, lay at his mercy,
+and this opinion seems to have been correct; but unlike his critics,
+who merely had to deal with legions of ink on areas of paper, he found
+that much needed to be done before seizing it. The position of the
+Americans depended vitally on military prestige, and it was therefore
+of the utmost importance to suffer no reverse. His first care was
+to make sure of getting up in advance of the especially fatal rainy
+season, which was expected to begin at the latest by the first week of
+June, the needful clothing, equipments, ammunition, salt, medicines and
+many other imported articles; and since the lack of cavalry and a due
+regard for the health of the troops forbade trying to keep the road
+below Cerro Gordo clear of Mexicans, this tedious work involved the
+use of heavily escorted convoys,[24.2] and the exercise of unceasing
+vigilance, energy and skill.[24.6]
+
+ [Illustration: Profile of the Route from Vera Cruz to Mexico]
+
+His next care was to gather provisions, determine whether supplies of
+breadstuffs, meats, rice, beans, coffee, sugar and forage existed near
+the proposed line of march, and arrange for obtaining them despite the
+hatred of the people, which quite equalled their fear.[24.3] A third
+care was to divine what Santa Anna intended and was able to do, for
+news came that he was now on our flank and rear, preparing to conduct
+guerilla war against the American detachments and convoys. Contrary to
+his expectation Scott found subsistence and forage scarce at Jalapa,
+and as Quitman's brigade came up without the extra rations it had been
+ordered to bring, the situation proved embarrassing. A scarcity of
+funds aggravated it alarmingly. An immediate advance upon the capital
+was therefore out of the question; but on April 30 Scott issued
+preliminary instructions, enjoining kind treatment of the people in the
+strongest possible terms, as absolutely necessary if the troops did
+not wish to starve; and the volunteers were ordered to set out on the
+fourth and fifth of May.[24.6]
+
+But now a difficulty that had been feared by Scott rose directly in
+his path. Seven regiments and two companies of volunteers were to be
+free at various near dates, averaging about the middle of June. Polk,
+believing that many would reenlist, had recommended that a bounty
+should be offered as an inducement, and Congress had acted upon the
+suggestion. April 26 General Scott received the law and promptly
+circulated it; but he soon found that Polk's expectations were to be
+disappointed.[24.6]
+
+It would have been quite agreeable to linger at Jalapa, strolling
+about this paradise of birds, gazing at the many-hued blossoms of a
+perpetual springtime, feasting on the delicacies of semi-tropical
+gardens, winning occasional glimpses of exotic luxury through doors
+ajar, listening to ever-graceful senoritas--a few dazzling blondes as
+well as many sparkling brunettes--who played the guitar hour after
+hour in their grated windows, and catching glances now and then from
+eyes of fire; but the soldiers had learned what campaigning really
+meant. They had been allowed to go unpaid and unprovided for. They
+had met with hardships and privations not counted upon at the time of
+enlistment. Disease, battle, death, fearful toil and frightful marches
+had been found realities. Besides, they had now "seen the elephant," as
+they said; they felt they had won glory enough; and, as even Colonel
+Campbell admitted, they "sighed heavily" for home, family and friends.
+In spite of their strong desire to see the Halls of the Montezumas, out
+of about 3700 men only enough to make one company would reengage, and
+special inducements, offered by the General, to remain as teamsters
+proved wholly ineffective.[24.6]
+
+One course now open to Scott was to march on, trusting that new forces
+would arrive seasonably to replace the soldiers discharged; but of
+this he had no assurance. Another was to assume that even when legally
+free the volunteers would not abandon him in the enemy's capital;
+but the evidence was all to the contrary. More than once American
+troops had insisted upon their rights without considering the needs
+of the country; and now five colonels declared in writing that "only
+a very small proportion" of their men would "under any supposable
+circumstances" remain in the service "for any time whatever" beyond
+their term. Such was the sentiment of all these volunteers.[24.6]
+
+Moreover, to advance, capture Mexico and so force the men to sail
+from Vera Cruz in the midst of the pestilential season would have
+been insubordinate as well as inhumane, for the government had
+ordered most emphatically, with particular reference to the yellow
+fever, that regard for their health must outweigh all military
+considerations.[24.4] The returning volunteers would also have been
+exposed, under inexperienced commanders and without a proper complement
+of artillery, to Santa Anna and the guerillas, and those remaining
+behind at the capital would have been regarded by the Mexicans as
+destined prey. On the other hand, should the entire army retreat after
+capturing Mexico, the exultant people would have risen almost _en
+masse_ to starve, harass and slaughter them; while even Worth doubted
+whether Scott's whole force, could it by any possibility be persuaded
+to remain intact, would be strong enough to hold the capital. Finally,
+as the sequel was to show and as any well-informed person could have
+foreseen, merely capturing and retaining Mexico City was not sure by
+any means to end the war. The seat of government could easily move, and
+Scott was correctly informed that it proposed to do so. Santa Anna was
+in the field with a growing army; his moral and physical resources had
+not been exhausted; and more fighting needed to be done.[24.6]
+
+Scott was called slow by some of his critics, but when the case
+permitted he could make a quick decision; and on the sixth and seventh
+of May the volunteers referred to--"with a joyous and pleasant
+countenance upon every man," as one of them wrote--set out for home
+under Patterson.[24.5] Their departure left the General with an army of
+7113. As for early reinforcements, he had recommended on November 29
+the addition of twelve regiments to the regular establishment, and had
+said that about the first of May they would be indispensable; but at
+present he only knew that 960 recruits were on the way. None the less
+he sent Quitman forward with three regiments of November volunteers,
+and on the sixth of May instructed Worth to advance with his division
+and two of those regiments, led by Quitman, against Puebla, leaving the
+third regiment with a sufficient number of artillerists at Perote.[24.6]
+
+[MEXICAN ASSISTANCE]
+
+For the confidence with which less than 4000 men were thus advanced
+beyond the reach of prompt assistance, to cope with a strong city
+and the Mexican troops, there was a special reason. The heads of the
+Roman Catholic Church in Mexico, who did not feel all the religious
+intolerance which they deemed it proper to exhibit in public, cherished
+no love toward Santa Anna. For many years his rapacity had given them
+offence; and one of his first acts on landing at Vera Cruz in August,
+1846, had been to strike at their power. They had therefore felt
+disposed to favor the continuance of hostilities, hoping that he and
+his myrmidons would be destroyed. But when Moses Y. Beach made it plain
+to them on the one hand that resistance to the United States would be
+dangerous, and on the other guaranteed the freedom and the property
+of Church and citizens, they decided to support our efforts in behalf
+of peace, work against Santa Anna as the chief obstacle, and arrange
+secretly to have Jalapa, Perote, Puebla and Mexico City refrain from
+opposing Scott.[24.8]
+
+At "unconquered Puebla," which was more fully under the domination
+of the Church than any other Mexican town, circumstances favored the
+clerical design. Terrible stories had been circulated there about the
+Americans. They were barbarians, vandals, tigers; they had branded and
+sent across the Gulf into slavery shiploads of Tampico people, and
+stuck little children on their bayonets at Vera Cruz. But these tales
+had now lost all credibility. Santa Anna had been found out. Buena
+Vista no longer seemed a Mexican victory. The military caste was not
+only hated but despised. News had come that wherever the Americans took
+possession, odious taxes were abolished and trade became brisk. Scott's
+treatment of the people shone in comparison with Santa Anna's, and
+his soldiers looked angelic beside the guerillas. The defeat at Cerro
+Gordo caused not only deep discouragement but even deeper disgust, for
+the men and money of the state had been sacrificed to the incompetence
+of the commanders. Besides, marvels were told of the Americans. They
+could hew a man asunder at one stroke; their horses were gigantic and
+incredibly swift; their artillery was unspeakably terrible; and every
+one of their bullets might split into fifty pieces, each of the pieces
+fatal. Worth's division included 5000 of these warriors, an American
+deserter stated.[24.8]
+
+With such popular support the clericals had Isunza, who was closely
+connected with them, put in place of the vigorous Ibarra as governor,
+and he not only took a stand for non-resistance, but answered the
+appeals of the national government with sharp complaints. Instead of
+preaching against the Americans, the churchmen led pious processions
+about the streets, to show that prayer and not the arm of flesh
+was to be relied upon. The arms and ammunition were sent away--for
+safe-keeping. The governor would supply no funds for military purposes.
+"Reason prohibits vain sacrifices," he remarked. The comandante general
+decided that the city could not be defended. The prefect ordered that
+after the arrival of the Americans, not more than three citizens
+were to meet in public, and that none should carry arms; while the
+ayuntamiento announced that no unsigned placards would be tolerated.
+"Men are not all called to play the role of heroes," observed the
+_Monitor del Pueblo_. We can only "await with resignation the terrible
+blow with which Providence chooses to afflict us," decided the city
+authorities. All the arrangements are complete, Worth was notified
+by headquarters on the tenth of May. The people are waiting for you,
+reported foreigners from Puebla.[24.8]
+
+Scott, for his part, agreed to protect the citizens and especially the
+Church, and he put forth on the eleventh of May a proclamation called
+by him "the crowning act of conciliation," which was drawn up under his
+direction by a representative of the bishop of Puebla, and embodied the
+ideas and sentiments deemed by the leaders of the clerical party most
+likely to be effective.[24.7] The oppression under which the people
+of Mexico lay crushed received in this proclamation brief but vivid
+treatment, distrust regarding Santa Anna's abilities, honor and aims
+was excited, and the Americans were represented as true brethren of
+the Mexicans. Paredes, an unpatriotic usurper, had forced us to take
+up arms in behalf of republican institutions and the welfare of the
+whole continent, as well as for the maintenance of our proper dignity;
+but we were anxious now as ever, to live in peace and friendship with
+Mexico, even though determined, if the war must continue, to do the
+work of the sword thoroughly.[24.8]
+
+[SANTA ANNA'S MEASURES]
+
+On the other hand Santa Anna was not idle. His first thought on
+quitting the terrible field of Cerro Gordo was that Canalizo's horse
+would stop at El Encero, and that he might rally the flying infantry
+upon it; but on moving in that direction by the southern bank of Rio
+del Plan he found himself cut off by the American pursuit, and turned
+abruptly to the left. Always profoundly depressed after a reverse, he
+rode along grim and speechless, as if stunned; but the next day an
+enthusiastic reception at a small town, aided perhaps by the marvellous
+beauty of the district, lifted his head. In the early evening of
+April 21 he reached Orizaba, and here the applause of the readily
+excited townsfolk made him feel himself once more a general and a
+President.[24.12]
+
+His low intellectual plane did not permit him to understand his mental
+inferiority or to perceive the real strength of the unpretentious and
+apparently careless Americans.[24.9] It was impossible for him, looking
+abroad upon a vast and potentially rich country with all the vanity
+of his people, to believe that a handful of poorly dressed Yankees,
+imperfectly trained and seemingly not very martial, could overpower its
+millions. He felt that sooner or later his groping finger would touch
+the right spring, as it had done so many times before, and the nation
+would rise up about him. Pride, self-will and blind passion, raging
+in his heart, inflamed his courage; and his sense of a proprietary
+claim to the country inspired him with a sort of patriotism. What
+has been lost after all, he said, except a position and some cannon?
+The nation is still mighty. Let it but join me, and I shall yet be
+victorious.[24.12]
+
+Within his reach lay the brigade of Antonio de Leon--a little more
+than 1000 poorly armed men with two 6-pounders--just from Oaxaca, the
+presence of which in this quarter had brought him to Orizaba, and also
+the National Guards ordered before the battle to Chiquihuite. Larger
+and smaller bodies of fugitives and irregulars, learning where he was,
+came in. All the armed men of the vicinity, whatever their proper
+function, he caught in his unsparing net, and he summoned to the
+colors every citizen from sixteen to forty years of age. Beyond the
+sweep of his arm far less animation reigned. One disappointment more,
+one hope less now, was the mildest frame of mind among the public.
+Canalizo, a faithful dog that for the present had been kicked one time
+too many, sharply resented Santa Anna's complaints. The scattering
+soldiers and officers, denouncing him bitterly as well as exaggerating
+the power of the Americans, discouraged the people. A popular newspaper
+demanded savagely that he should be court-martialled. The charge of
+collusion with the invaders came back to life. Many of the Indians,
+feeling that an American triumph would help them, became restive.[24.12]
+
+But the government stood resolutely behind him, and he was invested
+with plenary powers. Soto tried again to rouse the people of the state.
+From a wider and wider circle fugitives and laboring men were gathered.
+Small cannon and some artillerists came within his reach. The stocks of
+horses and mules that Scott had tried in vain to get from the region
+of the upper Alvarado River were turned to account. Considerable
+money and supplies arrived from the government, and other funds and
+necessaries were taken without formalities wherever they could be
+discovered.[24.10] By the first of May he pretended there were 4000 men
+under his flag, and no doubt he did have 2500.[24.12]
+
+By good fortune more than by design, too, he found himself in an
+excellent position, within striking distance of Scott's communications,
+rear and base; and even though not richly imbued with the spirit of
+Napoleonic warfare, he laid his plans accordingly. But--fortunately
+for Scott, who might have been seriously embarrassed[24.11]--Santa
+Anna was more politician than general. On May 15 the election of a
+President was to occur, and the votes had to be counted at the seat
+of government. His enemies and rivals were incessantly busy there. A
+revolution had begun to brew, he understood. A suspicion had got abroad
+that he intended to give up the fight and move into Guatemala; and news
+reached him that Mexico City was to be surrendered. For these reasons
+and to obtain additional supplies, all his forces were directed upon
+Puebla; and at the head of a motley and miserable army numbering--he
+boasted--4500 men he arrived there on May 11.[24.12]
+
+His reception was not flattering. Aside from the fact that everybody of
+much account felt ready to see Scott, the town had suffered previously
+through Santa Anna's visiting it, accounts of his exactions had come
+from Orizaba, his presence was thought likely to result in hostilities,
+and the people feared that he would compel them to take up arms. Many
+fled at his approach, and many more wished they were elsewhere. Not
+without excuse under the circumstances, his conduct was arbitrary,
+insulting and extortionate. He cashiered all the officers of the Vera
+Cruz garrison, raved at the indifference of the authorities and people
+at Puebla, seized the horses, made liberal demands for cash, and--it
+was asserted--even took ornaments of gold from the churches. Some
+funds, a quantity of ammunition and some cannon were finally obtained
+here; but Isunza furnished him less than two hundred men, and perhaps
+the indignation of the people quite offset his gains.[24.13]
+
+[THE AMERICANS MARCH ON]
+
+Close behind him, too, came the Americans. Already a day's march apart,
+Worth's two brigades maintained that interval for some time, followed
+by Quitman with the New York and South Carolina regiments at an equal
+distance. For six or eight miles from Perote the country was highly
+cultivated and already brown with ripening wheat and barley; but then
+came a sandy, arid region where steep, conical hills of bare limestone,
+calcined like those of the Rhone valley, shot up from a wide, smooth
+plain in extravagant confusion, and appeared to bar the way. Hacienda
+buildings that were crenellated fortresses could be seen here and
+there; but the only cheering sights were glimpses of silvery Orizaba, a
+number of smaller mountains with Italian profiles, forked lightnings at
+play sometimes in the black clouds, and mirages of gardens, lakes and
+sylvan shores that deceived even the most experienced.[24.14]
+
+At Ojo de Agua, about thirty-five miles from Perote, a spring of water
+almost as large as the fountain of Vaucluse gave rise to a creek,
+which watered palmettoes and extensive meadows. Eight or nine miles
+farther on, the troops came to dark Nopalucan, which lay reclining on a
+comfortable eminence and viewing complacently its fertile valley. Then
+some twenty-five miles of romantic scenery brought them to Amozoc, a
+manufacturing town of 2000 souls ten or eleven miles from Puebla, and
+here Worth, who had made easy marches for two days in order to lessen
+the interval between him and Quitman, halted his now united brigades at
+noon on the fourteenth to await that officer, and to give his own dusty
+division time to "brush up."[24.14]
+
+Santa Anna, after sending his infantry and artillery toward Mexico
+early that morning, had moved off with some 2000 cavalry to surprise
+Quitman, supposing that he would be at his usual distance behind Worth,
+and that Worth had continued his march. The consequence was that his
+troops, finding themselves at about eight o'clock within half a mile or
+so of Duncan's battery and under fire, scattered promptly up the hills
+and into the woods. Divining correctly that he would reassemble them
+to strike at Quitman, Worth despatched forces at once to the rear; but
+Quitman, who had set out in the night, was now only two miles distant,
+and, warned by the artillery fire, had prepared to meet the enemy.
+Santa Anna therefore accomplished nothing more than to fatigue his men,
+and give them a superfluous lesson in running away; and after returning
+with them to Puebla for the night, he evacuated that city before
+daybreak the next morning with one more failure to his account.[24.14]
+
+While at Nopalucan, May 12, Worth had addressed the governor and the
+municipality at Puebla, saying that in three days he should take
+possession of the city, and that he desired to confer with the civil
+authorities before doing so, in order to arrange for the maintenance of
+order and worship. Owing to what was regarded as a lack of formality in
+this proceeding and to Santa Anna's insistence that Worth should have
+addressed him, no reply was made. But when a second letter arrived in
+the evening of the fourteenth, the ayuntamiento appointed a commission
+to meet the American general, and the next morning a conference took
+place at Chachapa, where our troops arrived at an early hour. Generous
+pledges of civil and religious protection were then offered and
+accepted; and the Pueblans, who adopted the usual jockeying tactics,
+drew from Worth an agreement that Mexican law, to be administered by
+Mexican authorities, should remain in force, although Scott's General
+Orders 20 had thrown the protection of military law round the American
+troops.[24.15] In short, said Hitchcock, the inspector general of the
+army, Worth--not Puebla--surrendered; and Scott found it necessary to
+rectify the error.[24.17]
+
+[WORTH TAKES POSSESSION OF PUEBLA]
+
+At a little before ten o'clock that day the American troops--who
+had suffered badly from dust on the arid, stony hills, consoled
+only by views of the great snow-clad volcanoes glittering behind
+Puebla--approached the city. It was a proud moment for them when, as
+their brilliant commander said, "with all the flush and glow of victory
+in their hearts" they entered the second city of Mexico in importance
+and the first in military fame. Almost the entire population of the
+town looked on. Streets, sidewalks, windows and balconies were thronged
+with holiday-makers. As usual, the appearance of the victorious
+Americans fell sadly below expectation--perhaps only demigods in
+luminous mail could have reached it; but the people showed an intense
+curiosity to scrutinize them. Sometimes the troops had to work their
+way through the crowd; but no ill temper was displayed on either side,
+and finally, reaching the main plaza, our men stacked their arms and
+lay down to sleep as if at home.[24.17]
+
+Puebla, a fine city laid out in the rectangular style and inhabited
+by some 80,000 persons, was chiefly noted for piety, cotton mills,
+dolls and sweetmeats. The principal feature was the cathedral with its
+two dark towers--each of them capped with a yellowish, incrusted dome
+bearing aloft a globe and cross, and each filled with numberless bells
+of all sizes, which singly performed special offices, and three times a
+day rang together in a celestial chorus. Eight or ten altars, refulgent
+with sacred vessels of gold, silver and precious stones in amazing
+profusion, lighted up the interior; and there was also a candelabra so
+big--or was it so grimy?--that $4000 had been paid a few months earlier
+for cleaning it. Near by, in the arcades of the plaza, could be found
+the dolls and sweetmeats; and of course Poblana market girls, too,
+were there: black eyes, black hair combed over the ears, huge silver
+ear-rings, snowy chemisette partly hidden with a gray _rebosa_ (scarf),
+short red petticoat fastened round the waist with a silk band and
+fringed with yellow, small shoes and large silver buckles.[24.17]
+
+For almost a fortnight Worth now had an opportunity to show the real
+breadth of his admired talents. With the ecclesiastical authorities,
+for obvious reasons, no difficulties occurred. He and the bishop
+exchanged calls promptly. Bells rang, churches opened, and in some
+of them public rejoicings were celebrated. But between him and
+the civil functionaries, mainly in consequence of his excessive
+complaisance, there sprang up not a little friction. His troops felt
+very much dissatisfied, for his nervous and restless temperament was
+in continual excitement about Mexican attacks, and once he kept them
+standing under arms needlessly all day. Such alarms came to be known
+as "Worth's scarecrows"; and as the natural consequence, had a real
+danger presented itself, the men would have responded tardily and
+half-heartedly.[24.17]
+
+Worse yet, on evidence for which he himself could not say much, he
+warned his division a little later (June 16) by means of a circular,
+that attempts to poison them were to be feared, adding gratuitously,
+"Doubtless there are among those with whom we are situated many who
+will not hesitate, as is the habit of cowards, to poison those from
+whom they habitually fly in battle--a resource familiar in Spanish
+history, legitimately inherited and willingly practised by Mexicans."
+Of course the circular was not likely to elude publicity, and its
+indiscretion blazed. It gave the Pueblans a dangerous hint, insulted
+all Mexicans, and reflected grossly upon Spain, whose continued
+neutrality was highly desirable.[24.16] Evidently, though quite able
+to criticise, Worth did not possess all the qualifications of a
+commander-in-chief.[24.17]
+
+[THE AMERICAN SITUATION AT PUEBLA]
+
+Happily a wiser mind and steadier hand now took charge. Until May
+20 General Scott had felt compelled to wait at Jalapa for a heavy
+train, from which he expected much more than he received. Two days
+later Twiggs set out, and on the twenty-eighth Scott--after leaving a
+garrison at Jalapa and a smaller one at Perote--reached Puebla with
+four troops of horse one day in advance of the division.[24.18] As at
+Plan del Rio his arrival brought confidence and tranquillity. Needless
+alarms ended. Rumors of hostile forces were investigated promptly by
+his Mexican Spy Company[24.19] or other trustworthy persons, and the
+General fixed his mind on greater work than trying to hunt down every
+party of irregulars that raised a dust in the vicinity. The troops were
+drilled each morning and, if the weather permitted, later each day, and
+after about six weeks of this made a brilliant showing, when reviewed
+by divisions. The engineer soldiers received special training for the
+work supposed to lie before them; careful maps of the district between
+Puebla and the capital were prepared; and Scott frequently gathered
+the engineers and the heads of the army at his quarters of an evening,
+discussing military affairs or monologuing inimitably on the many
+interesting persons and events familiar to him.[24.22]
+
+The Mexican government ordered that nothing marketable should be taken
+into the city, but the Pueblans replied unanswerably: There is no
+power to enforce that policy; and if there were, the result would be
+to starve us, not the Americans, for they could supply their needs by
+the sword and we could not. The markets offered, therefore, all sorts
+of articles and at moderate prices. Indeed they were too abundant, for
+the soldiers gormandized on fruits and sugar-cane brandy, and these
+indulgences, added to the want of salt meat, the change of climate and
+water, the rare atmosphere, the chilling winds and the lack of suitable
+clothing, caused a great amount of sickness--principally dysentery
+and ague. On the fourth of June more than 1000 Americans were on the
+invalid list, and that number largely increased.[24.22]
+
+Sickness of mind prevailed no less. It depressed one to hear the dead
+march almost every evening. Rumors of wholesale plots to assassinate
+the officers and poison the men tried their nerves. Renewed efforts to
+cause desertion excited alarm. Whig speeches condemning the war and
+suggesting that bloody hands and hospitable graves ought rightfully
+to be the welcome of our soldiers in Mexico undermined confidence and
+courage. Poverty chilled their marrow. Men had served eight months
+and been paid for two. At the time when shoes and other indispensable
+clothing had to be obtained at an exorbitant cost, the army was already
+in debt and credit was flickering.[24.20] Through an intercepted letter
+the Mexicans knew of Scott's financial difficulties, and the Americans
+knew that they knew. The expected revolution against Santa Anna did
+not break out, and a pacific President was not elected on June 15, as
+General Scott had almost expected.[24.22]
+
+To crown all other discouragements, we had a ridiculously small army,
+while news came repeatedly that Santa Anna's forces were growing
+rapidly. With less than 5800 privates--not over 4000 of them available
+for an advance--the General had to face, not only the Mexican army,
+but a nation of seven million inflammable persons, who might at any
+time be roused to fury by some untoward event. Even the 960 recruits
+that had been counted upon did not arrive. June 3, therefore, deciding
+to throw away the scabbard and meet all odds with the naked sword, he
+reluctantly ordered up to Puebla the garrison of Jalapa[24.21] and a
+part of the men left at Perote, cutting himself off in the heart of the
+enemy's country.[24.22]
+
+Pillow, the great captain, wrote censures on this course to Polk, and
+Polk, the consummate strategist, agreed with his agent; but Scott
+understood that necessity is a supreme law and courage the soldier's
+first axiom. A farther advance was, however, impossible. To leave
+Puebla without a garrison, allowing that strong city, reoccupied by
+the enemy, to menace the rear and stand like a wall of stone across
+the path of reinforcements and supplies, was out of the question; and
+troops were also needed to protect helpers and overawe enemies among
+the civil population. If reduced by these deductions the army would not
+have constituted a striking force. Nothing could be done but stand at
+guard, and await new troops.[24.22]
+
+[THE PROBLEM OF REINFORCEMENTS]
+
+These, for a number of reasons, were delayed. Marcy's report of
+December 5, 1846, presented to Congress at the opening of the session,
+admitted that the regular army stood nearly 7000 below full strength,
+and it also recommended the addition of ten regiments; but the
+administration, feeling at sea about its war policy, and not realizing
+how far the men on the firing-line came short of their estimated
+numbers or how much time would be required to place new troops there,
+took no decided stand in the matter. On the twenty-ninth, however, a
+bill authorizing the new regiments was presented in the House by the
+military committee, and the President followed this up some days later
+with a Message. A law offering a bounty of twelve dollars to encourage
+enlisting, upon which the war department acted promptly, was the next
+move; and on January 11, 1847, the House, excited by news that Worth
+stood in great peril at Saltillo, voted the new regiments. The Senate,
+on the other hand, procrastinated until Marcy was in despair, and Polk
+twice decided to address the country. Without much doubt partisan
+scheming and personal aims were chiefly responsible for the delay; but
+differences of opinion, more or less honest, regarding the comparative
+utility of regulars and volunteers, the expediency and proper terms of
+a land bounty, and the rights of the Senate in regard to the choice
+of officers caused much discussion, in which every issue touching the
+inception and conduct of the war had to run the gantlet of passionate
+vociferation.[24.25]
+
+Progress was also hindered in another way. Although Polk had found it
+necessary to appoint Scott and had given that officer to understand
+that bygones were to be bygones, he liked him no better than
+before, did not wish the Whigs and their possible candidate for the
+Presidency to win more glory in the war, and realized the political
+wisdom--particularly in view of Calhoun's unfriendliness--of pleasing
+the Van Buren Democrats. There were also objections to the existing
+arrangement that could be stated publicly. The number of troops to be
+employed in Mexico was said to require a chief of higher grade than a
+major general, and Polk took the ground that the commander--especially
+since he might be desired to handle the question of a treaty--should be
+in full agreement and sympathy with the Executive.[24.25]
+
+For these combined reasons he offered to Benton the post of lieutenant
+general, provided it could be established, before Scott left
+Washington, and about the first of January requested Congress to
+authorize the appointment of such an officer.[24.23] This precipitated
+a commotion. The Senator's harsh, domineering ways had made him
+unpopular, and grave doubts regarding his technical and temperamental
+fitness for the place existed not only in Congress but in the Cabinet.
+Calhoun and his friends detested the idea of letting Benton gain so
+much prestige and with it very likely the Presidency; the partisans
+of Taylor and Scott resented such treatment of their favorites; all
+the Whigs, besides suspecting Polk of scheming to evade responsibility
+and make Benton his grateful successor, rallied to the support of
+their two most prominent men; and, after serving for some time as an
+embarrassment, the plan was rejected.[24.25]
+
+Finally, then, after a conference committee had adjusted the
+differences between the two Houses, the Ten Regiment Bill, though
+defeated once in the Senate, passed that body on February the tenth,
+and received Polk's approval the next day; and as a loan bill had
+been worried through Congress at the end of January, something was
+apparently to be done.[24.24] Since, however, the officers were liable
+to be discharged on the conclusion of peace, it was not believed that
+many already in the service could be induced by a slight advance in
+rank to enter the new establishment, and for this and probably other
+reasons few of the more than five hundred places were offered to the
+army. The field was therefore clear for civilian warriors, and their
+campaign opened at once. Not limiting their operations to Capitol Hill,
+applicants for commissions besieged and assaulted the White House.
+"I have pushed them off and fought them with both hands like a man
+fighting fire," wrote Polk in his diary, but "it has all been in vain."
+"Loafers without merit" came, and equally meritorious Congressmen
+supported them. Not one in ten of the appointees was known to the
+President, and their degree of unfitness was precisely what might have
+been expected. A considerable number of them had actually been run out
+of the service--in some cases for bad conduct before the enemy--and
+many were found less teachable than privates.[24.25]
+
+During February this beautiful exhibition continued, and such were the
+only immediate fruits of the much debated law, for it empowered no one
+to organize the new troops into brigades and divisions or to appoint
+general officers, and the military appropriations had not yet been
+made. Further Congressional exertions, therefore, had to be put forth;
+but at last on the second and third of March, after a loss of almost
+three months at this crisis of the war, the deficiencies were supplied,
+and enlistment shortly began. Vigorous efforts were made by the
+administration to set the new regulars in motion, company by company,
+and even squad by squad; and finally on the nineteenth of April, since
+little more could be expected from the November calls, requisitions
+for six and a half new regiments of volunteer infantry and twelve
+companies of horse--all to serve until the conclusion of peace--were
+issued.[24.25]
+
+On the fourth of June, then, about six hundred new troops, commanded
+by Brevet Colonel McIntosh, left Vera Cruz for the interior, escorting
+a long train of loaded mules and wagons and two or three hundred
+thousand dollars in specie. Mexican irregulars, who knew the value
+of the convoy, soon attacked and stopped it. Cadwalader, then waiting
+for a part of his brigade, reinforced McIntosh on the eleventh with
+about five hundred men and took command. Fighting his way along he
+incorporated the garrison of Jalapa commanded by Colonel Childs, and on
+the twenty-first reached Perote.[24.27]
+
+Meanwhile Pillow, now a major general by the grace of his former law
+partner, arriving at Vera Cruz and finding there some 2000 of his men,
+had advanced with most of them on June 18; and although Scott was in
+the most urgent need of money, Pillow ordered Cadwalader to await his
+arrival at Perote. Eventually, on July 3, the combined forces were in
+motion, and five days later all of them--including the recruits long
+since expected--passed the brown gate of Puebla. Of the rank and file
+Scott now had 8061 effectives and 2215 sick. Next Brigadier General
+Pierce with some 2500 men got away from the coast about the fifteenth
+of July,[24.26] and after similar fighting appeared at headquarters on
+the sixth of August with a heavy siege battery, a long train of wagons
+and $85,000 in unsalable drafts, but with none of the specie that had
+been expected and regarded as indispensable.[24.27]
+
+[THE AMERICAN ARMY]
+
+Scott now had about 14,000 men, some 2500 of whom lay, however, in
+the hospitals, while about six hundred were convalescents too feeble
+for an ordinary day's march. The cavalry, led by Colonel Harney,
+included portions of the three dragoon regiments under Captain Kearny,
+Major Sumner and Major McReynolds. For artillery, besides the siege
+train, there were the field batteries of Duncan, Taylor, Steptoe
+and others,[24.28] and the howitzer and rocket battery of Talcott.
+Brevet Major General Worth's division of infantry, known as the First,
+consisted of Brevet Colonel Garland's brigade (Second and Third
+Artillery, Fourth Infantry and a light battalion) and the brigade of
+Colonel Clarke, which included the Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Infantry.
+The Second Division, commanded by Brigadier General Twiggs, was
+composed of the regiments under Brevet Brigadier General Persifor F.
+Smith (Mounted Riflemen, First Artillery and Third Infantry) and Brevet
+Colonel Riley (Fourth Artillery, Second and Seventh Infantry). Major
+General Pillow, higher in rank than the brave, able and experienced
+Worth, a professional soldier, had the Eleventh and Fourteenth
+Infantry and the Voltigeur regiment under Brigadier General Cadwalader,
+a polished veteran of Chestnut Street parades, Philadelphia, and the
+Ninth, Twelfth and Fifteenth Infantry under the gentlemanly Franklin
+Pierce, a social and political hero of Concord, New Hampshire; while
+General Shields's brigade (New York and South Carolina volunteers) and
+Lieutenant Colonel Watson's, consisting of three hundred marines and a
+detachment of the Second Pennsylvania, made up the division of Quitman,
+an excellent person and politician, who had now reached the highest
+military grade.[24.29]
+
+The troops that had been waiting at Puebla were by this time in fine
+training; and the new men, besides receiving the soldier's baptism on
+the way up, had learned at least the value of discipline and skill.
+The former had become to a large extent acclimated, and they felt an
+entire confidence in their commander, which, fully accredited by his
+victories, extended promptly to the reinforcements. The essential
+clothing had been purchased or manufactured. Thanks to indefatigable
+exertions a large stock of provisions had been accumulated, and at a
+cost of 15 per cent funds for the march to the capital had been raised.
+Although time had permitted the friendly sentiments and reasonable
+arguments of Scott's proclamation to leaven the people, and association
+with the Americans had refuted the calumnies previously effective
+against them, our officers and men expected hard fighting. Thoughts of
+distant homes and of near perils were silvering many a fine head. There
+were no good laughers in the army now. But in an equal degree hearts
+were nerved. Mentally the cost of success, figured without discount,
+was already paid. All felt eager to advance. And when, anticipating
+Pierce's arrival by one day, Scott gave the order, a soldier's joy
+lighted up their bronzed features.[24.30]
+
+
+
+
+XXV
+
+ON TO THE CAPITAL
+
+April-August, 1847
+
+
+Almost immediately after Santa Anna left the seat of government for the
+Cerro Gordo campaign, more than twenty generals and several members of
+Congress were called together at the palace by Anaya to consider the
+defence of the capital.[25.1] Apparently the problem could be solved
+without much difficulty. Mexico lies in a rather shallow basin--said
+to be the crater of an ancient volcano--about thirty-two by forty-six
+miles in diameter. In the time of Cortez the site had consisted of
+islands barely rising above the water, but the spaces between these
+had gradually been filled, and the water had subsided. Six lakes could
+still be counted, however; almost everywhere else in the environs
+there were marshes traversed by elevated roads or causeways; and the
+rim of the basin, as well as the routes beyond it, seemed to offer
+advantageous points for defence.[25.2]
+
+The sentiment of this council and of the city, though concealed under a
+cloak of bellicose ardor, opposed resisting the Americans in earnest,
+or at all events opposed inviting bombardment; and it was therefore
+decided merely to take precautions against a raid, fortify certain
+points on the roads, and bring out a host of irregulars to hang upon
+the rear and flanks of the enemy. All men capable of bearing arms were
+summoned to the colors. The states were called upon for aid. Hopes of
+borrowing twenty millions imparted a sunny look to the situation; and
+ecclesiastics, naturally passive in view of the agreement with Beach
+to let Scott have the city, were deliberately forced into the streets
+by the civil authorities to preach fanaticism and rouse the public
+from their apathy. Except perhaps by this last method, however, little
+was accomplished. "Let us unite, let us unite, and do you go and fight
+against the French," some of the Spanish priests had said when their
+country was invaded by Napoleon. So things went now in Mexico, and
+every one assigned to himself the duty of exhorting. Fine ideas beamed
+forth, but everything of practical utility was conspicuously wanting.
+Still, as the American volunteers were considered "banditti, without
+the slightest knowledge of military tactics, without any sort of
+training, without confidence, and in general easily terrified," no keen
+sense of alarm was felt.[25.2]
+
+ [Illustration: VALLEY OF MEXICO]
+
+[POLITICAL CHAOS AT MEXICO]
+
+The disaster of Cerro Gordo cast new and fearful shadows upon the
+scene. That defeat, said Anaya, "simply means complete ruin for
+the whole republic," and even his gratification that Santa Anna's
+"interesting person" had not gone down in the wreck seemed rather
+of an iridescent kind. Military confidence, which had revived after
+earlier shocks, gave way entirely. The prestige derived by Santa
+Anna from his alleged success at Buena Vista was now torn to shreds
+by panting fugitives from the south. About a thousand pamphlets, for
+which no language was too savage or too true, poured light upon his
+character and achievements, and the military men as a class met with
+similar treatment.[25.3] To be sure, the government promised boldly
+to continue the war. April 20 Congress invested the Executive with
+autocratic powers, and prohibited all steps toward peace.[25.4] The
+Federal District, in which lay the capital, was placed under martial
+law. Urgent demands for troops were sent wherever soldiers could be
+supposed to lurk. Once more the authorities called upon every citizen
+of the proper age to take up arms. Quotas aggregating 32,000 men were
+formally assigned to the states. Light fortifications, intended to
+delay and perhaps block the Americans, were ordered to be thrown up
+along the route; and the heads of the Church issued an appeal for
+concord and morality.[25.5]
+
+But all of these proceedings displayed more alarm than courage, more
+desperation than intelligence. Many of the defensive points were
+found valueless. Tools, funds, engineers and laborers fell short. The
+meagre donations for continuing hostilities evinced a total want of
+enthusiasm. The problem of obtaining enough troops, provisions and
+artillery to defend the town seemed more and more insoluble, and the
+danger not only of bombardment but of sack more and more terrible.
+Grandees got out their old travelling coaches, and even plain citizens
+began to emigrate. The government itself decided that against an army
+represented by American deserters as more than 16,000 strong, fully
+equipped, shortly to be reinforced, and soon to advance, the city could
+not possibly be held; and the favorite plan of the administration,
+the most promising that could be devised, was to buy up Scott's
+Irish soldiers through the priest McNamara, recently conspicuous in
+California, and facilitate their desertion by having Santa Anna attack
+Puebla. Should this fail, submission and peace appear to have been
+deemed inevitable.[25.5]
+
+With some exceptions rulers and people alike, wearied by decades of
+dissensions, oppression, scheming, robbery and illusory promises,
+discouraged by the passive opposition of the clergy and the wealthy
+classes, overwhelmed by a series of military disasters, convinced
+that incompetent and perhaps traitorous generals led the armies, and
+powerless to discern any happy omens for the country, felt neither
+hope nor spirit; and the kindness of the Americans, added to their
+invincibility, had now overcome even the instinct of race.[25.5]
+
+To heighten the confusion, a state of governmental chaos reigned.
+Anaya had at most but little prestige or influence, and friends of
+Santa Anna, angry because excluded from office, created a friction
+between the two that weakened both. The ministers could not cooperate
+harmoniously. General Bravo was given command of all the troops in
+the Federal District and the state of Mexico, and Santa Anna did not
+want him in that important position. Congress devoted itself, when not
+harassing the administration, to wrangling over a new constitution,
+substantially that of 1824, which finally was voted on the eighteenth
+of May. In conscious impotence the Puros writhed and snarled; and their
+enemies, the Moderados, after having triumphed and brought Santa Anna
+to their side, now boldly paraded their dislike of him, and, by showing
+no concern except about retaining their power, excited hostility and
+contempt. Common sense was no less wanting than patriotism; and when
+these two parties finally agreed to save the country, their plan
+was--to supplement the constitution with two more articles.[25.5]
+
+Of all the discontent, resentments and ambitions the now despised
+Santa Anna became naturally the target. Almonte still plotted to be
+President. Arista and Ampudia, joined now in disgrace as formerly in
+misfortune, felt thoroughly dissatisfied. Gomez Farias could not forget
+his betrayal, and Olaguibel, governor of the most important state,
+Mexico, loyally supported him. Bravo reciprocated Santa Anna's dislike.
+Valencia aspired to the chief military command. All in favor of ending
+the war--who now had an organ, _El Razonador_--considered Santa Anna
+a bar to peace and even to the faithful observance of a preliminary
+armistice; and some of them, arguing that his extraordinary powers were
+cancelled automatically by the adoption of a new organic law, advocated
+placing him in the interior somewhere, ostensibly to wait for new
+troops, and negotiating a treaty without his knowledge. The Puros were
+expected to explode a revolution against him about the twentieth of
+May, and for all sorts of personal or patriotic reasons a host of minor
+individuals made ready to cooperate with it.[25.5]
+
+[SANTA ANNA AT THE CAPITAL]
+
+But all these busy folks were only mice, reckoning without the cat. On
+leaving Puebla Santa Anna proceeded to San Martin, which lay on the
+direct road to Mexico where it began to ascend the rim of the Valley.
+Works had been erected near, but it was found they could easily be
+turned and not easily be provisioned; and a council of war decided to
+occupy the capital, since only there could large resources be counted
+upon. May 18, therefore, the wretched army of 3000 or 3500 men arrived
+at Ayotla, fifteen miles from their destination. Learning of this
+unexpected and undesired event, the hostile elements undertook to
+"pronounce" at once, but could not set the movement off. Three leading
+statesmen of the dominant party then hurried to meet the General, and
+after arguing all day persuaded him to write that Anaya might remain in
+office and even decide whether Mexico City should be defended, while
+he himself would retain his military command, or, if dissatisfied with
+Anaya's decision, would resign.[25.6]
+
+But presently cunning Tornel and one or two others convinced Santa
+Anna that a mere handful of enemies had spread this net in order to
+drag him from power, and eliminate his influence on the vital question
+of peace. Jealousy and fears inspired by the favor that Valencia and
+Bravo were apparently enjoying, added to the urgency of his officers,
+did the rest; and on the nineteenth, in spite of the understanding just
+agreed upon--indeed, only about an hour after his letter reached the
+palace--his troops entered the city. Anaya's rather sour and curdled
+face flushed hot and bitter. He did not care to retain the Presidency,
+for he believed a revolution would soon break out; but forcible
+ejection, in disregard of a written promise, was another affair. He
+found himself powerless, however; and the next day, after inducing
+a council of generals to decide upon holding Mexico, Santa Anna
+announced that he would sacrifice his wishes, and resume the executive
+power.[25.6]
+
+The state of things that ensued was indescribable. Nothing equal to it
+has been known perhaps, and nothing imagined save the witches' caldron.
+One public man estimated the number of bubbling intrigues as twenty
+millions. Nothing is left us except vanity and dissension, but those
+we possess in the superlative degree, wrote Ramirez. Congress had no
+prestige, no power, no capacity; and its factions could see nothing
+except opportunities to stab one another. Santa Anna's breach of faith
+intensified the distrust and hatred of the Moderados without gratifying
+the Puros. Hoping to win some popularity, he restored the freedom of
+the press, which had recently been curtailed; but his enemies merely
+took advantage of it. "The man of La Angostura, of Cerro Gordo, of
+Amozoc, weary of destroying Mexicans on the field of battle, comes
+home tranquilly to find repose in the Presidential chair," exclaimed
+Almonte's organ.[25.6]
+
+A plausible and eloquent manifesto put out over Santa Anna's name
+dropped cold on the pavement. No basis of popular or political strength
+for even a temporary footing could be discovered by his counsellors.
+Santa Anna himself felt staggered by the opposition. His only chance
+was to place the nation between the devil and the deep sea--between
+bayonets and chaos--hoping it would again call upon him to save it; and
+so on the twenty-eighth, declaring that schemers and revolutionists,
+who found him in their way, paralyzed his efforts to serve the country,
+he made another sacrifice, and resigned the Presidency.[25.6]
+
+Unhappily for him it soon appeared likely that Congress would accept
+the sacrifice, while on the other hand certain aspects of his outlook
+brightened. Busy Tornel induced a fraction of the Puros, who realized
+their helplessness, to adopt his cause. Valencia, though much to Santa
+Anna's repugnance, had been given for his present portion the chief
+command at San Luis Potosi, and so disappeared from the capital.
+Almonte found himself in prison under a charge of conspiracy. Arista
+and Ampudia were banished from the vicinity. Bravo retired from his
+command. At the same time promotions fell copiously on devotees; and
+the happy recipients knew these might well cease to be valid, should
+their patron fall. Almonte was said to have received a majority of
+the votes for President, while Santa Anna had been supported by only
+Chihuahua; but so much territory lay in American hands that a question
+about the legality of the election arose, and Congress deferred the
+matter. On the second of June, therefore, the arch-prestidigitator laid
+himself once more upon the altar, and in order to save the country from
+Scott and anarchy withdrew his resignation.[25.6]
+
+"Mexicans, I shall be with you always--to the consummation of your
+ruin," so the _Monitor Republicano_ paraphrased his announcement; and
+then it added: "What a life of sacrifice is the General's; a sacrifice
+to take the power, to resign, to resume; ultimate sacrifice; ultimate
+final; ultimate more final; ultimate most final; ultimate the very
+finalest. But let him cheer up. He is not alone in making sacrifices.
+For twenty-five years the Mexican people have been sacrificing
+themselves, all of them, in the hope that certain persons would do good
+to the country." But in spite of sarcasm and ridicule Santa Anna had
+triumphed. Hated by many, disliked by most, distrusted by nearly all,
+yet forging ahead because he was on the ground with troops, because his
+combination of good luck, audacity and cunning could not be matched,
+because the Moderado government had proved incompetent, because a
+regime of dissension and anarchy could organize no solid opposition
+against him, and because a group of selfish interests found in him
+a sharp, tough bit of steel to fix at the head of their spear, he
+triumphed once more.[25.6]
+
+[SANTA ANNA STILL SUPREME]
+
+The victory threatened, however, to be fatal. In every direction
+lurked pitfalls charged with gunpowder. In all the history of Mexico
+dissensions had never been more bitter, nor political and social
+chaos nearer. Congress annoyed him until at length, by failing week
+after week to form a quorum lest one faction or another should
+score an advantage, it fell into abeyance and left him virtually a
+dictator.[25.7] In the hope of obtaining funds from the Church, he gave
+deeper offence than ever to the most prominent of the Moderados; but
+the prelates, in alliance with leading monarchists, continued to plot
+against him. Newspapers waged a bitter campaign until choked with an
+iron hand. His persecution of the generals excited fierce resentment. A
+Puro chief, entering the Cabinet and getting a glimpse of his ulterior
+aims, resigned in six days.[25.8]
+
+In short the administration had no political creed, and could find no
+political support; and the assistance of that indispensable villain,
+Tornel, who could be seen stealing to the palace at the hour when
+the night-hawk begins to fly, covered it with discredit. Executive
+authorities waged almost civil war upon one another. Rumors, not
+without some basis, that a formal dictatorship was in view, could not
+be stilled; and the general want of confidence in the President's
+character and aims rendered the most skilful appeals to patriotism
+vain. Only by the utmost exertions could the fragile edifice of
+government be kept balanced on the point of the bayonet.[25.8]
+
+Nor was the opposition against Santa Anna confined to his immediate
+vicinity. The people of Mexico City had always despised the outlying
+states; and not only was this disdain repaid, but the capital, source
+of so many political and financial ills experienced by the rest of
+the country, was looked upon by a great number of thoughtful men as
+hopelessly corrupt--as a diseased part that required amputation. When
+restoring the old federal system in August, 1846, in order to satisfy
+his democratic allies and win popularity, Santa Anna apparently did
+not foresee, as Consul Black did, that after realizing their power
+and getting into touch with one another, the states would take a firm
+position upon their prerogatives. In addition to such difficulties, it
+was commonly felt that military men and the army stood mortally opposed
+to democracy and federal institutions, that success in the field might
+enable Santa Anna to overthrow this principle and these institutions,
+and that a loud cry for patriotism and war, combined with a systematic
+withholding of men and supplies, would compel him to fight and ensure
+his ruin.[25.8]
+
+By evasions, therefore, or in some cases positive refusals to obey
+the commands of the general government, substantially all the states
+withheld support, frequently alleging that under the regime of the
+new constitution its extraordinary powers, conferred by the law of
+April 20, did not exist, and that all National Guards, as well as all
+revenues assigned to the states in September, 1846, were independent
+of the national authorities. In this opposition Zacatecas naturally
+played a leading part, but perhaps Olaguibel, an impressive, honest and
+able man, who had travelled in the United States and Europe and had
+filled his library with busts of the leading American statesmen, was
+its foremost representative; and the firm support of his constituents,
+who felt intensely jealous of Santa Anna, as well as the cooperation
+of Gomez Farias, rendered him a formidable person. Balked thus by
+constitutional theories that not only flattered local interests and
+pride but were noticeably economical, Santa Anna could obtain--aside
+from the troops brought by General Juan Alvarez and a few others--very
+little assistance outside of the Federal District.[25.8]
+
+That was hard enough, but still greater difficulties lay behind it.
+In the far northwest Sonora, Sinaloa and Durango entertained the
+idea of uniting as a new republic, and six of the central states were
+banded together in a Coalition. This extra-legal, if not illegal,
+organization had been called into existence in January, 1847, by the
+pronunciamiento of the Mazatlan garrison, which aimed at making Santa
+Anna dictator. By the end of May it was in good shape, and had a plan
+for troops of its own. Two weeks later the delegates, who made Lagos
+their place of meeting, called themselves an Assembly, and were buying
+arms; and by the fourth of July they felt bold enough to declare
+null a decree of Santa Anna. Of course the ostensible purpose was to
+protect independence, nationality and federal institutions; but, as the
+correspondence of the state governors reveals, the real aims included
+the establishment of a "new pact of alliance," a new confederation,
+in which Santa Anna and that Babylon, the city of Mexico, should have
+no part. With this Coalition a large number of the Puros naturally
+sympathized.[25.8]
+
+[SANTA ANNA PREPARES FOR BATTLE]
+
+In the face of it all, however, the futile strategist of Cerro
+Gordo, with a truly superb wilfulness and a more truly pitiful
+self-confidence, snatched up once more the bloody dice. Cannon were
+brought from distant points, cast by the government from bells and old
+ordnance at Chapultepec and elsewhere, or manufactured by contractors.
+New muskets, of which foreigners offered to deliver great stocks
+at Mexican ports or by way of Guatemala, were purchased; old ones,
+appropriated by deserters or stolen during revolutions, were hunted up;
+and all citizens were ordered, though perhaps without great results,
+to let the government have what arms they owned. Immense quantities
+of powder were produced at Morelia, at Guanajuato, at Santa Fe near
+Mexico, and at the capital; a great deal was imported overland from
+British Honduras, and additional supplies came from New Orleans by the
+way of Campeche. At various points mortars, bayonets, projectiles and
+numberless other articles were turned out by government establishments
+or private contractors. Forges clanged on all sides; and wherever the
+President's restless and unscrupulous mind could have its way, there
+reigned a feverish activity, cooled only by a want of funds.[25.11]
+
+At Mexico City, before his arrival, some 2000 regulars and 8000
+National Guards, besides the officers, were in garrison; and these
+with his army, five hundred from Queretaro, some two hundred Irish
+deserters, an unknown number of able-bodied loafers impressed at the
+capital, and larger or smaller accessions from other sources, made
+up the Army of the East. The Army of the South under Juan Alvarez,
+who commanded the line to Acapulco with headquarters near Mexico, had
+on its roll at the end of June 2748 officers and men; and Canalizo,
+comandante general of Puebla, who became reconciled to his chief in
+June, was supposed to have a few thousands of National Guards and
+irregulars. But as most of these forces were poorly paid and a large
+part of them served unwillingly, desertion--in spite of the severest
+rules--was common, and the numbers fluctuated incessantly.[25.11]
+
+At San Luis Potosi, meantime, lay the Army of the North, which
+contained the largest percentage of veterans. In May Valencia, so
+long a rival of the President, had talked in a very lofty style, as
+if already the military head of the nation, about marching south
+and cutting Worth to pieces, and Santa Anna, though anxious to get
+his troops, now wished him to remain at a distance; but in July, on
+account of Scott's approaching reinforcements, it seemed necessary to
+bring down that army, and it arrived at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a few miles
+north of Mexico, on the twenty-seventh, numbering more than 4000 men
+with twenty-two guns. Just how many soldiers the President then had
+cannot be stated, and in all probability no one could have stated at
+the time; but, such as they were, there seem to have been fully 25,000
+men and probably, as reports and intercepted letters convinced many
+of the Americans, 30,000, if not more.[25.9] Some were well dressed,
+well equipped and well trained; but from that pinnacle the army
+descended to mere off-scourings, whose rags were as the President said,
+"a disgrace to the nation," and whose military efficiency doubtless
+corresponded.[25.11]
+
+Of equally varied quality were the officers. The generals best known
+to the country were nearly all out of the service now, being under
+charges or at odds with the head of the government. Valencia was a
+conspirator, a drunkard, a dolt and a volcano. Alvarez, an ignorant
+mulatto from the wilds, understood only half-savage, partisan fighting.
+Lombardini, a strutting lackey, who commanded the Army of the East
+except when Santa Anna took personal charge of it, strove to conceal
+behind a swarthy face, a heavy mustache and goatee, and a ceaseless
+volubility the poverty of his intellect; and the great mass of the
+officers were--well, they had already shown their value. They were now
+ordered to be intelligent and brave, to be zealous whether paid or not
+paid, to do their full duty and something more, to cast behind them
+every thought of accepting parole, and to say nothing against their
+superiors; but it lay beyond the power of orders to make them what they
+could not be, and the small number of excellent men were lost in the
+crowd.[25.11]
+
+[THE MEXICAN PLANS]
+
+Regarding the plan of operations a radical difference of opinion
+existed. To not a few the idea that Scott was lying comfortably at
+Puebla seemed almost unendurable. They longed to have him attacked
+unceasingly; and they insisted that, should the arrogant invader dare
+to march for the capital, every step of the route should be contested.
+Santa Anna on the other hand still believed in concentration, and
+though some regard was paid to the apprehensions of the ayuntamiento,
+his views naturally prevailed. The plan adopted, then, after
+considerable vacillation in regard to details, was to protect the
+entire perimeter of the city with fortifications, inundate more or less
+the surrounding meadows, and prevent Scott from seriously injuring
+the town with his artillery by erecting a series of works at the most
+advantageous points of the environs. These protected lines were to be
+held by the less reliable corps--National Guards, for example--and the
+troops belonging to the regular army were to be a mobile force ready to
+defend the city at any threatened point.[25.11]
+
+The plan was thus essentially defensive, and it has been said with
+much force that a system of this kind promises merely negative results
+in the case of success, and positive ruin in the case of defeat. But
+the present situation was peculiar. Supplied with provisions for no
+long period, and without hopes of early and strong reinforcements, the
+Americans were bound to fail unless promptly and signally victorious,
+and their entering the Valley would then have meant destruction. "Scott
+is lost," exclaimed the Duke of Wellington after the Americans crossed
+the rim; "He cannot capture the city and he cannot fall back upon
+his base." Santa Anna's plan, therefore, did not merit the criticism
+bestowed upon it.[25.11]
+
+Besides, Alvarez with nearly all the Mexican horse was to swing in
+behind the advancing Americans, cut off their communication with
+Puebla, follow, annoy and injure them in every possible way, conceal
+his real strength so as to bring out and overwhelm their cavalry,
+attack vigorously whenever Scott should become seriously engaged before
+Mexican fortifications, and be ready to prevent his retreat. Canalizo
+with his thousands was to support Alvarez; and Valencia also, advancing
+from Guadalupe Hidalgo to the, village of Texcoco, east of Mexico,
+was to cooperate with him, and especially to throw himself with all
+his energy into the attack on the American rear or flank, whenever
+Scott should assail the outer works. At the same time the people of
+the neighboring towns and villages were to swarm about the invader
+like hornets, and sting him day and night incessantly. In short the
+plan was excellent--only Santa Anna overlooked, as usual, several
+possibilities.[25.11]
+
+As soon as he took up the reins of government the construction of
+defences had begun, and now, under the technical direction of General
+Mora, Manuel Robles and Juan Cano, it was pushed with all the energy
+of an intense military despot who stuck at nothing. Villages were
+depopulated, haciendas robbed of their laborers, jails emptied, and
+the streets cleared of vagabonds. Enforce obedience, the governor of
+the District was curtly told when he reported that his orders had no
+effect. Sunset no longer promised repose, and the church bells no
+longer meant worship. Informed on July 18 that Scott would leave Puebla
+on the twenty-first, Santa Anna rose above his exemplar, Napoleon, and
+took for model the Creator. Within eight days let all the works be
+completed, he decreed. But engineers, laborers, tools, instruments,
+timber, provisions, time and cash--much of which was embezzled by high
+officers and officials even at this juncture--all fell short, and Santa
+Anna's serviceable cannon were not enough to equip even the works
+constructed.[25.11]
+
+Certain points, however, became quite formidable, and especially Old
+Penon, a lofty, precipitous hill of rock standing by itself, close
+to the Puebla route, seven miles from the city.[25.10] Stockades,
+breastworks, parapets and guns bristled on summit and brow; works
+at the base and in advance commanded all dangerous approaches; a
+trench full of water crossed the road; the meadows in front--cut with
+ditches--were inundated; and the swampy edge of Lake Texcoco guarded
+the opposite side of the road. To the Mexicans, who always measured
+the strength of a chain by its heaviest link, this position seemed a
+wonderful protection; and in general the people, if not the city, were
+strongly fortified by the President's labors.[25.11]
+
+[THE PEOPLE ENTHUSIASTIC]
+
+For other reasons also the morale of the inhabitants improved.
+Characteristic light-heartedness made them turn from past defeats to
+future triumphs. They were told that at Cerro Gordo Scott had made his
+troops fight by opening a battery upon them from the rear; that his
+men, while they presumed to think they could make "vile slaves" of the
+generous and valiant Mexicans, were few, sickly, poverty-stricken,
+dissatisfied; and that Polk, embarrassed by the expense of the war,
+could send him but scanty reinforcements. Greed, brutality and
+sanguinary ambition were charged against us at this crisis by the
+London _Times_ in its usual contemptuous manner, and the _Diario_
+eagerly quoted it. The successes of the guerillas against American
+convoys roused a lively enthusiasm. "Only a little, a very little"
+effort is necessary to beat the hateful Anglo-Saxon, proclaimed the
+government; and a review of the brilliant Eleventh Infantry, headed
+by its band of twenty-five pieces, made that little seem easy and
+agreeable.[25.11]
+
+People who bore the names of saints as a matter of course easily
+exploded Scott's Address of May 11. How absurd, they cried, for
+the American general to pretend he is a Christian: there is no St.
+Winfield in the calendar! The only hope of the Americans lies in
+Mexican dissension, therefore let us disappoint them, it was urged;
+and to promote harmony all the newspapers except the official organ
+were suspended on plausible grounds. Santa Anna's activity and warlike
+spirit had to be recognized by all. We must confide in him and gather
+round him like a band of brothers, preached the _Diario_; and when
+all political trials were ordered to end, and the President banqueted
+at Valencia's house, the fraternal era so long hoped for seemed at
+hand.[25.11]
+
+Finally, on the ninth of August, at two o'clock in the afternoon, a
+16-pounder boomed portentously from the citadel. The long roll was
+beaten. Bands of music patrolled the city. Hands clapped. Vivas echoed
+through the streets. Rockets flashed rosettes in the sky. "Blinded by
+pride the enemy have set out for the capital," proclaimed Santa Anna;
+"For this, Mexicans, I congratulate myself and you." The government,
+while savagely and contemptuously scoring the Americans, announced a
+series of reforms to be effected by Santa Anna, not as a constitutional
+magistrate, but as a Divine Providence; and the _Diario_ echoed back,
+"Half a dozen of these measures would change the face of the Republic."
+The President assumed command of the army, and every citizen from
+sixteen to fifty years of age took his place in the ranks. Amidst the
+most fervid enthusiasm of crowds that filled the streets, balconies and
+housetops, troops followed troops gaily toward Old Penon, and two days
+later the forces were reviewed there.[25.12]
+
+Tents gleamed under a splendid sun. Bands played as if inspired.
+The soldiers marched with a quick, impatient step. Anaya--recently
+the chief magistrate, Gorostiza--the primate of Mexico's literary
+men, white-haired Herrera--the most honored of her political chiefs,
+and countless other dignitaries did honor to the occasion. The rich
+vestments of the clergy gave exquisite lustre and color, and their
+pompous benedictions added a sense of more than human grandeur. All
+were happy, radiant, brotherly. Every thought of peace, every thought
+of opposing or even doubting Santa Anna appeared to be forgotten. In
+all his previous career so refulgent a day had never been his. "Ecce
+Homo!" cried the _Diario_; "Behold the illustrious champion of 1821,
+the hero of 1829, the genius of 1838!" For him the hill became a Mount
+of Transfiguration. Or rather, perhaps, it was Mt. Sinai, where Deity
+appeared in thunders and lightnings. You MUST, was the command
+to the governor of Zacatecas this day. Let the state of Mexico send
+me her troops, rang the message to Olaguibel. And Olaguibel replied
+meekly, They shall go to-morrow.[25.12]
+
+[SCOTT'S MARCH TO MEXICO]
+
+Scott was in fact advancing. On the morning of Saturday, the seventh,
+his camp was astir early. The base of Popocatepetl seemed black, and
+the slopes a pale, silvery blue; but its top, almost 18,000 feet
+above the sea, was a "Blazing Star," as some of the Indians named the
+mountain, and appeared like an omen of victory. The Second Division was
+soon ready. Twiggs faced it, waved his hat round his white head, and
+cried in the voice of Ajax, "Now, my lads, give them a Cerro Gordo
+shout!" A simultaneous hurrah from twenty-five hundred iron throats
+was the response; and at six o'clock, preceded by the cavalry and the
+engineer company and followed by the siege train--while his band,
+mounted on splendid white horses, played our national airs--he began
+the eventful march. One day apart, Quitman, Worth and Pillow followed
+him. Though it was announced that no man unable to do three marches
+could be permitted to go, hundreds of convalescents unequal to the
+effort insisted upon trying, and, gradually falling out, rejoined the
+garrison of Puebla. Feeble in numbers[25.13] for such an enterprise,
+but confiding in their quality, their leader and their prestige, the
+10,738 men and their officers pressed boldly forward.[25.15]
+
+For a time the dust proved extremely annoying and the sun scorched;
+but soon mountain air began to be felt, and the troops entered a wide,
+blooming and scented valley, full of rich fields, grazing herds, noble
+hacienda houses that were almost palaces, and trim white churches
+that seemed like stragglers from the great host at Puebla. In the
+rear shone Orizaba and the nearer pyramid of Malinchi. On the left
+Popocatepetl and his consort, the Sleeping Woman (Iztaccihuatl), deeply
+blanketed in fleecy white, looked hardly a stone's throw distant; and
+after the sun had set, the air grown cold, and the valley--now less
+open--filled with shadows, their purple tops glowed like interplanetary
+lighthouses.[25.15]
+
+Soon after passing the ugly little town of San Martin, twenty miles
+from Puebla, the troops began to ascend more rapidly. Eleven miles more
+brought them to a mountain river, Tesmelucan, where the elegant aerial
+bridge that spanned the abyss made them almost feel they were flying.
+The scenery now became Alpine. Deep chasms, answered to peaks, and
+lovely glens to precipices; and the cedar, the oak and the ash, as well
+as pines of extraordinary height and straightness, reared themselves
+on the slopes. At Rio Frio, about thirty-six miles from both Puebla
+and Mexico, where an icy stream dashed foaming down the rocks, the
+mountains closed in on the left, and their crest, lined with deserted
+parapets, almost overhung the road.[25.14] Then a stiffer climb of
+about five miles placed the troops on a narrow plateau which formed the
+summit; and they were now 10,500 feet above the sea.[25.15]
+
+A few miles down the steep descent on the other side their prospect
+opened, and below, girt round with singularly bold mountains--rough,
+dark and purplish, but softened here and there with a wisp of shining
+vapor--lay the Valley of Mexico, which the pellucid atmosphere,
+transmitting colors and outlines undimmed, brought wondrously nigh. Ten
+small volcanoes, that had been crumbling for ages untold, stood clothed
+in luxuriant verdure nearly to the summit. Six broad lakes now laughed
+under the brilliant sun and now brooded in the shadows of passing
+clouds. Velvet champaigns--cut with ash-colored roads, gleaming canals
+and straight lines of poplars, and studded with walled haciendas,
+rambling towns and cozy-looking villages--were further variegated with
+highly cultivated fields of many crops, with groves and orchards from
+which peered steeples and bell-towers, with villa roofs of tiles, red
+and cheery, and with whitewashed cottages that shone like silver.
+Every possible hue of green and every possible tone of light and shade
+blended into one harmonious effect. And in the midst of this wonderful
+scene, as the climax of the stillness and beauty, the focus of all
+eyes, the aim of all desires, untarnished by smoke, seemingly without
+stain, bright with sunshine, begemmed with many a palace, park and
+lofty church, slumbered the capital of Mexico, Venice-of-the-Mountains.
+Not one of the fascinated soldiers but held his breath; and not one,
+testified the commander-in-chief, but said to himself or his neighbor,
+"That splendid city shall soon be ours!"[25.15]
+
+Along this part of the route almost 13,000 trees had been cut down
+for barricades, and some of them had been placed in the road; but the
+Americans were not materially hindered, and in crossing the lower
+slopes they found little to do except admire the wondrous variety and
+profusion of the wild-flowers. On the eleventh, seeing Mexicans ahead
+for the second time, Twiggs waited for Quitman; but a few hours later,
+after passing a cross-road, he went on about four miles, and occupied
+the adobe village of Ayotla, half-buried in olive trees, while Harney's
+cavalry took post at San Isidro, a mile and a half in advance, and
+Quitman camped in the rear. The next day Worth's division turned to the
+left by the cross-road, marched three miles and a half to the squalid
+little town of Chalco, simmering at the margin of the shallow, marshy
+lake bearing that name, and finally halted a little distance beyond;
+and Pillow camped at Chimalpa, not far beyond Worth.[25.15]
+
+But what had the enemy been doing? The people along the route, who were
+to have stung the Americans day and night, recognized the difference
+between them and the Mexican irregulars, welcomed them cordially, and
+gave them all possible assistance. Canalizo--who seems to have been
+cowed by the disaster of Cerro Gordo, and some time before this had
+fled from San Martin, with six hundred men at his back, on seeing
+an American officer, detailed to arrange an exchange of prisoners,
+approach with a small escort--felt no desire to fight, besides which
+most of his troops revolted or deserted; and Governor Isunza not only
+failed to assist him with men and means, but flatly refused him a
+particular corps, expressly demanded by the Executive at Mexico.[25.16]
+
+Alvarez, well-nigh a brigand, had always fought for his own advantage,
+knew that all the other chief leaders were doing this now, and, in
+addition to cherishing resentments against Santa Anna, probably felt no
+craving to play a strictly inferior part. Though he did not have all
+the men for whom he seems to have been drawing rations, his force was
+important, and in three particulars he obeyed his orders. He stationed
+himself at the designated point on the flank of San Martin, kept
+beyond the reach of Scott's artillery, and scrupulously refrained from
+attacking the Americans on unfavorable terms; but while he made excuses
+bravely, and proposed valiant operations that Santa Anna forbade as
+inconsistent with his general plan, he retired some ten miles from the
+route on the plea that his exhausted horses required pasturage. For
+probably similar reasons Valencia quibbled and shirked; his train of
+heavy guns--which, though needed in the fortifications, he would not
+give up--impeded his movements; and so the only hostilities were a
+trifling skirmish with irregulars, in which one American trooper fell a
+victim to his own rashness. Thus ended, to his deep disgust, the first
+chapter of Santa Anna's hopes.[25.16]
+
+[THE APPROACH TO MEXICO]
+
+Four lines of advance now offered themselves to Scott. By taking the
+cross-road to the right he could have skirted Lake Texcoco, passing the
+village of that name, and approached the north or the northwest quarter
+of Mexico. But the route would have been long, deficient in water and
+fuel, and circuitous; it was defended by Valencia with an ample supply
+of artillery; a movement in that direction would have made surprise or
+even sudden attack impossible for him; at a pass near Guadalupe Hidalgo
+stood fortifications; and a march round these would have involved
+another long circuit on exposed and unknown ground. This route,
+therefore, was not seriously considered. On the other hand, after the
+most thorough investigation, Scott had planned before leaving Puebla
+to take the cross-road to the left, march along the southern shores of
+Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco, and reach San Agustin, some ten miles to
+the south of Mexico; and it was for this reason that he placed Worth,
+who was to lead the movement while Twiggs was to menace Old Penon, near
+Chalco.[25.17]
+
+On reaching the ground, however, unfavorable reports about this road
+were given by Mexican spies; and the General, partly for that reason
+and partly to mystify the enemy, reconnoitred the Penon and also a
+fourth route, which led to the village of Mexicaltzingo, about five
+miles from the city. In regard to the Penon his engineers--who pushed
+their investigations with the utmost intrepidity, studied every foot
+of the red ledges dripping with crimson gravel, and even penetrated
+behind the hill--decided that it could be carried, but only at a
+severe loss; while the evidence concerning the fourth possibility led
+to a substantially similar conclusion, supported by the additional
+objection, that apparently success would place the Americans on
+difficult and unknown ground. At about the same time Scott obtained
+further information regarding the Chalco route, which seemed to
+justify the opinion formed at Puebla. Consequently the orders to
+attack Mexicaltzingo--issued either because at the time Scott thought
+he should march that way or because he desired to mislead the cunning
+Mexican spies, who even gained the confidence of high American
+officers--were suddenly rescinded in the night of the fourteenth, and
+the next day, though Twiggs continued to threaten the Penon until the
+morning of the sixteenth, all the rest of the army, headed by the
+cavalry and Worth's division, set out for San Agustin, distant from
+Chalco some twenty-five miles.[25.17]
+
+For about half this distance the road was little more than a narrow
+lane, with a lake--or more properly a watery marsh--on the right and
+bold foothills close on the left. Spaces of firm ground there were.
+At one time venerable olive trees formed an arch over the road; once
+the troops camped in a fine grove, and some ledgy, rocky spurs had to
+be crossed. But for much of the way, although the weather had been
+remarkably dry for the midst of the rainy season, the story, as Scott
+had anticipated, was "mud, mud, mud." Now and then a man would slip
+and sink to his waist in a bog-hole; in places the track was quite
+overflowed; the chilly, torrential rains of almost every afternoon
+increased the difficulties; and the labor of getting several miles
+of wagons and heavy guns along such a route was almost incredible.
+Besides, the troops had to be ready at all hours for attack--frontal,
+rear or flank. But early in the afternoon of the seventeenth Harney
+and Worth's advance reached San Agustin, a delightful place full of
+handsome gardens and orchards; and the next day the rest of the troops
+joined them--"ready," as a soldier put it, "for anything except a
+thrashing."[25.18]
+
+[TO SAN AGUSTIN]
+
+But again, where were the Mexicans? With so many works to construct,
+Santa Anna could hardly be censured for leaving unfortified--especially
+as both an inner and an outer line were made ready against any forces
+using it--a route that seemed to be quite impracticable for an army
+train; but he might have placed upon it a few light guns and a body
+of skirmishers, who could have embarrassed the Americans greatly.
+This, however, with his usual over-confidence and faulty judgment,
+he neglected to do. Yet he was not idle. On the fourteenth he knew
+the Americans were talking of a march to San Agustin; and though he
+suspected this language might be a blind, he not only sent additional
+forces to that quarter, but ordered Alvarez to follow Scott, should
+such a movement occur, and be ready to fall upon him bravely should
+he attack a fortified position; and when the movement actually began
+on the following day, though Santa Anna misinterpreted its aim, he
+promptly took further defensive steps on that line.[25.18]
+
+One result was a slight brush between Alvarez and Twiggs after the
+latter moved from Chalco on the sixteenth; but Alvarez soon found so
+many difficulties in the road pursued by the Americans and so little
+food or pasturage left in their rear, that he once more abandoned his
+appointed field of operations. Santa Anna would not break up his
+general plan by sending strong detachments from the southern line;
+and consequently Scott's march was merely annoyed by a few hundred
+irregulars, who fired at intervals, rolled great stones down the
+slopes, and cut ditches in the road, but broke from cover and fled like
+scared rabbits when C. F. Smith's corps of light infantry ran leaping
+and shouting across the hillsides. Thus ended the second chapter of
+Santa Anna's hopes.[25.18]
+
+Meantime a precipitate rearrangement of the Mexican forces took place.
+The President, after reconnoitring the American advance, hastened to
+place himself between San Agustin and Mexico. Troops were despatched
+from the Penon to various points on the southern front, and Valencia
+was ordered to proceed by the way of Guadalupe Hidalgo to the same
+quarter. But the former status could no more be restored than one could
+put back the smoke of an exploded shell. The strongest fortifications
+had been turned and rendered useless; and any one could see that on the
+side now threatened, where a number of causeways approached the city,
+the defence of it would almost necessarily be weakened by a division
+of the garrison. After such enthusiasm and such impatience to meet the
+enemy, retirement unadorned with laurels or with even the stains of
+combat produced a humiliating reaction in all hearts.[25.19]
+
+At Mexico the returning soldiers found empty streets, untenanted
+balconies and bolted windows; and the silent, sombre, fearsome aspect
+of a besieged city enveloped and oppressed them. Doubts as to Santa
+Anna's competence or loyalty, which had slept but not died amidst
+the recent glorification and his confident promises of "a splendid
+triumph," awoke. People recalled that precisely when the enemy were
+moving against Vera Cruz, the Mexican army had been led off into the
+northern deserts; and they hotly demanded why the engineers, the
+laborers, the troops and the cannon had been massed at Old Penon,
+where Scott could nullify them all by a turn of the wrist. As if in
+answer, it was publicly stated that an outpost had found a treasonable
+communication addressed by the President of Mexico to the American
+commander; and so ended Chapter III of Santa Anna's hopes.[25.19]
+
+
+
+
+XXVI
+
+CONTRERAS, CHURUBUSCO
+
+August, 1847
+
+
+While grievously disappointed by the collapse of his efforts at Old
+Penon, Santa Anna felt by no means despondent regarding his new line.
+Toward the south ran the great highway of Acapulco--along which
+numberless cargoes of silks, teas and spices had approached--guarded at
+about a mile from the city by the gateway or _garita_ of San Antonio
+Abad. Three miles and a half beyond that garita the highway crossed a
+bridge over Churubusco River, here practically a drainage canal running
+between high embankments planted with maguey, with Mexicaltzingo
+about a mile and a half distant at the left. On the farther side of
+the river, a fifth of a mile southwest of the bridge, stood a massive
+convent and church, skirted by the rambling hamlet of Churubusco.
+Passing the church at a distance of three hundred and fifty yards the
+highway veered slightly toward the east, and some two and a quarter
+miles from the river came to a great feudal hacienda named San Antonio,
+adorned with trim silver poplars and Peruvian pepper trees along the
+front of its buildings. A scant mile then brought one to the similar
+but far less pretentious establishment of Cuapa; and two scant miles
+more to San Agustin.[26.1] At the Churubusco bridgehead and convent
+and at San Antonio, where the erection of defences had begun some
+time before, laborers could now be seen working--particularly at San
+Antonio--like bees; and with all possible haste guns, as well as
+troops, were brought over from the Penon. Here, said the President, he
+"desired to have the battle fought."[26.4]
+
+ [Illustration: BATTLES OF AUG. 20, 1847 GENERAL PLAN]
+
+To increase his confidence, troops not only occupied Mexicaltzingo on
+the left, but in even stronger force guarded the opposite flank. About
+three miles toward the south from San Cosme, the western garita of
+Mexico, the traveller, passing the fortified hill of Chapultepec on
+the right, found himself at the genial suburb of Tacubaya. Keeping
+on in the same general direction for nearly six miles and traversing
+Mixcoac at about half-way, one came to San Angel, a pretty but narrow
+town of some importance on the skirt of the foothills. Two miles from
+here toward the east at Coyoacan, a garden spot loved by Cortez and
+Alvarado, the fine brigade of Perez, which consisted of about 3500
+infantry, was now placed; and at San Angel itself a high military
+officer, followed by some 5500 troops[26.2] from Guadalupe, drove up
+in a coach about noon on Tuesday, the seventeenth of August. The man
+was of average height but unusually broad, with a bull-neck deep in his
+shoulders, as if some person had tried to force a good idea into his
+head with a pile-driver, a hard, cruel, domineering look about his blue
+eyes, small side-whiskers, and a heavy mustache. It was Valencia, whose
+imputed schemes and intrigues had of late been keeping every tongue
+busy.[26.4]
+
+[VALENCIA'S MOVEMENTS]
+
+Valencia's instructions were to block the way from Coyoacan to Tacubaya
+with men and works; but he mounted at once, rode on south by the
+turnpike, passed Ansaldo--a farmhouse buried in its orchard, two miles
+and a half or so from San Angel--and a strong half-mile beyond it
+paused. On his right, open ground sloped gradually back into a rounded
+hill, some three or four hundred yards from the road; and below him on
+the left flowed a small but lively stream at the bottom of a deep, wide
+ravine, near the opposite side of which stood the adobe buildings of
+Padierna farm.[26.4]
+
+From this point a mule-path, barely practicable for horses, wriggled
+off in the direction of San Agustin, here about four miles distant
+in a straight line; and--covering the whole intermediate plain from
+San Antonio and San Agustin on the one side to Padierna and San Angel
+on the other, from Coyoacan on the north to the mountains on the
+south--extended a _pedregal_ or lava bed, which looked as if a raging
+sea of molten rock had instantly congealed, had then been filled by the
+storms of centuries with fissures, caves, jagged points and lurking
+pitfalls, and finally had been decorated with occasional stunted
+trees and clumps of bushes. After pursuing the mule-path for some
+distance, ordering a camp and batteries established on the slope of
+the rounded hill, and instructing experts to reconnoitre the ground
+thoroughly, Valencia returned to his post; and in the evening, on
+learning from the experts that four other paths--one of them available
+for artillery--led from San Agustin to San Angel, he summarized the
+reconnaissances in a letter to Santa Anna, complaining that he had
+neither room to manoeuvre nor time to fortify where he was, asking
+leave to change his position, and calling for 2000 more men.[26.4]
+
+The next day, Wednesday, the eighteenth, Santa Anna, writing back
+that Scott intended to attack San Antonio, ordered Valencia to place
+his troops at Coyoacan, and send his artillery to Churubusco, a mile
+farther east. Valencia, who by this time had placed a strong outpost
+on the mule-path and sappers on the rounded hill, replied that Scott,
+striking both at San Antonio and at San Angel, would push his thrust
+in whichever direction he should find the easier, and that he could
+not conscientiously leave the second point unguarded by obeying those
+orders. Notes worthy of the most finished and effusive pirates were
+then exchanged; and in the end Santa Anna, who longed to remove his
+insubordinate general but dared not, authorized him to do as he pleased
+and assume, of course, the attendant responsibility.[26.3] Accordingly
+on Thursday morning Valencia advanced with trumpets, drums and flags
+to the rounded hill, and proceeded to array his forces. A long, low,
+earthen parapet with an angle at the southern end already faced
+Padierna, and five guns were in battery; but the summit of the hill was
+neglected.[26.4]
+
+[SCOTT FEELS HIS WAY]
+
+During this time the Americans were not inactive. Early on Wednesday
+Scott directed Worth and Engineers Mason and Tower, supported by
+Garland's brigade of infantry and a body of dragoons, to reconnoitre
+San Antonio.[26.5] The task was accomplished boldly and thoroughly; and
+they found the place heavily defended, not only in the vicinity of the
+white castle which formed the headquarters of the hacienda, but for a
+long distance eastward--where, moreover, the water-soaked ground almost
+forbade approach--and saw countless laborers toiling hard upon the
+works. The presence of at least one 24-pounder was demonstrated, and
+other heavy cannon were believed to be there. In Worth's opinion, the
+cost of making a successful assault by the narrow, gun-swept causeway
+with fascines and ladders would cripple the army.[26.6]
+
+Questioning peons through an interpreter, the officers learned of a
+path which began at the highway near Cuapa, made a circuit on the
+left through the pedregal, and apparently returned to the highway
+some distance inside the works, and this received careful attention;
+but the conclusion was, that while infantry could filter through
+it, artillery could not pass; and to advance by such a route in the
+presence of a strong, unshaken enemy, whose front and other flank could
+not be attacked or seriously threatened, appeared worse than hazardous.
+Even Scott felt rather depressed on hearing the reports, especially
+as fortifications were said to exist north of the hacienda. The men,
+wagons and guns, all covered with mud, that lay scattered about on the
+wet ground, seemed little indeed like a conquering army. Except for
+some cattle, the army had only four days' provisions; the hard bread
+was already musty, and the horses lacked forage.[26.6]
+
+Later, however, Lee and Beauregard brought somewhat more promising
+information. To the hacienda of Pena Pobre, a mile and a quarter from
+San Agustin toward the west, they had found a good road; and then,
+after proceeding about an equal distance by a mule-path to the top of
+a sharp ridge, they had seen the path continue to Padierna and the
+turnpike, which lay in full view nearly a mile and a half away, and
+they believed it possible to make a road by that line. Their escort had
+routed a hostile corps of observation, and some men had been seen at
+work on a rounded hill beyond the turnpike, but no other Mexican forces
+appeared to be near. Indeed, it seemed probable that much less adequate
+defences had been provided here than on the great southern highway,
+and in this direction Scott resolved to strike. "An enemy that halts,
+vacillates, declines the battle offered him, makes a circuit, hunts for
+a position and finds none to suit him is an enemy lost," exulted the
+_Diario_.[26.6]
+
+[THE BATTLE OF CONTRERAS]
+
+The next morning, August 19, therefore--while Quitman unwillingly
+remained at San Agustin to guard the base,[26.7] and Worth, with his
+engineers and troops, continued to reconnoitre and threaten on the San
+Antonio side--Scott ordered a force of engineers to build a road in the
+other direction. Pillow's division was to furnish working-parties, and
+Twiggs's to clear away whatever Mexican detachments might undertake to
+hinder the operations; and the implied instructions were to gain and
+hold the San Angel turnpike, so that San Antonio could be turned. Scott
+did not expect or desire a general engagement at this time; but he
+directed Pillow to take command and employ both divisions, if a battle
+should be opened, promising that in such an event he would soon appear
+on the field. Under these instructions the troops advanced cautiously
+but rapidly the first mile and a quarter, constructed a road to the
+summit of the ridge, pulled up the guns with drag-ropes, and looked
+over. As the returning tide makes a sea in the Bay of Fundy, where only
+bare ground had been visible a few hours earlier, Valencia's army had
+taken possession. It was now one o'clock, and evidently road-building
+was over for a while.[26.11]
+
+Pillow, however, knew all about winning victories. From a central
+hill, Zacatepec, where he stood, he could measure Valencia's forces
+to a nicety, and he decided to brush them away. By his order the
+Mounted Rifles, particularly the advanced companies of Roberts and
+Porter, deployed quickly, drove the Mexican skirmishers in a handsome
+style from rocks and fissures, and finally occupied Padierna. At
+the same time and under his instructions Magruder--tall, blonde and
+intrepid--advanced his field battery nearly a mile without cover over
+that almost impassable ground, which the enemy had now barred with
+stone walls, planted it under the slight protection of a transverse
+ledge, and not long after two o'clock opened a duel with Mexican siege
+guns, 68-pound howitzers and many lighter pieces, more than twenty
+in all, at a range of about 900 yards, while brave Callender fought
+the howitzer battery beside him, dashing little Reno set off rockets,
+and Smith's and Pierce's brigades, which were presently to attack
+Valencia's camp, furnished support. And Pillow knew also how to "bag"
+a defeated enemy. So he ordered Riley's brigade to the extreme right
+to cooperate with the frontal attack by checking reinforcements and
+cutting off Valencia's retreat. Then he countermanded this order, but
+not in season.[26.11]
+
+Zigzagging, scrambling, leaping, and sliding as best they could over
+about a mile of pedregal, Riley's brigade crossed the stream and the
+turnpike, formed in the orchard of Ansaldo, routed small bodies of
+lancers, passed through San Geronimo--an Indian village lying amid
+trees and ravines a quarter of a mile west of Ansaldo and about three
+times as far from Valencia--had a stiff but victorious brush with
+Torrejon and three regiments of cavalry, defied Valencia's cannon, some
+of which now faced this way, found cover at length in broken ground
+between the village and his camp, and waited for the Mexicans to be
+routed. But the major general commanding failed in the prime essential
+of his plan, for he did not induce Valencia to retreat. Badly crippled,
+the American batteries became silent after an hour or so, the brigades
+that had expected to charge saw clearly they could accomplish nothing,
+and Riley found himself isolated. So ended wretchedly the first phase
+of the battle of Contreras,[26.8] Pillow's phase.[26.11]
+
+But by this time a second phase was taking shape. Pillow himself
+perceived that Riley had been thrown into imminent peril, and sent
+Cadwalader's brigade, which was followed by the Fifteenth Infantry,
+to his support. Smith, useless where he was and probably feeling
+little confidence in Pillow or Twiggs, decided to regard himself as
+the senior officer present, gathered his men, except those employed
+in skirmishing, and, with a yell of endorsement from them, proceeded
+in the direction that Riley had taken--not, however, primarily to
+intercept Valencia's retreat or reinforcements, but with a direct
+view to attacking his left flank. At about the same time--probably
+by half-past three o'clock--Scott himself joined Pillow and other
+officers on Zacatepec, viewed with his usual battlefield equanimity
+the desperate state of things, now spread before him like a map on a
+table, studied Valencia's batteries, the heavy ranks of supporting
+infantry and the long lines of cavalry in the rear, and soon fixed upon
+woody San Geronimo--marked at a line distance of about a mile and three
+quarters by its white steeple--as the key to the situation, since it
+both flanked and isolated Valencia, and ordered Shields's brigade also,
+which had followed him from San Agustin, to that point.[26.11]
+
+Smith, arriving at San Geronimo about an hour before sunset, found all
+of the commands, except Shields's, that had been ordered to go there;
+and he also found that Santa Anna, after hurrying from San Antonio
+through Coyoacan and San Angel, had placed himself with Perez's brigade
+and seven or eight hundred cavalry and artillery on low hills about
+one half or three quarters of a mile behind San Geronimo, and--though
+checked by Cadwalader's brigade--was making ready to attack. Smith
+at once began preparing to dispose of him, while the Mexicans on the
+hills, after four or five guns arrived, indulged in vivas, music and a
+little harmless cannonading; but both commanders finally concluded that
+the hour was now too late for a battle. Santa Anna also decided that an
+impassable ravine separated him from the Americans, and that he could
+not prudently expose his men and arms to the rain then imminent; and
+therefore, leaving his cavalry and artillery behind, he put the rest of
+his forces under cover at San Angel.[26.11]
+
+Night and a storm now set in, but behind the curtain of darkness four
+striking scenes were presented. Scott, the general who seemed to have
+lost half his army all at once without a battle, sat at headquarters
+anxious and helpless. Seven times he despatched an officer to his
+isolated right with orders, and seven times the officer failed to get
+through. But still he waited--patient, considerate for those about him,
+hopeful and alert, reflecting no doubt that brave men, skilful officers
+and the natural strength of San Geronimo would count. Valencia, on the
+other hand, feeling that at last he had proved Santa Anna a blunderer,
+and had forced him into the position of a mere assistant, was jubilant,
+boastful and literally intoxicated. He reported grandly on his
+"brilliant day," and scattered promotions as if already head of the
+state.[26.11]
+
+Santa Anna, devoured by passions and perplexities, now sent Jose Ramiro
+to Valencia by a circuitous route with orders to retreat at once. Not
+long afterwards two of Valencia's aides reached San Angel, bringing
+news that, instead of being exterminated, thousands of Americans were
+established in the San Geronimo woods. Don't talk to me, Santa Anna
+cried to the aides, who endeavored to excuse the situation; Valencia is
+an ambitious, insubordinate sot; he deserves to have his brains blown
+out, and I will not expose my men to the storm for him; let him spike
+his guns, make the ammunition useless, and retreat. When Ramiro arrived
+at the camp, Valencia would not listen to his message, and fiercely
+demanded ammunition and men; but when his aides reported, he saw his
+doom.[26.9] "Traitor, he has sold us!" he cried, storming like a madman
+in the midst of his troops. Soldiers heard and echoed the cry. Women
+shrieked. Frightened horses broke loose and galloped into the night.
+Americans with lights are creeping in behind us, reported Torrejon. The
+army understood. Scouts were feeling the way. The price had been paid
+to Santa Anna. Their blood would soon be claimed.[26.11]
+
+ [Illustration: BATTLE OF CONTRERAS]
+
+In ignorance of all these outside events the Americans at San Geronimo,
+too exhausted to eat, bore the torrents of chilling, beating rain
+without fires and in darkness as best they could. Some found huts,
+but most of them lay in the mud or stood up under trees. Smith's and
+Riley's men occupied the lanes, and Shields's brigade, which stumbled
+in at about midnight, put up in the road and an orchard. Officers fared
+like privates. In such a plight, the troops listened for hours to the
+music and vivas of the enemy, and for their own part could only reflect
+on the painful and fruitless exertions of the day and on the prospects
+of the morrow. Without cavalry, without cannon, without reserves of
+provisions or ammunition, without hope of quarter, they felt that
+with some 4200 men they might have to face 25,000 exultant Mexicans
+and any amount of artillery at daybreak. But everybody believed in
+General Smith.[26.10] "Here he is!" "Now we'll have them!" Riley's
+soldiers had cried on seeing Smith arrive; and the confidence was not
+misplaced.[26.11]
+
+During the afternoon a ravine leading toward Valencia's rear had been
+found. Smith seized upon the hint at once, and proposed to attack by
+that route before daybreak with bayonets only; a conference of officers
+agreed to his plan; it was decided to notify Scott, and suggest that
+a diversion be made on Valencia's front at the proper time; Lee
+undertook the almost impossible feat of carrying this message across
+the pedregal; and Officers Tower and Brooks, whose lights--probably
+occasional matches--Torrejon had reported, were sent off to study
+the ravine, and prepare to be the guides. As Santa Anna was expected
+to attack early, Shields accepted the charge of building fires in
+the morning as if no Americans had left the ground, and holding San
+Geronimo.[26.11]
+
+Two hours after midnight the troops were roused, and at three o'clock
+Riley began to move. But it was tedious work to marshal the scattered
+corps in the darkness and rain by touch and whisper, and morning
+broke before the last were out of the village. The ravine branched
+deceptively; it was full of rocks, too; and the watery clay, a soldier
+said, slipped like "soft soap." Finally, however, the units closed up
+at about a mile from San Geronimo, and, partially hidden in a fog,
+scrambled up to firm ground behind a low hill. As it was now light,
+the firearms were put in order; and with quick adaptation to the
+topography, the present arrangement of the Mexicans and their probable
+movements, General Smith marshalled and instructed the troops.[26.11]
+
+Riley's brigade, about 1300 strong, was to be the storming party.
+Cadwalader's in halves formed a wing on each side to keep off cavalry.
+A part of Smith's, together with the engineer company, was directed to
+slip along behind elevated ground, and fall upon the flank or rear of
+a Mexican force posted in advance; and the rest of it, marching by the
+left, was ordered to strike the camp and a large body of lancers on the
+flank. Even the possibility of a rear attack from Santa Anna, supposed
+to be still where he had been seen the evening before, was provided
+against. Meanwhile the troops that had remained in the pedregal,
+assembled as well as possible by Twiggs and Lee during the latter part
+of the night, in accordance with orders from Scott, watched and waited
+near Padierna under Colonel Ransom of the Ninth Infantry.[26.11]
+
+Finally a slightly round-shouldered man, with blue eyes, a sandy
+mustache and sandy hair, walked slowly to the front and looked at his
+watch. It was about six o'clock. "Are you ready?" he asked in a cheery
+voice. "Ready!" the troops answered with a meaning smile. He gave them
+a keen glance. "Men, forward!" he then ordered, for it was General
+Smith. "Forward, forward!" flew the command through the ranks, and
+ahead they went.[26.11]
+
+Struck on front and rear General Mendoza's advanced corps fired without
+aiming, turned and bolted; but Ransom's men, darting across the ravine,
+gave Valencia something else--something he fancied more serious than
+Smith's approach--to think about. Only a pair of 6-pounders bore on
+Riley, and they fired high. Soon the Mexicans at the breastwork,
+exchanging shots wildly with Ransom, found that bullets were coming
+from behind, leaped over the parapet and fled. Attacked by Smith's
+men, the lancers gave way and upset the rest of the infantry; and
+Riley's column, deployed as well as time and the ground would allow,
+bore down like a flood. All was now confusion in the camp: infantry,
+horse, artillery, mules, women, laborers in a mob. Some of the gunners
+remained at their pieces--chained to them, it was said--but, like the
+infantry, they aimed little; and almost in a moment, like a bag turned
+upside down, the camp was empty of all the Mexicans who could get away.
+Again General Smith drew out his watch. "It has taken just seventeen
+minutes," he remarked.[26.11]
+
+Riley's brigade halted to secure the prisoners and the spoils, among
+which--to the frantic delight of the soldiers--were the two cannon
+lost so nobly at Buena Vista; but the rest of the victorious troops
+pursued the enemy to San Angel; and the Mexicans fleeing by the
+turnpike toward Ansaldo, cannonaded from their own camp and running the
+gantlet of Smith, Ransom and even Shields, who had moved down toward
+the road, fared badly. Others, including Torrejon and a large part of
+the cavalry, managed by taking rough paths to reach San Geronimo and
+the hills. Valencia also escaped; but Salas, who tried to check the
+flight, was captured. Seven hundred Mexicans fell, it was estimated;
+over eight hundred were made prisoners; the captured cannon, including
+the best that Santa Anna had, and the captured ammunition proved
+invaluable; and the cost, as reported by Scott, was not over sixty
+Americans killed and wounded.[26.11]
+
+[AFTER THE BATTLE OF CONTRERAS]
+
+Nor were such the only consequences of this lightning-stroke. Santa
+Anna, having at length decided to rescue Valencia and raised his forces
+to at least 7000 by drawing Rangel's reserve brigade from the city,
+had set out at daybreak for his position of the night before; but
+when in sight of Valencia's camp he learned from flying soldiers that
+all was over, and that his outer line of defences had failed. Angrily
+striking at fugitives with his whip he turned back, and waited near San
+Angel for a while, unable to decide anything. Then he sent Rangel to
+guard the southwest section of Mexico, despatched orders to evacuate
+San Antonio and Mexicaltzingo, and marched with the rest of his
+forces to Churubusco. Here priceless time was spent in raving against
+Valencia--whom he ordered shot at sight--in a passion that almost
+crazed him. His dominant idea now, so far as he could think at all, was
+to make the capital a second Troy; and, probably with that in view, he
+set Perez's brigade in motion toward the city.[26.12]
+
+After a time, however, reason gained the better of desperation, and
+seeing the necessity of protecting the retreat of the San Antonio
+garrison, he ordered General Rincon, who was ably seconded by Anaya,
+to hold the Churubusco convent as long as possible, garrisoned the
+bridgehead with one of Perez's regiments, extended two others far
+down behind the embankment of the river eastwardly, used a part of
+the remaining two as a line from the bridgehead to the convent, and
+stationed the rest on the highway behind.[26.12]
+
+The convent position included, besides the building proper, a strong
+church with a parapeted roof, a high stone enclosure provided on the
+inside with scaffolds for troops, a broad, wet ditch, two outside
+bastions facing Coyoacan, unfinished but strong breastworks on the
+west and south, two detached adobe huts pierced with embrasures on
+their southwest sides, four 8-pounders, three smaller guns, and for
+garrison some 1500 or 1800 men, consisting of the Mexico battalions
+named Independencia and Bravos, the San Patricio contingent of American
+deserters or most of it, and some detachments of other corps; while the
+bridgehead, a powerful, scientifically constructed work, with four feet
+of water in the ditch and three heavy cannon, appeared to defy attack.
+Surveying this excellent position Santa Anna recovered some of his
+courage, and began work actively to complete the fortifications near
+the bridge. The untried militia at the convent were almost in despair
+when they found themselves in the forefront, but he promised to aid
+them at the critical time.[26.12]
+
+ [Illllustration: BATTLE OF CHURUBUSCO]
+
+Scott, for his part, left San Agustin before he knew how Smith's plan
+had worked out, met the news on the pedregal, kept on to San Angel, and
+near that place, amid tumultuous cheering, took command of Pillow's
+and Twiggs's divisions.[26.13] The road to Mexico by way of Tacubaya
+lay open, but he could not move now in that direction and leave Worth,
+Quitman, the artillery, the baggage, the stores and the sick to join
+him as best they could, exposed--as it was believed--to some 25,000
+Mexicans. The first needful step was to capture San Antonio and reunite
+his army. Worth had already been directed, after the rout of Valencia
+became known, to attack and also turn that position whenever he should
+learn that Pillow and Twiggs had gained its rear; and as a cross-road
+led from San Antonio to Coyoacan, Coyoacan was the proper point of
+concentration. Scott therefore went there with his troops, and sent
+Lee, strongly escorted by dragoons and Mounted Rifles, to reconnoitre
+the enemy and give the preconcerted signal for Worth's advance. Further
+to assist that general, Pillow with Cadwalader's brigade was now
+ordered down the cross-road.[26.14]
+
+ [Illustration: The Tete de Pont, Churubusco]
+
+[THE BATTLE OF CHURUBUSCO]
+
+Worth did not, however, wait for assistance. At about eleven o'clock
+he sent Colonel Clarke's brigade--the Fifth, Sixth and Eighth
+Infantry--and Brevet Colonel C. F. Smith's battalion from Cuapa to
+turn San Antonio by the path on the left hand and cut off retreat,
+and placed Garland, accompanied by Duncan's battery, in a somewhat
+sheltered spot, as near as possible to the fortifications, with orders
+to advance on hearing the other brigade at work. Clarke's tortuous
+path seemed to be three miles long, and as it lay for two thirds
+of the distance in the pedregal, where the troops had to slide and
+scramble in single file, two hours were occupied in the march. The
+Mexicans, therefore, warned by seeing this movement--which they vainly
+attempted to check--as well as ordered by Santa Anna to retire, made
+the utmost efforts, after spiking some of their guns, to escape with
+the rest of them. But the garrison of San Antonio and the neighboring
+fortifications, which consisted of the Hidalgo and Victoria battalions
+of Mexico and some other militia, were wholly unfitted to execute a
+difficult retreat in the face of the enemy. Not far from its middle
+Clarke struck their column; and while the first part, led by General
+Bravo, kept on toward Churubusco bridge, the second broke up and
+scattered.[26.15]
+
+By this time Garland, having found by pushing a company forward that
+San Antonio had been evacuated, hastened on to unite with Clarke. The
+enemy were quickly driven from fortifications of a minor importance at
+Sotepingo, and the division then rushed forward after Bravo, while the
+Mexicans--a mass of cavalry, infantry and artillery, wagons, mules,
+women, servants, carriages and camp-followers--made all possible speed.
+Owing to the effects of the rains, two Mexican guns and a number of
+wagons were mired on the way; and near the Churubusco bridge Perez's
+brigade, hard pressed by the Americans from San Angel, crowded in upon
+the stream of fugitives.[26.15]
+
+ [Illustration: TETE DE PONT. Profile of east curtain.]
+
+So it happened that when Engineer Stevens climbed the church tower of
+Coyoacan at about noon to reconnoitre, he observed a large body of
+Mexican troops pouring along the highway from San Antonio. Apparently
+Santa Anna was drawing all his forces to the city. Dense fields of corn
+six feet high or more almost hid the works at the convent. Perceiving,
+however, the nose of a bastion, Stevens concluded there might be one
+gun at that point, which he thought could be rushed; and a prisoner
+mentioned only two guns. The entire American army, reacting from the
+gloom of the previous evening, exultant over Smith's victory, and
+almost intoxicated by the change from storm to splendid sunshine, was
+now feeling invincible, eager and over-confident. Stevens merely shared
+the contagion; his report--precipitate and misleading, as he fully
+admitted later--signified that without loss of a moment the San Antonio
+garrison ought by all means to be intercepted; and so Scott did what we
+know it had not been his intention to do: ordered Twiggs immediately
+to the convent and highway by the direct road. "Make haste, my sons,"
+he called to the troops, "or they will be gone before you reach
+them!"[26.16]
+
+At his instance and by way of precaution, engineers were sent on to
+make investigations; but, as the case appeared simple and urgent, the
+investigating and the fighting began hastily together. In a haphazard
+way the Mounted Rifles, or at least a part of them, became engaged;
+then the First Artillery advanced; and soon the rest of Smith's
+brigade--the Third Infantry--besides the engineer company and Taylor's
+battery were thrown in. Rincon, a gray-haired Spanish veteran, deceived
+our generals, for he desired to save ammunition, and therefore did
+not open his artillery fire till the Americans had come within musket
+range. To pause after the conflict began would have chilled the ardor
+of the troops and encouraged the enemy. Victory or defeat were the only
+alternatives, and a defeat could not be thought of.[26.16]
+
+ [Illustration: The Fortifications of Churubusco Convent]
+
+Victory did not arrive, however; so now the Second and the Seventh
+Infantry, led by Riley, attacked the Mexican right. Amidst the corn
+the American infantry became scattered, yet in the same haphazard
+way fought on; and Taylor, placed in a very exposed position before
+the state of things was understood, fired at short musket range with
+beautiful precision and rapidity. But the Mexicans, inspired by good
+leaders and by the example of the American deserters, who aimed the
+cannon, stood their ground. From parapets and bastions poured sheets
+of unceasing flame, sally followed sally, and guns at the bridgehead
+cooperated. In an hour and a half Taylor drove the enemy from the
+walls and from the roof of the church, but he lost twenty-four men and
+fourteen horses killed and wounded. The battery had to be withdrawn,
+and victory seemed almost beyond reach.[26.16]
+
+Worth had now been attacking the bridgehead for half an hour or more.
+Hurrying the troops along, without giving them definite instructions,
+at a speed limited only by their wind and the obstacles in their
+way, he had left the Sixth Infantry on the highway, placed the Fifth
+and the Eighth at the right of it, and sent the rest of his infantry
+obliquely against the Mexican left; and then, without a reconnaissance
+of the bridgehead, the Sixth was ordered to charge whatever lay in its
+front.[26.15]
+
+Probably the army contained no better corps, but it recoiled twice
+in confusion under a terrific storm of iron and lead. Valor was not
+lacking, but the men were dumfounded to come "butt-end first," as
+a soldier put it, upon such a fort so strongly held, when they had
+supposed they were chasing a parcel of rabbits; and their numbers were
+unequal to the task. Officers as well as men showed every sign of
+panic. The regiment could not be kept on the highway; and the troops
+in the tall corn on the right accomplished no more. The ground was
+soft there; and it was cut up with dikes and with deep, wide ditches
+containing about three feet of water. The men fought, but they fought
+in general disorder. C. F. Smith found himself with not more than
+twenty of his battalion at hand. Even the artillery, the backbone of
+the army, failed now, for Duncan's light pieces could not challenge
+the bridgehead squarely on the highway, and the ground beside it was
+unsuitable for them; while occasional fire from the convent and the
+explosion of an ammunition wagon abandoned by the Mexicans added to the
+difficulties.[26.15]
+
+At the same time, besides these two combats which Scott had not
+expected, one planned by him was taking place. A few minutes after
+sending Twiggs toward Churubusco he ordered Pierce--and presently
+Shields also--to follow a road leading north from Coyoacan, cross
+Churubusco River, and move toward Santa Anna's rear, so as to protect
+the American flank and rear, favor the attack on the convent, and cut
+off the retreat of the Mexicans. The route adopted by the troops after
+leaving the road took them for a mile and a half through cornfields
+and marshes, and placed them near the highway, about three quarters
+of a mile north of the bridgehead, not far from the hacienda of Los
+Portales. To parry the blow Santa Anna at once moved in that direction
+with the Fourth Ligero, the Tulancingo regiment and most of the
+Eleventh Line, his finest corps, extending his men--perhaps 2200 in
+all--until they almost overlapped the Americans; while some 1500 or
+2000 cavalry, probably consisting of the horse that had followed him
+to San Angel reinforced by that which had escaped from Contreras,
+menaced--though afraid to attack--Shields's left.[26.17]
+
+Precisely what occurred now cannot be stated, for apparently most of
+the reporting officers were more anxious to conceal than to disclose
+facts; but it seems clear that Shields handled the men clumsily, that
+his own regiments fell into disorder when charging and shrank from
+the devouring Mexican fire, and that Pierce's brigade, composed of
+excellent material but officered to a large extent with political
+favorites, actually skulked. The Mexicans, on the other hand, finding
+two ditches along the highway to protect them from the dreaded bayonet
+and an embankment to screen them somewhat from bullets, fought stiffly.
+Shields was therefore unable, with his six hundred good men and two
+small howitzers, to make any impression, and after a time his troops
+huddled wherever they could in the shelter of some buildings.[26.17]
+
+But finally, between three and four o'clock, the spell broke. Worth's
+men, though astonished and for a time dismayed, had no thought
+of giving up. "Victory or death" was not a phrase to them, but a
+conviction. Though dikes, ditches, bad ground, corn higher than their
+heads, and the Mexican artillery fire broke up their organization,
+personal courage and personal leadership survived. In smaller or larger
+groups they fought on. Santa Anna, by taking the Fourth Ligero from
+Perez to defend the rear, deducted half the strength of his left wing,
+and no doubt Shields's operations, very suggestive of the American
+methods used in previous battles, tended to make the troops at the
+bridgehead nervous. Gradually a part of the unlucky Sixth and men of C.
+F. Smith's and Garland's commands, working toward the extreme American
+right, out-reached the enemy, crossed the river, turned the Mexican
+line, and moved on toward the highway. This created great alarm. The
+fate of Valencia was recalled. Many of the officers wilted. Ammunition
+seems partially to have failed; and at length, under a still galling
+fire, some of the Eighth Infantry, followed by more of the Fifth, waded
+the ditch of the bridgehead--twenty feet broad it was--climbed over the
+parapet or pushed through the embrasures, and settled the question hand
+to hand.[26.15]
+
+At once Duncan planted two of his guns on the highway near the
+convent, and for ten or fifteen minutes, aided by a piece or two
+at the bridgehead, he fired with a judgment, rapidity and accuracy
+that delighted the on-lookers. By this time two of Rincon's guns
+at the right of the convent and one of the other pieces had become
+unserviceable; the ammunition, so lavishly expended, had failed the
+infantry; and the loss of the bridgehead, which stood on higher and
+commanding ground, was recognized as a most serious blow. The artillery
+commandant began to move a cannon from the front side to the right.
+Only two guns were in play on the front; and our Third Infantry, noting
+the slackened fire, dashed over the parapet at the left of the convent.
+Still the American deserters would not permit a white flag to be shown,
+and the garrison retired sullenly to the interior of the building. But
+Captain J. M. Smith, seeing that active resistance was over, now put up
+a white handkerchief himself to prevent further bloodshed. The signal
+of surrender stopped Duncan's work, too; and the Mexicans, astonished
+by the consideration shown them, laid down their arms.[26.18]
+
+Perez and Bravo with a large part of the troops were now on the way to
+Mexico _via_ Mexicaltzingo and Old Penon, and others were taking flight
+along the highway, pursued by Worth's division. Shields perceived what
+was occurring, and harangued his brigade. "The South Carolinians will
+follow you to the death," answered the "Tigers," as they were called
+by Scott. Many, if not all, of the New Yorkers joined them; Pierce's
+officers mustered pluck enough to guard the left; and once more a
+charge was made. It proved no easy work, though, even now. First and
+last more than a third of Shields's brigade were killed or wounded.
+Brave, handsome Butler, commanding the Tigers, and his lieutenant
+colonel went down, and Colonel Burnett of the New Yorkers fell. But at
+last Shields carried the day, captured nearly four hundred Mexicans,
+and met Worth's cheering van on the highway.[26.17]
+
+All joined then in the pursuit, supported with a captured 6-pounder
+and a howitzer, and took liberal toll as they went, until, after
+charging nearly two miles, they were halted by Worth. Orders from the
+commander-in-chief to the same effect soon arrived. Four companies of
+dragoons under Harney were permitted, however, to keep on, and when
+the sight of a battery led him to pull up, Captain Kearny of the First
+resolved to charge the guns, and galloped ahead.[26.19]
+
+"Oh, what a glorious sight it was to see Phil Kearny riding into them!"
+wrote a soldier. His own troop were picked men; they rode picked
+horses--all iron-gray--that now seemed endowed with supernatural
+strength; and his other troop were fit comrades. Standing quite upright
+in the stirrups they looked like centaurs. Little by little the rear
+fours, hearing the trumpet sound the recall, dropped off; but the
+leader and about a dozen others kept on like a swift vessel, dashing
+the billows of humanity right and left. The battery, which stood at the
+garita, fired upon friend and foe alike. Still the little group arrived
+there, leaped from their horses to carry it, and found--that they were
+alone. The panic of the enemy, however, saved them. Tearing loose and
+springing into the saddle, they got away. But a grape-shot was faster
+than Kearny; and so, losing an arm but winning a brevet, he finished
+valiantly the battle of Churubusco.[26.19]
+
+[AFTER THE BATTLE OF CHURUBUSCO]
+
+Santa Anna's total loss for the day--the killed, the wounded and
+especially the missing--may be roughly estimated as 10,000. He
+admitted that he lost more than a third of his men. After he was able
+to find where he stood (August 30) the Army of the East contained
+11,381 privates. Alvarez had 2447 privates (August 26); and, besides
+remnants of Valencia's troops, there were doubtless many small bodies
+of militia. Scott estimated the Mexicans killed and wounded as 4297,
+and 2637 prisoners, including eight generals, were reported; while
+the American ordnance was more than trebled, and the scanty stock
+of ammunition enormously increased. Out of 8497 engaged in the two
+battles, we lost fourteen officers and 119 privates killed, sixty and
+805 respectively wounded, and some forty of the rank and file missing,
+who probably lost their lives.[26.20]
+
+The high moral qualities displayed by our troops made the day glorious,
+as Hitchcock said, "in the highest degree"; and the army, naturally
+overestimating the numbers of the enemy, felt exceedingly proud. Scott,
+riding about the field, gray and massive, was hailed by the troops as
+the very genius of power and command.
+
+ "Never did mightier man or horse
+ Stem a tempestuous torrent's course,"
+
+they felt; and when he addressed them with the eloquence of a soldier's
+heart, it seemed as if the cheers that followed must have shaken the
+"Halls." Nature, however, appeared to view the situation differently.
+The mountains above Padierna wrinkled their foreheads with still
+deeper furrows, or knit them with still darker scowls. Dense black
+clouds, preceded by gleaming heralds, rushed suddenly across the sky.
+Lightning flashed in sheets. Thunders rolled until the earth seemed to
+tremble. Torrents of rain deluged the ground; and in a little while,
+almost like something heavy and solid, night swiftly and prematurely
+descended.[26.21]
+
+
+
+
+XXVII
+
+NEGOTIATIONS
+
+May, 1846-September, 1847
+
+
+After fighting ceased, the Americans found temporary quarters wherever
+they could. Most of Shields's command occupied Los Portales "in a
+most deplorable condition," and Worth's division remained at the same
+point or in Churubusco. Some of Pillow's men retired to San Antonio,
+and there passed the night without rations, blankets, fires or lights,
+while others moved across to Mixcoac. A part of Twiggs's lay in a muddy
+field without shelter, while the rest made their way to Coyoacan or
+San Angel. Some of the troops, covered with sticky mud, slept in a
+barn on straw, and acquired an extremely curious appearance. For all
+it was a hard night, and perhaps hardest for the officer on guard. The
+hours crawled. Thoughts of the battle, the morrow and the distant home
+barely stirred his leaden brain. Every instant, drowsiness threatened
+to become stupor. Now and then a sentry's challenge, the snort of a
+horse, the blast of a bugle roused him with a start. At last came a
+streak in the east. He called the drummer, and ordered him to "beat
+off." Instantly the sharp roll was taken up by others. The bustle of
+men awoke; and the troops were alive again. Joy and pride welled up
+in their hearts, but the sadness of bereavement also and a sense of
+disappointment. They seemed to have won the race but lost the prize.
+Why had they not slept in the city?[27.1]
+
+There were adequate military reasons for this. It was believed that
+Santa Anna still had some 20,000 men, and what fortifications defended
+the interior of Mexico no one pretended to say. Three surprises had
+met the Americans during the past forty-eight hours. They had sick and
+wounded, prisoners, wagons and captured material to look after. They
+were scattered, unmunitioned, spent. Not a few had become ill. In
+spite of Scott's precise orders to carry rations a large number had
+gone hungry for about a day, and many had fasted longer. The stock of
+provisions had practically been exhausted. If repulsed, the troops
+would have faced starvation; if successful, they would have been a
+disorganized mass of ravenous, infuriated soldiers in a hostile city.
+Almost all, even officers, were eager for a revel in the "Halls";
+they would largely have scattered for something to eat and something
+to drink; many would soon have been intoxicated; and fearful scenes,
+costly alike to them and the inhabitants, would have disgraced the
+victory and imperilled the army.[27.1]
+
+[AMERICAN EFFORTS TO MAKE PEACE]
+
+Besides, the aim of the United States was peace; it appeared certain
+that in view of the battle just won the Mexicans would be disposed to
+offer acceptable terms; and resident Americans as well as neutrals had
+assured Scott that by taking the city, breaking up the government,
+dispersing the sensible and substantial men who desired a settlement,
+and perhaps rousing the people to desperation, he would be defeating
+his own government. On the other hand, as the General had reckoned
+before leaving Puebla, the presence of a victorious American army
+waiting at the gate seemed likely to excite intense fears of slaughter
+and sack, and prove a most effective argument for negotiation.
+Consequently, though sure he could break his way in, Scott deliberately
+sacrificed military glory, and halted. The wish to end hostilities was
+the dominant consideration; and, fully to understand this, we must now
+place ourselves at Washington, and then return to our present point by
+a singularly winding route.[27.1]
+
+Both in his war Message of May 11, 1846, and later, Polk announced
+that he would be ready to negotiate whenever Mexico would make or even
+hear propositions; and he sought a listening ear with a persistence
+due to several causes: a real desire to end the war, a naive ignorance
+of Mexican psychology, the exigencies of home politics and foreign
+relations, a natural predilection on his own part and on Buchanan's
+for schemes and tactics, and behind all a sincere wish, in accordance
+with our long-standing sentiment and policy, for the prosperity and
+friendship of the sister republic. Taylor was therefore instructed
+to place himself on confidential terms, if possible, at the Mexican
+headquarters with a view to bringing about negotiations; and in line
+with this policy Worth, while at Saltillo, offered pleasant sentiments
+to Santa Anna on the subject of peace.[27.2]
+
+The battles on the Rio Grande and the unwelcome effects of the blockade
+tended to sober Mexico, as did the aloofness of Great Britain; and
+Marcy counted not a little on the settlement of the Oregon question.
+Intimations were received from Consul Black in June and July, 1846,
+that not only all thoughtful citizens but Paredes himself desired to
+reach an agreement. Bravo and his Cabinet, who temporarily assumed the
+reins of government, felt more strongly in the same way, and were more
+free to act; other signs also pointed in that direction; and it was
+hoped that Santa Anna, should he regain power, would favor peace. The
+American administration, on the other hand, felt much embarrassed by
+the unexpected seriousness of the problems involved in the conflict.
+So on the twenty-seventh of July Buchanan addressed the Mexican
+minister of relations, waiving as undesirable all discussion upon the
+causes of the war, and inviting negotiations in the most conciliatory
+manner.[27.4]
+
+But the government of Salas, which received this overture, had attacked
+Paredes for slackness in prosecuting the hostilities; and he now
+counted upon this issue for maintaining the power it had given him.
+Besides, wrote Bankhead, the Mexicans were still confident they could
+hold their own against the United States; and the war spirit ran so
+strongly that Santa Anna, returning from exile to treat, remained
+to fight.[27.3] Rejon, therefore, answering Buchanan in a lofty and
+cutting strain, refused to ignore the causes of the war, and only
+promised that Congress, on meeting in December, would take the matter
+up. In other words, as an American newspaper observed, he said in
+effect: We are sorry that you feel so tired of the campaign; as for
+ourselves, we are quite comfortable. The reply was not one to fire the
+popular heart of the United States; and without committing Mexico to
+anything, it required our Executive to prepare for a long and arduous
+contest. Nor was Salas reassuring when he laid the subject before
+Congress. "If Mexico fights with constancy and courage, hers will be
+the triumph," he proclaimed, and therefore the government has not
+desired to hear proposals of peace. Polk answered Rejon by ordering
+the hostilities to be conducted more harshly, and by announcing in his
+Message at the beginning of December that an indemnity covering the
+costs of the war, as well as our claims, would be required; but the
+Mexican Congress did nothing.[27.4]
+
+About a week after Buchanan addressed the minister of relations in
+July, Polk recommended to Congress a naive measure admirably fitted to
+embarrass peace negotiations as much as it was intended to facilitate
+them. This was an appropriation of $2,000,000 to be used in that
+business for "extraordinary expenses." Probably the measure, vigorously
+though confidentially pressed by the Executive, would have passed; but
+Senator Davis killed it by speaking against time. In the following
+session a similar proposition granting three millions came up about
+the middle of January, 1847, and on March 3, after every Congressman
+with a voice had talked himself out, it was carried. The natural result
+followed. Even at our Capitol there were open though false charges that
+bribery was contemplated, and to the Mexican that design seemed of
+course transparently plain. No public man who cares for his reputation
+can vote for peace now, said the _Diario_.[27.5]
+
+The sentiment in favor of offering to treat with our weak and
+unfortunate neighbor--as illustrated by formal action in Rhode Island
+and New York, for example--was in fact strong. Even the British
+minister at Washington recognized that the feeling in the Senate was
+"entirely in favor of generous and pacific measures towards Mexico."
+Such Whigs as Webster and Winthrop demanded that a commission be sent;
+Benton favored that idea; and about the middle of January, 1847, it
+was powerfully supported by Atocha, who presented himself at the
+capital. This cunning and perfectly unscrupulous intriguer, who had
+been expelled by Santa Anna's enemies in 1845 because he represented
+the dictator's corrupt financial methods and then by Santa Anna himself
+in September, 1846, because he knew too much about the Liberator's
+dealings with Mackenzie, readily proved his intimacy with leading
+Mexicans, created the belief that he was the government's peace agent,
+induced our administration to propose on January 18 a meeting of
+American and Mexican commissioners at Jalapa or Havana, and was made
+the bearer of Buchanan's despatch to the minister of relations.[27.6]
+
+Undoubtedly, though invested with no diplomatic functions, Atocha was
+expected to do much personally; but in this he totally failed. At Vera
+Cruz the people attempted to murder him. At Mexico he was ordered to
+leave almost immediately, and was prevented from talking with any
+person of influence; and such use as he contrived to make of the pen,
+in suggesting terms of peace to Rejon, proved utterly fruitless. In
+short, the American messenger was handled with tongs, and he was back
+at Washington about the twentieth of March with an offensively worded
+note, refusing to treat until all Mexican lands and waters should be
+evacuated by our forces. Clearly this was a most unhappy overture.[27.6]
+
+[WHY MEXICO WOULD NOT TREAT]
+
+Many circumstances combined to inspire such boldness on the part
+of our antagonist. Aside from the personal interest of many public
+men in continuing the war, and the belief, prompted by vanity and
+encouraged by specious arguments, both domestic and European, that
+natural defences, latent resources and the military ardor of brave
+citizens fighting for their homes would enable her to beat untrained
+money-grubbers and "cowardly adventurers," operating far from their
+base--aside from all this, hatred of "the rapacious invader," a fear
+that peace would only lead to fresh demands and fresh encroachments,
+and the fine theory that no people struggling for their independence
+could be vanquished exerted a strong influence.[27.7]
+
+The fact that an actual occupation of California would have to be
+reckoned with could hardly be faced. To make peace without first
+gaining a victory seemed humiliating, sure to be disadvantageous, and
+likely to make dispirited Mexico the sport and prey of the whole world;
+and Santa Anna in particular felt strongly on this point, because
+his personal future as well as the cause of the nation required some
+show of success. No peace is possible now except the peace of the
+grave--national and racial extinction--it was insisted. Many reasoned
+that Polk, to satisfy the United States, would have to demand, as
+matters stood, a huge indemnity. Why regret a war that is bringing
+so much gold into the country; a war that will overthrow Santa Anna,
+the corruptionists, the intriguers, the military men and the sham
+patriots; a war that will put an end to extortion and finally unite
+all the good elements of the nation, demanded not a few; and why make
+sacrifices to stop it, when peace will bring civil wars, which are
+worse?[27.7]
+
+Better subjugation than surrender, cried some in desperation; while
+others believed that an American conquest and annexation would
+extinguish privilege and monopoly, set up a pure democracy, ensure
+stability and order, bring in a flood of enterprising northerners, and
+make the country prosper. The clergy in particular, anxious to preserve
+their property and their ease, felt rather more than willing to accept
+such a denouement. On the other hand, many believed that our people
+neither would nor could bear for any length of time the expense of the
+contest. This was the key to Rejon's policy, as he told the Spanish
+minister. It was, therefore, only necessary to protract the war a
+little--meanwhile allowing the wrath of Heaven time to pass away--in
+order to reach the very pinnacle of glory.[27.7]
+
+European journals offered much encouragement. Mexico need only be
+obstinate, advised the London _Times_, and it seemed a most agreeable
+prescription. The United States cannot long maintain the necessary
+troops, predicted the _Globe_. The Americans are tired of the war, need
+peace more than Mexico, have no disciplined soldiers, cannot follow
+up their successes, and with good reason dread British interference,
+remarked some of the French papers. Even more significant were
+expressions coming from the United States. Hold fast, and you can
+make "a brilliant treaty," said a letter. All are disgusted with the
+hostilities, and in four years this country will kneel and pray for
+peace, declared others. Persistent American denunciations of the war
+as dishonorable made the idea of submission look shameful to our
+enemies. No nation as brave and numerous as the Mexicans have ever been
+conquered, announced the New York _Express_. The American treasury
+will soon be empty, predicted the _National Intelligencer_; and that
+influential paper endorsed the view that our antagonist could wear us
+out. Calhoun used all his powers to show that it would be "folly" to
+push the war, and ruin to push it successfully. Still more encouraging
+were the Whig orators. In the voice of doom Webster threatened the
+President with impeachment; and Corwin exclaimed, "Call home your army;
+I will feed and clothe it no longer." Reports of a Whig revolution
+circulated at Mexico; and the belief, accepted by many in Europe also,
+that at any rate the Whigs would soon come into power and reverse the
+policy of the American government, was confidently entertained by our
+foes.[27.7]
+
+But nothing proved so comforting, so cheering, as the conduct of our
+government. The call for 12-months volunteers appeared to indicate the
+limit of our endurance, and invited procrastination. Polk's assurances,
+following so many earlier assurances from American Presidents, that for
+our own sake we desired Mexico to be strong, prosperous and friendly,
+implied that we did not intend to crowd her far. Our conciliatory
+language and repeated efforts to negotiate were noted as clear signs of
+weakness. The employment of an agent like Atocha seemed a confession of
+impotence; and the appropriation of three millions for secret expenses
+in order to obtain peace, as _El Republicano_ put it, looked like
+throwing up the sponge. Polk wishes to exchange a bad war for a good
+bargain, sneered _Le Constitutionnel_ of Paris. An extension of our
+boundary was believed to be one aim of the negotiations we urged; and
+the Mexicans felt, said Pakenham, that we should not think of buying
+territory, if able to take it by force. The idea of selling it under
+such circumstances was viewed as doubly degrading.[27.7]
+
+Happily saved by his ignorance of Mexican character and sentiment from
+the mortification of knowing all this, fully conscious that the war was
+unpopular even with his own party, and hopeful that Buena Vista and the
+capture of Vera Cruz had affected Mexico, Polk favored the idea of a
+commission. Benton, however, would not have Slidell on the board; the
+President could not well ignore Slidell unless a higher official--the
+secretary of state himself--should be made sole representative; and no
+first-class man could go to Mexico and dance attendance on the whims,
+delays and insults of a government that scornfully held off. Indeed,
+the nation could not afford to place the head of our state department
+or a commission of leading public figures in such a predicament.[27.8]
+
+[TRIST APPOINTED PEACE COMMISSIONER]
+
+At length, however, Buchanan's resourceful mind thought of sending
+Nicholas P. Trist, a protege of his own and now chief clerk of the
+state department. Trist's dignity, it was doubtless thought, would not
+be too delicate; his action, it seemed evident, could be controlled;
+and the glory of success, if a treaty should be made, would belong to
+the administration--particularly the secretary of state--and not exalt
+the agent in any dangerous political sense. Besides, the chief clerk
+was a man of agreeable and impressive appearance, admitted talents,
+unusual industry and the highest character; he had studied at West
+Point; he knew diplomatic business; as consul at Havana for a term of
+years, he had become acquainted with Spanish-American traits; and he
+spoke the language of Mexico fluently. He was therefore immediately
+appointed as Polk's agent--though officially styled "Commissioner
+Plenipotentiary"--to be paid, not as a diplomatic representative,
+but from the appropriation for the contingent expenses of foreign
+intercourse.[27.8]
+
+The appointment was not, however, entirely felicitous. Trist,
+associated with Jefferson as law-student and as grandson by marriage
+and associated with Jackson as private secretary, had sojourned on
+Olympus and tasted the ambrosia of the gods; but he did not possess
+their divine constitution, and ambrosia disagreed with him. It gave him
+queer feelings in the head that were not exactly growing pains, and
+produced a state of mind that was neither of heaven nor of earth. The
+Declaration of Independence was always resounding in his thoughts, and
+mentally he was always walking up the stairs of the White House arm in
+arm with a hero, sage and prophet; but he overlooked the foundation of
+downright common sense on which great men build, and lacked the humor
+that might at least have kept him near the ground.[27.8]
+
+Aspiring, as he said, to influence the course of the world by drawing
+supernal truths from the region of abstract speculation, he resembled
+the gazing astronomer who walked into the ditch; and a deep, sticky
+ditch lay just before him. Cordial cooperation with Scott was almost
+indispensable for the proper execution of his work; but he thought
+he disliked the man, he knew that Polk and the Cabinet disliked him,
+and his chiefs--probably afraid that he might be overpowered by the
+Whig general--took superabundant pains to brace him. Polk urged
+him to consort with Pillow, whom he represented as a Cincinnatus
+compounded with a Scipio Africanus; and Buchanan, uprearing his big
+person impressively, expanding in his courtly, diplomatic style, and
+beaming upon the artless, ethereal chief clerk with his uncommunicative
+blue eyes, intimated that by faithfully carrying out the wishes of
+the government he might become the next Democratic nominee for the
+Presidency![27.8]
+
+[NEGOTIATIONS OPENED]
+
+Trist was equipped with a commission, credentials, letters from the
+secretaries of the war and the navy departments to Scott and Perry, a
+draft or _projet_ of a treaty, instructions directing him to inform our
+military and naval commanders, if Mexico should make and ratify the
+treaty, and a sealed despatch to the minister of relations, in which
+Buchanan pointed out that an evacuation of Mexican territory would be a
+surrender of all our costly gains, but announced that a commissioner,
+ranking second in our state department, would attend the army, and
+be ready at all times to negotiate. Ostensibly a mere bearer of
+despatches, the chief clerk hastened incognito to New Orleans, reached
+Vera Cruz on May 6, fell very sick there, and forwarded to Scott both
+Marcy's letter and Buchanan's despatch, which was to be placed at once
+in the hands of the Mexican commander. He was authorized--not ordered,
+as he should have been--to let the General see his own instructions and
+his copy of the sealed despatch, which would have explained the plans
+of the government; but instead of doing this he merely wrote a letter
+of his own.[27.9]
+
+What that letter said was never disclosed; but we know that it
+proceeded from a truly amiable but high-strung, "top-lofty" man, who
+felt expressly Called by Destiny to perform a Great National Act and
+incidentally to put Winfield Scott where he belonged.
+
+The General's reply, on the other hand, is extant, and can readily
+be understood. He was already in a state of mind regarding the
+administration. Friends had warned him against it since his departure
+from the United States, and the warnings had seemed to be coming
+true. After Polk had promised him confidence and cooperation, and
+after he as a grateful return had assisted Polk with the Whigs, the
+President had immediately branded him before the world as unfit, and
+outraged his natural pride as a military man, by trying to have a
+civilian placed over him. Polk had infringed upon his rightful power to
+discipline unruly subordinates; his requisitions for vessels, troops
+and supplies had not been met; and now, though general-in-chief, he
+was required to transmit a despatch, doubtless bearing seriously upon
+the war, without knowing its contents or using a proper discretion as
+to its opportuneness--a requirement that Marcy did not undertake to
+defend; and he read in the Secretary's letter these words: "Mr. Trist
+is clothed with such diplomatic powers as will authorize him to enter
+into arrangements with the government of Mexico for the suspension of
+hostilities." This looked mysterious and, in view of Polk's course
+toward him, alarming. He believed that in a highly important respect
+the management of the campaign had been taken from him, and he felt
+that he was to be degraded before his army, the Mexicans and the public
+at large by a clerk from the state department, of whom he had known at
+Washington just enough to believe he disliked him.[27.9]
+
+It seemed unjust and insulting; and being an irascible, overworked,
+over-worried soldier and master of language, seven of whose regiments
+had just gone home unexpectedly, he answered as might have been
+foreseen. Trist, angry, ill, conscious to his pen's point of every
+convolution, involution, evolution, ramification and complication of
+his mental processes, and unaware of Marcy's blundering phraseology,
+replied at a length and in a tone that were enough to drive Scott
+wild; and when he finally reached headquarters on May 14, though
+Scott provided amply for his dignity and comfort, the two were not
+on speaking terms, and further epistolary exchanges only widened the
+breach. I fear Scott and Trist have got to writing, groaned Marcy,
+who knew them both; if so, all is over. As for the sealed despatch,
+on the grounds that it was doubtful whether the present circumstances
+warranted its presentation, and that anyhow a proper escort for
+protection against guerillas could not then be afforded, it was
+returned to the commissioner.[27.9]
+
+On the sixth of June, therefore, Trist wrote a letter to Bankhead,
+explaining the character of Buchanan's despatch, asking him to make
+known the existence of the despatch and Trist's presence with the army,
+and inquiring whether at a proper time that minister would transmit
+the paper to the Mexican government. Bankhead, as we know, strongly
+desired peace. The interests of the British merchants at Puebla and the
+capital and of consul-general Mackintosh, who not only was in business
+but had made large advances to Santa Anna, lay in the same direction;
+and hence Edward Thornton, a member of the British legation, called on
+Trist at Puebla five days later.[27.10] Trist's verbal explanations
+of his government's aims proved satisfactory, and soon the despatch
+arrived at its destination.[27.12]
+
+The law of April 20 had forbidden, however, all negotiations with
+the United States. Ibarra, the minister of relations, therefore,
+replied to Buchanan that his communication would be laid before
+Congress, and Santa Anna promised Bankhead that he would use his
+best efforts to have it considered promptly and favorably. Meantime
+the public disputed fiercely whether an American proposition should
+be heard. Many of course denounced the idea, but others said it
+would place Mexico in a better position to listen, than to reject a
+proffer of peace without knowing its terms. The _Diario_--that is to
+say, the President--advocated this opinion, and the peace feeling,
+represented by the most sober and intelligent citizens, especially of
+the mercantile class, and supported by the sensible arguments of _El
+Razonador_, showed no little strength.[27.12]
+
+June 24 Thornton visited Puebla again, delivered Ibarra's reply to
+Buchanan, stated that Santa Anna had openly declared in favor of
+negotiations, and added that Santa Anna felt--as did Bankhead--that
+an immediate attack upon the capital would be most unfortunate for
+the cause of peace. Trist, therefore, perhaps having had pains in
+the head for some time that were growing pains, addressed Scott on
+the subject, and sent him the official documents that explained his
+mission. The General replied in a friendly and high-minded style.
+The two met. Each discovered that his impression of the other had
+been radically incorrect. When Trist became very ill again, as he
+soon did, Scott anxiously went through his personal stores for guava
+marmalade; and they became intimate and mutually admiring friends. The
+commander-in-chief cordially proposed to disregard for the sake of his
+country every thought of personal glory, and he was ready to assume all
+needful responsibility.[27.]
+
+[SANTA ANNA'S EMBARRASSMENTS]
+
+In Mexico, however, a lubricant almost always had to be applied in
+government affairs, and that lubricant was gold. Knowing that the
+United States eagerly desired peace and had already appropriated
+millions to gain it, not a few Mexicans would have felt they sinned
+against nature and custom had they been willing to oblige us for
+nothing. Santa Anna's greed overtopped the mountains. Rejon was well
+understood to be corrupt. Valencia, one of the loudest declaimers
+against peace, had a large family, was old and was poor; and in Santa
+Anna's opinion he desired to be a little more comfortable. Numerous
+minor figures, more or less prominent in Congress, also appreciated
+comfort. The British merchants, with whom "arrangements" were a regular
+feature of dealings with the government, believed the Americans would
+have to apply the lubricant. Such was Bankhead's opinion, and on his
+second visit Thornton intimated as much. Scott, though he would not
+have attempted to corrupt an honest person, considered it no worse to
+employ a "statesman" than a spy, if the statesman desired to serve him;
+and he believed that without the use of money a year of bloodshed would
+not force Mexico to sign an acceptable treaty. He offered, therefore,
+to provide the requisite funds for carrying out Thornton's idea, and
+Trist welcomed his assistance.[27.12]
+
+Santa Anna doubtless felt eager to obtain peace provided he could
+remain in authority, and that proviso was natural, for otherwise he
+would have lost a position he loved, and exile or death would have
+been his early portion; but it was not easy to calculate the chances.
+Buchanan's despatch seemed to many a fresh sign of weakness. Scott had
+less than half the numbers that Marcy had promised, and many inferred
+that no more good troops could be sent. For a nation to succumb before
+less than 10,000 isolated men, poorly trained and poorly supplied,
+seemed ridiculous and even irrational. Trist's lack of prestige was
+another offence to Mexican pride. The charge of collusion, supported by
+the known fact that an American officer had visited Santa Anna in Cuba,
+manacled him; his countless enemies were awake and implacable; and he
+found it necessary to deny that he thought of treating.[27.12]
+
+The Coalition opposed all thoughts of peace. Fearful of responsibility
+and paralyzed by personal and factional intrigues, Congress would not
+assemble. Nobody of influence had the courage to advocate what all
+knew to be necessary. Each party held back, hoping the other would
+make a tactical blunder of that sort. The law of April 20 towered
+squarely in the way. A caricature represented Polk amputating Santa
+Anna's remaining leg, and the ether sponges were labelled "3,000,000
+pesos." As the President and his friends could see no way out of the
+predicament, he decided--so the Spanish minister reported--to smash his
+army against Scott's, hoping that a treaty would then be acceptable to
+the nation. But the loss of his troops would have left him powerless;
+and he confined himself now to advising, as did the British, that Scott
+should alarm the capital by advancing toward it.[27.12]
+
+At length, however, an arrangement for a meeting of Congress was made
+by the factions, and on July 13 that august body convened; but it
+referred Buchanan's letter back to the administration as executive
+business, declaring at the same time against an "ignominious" treaty,
+and leaving untouched the law of April 20; and then practically, though
+not in form, it broke up. Santa Anna was now inclined to hold that
+Congress had abandoned him, negotiate a treaty of peace as a military
+act, and carry it through by means of the American lubricant. Three
+days later, therefore, after discussing the matter with Pillow and
+the commander-in-chief, Trist formally asked the cooperation of Scott
+in providing $10,000 at once and promising to hand over a million
+whenever a treaty should be ratified by Mexico; and Scott not only
+assented,[27.11] but paid the smaller sum that day, as bread upon the
+waters, out of his fund for secret expenses.[27.12]
+
+The outlook seemed favorable. Pedraza and Baranda, both of them
+in favor of a settlement, were virtually decided upon as the
+Mexican commissioners, and July 27 Santa Anna called his generals
+together--presumably to bring them round. But Valencia arrived that
+day from San Luis Potosi with his army, loudly declaiming for war
+and closely watching for a slip on Santa Anna's part; Scott's delay
+about advancing weakened the plan; and so the council of generals
+did nothing. Santa Anna now hesitated more and more. Both he and his
+officers became encouraged by the accumulation of troops and war
+material. Finally they concluded that a triumph lay within their
+reach, and the idea of making peace lost its attractiveness. Scott for
+his part allowed the negotiations to have no influence on his military
+plans. He doubtless hoped that a white flag and an offer to treat would
+meet him on the way to Mexico; but as they did not come, those plans
+were unflinchingly executed, and our arms triumphed.[27.12]
+
+Soon after the battle of Churubusco ended, he returned to San
+Agustin, and as the initial step toward peace negotiations wrote a
+note summoning Mexico City to surrender. But Santa Anna did not wait
+for it. The town was in a dreadful state of confusion and panic.
+Wounded or demoralized soldiers could be seen everywhere. Many roamed
+about the streets, crying out at the slightest alarm, "Here come the
+Yankees!" Astounded by the American victories and utterly disheartened
+by the incompetence, cowardice and quarrels of their leaders, many
+felt that God had pronounced the doom of Belshazzar against "this
+accursed Babylon." Hence, though Santa Anna rallied troops as well as
+possible, he felt that an assault could not be repulsed, and at about
+midnight had Pacheco, then minister of relations, address a despatch
+to Buchanan proposing the negotiations requested so many times by
+the American government.[27.13] The purpose of the despatch, which
+Bankhead transmitted open to Trist with an appeal from himself to
+heed it, was to prevent the Americans from entering the city; and the
+Spanish minister, who was consulted with reference to it, agreed that
+in view of Polk's repeated assurances it could not fail to have that
+effect.[27.14]
+
+[AN ARMISTICE]
+
+Thornton and Mackintosh also brought their influence to bear; and
+the next morning, while Scott was preparing to take up battering or
+assaulting positions to warrant the summons, General Mora met him at
+Coyoacan with a proposal for a truce. The terms of this proposal were
+not satisfactory; but Scott sent back by him an overture for a short
+armistice. This was accepted by Santa Anna as a gift from heaven.
+Commissioners to arrange the terms were appointed the next day, and on
+the twenty-fourth ratifications of their agreement settled the matter.
+The army, though its entire confidence in Scott prevented all trouble,
+felt profoundly dissatisfied; but with a total disregard of personal
+considerations the General took what reasonably seemed to him the wise
+course.[27.14]
+
+Scott, who was now at Tacubaya with Trist, held his troops at
+command--Worth and the dragoons at Tacubaya, Pillow at Mixcoac, Twiggs
+about four miles farther out, and Quitman at San Agustin--in such a
+manner as to be fairly safe himself, and to threaten the western and
+southern approaches of the city. The well men cleaned their clothes
+and arms, and the sick and wounded soon found themselves comfortable
+and cheerful. Several Mexican Congressmen among the prisoners were
+set free. About half a million of needed specie was obtained from
+the city--principally and perhaps entirely by cashing drafts on the
+United States government. A large quantity of provisions, contracted
+for while the Americans lay at Puebla, was brought out, and a train of
+wagons proceeded for the same purpose to the valley of Toluca, where
+Olaguibel, ostensibly the implacable enemy of the Americans, helped
+them to obtain supplies. Apples, pears and peaches of an indifferent
+quality were now ripe, and the soldiers lived fairly well.[27.15]
+
+Santa Anna was even busier than Scott. Measures were taken to collect
+all missing soldiers, reorganize and rearrange the corps, maintain a
+state of defence, and revive morale by removing disaffected officers as
+well as by punishing conspicuous delinquents. All American prisoners in
+the city were freely given up. Gamboa, a politician of Mexico state,
+caused some trouble by critically reviewing Santa Anna's course during
+the war, and formally charging him with treason. Far more serious
+was the combination of Valencia--who was still regarded by many as a
+martyr, had gathered a small army, and had pronounced against Santa
+Anna--with Olaguibel, who stood on confidential terms with Alvarez;
+and to make this combination still more threatening, it seemed to be
+supported by Paredes, now at the head of a small force, by Almonte
+and by Canalizo. All possible care was taken to guard against the
+movement. Every officer known to have been associated with Valencia
+was imprisoned or at least cashiered; every hint of intrigue excited
+attention; and the government heard with deep concern that somebody on
+a sorrel horse had carried letters from Toluca to Queretaro. Naturally
+Santa Anna did not fail to assemble the generals, and offer his place
+to any one who would take it; and of course none of them had the bad
+taste--not to say imprudence--to come forward. Moreover behind all the
+military disaffection, rejoicing over it as a threat against Santa
+Anna, though unwilling to join forces with the army in any cause,
+towered the Coalition, justly regarded as even more dangerous.[27.15]
+
+[NEGOTIATIONS]
+
+But obviously the chief business of the government was the negotiation
+with Trist. Here Santa Anna acted sincerely--as sincerely as the
+drowning man who clutches at a plank, no matter how great a rascal he
+has been. On this point we have a superabundant amount of evidence, and
+in particular the full reports of Lozano, charge d'affaires of Spain,
+with whom Santa Anna talked explicitly and at great length. Texas and
+upper California could be given up, the General thought, as territory
+already lost. The region between the Rio Grande and the Nueces, it
+was hastily inferred from a vague remark dropped by Trist at Puebla,
+could be made neutral, perhaps under a European guaranty; and with that
+barrier established against smuggling and the dreaded encroachments
+of the United States, and with millions of shining American dollars
+pouring into the treasury for the benefit of those supporting him and
+the treaty, Santa Anna felt he could meet all opponents. In his own
+mind, though he intended to get still better terms if possible, the
+bargain was as good as made. He therefore placed on the commission
+superior men, disposed to effect an amicable settlement, and not mere
+partisans of his own: ex-President Herrera, J. B. Couto, a man of
+the highest integrity and leader of the Mexican bar, General Ignacio
+Mora, chief of the military engineers, and Miguel Atristain, a lawyer
+supposed to represent British commercial interests; and he put forth
+a manifesto entirely satisfactory from the American point of view, in
+which he declared openly for peace, and, holding that Congress on being
+duly consulted had referred the subject back to the Executive, brushed
+aside the law of April 20.[27.17]
+
+Trist, for his part, stated promptly the full demands of the United
+States, which required that Mexico should not only accept the Rio
+Grande line but cede New Mexico and upper California; and three or four
+days later, in the hope of removing difficulties, he decided to inform
+Santa Anna confidentially that he would pay the highest sum authorized
+by his instructions. This course was proper for the representative of
+a country that had always loved frank diplomacy, and felt no need of
+jockeying in the present negotiations; and it was also prudent, for in
+tedious haggling and crafty special pleading no Anglo-Saxon could rival
+the Mexicans. September 1 and 2 the terms were fully discussed.[27.16]
+Regarding certain minor points that might have entered into an
+agreement a mutual disposition to be conciliatory showed itself, but on
+the essentials Trist held firmly. Much to his surprise, the pecuniary
+consideration appeared to count for little in comparison with the
+alienating of territory and its population, and the Mexicans proved
+obdurate. At last, therefore, to save the only hope of peace, Trist
+proposed that the armistice be extended forty or forty-five days, and
+the decision of Washington be obtained as to excluding nationality and
+population from the Nueces-Rio Grande district.[27.17]
+
+The proposed extension of time Santa Anna, angry at what he thought
+had been a deception on Trist's part with reference to this district,
+rejected at once as a scheme to get provisions and reinforcements, and
+so he found himself confronted squarely by unexpected and unpalatable
+terms. Nor were these his only difficulties. With light-hearted vanity
+the people still ignored their long series of defeats. An intense fear
+prevailed that Santa Anna, with what military forces remained and the
+money coming from Washington, would sweep away republican institutions,
+establish himself as autocrat for life, and wreak vengeance on his
+enemies. All the standard objections against ending the war marshalled
+themselves anew. Arguments, protests and threats, official as well as
+unofficial, poured in.[27.17]
+
+Any sale of territory, wrote the governor of Queretaro, would authorize
+a general secession. Negotiations not shared in by Congress are
+treasonable, proclaimed Farias, Otero, Rosa and other statesmen in
+concert. Rejon, who probably wished the Americans to capture Mexico,
+install the Puros in authority and make a treaty with them, added his
+loud voice to the chorus. The Coalition and the Valencia-Olaguibel
+conspiracy loomed up darker than before. States and citizens who
+refused to support the war denounced Santa Anna for proposing to end
+it. Many who longed for a treaty would not think of a treaty signed
+by him. The friends of peace lacked organization and the courage
+necessary to dominate the situation. The members of Congress would
+not gather, and it seemed evident that no popular assembly would ever
+ratify the "sale" of loyal fellow-citizens, which the New Mexicans were
+believed to be.[27.17]
+
+[FAILURE OF THE NEGOTIATIONS]
+
+Apparently Santa Anna's one chance was to declare himself dictator
+immediately, and, if he cared to make so distasteful a bargain,
+ratify it himself; but there were signs that his army--with Valencia
+and Paredes, long favorites of the military caste, bidding against
+him--would not support his authority against such opposition in such
+a cause. Rascally but keen Tornel, who called himself the Rainbow
+because he shone in stormy times, but was likened by others to the bat,
+poured self-interested counsels against peace into his ear; and from
+similar motives Pacheco assisted Tornel. Santa Anna's nerve weakened.
+Besides, an alternative offered itself. Had not Scott lost a good part
+of his little army in the recent fighting, and made the armistice in
+the desperate hope of receiving fresh troops? Might not fickle fortune
+change in the next battle? Whatever its result, could the Americans
+venture to demand more than was now demanded? Why not have another
+throw of the dice, and then make the treaty, if it could not be
+avoided?[27.17]
+
+As soon as Trist's persistence in our demands was made known to him,
+therefore, although he still felt some hope they would be modified,
+Santa Anna began to prepare a line of retreat. Warlike instead of
+pacific reasons for agreeing to the armistice made their appearance in
+public. Every thought of negotiating a treaty was denied, and papers
+were drawn up representing him as a bold and indignant champion of
+Mexican rights. At first his orders had been to keep the agreement
+with Scott inviolably; but on finding that no acceptable modification
+of Trist's demands was in sight, he proceeded to break it--especially
+by preventing money and supplies from leaving the city, and by having
+work done on the fortifications of Chapultepec--and appeals for troops,
+funds and materials were issued. Scott, on the other hand, there is
+good reason to believe, adhered to his pledges; but he was alert,
+and his paid agents in the city watched Santa Anna's proceedings. On
+September 2 he relinquished all real expectation of peace, yet he still
+clung to hope.[27.19]
+
+The Mexican leader also shrank from drawing the sword. But on the
+afternoon of the 6th his commissioners, arriving late and agitated at
+the rendezvous, presented Trist with a counter-projet, which they knew
+he would reject, and an argumentative note intended for the Mexican
+public. No discussion took place. Evidently the time for words had
+passed. Scott then sent a letter charging that Santa Anna had violated
+the armistice, and announcing that unless complete satisfaction
+should be made before noon the following day, hostilities would be
+resumed. Santa Anna's ingenious reply was mainly a counter-blast of
+accusations designed to rouse what he called "the first city of the
+American continent"; and again it was war.[27.18] Yet something had
+been accomplished. The word "peace" had been uttered and seriously
+considered; it was Trist's firm belief that not only the commissioners
+but most of the Cabinet were for accepting the American terms; in a
+measure this attitude on the part of leading Moderados committed their
+party; and the Mexican plenipotentiaries retired from the meetings
+filled with cordiality and even admiration for Trist.[27.19]
+
+In the United States great disappointment was felt over the issue of
+these negotiations. The general view of the armistice was the easy,
+superficial one that all Mexicans were rascals, and that Santa Anna
+had shamelessly tricked our good faith. Marcy, not seeing that the
+counter-projet was a political ruse, gravely pronounced it "extravagant
+and inadmissible." Polk, whose knowledge of the Mexicans was revealed
+by his quaint idea that an extension of the American aegis over New
+Mexico might be welcomed by them, condemned the armistice as if peace
+had not been his avowed aim; and the administration organ, besides
+representing Scott and Trist as dupes, described it as contrary to the
+intentions of the government, when in fact a commissioner had attended
+the army for the express purpose of negotiating at the earliest
+possible moment. Mexico rejects peace, proclaimed the _Union_; let
+us give her war. "Burn the olive branch and whet the sword," was the
+popular cry; let her be humbled in dust and ashes![27.20]
+
+[THE AMERICAN VIEW]
+
+To the army the respite of a fortnight proved a physical, mental and
+moral blessing. San Agustin, buried in orchards, umbrageous Coyoacan,
+cozy San Angel and lively Mixcoac had each its charms; and Tacubaya,
+where the palace, embowered in blossoms and fragrance, crowned a hill
+gently--even pensively--shaded by silvery old olives, was lovelier
+yet, and afforded the noblest views. Here the brilliant sunrise, first
+lighting up the distant white volcanoes that propped the sky, and then
+stooping to brighten the near-by villas of the city merchants, ushered
+in gorgeously the perfect day. After noon black, jagged clouds could be
+seen gathering quickly in the soft and luminous blue; the edge of one
+would melt into a slender gray shadow, dripping to the earth; and in
+a few moments the grandest artillery of the heavens would be at work.
+Then sometimes a rainbow followed; the sunset was fair; the moon rose
+clear and full; and the white houses, massive towers and brilliant
+porcelain domes of the city appeared to be afloat in a magical radiance
+toned with slumber and with dreams. "Heaven help those at home," wrote
+a soldier, "who think they know what moonlight is!"[27.21]
+
+Amid experiences like these it seemed hard, almost impossible, to
+contemplate war and bloodshed. But the troops felt thoroughly angered
+by what they looked upon as Mexican treachery--first in pretending to
+negotiate, and then in violating the armistice; and they quickly nerved
+themselves, not without satisfaction, for the coming struggle. All
+realized that only triumph could save them now from destruction.[27.21]
+
+
+
+
+XXVIII
+
+MOLINO DEL REY, CHAPULTEPEC, MEXICO
+
+September, 1847
+
+
+Rather more than half a mile west of Chapultepec and still farther
+north of Tacubaya stood a complicated range of low stone buildings
+known as El Molino del Rey (The King's Mill). They extended in a
+rambling fashion approximately north and south more than 300 yards,
+and consisted essentially of a flour mill and a foundry for bronze
+cannon. The heavy walls and the parapets of the flat roofs, reinforced
+with sand-bags, made these buildings almost a fort. Nearly half a mile
+from them toward the northwest lay a very solid stone edifice, at one
+time a powder magazine, called the Casa Mata, protected now with a
+small, dry fosse and light, incomplete breastworks. Along the west
+front of El Molino extended a somewhat irregular drainage ditch, or
+series of ditches, at this critical time free from water, which then
+made a bend, passed some twenty-five yards from the south face of Casa
+Mata, continued in the same direction nearly one fourth of a mile, and
+finally joined a deep, wide ravine, that ran for a long way northeast
+and southwest, and could not easily be crossed except (at X) near this
+junction. For military uses the ditch gained strength from dirt thrown
+up in front of it and a line of maguey growing some thirty yards back.
+From it an easy slope, clear of trees but somewhat obstructed with
+cornfields near the bend, rose toward the southwest for about 600 yards
+and culminated in a ridge, which overlooked Tacubaya; while west of the
+ravine and a mile or so from Casa Mata stood the hacienda buildings of
+Los Morales.[28.1]
+
+[Illustration: BATTLES OF MEXICO]
+
+[SCOTT'S PREPARATIONS]
+
+Inferring from supposed signs of American activity, and also from
+Scott's peremptory letter, that on the afternoon of September 7 a
+determined effort would be made to seize Chapultepec and attack the
+defences of the city, which had not become very strong in this quarter,
+Santa Anna made special efforts during the sixth to place his most
+serviceable troops on the terrain just described; and the next day,
+taking command there in person, he posted and instructed them with
+particular care. Leon's and Rangel's brigades were stationed in El
+Molino; the best of Perez's brigade garrisoned the Casa Mata; Ramirez's
+occupied the intermediate space; four guns were placed a little
+in front of the bend; 3000 or 4000 horse under Alvarez--the first
+division commanded by him and the second by Manuel Andrade--proceeded
+to Los Morales; reserves of infantry and artillery lay in the rear,
+and the cannon of Chapultepec were made ready to sweep the ridge and
+slope.[28.2]
+
+At the same time pains were taken to rouse Mexico City. Suspicion of
+Santa Anna persisted, but his credit had been improved not a little by
+Valencia's conduct, and the public felt inclined to believe in him once
+more. The image of the Virgin of Guadalupe, the Patroness of Mexico,
+now passed through the streets. Under orders from Tornel the clergy
+preached a crusade against the heretical invaders. Tales of alleged
+American atrocities supplemented their exhortations. People were
+ordered to sharpen their daggers, and make ready to throw paving-stones
+from the azoteas. That Scott's handful--only some 8000 available men
+and supposed to number even less--could beat 18,000 or 20,000 valiant
+Mexicans, protected by strong defences, and capture a city still
+occupied by perhaps 200,000 persons, appeared incredible. Citizens as
+well as troops grew confident. When the bells began to ring at about
+half-past nine on the morning of the seventh, all welcomed the alarm;
+and when Santa Anna visited the chosen terrain during the afternoon to
+issue his orders for battle, he was received with applause.[28.3]
+
+[BATTLE OF MOLINO DEL REY]
+
+Scott also prepared. September 7 the engineer company and Cadwalader's
+brigade advanced from Mixcoac to Tacubaya, the rest of Pillow's
+division and one of Twiggs's brigades moved toward the city as a
+feint, and Twiggs's other brigade and Quitman's division were ordered
+to concentrate at Mixcoac. Captain Mason and Lieutenant Foster of
+the engineers daringly reconnoitred the Mexican position, and,
+although Casa Mata--standing on low ground and partially masked by its
+earthworks and the maguey--was not adequately made out, they analyzed
+the situation correctly otherwise. Then, to prevent errors, Brevet
+Lieutenant Colonel Duncan and two engineers did the work a second time;
+and Scott and Worth also made observations. Information that he deemed
+thoroughly safe led the commander-in-chief to believe that guns needed
+for the defence of the city were now under construction at El Molino,
+and he desired Worth to have a party destroy the works and material
+during the coming night--in his opinion an easy task--and immediately
+retire. At Worth's request, however, a daybreak attack and, as the
+natural consequence, a broader plan were decided upon.[28.4]
+
+ [Illustration: BATTLE OF EL MOLINO]
+
+Accordingly, the first gray light of September 8 found the Americans
+waiting to assault the position. One cannon guarded the road from
+Mexico to Tacubaya. Brevet Colonel Garland's brigade and Captain Drum
+of the Fourth Artillery with his two Buena Vista 6-pounders were
+directly south of El Molino, at a distance of about 400 yards from it,
+to ward off a flank attack from Chapultepec, threaten the mill, and
+be ready to assist as might be necessary. On the ridge, not far to
+their left, stood Captain Huger with two 24-pound siege guns, Brevet
+Major Wright's party of stormers--twelve officers with five companies
+of 100 men each, drawn during the night from the six regiments of
+Worth's division--and a supporting body composed of Brevet Lieutenant
+Colonel C. F. Smith's light battalion. Some 500 yards farther to the
+left and higher up the ridge the guns of Duncan, who had charge of all
+the artillery, bore upon the Mexicans near Casa Mata, about 700 yards
+distant, with Colonel Clarke's brigade--now commanded, on account of
+Clarke's illness, by Brevet Colonel McIntosh--on the left of the pieces
+and General Cadwalader's brigade, acting as a reserve, at their right
+and rear. And finally, near the ravine, Major Sumner of the Second
+Dragoons with some 270 mounted men occupied our extreme left under
+orders to hold the Mexican cavalry in check and cooperate wherever he
+could. In all there were 3447 officers and men.[28.5]
+
+Apparently Worth's dispositions had been wisely planned, and a scrutiny
+of the Mexican position, could it have been made, would have confirmed
+the expectations of a quick victory. Deceived by Scott's feint against
+the southern front of the capital, Santa Anna had broken up his army
+during the night, and now, with a considerable part of it and some of
+the guns, he was fully two hours distant. No one officer commanded the
+troops before Worth. Only a sharp, strong thrust was required.[28.5]
+
+As soon as Huger could make out the low, white walls of El Molino,
+about a third of a mile distant, he opened fire; and at the same time
+Engineers Mason and Foster advanced some 350 yards. All was perfectly
+still in front. Both of them believed the position had been abandoned,
+and Mason sent Foster back to have Wright's party--now deployed in
+line--advance. Consequently, instead of waiting, as had been the plan,
+until the 24-pounders had perceptibly shaken the mill, the stormers
+advanced and masked those guns when some ten rounds had been fired.
+The Mexican pieces, which had been moved nearer the mill during the
+night, at once opened furiously with canister from an unexpected
+quarter, and soon a terrific fusillade burst from the parapeted azoteas
+of El Molino. In spite of it all, three of the pieces were taken,
+however.[28.5]
+
+But the American spearhead--Wright's party--was merely glued fragments
+of steel, not a forged blade. A large part of the men were separated
+from the comrades and officers whom they knew and relied upon, and all
+from the colors they adored. Mason, Foster, Wright and eight other
+officers out of fourteen went down. The column broke. Nearly a third
+of the men, whose comrades fought later in the engagement, under their
+proper colors and officers, like heroes, absolutely bolted. The enemy
+saw that only a handful were persisting, and promptly rallied. Without
+orders brave Lieutenant Colonel Echeagaray brought from Chapultepec the
+Third Ligero. "At them!" he cried; and instantly a counter-attack was
+launched. The guns were recaptured. The Americans had to retreat. And
+the pursuing Mexicans butchered and robbed our wounded.[28.5]
+
+Smith's battalion rapidly advanced, however, though possibly not quite
+soon enough. Drum directed a quick, accurate fire upon the Mexican
+battery. Garland moved up by a road that sheltered his command until
+it came within some 200 yards of the mill. Drum followed him, stopping
+at intervals to deliver canister. Cadwalader sent aid. Tall, swarthy
+Leon crumpled suddenly with a bullet in his side; valiant Balderas
+fell over into the arms of his son; and for these ardent leaders the
+Mexicans had no substitutes. Ramirez took flight. The Mexican reserves
+would not budge. The Americans captured the enemy's guns, penetrated
+into the buildings, and forced their way to the azoteas. Close fighting
+then settled the issue; and before very long, under the fire of their
+own pieces, as well as Drum's and one from Huger, the Mexican left wing
+and the troops coming to its aid from Chapultepec were in precipitate
+retreat.[28.5]
+
+Casa Mata, still held by the excellent men under Perez but wholly
+destitute of artillery and feebly protected by its earthen enclosure,
+might have been cleared of defenders by a vigorous application
+of artillery. Duncan began work. But Worth believed in brilliant
+operations, and ordered McIntosh to assault the position. With a
+smile that beautified his rugged face, the old warrior set out; and
+soon, bleeding from two wounds, he was lying on the slope. The second
+and the third in command fell. Officer after officer was struck
+down. The men toppled over by the wholesale. Wild with enthusiasm
+some of the Mexicans leaped over the defences and came to meet their
+assailants.[28.5]
+
+In spite of their well-aimed and murderous volleys, however, they were
+soon punished and driven back. But what more could be done? The walls
+of Casa Mata had not been breached, and there were no ladders. So
+the Americans lay down behind the embankment of the ditch, and coolly
+picked off Mexicans at Casa Mata and behind the maguey. After a time
+their muskets became foul. Their ammunition began to give out. Somehow
+an order to retire got started; and finally the shattered remnants of
+the brigade fell back to the rear, followed by miscreants who glutted
+their fury on our wounded. But Duncan, whose guns had been masked by
+McIntosh's advance, now resumed his work upon Casa Mata, and in a short
+while the Mexicans were in flight, pursued by the unerring missiles of
+the battery.[28.5]
+
+Yet there were still 3000 or 4000 horse at Los Morales. These troops
+had been expected by Santa Anna to sweep the field, and he had
+personally given their commander his instructions. But a mere partisan
+fighter like Alvarez did not know what to do with two divisions of
+cavalry, an arm that it requires distinctive qualifications and
+much experience to handle well. Besides, his division included no
+artillery, and he probably felt no more anxious than before to help the
+President at his own expense. He followed but carelessly Santa Anna's
+instructions. His orders to Andrade were more or less confused and
+impracticable; and that officer, who was at odds with his commander and
+felt that Santa Anna had overlooked his achievements at Buena Vista,
+concluded to keep himself and his men out of danger.[28.5]
+
+At length, however, while McIntosh was charging, Alvarez advanced in
+brilliant array with his own division. Sumner at once dashed hotly
+across the ravine and at them, passing the Mexican infantry within
+pistol range and losing forty-four men and 104 horses in perhaps ten
+seconds. Duncan turned his now unemployed guns in the same direction.
+One of Alvarez's brigades, made up of untrained guerillas, broke
+immediately under the cannon fire; and the whole division soon
+retreated in disorder upon Andrade's men, fiercely pursued by the
+riderless horses of Sumner's command, as if to get revenge for the loss
+of their masters. Later some of the cavalry undertook, or so pretended,
+to cross the ravine at another point. But Sumner dashed at them again,
+a part of Cadwalader's brigade was now in that quarter, and both Duncan
+and Huger--the latter being at present near the American centre with
+one gun-- sent their compliments; the Mexicans retreated; and at about
+seven o'clock the battle ended.[28.5]
+
+"A sad mistake," said Hitchcock, and he was right. A few cannon
+moulds were found. The partial destruction of El Molino and Casa Mata
+cancelled the military value of the position, and facilitated later
+American operations; but such operations were not contemplated at
+this time. A few small cannon and a quantity of more or less valuable
+ammunition fell into our hands, and a heavy gun at Chapultepec became
+disabled. Probably 2000 Mexicans were killed or wounded, and perhaps an
+equal number deserted. Nearly 700 prisoners were taken. The loss of two
+excellent officers meant still more, perhaps. Intrenching implements
+needed at Chapultepec were lost. The want of cooperation among the
+Mexican generals and especially the total failure of the cavalry to
+meet expectations disheartened the capital. But the casualties in
+the little American army amounted to 124 killed and 582 wounded. The
+confidence of the officers, if not the men, in their leaders faltered
+at the evident mistakes of Scott and Worth. Each of those generals
+blamed the other, and the discord between them, which reached down to
+the private soldier, became worse than ever. No American could find
+satisfaction in a barren victory gained with such difficulty and at
+such a cost; and the Mexicans, believing we had aimed to accomplish far
+more, exulted over their imaginary triumph. Scott faced the situation
+with unshaken fortitude, but those who knew him intimately saw that he
+felt anxious.[28.6]
+
+[THE GREAT PROBLEM]
+
+However, the great problem before them soon occupied the minds of all.
+Mexico, lying on a very slight elevation or swell, could be entered on
+its western side by the garita of San Cosme and at the southwest by the
+garita of Belen, to each of which led a causeway from the fortified
+hill of Chapultepec, about a mile and a half southwest of Belen. From
+this garita a second causeway ran south about an equal distance to the
+picturesque chapel of La Piedad, where it was crossed by one extending
+eastwardly from Tacubaya to the San Antonio or Acapulco highway,
+which--it will be recalled--led south to Churubusco and San Agustin.
+Not far north of the latter junction and about a mile from the city
+proper stood the garita of San Antonio; while, intermediate between the
+San Antonio and the Piedad routes, the Nino Perdido causeway, coming
+from San Angel, connected with Nino Perdido garita, which stood at the
+edge of the city. Finally, a road leading nearly east from San Antonio
+gateway conducted one to La Viga garita and La Viga canal, a deep and
+broad waterway, which, since it could not well be bridged in the face
+of the enemy, practically bounded Scott's field of operations. There
+were thus four garitas--Belen, Nino Perdido, San Antonio and La Viga in
+this order from west to east--each guarding an approach to the capital
+from the south.[28.7]
+
+Scott's expectation was to break the south front, and after the
+armistice ended, his engineers, assisted to some extent by himself
+and a Mexican officer in his pay, reconnoitred it actively and boldly
+except on the forenoon of the eighth. Had it been feasible to strike
+immediately on the resumption of hostilities, the enemy's lines would
+have been found poorly fortified and armed. But this could not well
+be done with Santa Anna's principal forces menacing our flank; the
+American army was not yet in position; and Scott desired first of
+all to destroy El Molino. After the battle of the eighth half of his
+troops imperatively required a breathing space. The wounded had to be
+given attention. The army still needed to be placed. It was necessary
+to protect hospitals, baggage and stores--especially since Governor
+Olaguibel and about 700 militia, supposed by Americans to be Alvarez
+with his two divisions, were approaching the rear, and according to
+reports Valencia had 8000 men in that vicinity. Moreover Scott's
+information was not complete. The eighth of September, following the
+twentieth of August, had proved the danger of rashness; and the fresh
+losses made extreme caution absolutely necessary. Finally, Scott felt
+a suspicion that the Mexicans expected and wished him to attack their
+apparently unfinished works covering the south front.[28.8]
+
+On the morning of the eleventh he inspected these once more, and then
+had a conference of generals and engineers at La Piedad. It was a
+solemn gathering. Before them lay the fortified capital of Mexico, a
+hopeful army of perhaps 15,000, a good equipment of artillery, nearly
+700 trained gunners, and a large population, somewhat disillusioned,
+but excited and vengeful; and in view of the American situation it was
+essential, as the commander-in-chief clearly indicated, to strike a
+vital blow at once.[28.9]
+
+But where? Point by point Scott fully and fairly stated the case: at
+the southwest the mighty porphyritic hill of Chapultepec to carry, but
+a clear problem, hard ground, excellent places for batteries, Huger's
+opinion that in one day the fortified college on the top of the hill
+could be demolished, in the event of success a position from which to
+operate freely, and at least a possibility that, after losing what was
+commonly deemed its key, Mexico would listen to terms; on the southern
+front marshes, inundations, large ditches full of water everywhere,
+causeways already cut by the enemy, bridges destroyed, a topography
+that made rear and flank attacks impossible, an extensive series of
+well-planned and well-armed fortifications crossing their fires and
+commanding one another, and an enemy apparently eager to have the
+attack made here. Scott, while disclaiming any wish to influence the
+judgment of others, pronounced frankly for Chapultepec.[28.9]
+
+Then one of the engineers--a tall, handsome young man, with a positive
+chin, a strong nose, a dark, closely trimmed mustache, dark hair
+clustering above his ears, and a fresh, clear color in his face--stood
+up and reported crisply on the work of reconnoitring. His name was
+Robert E. Lee, and he recommended approaching by the southern front.
+Three other engineers concurred with him. Four generals, doubtless
+influenced by these experts, took the same view. Twiggs and Riley
+inclined the other way. The fifth engineer present was then called
+upon, and he--Beauregard--in a long, technical statement argued for
+the Chapultepec route. Pierce changed his opinion. A silence followed;
+and then Scott, drawing up his magnificent figure to its full height,
+announced in his grand way: "Gentlemen, we will attack by the western
+gates. The general officers present here will remain for further
+orders--the meeting is dissolved." And so the die was cast.[28.10]
+
+[CHAPULTEPEC]
+
+The preparation of Chapultepec for defence had begun in May, and
+Santa Anna had insisted upon it as of the "highest importance"; but
+want of money hindered and at times checked operations. During the
+armistice a little progress was made, and September 9, under the
+direction of a competent engineer and of the President himself, the
+work began in earnest. But alterations in plan, a lack of implements,
+a shortage of materials, the general confusion and the want of time
+naturally made thoroughness impossible. Chapultepec was therefore
+a fort but not really a fortress. It stood alone, too, without the
+supporting positions that a fortress must have; and shot and shell
+could penetrate the defences of the college on the summit of the hill
+almost everywhere. Even the parapets were not ready; and instead of
+the 2000 men required for an adequate garrison of the buildings and
+works, only a few hundreds occupied them. Their elevation merely
+hindered approach--not assault--and artillery could largely offset that
+advantage. To hold the grove was essential, for without it the garrison
+above could not obtain supplies or even water; and here the want of
+adequate defences had a still worse effect, since large forces could
+not be protected against artillery.[28.11]
+
+ [Illustration: BATTLE OF CHAPULTEPEC]
+
+Yet for 7180 available Americans including those required to make a
+feint against the southern front--an "army" that had to contemplate
+still harder work beyond, and could not afford severe losses
+here--Chapultepec meant a great deal. In general the position formed an
+approximate rectangle about three fourths of a mile in length by one
+fourth of a mile in width, bounded at its western end by El Molino and
+on the other sides with high stone walls. In the south wall, at about
+its middle point, there was an opening covered on the outside by a
+sand-bag redan (B), unarmed. From the main gateway in the eastern end
+the causeway of Belen struck off toward the city, another road--guarded
+here by a cut and by two batteries--ran toward Tacubaya, and a third,
+after running westwardly into the rectangle and a little way up the
+slope until it arrived at a 4-pounder in a circular redoubt (C),
+flanked with an infantry entrenchment (D), turned sharply toward the
+northeast, and finally climbed to the summit.[28.12]
+
+ [Illustration: BLINDAGE AT CHAPULTEPEC.]
+
+Here on a rectangular level space or terre-plein, supported at the
+eastern end by an almost vertical precipice and on the other sides
+by high, parapeted walls, rose the masonry buildings of the military
+college, skilfully though incompletely reinforced with sand-bags and
+screens of timber (blindage), supplemented with parapeted azoteas, and
+surrounded with ten effective guns, heavy and light. A deep, broad
+fosse at the base of the western wall, mines below that, and finally,
+half-way down the slope, a redan (E) strengthened this end, where
+the incline was gentlest. In swamps at the western foot of the hill
+stood a large grove of huge cypresses--extending also toward the main
+gateway--through which ran an east and west road commanded by this
+redan (E) and also by the wall of the fort. Beyond the grove came a
+north-and-south ditch, intended for drainage, with a redan-breastwork
+(A)--looking westward--at its northern end; and finally, after
+traversing level and open fields for about a quarter of a mile toward
+the west, one arrived at El Molino. Placed so conspicuously in view,
+150 or 200 feet in height, Chapultepec seemed to deserve its popular
+reputation of impregnability, and the American soldiers gazed at the
+white walls on the summit, transfigured in the sunlight, with dread if
+not with consternation.[28.12]
+
+Late in the afternoon, September 11, Quitman's division ostentatiously
+presented itself at La Piedad, but after dark both his and Pillow's
+moved to Tacubaya, leaving Twiggs with Brevet Colonel Riley's brigade
+and Steptoe's and Taylor's field pieces behind. During the night two
+16's and an eight-inch howitzer under Drum were placed behind bushes on
+the road from Tacubaya to Mexico, about 1000 yards from Chapultepec,
+and a similar howitzer with a 24-pounder, masked in the same way, south
+of El Molino under Hagner; and these batteries (Nos. 1 and 2) opened
+fire the next morning (September 12). Later in the day a 16-pound siege
+gun and an eight-inch howitzer (Battery No. 3) and a ten-inch mortar
+(No. 4), planted nearer the mill, joined in the work. Chapultepec
+replied; and, as usual, the Mexican artillerymen--of whom there was
+a full complement--did well, occasionally knocking sand-bags from
+the American parapets, while our own gunners, warned by the burst of
+smoke, took shelter at each discharge. Meantime Steptoe, in the hope
+of deceiving the Mexicans as to Scott's purpose, made as much noise as
+possible opposite the San Antonio garita.[28.13]
+
+During these preparations the Mexicans passed their days in a state
+of fever. Reports that our army had only half-rations cheered them,
+and Scott's deceptive manoeuvres were attributed by many to indecision
+or timidity. On the eleventh a review and a valiant proclamation from
+the President recalled his "victory" of 1829 over the Spaniards. But
+a sense of weakness and confusion, the loss of friends, the continual
+alarms, the marchings and countermarchings, and the ominous clang
+of the bells kept them sad and anxious. Santa Anna, for his part,
+displayed as usual a remarkable activity and a remarkable want of
+judgment and method. During the night of September 9 he set perhaps
+2000 men at work--one hour each--on the southern fortifications,
+and the parapets rose as if by enchantment. Not knowing where Scott
+would strike, he broke his army into a number of detachments, and
+shifted troops and guns frequently according to his notion of the
+probabilities, while always maintaining a reserve. But he lost himself
+in a maze of details; and on the eleventh, deceived by the rather weak
+American feint, he unwisely drew men and cannon from Chapultepec and
+Belen.[28.14]
+
+[SEPTEMBER 12]
+
+Early the next morning, however, the reports of spies and the roar of
+Scott's heavy guns enlightened him. Troops were hurried to the real
+point of danger. With all speed he went there himself, ordered his best
+engineers to work on the fortifications near the main gateway of the
+Chapultepec enclosure, and posted troops close by. But there was little
+he could do. More and more accurately the American batteries fired and
+kept on firing. Two of the best cannon in the fort were disabled. The
+buildings of the college suffered, the garrison suffered more, and
+their morale suffered most of all, for except the engineers and gunners
+the men felt utterly helpless. When Santa Anna entered the rectangle
+unattended to reconnoitre, a shell burst near him and covered his red
+pony with dirt. Toward evening General Bravo, the commander of the
+position, came down, reported to him that the garrison were cowed, and
+demanded fresh troops; but Santa Anna could see no use of sending them
+forward to be destroyed on the way or else demoralized after arriving.
+They should be provided, he said, at the critical moment.[28.15]
+
+Scott saw, however, as the day waned, that Huger's expectations would
+not be realized--that an assault would be necessary. For this last
+resort preparations had in fact been made. The troops and the ladders
+were now ready. Fearing the Mexicans would repair the damages under
+cover of night he thought at first of delivering the blow at once; but
+he concluded that it was now too late in the day, that his guns could
+soon dispose of repairs and reinforcements, and that a morning attack
+would give many hours for pursuing the advantages gained. Engineers
+proceeded to mend and improve our own batteries, and the generals met
+for a conference. Here the plans were finally decided upon. Quitman's
+division and a forlorn hope of about 265 selected officers and men from
+Twiggs's division, under Captain Casey of the Second Infantry, were to
+advance by the Tacubaya road; and Pillow's, preceded by a similar party
+from Worth's division, led by Captain McKenzie of the Second Artillery,
+was to attack by way of El Molino and the grove. Then every one betook
+himself to his post. But Pillow felt discontented. "We shall be
+defeated," said Worth privately; and even Scott admitted to Hitchcock,
+"I have my misgivings."[28.16]
+
+[BATTLE OF CHAPULTEPEC]
+
+At daybreak--about half-past five--the next morning a signal gun broke
+the stillness, and then our batteries opened. For two hours or so they
+hurled shot and shells at the fort, and then for some thirty minutes
+grape, canister and shells were poured into the grove. At about eight
+o'clock, as if by common consent, they stopped--but only to burst forth
+again with new fury.[28.17]
+
+That one momentary pause was the command to attack. Colonel Trousdale,
+with the Eleventh and Fourteenth Infantry and a section of Magruder's
+field battery under the "Stonewall" Jackson of our civil war, moved
+some distance eastward from near El Molino by the Anzures causeway
+along the northern side of the rectangle, to prevent reinforcement
+and embarrass escape in that quarter. Lieutenant Colonel Johnston
+with four companies of the gray Voltigeurs advanced outside the south
+wall, drove the Mexicans from the redan (B) and from the wall, behind
+which they had been standing on platforms, passed through the opening,
+captured the circular redoubt (C) and the breastwork near it (D), and
+opened fire on the southern parapet of the fort. Reno's howitzers,
+taken from El Molino eastward into the fields, poured shells upon the
+grove and the Mexican entrenchments (A and E). Four other Voltigeur
+companies under Colonel Andrews, after crossing those open fields,
+rushed with loud cheers into the swamp; and the Ninth and the Fifteenth
+Infantry, deploying into line, followed them closely. Decorated with
+long, hanging moss, the venerable cypresses, dear alike to Cortez
+and to Montezuma, seemed like the fit guardians of some mystical and
+melancholy religion; but now hurrahs and sharp flashes and the terrible
+crash of cannon-balls amidst the branches broke their shadowy silence,
+and the Americans, wallowing through the mire, drove the Mexican
+skirmishers from tree to tree, from the grove, and at last from the
+battle.[28.17]
+
+Clearly it was time for Santa Anna to support the garrison. Attempts
+had been made to repair the fort during the night, but no adequate
+materials could be found there. A cannon had burst. The dead and
+wounded lay about. There were no surgeons, no medical supplies. The
+expected reinforcements did not appear. Most of the students, gallant
+lads in gray uniforms and gaily tasselled blue caps, withdrew by
+command. Bravo--thickset and erect, with deep eyes and a powerful
+chin--though he was cold and unenterprising, had flawless courage,
+and he stood with folded arms or marched calmly from post to post.
+But the infantry of the garrison--hungry, exhausted, stunned,
+hopeless--cowered behind the parapets. Many had to be driven to their
+places, and some had to be fired on. Even the engineers and gunners
+felt despondent.[28.17]
+
+But Santa Anna could not see what to do. No doubt the hill was to be
+attacked from the grove, but the enemy seemed likely to assault by the
+Tacubaya causeway also, and Trousdale, he fancied, might come round
+by a road that skirted the eastern end of the rectangle to strike his
+rear. Besides, the officers and men showed no desire to challenge
+the American artillery by marching up the hill, and he understood
+well enough himself how few of them could probably reach the fort. At
+length, however, he strengthened the forces on the Tacubaya road, and
+sent most of the San Blas Activo battalion to Bravo. At the circular
+redoubt this corps met the Americans, and not many of them lived to go
+farther.[28.17]
+
+East of the grove, Andrews with his Voltigeurs and Reno with his
+howitzers turned a little to the right and united with Johnston. This
+left the Ninth a clear front. Colonel Ransom had promised, the day
+before, that he and his men would go into the fort or die. Proudly
+erect, sword in hand, the beau-ideal of a soldier, he strode in front
+up the steepest part of the slope, while the Fifteenth marched on his
+left. The breastwork (E) was captured; and then, coming in view of the
+fort--its buildings almost hidden in smoke, its parapets a sheet of
+flame, the air filled with the hiss and shriek and roar of missiles--he
+waved his sword, shouted, "Forward, the Ninth!" and fell dead with a
+bullet in his forehead. A terrible cry rose from his men: "Ransom has
+fallen--the Colonel is shot!" Wild for revenge they all charged on, and
+a part of them reached the fosse.[28.17]
+
+But there had been some mistake. The ladders had been entrusted to
+raw men, it was said; perhaps they had not been started off in time;
+apparently some of the bearers had left their places and hurried on;
+some had been killed and others frightened. Anyhow the ladders did
+not arrive. Like the Voltigeurs on their right, the Ninth and the
+Fifteenth sought shelter behind rocks and stumps and fired at the
+parapet; and the tardy storming party, which was to have passed through
+them, feeling no desire to get between the two lines of fire and really
+unable to do anything without ladders, halted.[28.17]
+
+The men were fairly safe. Their muskets taught most of the enemy to
+keep down behind the parapet. The rest of the Mexicans fired very
+badly, and the Americans near the wall could not be reached by the
+cannon. But the attack was making no progress. Time passed--five, ten,
+fifteen dreadful minutes, and still no ladders could even be seen.
+The American batteries, which had been firing over the heads of our
+troops, could no longer do it safely. The ardor of battle was cooling.
+Low mounds that looked like graves, but in reality were the mines, lay
+under our men, and a Mexican lieutenant of engineers had orders to
+fire them at the right moment. Santa Anna with perhaps 4000 or even
+5000 reserves so near--might he not come round the hill? Scott's whole
+gazing army, back even to Lieutenant Mayne Reid at Battery No. 2, was
+seized with a horrible fear. Pillow, lying at the foot of the hill
+painfully hurt in the ankle, sent for the whole of Worth's division,
+which was supporting him as a reserve, and begged Worth to make "great
+haste" or it would be "too late."[28.17]
+
+There was, however, a nearer source of help. When the signal for attack
+was given, Quitman's division--preceded by forty pioneers under Captain
+Reynolds of the Marines, Casey's forlorn hope, and 120 stormers from
+the volunteer division led by Major Twiggs of the Marines--advanced on
+the Tacubaya causeway until about 200 yards from the gateway batteries.
+To support it, repel a body of Mexicans on its right, ward off any
+force that might approach from the city, perhaps turn those batteries,
+and if possible gain the Mexican rear, General Smith struck off into
+the meadows and pushed on despite the ditches; and Captain Drum and
+Lieutenant Benjamin, each with a single gun, and Lieutenant Hunt with
+two of Duncan's pieces advanced by the road, firing on those batteries
+or at the hill and fort as opportunities offered.[28.17]
+
+On each side of the causeway ran a ditch that was almost a canal and
+cramped the troops not a little; and a terrible fire of artillery and
+musketry from the meadows, the front, the wall of the rectangle and the
+fort on the hill-top greeted them. Quitman had reconnoitred here the
+day before, and thought he understood the problem; but the Mexicans had
+made further preparations afterwards, and when he ordered a charge, it
+was checked, and Twiggs and Casey fell. Ahead of him, partly enfilading
+the road, blazed at least five guns, and some of the best soldiers
+in the Mexican army--commanded by General Rangel--occupied the stone
+buildings near them, while others fired from behind the wall near
+the gateway. Under this concentrated and awful storm the Americans
+recoiled, and sheltered themselves near a bend in the road by lying
+down, getting into the ditches or occupying some houses. Here, too, the
+offensive was blocked; the attack failed.[28.17]
+
+But "the issue of battle lies in the hearts of men," and the will of
+every American heart was Victory. Lieutenant Reid, hurrying over from
+the battery with two companies, dropped on the slope, but his men went
+forward. By Quitman's order the New York and the Second Pennsylvania
+regiments left the Tacubaya causeway, under a heavy fire waded the
+ditches on the left and rear to the redan (B), and charged through the
+opening, while the Palmettoes, finding a break in the same wall, made
+a little farther east by an American cannon, enlarged it with their
+bayonets and squeezed through. Shields and the commanders of the New
+York and Pennsylvania regiments were wounded, but the troops kept on.
+Clarke's brigade, sent forward by Worth, hastened up the western slope,
+and when Lieutenant Longstreet of the Eighth fell, Lieutenant Pickett
+seized the colors. For some reason the mines failed to explode; and at
+last the ladders came up.[28.17]
+
+Shouting and yelling, the Voltigeurs, the Ninth and Fifteenth, some of
+McKenzie's and the foremost of Quitman's men, all closely intermingled,
+and brilliant with flags and the sparkle of arms, crowded to the fosse.
+The first ladders, with all the bold fellows upon them, were thrown
+down, but in a moment so many more were placed, side by side, that
+fifty could go up abreast. The blue Voltigeur flag, now full of holes,
+was planted on the parapet. A tide of brave Americans overflowed the
+fort. Resistance was vain. A little before half-past nine Bravo gave
+up his diamond-hilted sword, and the tricolor, that had been waving
+placidly amidst the uproar, came down with a jerk.[28.17]
+
+Fire was opened then upon the Mexicans at the gateway below, and
+fearless Captain Roberts of Casey's storming party, at the head of all
+the troops on the causeway and supported by General Smith's brigade,
+carried the gateway batteries. Many from Quitman's and Smith's commands
+rushed to the summit, dealing with flying enemies as they went. Scott
+himself came up--the hero of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. The men pressed
+round him. He told them how glad he was, and how proud of them; and how
+proud their country, their wives, their sisters and their sweethearts
+would be; and it seemed as if such cheering had never been heard,
+anywhere in the world, before.[28.17]
+
+Exultant but weary, the soldiers now looked about them as they took
+breath. From this eyrie the whole wonderful Valley of Mexico could be
+surveyed. All round the west the great wall of rugged mountains closed
+it in, and two vast, snowy peaks guarded its portal on the east. As if
+reluctantly the mountains gradually subsided into verdant hills and a
+wide plain, enamelled in a thousand soft hues. The broad, smooth lakes
+gleamed like molten silver. The gold of ripening grain, penciled lines
+of pale-green maguey, cottages radiant in the sun like the sails of
+distant ships, country-houses and villas half hiding in foliage, and
+many straight, converging avenues, lined with trees, delighted the
+eye. In the midst, clear-cut as a medallion, lay the city of Mexico,
+the capital, its roofs and towers black with people; and there, just
+yonder, stood the Halls of the Montezumas, the Jerusalem of these
+ardent young crusaders. Unfortunately breastworks, redoubts, cannon and
+a Mexican army were still to be reckoned with. Santa Anna had probably
+lost not more than 1800 killed, wounded and missing this day, and
+apparently Scott's loss had been about one fourth as great.[28.18]
+
+[QUITMAN'S OPERATIONS]
+
+But the Americans quickly prepared to advance--first of all, Quitman.
+Naturally a certain discretion had been given to the commanding
+generals, and he intended to make the most of it. Looking from the
+hill along the Belen causeway, he saw a wide avenue divided through
+the middle by a stone aqueduct some eight feet wide and fifteen feet
+high, resting on heavy arches and pillars of masonry. Owing to fine
+weather the road was unusually firm. A small number of troops, fleeing
+in the utmost confusion, could be seen upon it, but at only one point
+fortifications. Borrowing all of Pillow's troops except the Fifteenth
+Infantry, which remained to hold Chapultepec and guard the prisoners,
+he quietly gave orders that his men should assemble near the main
+gateway. At once the inspiring words began to circulate, "Quitman's
+division to the city!" and as soon as possible the Rifles, in their
+crimson sashes, were leading the march forward. About a mile on, a
+two-gun battery, with a field redan at its right on the marsh, blocked
+the way. For an hour or so Drum used a small gun upon it. Then the
+Rifles, after creeping along the aqueduct from arch to arch, took it
+by assault, and the march continued toward the fortifications at the
+garita.[28.19]
+
+ [Illustration: THE CITADEL IN 1840.]
+
+As at the other garitas, no gates existed here, but a ditch and a
+parapet blocked one half of the causeway and a zigzag redoubt the
+other. Just at the north was the stone house intended for guards and
+customs officials, beyond which lay the wide _Paseo_ (Promenade).
+South, on the Piedad road, were artillery and infantry that could fire
+through the arches. Inside the garita, buildings extending toward the
+east offered shelter, and in open ground a little more toward the
+north and about 300 yards distant, the extensive edifice called the
+citadel, protected with a wall and a wet ditch, constituted a serious
+obstacle.[28.19]
+
+Santa Anna, after acting like a madman when Chapultepec fell, came to
+this garita. General Terres, a brave old Spaniard, commanded here with
+about 180 infantry and some artillerymen. Santa Anna gave him three
+guns of medium power, and stationed General Ramirez in the Paseo,
+Brevet General Argueelles on the opposite side, and General Perdigon
+Garay and Colonel Barrios in the rear with substantial reserves.[28.19]
+
+On approaching this formidable position, Quitman encountered a
+withering storm of bullets, grape and solid shot from both sides and
+the front, and suffered rather severely. But Drum and Benjamin, iron
+men, bringing up as soon as possible a long 18-pounder and a 24-pound
+howitzer on the opposite sides of the aqueduct, dampened the ardor of
+the Mexicans not a little, and splinters from the masonry did havoc
+among the sheltered artillerymen at the garita. Some troops already
+beaten at Chapultepec and at the intermediate battery soon became
+demoralized. At about one o'clock rumors crept in that Americans from
+the southern front were turning the position. Ramirez, Garay, Argueelles
+and Barrios retired without the formality of saying good-by; and
+Terres, whose cannon ammunition had failed, withdrew prudently to the
+citadel with two of the guns and about seventy panicky men, the remnant
+of his garrison. The Rifles now dashed over the parapet; and at exactly
+twenty minutes past one a tall, slender man with short, bristling,
+grayish hair stood on it, smoking a cigar and waving a red handkerchief
+tied to a rifle. It was Quitman, self-possessed but exultant; and
+in a few moments the Palmetto colors and the green banner of the
+Rifles, with its blazing gold eagle, were flying at the portal of the
+city.[28.19]
+
+The advance then continued for some little distance, and, as the
+ammunition of our two heavy guns had been exhausted, the captured
+Mexican 8-pounder was made to do good service. But Santa Anna, who
+had thought the position safe and gone on to San Cosme, soon arrived
+with ordnance and troops. The citadel was reinforced, and infantry and
+cannon were placed at other points. Quitman's last artillery cartridges
+were used, and under the enemy's fire no more could be brought up.
+Solid shot cut down both Drum and Benjamin. Our infantry had to retire
+to the vicinity of the garita. Attempts were then made to strengthen
+the position; but they did not accomplish very much. Ammunition gave
+out entirely, and firing ceased. The enemy grew bolder. Again and
+again they charged, and though repulsed they did not appear to be
+discouraged. By this time every member of Quitman's staff, Beauregard,
+his engineer officer, and all his artillery officers had been killed or
+wounded, and he longed anxiously for night.[28.19]
+
+Meanwhile, events had occurred on Scott's other wing. Trousdale's
+command, supplemented with Jackson's guns, pushed along the road
+and aqueduct on the north side of the rectangle, and the latter
+distinguished himself by fearlessly attacking a one-gun redoubt,
+which, supported by infantry and by fire from the summit of the hill,
+barred the way. To check Mexican reinforcements and threaten the
+enemy--particularly the troops in Quitman's front--Scott now had Worth,
+Garland's brigade, C. F. Smith's battalion, Duncan's battery, the rest
+of Magruder's battery and Sumner's dragoons pursue the same route. The
+one-gun redoubt was flanked and occupied; and Worth's forces arrived at
+the northeast corner of the rectangle in time to annoy the retreat of
+Rangel and other departing Mexicans.[28.20]
+
+[THE SAN COSME APPROACH]
+
+Here began the broad, straight Veronica causeway--closely similar to
+that of Belen--which extended almost north for nearly two miles (3530
+yards) to the English cemetery, and there joined the San Cosme highway
+at approximately a right angle. Understanding the difficulties of the
+Belen approach, Scott intended to make only a feint in that quarter,
+and let his left wing break into the city. He therefore sent the
+brigades of Clarke and Cadwalader and also Huger with siege guns to
+Worth. To organize the attacking column, replenish the ammunition, make
+other needed preparations, and sweep away the resistance encountered at
+several minor fortifications, especially near the cemetery, required
+time; but at about four o'clock Worth found himself on the straight
+highway about half a mile from the San Cosme garita.[28.20]
+
+This entrance to the city had been included in the general scheme of
+defence, but on account of its remoteness from pressing danger few
+workmen had been employed here; and when Chapultepec fell, it lay
+entirely open except for a small parapet without a ditch extending
+partly across the highway some 250 yards to the west. General Pena,
+however, coming this way from Chapultepec, stopped at the parapet, and
+Rangel placed at the garita such troops as he could assemble. Santa
+Anna, who displayed on this occasion reckless valor and an almost
+fiendish activity, sent three available cannon and brought additional
+troops. The roofs of buildings in the vicinity were occupied. A redoubt
+with embrasures was hastily erected at the garita, the near arches of
+the aqueduct were stopped up with sand-bags, and some guns in the Paseo
+were prepared to cooperate.[28.20]
+
+On attempting to advance, therefore, Worth found the highway swept
+with bullets, canister, grape and shells. Garland, however, was ordered
+to creep forward under the protection of the arches, and endeavor to
+reach the south flank of the garita, and Clarke to burrow through the
+continuous line of buildings on the other side, and strike the northern
+flank. Lieutenant U. S. Grant, who was reported as acquitting himself
+at this time "most nobly," waded some ditches with a party of men and a
+mountain howitzer, and planted the gun on the roof of a church at the
+right; and Lieutenant Raphael Semmes of the navy performed a similar
+exploit on the left. Artillery fire compelled Pena, who--reinforced by
+Santa Anna with two companies of the Eleventh Infantry--was fighting
+gallantly, to leave the parapet; and Hunt, of Duncan's battery, though
+he lost more than half his men in dashing 150 yards at full speed,
+landed a gun at that point, where he could load in safety and then fire
+from the one embrasure.[28.20]
+
+By five o'clock these preparations were complete. On the other
+hand Rangel had been severely wounded, and his principal gun, a
+24-pound howitzer, had become unserviceable. Suddenly, to his utter
+astonishment, Americans appeared on the top of a three-story house
+that commanded the interior of his redoubt, and with a single volley
+disposed of almost every gunner and artillery mule. Then some of them
+hurried down to the front door of the house, burst it open, and rushed
+into the redoubt, where they met Americans just arrived by a flanking
+movement from the other side of the highway. In a panic the Mexicans
+fled, literally sweeping away Santa Anna and a body of troops, who had
+come at all speed from Belen to support the position. Many of them
+scattered, but with no little difficulty others were conducted to the
+citadel. By six o'clock Worth entered Mexico. Near the garita his
+forces were safely housed, and by way of "good-night" and good advice,
+Huger dropped a few shells in the vicinity of the palace.[28.20]
+
+The end, however, was not yet in view. Santa Anna had some 5000
+infantry and fifteen cannon at the citadel, with probably about 7000
+more troops not far away, and the Americans, besides having lost many
+in the day's fighting, were now fearfully divided. Not only Worth but
+Quitman, who planted three heavy guns in battery during the night,
+intended to advance in the morning, and apparently a day of carnage
+was to ensue.[28.20]
+
+But Santa Anna probably began to feel the reaction that always followed
+his great efforts. Funds and provisions were scanty. The army was
+demoralized, and the mass of the people felt disheartened. Within the
+town there were no fortifications, and it looked as if another battle
+under these conditions might scatter the troops, and involve the loss
+of nearly all the war material. Besides, leading persons in the city
+had always been strenuously anxious to prevent bombardment and assault;
+and the President was urged now, as four months previously, to spare
+it. Early in the evening, therefore, he briefly discussed the situation
+with Olaguibel, the minister of war and three generals. The Governor
+was for acting deliberately; but Santa Anna, declaring that honor
+had been satisfied and the city could not be defended successfully,
+ordered immediate evacuation; and by one o'clock the troops retired
+in a somewhat orderly fashion to Guadalupe Hidalgo. About three hours
+later a commission of the city council (_ayuntamiento_) offered terms
+of capitulation at the American headquarters in Tacubaya. These were
+of course rejected, for the town lay at our mercy; but Scott gave
+informally the usual assurances of good treatment.[28.21]
+
+[THE AMERICANS CAPTURE MEXICO]
+
+So when the first thin streak of dawn glimmered forth behind the gray
+volcanoes, and our cannon at Belen garita were on the point of opening
+fire, a white flag and an invitation to enter the capital reached
+Quitman. First making sure there was no deception, he advanced; and
+after stopping about half an hour at the citadel he moved forward under
+a splendid sun to the grand plaza, which fronted the palace and the
+cathedral, with Smith's brigade, the Marines, the New York volunteers
+and Steptoe's battery. As a triumphal procession the command looked
+rather strange. Quitman and Smith marched at its head on foot--the
+former with only one shoe; and behind them came troops decorated
+with mud, the red stains of battle and rough bandages, carrying arms
+at quite haphazard angles. Not less astonishing looked the city,
+for sidewalks, windows, balconies and housetops were crowded with
+people. Except for the silence, the countless white handkerchiefs and
+the foreign flags, it might have been thought a holiday. Before the
+palace, which filled the east side of the plaza, the troops formed
+in line of battle. Officers took their places at the front, and when
+Captain Roberts hoisted a battle-scarred American flag on the staff
+of the palace at seven o'clock, arms were presented and the officers
+saluted.[28.22]
+
+Soon loud cheering was heard. A few squares away the
+commander-in-chief, escorted by cavalry with drawn swords, had reached
+Worth's command, which had stopped at six o'clock by orders opposite
+the high ash trees of the Alameda. A clatter of galloping hoofs
+followed; and in another moment, amidst the involuntary applause of
+the Mexicans, General Scott, dressed in full uniform and mounted on a
+tall, heavy bay charger, dashed with his staff and Harney's dragoons
+into the grand plaza--his noble figure, gold epaulets and snowy plumes,
+resplendent under the brilliant sun, fitly typifying the invisible
+glory of his unkempt and limping army. Uncovering, he rode slowly along
+the line of battle to the music of our national airs; the troops,
+presenting arms again, cheered and hurrahed till it seemed as if the
+earthquake-proof cathedral must be shaking, and the cavalry escort
+waved high their flashing blades.[28.22]
+
+In stentorian tones the commander-in-chief appointed Quitman governor
+of the city; and then, dismounting in the courtyard, he clanked up
+the broad stairway of the palace, to indite congratulations on the
+"many glorious victories" of his army. Presently cross-belted American
+Marines were calmly patrolling the Halls of the Montezumas as if they
+owned them, while the rest of the troops gazed with profound exultation
+at the long pinkish facade and the endless balconies of the upper
+story, and the people gazed silently at the troops. "They are all and
+each of them heroes," commented a foreigner present, and others in the
+world thought the same.
+
+ "Light up your homes, O fathers,
+ For those young hero bands,
+ Whose march is still through vanquished towns
+ And over conquered lands,
+ Whose valor, wild, impetuous
+ In all its fiery glow,
+ Pours onward like a lava-tide,
+ And sweeps away the foe!"[28.22]
+
+
+
+
+XXIX
+
+FINAL MILITARY OPERATIONS
+
+January, 1847-April, 1848
+
+
+At the north, after the Buena Vista campaign and the embarrassments
+growing out of it came to an end, Taylor probably wished, in what an
+officer called "his easy dog-trot fashion," to advance as far as San
+Luis Potosi, and retained troops urgently needed by Scott; but by the
+middle of June, 1847, he doubtless realized that effective operations
+on so long a line, especially through hostile and much of the way
+through barren territory, were impracticable, and advised that Scott's
+column alone should act on the offensive. A month later orders of a
+corresponding tenor were issued at Washington, and then some 3000
+surplus troops of the northern army proceeded toward the capital,
+though too late, of course, to assist in the decisive struggle.[29.1]
+
+Valencia, during his brief stay at San Luis Potosi in the early summer
+of 1847, not only requested permission to move against Saltillo, but
+planned that General Filisola, aided by a brigade under Avalos, then
+lying at Matehuala, by Reyes, the comandante general of Zacatecas, and
+by Urrea--who still commanded the "brigade of observation," and could
+easily pass across the Sierra Madre from Tula--should threaten, if not
+attack, Saltillo and Monterey, and at least keep the Americans on the
+defensive. Some disquieting movements of these troops resulted; but
+Valencia was soon called to Mexico, and various difficulties, chiefly a
+lack of means resulting from the American occupation, proved fatal to
+this ambitious enterprise, besides hindering the Mexican preparations
+to receive Taylor at San Luis Potosi.[29.1]
+
+During the winter of 1846-47 and to some extent later, the garrison
+of Tampico was menaced by plans for an uprising, to be assisted by
+outside forces, and sometimes it was feared that a move to capture the
+city would be launched from Tula in the hope of embarrassing Scott's
+communications; but the Americans, though not strong in numbers
+there, were vigilant and well protected by fortifications. Besides,
+the authorities of Tamaulipas, now living on fairly good terms with
+the invaders, had little wish to take part in active hostilities.
+They quarrelled bitterly with Urrea, who naturally attempted to draw
+supplies and money from the region, and in November, 1847, with a view
+to bringing about harmony, that officer was removed. Scott's victories
+and especially the fall of Mexico had no little effect in this quarter;
+the prospect of serious operations entirely disappeared; and early in
+November, 1847, General Taylor, who had reached the conclusion some
+time before that his country wanted him for President, and had laid
+aside his old brown coat in favor of checked shirt sleeves, set out
+for home on a leave of absence, which actually continued until the
+close of the war. Wool took his place; but nothing occurred in this
+region except guerilla affairs, of which a due account will be given
+presently.[29.1]
+
+In the northwest, meantime, Price, who commanded in New Mexico and
+was disturbed by rumors of danger from the south, decided on his own
+responsibility, ignoring instructions to do otherwise, that he must
+assume the aggressive. Early in March, 1848, the city of Chihuahua
+was therefore reoccupied; and on the sixteenth of that month, after a
+little brisk fighting, the town of Rosales, about sixty miles to the
+southeast, which Angel Trias held with some 800 men, chiefly National
+Guards, was captured by assault with a trifling loss. But this campaign
+had no general effect on the war--indeed, the treaty of peace had
+already been signed--and Price was ordered by Marcy to retire.[29.1]
+
+[FIGHTING IN THE CAPITAL]
+
+In Scott's department the final military operations began very
+promptly. Immediately after the Americans took possession of the
+grand plaza at Mexico on the morning of September 14, a multitude of
+blanketed leperos crowded closely upon them. Already these miscreants
+had tasted the disorder they loved, for the palace had been left
+unguarded, and they had sacked it; and now they showed signs of
+turbulence. The plaza was cleared, however, and no further trouble
+seemed likely. But when our troops began to march away to their
+quarters, a shot was heard. A bullet probably intended for Worth struck
+Garland, and almost instantly firing from street corners, windows and
+the tops of houses became general, though not systematic. Thousands
+of convicts from the jail supported the populace, and in one way or
+another not a few of the better class cooperated. By Tornel's order
+paving stones had been taken to many of the azoteas with a view to
+resisting the invader step by step, and these, like every other sort of
+weapon, were now used.[29.2]
+
+Though surprised, the Americans promptly accepted the challenge.
+Skirmishers drove back the mobs. Grape and canister swept the streets.
+As a rule, every house from which a shot flew became a target for
+our heavy cannon, which seemed to shake the very foundations of the
+city, and when breached was immediately sacked; and sharpshooters
+worked effectively on towers and roofs. Scott threatened even sterner
+measures; and the city authorities not only put up notices, embodying
+his threats and imploring the people to desist from a vain and
+imprudent contest, but interceded personally with them in the streets.
+By about noon the Americans held all the points of vantage, and as
+evening approached, the firing died away. A fearful night ensued. It
+was dark and cold. No lights relieved the gloom. Wild mobs ran shouting
+through the streets, and the hoof-beats of American patrols resounded
+from square to square.[29.2]
+
+Santa Anna, finding it impossible on the morning of the fourteenth
+to subsist his army at Guadalupe, had ordered the infantry and heavy
+guns to Queretaro under General Herrera, and proceeded with four small
+pieces and the cavalry to San Cristobal, a point about fourteen miles
+northeast of the capital. After seeing the people of Mexico view with
+indifference his efforts of the previous day, he expected nothing of
+them; but on learning of the outbreak he marched back to Guadalupe, and
+at a late hour sent into Mexico a small force of cavalry and infantry
+to investigate and assist. This met Duncan's battery and retreated; but
+Santa Anna, assured that on the next day there would be a rising _en
+masse_, erected a breastwork at the Peralvillo garita on the north side
+of the town, and waited.[29.2]
+
+As soon as day broke, gloomy and wet, the shooting was in fact
+resumed, at least in the northern quarters. But he soon perceived that
+no general movement was taking place, and again marched away. This
+disheartened the people still more; the efforts of the authorities
+influenced them greatly; and by the end of the afternoon, realizing
+that much was to be suffered and nothing gained, they generally
+abandoned hope. During the next day or two scattering shots could be
+heard, but real fighting was over. Extravagant hopes of destroying the
+small American army were still entertained by lightheaded men. "You
+will soon behold the banner of the haughty invader trailing in the
+dust," wrote one of these, and attempts were made by military officers
+to organize a real conspiracy; but lack of courage, means, confidence
+and mutual trust--as well as the watchfulness of the Americans--made
+success impossible. Scott repeatedly warned his troops to be vigilant
+and orderly, to keep together, and to refrain from drinking. As the
+danger grew less menacing, however, they became less careful, and for
+probably a month assassinations were frequent. From first to last
+several hundred Americans perished in the hostilities, and no doubt
+far more of the enemy. But by the middle of October the city was
+tranquil.[29.2]
+
+The concluding field operations in Scott's department resembled for the
+most part the fighting just described, for they had to do chiefly with
+guerillas. That style of warfare suited the national character. It had
+figured prominently in the Spanish struggle against Napoleon and in the
+Mexican war of independence; and when the public began to see clearly
+that battles could not stop the Americans, it was invoked--even though
+by universal military practice in Europe those who robbed and fought at
+will, while pretending to be inoffensive, were considered brigands and
+assassins--as the one hope.[29.3]
+
+Thoughtful persons like J. F. Ramirez and General Mora pointed out
+serious dangers: the impossibility of discipline, the relaxation of
+morale, the destruction of all standards, and the certainty that a
+spirit of violence and rapine would grow by what it fed upon; and they
+recognized the improbability that such methods could prevail against
+the strength, equipment, compactness and skill of the Americans. But
+the obvious advantages of the guerilla system, which it required far
+less intelligence to perceive and appreciate, counted powerfully on the
+other side. How much the Spanish themselves had suffered from their
+irregulars during the hostilities against Napoleon was not understood,
+and patriotic pride in the war of independence had tended to draw a
+veil over its horrors.[29.3]
+
+The dagger, said the official newspaper, was the favorite weapon of the
+people. Unarmed men could burn wagons and intercept communications,
+it was pointed out. Even women and children could help. A thorough
+knowledge of the country, its mountains and its by-paths, would
+evidently constitute an enormous advantage. Light corps of the
+abstemious rancheros, embarrassed with no baggage, could travel quickly
+day and night, concentrate in large numbers against an American
+detachment, strike, vanish, and then, when least expected, reappear,
+making the most of all neglects, all mistakes, nullifying superior
+strength by avoiding it, and nullifying discipline by fighting in a
+style that had no need of discipline. Situated even more favorably than
+Spain for such warfare, the Mexicans were to outdo her example.[29.3]
+
+This is what will save us, proclaimed in effect the legislature of
+Mexico state. "Let the echo of our mountains repeat the cry of War and
+Liberty," exclaimed the congress of Vera Cruz. Santa Anna endorsed the
+plan. Salas organized the "Guerillas of Vengeance," which were to make
+"war without pity" "in every manner imaginable"; and in April, 1847,
+the government, pinning its faith to the system, set it on foot in
+earnest. Scott, the "cowardly tiger," was to be routed after all.[29.3]
+
+[THE GUERILLAS OF THE NORTHEAST]
+
+In the north February, 1847, was the golden month of the irregulars,
+for the approach of the Mexican army under Santa Anna encouraged the
+rancheros to lay aside the habits of peace. Canales boasted of 161
+Americans killed that month, and Urrea with his combined force of
+regulars and guerillas, besides engaging in other operations, captured
+a train of wagons at Agua Negra, and horribly slaughtered a large
+number of guards and teamsters. To avenge this butchery a party of
+Rangers, teamsters and other civilians murdered twenty-four men in a
+village not far distant. Upon this Canales declared what he called
+martial law, announcing that every American, armed and unarmed, and
+every Mexican living peaceably would be shot; and many were led by
+fear or a lust for plunder to take up arms.[29.4]
+
+The American trains in particular seemed likely to be easy prey.
+As they commonly stretched out for some two miles and were guarded
+only--for so the character of the road usually dictated--at the ends,
+the Mexicans, trained to charge at full speed through an ordinary
+thicket, could readily attack them from ambush at about the middle
+point, create a stampede, and do a great deal of mischief. Infantry
+could not pursue the guerillas with success, and the number of our
+mounted men was always comparatively small, for every Mexican ranchero
+had at least one smart pony. In September, 1847, a band even attacked
+Mier. Governor Aguirre of Coahuila exerted himself particularly to
+organize forces of this character, and not only alcaldes but priests
+aided the cause.[29.4]
+
+The American leaders, however, pursuing a course that was now
+conciliatory, now severe, and in many instances technically unjust,
+succeeded in coping with a system that was itself unjust. Taylor levied
+on the people of Nuevo Leon a tax of $96,000, the estimated value of
+the goods destroyed at Agua Negra, but suspended it indefinitely,
+when representative authorities proved the substantial innocence of
+the population and begged for mercy. Cavalry patrols and detachments
+pursuing culprits fairly wore out their horses. Villages, if even
+suspected of harboring the "banditti," were burned. Contributions were
+imposed wherever connivance appeared probable. By April, 1847, Canales
+was in despair.[29.5]
+
+Then Wool determined to stamp out the evil, and announced in July that
+any guerillas caught by him would be executed. In December, 1847, he
+issued his famous Order 11, which not only made the Mexican authorities
+and their towns responsible for all damages done, but required them to
+hunt down the "brigands." Aguirre attempted to retaliate, but in vain.
+The Americans had power enough to carry out threats, whereas he had
+not; and he admitted his failure. Besides, the mass of the population
+were indolent in mind as well as body, and looked upon submission as
+preferable to danger. In February, 1848, finding the guilty rancheros
+were anxious to give up the business, Wool enabled them to resume
+peaceful occupations by declaring an amnesty, and in the following May
+he stated that the country had never before been so free from highway
+robbery.[29.5]
+
+[GUERILLAS IN VERA CRUZ STATE]
+
+In the south, Vera Cruz, a state of mountains, gorges, thickets and
+forests threaded with blind paths, was the chief home of the guerilla,
+and it looked as if Scott's line of communication might be virtually
+destroyed. Not only many hardy, hot-blooded and unscrupulous natives,
+but a great many desperadoes hailing from Cuba were ready to enlist.
+After the fall of Vera Cruz, and still more after the battle of Cerro
+Gordo, a large number of regular officers, to say nothing of privates,
+could scarcely find bread, and some men, like the ex-divinity student,
+ex-Carlist, Jarauta--whose small, close beard, fierce black eyes,
+braided jacket, graceful cloak and gold-laced sombrero gave him a
+romantic air--had acquired in Spain a taste for this adventurous,
+reckless life; but a vastly greater number were prosaic felons,
+liberated from prison under a pledge to rob and murder. Nominally J.
+C. Rebolledo, a fine looking man of rather humane instincts, was the
+chief in this district, but the 800 or so persons belonging to many
+small bands, while occasionally acting more or less in concert, were
+mainly independent. The decree under which all goods coming from points
+occupied by the Americans were lawful booty opened possibilities of
+large gains, and Rebolledo's capture of ten loaded wagons in April,
+1847, set the people aflame with cupidity.[29.6]
+
+Brevet Colonel McIntosh and his inexperienced officers, who left Vera
+Cruz for the interior--it will be recalled--about the first of June,
+1847, with a well-advertised convoy including a large amount of specie,
+dependent on wild mustangs under raw, half-mutinous drivers largely
+ignorant of English, received the full benefit of this ambitious
+feeling. Near Tolome and at Paso de Ovejas he lost men, wagons and
+pack-mules; and at the national bridge there was a genuine skirmish, in
+which a number of Americans were killed or wounded. Out of about 130
+wagons twenty-four had to be abandoned in the low country; and a little
+way above Jalapa, though strongly reinforced, the troops had to fight
+again. General Pierce, who left Vera Cruz about six weeks later than
+McIntosh, had similar experiences. Early in August Major Lally set out
+from the coast with a few more than 1000 soldiers, two 6-pounders and
+sixty-four wagons. He lost no merchandise, but his four fights cost
+him nearly 100 men killed, wounded and missing; and Captain Wells,
+who followed Lally with some 200 recruits and additional ammunition,
+lost forty and had to retreat. These and other affairs proved that
+irregulars, favored by the geography of the region, were capable of
+doing substantial harm.[29.7]
+
+But in Vera Cruz, as in every other quarter where they operated,
+though perhaps nowhere else in so marked a degree, the lack of morale,
+which enabled the guerilla system to exist, proved the cause of its
+failure. Poor arms, poor ammunition, poor marksmanship, and the want of
+artillery might have been remedied, or at least might have been offset
+by the counter-balancing advantages; but this defect was fatal. The
+Mexican guerillas were very different from what the guerillas of Spain
+had been. They fought like savages without the excuse of savages, for
+they knew better. Infuriated by their treacheries and cruelties, the
+Americans were persistent and unsparing in severity. Patrols who seemed
+never to sleep hunted out their nests in the mountains. On the march,
+flanking parties would force their way through the woods five miles
+or more from the road to catch them between two fires. The torch was
+applied with much liberality on suspicion, and sometimes on general
+principles, to huts and villages; and in the end a black swath of
+devastation, leagues in width, marked the route.[29.8]
+
+Scott ordered that in every case of outrage the nearest alcalde, if he
+failed to deliver up the guilty, should be fined at least $300 for a
+murder or the value of the stolen property for a robbery, and that any
+robber or murderer and any person belonging to a known party of such
+miscreants might, when caught, be summarily tried by three officers,
+and either flogged or executed. This plan, however, did not quite
+satisfy those on the ground--especially the Texas troops. Captain
+Walker, on his cream-colored horse, and Colonel Hays, in his blue
+roundabout, black trousers and black leather cap, impressed themselves
+on the Mexican imagination as the agents of diabolical wrath; and in
+general it was a tale of merciless atrocities followed by merciless
+reprisals.[29.8]
+
+At the same time this lack of morale deprived the guerillas of
+Mexican support. By taking bribes for letting merchandise pass up
+to the interior and sometimes even guarding it, they violated the
+laws on which their existence rested. Mostly they were brave only
+where they felt safe. When laden with booty they would scatter to
+their homes, no matter how important the business in hand. Rivalries
+and even hostilities between parties operating in the same district
+arose. Cooperation could seldom be reckoned upon, and hardly any would
+face the climate far above Jalapa. Soon learning that it was more
+wholesome to waylay Mexicans than Americans, they plundered their
+fellow-countrymen without ceremony; and they would rob even old women
+or young children of their needful clothing. Sheafs of complaints
+against them piled up in the state and national archives. People
+organized to fight them, and sometimes appealed to the Americans
+against the very men who were to have been their champions. "The
+Mexicans have sown to the storm, they are now reaping the whirlwind,"
+said an American officer.[29.9]
+
+[GUERILLAS OF THE CENTRE]
+
+In the states of Puebla, Mexico and Oaxaca also guerillas were
+organized, and in Puebla all these parties could find an opportunity.
+General Rea, a pupil of Morelos and the Mexican revolution, had the
+discredit of the chief command, though Bravo, who stood at the summit
+of the social scale, was mainly responsible for their iniquities, since
+during his brief term as comandante general of Puebla he issued a great
+number of patents to unfit leaders. What Rea did particularly in this
+regard was to combine individuals and small groups, and place them
+under some kind of supervision. He loved to answer critics by saying
+that his guerillas were in the field because honorable men were not;
+and that, had not the government condoned their crimes, they would have
+served the Americans as counter-guerillas. After a time his officers
+adopted a set of rules which aimed to regulate operations, but even
+this measure seems to have accomplished little. The guerillas robbed
+the people, seized funds belonging to the state, and pillaged even
+churches. Some gangs were large enough to attack haciendas. One party
+called themselves the "Lancers of the Poisoned Spear."[29.10]
+
+Soon after Scott left Puebla for Mexico early in August, 1847, these
+banditti and every individual ruffian of that vicinity hurried to the
+city. Mexicans and even foreign residents were robbed and outraged, and
+about the first of September, in the hope of more booty, the Americans
+also were attacked. Two thousand soldiers were needed for a garrison,
+and Colonel Childs, the civil and military governor, actually had 2193;
+but 1800 of these were in hospitals. His effectives consisted of about
+fifty cavalry, 100 artillery, 250 of the First Pennsylvania volunteers,
+and a small spy company of Mexicans.[29.11]
+
+Headquarters, Lieutenant Colonel Black of Pennsylvania and the main
+body of troops occupied the "cuartel San Jose," a large rectangular
+building on the eastern side of the town, which had a plaza of its own
+opening toward a public promenade called the Tivoli. To this position
+five howitzers were allotted, and within a hundred and fifty yards of
+it all the sick were placed. Half a mile or so from the town on a hill
+stood Loreto fort, a stone affair equipped with two 12-pound field
+guns and a 10-inch mortar, where Major Gwynn of the Sixth Infantry
+commanded; and not far distant, on a higher point of the same hill, was
+Guadalupe church, now protected with mountain howitzers, a ditch and an
+earthen wall, under Captain Morehead of the Pennsylvania regiment. But
+the chief element of the defence was the large, robust, finely-featured
+Childs, a skilful and veteran officer, cold in manner, clear in
+judgment, and inflexible in courage. September 13 the "siege" began in
+earnest, and from that day on there was a continual small-arm attack,
+particularly at night, upon San Jose, which replied with a musket and
+howitzer fire that kept the assailants at a respectful distance. What
+was more serious than guerilla shooting, all supplies were now cut off.
+Such was the state of things at the second city of Mexico when Santa
+Anna retired from the first.[29.11]
+
+[THE "SIEGE" OF PUEBLA]
+
+Santa Anna's real intention was probably to seek an asylum in
+Guatemala. But many of his friends urged that he could make himself
+dictator as the sole hope of the country, and it was clear that, if
+he should recover Puebla and cut off Scott, he would still be able to
+boast of a triumph. His cavalry, though greatly reduced by desertion,
+included some 2000 men backed with four light guns. Alvarez, who was
+ordered to Puebla, still had about 600 foot and horse. Rea, Santa Anna
+understood, commanded 600 irregulars; 2500 National Guards lay near
+him with two field pieces, it was reported; and the Pueblans were
+described as eager to fight. Six thousand men and six guns appeared
+quite enough to dispose of "six hundred sick Yankees," as Mexicans
+described the garrison; and he therefore presented himself at Puebla on
+September 21. Two days later Alvarez arrived there. But between these
+two events Childs appeared at a second-story balcony, "winking and
+smiling all over his face," as a soldier expressed it, and announced
+that Scott had taken the capital. Evidently, therefore, the Mexican
+President was not greatly to be feared.[29.11]
+
+After looking about, Santa Anna concluded that it would not be easy
+to capture the American positions by assault, and appealed to the
+minister of war--wherever that official might be--for 1000 infantry,
+a 16-pounder, a 12-pounder, ammunition and supplies. He now had
+ten cannon, but all of them were light; owing to desertion his
+force included only some 4000 men; and the citizens had no arms, he
+reported. Probably, too, the annoyances and outrages inflicted upon
+them by him and his troops, and his appointing the guerilla chief
+military commandant of the city dampened whatever ardor they had
+possessed.[29.12]
+
+On September 23 and 24 unsuccessful attempts were made at Guadalupe,
+and the next day Santa Anna summoned Childs, describing his army as
+8000 strong, and graciously announcing that "for the sake of humanity"
+the Americans might retire "within a limited time" with the honors of
+war. Childs replied as was proper, and then, riding to the posts, gave
+notice amid cheers that no surrender need be expected. To add the touch
+of humor that soldiers love, an American flag was manufactured out of
+an old Mexican uniform, and raised aloft; and the garrison settled
+down to severe duty, stern discipline, short rations and incessant
+watchfulness at all hours. The Mexicans tried to approach San Jose by
+throwing up successive breastworks at night in the streets leading that
+way, but shot, shell and rockets from Loreto kept them back. September
+30 Santa Anna learned that no ammunition could be provided for the
+heavy cannon demanded of the minister, and resolved apparently to
+make a bold effort. With two 6-pounders he fired all day on the weak,
+plaza face of San Jose. But Childs, anticipating such a manoeuvre, had
+brought a 12-pounder from Loreto the night before; and this, protected
+with bags of tobacco, made an assault impracticable.[29.12]
+
+A new factor now entered the military situation. About the middle
+of September General "Jo" Lane, one of Taylor's chief officers at
+Buena Vista, arrived at Vera Cruz from the Rio Grande, and on the
+nineteenth his brigade set out for the interior. Aware of the situation
+at Puebla but not aware what was to be encountered on the route, the
+General had not made adequate preparations, and on meeting guerillas
+at the national bridge he was obliged to send back for ammunition and
+supplies. By October 1, however, he managed to leave Jalapa.[29.13]
+
+It was a hard march that ensued. Torrents of rain deluged the troops.
+Sometimes the road lay deep under water. For dinner they had a thin
+slice of beef, a couple of "crackers" and some coffee; for supper,
+after darkness fell upon them with tropical abruptness, the same
+without the beef; and perhaps mud for a couch. But Lane, a hearty
+westerner with a stout frame and unbounded vigor, led on unshrinkingly
+in his black hat and old blue overcoat, and the rest followed him
+eagerly. October 5, after incorporating additional troops at Perote, he
+left that place with a force of about 3300 and seven guns, and marched
+on across hot plains, where water sold for five dollars a drink, and
+men died of sheer fatigue.[29.13]
+
+Santa Anna, informed by spies that 1000 Americans were approaching, and
+anxious, not only to prevent them from joining Childs, but still more
+to win the glory of routing them, had set out from Puebla four days
+earlier with perhaps 3500 men, leaving Rea to continue the fighting.
+Desertion played havoc with his command, especially when the strength
+of Lane's force was ascertained; but, after sending back a large part
+of the faithful in order to keep control of them, he took possession
+of El Pinal, where the national highway passed between a precipitous
+mountain and a ravine, with about 1000 cavalry and six guns, and made
+preparations to ambush Lane's rear. This done, he moved to Huamantla, a
+sizable town eight miles distant, and waited.[29.13]
+
+[THE FIGHT AT HUAMANTLA]
+
+Early on October 9 the drums and bugles awoke Lane's troops at the
+hacienda of San Antonio Tamaris, approximately ten miles from Huamantla
+and twelve from El Pinal; and the men, leaping from the damp grass and
+buckling their muddy belts, found the white walls of the hacienda, the
+church towers of neighboring villages, the dark woods on the hillsides,
+and the distant, snowy peaks all aglow under a splendid sun. Never,
+perhaps, did soldiers feel more like having an adventure. Santa Anna
+had just marched from Huamantla to conceal his force at El Pinal,
+leaving behind him with no scouts or outposts his six guns, a very
+small guard for them and a party of irregulars; but a spy reported to
+the Americans that he was at Huamantla, and Lane moved off to attack
+him. First rode four mounted companies, and at their head a rather
+short, slender, spare, slouchy man, with reddish hair, a small reddish
+beard, mild blue eyes and a quiet, kindly manner, whom nobody would
+have picked out as a fearless, indomitable fighter, the scourge of the
+guerillas, but in fact he was Captain Walker; and then marched Lane
+with five guns and some 1800 men.[29.14]
+
+When about three miles from their destination, Walker and his 200
+cavalry, seeing a party of Mexican horse approach the town, dashed
+ahead. Entering Huamantla they formed in fours, and then with a yell, a
+flash of sabres and a thunder of hoofs they swept through to the plaza.
+The Mexicans had time to get four of the guns away, but the others were
+captured, and most of the American troopers, concluding their work
+had been finished, scattered to drink, loot or hunt for cannon and
+ammunition. But now Santa Anna, who had observed Lane's movement from a
+church tower near El Pinal, appeared with his full command. They were
+a beautiful sight--galloping horses, red and green uniforms, brilliant
+pennons and a billowy sea of flashing lance points; but they were
+enemies, and the Americans accepted their challenge.[29.14]
+
+"Take it cool, my boys, but run like the devil!" cried Lane. Every
+nerve was taxed. Blood gushed from nostrils. The Mexicans, lashing
+their steeds into foam, reached the goal first, however, and the
+American troopers found themselves attacked on all sides. Walker was
+shot from a house, and soon expired; but he lived long enough to give a
+final order: "Don't surrender, boys; the infantry will soon be here."
+And so they were--"with a shout and a bound," said one of them. The
+tide was quickly turned, and giving up the town, "Peg-Leg," as the
+soldiers loved to call Santa Anna, passed the night some distance
+away. So ended the Tale of Huamantla or The Biter Bitten, which
+received no little applause at the time.[29.14]
+
+While these events were taking place, the garrison of Puebla continued
+to be hemmed in, starved and harassed. Their casualties numbered in all
+only fifty-two, but they felt severely the effect of so long a strain.
+Though a number of sorties were made, and their persecutors had to
+retire from several annoying positions, the Americans were not strong
+enough to do more. Their day of deliverance was approaching, however.
+October 10 Lane moved forward, dogged and somewhat annoyed by Santa
+Anna. Two days later his men saw the spires of Puebla, dominated by the
+sombre towers of the cathedral, and set off by white volcanoes veiled
+with clouds. And now and again the numberless bells of the city, great
+and small, pealed forth harmonious tones of many colors, that seemed to
+blend and interweave in rich and varied tapestries of sound, hung out
+in the mediaeval style to honor their triumphal approach.[29.15]
+
+At about one o'clock, announced by the bells of Guadalupe, they entered
+the suburbs--not a few of them at a run. One column then advanced by
+the main street, while another flanked the town by the left. For two
+hours there was considerable firing from houses, though Rea's guerillas
+had begun to leave their posts the night before; but at length Lane
+extended his "rough paw" to Childs, with a sunny smile on his rather
+hard features, and the garrison joyously welcomed their deliverers. In
+the main plaza a bugler played "The Star-Spangled Banner," and all sang
+the chorus:
+
+ "The star-spangled banner, Oh, long may it wave
+ O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!"[29.15]
+
+Now followed the punishment of Rea. Some twenty-five miles from Puebla
+toward the southwest lay beautiful Atlixco, a defensible point that
+not only reconciled the climates of the temperate and the cold zones
+of Mexico, and controlled a region fertile in grains, flocks and
+herds, but, while fairly remote from the Americans, gave convenient
+access to important roads. Here, in the midst of flowers, fruits and
+snowy mountains, the government of Puebla had found a refuge, when the
+Americans under Worth approached the state capital; and to this asylum
+Rea now withdrew. _De facto_, at least, the guerilla chief was the most
+important person on the ground. The authorities did not relish his
+prominence; they detested his men and his methods; and on October 18,
+tired of spending money fruitlessly on the National Guards for Rea to
+command, they dissolved the corps. But many of the irregulars proposed
+to make the best of what appeared to be a good situation, in which they
+could live on plunder, if not paid.[29.16]
+
+October 18 Lane, who apparently never slept nor expected his followers
+to sleep, ordered them to be ready in the morning for an expedition.
+Many of the soldiers were barefoot, but they borrowed shoes; and at
+about nine o'clock, cheered by the fife and the drum, some 1500 men
+set out round the base of Popocatepetl under a hot sun. At about four
+in the afternoon, after making twenty miles or so, they came in sight
+of the enemy, and a running fight began. Blistered feet and parching
+tongues were now forgotten. The Mexicans, holding some good position
+and protected by chaparral, could make a stand against cavalry, but
+when the infantry came up they always fled. Shortly after sunset Lane
+reached Atlixco, which stood on the slope of a lofty hill. As it was
+unsafe to risk a street fight in an unknown town at night, he ordered
+the artillery to open. The moon was full. Marks were easily selected.
+By their burning fuses the shells could be traced until they fell
+amidst the shadows; and then a burst of red fire, the crash of roofs
+and walls, and the cries of the people told the rest.[29.17]
+
+After about an hour of cannonading, the troops advanced into the
+town--which surrendered at once--and there slept as best they could.
+Rea, with two guns and the disordered remnants of his force, retreated
+to Izucar de Matamoros, about thirty miles farther down the valley; but
+from that point he was routed a month later. These and other exploits
+of Lane's discouraged as well as dispersed the chief guerilla forces of
+the plateau, and in February, 1848, Rea asked permission of the Mexican
+authorities to leave the country.[29.17]
+
+[POLITICAL CHAOS IN MEXICO]
+
+Neither in these affairs nor in any other military operations did
+Santa Anna figure at this time, and there was a good reason for his
+inactivity. Officially he no longer existed. As General Scott had
+feared, our entering the capital had resulted in the destruction of the
+Mexican government. September 16 Santa Anna resigned, explaining that
+it was advisable to preserve the chief magistracy from the hazards of
+war, and fix it near the centre of wealth and population, whereas he
+proposed to continue the hostilities wherever that should be possible.
+The same proclamation or decree assigned the executive power to a
+triumvirate: the president of the supreme court, General Herrera and
+General Alcorta, and Santa Anna then ceased actually to exercise any
+civil authority.[29.18]
+
+But as Congress was not in session to accept his resignation, some
+doubted whether it became effective; the presidency of the supreme
+court was vacant on account of the incumbent's death; the appointment
+of Herrera and Alcorta needed to be made, or at least confirmed, by
+the council of government, a body no longer acting; and it was denied
+broadly that Santa Anna had the power to issue such a decree. Pena y
+Pena, to be sure, was regarded as a member of the court, and, if he
+was, he could claim by right of seniority to act as the chief justice;
+but the legality of his membership was questioned, and the presidency
+of that body was really an elective office. Pena was old, feeble
+and even timid; his ill-success as Herrera's minister of relations
+doubtless weighed heavily upon him; and he was now living, almost as a
+recluse, in the country. Indeed there was really no organic law even,
+for the amended constitution of 1824, though formally adopted, had
+not come into effect. In short, chaos reigned, and the states were
+officially "resuming" their individual sovereignty.[29.18]
+
+But a number of good and able men, particularly Cuevas and Couto,
+determined to ward off ruin, and awakened others. Pena, drawn from
+his retirement, consented for patriotic reasons to override all the
+technical difficulties; and on September 22 he announced formally that,
+in order to give the nation a head, he would act as the Executive until
+an interim President could somehow be chosen. At the small city of
+Toluca, capital of the state of Mexico, just outside the Valley, this
+fiction of a government pitched its tent; and perhaps it gained some
+feeling of security from the vast bastioned, battlemented ridge between
+it and the Americans, from snowy Mt. Miguel towering above the city,
+and from the peacefully shining lagoons of the intervening meadows.
+What was more important, Herrera, Olaguibel and many others of the best
+men rallied to the support of Pena, the representatives of neutral
+governments recognized him, and the states began to concur. Early in
+October, however, he removed to Queretaro, a safer yet central place,
+and with Luis de la Rosa as sole minister addressed himself to his
+task.[29.19]
+
+[SANTA ANNA ELIMINATED]
+
+The programme that he announced was honorable and straightforward.
+My tenure of office will be extremely brief, he said in effect, for
+Congress will be assembled as soon as possible; I will usurp no powers,
+but will not be turned from the path of duty by insurrections; the
+closest economy will be practised, the necessary taxes laid fairly,
+and all interests respected; union and harmony will be the watchwords,
+and the national rights will be maintained. His most urgent problem,
+of course, was to deal with Santa Anna, who not only held the chief
+military command, but insisted that he could resume the Presidential
+authority by simply withdrawing his resignation; and in this matter the
+government showed a decision that earned it no little prestige. All
+Santa Anna's protests against political effacement were disregarded,
+and on October 7 he was instructed both to give up his troops and
+to submit, as did other unsuccessful commanders, to a military
+trial.[29.20]
+
+At about the time this order overtook him, the Huamantla affair
+occurred. From a military point of view he was now prostrate. He
+saw it himself, and knew that the country would see it. Evidently
+his countless political enemies would make the most of his complete
+failure, and he was doubtless aware that his military reports had
+offended many officers. His chief executive merits--decision and
+activity--had led only to a useless expenditure of life and money,
+it was now pointed out, and his ostensible patriotism was attributed
+to passion and obstinacy. Even his confidence in himself broke down.
+Unable to understand why failure had attended all his efforts, he fell
+into a sombre depression, and without a struggle he placed his troops
+at the orders of General Reyes, who joined him on October 11 with
+about 1000 men. His part in the war was over; and in the following
+January, realizing that nothing could be gained through intrigue or
+conspiracy and fearing the Americans would make him a prisoner, he
+asked for permission to leave the country. Both his own government and
+our authorities consented. And after giving a dinner at El Encero
+to the American officers of that vicinity, who had treated him with
+distinguished consideration, he sailed once more, about the first of
+April, from what he regarded as an ungrateful country.[29.21]
+
+Santa Anna being now eliminated, the government had to face its
+military difficulties without his assistance. In general the problem
+was to make bricks with neither straw nor clay. Almost every good
+cannon had been taken by the Americans, and the muskets had nearly
+all been captured, thrown away or sold. Ammunition was almost wholly
+wanting. The engineering material had been lost or destroyed. Vast sums
+of money were needed to provide fortifications as well as replace all
+this equipment, and the government could hardly obtain enough, day by
+day, to cover its minimum expenses. Even officers had to sell their
+shoes for bread.[29.22]
+
+As for an army, Santa Anna and Alvarez together had some 2000 troops
+the first week of October, Reyes had about 1000, about 3000 from Mexico
+City concentrated at Queretaro under Herrera, about 1000 from Jalisco
+were on their way to the same point, and small detachments existed
+at various other places. But nearly all of these men were utterly
+demoralized. "Almost useless," they were officially termed; and the
+army as a whole felt the crushing weight of general contempt. Herrera,
+the commander-in-chief, became so disgusted over the uncontrolled
+excesses of the troops that he resigned. Rincon declined on the ground
+of ill-health to serve. Arista, when summoned to Queretaro, declared he
+would not command a soldier until exonerated for his conduct on the Rio
+Grande. No officers of high distinction, indeed, were available except
+the aged, torpid and infirm Bustamante and "the old woman," Filisola,
+as Bancroft described him.[29.22]
+
+Attempts were made to lay plans of campaign, but an expert summed up
+one of them by saying it appeared excellent--only it was based upon
+things as they should have been, not as they were; and all the others
+had the same defect. Schemes were devised to reform, reorganize and
+build up the forces, and quotas amounting to 16,000 were assigned to
+the states; but Mexico, which had been expected to furnish nearly a
+quarter of these men, promptly answered that she could not, and other
+states did not even reply. In fact, the regular forces decreased
+instead of multiplying, for sometimes a general could not feed his
+troops, and frequently, when soldiers were let out of the barracks on
+service, they vanished; and the people, instead of helping to support
+the Mexican troops, even dreaded to see them approach, for their coming
+was liable to draw an American attack, and more than liable to mean
+extortion, outrage and robbery. Nowhere on the military horizon could a
+glimmer of light be seen.[29.22]
+
+[THE AMERICAN POLICY]
+
+Over against this pitiful government stood the United States--wealth
+against poverty, strength against weakness; and the antithesis was
+complete, for while the Mexicans could only plan, that was the hardest
+thing for us to do. The idea of retiring to a defensive line still
+persisted. Taylor himself adhered to it. But in addition to the other
+overwhelming objections to this project, it seemed improbable that a
+majority in Congress could agree where to draw the line. Even Calhoun,
+though qualified to make a better argument for an untenable proposition
+than any other man in the country, was unable to present this policy
+in such a manner as to satisfy either the friends or the opponents of
+the war. Some advised holding, in addition to the territory thus to be
+cut off, the chief ports of Mexico; and some advocated retaining the
+capital also, and the line to Vera Cruz. Others favored the occupation
+of still more cities; and many were for subjugating and holding the
+entire country.[29.23]
+
+To this last plan, however, even had it been practicable to levy all
+the costs upon Mexico, there were tremendous objections. It would
+have involved keeping under arms 80,000 or possibly 100,000 young
+men, seriously needed at home for the most part, in order to be sure
+of having effectives enough at the front. The troops in Mexico would
+have become corrupted both physically and morally; and the commanders
+would have acquired the ideas and vices of proconsuls. It seemed to
+be almost an insoluble problem. No final decision was made. But the
+government determined to occupy the capital, hold the line to Vera
+Cruz, retain the chief ports, and extend our holdings according to
+circumstances.[29.23]
+
+To Scott, however, the lack of a definitive plan signified little.
+Not one reinforcement entered the capital until after the first of
+November, and even at the end of that month he was barely able to
+garrison Mexico and Chapultepec. December 4 his army included only
+about 8000 privates, of whom a quarter were sick. During the next three
+weeks Generals Patterson, Butler and Cushing, Colonel Hays, Lieutenant
+Colonel Johnston and Major Lally, each with troops, arrived; and the
+forces then numbered about 11,000 effectives and 3000 sick.[29.24]
+
+Scott therefore announced, with no doubt a strategic purpose as well as
+a rhetorical flourish, that our army was "about to spread itself over
+and to occupy the Republic of Mexico." What he really intended was to
+take possession successively of the principal mining regions--those
+of Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi--and the capitals of such important
+states as lay within easy reach. Even for the former purpose, however,
+two columns of some 5000 effectives each were needed, and the men as
+well as clothing for them could not be provided. The only immediate
+operations, therefore, aside from the establishment of new posts on the
+road to Vera Cruz, were the peaceful occupation of Pachuca, a mining
+town about fifty miles northeast of Mexico, Toluca, about thirty-eight
+miles distant in the opposite direction, and Cuernavaca, the key to the
+Acapulco region, a little farther away toward the southwest.[29.24]
+
+February 6, 1848, an expedition of more consequence marched, by Scott's
+orders, from Vera Cruz. Most of the guerillas who infested the road to
+the interior lived and found a market at or near Cordoba, a city about
+sixty-five miles to the southwest, and Orizaba, sixteen or eighteen
+miles beyond it in the same direction; and Bankhead was instructed
+to occupy those towns. Very different from Lane's rough trips on the
+plateau was this march. Near Cordoba flourished such genuine tropical
+wonders as the bread tree, the butter tree, the milk tree, and a kind
+of palm called "the traveller's friend," which covered the wayfarer's
+head with a tent, and quenched his thirst with abundant sap. Going on,
+one found enormous masses of vegetation--thick, matted, boundlessly
+prolific--moulded into astonishing yet harmonious forms by the bays
+and promontories of the rapidly mounting foothills; terraces of
+luxuriant foliage piled on sheer cliffs, castles on the terraces, and
+cathedrals on the castles; verdure, verdure everywhere, dripping,
+flowing, spurting, tumbling in every hue and shade of green, with a
+dark, velvety mist in the gorges that became clear sapphire when the
+sun touched it, and here and there a cascade letting fall its crystal
+thread from a mossy crag.[29.25]
+
+Then came the rich Orizaba valley, hemmed in with jungles, and winding
+off between sombre, precipitous mountains until lost in the dreamy
+distance; and above it the sparkling snows of the vast peak sent down
+a torrent of gray glacier water, that leaped into mid-air, and then,
+gathering itself below, wound on through splendid, odorous trees full
+of parrots, canaries and mocking-birds, hurried past fragrant orange
+groves and still more fragrant blossoms, poured through the arches of a
+noble old bridge, and buried itself in the woods. But the Americans did
+not forget their orders. Both cities were occupied without resistance,
+and both were garrisoned; and the guerillas now found their proceedings
+considerably hampered.[29.25]
+
+[THE REMOVAL OF SCOTT]
+
+The final military operations of Scott seemed thus rather tame, as
+was natural; but Polk executed one that could be termed startling, if
+not exactly brilliant. His principal assistants were Pillow, Worth
+and Duncan; and in different ways each had excellent qualifications
+for the work. Pillow was not "The Lie Incarnate," as Trist believed,
+nor even "a perfect ass," as many thought; but vanity, ambition, lack
+of probity, and a gift for dark and cunning methods characterized
+him. His instincts and talents, indeed, were those of the criminal
+lawyer who minds nothing about his case except the verdict. When the
+President's brother shot a man down in the street at Nashville, Pillow
+got him off. With reference to his work in helping bring about Polk's
+nomination at Baltimore he wrote, "The fatal blow was given, but it
+was not seen nor known what produced such a result--nor where the blow
+came from." "I feel as boyant as the air," he said in December, 1846,
+when great dissatisfaction with Taylor prevailed at Washington, because
+I know "that _I have done the work_.... I have paid him in full" for
+his treatment of me. And one could seldom get a finger on Pillow's
+back, when he was not wriggling actively toward some object of selfish
+desire.[29.26]
+
+Without a particle of real military ability or success to his credit,
+he now stood second in our army, and hence logically enough saw no
+reason why he might not, by some devious path, arrive at the first
+position and even at the Presidency. "Modesty," said Burke, "does
+not long survive innocence." To plant such a person, with urgent
+recommendations, at open, big-hearted Scott's right hand, to win his
+confidence, to spy upon, criticise and undermine him, and inevitably to
+scheme for his place, was indecent; but Polk did it.[29.26]
+
+Very unlike Pillow was the courtly and fascinating Worth; but his mind
+was intense, narrow and self-centred. After the battle of Monterey
+he exclaimed, "I am satisfied with myself. The most vindictive foes
+crouch at my feet, and my friends choke with joy and delight." And
+there is one sin of which even angels are capable, we have been told.
+All his military recognition he owed to Scott, but probably the debt
+weighed heavily on his proud and restive nature; and, while apparently
+reciprocating the genuine affection of his chief, he had inwardly
+rejected Scott's principles and methods nearly thirty years before
+the Mexican war. Regarding his friend, fellow New Yorker and brother
+Democrat, Marcy, an adroit politician, he felt very differently. "I
+would not give an ounce" of his wisdom, he wrote in June, 1846, for all
+Scott's glory; Scott "is determined to sink and draw his friends down
+with him."[29.27]
+
+At Vera Cruz the commander-in-chief, relying on their long intimacy,
+told Worth frankly that he believed the administration intended to ruin
+him, and the subordinate officer evidently determined not to be drawn
+down. At the same place a brother officer suggested to Worth a higher
+position than was even the highest in the army. The suggestion appears
+to have struck root. All military men believed the next President
+would be one of them, and what commander had acquired a more brilliant
+reputation? The New York _Sun_ recommended him for the place; and the
+idea of his candidacy was favorably received by many. This prospect
+naturally turned him still more against his old friend, for either
+Scott or Taylor seemed almost certain to be the Whig nominee. Through a
+series of clashes, for which little--if any--justification can be seen,
+and in spite of Scott's efforts to conciliate him, Worth proceeded then
+to gain emancipation from his burden of gratitude, and place himself in
+open antagonism to his former patron.[29.28]
+
+[THE REMOVAL OF SCOTT]
+
+Duncan's motives were different again. He was intimate with Worth;
+and Pillow, who offered to marry the Colonel to a rich and handsome
+widow, doubtless promised him the post of inspector general. At any
+rate he urged Polk to make the appointment, hinting at other reasons
+than mere qualifications, and it was made; and we know that Duncan gave
+himself much trouble to assist Pillow as a partisan supporter. The
+power of such a combination, headed by the President himself, to gather
+adherents from the many ambitious officers hardly needs to be pointed
+out; and finally there were, of course, jealous and envious men. "Since
+we cannot attain to greatness, let us revenge ourselves by railing at
+it," said Montaigne for the benefit of such persons; and many of the
+officers knew that greatness was beyond their powers. None of them
+could monologue as Scott did; none could look in a cocked hat as he
+looked; none had won the Mexican war; and, moreover, he was the sole
+general-in-chief.[29.29]
+
+The result was a powerful movement against the prestige and authority
+properly belonging to Scott. Pillow's reports on the battles of
+Contreras and Chapultepec tended to represent the General as a
+nonentity; and Worth not only did somewhat the same, but referred to
+the Commander in terms of ridicule and contempt. A letter, doubtless
+written directly or indirectly by Pillow over the signature of
+"Leonidas," extolling Pillow shamelessly and belittling Scott, was
+trickily worked into the New Orleans _Delta_ of September 10, 1847; and
+another letter, containing a passage intended to show that Worth and
+Duncan had saved Scott from choosing the wrong approach to the capital,
+appeared in the United States, then in a Tampico newspaper and finally
+at Mexico City. Both letters were grossly improper, especially since
+the army lay in the enemy's country; and Scott found it necessary to
+act. As he well said, "The general-in-chief who once submits to an
+outrage from a junior, must lay his account to suffer the like from
+all the vicious under him," and "even the great mass of the spirited,
+intelligent, and well affected, among his brothers in arms, would soon
+reduce such commander to utter imbecility, by holding him in just scorn
+and contempt" for his recreancy to himself and the country.[29.30]
+
+On November 12, therefore, he issued his General Orders 349, which
+aimed to stigmatize these offences in such a way as to prevent a
+recurrence of them. Duncan then assumed in a plainly defiant manner the
+paternity of the Tampico letter, although in fact the offensive passage
+had not been written by him. His primary object in doing this was
+evidently to give Worth a handle, and the handle was promptly seized.
+One thing led to another; and in the end formal charges were brought by
+the commander-in-chief against Pillow, Worth and Duncan, and by the two
+generals against him; appeals--insulting to Scott--were made by Pillow
+and Worth to the government; and the technical "arrest" of the three
+officers followed.[29.31]
+
+The government then stepped in. Scott had no doubt given it offence
+during the campaign, for his letters had plainly enough revealed a
+conviction that Polk had broken faith with him, and purposely thrown
+difficulties and annoyances across his path; but the circumstances
+had appeared to warrant his complaints, and Marcy had at least "got
+even" by administering liberal censures in reply. The balance in
+fact--aside, perhaps, from a mere acerbity of language--was against
+the administration. Besides, having served the country well and saved
+the government from disaster, Scott was entitled to some indulgence
+for irritation caused by the peculiarly trying circumstances that
+surrounded him. He was a large man, had done a large work and merited
+large treatment. But there was nothing large about the administration.
+The confines of mediocrity hemmed it in. Pillow and Duncan were
+therefore by its orders relieved of arrest; Worth was not only
+released, but assigned to duty according to his highest brevet rank;
+and "in view of the present state of things in the army," chiefly or
+entirely caused by Polk's agent and Marcy's friend, Scott was deposed.
+He had performed his task, said Robert E. Lee, and now was "turned
+out as an old horse to die." April 22, 1848, amidst the lamentations,
+cheers and blessings of the army as a whole--trembling himself with
+emotion--he took his leave, and Major General Butler, who was a
+Democrat and looked well on a horse, bore sway at headquarters.[29.32]
+
+
+
+
+XXX
+
+THE NAVAL OPERATIONS OF THE WAR
+
+1845-1848
+
+
+In January, 1846, the United States had available for naval
+hostilities one ship-of-the-line, seven frigates and razees, fifteen
+sloops-of-war, six brigs, one schooner and three steamers--that is to
+say, thirty-three war craft. As ships-of-the-line carried more than
+seventy guns, frigates about forty-four to fifty, sloops twenty, brigs
+ten and other vessels in proportion, this fleet had 1155 cannon. Two
+of the vessels, under Commodore James Biddle, were on the coast of
+Asia; several occupied the Brazil station; and five cruised in African
+waters to check the trade in slaves. The Pacific squadron, commanded
+by Commodore John D. Sloat, comprised on July 1, 1846, the frigate
+_Savannah_, the sloops _Portsmouth_, _Levant_, _Warren_ and _Cyane_,
+the schooner _Shark_ and the storeship _Erie_, to which the frigate
+_Congress_, the razee _Independence_ and the sloops _Dale_, _Saratoga_
+and _Preble_ were added later in the year, while the _Levant_ went
+home; and substantially all the rest of the fleet, known as the Home
+Squadron, attended to the West Indies and Gulf service, under Commodore
+David Conner.[30.1]
+
+The appropriation for the year ending with June, 1846, was a little
+less than ten millions, but only about six and a half millions were
+expended. The war bill of May 13 permitted the completion of all
+vessels then building and the purchase of others; and by November,
+1847, after suffering a number of losses, the navy had in commission
+five ships-of-the-line, one razee, four frigates, thirteen sloops, six
+brigs, eleven schooners, four bomb-vessels, twelve steamers and six
+storeships.[30.1]
+
+The peace establishment created by Congress in 1844 provided for 7500
+petty officers, seamen, landsmen and boys, and in August, 1846, this
+number was raised to 10,000 for the period of the war; but owing to
+the remarkable activity of the merchant marine and the consequently
+high wages, men could not easily be obtained. During the most important
+year--November, 1846, to November, 1847--not over 8000 were in the
+fleet at any one time. The whole number of seamen employed in the
+course of the war did not exceed 7000; and hence plans to strengthen
+our forces in the Gulf and the Pacific had to be curtailed. The
+service, too, did not enjoy unqualified popularity. In the sailor's
+decalogue appeared this commandment:
+
+ "Six days shalt thou work
+ And do all thou art able,
+ On the seventh thou shalt holystone
+ The deck and scrape the cable";
+
+and the cannon had to be rubbed with fragrant "sea pitch" from the
+bottom of the ocean until they shone like Japanese lacquer. Discipline,
+therefore, not reinforced by the enthusiasm and the necessities of war,
+fell considerably below its reputation, and the crews were eager to be
+free when their time expired. The officers, even, had become lax after
+thirty years of peace, and in too many instances their standards of
+conduct had given way.[30.2]
+
+In the administration of the navy, also, the effects of a long peace
+could be seen. The control of matters had fallen, though not by
+accident, into the hands of shrewd officers deeply interested in
+themselves and their friends. Supernumeraries abounded. Those who drew
+the most pay often rendered the least service. The pet ambition was
+for a safe, quiet and easy position. Shore billets were too numerous.
+No field officer of the Marines had cruised since his promotion, and
+one of them had been in the service more than a generation without
+going to sea. Secretary Bancroft, eager for distinction, undertook to
+eliminate the abuses, but only succeeded in eliminating himself. He had
+taught Greek, and was ridiculed by the naval men as undertaking to play
+the pedagogue over them. Having no dominating force of character nor
+even a commanding presence, he could not stand against the governing
+clique. The requirements of the war, which might have assisted an
+abler administrator to win the day, only increased his difficulties.
+The Senate refused to confirm some of his appointees; and early in
+September, 1846, he became our minister to England.[30.3]
+
+J. Y. Mason, who succeeded him, was a fat, easy, agreeable man, quite
+innocent of the desire to achieve reforms. Nobody disliked him, but
+nobody felt obliged to obey him; and as late as the twentieth of
+February, 1847, suddenly discovering that Scott had mentioned certain
+designs of the army against Vera Cruz, he awoke to the fact that his
+department had failed to give the anticipated assistance. Just what
+could be expected of the navy under all these prejudicial conditions
+was, therefore, in some minds, a little uncertain.[30.3]
+
+[PRIVATEERING]
+
+One of the most serious duties imposed upon it was to guard against
+privateering, for not only our commerce but the supplies required by
+our troops depended upon free lanes. About the middle of 1845 the
+government issued orders that any activity of such a kind on the
+part of Mexico should be considered the signal for war; and as a
+deterrent it was announced by the newspapers, though incorrectly, that
+privateersmen were to be regarded as pirates. Crews not predominantly
+composed of Mexicans, it was often asserted, could legally be "strung
+up to the yard-arm," since we were understood to have treaties that
+sanctioned this principle with most countries.[30.4]
+
+After the war actually began, a great deal of danger was apprehended.
+Desperate characters were believed to be waiting at New Orleans, and
+"piratical gangs" in the ports of Cuba, where Almonte seemed to be at
+work. News arrived early in August, 1846, that privateering regulations
+had been issued by Mexico, and suspicious craft soon appeared off Key
+West. In December the Mexican minister of war openly avowed that great
+hopes of injuring the United States in this manner were entertained.
+Blank certificates and commissions reached Washington; information
+regarding efforts to set vessels at work in various quarters arrived
+there; and finally the _Carmelita_ of Bangor, Maine, was captured near
+Gibraltar by a felucca named _El Unico_, fitted out at Oran, Algeria,
+and run by Spanish desperadoes.[30.4]
+
+Mexico had not in reality, after studying the subject with deep
+interest, much expectation of accomplishing any large results by
+issuing letters of marque, and the regulations of July, 1846, were
+intended principally or wholly to annoy this country; but in September
+and October she took the matter up rather seriously. A new law
+provided that any foreigner entering her naval service might become a
+Mexican at once, and blank naturalization papers as well as thousands
+of privateering commissions, duly signed but not filled out, were
+carried by agents to the West Indies, Great Britain, France and Spain.
+Almonte did his best at Havana. J. N. Pareda, appointed Mexican charge
+d'affaires at Madrid, appears to have circulated the documents actively
+in the Peninsular ports; and another privateer, a Spanish steamer named
+_La Rosita_, put out from Oran.[30.5]
+
+On the other hand, the representatives of the United States insisted
+upon our treaties and the obligations of neutrality. Polk's annual
+Message of December, 1846, denounced the Mexican plan as inviting
+"all the freebooters upon earth," who felt like paying for the
+privilege, to cruise against American commerce, announced that our
+own courts would say whether such papers could protect them from the
+pirate's doom, recommended that Congress provide at once for the
+trial of Spanish subjects caught in such business, and suggested
+American privateers--intended mainly to recapture vessels taken under
+Mexican letters. An American force hastened to the Mediterranean,
+and our squadrons were expected to seize all the rovers putting
+out, as well as intercept all prizes on their way to the enemy's
+ports. These precautions looked rather discouraging to enterprising
+desperadoes.[30.6]
+
+In England there was a feeling, as will appear later, that Mexico
+should be allowed the utmost license against us, and the Mexican
+minister at London received many applications for letters; but Great
+Britain did not really wish her supplies of cotton to be endangered,
+and all the seas to be filled with corsairs preying upon the trade of
+the world; and in October, 1845, her minister to Mexico was instructed
+to prevent that country, if he could, from issuing letters of marque
+indiscriminately. Bankhead protested also, as did the Spanish minister,
+against important features of the regulations. Palmerston himself,
+though he acted in a languid fashion, and gave notice at Washington
+that British subjects, found on Mexican privateers, could not be
+treated as pirates, announced that his government would faithfully do
+its duty.[30.7]
+
+France was prompt and active in responding to our demands. Spain,
+placed under stringent obligations by the treaty of October, 1795,
+promised full compliance with its requirements, captured _El Unico_,
+punished its crew, pursued _La Rosita_, and ordered O'Donnell, the
+captain general of Cuba, to act as her obligations required; but she
+accepted Pareda, the colporteur of what was piracy under her agreement,
+as consul of Mexico; and the captain general, while he convinced
+the American representative of his good-will and in fact would not
+permit an open violation of the treaty, suggested to the Mexicans
+ways--fortunately impracticable--of evading his own rules. But the
+risks of privateering under so many embarrassments and the virtual
+impossibility of converting a prize into cash, prevented all attempts
+except the feeble ones already mentioned. In this field, consequently,
+our navy, though incessantly watchful, could acquire no laurels.[30.7]
+
+[THE BLOCKADE]
+
+Another aspect of the situation concerned it more seriously. On the
+day Congress passed the war bill (May 13, 1846) orders were issued
+to blockade the ports of Mexico. Several definite aims prompted this
+action. Primarily, of course, it was desired to prevent supplies of
+all kinds from reaching the enemy, and to deprive them of the almost
+indispensable revenues obtained in peace by taxing imports; but there
+were also hopes that loss of business would induce Great Britain and
+France, which had a profitable trade in that quarter, to urge upon
+Mexico the acceptance of our terms. The blockade was therefore to be
+enforced vigorously. At the same time neutrals were to be treated
+with all reasonable indulgence. Theoretically only their war vessels
+had the right of entering closed ports, but practically the intention
+was to broaden that narrow door considerably. Toward itself, however,
+the United States determined to be strictly faithful in observing its
+declared principles. Merely those ports where the order could become
+effective were in view. The announcement of blockade was to be made as
+public as it could be; and in particular the government required that a
+full warning should be given to neutral ships.[30.8]
+
+For the work thus imposed upon him Conner had ample time to prepare.
+As early as August, 1845, he was directed to blockade the Gulf ports
+in case of war; early in 1846 he knew of Mexico's attitude regarding
+Slidell; before the end of March his vessels occupied convenient
+positions; and promptly on the outbreak of hostilities a blockade
+was announced at the chief harbors. By July, with some assistance
+from the revenue service, it extended from the Rio Grande to the
+Goatzacoalcos.[30.9]
+
+But the difficulty of making it continuously effective proved to be
+extraordinary. There were not vessels enough of the proper kind;
+occasionally a more or less complete concentration became necessary;
+and accidents of many sorts occurred. Uncharted shoals and rocks,
+currents of unknown direction and force, the frequent haze, and the
+darkening of the lighthouses made extreme caution imperative. The
+suddenness and violence of the storms almost surpassed belief. At
+Vera Cruz the _Somers_ was blown over and sunk before Semmes, her
+able commander, could take steps to avert the disaster. Even at the
+anchorages one would suddenly hear on a calm afternoon the clarion
+orders of the speaking trumpet; the ship would quiver and reverberate
+as the cable of the heaviest anchor ran swiftly out; in a moment the
+storm would burst; and for days it might be a question almost hourly of
+going ashore. At such times all sailing vessels on patrol duty had to
+make instantly for the open sea, and before they could return to their
+stations a lurking blockade runner could perhaps enter the port. Owing
+to such difficulties Alvarado and Frontera, for instance, could not be
+watched continuously.[30.9]
+
+Embarrassments also of a minor yet serious character had to be
+encountered. Our vessels, unlike those of England, were designed
+exclusively for war, and long confinement impaired the efficiency of
+the men. The government supplies of eatables needed to be eked out from
+New Orleans huckster boats and European merchant ships. Water could
+not be obtained readily from a hostile shore. At the Antigua River, in
+July, 1846, the boats going up with casks were fired upon, and such
+affairs had to be expected. Vessels were despatched long distances
+occasionally to obtain fresh provisions, but even then scurvy of a most
+serious nature broke out in the summer of 1846, disabling some of the
+largest and most efficient ships for several months. The _Raritan_
+had more than 200 cases. Nearly all on the _Potomac_ suffered. The
+_Falmouth_ had to go as far north as Boston to throw it off. Swampy
+shores and kelp rotting under the torrid sun produced myriads of
+poisonous as well as otherwise annoying insects. During a brief stay in
+the river off Tampico nearly all the officers and men contracted ague,
+and the yellow fever scourged a number of the vessels. More than two
+thirds of those on the _Saratoga_ had the latter disease. In August,
+1847, the _Mississippi_ left her station with some 200 men suffering
+from it.[30.10]
+
+Being strangers and enemies, the Americans labored under peculiar
+disadvantages. The people gladly assisted blockade runners in every
+possible way. Spanish captains in particular, having friends on shore
+and pilots thoroughly familiar with the coast, could not be prevented
+from reaching harbor at night or in thick weather by way of the shoals.
+Sometimes it looked, for one or another of these many reasons, as
+if our officers were careless or incompetent. Army observers, not
+well informed regarding the conditions, felt disposed now and then
+to pronounce the blockade a humbug, and naturally some foreigners
+did so. This opinion had neither truth nor probability in its favor.
+But naturally, in view of all the circumstances, it proved more
+satisfactory to occupy the ports, and open them to commerce on the
+basis of a reasonable contributory tariff.[30.11]
+
+[OFFENSIVE NAVAL OPERATIONS]
+
+Besides cruising to watch for privateers and hovering off the chief
+harbors to maintain a blockade, our fleet was expected to share in
+the general offensive. For one thing Bancroft ordered Conner to seize
+all the Mexican war vessels that he could reach. But here a singular
+difficulty arose: none of that sort existed. The navy of Mexico, aside
+from small craft in the Pacific, included nine vessels amounting to
+about 3200 tons. The most important were the steamers _Guadalupe_ and
+_Moctezuma_, built in England, which made up nearly two thirds of
+this meagre total; but as these had never been paid for, they were
+easily transferred to a British firm, and in consequence of a calm
+succeeded in escaping to Havana. The rest of the vessels--a small brig,
+which changed its name too often to have one, and six even smaller
+craft--took refuge early in the Alvarado River. The commander sank
+three of them to obstruct the channel, and when Hunter took Alvarado
+in April, 1847, the rest were burned.[30.12]
+
+Conner's only chance for offensive work, therefore, aside from
+capturing a merchant vessel occasionally, was to engage in shore
+operations; and while the officers and men felt eager to get a
+nearer view of the scenery, as they said, and rival the glories of
+the army, they found themselves embarrassed by the same difficulties
+that attended blockading and by others also. The want of tenders
+and storeships proved especially serious when hostilities were in
+view. Each vessel had to obtain supplies at the Pensacola navy yard;
+the round trip cost a month or so; and that base lacked the needed
+equipment. Once it spent about four weeks in supplying the _Potomac_
+with bread for a three-months cruise, and in July, 1846, the yellow
+fever broke out there. A point of capital importance was to reach the
+small harbors and cut off all trade; but until the last of September,
+1846, Conner had not a vessel that could cross the bars, tow boats
+over, and operate in the rivers; and the first load of coal reached him
+two weeks later. A shortage of officers and men hampered operations;
+and Mason, besides failing to anticipate such a case, failed to be
+awake when it occurred. By December, 1846, the Home Squadron included
+a substantial flotilla of small craft, mounting from one to four guns
+each; but the difficulty of obtaining supplies and making repairs on a
+hostile coast in a season of storms almost paralyzed it.[30.13]
+
+Another embarrassment existed. Conner was a brave, able, accomplished,
+excellent man, but for a generation his business had been that of
+a navigator. His duty had been to go his rounds in safety, and he
+did it well. Nobody could handle a frigate better in a storm. He
+looked carefully after the health of his men, too. In thoughtfulness,
+prudence, judgment and fidelity he left nothing to be desired. But
+his constitution had never been robust, and the effects of an old
+wound, thirty years of service in a southern climate and the torture
+of neuralgia had now made him a confirmed invalid, worn and wasted,
+and subject at intervals to almost maddening pain. His powers both of
+thought and of execution were impaired. Naturally such a man did not
+wish to risk either men or ships; and, lacking the vigor for quick
+decisions and powerful action, he could not wisely involve himself in
+dangerous complications. On the outbreak of war he should have retired;
+but he knew that he stood high in favor at Washington, Bancroft had
+assured him that he could retain the command indefinitely, and no doubt
+he failed to realize the situation. More or less well, however, shore
+operations were carried on, and our next business will be to trace them
+from the beginning.[30.14]
+
+[THE HOME SQUADRON]
+
+Owing to the state of our relations with Mexico the Home Squadron
+concentrated at Vera Cruz in February, 1846, and later, in accordance
+with instructions to cooperate with Taylor, Conner presented himself
+at Point Isabel in time to safeguard that position during the battles
+on the Rio Grande, and assist in occupying Burrita. When the war bill
+passed, his forces consisted of the steamer _Mississippi_, which could
+tow a number of small craft at full speed, the steamer _Princeton_, a
+swift vessel designed by the celebrated Ericsson, the handsome frigate
+_Raritan_, which flew the broad blue pennant of the Commodore at the
+main, the frigates _Cumberland_ and _Potomac_, the sloops _Falmouth_,
+_John Adams_ and _St. Mary's_, the brigs _Porpoise_ and _Somers_ and
+the schooner _Flirt_, with probably some 2700 men. Leaving the Brazos
+about the twentieth of May Conner sailed with a part of the squadron
+for Pensacola, while other vessels did blockade work or scouted along
+the coast as far as Yucatan. In June Captain Saunders of the _St.
+Mary's_, lying off Tampico bar, opened fire twice on the Mexicans,
+who seemed to be erecting works, and made a bold, well-planned effort
+against three gunboats anchored inside the mouth of the Panuco, which
+only circumstances defeated. By August the composition of the squadron
+and its distribution changed somewhat; three small schooner-gunboats
+had arrived; but there was no material difference in strength.[30.15]
+
+Meanwhile Conner had in mind the small, handy Mexican vessels then
+lying in Alvarado River, which did nobody any good there, and were
+capable of assisting in his work materially. It seemed very proper to
+seize or at least destroy them. From residents of Alvarado, who traded
+with the Americans, useful information was doubtless obtained; and the
+master of a captured launch, well fed and well frightened, gave correct
+details regarding the bar, channel and shipping. A redoubt stood near
+the beach, but it contained no large guns; and, although warned by the
+questioning of the launch's master, the Mexicans gathered no forces
+except some 200 militia in the town and about as many more several
+hours distant up the river. The situation invited a bold stroke.[30.16]
+
+Accordingly the _Mississippi_ and _Princeton_, two frigates and the
+schooner-gunboats--each of these mounting one piece--dropped anchor
+in line opposite the fort at eleven o'clock in the morning, August
+7, 1846, and the steamers opened a fire, to which the lightness of
+the Mexican ordnance permitted no reply. The bombardment continued
+more or less actively for about six hours, but without effect. Owing
+to the swift current of the river, swollen by heavy rains, it seemed
+hardly possible to row up to the town, and finally the gunboats were
+placed within musket range of the shore some distance north of the
+fort. Apparently the intention was to land under the protection of
+our artillery. The Mexicans therefore opened a small-arms fire from
+the sand-hills, to which our cannon and the muskets on the gunboats
+replied; but in about half an hour darkness put an end to the
+operations. Bad weather came on immediately; the open roadstead was
+unsafe; and after nightfall, although it had been proposed to resume
+the attack the next day, Conner withdrew with his disgusted men to
+Anton Lizardo.[30.16]
+
+ [Illustration: Alvarado, Mexico]
+
+The following month one of the bureau chiefs gave him to understand
+that the administration wished something done for the newspapers to
+make a "noise" about, and another attempt upon the same position was
+planned. By this time the enemy had improved the defences, and mounted
+a heavy pivot gun on a high knoll; and a letter from one of our
+sailors, picked up on the beach, gave them ample notice of the attack.
+These facts did not signify materially, however, for the Americans
+realized they must positively win a victory this time, and braced
+themselves for whatever might occur. A little after sunrise, October
+15, the _Mississippi_, the _Vixen_ (a small steamer carrying three
+guns which had recently joined the squadron), the _McLane_ (a steamer
+loaned by the revenue service), the three gunboats, the _Nonata_ (a
+prize schooner mounting four guns), and a revenue schooner named the
+_Forward_ arrived off the bar. The plan was to have the _Mississippi_
+cannonade with shells, and the other steamers, towing the gunboats,
+ascend the river.[30.17]
+
+Everything went wrong, however. The _Mississippi_ produced no effect.
+Owing to the strength of the current it seemed necessary to have wind,
+and Conner waited in vain until about 2 o'clock for the usual sea
+breeze. The bar stood higher than it ordinarily did; and although he,
+aboard the _Vixen_, crossed with two gunboats, the _McLane_ grounded,
+and her section--the larger section--of the force was thrown into the
+utmost disorder amidst the breakers. Not only did the Mexican fire
+prove serious, for a shot struck near the wheelhouse of the _Vixen_,
+but up the river could be seen another fort, and also Mexican vessels
+carrying more metal than Conner now had available. He therefore retired
+across the bar, touching twice; and when at length his other section
+found itself ready to try once more, he deemed the hour too late.
+Besides, he now believed the _McLane_ would be unable to go up the
+river with even one gunboat in tow. Again bad weather came on, and
+again the expedition withdrew. Officers and men were angry this time
+as well as disgusted; and although the Mexicans on the ground realized
+that accidents had saved them, a shout of triumph and encouragement
+rang through their country.[30.17]
+
+[OPERATIONS AT THE SOUTHEAST]
+
+The _Mississippi_ now bore the red pennant of Matthew C. Perry, who was
+to have command of the squadron on Conner's retirement, and meantime,
+feeling anxious to serve, contented himself with the dignity of a vice
+commodore and acted as a captain; and since not only the _Vixen_ but
+coal to make her effective were at last on hand, Conner despatched his
+energetic lieutenant southeastward, on the next day after the second
+Alvarado fiasco, with all the vessels employed in that affair except
+one of the gunboats. After seizing on the way an American barque,
+found in communication with Mexicans, Perry entered Tabasco River on
+the twenty-third, took possession of the town (Frontera), and the next
+day--transferring men from his flagship, which drew too much water for
+the bar, to the captured _Petrita_, a small but swift American-built
+steamer--he proceeded about seventy-five miles up the rapid and
+winding stream through heavy and splendid forests, disabling the guns
+of a small, deserted fort on the way, and reached San Juan Bautista,
+capital of the state of Tabasco, and seat of an active commerce in
+munitions and other goods, that reached as far as Mexico City. Here
+five merchant vessels fell into his possession. But now, unfamiliar
+with Mexican tactics, Perry blundered into peremptorily summoning the
+town, which J. B. Traconis, the comandante general, refused to give
+up.[30.18]
+
+San Juan Bautista was a small, dull city of broad streets and one-story
+brick houses, lying in a wide plain. In spite of scandalous desertion
+Traconis probably had about 400 men supported by two small guns. These
+forces he broke into a number of parties and placed in the outskirts.
+Perry opened fire on the town with cannon, and after a time sent a
+party ashore. A skirmish followed, but nothing decisive could be
+accomplished, and after sunset, fearing the sailors would be shot down
+in the streets during the night, he recalled them.[30.18]
+
+On the following day the foreigners protested against the bombardment.
+Negotiations were then tried; but the Comandante General, who cared
+much for his dignity and nothing for the people, insisted on playing
+out his role of the fearless patriot. Since it was impracticable to
+garrison the town, Perry decided to retire. But as one of the prizes
+grounded near the shore and a party of the Mexicans--although a white
+flag could be seen on the _Vixen_ and other vessels--fired on the
+Americans who were aboard, causing the death of one and injuring
+two more, he resumed the cannonade. Of course the enemy gracefully
+withdrew; and then Perry did the same, leaving Traconis to magnify his
+triumph. The _McLane_ and _Forward_ were left at Frontera to blockade
+the river and protect neutrals; and after burning four vessels and
+capturing one more on the way, Perry rejoined Conner on the last day
+of the month with nine prizes. In its real aim the expedition had
+succeeded; but the affair at San Juan Bautista had been so indecisive
+and murderous that even American soldiers, eager to claim credit and
+inured to the chances of war, felt humiliated.[30.18]
+
+The fortnight of activity and excitement cheered the men of the
+squadron a great deal, however, and then followed the capture of
+Tampico, which delighted Secretary Mason beyond measure, and gave the
+newspapers genuine material for a "noise." When this affair, including
+the trip up the Panuco, ended, Conner despatched his lieutenant
+southeastward in the _Vixen_, accompanied by two gunboats. December
+21, at the town of Laguna on El Carmen Island, Yucatan, Perry seized a
+couple of small forts, garrisoned by a few timid soldiers, and disabled
+the guns; and after reinforcing the blockade of Tabasco River, looking
+into the coastal waters, and making two prizes on his return voyage,
+he joined the squadron two days after Christmas. A visit of Conner's
+to the same point the following month ended important operations in
+this quarter for some time. The occupation of Laguna checked a thriving
+illicit commerce by the river that entered the Gulf here.[30.19]
+
+All this while the haughty, outstanding challenge--the scalp-lock, so
+to speak--of Mexico, the fortress of San Juan de Ulua in Vera Cruz
+harbor, remained secure. The capture of it, many of our citizens felt,
+would wrap the Gulf in a blaze of American glory; and young Porter,
+young Farragut and other possible Decaturs had plans of attack ready.
+But older men thought the enterprise impracticable for the navy alone.
+At the beginning of the war Bancroft expressly notified Conner that his
+forces were not deemed adequate for such an undertaking. Not only had
+the fortress been strongly and shrewdly constructed, but the channel
+that led to it was narrow and winding, so that a mishap would have
+endangered all of the attacking vessels. The French had taken it in
+1838, but only by good luck and a sort of treachery, and since that
+year it had been greatly strengthened. Conner and Scott agreed that
+it could not be captured by the fleet. But in March, 1847, misfortune
+overtook Ulua, for Scott, supported brilliantly by the naval forces,
+laid siege to Vera Cruz.[30.20]
+
+[PERRY SUCCEEDS CONNER]
+
+To the Home Squadron and its commander as well as to the "castle"
+this event signified a great deal. In fact it brought Conner both to
+the climax and to the tragedy of his professional career. It enabled
+him to display in the debarkation his real abilities; and then
+precipitated him on the eve of a triumph into oblivion. His regular
+term as commander had expired in November, 1846, and Perry notified him
+that a successor was ready. But Conner held Bancroft's promise of an
+indefinite continuance in his position; he doubtless felt that after
+long withholding needed means, the department owed him a chance to do
+something worth while; and when he found that Scott was to move against
+Vera Cruz, he saw his opportunity. Unfortunately for him the change of
+secretaries, the complaints and bold proposals of young officers, and
+the clamor of the public, ignorant both of what had been possible and
+of what had been accomplished, had undermined his position.[30.21]
+
+In January, 1847, Slidell informed the government that Conner had
+lost not only his physical and mental vigor but the confidence of
+his men. The following month Perry, whose ship had gone to Norfolk
+for repairs, visited Washington frequently; and how that ambitious,
+coarse-grained, wilful man talked, one can readily imagine. Besides,
+while Perry's outfit of Christian graces was noticeably defective, it
+could not be denied that he possessed energy and a fighting temper. The
+government therefore decided that Conner had not "shown himself equal
+to the crisis." March 3 a change of commanders was ordered; and when
+the denouement of the operations at Vera Cruz approached, instead of
+gracefully permitting Conner to finish what he had begun, "Old Bruin,"
+as the sailors called Perry, insisted upon his rights. March 21,
+therefore, his broad blue pennant went up on the _Mississippi_, and in
+a few days his name shone forth in the capitulation of Vera Cruz and
+Ulua. "Poor Commodore Conner," said Marcy.[30.21]
+
+Only one important fortified place on the Gulf, Tuxpan, now flew
+the tricolor, and it was a point of pride to capture the town, for
+guns from the _Truxtun_--our finest brig, wrecked on the bar--had
+been mounted there, and the strength of the position challenged our
+squadron. The city stood on the left bank of a river bearing the same
+name and about six miles from its mouth. On the lower edge of it rose
+a steep eminence, Hospital Hill, with a 9-pounder not far from its
+base and a 32-pound carronade pivoted at its top, both of them bearing
+upon the river. Nearly a mile and a half below, at the junction of a
+tributary, stood a water battery of two 18's called Palmasola; and
+some distance farther down, on a bluff about sixty feet high jutting
+into the stream, two 32-pound carronades and a long nine in La Pena
+redoubt commanded the stream for perhaps two miles. In and near these
+forts were stationed some three or four hundred Mexicans under General
+Cos.[30.22]
+
+[TUXPAN CAPTURED]
+
+Early on April 17 a large American force, including the "Two Pollies,"
+as forecastle wit or experience had christened the _Spitfire_ and
+_Vixen_, concentrated off the mouth of the river. Perry had the channel
+of the bar sounded and marked with buoys, and the small steamers
+lightened. The next morning at high tide--near ten o'clock--in spite of
+serious misgivings the flotilla got through the surf into the placid
+river. The _Spitfire_, commanded by Tattnall and carrying Perry, the
+_Vixen_ and another small steamer named the _Scourge_, then took in tow
+three armed schooners and some thirty rowboats, which contained four
+light guns and almost 1600 men; and this fine procession, adorned with
+brilliant pennants and ensigns, wound upward in admirable order between
+the low and verdant banks.[30.22]
+
+Perhaps two miles below La Pena the river, here two or three hundred
+yards in width, straightened, the current became swifter, and the banks
+rose into thickly wooded hills. When the flotilla reached this point,
+a curl of smoke burst from the redoubt. "Go ahead fast!" signalled the
+Commodore. The steamers dropped their tows. The sails of the schooners
+filled, and hundreds of oars flashed in the now declining sun.[30.22]
+
+It was a race, but more than a race. The shore artillery spoke loudly
+and well. The _Spitfire_ suffered repeatedly. Tattnall was wounded.
+With boom after boom steamers and gunboats replied. As the Americans
+approached it, La Pena's fire died out. "Land and storm!" ordered
+Perry. "Ay, ay, Sir," was the response. Amidst the thunder of cheers it
+was done, but the Mexicans did not wait for their visitors. Dropping
+rammers and sponges they ran, and the Stars and Stripes flew up. A
+fire from the woods was quickly silenced. No less promptly yielded
+the other forts; and "at a gallop" the town was captured. In all, the
+casualties numbered only fourteen. A few prizes fell into Perry's net
+above Tuxpan; the forts were demolished; the _Truxtun's_ guns were
+shipped off, and leaving two vessels to blockade the river, he sailed
+away.[30.22]
+
+After this Perry and his officers cruised for prizes, and invited a
+number of small ports to raise our flag--an invitation always accepted
+with alacrity if not enthusiasm--but his attention was chiefly fixed on
+the southeast. Yucatan and to a certain extent her neighbor, Tabasco,
+endeavored to carry water on both shoulders. The former province,
+which was more industrious and prosperous than any other part of
+Mexico, had always demanded and usually been accorded under both
+Spanish and Mexican rule a position of semi-independence. In recent
+years difficulties had arisen between her and the government, but her
+sympathies were entirely against the United States. Both from policy
+and from a sense of humanity, our desire was to see her remain neutral
+and to spare her the rigors of war; but Yucatan, without appreciating
+either our wish or our conduct, aimed simply to preserve her export
+commerce, her no less valued business of importing American flour, and
+her trade--especially in foodstuffs and munitions--with Mexico, escape
+all the burdens and losses of the conflict, and run no risk of later
+Mexican vengeance.[30.23]
+
+To accomplish so difficult a task her cunning and unscrupulous
+politicians veered and turned, put out statements, and organized
+revolutions according to the exigencies of the moment. Her two chief
+cities, Merida and Campeche, now joined hands and now seemed or were
+antagonistic. Local rivalries complicated the situation further; and
+on our side, owing to the distance between Washington and the Home
+Squadron, there could not be perfect coeoperation. The blockade was
+therefore imposed and lifted, imposed and lifted by turns. At length,
+in May, 1847, Perry took possession of Laguna and El Carmen Island,
+appointed a naval officer as governor, and authorized commerce under
+the contributory tariff; but at the same time our efforts to prevent
+all contraband trade, both there and by Tabasco River, continued.[30.23]
+
+In June Perry decided to attack San Juan Bautista again. On the
+thirteenth he reached the bar at Frontera in the _Mississippi_, and
+the next day he proceeded up the river, with a flotilla of one brig,
+one schooner, four small steamers, three bomb-vessels and a fleet of
+rowboats. After easily silencing the fire of two breastworks on the
+way, he found obstructions in the river opposite a third, and fearing
+the steamers might not be able to pass them without delay, landed
+quickly with ten guns and more than 1100 men, and under an almost
+insupportable heat routed a hostile party. The steamers, however,
+passed on, driving the enemy from the breastwork, and by the sixteenth
+San Juan Bautista once more became ours. The fortifications were
+destroyed, and the guns put aboard.[30.24]
+
+[OPERATIONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST]
+
+Perry decided to hold the place, and on retiring left there nearly two
+hundred men besides four small vessels and their complements. But this
+proved another mistake. The Mexicans were driven from the vicinity,
+but when our force went back to the town, they immediately returned
+to blockade it; and on July 22, after the climate had laid low more
+than a third of the Americans, our garrison abandoned the place.
+From this time on, Perry found occupation enough in watching Tuxpan
+River, protecting against Mexican irregulars the ports where American
+customhouses existed, and patrolling the coast.[30.24]
+
+ [Illustration: A PART OF TABASCO RIVER From Devil's Bend to S. Juan
+Bautista Showing the Landing and March of Com. Perry's Forces June 16,
+1847]
+
+During these operations of the Home Squadron significant events had
+been taking place also on the other coast of Mexico. Its enormous
+length made a strict blockade practically impossible; but on the
+nineteenth of August, 1846, the magnificent Stockton covered it
+completely--with a proclamation. It was not that he intended to declare
+a paper blockade, but only that he did not, like finite creatures,
+realize the necessity of adequate means. About three days later Du Pont
+in the _Cyane_ and Hull in the _Warren_ left California for the south.
+During their cruise fourteen or fifteen prizes were taken--including
+the _Malek Adel_, an armed brig--and so all probability that our
+commerce and whalers in the Pacific would be molested happily vanished.
+Guaymas was cannonaded a little (October 6), and Mazatlan suffered a
+rather nominal blockade of about four weeks. That period ended on the
+eighth of November, and for almost three months no American vessel
+appeared there.[30.25]
+
+ [Illustration: Guaymas, Mexico]
+
+In February and March, 1847, the _Portsmouth_ watched the port for
+about five weeks, but then it was left wide open again. England
+refused to recognize such a blockade. The United States admitted its
+illegality; and on the sixth of March, 1847, Commodore Biddle, now
+commanding the squadron, cancelled Stockton's proclamation. During
+the spring of 1847 Mazatlan, which had almost a monopoly of the
+commerce, was again blockaded for a time, and after May the summer
+hurricanes interdicted commerce. Since Mexico had no armed vessel
+of any importance in the Pacific, naval operations then became
+unnecessary.[30.25]
+
+In July, 1847, Shubrick succeeded Biddle. As the blockade of Mazatlan
+had been raised, he issued on August 6 a fresh notice, covering that
+port, Guaymas and San Blas, and about the middle of October sailed
+from Monterey, California, in the _Independence_, accompanied by
+the _Cyane_. The rest of his active squadron--which had preceded
+him southward or was to join him in that quarter--consisted of the
+_Congress_, _Portsmouth_, _Preble_, _Dale_ and two storeships. On the
+twenty-ninth near Cape San Lucas he met Lavallette in the _Congress_,
+and learned that after an hour's cannonading--caused by the disobliging
+refusal of General Campusano to surrender--Guaymas had been occupied
+nine days before. November 10 mountains lighted by a declining sun and
+canopied by a turquoise sky rose from the Gulf of California before
+him on the east; and soon, approaching a long, curving line of white
+beach, he dropped anchor near the lioness-hill of Creston Island, which
+crouched, grandly recumbent, with her fore paws extended, watching over
+two islet cubs that slept in front of her. Here, on the mainland, was
+Mazatlan.[30.26]
+
+[OPERATIONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST]
+
+For nearly eighteen months the port, second only to Vera Cruz in the
+value of its commerce, had been controlled by Colonel Rafael Tellez,
+a happy-go-lucky insurgent of convivial tastes, oriental convictions
+on the subject of seraglios, and aboriginal ideas touching honor.
+In finance he succeeded, for it was only necessary to put his fist,
+whenever it felt empty, into the till at the customhouse; but as a
+warrior he proved hardly equal to the crisis. In short, he retired
+promptly and contented himself with partially blocking the port,
+which our forces occupied on the eleventh. November 20 an attempt of
+the Americans to cut off an annoying Mexican party some ten miles
+from the city failed; but the town was presently fortified in such a
+way that it stood in no danger. Early in January, 1848, San Blas was
+blockaded. Manzanillo's turn came on the seventeenth of that month; and
+numerous expeditions, which scoured the coast and went short distances
+inland, seized light craft, destroyed fortifications, and captured
+ordnance.[30.27]
+
+ [Illustration: PLAN OF MAZATLAN]
+
+In tracing all these operations in the Pacific one receives a certain
+impression of tardiness and inefficiency. Acapulco, a point of slight
+commercial importance but one distinctly in the view of our naval
+commanders, escaped entirely; and other ports, especially San Blas,
+were apparently neglected. But the American vessels had no base near at
+hand. Few safe harbors could be found. Long voyages were necessary to
+obtain provisions and to send or pick up despatches. The sailors often
+found themselves compelled to do the work of soldiers ashore; and in
+particular vexatious duties had to be performed by the navy in Lower
+California.[30.28]
+
+ [Illustration: LOWER CALIFORNIA]
+
+January 11, 1847, J. Y. Mason informed Stockton that both Californias
+were to be retained; and in the course of fifteen days, beginning
+with March 30, La Paz, San Lucas and San Jose, the chief towns of the
+peninsula, were occupied by our squadron. The authorities readily
+submitted, and the people seemed to concur. An intensely hostile spirit
+showed itself before long, however, and, with the aid of leaders
+and resources drawn from the mainland, bitter attacks--heroically
+resisted--were made upon our feeble posts at San Jose and La Paz
+during the fall and winter. Some American troops from upper California
+rendered great assistance; but Shubrick's watchful cooperation was
+constantly requisite, and the spirit of resistance could not be
+exorcised until the end of March, 1848.[30.28]
+
+[REVIEW OF THE NAVAL OPERATIONS]
+
+The naval operations on both coasts failed to win loud applause, but
+there were obvious reasons. The high expectations of the public, based
+upon the war of 1812, could not possibly be satisfied, for our navy
+met with no enemy on its proper element. Its work had to be plodding
+and monotonous. Due preparations for that had not been made, and
+even the best informed landsmen understood but very imperfectly the
+difficulties that were encountered. Under such circumstances to conduct
+the blockade with as much efficiency as was actually shown, depriving
+Mexico of revenues and to a large extent of munitions, giving general
+satisfaction meanwhile to foreign interests more than willing to
+complain, was no slight achievement; and to play at the same time so
+effective a part on land, especially in the conquest of California,
+merited far higher encomiums than were bestowed.[30.29]
+
+The conduct of naval men in occupied territory crowned their
+services. At Mazatlan, for example, Shubrick announced that he
+would exert himself to benefit, not injure, the people. Religious
+freedom, the protection of person and property, firm support of the
+city authorities, a low tariff and unrestricted commerce--except in
+munitions and with Mexican ports--were granted. Vexatious taxes that
+burdened the poor disappeared, and a wise, economical fiscal system
+took their place. The sale of ardent spirits to men in our service was
+prohibited. The Americans mingled freely with the people and, as the
+local historian admitted, "behaved like gentlemen." After six weeks of
+this regime Shubrick was formally requested by the merchants to stay
+there. At Guaymas a similar policy produced similar results, and the
+people felt anxious to have Campusano's forces leave the vicinity.
+Laguna became under our authority more prosperous than ever before. The
+naval balls and parties were extremely popular; and even after peace
+came, the Commodore was "most earnestly" requested by the people to let
+our forces remain for a while.[30.30]
+
+
+
+
+XXXI
+
+THE AMERICANS AS CONQUERORS
+
+1846-1848
+
+
+For a considerable time large parts of Mexico were occupied by our
+troops, and it is quite worth while to know something of their life and
+behavior there. Conquering soldiers in a foreign land, especially when
+the enemy is deemed cowardly, treacherous and cruel, are not likely to
+be angels; and we may count upon meeting here with disagreeable as well
+as complimentary facts. But we must face these as brave and honest men
+who love the truth, believe in our country, and are not foolish enough
+to expect perfection of human nature. It will be some consolation to
+recall Napoleon's maxim, "The conduct of a general in a conquered
+country is beset with difficulties," and to remember that no nation, if
+well acquainted with its history, will think of pointing the finger at
+us.
+
+The purpose of the United States was to treat non-combatants as
+friends, and protect them in all their rights of person, property
+and religion.[31.1] Civilization prescribed this course, and policy
+emphasized it. Both for immediate military success and for the
+restoration, after the war, of mutually profitable relations, it seemed
+highly desirable to strike only at the government and the army of
+Mexico, and to avoid angering the great body of the citizens.[31.2]
+
+Accordingly Taylor was promptly supplied with a proclamation, to be
+distributed in both English and Spanish, which threw upon Paredes the
+odium of the conflict, assured the Mexican people that a government of
+"usurpers and tyrants" had involved them in its losses and miseries,
+and promised that no one behaving as a neutral would be molested; the
+General was instructed that his "utmost endeavors" must be put forth to
+make good the pledge; and an active policy of conciliation was urged
+upon him. As will be seen later, the course of the war and the attitude
+of Mexico eventually suggested a programme considerably sterner in
+certain respects; but such was the real desire of our government, and
+it went so far that in order to prove we had no intention of attacking
+the religion of the Mexicans, Roman Catholic priests were engaged to
+accompany our army.[31.2]
+
+Taylor, besides resting under a strict obligation to obey his orders,
+doubtless concurred fully in this view of the matter, and for a time
+good conduct on the part of our troops prevailed. The authorities of
+Matamoros were respected; the people felt contented, and viewed the
+war with indifference; persons of the upper classes began to show
+themselves; and the town seemed on the way to being a smart little New
+Orleans. But the arrival of the volunteers in force gave the situation
+a new aspect.[31.3] Even men of unblemished reputations appeared to
+feel that becoming soldiers exempted them from every law, both civil
+and moral.[31.6]
+
+[DISORDERS AT MATAMOROS]
+
+When in camp below New Orleans the troops were guilty of some
+"sky-larking"--that is to say, plundering; and when they entered the
+enemy's country they became, said a regular officer, "the living
+embodiment of a moral pestilence. Crime followed in their footsteps,
+and wherever they trod, they left indelible traces of infamy." To meet
+their wishes, disorderly establishments of every kind sprang up,[31.4]
+and the streets were constantly filled with drunken, brawling, insolent
+officers and men carrying arms. One of them drew a pistol on the
+British consul because his cane was black; many depredations were
+committed; and before the tenth of July at least five or six harmless
+persons were shot down for amusement.[31.6]
+
+Although it would seem as if Taylor, with some 2500 regulars at his
+back, might have enforced order, he declared that he could not,
+and soon gave up the effort. Unwilling to bring offenders before a
+military court, he endeavored to have the Mexican judges act in some
+cases, but of course they dared not; and he shipped a few of the
+malefactors to New Orleans, where they could not be held a moment for
+crimes perpetrated abroad. The result was practical impunity--"perfect
+impunity," wrote the British consul--for the worst of crimes. At the
+beginning of August, however, the General prohibited the importation
+of liquor by the Rio Grande; and as the army was then moving on,
+Matamoros became comparatively quiet.[31.6]
+
+Later commanders undertook with considerable success to keep it so;
+but even in January, 1847, robbery and violence were not unknown
+there, and the non-commissioned officers as well as the soldiers were
+forbidden to leave their quarters with arms unless on duty. Discharged
+volunteers on their way down the river did great harm,[31.5] and Taylor
+wrote in June, 1847, "There is scarcely a form of crime that has not
+been reported to me as committed by them." Above Matamoros determined
+efforts were made with partial success to keep liquor from the troops,
+and the conditions were better. Here and there Americans would "muster
+in" some fruit or fowls. "Soldiers who have to fight their enemy in the
+enemy's country will never go hungry as long as there are any chickens
+about," wrote one of them; and in fact, said an officer, it was a
+patriotic duty for Uncle Sam's men to keep their souls and their bodies
+together. But the rule in such cases was to compensate the owners, and
+probably no serious resentment lingered.[31.6]
+
+During the battles of Monterey there was enough shooting to satisfy
+any reasonable person, and the quiet beauty of the scene should soon
+have banished thoughts of carnage. The tranquil mountains that stood
+about the town on three sides, receding as the clouds enveloped them
+in shadow or approaching as the splendor of the sun brightened every
+point, the statuesque aguacates clothed in foliage like dark green
+velvet, the fan-like palmettoes, the feathery date palms, the delicious
+oranges and pomegranates, the murmuring streams, and the lilies that
+brightened many a pool invited to repose; yet no sooner was battle over
+than murder began.[31.10]
+
+The chief criminals were the Texans,[A] who felt that barbarities
+committed by the Mexican on their soil during the revolution warranted
+the crudest retaliation. At Matamoros they had been the fiercest of
+the volunteers, and now--stationed for a while at the town--they found
+a still better opportunity.[31.7] Other volunteers aided them. To say
+nothing of robberies and minor outrages perpetrated "in the broad
+light of day," it was thought, noted a regular officer in his diary,
+that not less than one hundred Mexicans were slain in cold blood, and
+out of about 7000 still in town, 5000, more or less, fled. A citizen
+cannot take his hat off, wrote a Mexican, without some American's
+saying, "That is mine"; and if the owner denies it, he gets a bullet.
+Strict regulations[31.8] were soon framed, however, and under Worth's
+command the volunteer learned what they meant.[31.10]
+
+[Footnote A: These men have to be called Texans because they hailed
+from that state, but it should be remembered that nearly all of them
+had come from other parts of the Union.]
+
+To a large extent, if we leave the Texans out of the account, the
+Mexicans themselves were responsible for the worst outrages of Monterey
+and the vicinity. They sold liquor to the troops persistently, and
+retaliated indiscriminately for the excesses that resulted. The
+Americans then took vengeance, and in the end some ghastly deeds
+on rather a large scale occurred. Singularly enough, too, the
+punctiliousness of our officers contributed to the same end. They
+would not convict a Mexican without legal proof of his guilt, and when
+soldiers saw a man, who was almost certainly the murderer of their
+comrade, let off because a drove of Mexicans testified to an alibi,
+they were likely to steal out after him or make some one else pay
+his forfeit.[31.9] Still, the many injunctions to be fair and kindly
+toward the people were not without effect. One soldier used to sit
+cross-legged in the square of Monterey, and play his rickety accordion
+for the benefit of the populace.[31.10]
+
+[AFFAIRS AT SALTILLO]
+
+At Saltillo strict police regulations were made. As had now become the
+general rule, to provide soldiers with intoxicating beverages, except
+by special permission, was forbidden, and fifty lashes were made the
+penalty for disobedience. The troops had to seek their quarters at
+retreat, and the Mexicans go home when the ten o'clock bell rang. But
+in spite of every precaution the "lawless volunteers," as Worth called
+them, were guilty of many offences, and--with the perhaps excessive
+emphasis of a high-minded regular officer--he wrote to his daughter,
+"The innocent blood that has been basely, cowardly and barbarously
+shed in cold blood, aside from other and deeper crimes, will appeal to
+Heaven for, and, I trust, receive, just retribution."[31.12]
+
+Here, as at Monterey, Worth made an admirable governor, sitting four
+hours a day to hear complaints, and administering substantial justice
+without reference to legal technicalities; and his successors were
+much like him.[31.11] A sergeant was discharged for treating a Mexican
+unjustly. An American "doctor" was expelled for disorderly conduct.
+Soldiers were not allowed to endanger the people by riding fast in the
+streets. Property stolen or destroyed was paid for by the army, and
+this rule was made to work the other way also. The town prospered; and
+although some of the soldiers would now and then help themselves to
+fruit or snatch a piece of candy from a stand, and cases of outrage
+on the one hand or assassination on the other occurred at intervals,
+the people--notably hostile at first--became friendly, the windows
+were always full of laughing girls, and the women in their rebosas,
+red petticoats and blue cloth slippers went every evening to the
+fountain in the plaza with their tall earthen jars, unmolested and
+unafraid.[31.12]
+
+Tampico, to say nothing of the drills and parades, offered enough
+interesting sights and amusements to keep the soldiers out of mischief,
+one might have thought. The many strange and beautiful trees; the
+mullard and sea-trout, schools of yellow jackfish, huge, pearly tarpon,
+and many other denizens of the rivers and lagoons; the buzzards
+coasting on air, the grunting ravens, and forty other kinds of birds;
+the long, slender pirogues of red cedar constantly bringing luscious
+fruits to the market; the many vessels coming and going: these were
+only a few of the attractions. But in reality the town was a hard
+problem, for its nearness to the United States and its commercial
+relations made the exclusion of all undesirable visitors impossible.
+So-called restaurants bearing popular American names flourished, and,
+in spite of the prohibition against importing liquor, strong drink
+was about all they offered except hard beef; while the existence of
+gambling houses was proved by the severe and repeated orders against
+them. Almost every volunteer, said a regular officer, celebrated his
+arrival with a "frolic,"[31.13] and according to the Mexican accounts,
+threats, insults and small depredations were not infrequent.[31.14]
+
+[AFFAIRS AT TAMPICO]
+
+But in Tampico as elsewhere, the people had much less to suffer, in all
+probability, than from the Mexican troops who formerly had garrisoned
+the town, and the big United States flag set up in the plaza near the
+Panuco represented substantial benefits. Many new kinds of manufactured
+articles made their appearance, and all such things were sold at low
+prices. Business became active. According to tradition the paving of
+the city dates from this time. A theatre was built. Preparations were
+made and presumably carried out for the extension of the mole. An
+American newspaper appeared. Mexican visitors had to give an account
+of themselves, and there were no riots and no dirks. Patrols marched
+up and down the broad streets; sentries with fixed bayonets were on
+hand at every gathering, even balls; and the very happiest of frolics
+were pretty sure to end before morning with a nap on the guard house
+floor.[31.14]
+
+Some of the Mexicans thought our volunteer officers were afraid of
+their men, but Gates, Shields and the other commanders do not seem
+to have been. The assistance of the leading Mexicans in maintaining
+order was invited; many of the citizens fraternized with our men; and
+in general a high rate of mortality was probably the only serious
+consequence of reckless tendencies. The residents thought the American
+volunteers careless, badly dressed and poorly drilled; but some of them
+admitted they had never felt so safe before.[31.14]
+
+Clearly our troops improved in conduct as time went on, but none
+the less their early excesses had serious consequences. For a long
+while there had been a tendency in the northeastern parts of Mexico
+to secede. The primary scheme had been to join Texas; and after our
+absorption of Texas ended it, the idea of an independent republic,
+with American protection or annexation to this country in view, gained
+much support. Early in 1846 the authors of this project were in
+communication with Taylor and the American government. Whether such
+a plan could have been executed or not, there were reasons for our
+wishing to have the people cherish it. In such a mood they were bound
+to be our friends instead of enemies, and the paralyzing influence of
+their temper would have extended into other provinces.[31.15]
+
+Accordingly Taylor was instructed to favor the idea. But reports of
+the outrages committed by our volunteers penetrated to all quarters;
+the Mexican authorities, who understood the popular tendencies, were
+doubtless active in spreading the reports; and the disposition to view
+us with cordiality received a shock from which it never recovered.
+"People near Matamoros, previously inclined to favor the Americans,"
+declared the comandante general of Nuevo Leon in a broadside, "have
+written these weighty words: 'The domination of the Grand Turk is
+kinder than that of the Americans. Their motto is deceit. Their love
+is like the robber's. Their goodness is usurpation; and their boasted
+liberty is the grossest despotism, iniquity and insolence, disguised
+under the most consummate hypocrisy.'" As an offset, the bad conduct
+of Mexican officers and troops did not signify. That was a family
+affair.[31.15]
+
+The blackest shadow in the picture, however, was New Mexico. Armijo
+had compensated the people for his tyranny and robbery by permitting
+them every sort of license in their social relations. Virtue was
+little known and less valued. Even women fought duels with dirks or
+butcher-knives. Dances, at which all classes mingled in the revelry,
+were the chief amusements; the church bells announced them; and at
+mass one heard the same music, played by the same musicians. Gambling
+and cock-fighting stood next in esteem, perhaps; and then came other
+vices that seemed more precisely necessities than ornaments of
+existence.[31.18]
+
+To throw into a small and isolated community of that sort, without
+books or society or proper diversions, a large number of young and
+reckless frontiersmen greatly above the average in physical vigor,
+was to make it a seething caldron of gross passions. The soldiers
+were not willing to do what little work there was, and they scorned
+regulations. "The dirtiest, rowdiest crew I have ever seen collected
+together," was a responsible British traveller's description of the
+American forces; and a soldier wrote in his diary, "A more drunken and
+depraved set, I am sure, can never be found." To be liked, an officer
+had to be lax, and to be unpopular was liable to mean--as good officers
+learned--a pistol or a sabre in one's face. Half the captains, a letter
+said, could be found every night in bad places. The disorder of the
+governor's Christmas dinner party disturbed the whole town. There was
+probably no deliberate oppression. Gross outrages appear to have been
+few. But the drunken, brawling, overbearing volunteers despised the men
+about them and showed it; and the latter, flouted at every turn, and
+in particular robbed of their women, scowled and brooded with all the
+ferocity of an indolent but passionate, jealous race, and plied the
+knife when they dared.[31.18]
+
+Kearny might perhaps have ridden the tempest, but a local politician
+like Price could only be swept away. A few of the better Americans
+got up a prayer-meeting, but that was just a dewdrop in Tartarus. One
+began to be ashamed of one's nation, wrote a good officer. To enhance
+dissatisfaction, the Indians continued their depredations as if no
+treaties had been made. A well-meant code of laws was drawn up, but it
+contained certain troublesome provisions about land titles; and some
+taxation had to be imposed. The people took fright. "We have come for
+your good; yes, for all your goods," began to be their interpretation
+of Kearny's assurances.[31.18]
+
+Naturally an insurrection occurred. Price now showed energy, and the
+troops courage. In a brief campaign, January and February, 1847,
+the malcontents were put down. But the people, though cowed, loved
+the victors none the better, and the victors trusted and respected
+the people none the more. The conditions became perhaps worse than
+ever.[31.16] Supplies were uncertain. Discipline became lax again, and
+the Indians were now more rapacious than for twenty years. Dissipation
+resulted in much sickness and many deaths. Moreover the people felt
+wronged because political privileges bestowed by Kearny in excess of
+his authority had to be withdrawn. For most, if not all, of the time
+it was impossible to obtain the money required for the administration
+of civil affairs, and the civil authorities clashed with the
+military.[31.17] Undoubtedly serious difficulties were inherent in the
+situation, but nothing could excuse our government for permitting such
+a state of things to continue for so long a time.[31.18]
+
+[AMERICAN RULE IN CALIFORNIA]
+
+Very different was the scene in California. Soon after the treaty
+of Cahuenga was made Stockton returned to his naval duties, and
+Fremont, appointed by him under the law of nations, assumed the
+governorship.[31.19] In February, 1847, however, orders that had been
+issued at Washington early in November, directing that the chief
+military officer should take command, reached San Francisco, and about
+the first of March Kearny became the executive. In general he was
+inclined to be less indulgent than Fremont or Sloat, but he intended
+to be fair and kind. "The Americans and Californians," he proclaimed
+with the same exaggeration of his authority as at Santa Fe, "are now
+but one people; let us cherish one wish, one hope, and let that be for
+the peace and quiet of our country. Let us as a band of brothers unite
+and emulate each other in our efforts to benefit and improve this our
+beautiful, and which soon must be our happy and prosperous home."[31.21]
+
+At the end of May, 1847, he returned to the east, and Colonel R. B.
+Mason of the First Dragoons, whom the government had sent out for
+the purpose, became governor and commander-in-chief. Mason was an
+excellent executive, able, experienced, sensible, strong and faithful.
+Some thought his character hard, but probably all clear-headed persons
+realized that it was just. He believed in firm though kind methods,
+avoided entanglements, and bore sway successfully till the close of the
+war.[31.21]
+
+The restless faction of the Los Angeles district, free from the
+restraint of a large American element, still existed, and at intervals
+caused considerable anxiety. Indeed it is clear from Mexican sources
+that a hope of troops from the south was fondly cherished there for a
+long time. The approach of the Mormon battalion, which--after suffering
+many hardships on the route from Santa Fe--arrived at San Diego under
+Captain Cooke in January, 1847, excited the people, for that sect was
+loathed in California. A great deal of trouble about land titles arose,
+for the surveying had been poorly done, the boundaries overlapped in
+many instances, and few had the proper documents. Fremont's volunteers,
+expecting large pay, refused to be mustered into the service under
+the law of May 13, 1846, and were discharged in a very angry frame
+of mind, April, 1847, with no pay at all; and very little was done
+toward compensating the people for the spoliations committed by the
+volunteers.[31.21]
+
+The government, though tempered by the maintenance of the alcalde
+system, was necessarily a military one; the old alcaldes, familiar
+with the customs of the land, would not serve; the new ones, though
+generally good men, could not always give satisfaction; and the growing
+American element, disgusted with so unsystematic a system, demanded
+self-government and written laws. No funds could legally be had for
+the expenses of war and civil administration except those derived
+from the customhouses, and the Americans were so deeply committed
+by their promise of low duties that Mason felt compelled to reduce
+the tariff explicitly ordered by the government. There were jealous
+differences of opinion on many points between the Californians and
+the Americans, between the various nationalities of the foreigners,
+and between the old and the new immigrants; and finally the people
+were disturbed by serious quarrels between the Stockton-Fremont party
+and the Kearny-Mason party, and by the old fear that eventually the
+Americans would sail away, leaving them to settle with Mexico as best
+they could.[31.21]
+
+For troops, besides Company C of the First Dragoons, Kearny's escort
+from Santa Fe, there were Company F of the Third Artillery, which
+arrived in February, 1847, the Mormon battalion, and a regiment of
+New York volunteers under Colonel J. D. Stevenson, who came in March,
+1847, and were expected to remain in California as settlers after the
+close of the war.[31.20] Apparently the Mormons were to be a source
+of weakness rather than strength, and the antecedents of the New York
+regiment inspired little confidence. Stevenson's men did in fact begin
+promptly to "sow wild oats." They were not disposed to work on the
+fortifications, and they were insubordinate. But under Mason's control
+they soon learned to do well, and he reported that at the close of the
+war "one common cry of regret arose [from the Californians] at the
+order for their disbandment; [and] the little petty causes of complaint
+were forgotten in the remembrance of the more substantial advantages
+they had enjoyed under the protection of the military." The conduct
+of the Mormons was always exemplary and they won the esteem of the
+people.[31.21]
+
+Imported articles became cheap. Real estate and all the products of the
+soil, particularly at the north, increased in value. Commerce trebled
+in a year. All damages caused by men recognized as in the service
+of the United States were repaired, and the offenders punished. The
+return of Jose Castro without means or hopes at the beginning of 1848
+produced an excellent effect. Gold-digging became more attractive
+than conspiracies. And although a certain number of irreconcilables
+cherished regrets and grievances, the official news of peace and
+absorption in the United States--which came on the evening of August 6,
+1848--greeted a busy and hopeful community.[31.21]
+
+So much for the north, and we pass now to the regime of Scott.
+After learning of the atrocities perpetrated on the Rio Grande,
+that "scientific and visionary" officer drafted and laid before the
+secretary of war a martial-law order, to be enforced in Mexico until
+action should be taken by Congress. But the idea of putting constraint
+on the free American voter probably struck Marcy with terror. He
+started at the title, said nothing, and after a while returned the
+paper without comment. Scott then sent it on to Taylor, and was
+informed that the General threw it aside almost instantly, calling it
+"another of Scott's lessons." The crying need of some adequate method
+for punishing American soldiers in foreign parts compelled Marcy in
+December to recommend that Congress authorize a military tribunal; but
+that body also doubtless had an eye to votes, and took no action.[31.25]
+
+[SCOTT'S POLICY]
+
+Scott, however, though an aspirant for the Presidency, did not shrink
+from his duty, and on arriving in Tampico he issued General Orders 20,
+which threw the pale of martial law round all United States forces
+operating in Mexico, and provided for the punishment, through "military
+commissions," of offences committed by, in or upon them.[31.22] Orders
+20, republished at Vera Cruz, Puebla and the capital and widely
+circulated in Spanish, were supplemented by issuing safeguards, under
+which one or more soldiers, bearing a proper document signed by a
+corps or division commander, could be quartered at any place which
+it was especially for the interest of the army to protect.[31.23] In
+occupying towns the rule was to billet no officer or man, without
+consent, upon any inhabitant, and to quarter the troops in barracks
+and other public buildings already used for the purpose by the Mexican
+government.[31.24] These arrangements, the practice of paying for
+everything used by the army, the principle of treating non-combatant
+Mexicans as fellow-citizens, and a strenuous endeavor to enlist the
+cooperation of all the decent men of the army in the suppression of
+outrages constituted the system of Scott.[31.25]
+
+At Vera Cruz misdeeds were perpetrated, of course, but the culprits
+who could be detected paid a price for their sport that put the fear
+of the Lord--or at least of Scott--into the hearts of others. One
+tipsy fellow, who nearly killed a Mexican woman with kicks and blows,
+was strapped over a wagon, given twelve good lashes, and then placed
+at labor in a fort with a ball-and-chain for the rest of the war. A
+second ruffian, for a worse offence against a woman, was promptly and
+publicly hanged.[31.26] On the other hand preventive regulations[31.27]
+concerning liquor, gambling, roaming about the city and the like soon
+went into force.[31.30]
+
+But the American measures were not simply negative. Worth, who became
+governor as soon as the town surrendered, distributed free rations
+among the people, and prevented extortion by establishing a fair
+scale of prices for eatables. A large force of laborers was employed
+at liberal wages to clean the streets and the Augean castle of Ulua.
+Assured of protection the shops reopened promptly. In ten days the
+general effects of the bombardment appeared hardly noticeable. Freed
+from the exactions of their officials and military chiefs and rapidly
+gaining confidence in our intentions, the people seemed like new men.
+Commerce, favored by the low American duties, took on fresh life.
+Although anti-Catholic sentiment was raging in the United States, Scott
+and some of his principal officers attended mass and even marched in
+the processions; and the soldiers were bidden to salute not only the
+tasselled cane of the magistrate but the cassock of the priest.[31.30]
+
+Worth soon moved on with Scott's army; but his successor was described
+by the British consul as deserving "all praise." Those who followed him
+did perhaps equally well;[31.28] all branches of the public service
+were maintained; the good-will of the citizens was acquired and held;
+and Lerdo de Tejada, one of the best statesmen and historians of
+Mexico, has declared that Vera Cruz had to suffer scarcely anything
+from the American occupation except the humiliation of foreign rule,
+while profiting substantially in several respects.[31.30]
+
+These results were achieved, too, under serious and almost crippling
+embarrassments. In some regards the city was highly agreeable. Fish
+more resplendent than gems lay always in the market. A long list of
+delicious fruits and vegetables graced each its proper season. Often a
+duet of the military band and the mocking-birds enchanted the ear. To
+sip a sherbet at noonday--all the curtains drooping over the balconies,
+the blue sky gray with excess of light, the blackbirds panting with
+beaks wide open and wings partly spread, the lepero drunk with sleep
+in the shadow of a wall, a hush over the docks, a stillness in the
+market--had an exotic fascination; and an evening stroll round the
+plaza or along the beach at Vergara, where the principal camp lay,
+with the soft, languid, lingering breeze of the Gulf on one's face
+and every star asking to be counted, was a delight one could not soon
+forget.[31.30]
+
+This region, however, was a favorite hunting-ground, not only of the
+yellow fever, but of diseases even more fatal.[31.29] A few slices of
+the fragrant Cordoba pineapple, washed down with a glass of the almost
+irresistible brandy, left one hardly time to make a will. Through the
+long day a huge ball of fire called the sun poured down an intense
+heat, and at night the mosquitos were numberless. The story of the
+invalids was long and sad; and sadder yet the tale of many a gallant
+soldier-boy, full of thoughts of the loved ones, who breathed his last
+sigh in the crowded wards of a hospital--_alone_.[31.30]
+
+At Cordoba, where the lanes blazed with small red roses, the sentiment
+was intensely Mexican, and the authorities ordered that on the approach
+of the American forces as many of the inhabitants as possible should
+leave town with everything belonging to the state that could be of
+service. But the people were mostly satisfied with shutting themselves
+up during the brief stay of General Bankhead, and the merchants did
+not go so far as that. The legitimate rights of the conqueror were
+asserted, but the American commander perhaps made full compensation
+for this by requiring the city council to reduce the expenses of
+administration. Care was taken to provide for the punishment of all
+disorders, and in particular for all interference with religious
+observances. After Bankhead left, hearing that some of the garrison
+were plundering, he threatened to send an entire battalion, if
+necessary, to apprehend the culprits.[31.31]
+
+On higher ground farther west lay Orizaba, sombre yet beautiful amidst
+its orchards, gardens, palm groves, orange trees and rich fields of
+tobacco and sugar-cane, like a proud Spanish dowager surrounded by
+her grandchildren. Here the troops helped themselves occasionally to
+fruit and cane, injured trees and committed some graver offences. The
+consequence was that soldiers were forbidden to leave the town except
+on service and the officers commanding guards in the outskirts had
+to arrest every man guilty of such acts or pay for the damages, and
+in either case were held responsible for disobedience and neglect of
+duty.[31.32]
+
+[THE STATE OF THINGS AT JALAPA]
+
+Of all the places occupied by American troops in Mexico the most
+delightful was Jalapa. In fact, probably a more delightful place is
+nowhere to be found. For natural attractiveness it surpasses even
+Taormina, Kandy and Nikko, the beauty-spots of Sicily, Ceylon, Japan.
+The abundant water was excellent, which could rarely be said of
+Mexican towns, and ice from Orizaba Mountain could be had to cool the
+abundant refreshments. The mercury never stood high and never low.
+Spring was almost the only season. The foliage always looked new and
+exuberant, and blossoms were constantly opening as if with ever fresh
+surprise.[31.34]
+
+From the plaza one gazed into a broad valley tapestried with
+many-hued verdure. Here palms, live-oaks, magnolias, tamarinds and
+aguacates--often enmeshed with beautiful and sometimes with aromatic
+vines--gracefully sheltered the azalea, the verbena, the poppy, the
+jasmine and countless varieties of geraniums and roses. Here such
+exquisite plants as the vanilla, heliotrope and tree-lily exhaled
+with unceasing generosity their delightful odors. Here, amid ancient
+forests, gorges curtained with exotic ferns and orchids extended to
+mysterious depths teeming with all manner of strange, fascinating
+growths. And when, after long surveying this Eden, or descending to
+wander far in its mazy paths, one's eye rose to a broad belt of pines
+and firs clothing jagged sierras, and at last, above their rich green,
+beheld a slender but enormous pyramid of snow, the peak of Orizaba,
+heaven-high and resplendent against the deep, tropical blue, it seemed
+as if nature had lavished on this chosen spot the whole diapason of
+her beauty. Music hath charms to soothe; and such loveliness, grace,
+perfume and grandeur, combined, were splendidly suited to still the
+passions of war.[31.34]
+
+Scott and the first American troops proved worthy of this paradise.
+Nobody was molested. The officers lodged only in vacated houses.
+The soldiers tried to make friends among the townsfolk. Our generals
+attended the funeral of a worthy Mexican officer killed at Cerro Gordo.
+Gold and silver flowed in streams--brighter than "Abana and Pharpar,
+rivers of Damascus"--that reached the humblest cottage. Many of the
+people wept when Scott marched away.[31.34]
+
+But some later commands, untamed volunteers who stopped there for a
+brief time, left a different impression. Lally's men seem to have been
+a scourge, and Wynkoop's proved so lawless that even Lally's were glad
+to see the last of them. During their stay the shops were closed, and
+all business came to an end. Seven officers left their accounts unpaid
+at the hotels, and some of them carried away towels or the shirts of
+brother officers. In a word they were natural thieves. Other misdeeds
+could be traced to the lack, for some time, of pay. But the main cause
+of trouble was liquor. Against this evil, as against gambling and the
+rest, adequate regulations were issued; but sometimes commissioned
+officers, anxious to be popular, would force hotel keepers to let
+their men have drink. At the bottom of everything lay the selling of
+liquor by wholly unauthorized persons. "Let the municipal authorities
+unite with me to put a stop to that _infamous traffic_," wrote one
+American governor of the city to the first alcalde, "and I will answer
+for it that there will be no disturbances or outrages committed by the
+soldiers."[31.34]
+
+Another feature also of the American occupation came out with
+especial clearness at Jalapa. Not only were offences, extending to
+robbery and murder, committed against our troops, but it was found
+on scrupulous investigation that often definite stories of misdeeds
+charged to our men were plausible only till the other side came out,
+and that many claims for damages were deliberately invented or grossly
+exaggerated.[31.34]
+
+Against all real offenders the successive governors--particularly
+Colonel George W. Hughes, who remained in office a considerable
+time--were as a rule severe. Stern orders, biting rebukes, earnest
+appeals to represent our country worthily, precautions like patrols
+and frequent roll-calls, and at need exemplary punishments were
+not lacking. One day four soldiers received thirty lashes each,
+had their heads shaved, and were drummed out of camp, with the
+word "ROBBER" pasted on their backs, for breaking into a
+house.[31.33] But at the same time careful measures had to be taken for
+the protection of our men and our government. Happily the people in
+general seem to have understood that some pilfering and occasionally
+other misdemeanors were unavoidable, and to have appreciated our
+efforts to defend, conciliate and please them, to maintain--in
+cooperation with the town officials--the municipal service, to provide
+for the charities of the city, and to ensure respect for woman,
+religion and civil authority. Vigne, a French traveller, says the
+Americans were much liked at Jalapa, and probably they were nowhere
+treated more pleasantly.[31.34]
+
+[THE AMERICANS AT PUEBLA]
+
+At Puebla, August 1, 1847, the Robert Anderson of Fort Sumter wrote:
+"We have been now in this large City since May 15th, with a soldiery
+gathered from many Nations, many of them undisciplined, and yet, I will
+venture the assertion, without fear of contradiction, that, in no City
+of the same size, either in our own blessed Country or in any other,
+is private property, or are private rights, more secure and better
+guarded than here.... Not an instance, I am certain, has been elicited,
+or brought to light, of one of our soldiers killing a Mexican.... 'Tis
+truly Wonderful, I cannot understand it."[31.35] The people are all
+contented, said a letter to _El Republicano_, for business is good and
+taxes are low; and, he might have added, an American band plays for
+us in the park. It is "almost incredible," admitted a writer in _El
+Nacional_, a newspaper of the state, how well the American soldiers
+treat our priests and women. How are they able to wear the mask so
+long? The common people, not seeing through the trick, accept their
+conduct in good faith.[31.37]
+
+After the siege ended, some of our men were arrested for plundering
+houses from which they had been fired upon, and there was a little
+pilfering at the fruit stands; but Furlong, the Mexican prefect, urged
+the people to give the war no further thought, and friendly relations
+very soon returned. Street lanterns were still punctured occasionally
+by tipsy and facetious Americans with their bayonets, but they were
+paid for. When Lane's brigade of volunteers arrived, complaints began
+in earnest, and a committee laid the situation before Scott; but there
+was no case of such importance that amends or even investigation was
+demanded.[31.36] The city council stated to the prefect that Childs
+had saved its authority, improved the condition of the town, aided
+the Mexican officials, and given them willing audience in order to
+concert measures for the public good. One measure in particular was the
+re-establishment of the chamber of commerce, destroyed by the state
+government; and, as the bishop admitted, Childs did all in his power to
+prevent and remedy abuses.[31.37]
+
+[AMERICAN RULE AT THE CAPITAL]
+
+At Mexico City there were "some outrages naturally," reported Doyle,
+charge d'affaires of England; and emphasis can fairly be placed on
+his last word, for the troops, entering the town excited by desperate
+fighting and crowned with victory, were fired upon by the populace,
+and found themselves hunted at every turn by robbers, assassins and
+their confederates.[31.38] Doyle added that "even from the beginning
+a great deal of forbearance" was displayed by the Americans; and the
+correspondent of the London _Daily News_ wrote, "On the whole I must
+confess that General Scott and his troops have acted with unexpected
+moderation." Indeed, they "have shown an exemplary clemency," admitted
+a Mexican letter printed by a Mexican paper.[31.43]
+
+The restaurant-keeper who furnished a meal and got rather less than
+he expected or the janitor who tried to keep soldiers out of their
+assigned quarters and got rather more, had little reason to complain.
+Indeed, both had reason to be content, for in a city full of leperos
+and escaped felons property and life depended upon our protection. "We
+must endure the presence of the Americans or suffer worse things," said
+a Mexican. No allowances were made by Scott, however.[31.39] "Revelling
+in the halls of Montezuma" means now, a soldier wrote home, that if the
+patrol finds you in the street after eight o'clock in the evening you
+are taken to the guardhouse, and if noisy, you are handcuffed; and for
+more serious offences the punishments were extremely severe. Quitman,
+the first governor of the city,[31.40] and P. F. Smith, who succeeded
+him, ably seconded the commander-in-chief.[31.43]
+
+Under such auspices the shops began to open within a week after the
+capital surrendered, and business was soon brisker than ever. The
+clergy were somewhat refractory, and on September 19 all the churches
+were found closed; but Quitman immediately sent word that should they
+remain closed, the United States flags would be removed from their
+towers as a sign that our army had withdrawn its protection. No further
+hint was needed, for millions in gold, silver and gems lay within their
+dark walls; and soon the relations between army and church became
+entirely satisfactory.[31.43]
+
+The troops then felt at liberty to make themselves at home. The
+_American Star_, "a neat and saucy little sheet," whose proprietors and
+editors had followed the troops from Vera Cruz, and set up their press
+wherever Scott made a stay, appeared on September 20, and later was
+followed by the _North American_.[31.41] The cafes and eating places
+took on strange names: New York Restaurant Eagle Hotel, Old Kentucky
+House and the like. "American Dry Goods," read one sign; "Mince Pies
+for sale Here," another; "Mush and Milk at All Hours," a third.
+Officers formed an association called the Aztec Club. An agitation
+for an American railroad to Vera Cruz began. An American sermon was
+preached at the palace in the splendid Ambassadors' Hall, on the text:
+"Only fear the Lord, and serve Him in truth with all your heart; for
+consider how great things he hath done for you"; and other sermons
+followed. American citizens, temporarily soldiers, made all the shows
+prosperous, and a complimentary benefit was given to Senora Canete
+at the National Theatre by "The Chiefs and Officers of the American
+Army." As cold weather came on, stoves, chimneys and smoke made their
+appearance to the intense astonishment of the natives, total strangers
+to such abominations; and finally that proud Spanish institution, the
+bull-fight, succumbed in this manner:[31.43]
+
+ "The Publid are respectfull informed thoh the _secind Bull Fihk_
+ nill take place, _this Evening, Wsdnesday_, 10te instant, cohen
+ nill bi introduced a variez of new performanas, by the Compay of
+ Bull Fighk, and fa which occasia has been obtaind. Some of the
+ mest fusian Bulls in the Countri.
+
+THIS WSDNESDAY. NIGHT 10 NOVEMBRE 1847."
+
+Unfortunately, under such names as "Contreras," "Churubusco" and "Old
+Chapultepec," American drinks of established fame arrived. Music halls
+and dance houses, familiarly known as the Hells of Montezuma, were
+crowded. Relieved now from the anxiety and tension of the campaign, the
+gallant volunteers could not be still a moment. Generally they were
+rather brusque and rowdyish, and to the polite Mexicans they appeared
+even more so than they really were. They loved to present themselves
+at a show with trousers tucked into their boots, drape their legs over
+the backs of the seats, and yell for American patriotic airs; and they
+seemed to be always eating except when busy with a glass.[31.43]
+
+Gambling became a rage, and in its temples were other priestesses
+besides those of Chance. Of _La Bella Union_, the chief resort, it
+was said, What is unknown "is as well as what is known." Eager for
+popularity and advancement many officers would not interfere, and in
+fact some of them sank almost as low as their men. One consequence
+of such dissipation was illness,[31.42] and another was robberies,
+quarrels and fights. The arrival of reinforcements--fresh volunteers
+and recruits--quickened all riotous tendencies. So far as personal
+morals went the conditions of Santa Fe were approached by not a few,
+and to crown all two volunteer officers, involved in what seems to have
+been a gambling-house fracas, were convicted of murder. Conqueror as
+well as conquered must pay his penalty.[31.43]
+
+Most, however, shrank from such a life, and many tried to render the
+American stay a fine experience for themselves and for others. It was
+not in vain. Their nobler tastes found congenial soil. The turquoise
+sky, the pictured facades of the houses, the handsome gray old palaces
+curiously and lavishly sculptured, and embellished with precious tiles
+in blue and white, the Alameda with its grand trees and its fountain,
+the amazing richness of the churches and their wondrous gilded
+carvings, the embroidered gold vestments of the priests, the perfume
+here and there of an ancient garden stealing out through a broken wall,
+the red conflagration of sunrise behind snowy mountains, the distant,
+mellow clang of a convent bell as evening shadows gathered, the
+brilliant round moon turning the peaks into gigantic veiled watchmen
+and setting massive domes and spires a-quiver with a mystical sort of
+life--these things helped introduce our finer spirits to the heart
+of the land, and fill them with sympathy and good-will. Mexico has
+never been without strangers to love her, and she found such among her
+conquerors.[31.43]
+
+Here our survey of the ground ends, but a few vertical sections will
+be instructive. While always having it understood that our authority
+was paramount, the American local governors desired to let the alcaldes
+and ayuntamientos (city councils) look after municipal affairs, and
+were disposed to cooperate in a liberal fashion with them for the
+good order, the efficient and economical administration and even the
+improvement of the towns.[31.46]
+
+[AMERICAN METHODS]
+
+Naturally enough those officials, exposed to the criticism of both
+sides, found their positions irksome. Usually, though not always, they
+were permitted to resign if they chose to do so, and new officials
+were then elected by the people or appointed by the governor. Shields
+extinguished the ayuntamiento of Tampico for incompetence and
+malfeasance in office, and selected their successors. At Mexico a
+refractory council was dissolved by Scott, and a Puro body, friendly
+to the Americans and anxious to make the city government democratic
+through our aid, was chosen in a somewhat irregular way. When
+provisions, mules and other such things were needed, it was usual to
+call upon the town authorities to furnish them at liberal prices. A
+threat that otherwise the needed supplies would be taken by force and
+nothing paid, often accompanied the request; but this was in most cases
+only designed to justify the authorities, in the view of the people,
+for complying.[31.46]
+
+Attention was paid by the governors to the care and lighting of the
+streets, proper sanitation, the maintenance of schools, hospitals,
+prisons and public works, and especially to the police. At Cordoba the
+city guards were allowed to carry only clubs, but such a restriction
+was not usual. Worth had regulars for policemen at one time. At Puebla
+after the siege a guard of 100 volunteers patrolled the streets all
+night. General Smith enlisted at Mexico a picked body of four hundred
+American soldiers. Shields, while governor of Tampico, placed an
+officer of the regulars at the head of this department. The police were
+firmly supported by the governor, if they proved reliable; if not, a
+change occurred. The Americans held that peaceable citizens lost none
+of their political rights during our occupation, and on election days
+our troops were kept in their quarters or marched out of town.[31.44]
+So, too, Mexican tribunals were entirely free in dealing with Mexican
+affairs, though no one connected with our army could be tried by them;
+and their decisions were enforced by our commanders.[31.45] When
+Mexicans were placed before an American military commission they were
+permitted to bring counsel, but occasionally somewhat unusual methods
+had to be employed, because men ready to make any sort of an oath in
+defence of a fellow-countryman could always be found. Our protection
+extended, of course, to the subjects of foreign powers.[31.46]
+
+Social relations between the Mexicans and our armies were hindered by
+the old impression that Americans were haughty, taciturn and insolent,
+by the fear of receiving actual insults and injuries from our soldiery,
+and, when this fear wore off, by a dread that any association with
+Americans would later be punished by fellow-citizens--as proved to be
+the result at Victoria, for example. The relations of Scott and his
+officers with churchmen were generally good, but as a rule the educated
+and wealthy moved away on our approach or shut themselves up. In the
+case of Tampico,[31.47] however, officers were able to secure the
+presence of Mexican ladies at a steamboat excursion and a ball.[31.50]
+
+As a rule, Parras was hospitable throughout the war. At Jalapa the two
+nationalities mixed somewhat freely. Governor Hughes became intimate
+with the leading clergymen, and he stated that on account of the
+general cordiality shown by the Franciscans the head of that order was
+banished from the capital. A handsome ball was given there to Childs
+when he left the city. It was at Mexico, however, that social relations
+were best established.[31.48] Society decided rather promptly to appear
+in public as usual. Even common soldiers were often able to make
+friends of respectable persons, and officers became intimate in many
+families. What was more surprising, a figure in public affairs like
+Alaman opened his door.[31.50]
+
+The women, usually so ardent in their patriotism, were noticeably
+cordial. The Mexican men were as a rule essentially feminine, and the
+downright virility of the northern breed made itself deeply and quickly
+felt. Less than three weeks after the capture of Monterey Private
+Kingsbury naively wrote, "The women are very kind.... I enjoy myself
+much in company with the fair Senoras." Conversation was probably
+somewhat limited; but a great many soldiers made a dash at Spanish, and
+while some concluded the people did not understand their own language,
+others achieved results that were at least interesting.[31.49] Our
+officers, it hardly need be said, never lagged behind their men.[31.50]
+
+A fandango on hard ground beside a winding river with mandolins and
+guitars softly singing and moonlight sifting down through gently waving
+palms, was not despised, and to go from leaky canvas to a gilded
+ball-room for a whirl with a black-eyed beauty who could waltz with a
+full glass of water on her head, was a strong argument for treating
+Mexicans kindly. The dark senoritas of Jalapa in particular, and still
+more their celestial cousins of the golden hair and blue eyes, loved
+to dance, chat and intrigue, and now their wit and their fans had the
+opportunity of a lifetime; at Puebla, the full name of which meant
+The City of Angels, "bewitching glances" often made our officers feel
+"aguish," said one of them; and the capital stood first in this as in
+all other respects. Romance never had a more brilliant or a deadlier
+course. Many a brave heart was thrilled by a mysterious invitation that
+meant perhaps a kiss and perhaps a stab, and many a fearless gallant
+made a wild ride into the night. That woman's subtle power, added
+to the influence of our gentlemanly and highly educated officers in
+social intercourse, had important effects on public sentiment cannot
+be doubted. Still, fear of their own countrymen prevented people from
+associating openly with Americans to any great extent.[31.50]
+
+In short, as this phase of the subject is reviewed, one finds, much
+that was deplorable and in the case of a foreign war should always be
+guarded against. But that is not strange. War is ugly business; and
+since all of us begin conscious existence as savages, and many rise
+little above that stage, we should not be surprised if some of our
+soldiers, deprived to such an extent of uplifting influences, reverted
+more or less toward it. Besides, a grain or two of lawlessness is after
+all a normal and useful ingredient in human nature.[31.52]
+
+[AMERICAN RULE BENEFICENT]
+
+On the whole there was a vast deal to admire and praise. Scott, a man
+well versed in the history of campaigns, asserted that his troops
+displayed "the highest moral deportment and discipline ever known in
+an invading army." Doyle, after making careful inquiries all the way
+from Vera Cruz to the capital and viewing the case as a practical man,
+reported with reference to our troops that "Even from the account of
+the Mexicans themselves they seem to have behaved very well." Gutierrez
+de Estrada, a Mexican of high standing, said to his people that the
+Americans occupying their country ensured them security of person
+and possessions and all proper satisfactions better than their own
+governments had ever done.[31.52]
+
+And when one considers also the relative fewness of serious outrages
+and the comparatively small number of individuals affected, the great
+sums of money paid for supplies and labor,[31.51] the reduced prices
+of almost all manufactured articles, the prevention of brigandage,
+insurrections, and civil as well as military extortions, tyranny and
+excesses in the territory that we held, the promotion of commerce and
+trade, the good ideas of municipal administration frequently exhibited
+by the governors of towns, and the fine examples of subordination to
+authority, both military and civil, exhibited by all grades of our
+troops from the private up to General Scott himself--when these things
+are considered, one may well feel that our occupation was a blessing to
+the people. Yet--they would rather have had Mexican abuse than American
+benefits.[31.52]
+
+
+
+
+XXXII
+
+PEACE
+
+October, 1847-July, 1848
+
+
+In the end peace came, for sooner or later it had to come; but nobody
+could have imagined the extraordinary course of events that was to
+bring it about, and for a long while it seemed impossible.
+
+All the men of sense in Mexico recognized that she had neither physical
+nor moral strength enough to continue the struggle, but the majority
+of the nation were not sensible. The old influences operated still.
+Some could not forgive the outrages perpetrated by our volunteers; some
+wished so lucrative a war to continue; some dreaded the demoralizing
+effect of the millions coming from the United States, of which every
+politician and every military chief were sure to want as much as
+possible. Incorrigible vanity still ignored failures and offered
+iridescent hopes. Pride revolted against making terms while the
+invader's foot pressed the sacred earth of the fatherland, and against
+the inevitable surrender of territory. At least, said not a few, we
+must wait until we make ourselves look formidable, so as to command
+respect; and this meant indefinite postponement.[32.1]
+
+Our army still appeared insignificant; many of our troops were
+deserting, and some of the generals hated one another. Most of the
+people saw an American soldier or heard a word of English seldom, if at
+all. Almost everything went on as before. The people confessed their
+sins to the same priests, answered for their misdemeanors in the same
+courts, bribed the same officials, paid taxes to the same embezzlers,
+and were bullied by the same policemen in the same uniform. Evidently
+the Americans dared not use their advantage. On the other hand they
+were eager for peace. Doubtless they knew the war had few apologists in
+the United States, thought many, and realized that soon a change of
+administration would end it.[32.1]
+
+A large section of the Puro party--a section which may be called for
+the present purpose Eventualists--felt, even though Santa Anna's fall
+had removed one great objection to peace, that it was highly desirable
+to have the war continue until the old army should be virtually
+exterminated, or desired that at least we should hold the country until
+the military, clerical, political and social reforms desired by the
+Puros could be effected and public tranquillity be ensured. A larger
+number than ever craved annexation to the United States as the only
+guaranty of order and prosperity; and still others dared not advocate
+peace, lest they should be charged with lacking patriotism or touching
+"foreign gold." Besides, had not the government, since the fall of the
+capital, announced that all damages resulting from hostilities would
+have to be made good by the United States? That did not seem like
+throwing up the sponge.[32.1]
+
+In addition to these embarrassments many facts appeared to show that
+sensible, concerted action, even if generally desired, would be
+impossible. Political organization seemed to be dissolving. News of
+riots and insurrections came on every wind. Even the governor of Mexico
+state was made a prisoner by malcontents. Many believed with reason
+that, like the Texas war, the present conflict had been used as a
+pretext for official extortion, and refused to pay taxes. The central
+government was regarded not infrequently as a common enemy. Unruly,
+vicious, greedy men--especially the unpaid army officers--plotted
+incessantly. Signs pointed to Indian uprisings, which the presence of
+the Americans encouraged. State decrees against an ignominious peace,
+and state governments that had not experienced the ills of invasion,
+barred the way of negotiation.[32.2]
+
+Secessions looked highly probable. The Coalition of Lagos agitated
+constantly. The legally obliterated state of Aguas Calientes threatened
+to take up arms. Zacatecas made trouble about internal affairs. The
+Eventualists, or a large part of them, felt ready to smash the federal
+union into bits. The monarchists labored, not without success, to
+prove that a European king and European troops could save the nation.
+The Santannistas hoped to make the Prince of Spoilers dictator.
+Many of the Puros felt ready to join them in order to regain a share
+of the power, and a dull, subterranean rumbling satisfied not a few
+that Santa Anna would soon be supreme. Almonte, the implacable foe of
+peace, though now regarded by nearly every one as a cunning, selfish
+adventurer, seemed to many a useful tool; and his Presidential hopes
+found strong support.[32.2]
+
+Among the Americans officers pessimism reigned. In point of time, wrote
+the commanding general, we may not be half through the war. Bankhead
+could observe no sign of peace. "Mexico is an ugly enemy. She will
+not fight--and will not treat," said Webster. The venerable Albert
+Gallatin, scanning the horizon from his watchtower, discovered "hardly
+any hope" that peace would be concluded by Polk's administration. With
+the capture of Mexico City the real difficulties of the Americans
+begin, thought _Le Correspondant_ of Paris; and the London _Times_
+declared that we should have to drop the war or annex a country that
+would cost us more than its value.
+
+[PEACE NEGOTIATIONS REOPENED]
+
+The conditions threatened a long, expensive, demoralizing occupation
+of Mexico, leading almost inevitably to either our absorbing millions
+of undesirable aliens or our becoming involved in a general state
+of irritation and hostility liable to end in a national outburst of
+hatred and fury against us. To avoid these deplorable alternatives
+Polk thought of practically setting up a government with which to make
+peace. But such an organization--even if really feasible, which Polk
+himself doubted--would have required protection for a length of time
+that no one could forecast, would very likely have ended in the same
+dilemma as undisguised occupation, and, if at all successful, might
+have given the world a pretext for saddling Mexico's future upon us.
+How to escape from the predicament Polk and his advisers discussed
+anxiously but without success.[32.3]
+
+President Pena y Pena, however, supported by his Cabinet, by a group of
+true, honest patriots and by the Moderado party in general, determined
+to end the war; and Trist, who understood their sentiments, reopened
+the subject on the twentieth of October. Within a fortnight he was
+informed that Mexico desired peace, and would appoint commissioners in
+a few days. November 2 Congress met. Letters in favor of concluding
+the hostilities poured in upon the members and had their effect. The
+Puro-Santannista league attacked the government promptly on the ground
+of remissness in conducting the war, but a resolution calling upon the
+ministry to state what military steps it had taken failed by more than
+two to one. Senator Otero offered a motion, forbidding the authorities
+to consider the cession of any territory held without question by
+Mexico before the war; but this was rejected, to the surprise of all,
+by a vote of 46 to 29. Senor del Rio then summoned the administration
+to state whether negotiations with Trist had been resumed, and he also
+went down.[32.4]
+
+On the eleventh came the election of an interim President, and again
+the peace party triumphed. The opposition--which had found Almonte
+too unpopular, especially among the Santannistas--gave their votes
+to Cumplido, on the basis of an understanding that Santa Anna should
+neither be reinstated nor be put on trial, but Anaya was chosen by 42
+against 31. About a week later the representatives of seven states met
+at Queretaro by invitation of the government, and after a desultory but
+illuminating discussion of nearly ten days agreed, with the exception
+of San Luis Potosi, to support a movement for peace. Even the war party
+felt the strength of the current.[32.5]
+
+Some action in that sense looked almost sure; and, as a new Congress
+was expected to assemble at the beginning of the year, the present
+members, partly in consequence of intrigues and partly from a fear
+of responsibility, slipped away in such numbers as to conclude the
+session, leaving the government a free field. The opposition then
+came to a head in an insurrection at Queretaro. But Anaya brought
+out artillery and some reliable troops, particularly 200 American
+deserters, and announced that he would not only fight in deadly earnest
+but make examples of the chief rebels. To the insurgents these ideas
+were novel and shocking, and they declined to play the game out. The
+road to peace then seemed to be open.[32.5]
+
+[TRIST RECALLED]
+
+But the marplot had been at work. Finding he could not control Scott's
+policy with reference to the armistice and probably wishing to
+undermine the general-in-chief, Pillow had written to the President.
+Exactly what he said cannot be stated, but probably he described the
+armistice as a gross blunder, and accused our peace commissioner of
+acting as a tool of Scott for the injury of Polk's friends--especially
+Pillow; and on October 4 Polk ordered the recall of Trist. In his
+despatch Buchanan intimated that our envoy's presence might encourage
+the Mexicans to insist upon insulting terms, like those tendered
+by them on September 6, and--probably with a view to hardening our
+conditions--announced that Mexico must sue for peace at Washington.
+By the twenty-first came news that Scott had entered the capital, and
+that Trist had fallen short of obedience by intimating that possibly
+we might not insist upon the Rio Grande line. Polk's feelings grew hot
+as he reflected, and on the twenty-fifth a special messenger set out
+with a reprimand and a repetition of the order to leave Mexico. Both
+despatches reached their destination on the same day, November 16.[32.6]
+
+On receiving them Trist decided to inform the Mexican authorities of
+his recall and go home at the first opportunity. Indeed it seemed to
+him the best policy to return and lay before his government some of the
+information it lacked. But a special escort could not be spared, and,
+as no train was to go down until December 4, he could be deliberate.
+By Thornton, therefore, who was temporarily in charge of the British
+legation and set out for Queretaro the next day, he sent merely an
+informal notice of what had occurred, with a request that some proposal
+be sent on to Polk. By the day Thornton arrived (November 21) Mexican
+peace commissioners had been appointed; and Pena, minister of relations
+under the interim government, listened to his news with signs of
+emotion painful to witness. No Mexican felt ready to sue for peace at
+Washington, and Polk's demand signified the failure and political ruin
+of the peace men.[32.7]
+
+Pena took the ground that Trist's proposal to reopen the negotiations
+bound his government, and implored the charge to urge upon him the
+sincerity and the difficulties of the Mexican authorities. He also
+begged Thornton for an intimation, to be used against the war party,
+that England could not be counted upon for assistance; and the charge
+complied promptly with both requests. Fortified also by the action of
+Congress and the sentiment of the governors, and believing that in view
+of Mexico's present attitude the United States would shortly cancel its
+orders of recall, Pena then officially notified Trist that negotiators
+had been appointed.[32.7]
+
+Our commissioner now found himself in a most extraordinary position.
+Buchanan's letters of recall proved that peace was desired and the
+situation misunderstood by our Executive, but these facts could not
+obliterate certain others. Trist was not merely a private citizen but
+a discharged official under the frown of his government. Dealings with
+Pena could be described as traitorous. A warning against confidence in
+Mexican pretences and a notice that harder terms would now be exacted
+by the United States had been served upon him; and what those terms
+would be he could only imagine. Yet he fully believed in the sincerity
+of Pena and his associates. Thornton confirmed this opinion, and
+adjured him to improve the opportunity. No one on the ground could see
+any other way to peace. General Scott favored negotiating and probably
+expressed the opinion to Trist, as to Mexicans, that, should he make
+a treaty, it would be accepted by the United States. But on him,
+Nicholas P. Trist alone, it depended to say whether two nations were to
+be miserable or happy, to keep on cutting at each other's throats or
+enjoy the blessings of peace; and on him it rested to assume, should
+he take humanity and patriotism for guides, a most arduous task at the
+gravest personal risk and with no substantial profit in view. At noon
+on December 4 he decided aright, and it was a truly noble act.[32.8]
+
+Trist now had it intimated to the Mexican commissioners, that if they
+were disposed to accept a boundary line traced up the Rio Grande to
+thirty-two degrees of latitude and thence west, he would meet them
+privately to make further arrangements. The outcome was a strong
+recommendation from the Mexican commissioners, presented and urged by
+Thornton, that Pena consent. Pena did so; but he pointed out that it
+would be necessary to defer action until the new Senate should confirm
+the nomination of the commissioners. Encouraged, however, by advices
+from Thornton, Trist revoked his official notice that Polk had recalled
+him, and waited, with feelings that can be imagined, for the waters to
+move.[32.9]
+
+[THE PEACE NEGOTIATIONS]
+
+The negotiations stood in fact at a graver crisis than he thought.
+News that leading Whigs talked of settling with Mexico on terms far
+easier than Trist proposed caused hesitation at Queretaro, and fresh
+hopes of English assistance had a still greater effect. But fortunately
+Doyle arrived at this juncture to take charge of the British legation,
+and promptly directed Thornton to state that nothing more than good
+offices could be expected of his government. The support of these
+British diplomats, one at the capital and the other at Queretaro,
+proved most helpful; but then came Polk's Message, which encouraged
+the Eventualists by saying that, should Mexico continue the war, our
+protection might be given to any party able and willing to set up a
+republican government and make peace. Trist grew more and more anxious,
+and on the day after Christmas expressed his desire to proceed.
+In consequence of Doyle's attitude all Mexican scruples about the
+confirmation of the commissioners vanished. On January 1 their full
+"powers" reached the capital; and, beginning on the second, Couto,
+Cuevas and Atristain met there secretly with Trist almost every day.
+Rincon, the other member of the board, did not serve.[32.9]
+
+Trist was prepared to stimulate his colleagues with news that a
+sentiment in favor of pushing the war through without delay had now
+become pronounced in the United States. At the same time his letter
+of September 7 provided them with a most convenient position, for it
+maintained that all the districts now held by American troops were ours
+by right of conquest, and that by accepting our terms Mexico, instead
+of selling lands and population, would recover a large amount of both.
+He gave them, too, an agreeable surprise by proposing substantially the
+same terms as during the armistice.[32.10]
+
+They for their part knew California and all of Texas were lost;
+but their instructions were exacting, and they struggled for all
+conceivable advantages. Foreign arbitration and a European guaranty of
+the boundary were promptly demanded, and were as promptly refused. It
+was proposed that on the signing of the treaty all American forces in
+the country should retire to within fifty leagues of the coast; but
+this and other unreasonable conditions met the same fate. Anticipating
+sharp and captious criticism from opposing lawyers in Congress, the
+Mexicans devoted the most wearisome care to phraseology. Cordiality
+prevailed, however. Trist's good-will, self-sacrifice and courtesy
+received full recognition, and he seems to have been rather intimate
+with Couto, the ablest of his colleagues. Doyle and Thornton, though
+always respecting the line of strict neutrality, assisted materially in
+removing difficulties.[32.10]
+
+Trist felt intensely anxious to save time, and for good reasons.
+Orders might arrive any day--and eventually did arrive--making it
+absolutely impossible for him to act as an American representative.
+Scott was placed by his orders under a military obligation to drive the
+government from Queretaro, and though he granted a _de facto_ truce,
+thinly disguised by occupying a few places and intimating a desire for
+new instructions, a positive despatch might at any hour end that state
+of things.[32.11]
+
+Yet day after day passed. The Mexican government and commissioners
+felt obliged to stick at everything and to confer often by letter.
+January 8 Anaya's term expired by limitation; and, as Congress had not
+assembled, his predecessor became once more the provisional executive.
+Four days later an abortive insurrection at San Luis Potosi frightened
+the timid Pena nearly out of his wits, for it seemed like the prologue
+of a revolution, and he demanded that before signing a treaty he should
+have sufficient American funds to provide adequate support against
+malcontents; but at length his commissioners, insisting that such a
+proposal would be indecorous, eliminated this difficulty. Finally the
+government stopped short at the financial consideration. It asked for
+thirty millions, and our commissioner, in view of the expenses already
+caused by the protraction of the war, would give but fifteen. On the
+twenty-ninth of January, therefore, Trist, in very considerate but very
+positive language, officially declared the negotiation ended.[32.11]
+
+[A TREATY SIGNED]
+
+By arrangement, however, Doyle informed the Mexican commissioners that
+enough time to communicate once more with Queretaro would be given.
+Through the same channel they received a hint from Scott, that he
+would protect the authorities against the dreaded revolution, should a
+treaty be signed, but would otherwise have to dislodge the government,
+and thenceforth hunt it like a deer on the mountain. Doyle talked with
+British directness and good sense. The commissioners brought all this
+pressure to bear on their government. It yielded; and, on the second
+of February, at the suburb of Guadalupe Hidalgo, seat of the most
+venerated shrine in Mexico, in the profound secrecy that had shrouded
+all these negotiations, the treaty was at last signed.[32.12]
+
+By its terms Mexico appeared to sacrifice, independently of Texas,
+an immense area; but she really suffered little, for she had no
+grip--and deserved to have none--upon California and New Mexico.
+Indeed she had found those distant regions merely embarrassing. Nor
+did she really cede any territory. As Trist contended and our Supreme
+Court has in effect decided, the only cession was that made by the
+United States in surrendering districts then in our hands. Our real
+title was conquest--conquest from those who had taken the country by
+conquest from its conquerors. What Mexico granted us was peace and an
+acknowledgement of our title. In return we gave her not only peace,
+which meant vastly more to Mexico than to us, but extensive lands, the
+renunciation of all American claims antedating the treaty, and fifteen
+million dollars in money--a wealth of gold that her treasury had never
+seen before. On both sides the treaty conferred benefits; on our part
+it was magnanimous; and to settle the matter in this way gave the
+United States a feeling of satisfaction worth all it cost.[32.13]
+
+ [Illustration: TERRITORY ACQUIRED FROM MEXICO]
+
+The wish of the Mexican government had been to open the peace
+negotiations by making an armistice. To the Americans this could offer
+little advantage, for the only enemies they now had to fear were
+guerillas, and these recognized no laws. To Pena, on the other hand, it
+meant security from hostile expeditions, larger revenues, diminished
+expenses, Congressional elections in the territory under American
+control, and hence the political support of those who felt the burdens
+of war. But Scott, while ready to grant a virtual immunity from attack
+during the negotiations, was neither authorized nor willing to sign an
+armistice at that stage; and to have done so, indicating that peace was
+contemplated, would have endangered the plans of the Mexican government
+itself. In order, however, to bring about the execution of the treaty
+our commissioner had to demand of Scott a pledge that he would send out
+no more expeditions until new instructions, issued after the arrival
+of the treaty at Washington, should reach him. In short, he requested
+the General to disregard the orders of a government eager to put him
+in the wrong; and Scott, placing the public weal above all personal
+considerations, promptly consented.[32.14]
+
+The second article of the treaty provided expressly for a suspension
+of hostilities, and in view of its previous anxiety to obtain that
+concession, the Mexican government was expected to act in the matter
+at once; but it procrastinated so much as to excite suspicions of
+bad faith at the American headquarters. This conduct, however, was
+merely owing to its constitutional apathy; and on the twenty-second
+of February, 1848, Generals Mora and Quijano opened negotiations with
+Worth and Smith at the capital. True to the Mexican practice, followed
+on almost every occasion since the first of our dealings with Mexico,
+they began with what Doyle fairly characterized as "exorbitant"
+demands. For example, they asked for the evacuation of the capital,
+Puebla, Jalapa and Vera Cruz, and for concessions incompatible with the
+treaty of peace itself.[32.14]
+
+But Worth and Smith, assuming promptly a just and firm attitude, as
+our civil officials ought to have done from the beginning, refused to
+consider such demands, and the Mexicans then withdrew them. Everything
+within reason, however, was granted. Doyle called the armistice,
+indeed, "very favourable" to the weaker side, and the ratification of
+it on March 4 and 5 by the Mexican and American commanders-in-chief
+supplemented happily the treaty of peace. Not only that, but it
+stopped for the time being every attempt at revolt, for under one
+of the articles insurgents were to be opposed by the armies of both
+nations. Paredes and Almonte found it wise to be quiet, and--as we have
+observed--Santa Anna sailed away.[32.14]
+
+[AMERICAN IDEAS ABOUT MEXICO]
+
+The treaty, conveyed with extraordinary speed, reached the White
+House on February the nineteenth, but whether it did well to arrive
+so soon--or even to arrive at all--appeared extremely doubtful. As we
+have learned, a strong appetite for territory had existed in the United
+States before the war, and Mexico had looked inviting. In January,
+1846, Baker of Illinois suggested in Congress the absorption of that
+country. By the following July a somewhat organized annexation party
+existed at New York, and later Senator Dickinson became its champion.
+The wish to acquire soon became strong. Perhaps Moses Y. Beach visited
+Mexico in this cause. Certainly Mrs. Storms, who accompanied him,
+worked actively for it, and his paper ardently recommended annexation
+as not only advantageous for the United States but sure to benefit
+Mexico.[32.15]
+
+Other papers warmly took up this idea, arguing that Providence called
+upon us to regenerate her decadent population. "The Spanish have ceased
+to rule in Mexico," announced the _Democratic Review_ as its watchword
+in February, 1847. Secessionists like Simms of South Carolina thought
+the proposed confederacy would need that country to give it bulk; and
+by a different route Senator Hannegan of Indiana, representing the
+strong expansionist sentiment of the West, arrived at the same point of
+view in regard to annexing Mexico.[32.15]
+
+The recall of Trist, which seemed to give the United States a free
+hand, and also the plan to extend our occupation of her territory,
+which logically pointed that way, strongly promoted the idea, for
+besides the obvious tendency of these measures they were supposed to
+mean that Polk had that end in view. The attitude of men high in the
+administration circle produced a similar effect. Bancroft held that we
+should "rescue a large part of Mexico from anarchy." Cass used language
+that suggested rescuing the whole, and followers of his talked that way
+explicitly. Apparently he thought he could win the next Presidential
+election on this issue; and the war party at his back offered Mexico
+as a reward for supporting its views. Buchanan, at first opposed to
+the acquisition of any territory, trimmed his sails to the rising
+breeze, and wrote that if Mexico did not conclude the war, it would be
+necessary for us to "fulfill the destiny" assigned to us by Providence.
+Walker, who knew more about the far southwest than any other man at
+Washington, favored annexation strongly, and even tried to drag the
+subject into his annual report. Indeed, the financial editor of the New
+York _Herald_ saw in him the regenerator of Mexico; and very likely he
+himself, as head of the treasury, dreamed of winning immense economic
+triumphs in that field.[32.16]
+
+Soon after 1848 came in, the annexation cause began to put on a bold
+front. Naturally the younger element in the party and the country
+felt inclined to take it up. Crocodile tears were shed over the "poor
+foundling"--though a future heiress--placed by Divine Providence at our
+threshold. The danger that England or France might ravish it away from
+us came to the fore. Conquest was pronounced in the Senate a legitimate
+method of expansion. Orators in both Houses pointed more plainly toward
+an extension at the cost of Mexico. Declarations in the contrary
+sense indicated the force of the current. Senator Niles believed that
+substantially all of the Democrats among his colleagues would fall in
+with the plan. Enthusiastic citizens acclaimed it. Speculators fancied
+it would help their schemes in various ways. Capitalists believed that
+by stimulating enterprise it would enlarge and continue the demand for
+money. Manufacturers and high tariff men argued that it would increase
+the national expenses and therefore the duties. Army officers could
+see a wide field for them; and the opponents of slavery, led by the
+_National Era_, felt that Mexican plantations would draw away the
+negroes--now understood to be unprofitable--of Kentucky, Tennessee and
+Virginia. Public meetings became excited on the subject. The country is
+going mad for Mexico, inferred Buchanan; and Walker believed that only
+a systematic newspaper agitation was needed to ensure success.[32.17]
+
+[THE QUESTION BEFORE POLK]
+
+Polk moved in the same direction. In September, 1847, he concluded
+that, should the war continue, he might demand Tamaulipas and the
+line of thirty-one degrees, and reduce the compensation to fifteen
+millions; and before the end of January, 1848, he felt inclined to
+throw aside entirely the terms offered through Trist. Besides, he
+loathed the treaty on account of the man who made it and the man who
+gave assistance. After his recall, considering himself a private
+citizen, Trist reported with a free hand, criticising the President's
+recent Message as encouraging the Eventualists, and expressing his
+opinions on the business without much reserve. Naturally Polk the
+Mediocre, guided by Pillow the Cunning, totally misconceived the spirit
+of Trist and Scott. In his eyes they had contrived a wicked political
+"conspiracy" against Him, His administration, His party and His Pillow.
+Both had proved "utterly unworthy," and on January 25 the "arrogant,
+impudent" and "very base" Trist was ordered to leave headquarters. To
+accept, approve, endorse, recommend and support the work of such a
+scoundrel seemed impossible.[32.18]
+
+But Polk had professed to be considerate and forbearing toward our
+erring sister, and to seek only redress, indemnity, security and
+peace. His terms had been officially stated; and while his Message of
+December, 1847, had suggested that a continuance of the war might be
+expected to modify them, no real fighting had occurred since then,
+and--although Polk had known for about six weeks that negotiations
+on virtually the old basis were afoot--no modification of them had
+been announced. That Message had expressly disclaimed all thought of
+making "a permanent conquest" of Mexico; and on the fourth of this
+very February Sevier, chairman of the committee on foreign relations,
+had stated in the Senate that Polk was anxious for peace, desired only
+indemnity, and wanted to preserve Mexican nationality.[32.19]
+
+Trist had substantially embodied Polk's terms in the treaty, and had
+even anticipated his thought of reducing the compensation. Congress
+had voted men and money on the basis of Polk's professions and terms;
+and, should he now raise his demands, all his enemies would say their
+charges of greed, falsehood, injustice, o'ervaulting ambition and
+bloodthirsty wickedness had been proved. Hostilities might continue,
+the Whigs might carry the election, the war might end in disaster and
+ignominy, and all the gains now embodied in the treaty might be lost.
+Even should these perils be avoided, it seemed extremely doubtful
+whether Mexico would ever accept by treaty a more encroaching boundary,
+and quite possible that an endeavor to obtain it would open a long
+vista of expenses, guerilla warfare, foreign complications and Heaven
+only knew what. Extension toward the south was liable to kindle the
+fires of an anti-slavery agitation and perhaps disrupt the Union. The
+treaty and the victories that it consummated meant enough glory for any
+President. Finally, Polk, now moving about with dragging steps, dry,
+brown face, gray hair and sunken eyes, perhaps felt weary of battling
+both abroad and at home; and at the very least, should he endorse
+this paper and lay it before the Senate, his responsibility would
+cease.[32.19]
+
+Buchanan and Walker opposed the treaty; but the former, as well as
+Polk himself, recognized that any personal misconduct of Trist, a mere
+agent of the Executive, had no proper bearing on the question. The rest
+of the Secretaries favored placing the document before the Senate.
+On February 22, after full debates in the Cabinet, Polk did this,
+recommending by implication the acceptance of it; and so a paper which
+had been simply a memorandum drawn up by a private American citizen
+and several Mexicans holding official positions, became a real treaty,
+merely awaiting confirmation.[32.20]
+
+Among the Senators the treaty met with jeers and scowls. "Great
+Jehovah!" exclaimed Lieutenant W. T. Sherman on learning its terms; it
+is "just such a one as Mexico would have imposed on us had she been
+the conqueror"; and so thought a number of the Senators. It is a mere
+piece of waste paper, cried many; the impudent, perhaps traitorous,
+work of a discredited agent, whom the President had ordered out of
+Mexico; and it would be undignified, ridiculous, degrading, to accept
+such a thing. The war party opposed it. The annexationists opposed it.
+The no-territory men opposed it. The Little Unionists, who thought
+the country too big already, opposed it. Not a few hated to think of
+letting Polk elude them so easily.[32.21]
+
+But suddenly the head of John Quincy Adams, as he sat in the House,
+dropped. He was borne to the Speaker's room. "This is the last of
+earth; I am content," murmured the venerable statesman. For two days
+he lingered, unconscious; and then he passed away. This tragic event
+had a deep effect. There fell a hush, as when snow descends upon the
+city pavement. The sessions of Congress were suspended. Senators were
+prevented from announcing their positions hastily. And when discussion
+began once more, it was resumed with a new feeling of seriousness, a
+new sense of responsibility.[32.21]
+
+[THE TREATY BEFORE THE SENATE]
+
+If the President could put up with Trist and his work, surely the
+Senate could, one began to think; and in every way Polk's virtual
+endorsement gave the paper enough respectability. Politics played a
+leading role in almost every mind, but after a little it seemed like
+bad strategy to vote against the glory and the territory ensured by its
+terms. The committee on foreign relations, which decided to throw the
+treaty aside and send an "imposing" commission to do the work over,
+dropped the scheme when Polk told them bluntly this would be "worse
+than an idle ceremony." Benton, thoroughly angry at the administration
+because Fremont, his son-in-law, had been condemned for insubordination
+in California; Berrien, wedded to his "no-territory" idea; Corwin,
+anxious perhaps to have more Americans find hospitable graves in
+Mexico; Webster, who asserted that California and New Mexico were "not
+worth a dollar"; and certain other Senators, committed for this or that
+reason, were beyond argument; but all their hopes failed.[32.22]
+
+The deep current set against them. "What better can we do?" became an
+unanswerable argument for the treaty. The people wanted peace. They
+desired no more bloodshed, no more costs. One could not be sure of
+obtaining another treaty from chaotic Mexico, or sure that any treaty
+differing from the present one could have as good a chance in the
+American Senate. To reject the work of Trist was understood more and
+more clearly to involve, perhaps, not only interminable fighting, but
+a train of moral, political, industrial, commercial and financial ills
+of which no one could see the end. Already enough generals had built up
+reputations, thought many of the politicians. It would be of priceless
+advantage, urged some of the finer men, to supplement our military
+triumphs with a great act of magnanimity. By March 7 ratification,
+which had been for a time extremely doubtful, appeared probable.
+Houston of Texas, a leading opponent, concluded to visit New Hampshire.
+And on the tenth by 38 against 14--a narrow margin, since a majority of
+two-thirds was requisite--the treaty won. A transfer of four votes from
+the affirmative to the negative would have defeated it.[32.22]
+
+There were a few amendments. Article X, which might have revived
+extinct Mexican claims to lands in Texas now occupied by _bona fide_
+settlers, went overboard at once. The provision of security for the
+Roman Catholic church in the acquired territory (Art. IX) fell out as
+unnecessary, as reflecting on the good faith of the United States,
+as suggesting government interference with religious affairs in this
+country, and as tending to confirm the Mexican pretence that we
+entertained hostile feelings toward that communion. The Senate refused
+to agree that California and New Mexico should be made into states
+"as soon as possible" (Art. IX), regarding that as a step to be taken
+with deliberation, and only when, in the judgment of Congress, all the
+prerequisites of statehood should exist. Instead of allowing Mexico
+to choose between payment by instalments and payment in securities
+convertible at once into cash (Art. XII) it was decided to offer
+only the former method, as a veiled hint that an infraction of the
+treaty would cause a suspension of the instalments. Another amendment
+permitted the Indians to have firearms, which, as they lived by the
+chase, had to be done. A further modification, intended to hasten
+the conclusion of peace, authorized the exchange of ratifications at
+Queretaro whenever Mexico should accept the amended treaty; and it was
+also provided by the Senate that evacuation could then begin. Finally a
+secret article, which permitted Mexico to consummate the ratification
+of the agreement at any time within eight months, instead of the four
+months of Article XXIII, was cancelled, because it seemed to encourage
+procrastination, and allow her time to escape from the treaty, while
+compelling us to bear great expenses. But none of these changes touched
+the essentials.[32.23]
+
+[THE TREATY IN MEXICO]
+
+It now became necessary to have some one explain the amended treaty to
+Mexico, bring about her acceptance of it, and, should it be confirmed,
+exchange the ratifications. This gave Polk a chance to prove himself a
+large man. Scott, though not without serious grounds of offence against
+Hitchcock, Harney and Quitman, had forgiven and honored them, because
+they deserved well of the country. Trist, the bringer of peace, the
+negotiator of its terms, high in the favor of the Mexican government,
+and able to exert much influence on the Mexican Congress, deserved
+the appointment. If the treaty represented a great national service
+and had merit enough to be accepted, its maker had merit enough to be
+recognized. But the President was only Polk the Mediocre after all.
+His plumage had been ruffled; and instead of giving Trist this high
+and lucrative post, he relegated the peacemaker to a dishonorable
+oblivion, and would not even pay him for the time actually spent in the
+negotiations. To think that a President of the United States could be
+so small![32.24]
+
+Aside from this petty meanness and spite, however, Polk selected a
+man worthy, both personally and officially, of the position. This was
+Sevier, chairman of the Senate committee of foreign relations and
+leading champion of the treaty in that body. Then, as Sevier became
+suddenly though temporarily ill and no delay could be risked, Clifford,
+the attorney general, was appointed associate commissioner with
+equal powers; and eventually the two--both arriving at Mexico by the
+fifteenth of April--acted in concert.[32.24]
+
+Mexico now became the scene of action again. February 6 the government
+announced what had been done about peace. Knowing how loud an outcry
+had been raised against even considering a treaty, one can imagine what
+occurred, now that a treaty had been made. The old objections were
+reiterated. Trist's lack of authority was dwelt upon. Secret, despotic,
+illegal, treasonable, shameful, ruinous, were a few of the everyday
+epithets that bombarded the government. It had no power to alienate
+Mexican territory. It should have waited for the American friends of
+peace to act. Even "the sepulchral comfort" of temporary subjugation
+was described as preferable to such a peace. "Approval of the treaty,"
+exclaimed Rejon, "is the political death of the Republic." Another
+insurrection broke out at San Luis Potosi, and all the comandantes
+general were notified to expect revolts.[32.25]
+
+The peace men, however, stood firm. Honor has been saved, they
+insisted. The United States has recognized Mexico as an independent
+nation. There has been no suing for terms at Washington. Territory has
+been regained, not sold. To speak properly, indeed, this is a "treaty
+of restitution"; fifteen millions are to be paid for injuries done
+us; the territory acquired by the United States costs her more dearly
+than Louisiana; and full rights have been secured for all Mexicans
+adopted by another government. Whatever harshness can be found in the
+conditions is due to the circumstances, not the government. War has
+no respect for justice. Besides, in case of need a nation, like an
+individual, may find amputation expedient, and be the stronger for it.
+Above all, the administration has merely done its duty in treating
+according to its best judgment. It has determined nothing, settled
+nothing. The facts of the case will be laid before Congress, and the
+representatives of the people shall decide.[32.25]
+
+Here, then, came the real crisis: would Congress ratify the treaty? At
+Washington, in spite of some encouraging reports, the impression gained
+ground that it would not. The amendments appeared to cause little
+excitement, but they were not the real issues. Opponents of peace had
+the speeches of American statesmen printed, and hawked them about the
+streets. Prudent Mexicans demanded an end of the uncertainty, disorder
+and chaos that was paralyzing the country; but so had they always
+demanded it. The government exhibited little activity, while the Puros
+and the friends of Santa Anna did not sleep. The especially important
+elections in the occupied territory did not end until April 23, and
+by that date one could see that something else was to be feared even
+more than opposition. As on every other occasion demanding a patriotic
+stand, most of the decent men felt afraid to assume responsibility.
+Another difficulty was that money for their travelling expenses had
+customarily been advanced to the members by the government, and now
+it had no money for the purpose. Finally, however, said an American
+who did not precisely understand the affair, merchants at the capital
+subscribed a large sum to hunt up the Congress and feed it long
+enough to ratify the treaty; severer measures also were taken to
+ensure attendance; and early in May a quorum of shaking legislators
+convened.[32.26]
+
+In opening Congress Pena stated the grand question ably. Honor, union,
+independence and the hope of national prosperity and felicity have been
+saved, he pointed out; the United States made the proposals, and Mexico
+has obtained all the advantages possible under the circumstances; we
+have given up some territory, but the foremost nations of the world
+have done the same at one time or another; every one sees that we
+should have adjusted our difficulties in 1845, but it is now possible
+once more to settle them, and the opportunity to do so should not
+again be lost. The ministers of war and finance presented statements
+proving the impossibility of continuing the war successfully, and the
+peace commissioners justified the terms of the treaty. The prospect
+of recovering the Mexican customhouses and receiving the American
+millions looked highly attractive. No less telling, doubtless, were
+the preparations of the United States to resume hostilities with fresh
+energy, and to tax Mexico rigorously. The most efficient American army
+that had yet been seen in the country awaited Butler's orders, and
+large reinforcements had been voted by Congress. No responsible men in
+their senses could resist such arguments. The treaty, as amended by
+the American Senate, was promptly ratified, and by June 9 Washington
+had the news. With all speed it ran from city to city, from town to
+town, from vale to vale; and everywhere it was greeted with quiet but
+heartfelt rejoicings.[32.27]
+
+By an arrangement already made, Sevier and Clifford, after learning
+what had been done by the Mexican Congress, proceeded to the seat of
+government. It was a tiresome journey of about 145 miles; but at last,
+from the summit of a high ridge, they saw domes and spires two miles
+or so distant, glittering on a low eminence in a fine valley, which
+was enclosed by parallel ranges of mountains. The town was Queretaro;
+and on May the twenty-sixth, in the President's rather plain reception
+room, dignified with crimson curtains and with chairs of state,
+Clifford presented their credentials.[32.28]
+
+[THE TREATY RATIFIED BY MEXICO]
+
+Pena, tall and benign though sadly worn, Rosa, the minister of
+relations, rather short and swarthy but with large, thoughtful eyes
+lighting up his countenance, and Anaya, the minister of war, tall and
+gaunt, with high cheek bones and a face of Indian stolidity, received
+them with all due courtesy. "Sister republics, may the two countries
+ever maintain the most friendly relations," was the American greeting;
+and Pena replied, "As the head of this nation, I desire nothing more
+ardently than that our treaty may prove the immutable basis of that
+constant harmony and good understanding which should prevail sincerely
+between the two republics." Conversations and formalities ensued, and
+on May 30 an exchange of the ratifications concluded this momentous
+business.[32.28]
+
+In the execution of the treaty a few misunderstandings arose, but none
+of serious importance; and the minister of relations attested the
+good faith of the United States.[32.29] Orders for the evacuation of
+Mexican territory were promptly given to our commanders in the various
+fields of operation, and were promptly obeyed.[32.30] Even before the
+last formalities occurred, in fact, Butler called in his outposts, and
+as the sun rose on the twelfth of June it shone upon the arms of his
+rejoicing troops, drawn up--facing the palace--in the grand plaza of
+the capital. Housetops, balconies and the near streets were full, but
+perfect order and stillness prevailed except for the sharp commands of
+our officers. Thirty guns saluted the American banner on the palace,
+and then it was lowered. The Mexican flag took its place on the staff
+and received the same honors. An American band struck up gaily. The
+unconquered ranks wheeled, marched and left the city. Herrera, the new
+President, returned to the chair from which Paredes had ejected him,
+and the proud capital rejoiced to be free once more. But it rejoiced
+soberly. "I question," said U. S. Grant, "whether the great majority
+of the Mexican people did not regret our departure as much as they had
+regretted our coming."[32.31]
+
+The plan of evacuation was to let the troops wait near Jalapa until
+transports could be provided and their baggage go aboard, and then
+march to the unhealthy coast and sail away as quickly as possible. For
+some time General Smith had now been making preparations at Vera Cruz
+with his characteristic efficiency; and soon the army, the sick, the
+wounded and the many who attended to their needs, took ship rapidly
+for New Orleans. By the twelfth of July more than 25,000 embarked, and
+on the last day of the month all the fortifications of Vera Cruz and
+frowning Ulua, the symbol of Mexican pride, were given up. Stirred by
+feelings deep and strong, the departing soldiers looked round them
+with a farewell gaze--at the low white walls, at the exotic vegetation
+that had now come to be familiar, and at the gleaming, snowy peak of
+Orizaba, towering above its belt of dark evergreens. They had trodden
+the soil of that wonderful country with the stern, proud foot of the
+conqueror, but they now left it full of sympathy and good wishes; and
+one of the number put his feelings into terse and soldierlike rhymes:
+
+ "The stranger parting from the shore,
+ Thy glories to behold no more,
+ Bids thee farewell with swelling heart
+ As his swift bark leaps o'er the sea,
+ And, as the truant tear-drops start,
+ Prays God that thou mayst yet be free."[32.32]
+
+
+
+
+XXXIII
+
+THE FINANCES OF THE WAR
+
+1846-1848
+
+
+Mexico, as we have learned, entered upon the contest with neither money
+nor revenues nor credit. From nothing, nothing comes; and many supposed
+she was too poor to fight. But she did fight--or at least men fought in
+her name--and one cannot help asking how they contrived to do so. In
+full the question cannot be answered, but some of the facts lie within
+our view, and these are not only valuable in themselves but highly
+suggestive.[33.1]
+
+Aside from loans, the income of the government in 1844 was figured
+roughly as follows: import duties, seven million dollars; duties on
+commerce in the interior, four and a quarter millions; profits from
+the monopolies of the mints, tobacco, stamped paper, playing cards,
+national lottery, post-office, etc., two and a quarter millions;
+miscellaneous taxes and revenues, three millions; total, sixteen and
+a half millions net. But the American blockade cut off nearly fifty
+per cent of this income at one stroke; and not only our progressive
+occupation of territory, but the dislike of the people for national
+taxes, their growing dissatisfaction with Santa Anna's regime,
+and their increasing destitution caused a rapid shrinkage of the
+residue.[33.2]
+
+It was proposed to contrive a general plan of taxation for the
+emergency; but probably the interests principally threatened put a stop
+to it, and at all events it mysteriously disappeared. The government
+was given ample authority, but could do nothing. A war tax was laid on
+house-rents, for example; but it could not be collected everywhere, and
+probably its net proceeds amounted to little. In November, 1846, it was
+decided to issue drafts for two millions, to be accepted by the clergy
+and then purchased by designated citizens; but the scheme, though
+actually decreed, proved a failure, and the famous laws of January 11
+and February 4, 1847, were no more successful. June 17, 1847, a special
+tax of one million was assessed upon the entire population; but only a
+small fraction of this appears to have been paid. In November, 1847,
+the government offered to deduct one half of the pending national taxes
+levied before May 1, 1846, if citizens would pay them by February
+1, 1848; and this indicates clearly how the people had been acting.
+A few of the states, besides maintaining National Guards, erecting
+fortifications and manufacturing cannon, remitted some cash to the
+central government; but when we find the richest of them all, Mexico,
+boasting that she had sent the insignificant sum of about $160,000,
+we have reason to place a rather slight value upon this kind of
+assistance. Moreover, accepted drafts on that state, payable in one,
+two and three months, could not be sold--even at a discount.[33.3]
+
+The clergy gave nominally a million and a half, but they appear to have
+taken up indirectly, at a discount of forty per cent, the drafts of
+which this donation consisted. Citizens provided a large part of the
+new ordnance, but aside from this we hear of few substantial gifts.
+Just after the battle of Molino del Rey, in order to obtain bread for
+the army, the government requested the bakers of the capital to meet,
+but only a part of them came. A "positive supreme order" then brought
+them together, and they promised contributions; yet the promises were
+not kept.[33.4]
+
+Every possible effort was made to borrow. Once the treasury offered
+a national loan of two and a half millions, but it fell flat in the
+states that might have paid the most. Just before the battle of Cerro
+Gordo there was a door-to-door canvass at Mexico; but only small sums
+can have been picked up. About three months later the government
+imposed a forced loan, of which more than $280,000 were assigned to
+the capital; but the Mexicans had learned to evade such extortions,
+and it proved hard to collect the allotted amounts. In July, 1847,
+the British consul general, Mackintosh, loaned $600,000 in exchange
+for the ratification of an arrangement negotiated with the British
+bondholders. In four loans the clergy furnished some three millions,
+all told. The President raised money, it was reported, on public and
+private securities, sold bonds freely at very low rates, and borrowed
+in effect by giving contracts on terms favorable enough to make the
+transactions worth while as gambling propositions. The principal mint,
+for example, was turned over to the British consul general for a period
+of ten years in February, 1847, in exchange for some $200,000 in cash
+and a promise to pay one per cent on the amount coined; and on similar
+principles arms and other necessaries were sometimes obtained.[33.4]
+
+All of these financial operations were at least ostensibly lawful, but
+Santa Anna did not pause here. Wherever money could be found, he seems
+to have taken it, holding that the exigency outweighed all rights and
+all pledges. Funds belonging to the tobacco revenue were illegally
+seized, for instance; and a large sum due the Academy of Fine Arts
+fell into this voracious maw. Not only cash but everything needed
+for the army went the same way. At Jalapa early in April, 1847, for
+example, all the owners of horses received orders to bring them in.
+Grain, forage, lead, lumber, arms, ammunition, tools, cattle, mules and
+laborers were taken by force; and sometimes military officers exhibited
+the burglar's predilection for a midnight hour. Here was a kind of
+finance that saved the expenses of accounting, and without it even the
+low cost of the Mexican soldier would not explain Santa Anna's holding
+out so long.[33.5]
+
+[THE AMERICAN FINANCIAL OUTLOOK]
+
+The United States, happily, stood far above this level, but not so far
+that probably mere good luck did not save us from grave trouble; and it
+was easy to foresee many dangers--all the worse because they naturally
+made capital timid--when the hostilities began. The total receipts of
+the treasury for the fiscal year ending with June 30, 1845, were nearly
+thirty millions and the ordinary expenditures $22,935,828. It was
+estimated that during the next year the receipts would fall about three
+millions, and Walker--allowing the munificent amounts of something more
+than two and a half millions for the army and something less than five
+for the navy--expected to reduce the total disbursements a little,
+anticipating for the period ending with June, 1847, a further saving of
+more than four millions. The receipts for July-September, 1845, proved
+to be more than two millions below those of the corresponding months of
+1844, and the customs income for the fiscal year 1845-46 was $815,445
+less than for the preceding twelve-month. In a word, shrinking revenues
+and curtailed outlays were the prospect.[33.6]
+
+In this condition of things, not only had the unpredictable costs
+and embarrassments of war to be faced, but those of war in a distant
+land. Money was to be sent out of the country, never to return, and
+the bills for supplies to be increased by the burdens of marine
+transportation, insurance and losses; while risks from privateers and
+European complication could be seen. Before such an outlook business
+men shrank from large enterprises. People with money felt disposed to
+keep it.[33.7]
+
+Where, then, were funds to come from? The currency had been inflated
+by the paper issues of many banks. Stocks were selling far below the
+prices of twelve months before. Even the business men who did not
+endorse the tariff of 1842 had adjusted their affairs to it, and now
+everybody understood that a new scale of duties, based upon free-trade
+ideas, lay on the treasury anvil. Calls for the government funds held
+and used by state depositories and for the specie of all the banks
+were feared. The banks cannot support a loan, and even in peace our
+capitalists have never done so, remarked the financial editor of the
+New York _Herald_, probably the best newspaper authority.[33.7]
+
+The government must look abroad, concluded the editor, and in Europe
+no light could be seen. By 1842 our state debts, mostly held there,
+had amounted to nearly $200,000,000. Mississippi, Michigan, Arkansas
+and Florida sank in the mire of repudiation. Pennsylvania, Maryland,
+Indiana, Illinois and Louisiana became delinquent. The bonds of South
+Carolina fell below par. Missouri passed a stay law. Sidney Smith, when
+he met a Pennsylvanian at dinner, felt like dividing the man's raiment
+among the British guests, most of whom, if not all, had probably
+suffered by the "dishonor" of the state. Indeed, the bondholders were
+disposed to throw off half of the interest rate, if our national
+treasury would assume the debts; but a proposition to do this failed in
+Congress.[33.8]
+
+As early as 1841 even our six per cent national bonds would not sell in
+Europe, though money commanded less than half as large a return there.
+"Who will lend on American securities?" asked the London _Spectator_
+the very month we began war upon Mexico. Our credit then grew worse
+instead of better. The war bill precipitated a panic in Wall Street,
+and soon business in the west and south was described as prostrate.
+Bad as such a financial outlook was in itself, too, it involved a
+consequent ill. Evidently the administration would have to pinch; and,
+as Madame de Sevigne once remarked, "There is nothing so expensive as
+want of money."[33.8]
+
+The Democrats, however, were committed against the protective tariff of
+1842, now in force, and Polk as a party man felt that something must
+be done about it. Walker no doubt shared this opinion; and, having
+gained immense prestige in the south by his brilliant advocacy of the
+annexation of Texas, he very likely hoped that by now carrying into
+effect the fiscal ideas prevalent in that section, he might supplant
+Calhoun. Probably, too, he sincerely believed in these ideas. To him
+the existing scale of duties appeared to be the cause of the shrinking
+revenues; and he stated boldly that war, which had been recognized for
+some time as a possibility, "would create an increased necessity for
+reducing our present high duties in order to obtain sufficient revenue
+to meet increased expenditures."[33.9]
+
+[NEW FISCAL LAWS]
+
+Soon after hostilities began, therefore, a tariff bill came before
+Congress. It was bitterly and stubbornly fought. In the Senate its
+defeat appeared sure; but Crittenden and Clayton, believing it could
+only prove a discreditable failure, had a Whig support it in order
+to gain party advantage at the expense of the nation, and by this
+unworthy trick and the casting vote of the presiding officer it
+passed. In company with it went a warehouse bill and the restoration
+of the sub-treasury system, which divorced the government from the
+banks, and required the treasury to accept and pay out only specie.
+About the first of August, 1846, this entire system became law. "Our
+administration seems enamoured of ruin, and woos calamity for itself,"
+exclaimed the Whig _North American_; our credit is threatened by the
+sub-treasury plan; our industries are deprived of protection; "while
+an expensive war is eating out our vitals, our revenue is to be
+diminished"; and a direct tax will have to be laid.[33.9]
+
+The new tariff became effective on the first of December, 1846. As of
+course importers waited for it, a lean period preceded that event, and
+the heavy receipts that followed it, providing Walker with an apt
+retort, did not prevent the total for the year ending with June, 1847,
+from coming short of his estimate by more than four millions. Without
+waiting to acquire this unwelcome fact, however, the government found
+itself compelled in June, 1846, to revise at a sharp angle upward its
+predictions of the expenditures. Over and above their calculations
+of the previous December the war and navy departments now called for
+$23,952,904, which Polk informed Congress was "the largest amount
+which any state of the service" would require up to July 1, 1847.
+The secretary of the treasury had expected to find on July 1, 1847,
+a surplus (virtually that estimated for the previous year minus half
+a million) of at least $4,332,441, and had confidently hoped for a
+substantial gain in revenue; but he admitted that it was now requisite,
+since a working capital of four millions for the treasury and the
+mints had to be kept on hand, to provide $12,586,406 of additional
+income.[33.10]
+
+The proper method of handling our war finances was, in the first place,
+to increase the existing taxes--not only to obtain funds promptly,
+but as a firm support for the nation's credit and a basis for those
+temporary loans which are a wise expedient at the beginning of a war;
+and Walker expected the proposed tariff to answer this purpose. But
+the question how to raise these twelve and a half millions remained.
+Excise and direct taxes, the administration believed, would not be
+prompt enough, and would not seem to the public warranted by the
+circumstances. It was therefore recommended to Congress that both
+treasury notes and a loan should be resorted to; and on July 22, 1846,
+without much debate, the issue of ten millions in such obligations, to
+be sold at not less than par, was authorized.[33.11]
+
+Treasury notes could not really serve the government's purpose well,
+for they were soon to be paid, the expense of handling them fell upon
+the treasury, and, as they were receivable for duties, they were
+sure to pour into the customhouses instead of real money whenever
+they should be cheaper than specie. The treasury, bound by law to
+pay out only the latter, would then have to buy coin at the market
+price--presumably, as Gallatin said, with depreciated notes. These
+would then fall still more, and so the process appeared certain to
+continue.
+
+[BONDS ISSUED]
+
+But notes were the most convenient and readiest, if not the only way
+of quickly anticipating revenue; they were particularly suited to the
+nature of the government's expenditures; they provided an easy method
+of transmitting the large sums that would be needed in the south on
+the war account; and financial critics at New York approved of them.
+Not all were of that opinion, however. About the middle of September
+the appearance of notes for half a million was announced by one
+journal under the heading, "Extensive Paper Money Manufactory"; but
+the government persisted, and by the ninth of December, 1846, nearly
+four millions of them were out. This with the balance--more than nine
+millions--handed over by the previous fiscal year, made up for the lean
+customs receipts of this period.[33.12]
+
+Meanwhile attention was given to the more substantial resource of a
+loan. At the end of September the secretary of the treasury disappeared
+mysteriously from his accustomed haunts, and to Polk's acute distress
+of mind wandered for more than two weeks in the perilous jungle of
+Wall Street. His experiences there were in fact rather hard. The
+capitalists looked with favor on the project of a loan and had plenty
+of money, but--believing the government would require a large amount,
+and therefore that a loan made now would be likely to depreciate, as
+well as actuated by their characteristic spirit of thrift--they stood
+out for six per cent. The New York and Boston banks, it was thought at
+the White House, were in league against the administration. Besides,
+the public had little information about the way money was being spent,
+and felt apprehensive of extravagance and a huge debt. Many believed
+the war had cost half a million each day. Not a few distrusted Walker.
+He had engineered Mississippi into bankruptcy, and had become insolvent
+personally. In the Senate his reputation had been that of a needy
+adventurer, intensely ambitious, clever in debate and intrigue, but not
+of solid ability, and especially not a financier. At present nobody
+denied his real talents or his extreme devotion to work, but he was
+charged with inaccuracy and with sophistical reasoning.[33.13]
+
+Apparently five and two fifths per cent was all he felt ready to
+offer, and special reasons could be given for halting there, since
+it was feared that issuing a six per cent loan at par would injure
+the United States sixes, now held at 106, and also the credit of the
+government. But finally, with the approval of the President and the
+Cabinet, he advertised, October 30, for bids on a five million loan for
+ten years at six per cent. November 12 the tenders were opened. For a
+small fraction of the amount a slight premium was offered, and for the
+rest par. No doubt the rate, in comparison with European standards,
+had to be regarded as high, but on the other hand this was our first
+specie loan, and was said to be the only war loan ever taken without a
+discount.[33.13]
+
+Plainly, however, more needed to be done. It was already
+extraordinarily difficult to pay the comparatively small expenses
+of the war, wrote the British minister at this time. Congress had
+not fully provided for even the minimum needs recognized by the
+sanguine, if not sophistical, Walker; and early in December, 1846, his
+annual report intimated that on July 1, 1848, with a due allowance
+for the working capital of the treasury, there would be a deficit
+of twenty-three millions. Apparently a loan was requisite, and he
+advised making the term twenty years. Then, with no little anxiety,
+the administration waited. At the end of December Bancroft wrote
+privately, "If we can raise the ways and means," we can surmount the
+other difficulties. On the eleventh of January, 1847, a bill virtually
+embodying Walker's recommendations was thrown into the House, and a
+long, acrimonious debate ensued. The treasury "languishes," announced
+the organ of the government; needed volunteers could not be called
+out; but the legislators had irrepressible things to say. At length,
+however, on January 28 the bill providing $23,000,000 became a law.
+Though it primarily contemplated treasury notes, it permitted the
+Executive liberty of action; and a large amount of six per cent bonds
+were sold.[33.14]
+
+But Polk was by no means out of trouble now. Walker's estimate made
+no mention of great outstanding purchases, for which the contractors
+had not yet sent in their accounts. Not only the customs duties but
+the sales of public lands were coming far short of his expectations.
+No allowance appeared to be made for the effect of bounty land scrip
+that was likely to reduce them still more. The Vera Cruz expedition
+and a possible march to the enemy's capital were in view. Indeed, the
+real war had only begun. Besides, the temper of Congress had already
+threatened trouble and made it. Not only to ensure additional revenue
+in general, but in particular--it would seem--to strengthen the credit
+of the government by showing how the interest on its obligations would
+be taken care of, the Secretary brought up again the suggestion of his
+annual report, that a duty of twenty-five per cent should be placed
+on tea and coffee, which--although the free list had been restricted
+in the tariff of 1846--had been left untaxed. In fact it had been
+intimated by him at New York, even if not actually promised, that
+such a step would be taken; and a few days before Christmas, 1846, he
+notified the committee on ways and means that probably without this
+assistance a satisfactory loan could not be made. Yet Congress rejected
+the proposition by a great majority.[33.15]
+
+A plan of Benton's also--to grade the public lands on the basis of
+their attractiveness, and reduce prices accordingly--which would have
+increased the income of the government, failed to pass, though endorsed
+by Polk, Walker and the general land commissioner. Pessimists were
+happy. With Polk, the war, the weather, the sub-treasuries "and perhaps
+the Devil" to struggle against, wrote a correspondent of Martin Van
+Buren, soon not an ingot would be "left standing," and there was "no
+calculating, no prophesying" what would become of the nation.[33.15]
+
+[A TARIFF FOR MEXICAN PORTS]
+
+Apparently to offset the failure of the tea and coffee tax, Walker's
+active brain produced another scheme, designed not only to bring in
+revenue and reassure the capitalists, but also to please the shipping
+men of the United States and neutral countries. This was to open the
+Mexican ports controlled by us, and permit merchandise to enter there
+under a moderate scale of duties. During March, 1847, assisted by
+Senator Benton and the attorney general, Polk satisfied himself that
+under his powers as commander-in-chief he could impose and collect
+the duties as military contributions, for by the right of conquest
+he could either exclude commerce or admit it on his own terms, and
+contributions were legitimate under the laws of war. Said Vattel, "A
+nation [at war] on every opportunity lays its hands on the enemy's
+goods, appropriates them to itself, and thereby, besides weakening
+the adversary, strengthens itself, and at least in part, procures an
+indemnification, an equivalent, either for the very cause of the war,
+or for the expences and losses resulting from it"; and a low scale of
+duties was an extremely mild application of this principle.[33.16]
+
+Moreover, it was quite as legitimate under our Constitution also,
+though not expressly mentioned, as to blockade or bombard Vera Cruz,
+respecting which the organic law was equally silent. Indeed, to have
+left the ports wide open or allowed the high Mexican tariff to remain
+in force would, in addition to being harmful to us, have required
+as great an exercise of authority. Finally, Scott and some of our
+naval commanders, moved by the evident proprieties of the situation,
+fixed duties and used the proceeds at their discretion, and it was
+manifestly better to arrange the business in a uniform, well-considered
+manner.[33.16]
+
+It might have been expected that substantially either our own or the
+Mexican tariff would be applied, but neither would have answered.
+Mexican imports were very different from ours; specific, not _ad
+valorem_, duties had been customary there; and competent appraisers
+could not be found. On the other hand the unreasonable Mexican duties,
+besides preventing commerce to a large extent, encouraged fraud and
+smuggling. In March, 1847, therefore, a special tariff was prepared by
+Walker, lowering the Mexican duties on imports more than one half, and
+substituting for all port dues and charges a uniform tax of one dollar
+per ton; and on March 31 Polk ordered the system to be put in force.
+Mexico retorted that goods paying the American duties--especially goods
+prohibited by her laws--would be confiscated, and this attitude caused
+some uneasiness in France; but it seemed fairly evident that the United
+States would protect neutrals accepting our policy, and not only the
+foreign merchants in Mexico but the neutral governments felt highly
+pleased with our course.[33.17]
+
+The authorities at Washington, however, did not rejoice as much. The
+real difficulty lay, not in landing merchandise at the ports, but in
+placing it before Mexican customers, and comparatively few of the
+latter could be reached. Persevering efforts were made to solve the
+problem on both coasts. Sometimes, for reasons not fully understood,
+the Mexican government issued licenses for the passage of goods to the
+interior, and for a consideration local authorities in the northeast
+did the same; but even these documents were not always valid against
+officials and military men whose "patriotism" had not been "sweetened."
+European merchants could see this difficulty. Up to October 20, 1847,
+only one small cargo from that direction entered the harbor of Vera
+Cruz, and Walker admitted privately that a very small part of the few
+imports was disposed of for consumption beyond the coast. In a word,
+this vaunted plan gave no substantial help on the problem of supporting
+the war.[33.18]
+
+[GOOD FORTUNE HELPS US]
+
+But by this time the good luck which has been supposed to keep an
+eye on the United States of America had intervened. In 1846 came the
+great Irish famine. British provision laws were suspended. Faced with
+starvation people cared little what they paid, if they could obtain
+food. Our agricultural products, which had fallen heavily in market
+value since October 1, 1845, rose with astonishing buoyancy. Western
+grain that had scarcely been worth transporting--frequently not worth
+it--became precious. A ship could earn thirty per cent of her cost in
+one round trip, yet hardly enough vessels could be found. So abrupt
+was the turn that a financial editor who had predicted on December 17,
+1846, a speedy return to the distress of 1837, declared on January
+30, 1847, "We are on the high road to an unprecedented prosperity."
+The abolition of the British corn laws ensured our farmers not only
+temporary relief but a permanent market. Cotton, too, and even cotton
+goods were in active demand abroad; and a famine in Germany gave us
+additional support.[33.19]
+
+Every vessel from the other side brought more of the specie that had
+been expected to disappear from circulation here. Between the first
+of January and the middle of July, 1847, approximately twenty-four
+millions came in, besides about five millions in the pockets of
+immigrants. Everybody who did anything or had anything shared in the
+general increase of wealth. Hoarding went out of fashion. All were
+spenders. In particular, a craze for dress demanded great quantities of
+European fabrics. The warehousing plan also stimulated importation. For
+the quarter ending with September, 1847, the customs duties amounted
+to more than eleven millions--almost half the total of the preceding
+year--and for the week ending with October 1 they were nearly double
+those of the corresponding week in 1846. In a word, gold rained upon
+us; the languishing treasury revived; and the credit of the government
+revived with it. Later, in the autumn of 1847, to be sure, the
+financial downpour abated, but it had already done its work. The ship
+of state rode now beyond the bar.[33.19]
+
+Yet Polk still had to cope with difficulties. Early in December,
+1847, when Congress assembled, he found it necessary to present large
+estimates and to admit that a deficit of nearly sixteen millions was to
+be expected by July 1, 1848; and there seemed to be little hope that
+Congress would provide additional revenue. Borrowing was inevitable,
+and Walker's report of December 8 proposed a loan of $18,500,000.
+Nothing was done, however. The banks of New York and Boston endeavored
+to force upon the government a fiscal policy more acceptable to them,
+and a strong element in Congress, of which more will be heard in
+the next chapter, not only entertained a similar desire, but seemed
+willing to impair the credit of the administration. At length, on the
+nineteenth of January, 1848, a bill was introduced, and after a further
+delay another long debate opened. "How is the loan bill getting on,
+Sir?" inquired a newspaper correspondent of a Representative of the
+People after it had been on the tapis for about a month. "Oh, they are
+spouting away, spouting away, Sir," was the careless reply. But on the
+last day of March a six per cent loan of $16,000,000 was authorized on
+substantially the same basis as the previous loans. The treaty of peace
+had been signed on February 2, and the new bonds brought a premium
+rising in some instances to $4.05 on a hundred.[33.20]
+
+[THE MEXICANS TAXED]
+
+In the same report (December, 1847) Walker announced, though evidently
+a little chastened in spirit, that relief would soon come from
+Mexico. What he chiefly counted upon at this time, however, was not
+customs duties. As early as the nineteenth of September, 1846, Polk,
+justly offended by the enemy's disdainful treatment of our olive
+branch, decided that instead of endeavoring longer to conciliate
+the Mexicans by paying liberally for supplies, we should bring them
+to terms by levying contributions or taking needed articles without
+compensation, and this course was promptly recommended to General
+Taylor; but he replied, as we have seen, that such a policy was
+impracticable. Shortly after the capture of Vera Cruz General Scott
+received instructions of the same tenor, and he made a similar reply.
+Early in the autumn of 1847, however, as Mexico had again rejected the
+olive branch, this change of system was pressed upon Scott with fresh
+urgency, and before long explicit orders to make all the revenues and
+resources of Mexico available, as far as they could be, followed.[33.21]
+
+Scott, however, knowing the laws of war and the wishes of his
+government, began operations without waiting for these later
+instructions. Almost immediately after entering the capital he laid
+upon it an assessment of $150,000, and set on foot an examination
+into the general question of drawing revenues from the country, which
+eventually showed that nearly twenty-three millions a year could
+theoretically be collected, should we take possession of the whole
+territory. November 25, he directed that no rent should be paid
+for houses and quarters except so far as contracts existed. About
+three weeks later, notice was given that in the districts held by
+the Americans all the taxes and dues previously paid to the Mexican
+government would be required of the authorities for the support of our
+army; and at the end of December an assessment equal to four times the
+direct taxes paid in 1843 was laid upon the states. Scott's action
+was of course taken by Wool, now commanding in the northeast, as a
+pattern.[33.22]
+
+But again Walker's hopes were disappointed. The most important of
+the monopolies, tobacco, had to be given up because the American
+product could not be excluded, and for administrative reasons the
+other monopolies also were surrendered. Owing to the dangers of waste,
+corruption, extortion and resentment, the business of collecting taxes
+had to be entrusted to the state authorities, and they possessed
+wonderful dexterity in the arts of evasion. State assessments were
+actually made on Mexico and Vera Cruz only. The owners of occupied
+buildings were in many cases friends, and could not well be deprived
+of their rents. Contracts or agreements that stood in the way had to
+be respected. Gold and silver were clandestinely exported. Smuggling
+across the northern border could not be stopped. Brigands exacted
+their toll. The time required for investigation and planning, and in
+certain instances for correspondence with our government, militated
+against prompt action. We strongly desired to settle with Mexico
+and evacuate the country, and hence--especially after the peace
+negotiations began--it would not have been wise to run the risk of
+exasperating the nation for the sake of a few dollars. In short the net
+proceeds, including $106,928 turned in by naval officers, were only
+$3,935,676.[33.23]
+
+Some of this money went directly to supply needs of the army and navy,
+but by far the greater part of those needs had to be met in other ways.
+During the first nine months of 1847, it was figured that the United
+States exported more than $12,000,000 in specie to Mexico. Many drafts
+on the principal American cities were sold there, and those on the
+quartermasters at New Orleans, Philadelphia, Washington and New York
+amounted to nearly $8,000,000 before December, 1847. Payments were also
+made in the United States on the certificates of officers acting in the
+field; and about the first of August, 1847, Belmont, the New York agent
+of the Rothschilds, arranged with our administration to place funds in
+the hands of any paymaster or quartermaster named by Scott. In general
+the large financial operations made necessary by the transfers of money
+were skilfully, honestly and safely conducted. Some $24,000,000 were
+distributed by the pay department through its thirty-five officers,
+for instance, and nothing was lost by accident, robbery, theft or
+capture.[33.24]
+
+[THE COST OF THE WAR]
+
+The total money cost of the war on the American side has been given
+at very low and at very high amounts, and none of the estimates
+inspires much confidence. The excess expenditures of the army and navy
+appear to have been $63,605,621; of which $49,000,000 were raised by
+selling bonds and treasury notes, and were substantially added to the
+national debt. But these figures by no means answer the question. To
+the apparent cost we must add twelve millions paid later to Mexico,
+the American claims of which we relieved her, the war expenses of the
+treasury department, bounty lands, pensions, valid claims for damages,
+and other liabilities of many kinds gradually discharged after peace
+returned; and from the total must be subtracted the bonds and treasury
+notes then available for issue and the actual worth of ships, ordnance
+and other materials required for the war and left over. Evidently it is
+not feasible to reach a satisfactory conclusion, but as a very bold
+guess one may suggest a hundred millions.[33.25]
+
+Even were that a close estimate, however, it would mean little. On the
+one hand lives, physical and mental sufferings, personal losses of
+every description, much national obloquy and a thousand minor factors
+would need to be considered, and on the other our gain in territory,
+in recognized power, in military and naval efficiency, in national
+self-consciousness and in particulars not so obvious. One thing,
+however, is clear. The war cost far less money than its opponents had
+expected. Webster solemnly predicted in December, 1846, that should
+it end the following spring, our debt would be a hundred millions,
+but on the first of July, 1848, the debt was less than sixty-six
+millions.[33.26]
+
+
+
+
+XXXIV
+
+THE WAR IN AMERICAN POLITICS
+
+1846-1848
+
+
+In Mexico the war had far more intimate relations with politics than
+it had in our own country. Here invading troops did not scatter our
+civil authorities, Presidents did not rise and fall, cabinets did
+not organize and melt away, revolutions and revolts did not hover
+continually at the door. Every part of the country contributed to the
+result. Supplies were voted, and troops assembled according to law.
+We have therefore studied Mexican politics in connection with events
+as these occurred, and reserved American politics to be surveyed more
+comprehensively; but this does not imply any lack of significance in
+the second topic.[34.1]
+
+At first the war seemed extremely popular. The rush to volunteer
+showed that. A tone of opposition prevailed in New England, but it was
+quiet--hardly perceptible. May 21, 50,000 people gathered in front of
+the city hall at New York and called for vigorous measures. Hostilities
+appeared to be regarded by all as a just punishment for the long series
+of Mexican insults, barbarities and outrages. The country called;
+patriotism responded, and other considerations helped. Democratic
+politicians believed their party would gain prestige and strength. A
+great and common purpose would bind it firmly together. Many offices
+and appointments would follow, and almost everybody would gain some
+profit in a business way. Taylor's "victories" on the Rio Grande
+intensified the enthusiasm. "Upon the duties which the present crisis
+invoked," exclaimed the Philadelphia _North American_, "our country
+has but one heart," and an invasion of the enemy's territory "will
+meet the approbation of the entire American public." Accordingly the
+first session of the Twenty-ninth Congress pushed its work far into the
+summer of 1846--even after Senator Fairfield wrote, "All nature [is]
+hissing"--and embodied the government's policy in laws.[34.2]
+
+[THE WAR SOON UNPOPULAR]
+
+But this mood changed surprisingly. When Congress adjourned, it was in
+bad humor, and the country sympathized with it. News of the occupation
+of California produced little enthusiasm, for it had been expected. The
+fighting at Monterey excited interest, but it was followed at once by a
+long armistice, and it had no permanent effect on the downward course
+of public sentiment. Instead of glorying in the war, the Democrats now
+defended it feebly, and a great many regarded it as a grave political
+blunder. The fall Congressional elections went strongly against them.
+Every reverse could be explained, of course--in Pennsylvania a heavy
+storm, in New York the opposition of "every most pestilential and
+reckless form of law-hating faction," apathy here, lack of organization
+there--but the _National Intelligencer_, chief organ of the Whigs,
+brushed explanations aside, and coldly remarked, "We presume that our
+President and his Cabinet are by this time convinced that they have
+forfeited the public confidence--the confidence, that is, of their own
+party; that of the other they never possessed"; and by mid-winter the
+political outlook for the war seemed extremely dark.[34.3]
+
+The reasons for this change were complex and interesting. The
+people--Democrats and Whigs alike--knew they did not want Polk for
+chief executive. To the millions demanding, "Who is James K. Polk?" the
+answer had been given, "He is President of the United States"; but this
+excellent retort silenced instead of satisfying. Disagreeable ideas
+prevailed regarding the methods of his nomination and his election.
+Many viewed him as an Accident, an Unpleasant Surprise, a Surreptitious
+Incumbent; and his unpopularity not only was a disadvantage in itself,
+but colored the interpretation placed upon everything he did or
+said.[34.4]
+
+Besides this initial difficulty, he was not considered a large enough
+man for the place, and the Cabinet seemed too much of a piece with
+him in that respect. The public did not hear Polk's confidential
+declaration, "I intend to be myself President of the United States."
+They were not aware that he risked a great deal to avoid having Calhoun
+and Flagg, a New York man of unusual ability, in his official family.
+But they felt like the Washington correspondent of the Boston _Atlas_,
+who said, They are "little fellows," and "were they all thrown in a bag
+together, it would make little difference which came out first"; and
+they suspected that Polk aimed to eliminate all possible competitors.
+Many, indeed, believed it should be so. "Who would not regret," asked
+Senator Mangum, "to see the choice of this great and free people thrown
+into shadow by over-topping talent?" The President was inaugurated on
+a cold, rainy, cheerless day, and sentiment, among those who counted,
+resembled the weather.[34.4]
+
+The policy of the administration confirmed these impressions. Polk had
+no great ideas, no inspiring imagination, no kindling enthusiasm, no
+moving eloquence, no contagious humor, no winning personality. He was
+not exactly a "burning bush" of patriotism, hallowing the ground about
+him, and forcing men to put off their grimy, everyday shoes of selfish
+designs. To sway the nation or even the Democrats in any grand way lay
+beyond him. He was a partisan, to be sure, but without a party. His
+trumpet note--has shed "American blood upon the American soil"--came
+from a newspaper. Almost his only resource, therefore, was patronage,
+and the business of trading offices for support is essentially a
+mean one. It makes intrigue a profession, creates many enemies while
+it creates few friends and renders confidence well-nigh impossible.
+Without calling the President "mendacious," one can understand how J.
+K. Paulding came to say, that he possessed no honesty of purpose, no
+frankness of heart. Tossing out a plump lie now and then would have
+given less offence than continual secretiveness and evasion caused.
+Polk described the cunning Pillow as "one of the shrewdest men you ever
+knew." That gave Polk's measure, and political necessities developed
+his natural disposition. "This little mole," Blair called him. Blair
+was prejudiced; but for a different _bete noire_ he would have chosen a
+different name.[34.5]
+
+[POLK DISLIKED]
+
+New York state affairs had an especially bad effect on Polk's
+reputation and influence. Knowing that he had played the part of Jacob,
+the Supplanter, to Van Buren's Esau at the Baltimore convention, and
+not expecting to be forgiven, Polk probably felt thoroughly distrustful
+of the Locofocos from the beginning. Silas Wright's declining
+positively to run for the Vice Presidency on his ticket doubtless
+gave offence. His bad faith in refusing to accept Flagg, apparently
+to save himself from being overshadowed, after virtually agreeing to
+do it, seemed inexcusable. His taking Marcy into the Cabinet at the
+behest of an active but rather unscrupulous remnant of the "irregular"
+Conservatives heightened the dissatisfaction of the substantial
+elements. The defeat of the New York Democrats in the fall elections
+of 1846, which was charged by the regulars to treachery on the part
+of the Conservatives, created still further trouble. Making factional
+appointments, and especially choosing for a high post at New York
+City a "poor, stupid dutchman by the name of Bouck," as an extremist
+called him, seemed to the faithful nothing less than party treason. In
+thus alienating the ablest and best Democrats of the state, who were
+trusted and admired by the party as a whole, and supporting a faction
+that had no national standing, the President made a great mistake.
+He "has proved himself to be a poor devil," said one of Van Buren's
+correspondents; even Tyler's name was less execrated than "Jim Polk's,"
+wrote one of Judge McLean's; and for thus weakening the Democrats in
+the Empire State, he was naturally blamed in all quarters.[34.6]
+
+A variety of minor yet serious complaints helped fill up the measure.
+Polk was equally anxious and unable to harmonize the party, and as he
+tried to satisfy clamorous malcontents, it came to be said that he was
+always ready to hang an old friend for the sake of gaining two new
+ones. Ranking low in ability to judge of character, enjoying but a
+limited acquaintance, and placing an unreasonable value upon experience
+in Congress, he too often appointed unfit men when he meant well, or
+put the right men into the wrong places. Naturally office-seekers
+dogged his footsteps, and numberless disappointed aspirants bore
+grudges deadlier than stilettos. His wriggling out of emphatic
+declarations in favor of our broad Oregon claims excited profound
+wrath in the west, and made a bad impression in other sections.
+Senator Hannegan proclaimed that if the President accepted the line of
+forty-nine degrees, he would be consigned to "a damnation so deep that
+the hand of resurrection" would never be able to "drag him forth"; and
+he did accept it.[34.7]
+
+The veto of a river and harbor bill that offered captivating
+opportunities for looting the treasury brought upon him the woes of
+Tyler. The government, said the aggrieved, "is fast degenerating into
+a mere quadrennial elective despotism"; Polk "wants the purse of the
+nation for his own schemes of presidential ambition." Finally, the
+apparent hampering of Taylor and Scott, and the playing off of the
+one against the other seemed to a multitude of citizens unworthy of
+a President, unpatriotic and mean; and then partisans accused him of
+letting Whig generals have all the glory, lest a Democratic warrior
+should gain the Presidential nomination in 1848. Truly, "deep and
+dismal was the ditch," as B. F. Butler said, into which Polk fell.[34.7]
+
+Moreover a whole sheaf of arrows, not directly aimed at him, struck
+his administration. The annexation of Texas rankled still in many
+bosoms, and the extremists were implacable. Lowell did not shrink from
+recommending secession:
+
+ "Ef I'd _my_ way I would ruther
+ We should go to work an' part,--
+ They take one way, we take t'other,--
+ Guess it wouldn't break my heart."
+
+John Quincy Adams contemplated the same extreme remedy, and Giddings
+went so far as to write, "Ohio is now a party to no subsisting Union."
+Those opposed to the measure felt hostile to the President who had
+favored and consummated it; the great number whose theory had been
+that it would not lead to war felt obliged to argue now that Polk had
+brought about a conflict unnecessarily; and everything in our relations
+with Mexico was viewed through a fog of prejudices and animosities
+rising from that gory political battlefield. Not a few appointments to
+high military positions had seemed to rest on political expediency, and
+the battles near the Rio Grande had been followed by a long period of
+inactivity, charged by many to the government. Volunteers not accepted
+for the war had remarks to make, and troops returning from the front
+often used expressions hardly coherent enough to be termed remarks.
+The six-months men called out by Gaines belonged in the latter class;
+and although Marcy did nothing respecting them save to obey the plain
+requirement of the law, citizens of Louisiana applied language to him
+that might have kindled sympathy for Judas Iscariot.[34.8]
+
+The government's fiscal system, though of course accepted by many,
+excited sharp resentment. Overwhelming the country all at once with
+such a combination of new laws--a warehouse act, a sub-treasury bill
+and a "free-trade" tariff--was denounced as an unspeakable outrage,
+and each of those measures amounted in the opinion of many to a crime.
+Gideon Welles thought the idea of reducing our tariff during the war
+an "insane project"; and the measure as framed, a compromise between
+theory and expediency, satisfied hardly any one. Real free-traders
+complained because their principles had been sacrificed, and the New
+Englanders because those principles had not been sacrificed enough. The
+iron and coal state raged and wept by turns: she had been betrayed, and
+"her groans were music" to the arrogant low-tariff section cherished
+by the government. Only corruption and intimidation could have carried
+such a monstrosity through Congress; and, worse yet, "Sir Robert
+Walker" had been truckling to England. "British all over," scribbled
+the _American Sentinel_ on the warehousing system; and the tariff
+was trailed to a British lair packed with British statesmen, British
+capitalists, British manufacturers and British merchants. To please
+them our wheels of production were to stop, our banks close, and the
+industrious North fall in despair at the feet of an implacable South.
+"'To your tents, O Israel!'" cried the _National Intelligencer_.[34.9]
+
+[DENUNCIATIONS OF THE WAR]
+
+In countless eyes the war itself soon lost its glamour. Imagining that
+our advance to the Rio Grande had been the cause of it, many felt bound
+to denounce it as unauthorized, unconstitutional, unjust, aggressive;
+and not a few, in dense ignorance of the history, character and views
+of the Mexicans, thought, like Professor Kent of Harvard University,
+that it was "demoniacal" to make war upon those poor innocents,
+as if they had not been shooting one another pretty continuously
+and also aching to shoot us. Not reflecting that nations begin to
+think of indemnities as soon, at least, as they begin to fight,
+and that legitimate advantages might accrue from occupying Mexican
+territory, people viewed suspiciously the operations of Taylor, Wool,
+Kearny, Stockton and Stevenson, threw up their hands, and exclaimed,
+"Conquest!" as if the ground they stood upon and half the world besides
+had not been gained by the sword. "Cormorants of territory!" hissed a
+Thersites. "Sages and Heroes of the Revolution, lo, the consummation
+of your labors!" wailed a Cassandra; Mexico is to be absorbed, and
+"the original, moving, burning stimulus" of the crime is the wish to
+manufacture glory for Polk, and gratify him with a second term. To
+be sure, the nation had officially endorsed the war; but multitudes
+were eager to have the nation disgraced, if they could only disgrace
+Polk.[34.10]
+
+Toward the future as well as the past frowned the critics of the
+administration. Territory seemed likely to be acquired, and it was
+feared that slavery would plant its black hoof upon the soil. In
+Massachusetts a group of young men, who doubtless believed in freedom
+unselfishly, believed also that it was the coming idea, and might
+carry them ahead of such conservative leaders as Webster and Winthrop.
+Sumner was one of these; and he, without offering proof that slavery
+stood behind the war, pushed through the legislature some bloodcurdling
+resolutions against the "gigantic crime"; while Lowell, not stopping to
+ascertain whether negro servitude could thrive on the Pacific, sounded
+an appeal to sectional feelings:
+
+ "They jest want this Californy
+ So's to lug new slave-states in
+ To abuse ye, an' to scorn ye,
+ And to plunder ye like sin."[34.11]
+
+From the increased political power of the South, northern agriculture,
+commerce and manufactures would suffer. New, sparsely settled states
+would have the same authority in the Senate as Massachusetts or
+Pennsylvania. The augmenting of Western strength would prove an
+injury to older sections. New Orleans would gain ground financially
+and commercially at the expense of New York. Annexing new territory
+would lessen the value of lands already in the Union. The war would
+increase the power of the Executive, and bring home an army of "heroes"
+to monopolize the offices. It was most likely to be interminable and
+costly, for in the autumn of 1846 Mexico showed no signs of begging
+for peace and Taylor no signs of accomplishing anything decisive.
+Privateers might ruin our commerce, and the blockade might lead to
+European interference. The nation, debased by dwelling upon scenes
+of devastation and violence, and by the absorption of aliens low in
+the scale of humanity, would become barbarous, cruel, rapacious,
+bloodthirsty. Taxes, debt, waste of public funds, corrupt elections,
+a great standing army, despotism, fanaticism, civil war, disunion,
+the reprobation of mankind and the retribution of heaven would
+follow.[34.11]
+
+[POLICY OF THE WHIGS]
+
+Under these circumstances the gyrations and contortions of Whig
+politics, viewed as a whole, were curious to observe. At first the
+party joined in shouting and voting for stern hostilities. "Doubt,
+division, reproach will be unknown," announced the _North American_.
+But the Whigs presently saw, as the New York _Tribune_ pointed out,
+that a full share of the burden would be theirs, while most of the
+glory and profit would fall to the other side. Moreover, these
+criticisms of Polk and the war, even when not suggested by the Whigs,
+seemed like yellow fields of ripening party advantage. Very soon,
+therefore, they withdrew to a respectable, intrenched position: they
+would support the war, but on its conclusion Polk and the Democrats
+would be called to a strict account. "I have no doubt we shall make
+much Capital out of it," wrote a Whig Congressman. Presently, however,
+it looked as if the conclusion of the war might lie beyond the next
+Presidential election, and most of the party sallied forth impatiently,
+sickle in hand.[34.12]
+
+Castigating Polk was the most obvious opportunity for the harvesters,
+and they used it with due zeal. Some of the jibes were good-natured.
+Playing on the powers legally his, the _National Intelligencer_ happily
+exclaimed, "Here, there, everywhere at once, civil, military, judicial
+and executive, dove of peace, thunderbolt of war, and a perfect serpent
+of diplomacy, who was ever so various or so amazing?" Bracketing the
+President of the United States with a famous dwarf of the day as "Tom
+Thumb's cousin, Jim Thumb," was another merry as well as able fling.
+To remark, however, when he sent in a Message, that he came "puffing
+and blowing into Congress," went a trifle too far, perhaps; and other
+pleasantries exposed themselves distinctly to that criticism. The
+Boston _Atlas_ described the war Message as "perfectly characteristic
+of its author;--weak, wheedling and sneaking," while some thought it
+better to sail on the other tack, and picture "His High Mightiness,"
+the arrogant, domineering tyrant of the White House, as planting "his
+foot upon the charter of our liberties."[34.13]
+
+Despatching Taylor to the Rio Grande was called "a well-nigh fatal
+blunder," even though suggested by the "demon," who was commonly
+thought rather shrewd. Letting Santa Anna go back to Mexico seemed to
+different Whigs like treason, treachery, folly and idiocy. Polk "takes
+his ease on some _sixty-eight dollars per day_," while the soldiers he
+has driven to the field subsist on fare that "his very slaves would
+loathe," the Whig _Almanac_ luckily discovered. Bribery, duplicity,
+falsehood, imbecility, cowardice and infamy were a few of the other
+good things found in the President's conduct; and the chief Whig organ
+undertook to lay him finally at rest on the greensward in this elegant
+fashion: "Why, the very savage of the courtyard in other times--that
+most brutal of mankind, the bully of the bailiwick, who chewed up an
+ear or nose, or scooped out with thumb a prostrate adversary's eye--was
+generous in comparison."[34.13]
+
+In attempting more serious criticism the Whigs met with embarrassments.
+The majority of them, whose argument had been that immediate annexation
+of Texas would necessarily mean war, could not with inward peace
+declare that Polk had brought on the war by sending Taylor to the Rio
+Grande; and the great number whose contention had been that Mexico
+still owned Texas could not well deny that annexing her province by an
+Act of Congress, which amounted on their theory to a constitutional
+declaration of war, had created a state of things which made it
+entirely proper for Polk to send Taylor there. "Swindlers of 1844, with
+your 'peaceable annexation,' do not skulk! Here is the fruit of _your_
+doings! Look it in the face!" exclaimed the New York _Tribune_ when
+the war bill passed, but it soon appeared more tactful to ignore this
+aspect of the matter.[34.14]
+
+[EMBARRASSMENTS OF THE WHIGS]
+
+Other embarrassments remained, however. It was very well for northern
+Whigs to indulge in what Carlyle might have called a "running shriek"
+against "a pro-slavery war," but they were cautioned to let no echoes
+of it cross the Potomac. When a Senator greeted the war Message by
+saying he would later read the documents that accompanied it, and
+for the present would merely observe that Polk's course was "utterly
+unjustifiable," Ritchie paraphrased Master Dogberry at him: "By
+virtue of mine office I do suspect thee to be a thief." While some
+papers denounced the government for not settling with Mexico by
+negotiation, others admitted that Mexico had refused to treat. When
+Delano announced for the sake of buncombe that he was "ready to go
+shoulder to shoulder with all those who supported the honor of the
+country," Thurman replied that it seemed a strange method of supporting
+one's country, to declare like Delano, after war had begun, when it
+existed both in law and in fact, that it was "illegal, unrighteous,
+and damnable." Abraham Lincoln, wishing to distinguish himself before
+the home folks, did this feat in the House by revealing, in a manner
+suited to his years, that since Mexico had exercised jurisdiction on
+the northern bank of the Rio Grande, the first American blood must
+have been shed on Mexican, not American, soil; but unhappily the
+fact remained that Connecticut had for some time exercised effective
+jurisdiction over northeastern Pennsylvania, yet did not own the
+territory.[34.15]
+
+Those who raved against Polk and his "tribe" for driving the war bill
+through Congress had to face Winthrop and a galaxy of other Whigs,
+who admitted that war did already exist. Congressmen denouncing the
+Executive for sending Taylor to the Rio Grande were unable to deny that
+notice of his march from Corpus Christi had been given on the floor
+of the House (March 23) long before the outbreak of hostilities, and
+nothing had been done about it; that on May 12 Whigs of the Senate,
+led by Crittenden, had recognized that American territory extended to
+the Rio Grande; and that after the army could safely have withdrawn
+from that vicinity no serious attempt had been made to bring about its
+recall. Partisans of the unoffending Mexicans were startled to hear the
+impeccable Boston _Atlas_ confess in a moment of candor: "The conduct
+of that government towards us has been such as might have justified
+the extreme resort to war"; and those eager to berate Polk for
+unconstitutional aggressiveness had to digest a similar lapse on the
+part of the _National Intelligencer_, which conceded that Congress had
+thrown round him a mantle of indemnity by a vote "implying confidence
+in the rectitude of the President in beginning this war."[34.16]
+
+While Polk was roundly taken to task for appointing so many Democratic
+generals, Whig journals boasted that most of the leading officers
+belonged to their party. The military operations afforded numerous
+opportunities for invectives against the administration, but ere long
+a number of the invectives came home to stay. Taylor, it appeared,
+had recommended the advance to the Rio Grande; he protested against
+embarrassing the prosecution of the war by discussing its genesis;
+and the smallness of his army at the critical time, his waiting so
+long after the occupation of Matamoros, the terms given at Monterey,
+his peril at Buena Vista, Kearny's off-hand annexation of New Mexico,
+Scott's discharging volunteers after the battle of Cerro Gordo, and his
+famous Jalapa proclamation, all brought up against the administration,
+proved in every case chargeable to the Whig commanders.[34.16]
+
+[WHIG ORATORS]
+
+Orators caused as much pain as generals, perhaps. "Black Tom" Corwin's
+brilliant advice that American soldiers in Mexico should be welcomed
+to hospitable graves, though it gained high rank in the nightmare
+school of literature, overshot the mark. It scandalized the nation. It
+staggered patriotism. It shocked humanity. Most of all it infuriated
+the troops, battling for their country in a foreign land. The speech
+arrived at Buena Vista soon after the struggle with Santa Anna. A rude
+effigy of Corwin was made up of the vilest materials, dressed in a
+Mexican uniform and burned; and over the ashes these lines were posted
+up:
+
+ "Old Tom Corwin is dead and here he lies;
+ Nobody's sorry and nobody cries;
+ Where he's gone and how he fares,
+ Nobody knows and nobody cares."
+
+The soldiers had friends at home, and of course made their sentiments
+known. The speech sounded the knell of its author's great political
+hopes; and there is reason to believe that its reception frightened
+into dumbness a number of his colleagues, who had arranged to follow
+his lead.[34.17]
+
+But other styles of oratorical attack were still feasible. Just before
+Congress met in December, 1846, the Whigs hung out at the Chinese
+Museum, Philadelphia, their Great Blue Light. In other words a powerful
+orator, a powerful lawyer, a powerful statesman--Daniel Webster by
+name--after studying on the problem for half a year, undertook, if one
+may quote an admirer, to "knock the sand" from under the government.
+Hour after hour he talked on, till he mortgaged fourteen columns of the
+_United States Gazette_, and the reporters fled; but he came far short
+of making out a case. Other efforts of his proved no more successful.
+Before the Whig convention at Springfield he argued in a tedious,
+prosy, court-room style. This is "a war of pretexts"--three of them,
+he asserted: first, that Mexico invaded American territory; secondly,
+that she would not receive Slidell; and thirdly, that she would not pay
+our claims. Did Webster fail to see that a _casus belli_ recognized
+almost unanimously by our Executive and Congress was for this country
+at least more than a "pretext"? Did he fail to see that his other
+"pretexts" had not been offered by Polk as grounds for passing the war
+bill? And how could he say the pretexts were "all unfounded"? Did he
+suppose that Mexico had paid our claims? Did he suppose that she had
+welcomed Slidell? Of course not; but he was the attorney of New England
+Whiggism, trying to make a good case out of a poor one.[34.18]
+
+His really effective contributions to the polemics consisted, not
+of arguments, but of impressive hints: "I am greatly deceived, Mr.
+President, if we shall not ere long see facts coming to the light, and
+circumstances found coinciding and concurring, which will fix on the
+government" its alleged guilt; and a President bringing on war in the
+manner charged against Polk, would commit "an impeachable offence,"
+as if Polk might have been impeached after Congress had assumed the
+responsibility for his acts. But unhappily Father Ritchie offered
+another citation, "Well, well, we know; or there be, and if there
+might; or if we list to speak."[34.18]
+
+And not only did Webster disappoint, but he mortified Whig friends.
+Texas had been an independent state as early as 1840, he said; our
+annexing it gave Mexico no just ground of complaint; she was "entirely
+unreasonable and senseless" in rejecting our offer to treat; if she
+preferred war to peace we could but fight; and now the war must be
+vigorously prosecuted. He squarely refused to call the invasion of her
+territory unjust. He seemed to approve of his son's going to the field
+in the "unholy" cause of his country. He admitted that Whig policy in
+Massachusetts was in some respects "quite narrow." "I am tired--and
+disgusted--as much as you possibly can be, with the fanaticism and
+narrowness of some of our People," he wrote; and no doubt it made him
+still more tired to hear Lowell's captivating but wayward muse advise
+young fellows, on grounds of personal advantage, to keep out of the
+army, and suggest that, should they get seduced by some "strutting"
+sergeant into taking up arms for the country, insubordination and even
+desertion would become them.
+
+ "Thrash away, you'll _hev_ to rattle
+ On them kittle-drums o' yourn,--
+ 'Taint a knowin' kind o' cattle
+ That is ketched with mouldy corn."[34.19]
+
+While such were the troubles of waking hours, the bedchamber, too,
+of many Whigs had its troubled moments. Ghosts walked. John Jay,
+a sincere opponent of our second war against England, came back,
+holding out a scroll that bore these words of his, "As the war has
+been _constitutionally_ declared, the people are evidently bound
+to support it." Came back the Rev. David Osgood, D.D., of Medford,
+Massachusetts, with his sermon of June 27, 1812: "My mind has been in
+a constant agony, not so much at the inevitable loss of our temporal
+prosperity and happiness, and the complicated miseries of war, as at
+its guilt, its outrage against heaven, against all truth, honesty,
+justice, goodness, against all the principles of social happiness."
+Came back another Federalist, the Rev. Elijah Parish, D.D., with a
+sermon recommending treason as a pious duty: "New England, if invaded,
+would be obliged to defend herself. Do you not then owe it to your
+children, and owe it to your God, to make peace for yourselves?" Unlike
+Jay, these men appeared to be unhappy; and then certain patriots of the
+Hartford Convention filed by with averted eyes, each dragging after him
+a blasted reputation.[34.20]
+
+In one thing, however, the opponents of the war succeeded. Going far
+beyond the limits of reasonable criticism and helpful suggestions,
+and indulging in language calculated to dishearten and hamper the
+administration, they encouraged the enemy. It is merely Polk's war,
+announced the Boston _Atlas_, quoted in the _Monitor Republicano_.
+Mexico would have disgraced herself by receiving Slidell, declared the
+same journal. Her spirit, proclaimed the _National Intelligencer_, was
+fitted to "command the admiration of all men capable of appreciating
+the virtue of courage and fortitude under the most disastrous
+circumstances." Severance, a member of Congress, openly applauded her
+resistance. We cannot beat her without ruining our finances, maintained
+Waddy Thompson. The destruction of her national independence was "the
+true issue," one sheet falsely assured her, as if to whet her sword. It
+was entirely uncertain, proclaimed Calhoun in February, 1847, whether
+our army could reach Mexico City or dictate a peace if it should. She
+cannot be conquered, it was often said.[34.21]
+
+Magazines of epithets and arguments, that became gunpowder the moment
+they crossed the Rio Grande, poured from the Whig presses. Leading
+papers invoked foreign intervention. The official journal of the
+Mexican government offered the thanks of the nation to Webster for
+threatening our President with impeachment. "If there is in the United
+States a heart worthy of American liberty, its impulse is to join the
+Mexicans," exclaimed a Boston journal; "It would be a sad and woeful
+joy, but a joy nevertheless, to hear that the hordes under Scott and
+Taylor were, _every man of them, swept into the next world_." No
+wonder that Polk dropped a hint about aiding and abetting the enemy.
+It was proper. In 1813-14 the _National Intelligencer_ had stigmatized
+those who denounced the country's war after its own present fashion as
+"traitors in thought and purpose."[34.21]
+
+[THE DEMOCRATS IN CONGRESS]
+
+Early in December, 1846, amidst feelings of depression, dissatisfaction
+with the government and opposition to the war, the second session of
+the Twenty-ninth Congress opened. The Democrats of that body found
+themselves in a general state of dissension. At the beginning of the
+year Marcy had written privately, "Our noble party [is] on the brink of
+ruin," and there it still hung.[34.22]
+
+Van Buren's implacable followers nursed a grudge against Polk for the
+intrigues that had led to his nomination; and the partisans of Cass
+nursed one against them for their votes at the Baltimore convention.
+New York Barnburners and Old Hunkers glared at one another. Calhoun's
+friends were sour because of his exclusion from the Cabinet. The
+old free-traders cursed Walker in their hearts for stealing their
+tariff hobby. The westerners had no thought of forgiving the South
+for dropping Oregon, and the South refused to be scared by those
+"Big Braggarts" of the west, who seemed to want all the funds in the
+treasury for their internal improvements. Many wore crape and hatchets,
+one might say, for the river and harbor bill. Everybody wished to blame
+somebody for the recent election returns. Some were quite ready to
+break openly with the administration. The partisans of Buchanan and
+those of Dallas marched with daggers drawn. "All around is dissension
+and distrust. Gloom overspreads the party," wrote G. W. Thompson of
+Wheeling.[34.22]
+
+The best of leadership was needed, and it could not be found. If a
+person did not understand the situation, he wondered; if he did, he
+wondered more. Nobody credited Polk with possessing the rod of Moses.
+Many disliked the man too much to respect the official. He could
+inspire neither love nor fear. While at one end of the avenue sat a
+party without a President, at the other sat a President without a
+party. With a large Democratic margin in each chamber, he admitted that
+he was practically in the minority; and at first sight this appeared
+the more surprising because Polk, knowing Congress and not knowing the
+country, labored with his eye on the former. But the explanation could
+easily be found. The people were not believed to be standing behind
+him. Within a month he was to be rebuffed three times in the House on
+important matters during as many days. One of his favorite measures
+was to go down amid shouts of laughter without a single friendly vote.
+The Cabinet enjoyed no greater respect. Walker seemed to be regarded
+as its leading spirit, but men distrusted his character as much as
+they admired his talents and energy. Moreover, in spite of Polk's
+determination to shut Presidential aspirants from his council, both
+Walker and Buchanan probably felt less interest in the war than in
+personal schemes.[34.23]
+
+These circumstances left the party to find such leadership as it
+could in Congress, and the leadership it found was a triangular
+fight--Benton, Cass and Calhoun. Benton had remarkable powers and
+seldom failed to be a Democrat, a Senator and a patriot, but he was
+egotistical, moody, overbearing, passionate; he despised Cass, he more
+than hated Calhoun, and he treated his fellow-Democrats in general as
+minions. Cass, a courtier and somewhat a scholar, lacked parliamentary
+experience, drew more timidity than courage from his Presidential
+hopes, and possessed no political convictions to reinforce his talents.
+Calhoun's high character, rare intellectual strength and frank, affable
+manners made him personally the most influential man at the capital;
+but his judgment was erratic, and he aimed to stand aloof, with a
+following of about four Senators, as a balance-of-power faction.
+He was intensely narrow, too. For him there seemed to be only one
+region in the world; only one state in the south, and only one public
+man there. Cass was loyal to the administration, Benton helpful but
+domineering, and Calhoun unfriendly. Not a very firm tripod, this, to
+support a government engaged in war. With almost all the Democrats,
+politics--that is to say, offices--held the stage, and country occupied
+the background. Dissatisfaction with Polk's appointments increased the
+confusion. Indeed, a "passion" for getting jobs invaded the sacred
+halls of legislation, and the President found not less than twenty men
+voting against his measures to avenge personal disappointments.[34.24]
+
+[THE WHIGS IN CONGRESS]
+
+Whig harmony and efficiency were happily not impaired by these
+allurements of the fleshpots, for the Executive did not belong to their
+party; but their numberless inconsistencies proved most embarrassing,
+and the necessity of satisfying public sentiment, and throwing the
+responsibility upon the administration, by voting supplies for
+hostilities they denounced, weakened them. No absurdities, however,
+were too glaring, no contradictions too thorny for what they termed
+their "patriotic sublimity" to ignore or surmount. They denounced the
+war enough to incriminate themselves when they supported it, and they
+supported it enough to stultify themselves when they condemned it.
+Combining the views of several groups, one discovered a line of policy
+truly remarkable: the attack upon Mexico was unconstitutional and
+wicked, but it should be carried on; so let us halt, send an embassy,
+and proffer again the negotiations that Mexico has repeatedly and
+recently spurned.[34.25]
+
+The success of the government's military and fiscal policies in
+comparison with what had been predicted, and the freedom of our
+commerce from Mexican and European molestation were troublesome facts;
+but hopes of disaster could still be entertained, and prophecies of woe
+still be chanted. Constructive statesmanship, they held, was not their
+affair. The country's difficulties occasioned them but slight concern.
+On that score their detachment was charming.
+
+ "I heard a lion in the lobby roar;
+ Say, Mr. Speaker, shall we shut the door
+ And keep him out, or shall we let him in
+ And see if we can get him out again?"
+
+In fact they found it most agreeable to hear savage growls and roars,
+and proclaim that all responsibility belonged to the Democrats. To
+heighten the turmoil Taylor and Scott were in politics, where they
+should not have been, and they had active and hopeful friends in
+Congress. Many of the Whigs, indeed, felt quite ready to put up "Old
+Zack" for President and "Old Whitey" for Vice President, if only they
+could injure Polk and whip the Democrats thereby; and their opponents,
+understanding the game, fended off with no more scruple.[34.25]
+
+The speeches, which ran on almost interminably, were often able,
+sometimes eloquent, almost always prejudiced, and quite always
+deficient in information. Indeed, a multitude of essential or important
+data were wholly unknown. The same facts, the same errors, the same
+arguments, the same epithets, the same laudable sentiments and the same
+ignoble aims presented themselves over and over again. Assertions and
+denials, proofs and refutations, accusations and answers, flings and
+retorts pursued and were pursued. There was what the _Public Ledger_
+called "an everlasting begging of the question"--taking premises
+for granted and reaching conclusions that any one could accept, if
+he pleased. "How glad I shall be when I escape from the region of
+speeches--and get into the region of [undisguised] pigs and calves,"
+Senator Fairfield had exclaimed a few months earlier; and no doubt many
+felt in the same way now.[34.26]
+
+Naturally the genesis of the conflict proved to be a favorite object of
+contemplation, and almost every complaint against the administration
+that wit could invent or stupidity fall into was brought forward.
+The fact that the action of the same Congress at its first session
+had turned the leaf upon that subject made no difference. The fact
+that Polk's newspaper organ challenged in his name "the most rigorous
+investigation--not at any future time, but _now_"--into the Executive's
+"whole conduct of our Mexican relations" did not signify. No such
+investigation was attempted, but invective continued. The opposition
+merely cocked its eye suspiciously at everything, and found everything
+iniquitous.
+
+ "He must have optics sharp, I ween,
+ Who sees what is not to be seen,"
+
+but the feat was now accomplished.[34.27]
+
+[OPPOSITION SCHEMES]
+
+For example, Congress had scarcely assembled when attacks began on the
+establishment of civil governments in California and New Mexico. With
+such unusual strength of vision it could readily be seen that Polk had
+been indulging in some villainy there. For a week or so excitement
+raged. But after a while several things appeared. Our only aim had been
+to mitigate the harshness of military rule, about which the kindly
+Whigs had felt much exercised. The action complained of had been taken
+under a military sanction, and was proper legally as well as by common
+sense, for the Executive, as commander-in-chief, possessed the fullest
+military authority in regions occupied by our arms. Harrison, a Whig,
+had proceeded after a similar fashion in Canada during the War of 1812;
+and our Supreme Court had even endorsed the view of a Whig lawyer,
+Daniel Webster by name, that British occupation of Castine, Maine,
+during the same war gave England rights of sovereignty there for the
+time being. So far as Kearny, a Whig officer, had gone wrong, the fault
+had been his own; and, finally, the unholy word "conquest," which had
+made the Whigs most unhappy when applied by Polk to the occupation of
+New Mexico, was found to have been applied to the British occupation of
+Castine by our own Supreme Court.[34.28]
+
+Behind idealistic declamation lay schemes that were distinctly
+practical. It was thought, for example, that if the war could be made
+odious, and the government's measures be hindered in Congress, Polk
+would have to placate the Whigs by restoring the protective tariff.
+This came out beautifully in the treatment of the proposal to lay
+a duty on tea and coffee, which even the _National Intelligencer_
+endorsed. A Democrat, "Long John" Wentworth of Illinois, fully as noted
+for corporeal as for spiritual grandeur, and wrathful over Polk's
+course in the Oregon and river and harbor affairs, moved the rejection
+of the plan, and the Whigs fell into line.[34.29]
+
+It was a noble scene. Regard for the poor man filled the mouths of the
+orators. Though his cottons, his sugar and his salt had been cheerfully
+made to pay, this duty would be "inhuman," a "tax on poverty," a tax
+"against the fireside and against woman," a tax "against the wages of
+weary labor" to support the "extravagance" of the "Tiberius" in the
+White House. But almost in the same breath came the hint, "If the
+administration needs money, let it re-enact the [protective] tariff of
+1842." "The first condition [of Whig support] is," explained the Boston
+_Atlas_, "repeal the _British Bill_. Repeal the bantling of the House
+of Lords. Repeal the offspring of British paternity and precedent."
+"Should they be in want of money," proclaimed Webster, "I would say to
+them--restore what you have destroyed." A fairly definite understanding
+to this effect seems to have existed among the Whigs; malcontents on
+the other side gave them help; and the proposed duty was rejected in
+the House by a vote of 115 to 48. Partly for the same reason troops
+were not promptly voted. If the government does not need money, it does
+not need men, said the opposition. Thus the "patriotic sublimity" of
+the Whigs again commanded admiration, and some of the Democrats now had
+a share in it. [34.29]
+
+Another illustration of sublimity was the "Wilmot Proviso," that
+"firebell in the night," as Alexander H. Stephens called it, which no
+doubt some Congressmen accepted at its face value, and a multitude of
+honest citizens regarded as a New Commandment revealed on a new Sinai.
+The introduction of this measure, which prohibited slavery in territory
+acquired from Mexico, was both unnecessary and unwise. It blocked
+needed war legislation, added to the prevailing discord, and weakened
+the government in the face of the enemy.[34.30]
+
+But reasons of state outweighed all such trifling considerations.
+The northern Whigs, to hurt their opponents and gain recruits, had
+for some time been taunting the northern Democrats with subserviency
+to the slave power, and it seemed to the latter that a declaration
+of independence would help their electioneering. Van Buren men,
+especially in the state of New York, desired to annoy Polk in return
+for his beating their favorite, and taking an Old Hunker instead of a
+Barnburner into the Cabinet. Wilmot, the only Pennsylvania Democrat
+that had voted for the new tariff, did not feel precisely happy about
+his action, and was anxious to repel the charge of truckling. His great
+state and New England considered the "Southern" tariff an abomination,
+and longed to retaliate. Many felt that Walker and Tyler had used sharp
+practice in the annexation of Texas for the advantage of their section.
+The West believed the South had actually broken a bargain by getting
+its help in that matter and then dropping the Oregon issue. A general
+sense that southern politicians had been overbearing prevailed above
+the line. The fear that southern domination would blight interests dear
+to the North exerted its usual strength; and as a final merit, the
+Proviso helped to make the war odious by suggesting that it aimed to
+extend slavery.[34.30]
+
+So without regard to the logic of the situation, the welfare of the
+country or the needs of our armies it was urged; and then Calhoun made
+a profit in his turn by bringing in a series of pro-slavery dogmas
+to rally the southerners under his banner. The northern Whigs, for
+reasons just mentioned, and particularly to save themselves at home,
+took up the Proviso, and it fared well; but after a time the party
+discovered that favoring it might cost them several states in the next
+Presidential contest, and so the New Commandment was quietly filed
+away.[34.30]
+
+[BERRIEN'S PLAN]
+
+To replace it, however, calm the "Proviso men," and avert a party
+split by preventing the emergence of a slavery issue, the "patriotic
+sublimity" of the Whigs evolved another idea. This was the proposition
+of Senator Berrien that no territory should be taken from Mexico, and
+that while it would be "desirable" to have the Texas boundary settled
+and our claims paid, we should always be ready to make terms that
+would leave Mexican honor "inviolate." Here was truly a remarkable
+proposition. By voting three millions to facilitate a settlement with
+Mexico, in full view of Polk's grounds for proposing that measure,
+Congress had already committed itself to the principle of acquiring
+territory.[34.31]
+
+But other objections to Berrien's plan far outweighed the point of
+consistency. If the United States was to decide what would satisfy
+Mexican honor, the plan could only have proved futile--even insulting;
+and if Mexico herself, it was ludicrous. Nothing would have satisfied
+Mexico's ideas of honor except the evacuation of her territory and the
+surrender of Texas. When convinced by the passage of this resolution
+that she had nothing to lose in the end, she would have felt still
+less anxiety to sacrifice her daily golden egg--the money that our
+armies paid out--by ending the war. Implying that she had done nothing
+worthy of stripes, Berrien turned the war Message and the war bill into
+falsehoods, and accused the United States of a horrible crime--the
+crime of warring upon an innocent neighbor merely to do havoc. He
+reduced the minima of our solemn demands to mere desiderata. He
+represented our expenditures, our dead and our victories as elements of
+a senseless farce, and left us no respectable excuse for having troops
+in Mexico, except that we sent them down to scatter silver dollars
+and study the fandango. He proposed to make this nation unique in
+history as combining the villain, the ruffian, the simpleton and the
+comedian. He attempted to revive the unendurable _status quo ante_,
+leave the United States without indemnity for the past or security
+for the future, stimulate Mexican vanity and self-confidence, and
+weaken the prestige of our arms in Europe. In order to preserve Whig
+solidarity he aimed to deprive us, not merely of California, but of
+self-respect.[34.31]
+
+All this Berrien proposed. Yet Webster, dreaming still of the
+Presidency, endorsed the plan. He was put up as a candidate by the
+Massachusetts Whigs on that basis; and his party, hoping to win spoils
+in the approaching national election by this device, quite generally
+accepted it. Said a correspondent of the _National Intelligencer_,
+vouched for by the editor as a Whig statesman, "_No Mexican territory_.
+Let this be the issue. Let this be the motto inscribed on the Whig
+banner, and victory is certain."[34.31]
+
+All these manoeuvres of the Whigs, aided by the Democratic
+underworking, resulted, of course, in the protraction of a war which
+they posed as hating. The first seven weeks of the session were almost
+thrown away. The opposition hung back from granting needed troops for
+reasons already suggested, and also lest the administration should
+turn the appointments to party account. Democratic dissensions and
+probably a wish to annoy Whig generals had a similar effect. Grudges on
+account of the tariff and the river and harbor veto played their part
+against war legislation. Men stooped so low as to argue that Polk, the
+President of the United States, could not be trusted with $3,000,000,
+when customhouse officials had larger sums in their keeping. And then
+his "imbecile" administration was charged with permitting the war to
+drag, "when by a few vigorous blows it could have been ended long
+since." Its course exhibited "unsurpassed inefficiency," declared the
+Boston _Atlas_, as well as "one unrelieved picture of wrongdoing,
+corruption, weakness and blunders." Indeed, the government, "rolling
+this war, as a sweet morsel, under its tongue," was detected in
+wilfully doing "everything in its power to prevent" the energetic
+operations upon which, as any one could see, its financial, political
+and personal credit vitally depended.[34.32]
+
+[CLAY'S LEADERSHIP]
+
+In November, 1847, Henry Clay, the plumed leader of the national Whig
+party, celebrated also as the man who elected Polk, after taking even
+a longer time than others to consult the omens, gave out a speech and
+a set of resolutions. These were intended as a chart for the party to
+be guided by under the pilotage of that distinguished though unlucky
+navigator. The author forgot having said in 1813, "an honorable peace
+is attainable only by an efficient war," but he remembered to condole
+with suffering Ireland. He forgot that a country engaged in hostilities
+of uncertain duration and cost cannot wisely bind itself to specific
+terms of peace, but reiterated the favorite Whig taunt that it was a
+blind war, without known aim. Historically too, he wandered a little,
+for he charged the President with ordering Taylor to plant cannon
+opposite Matamoros "at the very time" when Slidell was "bending his
+way" to Mexico; but Polk was unpopular, and few thought it necessary
+to speak the truth about him. We oppose the annexation of Mexico,
+Clay proclaimed, which, on the other hand was perhaps too true to be
+interesting; and we demand only a proper boundary for Texas, which bore
+him a long distance toward Berrien.[34.33]
+
+But here was the master stroke: We desire to acquire no foreign
+territory "for the purpose" of extending slavery to it. This had
+the threefold merit of completely "dodging" the great question of
+principle, giving the northern Whigs a graven image to worship, and
+conceding to their southern brethren a full privilege to do anything
+possible in the acquired territory, after it should be ours. But
+unfortunately for his party the Navigator admitted that Congress had
+made the conflict a national war, that a long series of "glorious"
+victories had been won, and that since Congress had formulated no
+declaration regarding the objects in view, Polk--frequently accused by
+Whigs of carrying on the war for diabolical purposes both abhorrent and
+fatal to the Constitution--had been free to use his judgment. In Mexico
+Clay's speech was widely circulated, and a competent observer thought
+it might delay peace one or two years. Such was the highest Whig
+leadership in what Webster called a "dark and troubled night."[34.33]
+
+One idea in the minds of not a few who endorsed the "no territory"
+plan was that its adoption would render the prosecution of the war
+aimless, and so check it abruptly. Others favored gaining the same
+end by stopping supplies. Ex-Senator Rives, a leader of prominence,
+advised Crittenden to concert measures for this purpose with Democratic
+"patriots"; and in fact an understanding on the point seems to have
+been reached. "Be prompt, when you are wrong, to back straight out,"
+urged the New York _Tribune_, demanding the recall of our troops.
+Other Whigs, after doing all they could to make the war aimless,
+argued, We are fighting for nothing, why persist? "Let us call home our
+armies," insisted Corwin. "Stop the war. Withdraw our forces," cried
+Sumner; and Corwin believed, early in February, 1847, that only two
+more votes would commit the Senate for this plan of complete national
+stultification, and for bringing back in a keenly aggravated state all
+our Mexican difficulties. Practically nobody dreamed of offering to
+Mexico the reparation that such an idea of dropping the war implied.
+The proposition was therefore hollow and insincere; little more than
+politics weakly flavored with sentimentality.[34.34]
+
+The month after Clay's chart appeared, the first session of the
+Thirtieth Congress assembled. About half the Representatives were new
+men, a majority belonged to the Whig party, and all had been chosen
+during the gloomy autumn of the previous year. By the Navigator and
+by other party leaders their work had been mapped out for them. The
+objects of the war were to be defined as at most a settlement of the
+Texas boundary at the Rio Grande, or a little farther north, and
+payment of the old American claims; supplies were to be qualified
+and limited accordingly, or entirely cut off; and in this manner
+hostilities would be ended.[34.35]
+
+But politics, not principle, still dominated most of the Whigs. They
+viewed everything with reference to the impending election of a
+President; and public sentiment regarding the war had now changed. The
+battle of Buena Vista had aroused extraordinary enthusiasm; Scott's
+victories, refuting the charges of inefficiency and silencing the
+prophets of calamity, had been decisive as well as brilliant; the
+expenses of the war were far less burdensome than its opponents had
+prophesied; Mexico had proved stubborn and unreasonable; the sort of
+opposition that had been practised was seen to be aiding the enemy, and
+hence fell somewhat into disfavor; and the people, believing peace and
+a reward for their sacrifices within reach, had made up their minds
+to carry the business through. Besides, many of the Whigs themselves
+were too proud to "back out," and many at the north--high-tariff
+men--wished the war to continue. By a rather small vote and a very
+narrow margin--85 to 81--it was duly branded as unnecessary and
+unconstitutional, and Webster, now an out-an-out opposition candidate
+for the Presidency, approved of this little black "blister-plaster";
+but in view of national sentiment "patriotic sublimity" of a practical
+sort now looked expensive, and a motion contemplating the withdrawal of
+our troops perished in the House under a vote of 41 to 137.[34.35]
+
+[THE OPPOSITION FAILS]
+
+It was perfectly feasible, however, to snarl, nag, procrastinate
+and work for personal aims; and few opportunities passed unheeded.
+"Tiger hunts"--ambitious members attacking rivals--used up much time.
+Cliques locked horns over pressing military needs. Webster seemed to
+forget everything except his ambition. Benton raged over the fate of
+the Lieutenant General bill and the censure of Fremont for disobeying
+Kearny. Calhoun, having allowed his hair to grow, resembled a porcupine
+less than before, but felt no less anxious to prove himself the sole
+hope of the South. Polk, instead of gaining popularity from the
+success of his administration, was looked upon as intoxicated by its
+fumes, and a section of his party advised throwing him openly to the
+sharks. Congressional resolutions were aimed at him. All the dying
+embers of controversy were solicitously fanned. The causes of the
+war, the conduct of the war, the instructions to Slidell, the return
+of Santa Anna, the occupation of New Mexico, the tariff in Mexican
+ports and the treatment of Taylor and Scott furnished themes for stale
+speeches. To chill the growing popularity of the war, direct taxes
+were suggested; and the chairman of the ways and means committee piled
+up the prospective costs far above the estimates of the government.
+After some two months of it Marcy gave up hope. But the Whigs knew they
+must do nothing serious against the war, and before long it happily
+ended.[34.36]
+
+The results of all this personal, designing or factious opposition to
+the government and the war proved most unfortunate. The administration
+could never be sure what action Congress would take, nor when; and
+therefore its course was necessarily timid, weak and hesitating. Time
+and strength had to be consumed in foreseeing and in meeting captious
+objections, and in battling against public prejudices that hampered
+both military and financial efficiency. "We shall have three months of
+turmoil--our errors exposed, our good deeds perverted," wrote Marcy to
+a friend at the beginning of December, 1846; and such an expectation
+did not conduce to satisfactory work. Bold, rapid strokes could not be
+ventured; caution and cheese-paring had to be the rule. In the field
+all this bore fruit in vexation, delay, expense and loss of life. "In
+the name of God," exclaimed a man at the front, "will the politicians
+of our country never cease gambling for the Presidency upon the blood
+of their countrymen?"[34.37]
+
+And the uproar had another consequence. When the treaty was ratified
+the government organ referred to the conflict with Mexico as "one of
+the most brilliant wars that ever adorned the annals of any nation";
+and the chief Whig journal placed these words without criticism in its
+own editorial column. The trial was over, and the fiercely contesting
+lawyers walked off, arm in arm, to dine. The inefficient and shameless
+war was now brilliant and most creditable. Indeed, the Whigs chose
+for standard-bearer a man who represented professionally the military
+spirit they had raised pious hands against, who belonged to the
+slaveholding order so plainly viewed askance by the New Commandment,
+who had recommended the advance to the Rio Grande, who had aimed the
+cannon at Matamoros, who had advised appropriating Mexican territory
+by force of arms, and who owed in fact all his prominence to playing a
+leading role in the "illegal, unrighteous, and damnable" war. Nobody
+thought of impeaching Polk, or of bringing home to him the guilt that
+was to have sunk him to the bottom of the bottomless pit.[34.38]
+
+[RESULTS OF THE OPPOSITION}
+
+Yet all the Whig journalism and oratory stood in the record. Hosea
+Biglow became an immortal.[34.39] New Englanders gained the ear of
+reading people. Keen young radicals of the northeast, where the muse of
+history chiefly dwelt, dominated to a great extent the public thought.
+Polk retired from power and from life, and nobody cared to defend,
+or even to hear defended, a creature so unpopular and so generally
+denounced. Declamation that well-informed men of the day had rated at
+its true value came to be taken seriously. One side of the case faded
+from sight, the other was engraved on bronze. And so the patriotic
+habit of eagerly throwing stones at the Mexican War and its backers
+became traditional.[34.40]
+
+This has been a mistake. No doubt, as we have seen, errors and
+misdeeds enough must be charged to the administration. All the actors
+were vessels of clay, like the rest of us. But in reality the least
+creditable phase of our proceedings was the conduct of the opposition.
+
+
+
+
+XXXV
+
+THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE WAR
+
+1846-1848
+
+
+At the time our difficulties with Mexico approached their climax,
+the popularity and prestige of the United States abroad were not the
+highest possible. England, our gentle mother, showed a particular want
+of regard for us.[35.1] Herself recently weaned from slavery, she
+viewed with a convert's intolerance our adhering to that institution.
+Having just cured her most outrageous electoral abuses, she enjoyed
+hearing the London _Times_ describe our government as "a polity
+corrupted in all its channels with the foulest venality." Ever
+scrupulous and self-denying when a question of gaining territory was
+concerned, she felt shocked by American "rapacity"; and the _Times_,
+while infinitely proud that England's banner waved in every quarter
+of the globe, ridiculed American "imperial pretensions" as echoed and
+re-echoed "in a nasal jargon, compounded at once of bad grammar and
+worse principle."[35.3]
+
+[THE UNITED STATES CRITICIZED ABROAD}
+
+The disposition of certain states to repudiate bonds held in Great
+Britain, and their tardiness in paying interest, excited all the
+righteous indignation of the creditor. The descriptions of this country
+put forth by honored guests like Dickens and Mrs. Trollope, who made
+themselves merry and popular at our expense, furnished excuses for
+countless jibes; and in September, 1845, the _Times_ discovered "great
+danger" that the nightmare of an old English writer would come true in
+the United States: "No arts, no letters, no society, and, what is worst
+of all, continual feare and danger of violent death, and the life of
+man solitary, poore, nasty, brutish, and short."[35.3]
+
+If one aspect of our civilization appeared more laughable than all
+the rest, it was the military side. The title of General, observed
+the _Times_, was "legitimately common to the greater part of the
+respectable male population," and _Britannia_ outdid this excellent
+jest by telling of "majors who serve out beer, and colonels who rub
+down the heels of one's horse." Literary men were angered by our
+failure to amend the copyright law as they desired; and our pronounced
+republicanism, trumpeted by Polk in his annual Message of 1845,
+irritated almost everybody. The plain intimation of the same Message
+that European monarchies were not expected to interfere in America
+seemed even worse; and the President was represented as meaning that
+we intended to get Mexico into a dark alley alone, and rob her. The
+annexation of Texas, which England had exerted all her diplomatic
+strength to prevent, could not be forgiven, and the Oregon difficulty
+threatened war.[35.3]
+
+Even Englishmen who believed in the rights of the people, said the
+_Times_, turned from us with "indignant scorn;" and in another of
+its many outbursts, which would have been terrible had they not been
+ludicrous, that paper warned us that, as we followed the example, we
+invited the punishment of self-willed Corcyra. "The most impudent,
+bullying, boasting nation of mankind," was _Britannia's_ genial
+description of us; and she loved to parade "our national scorn of
+America and her statesmanship." In short, McLane, the American minister
+at London, reported privately--with some exaggeration, one desires to
+believe--that a deep-seated dislike, "amounting almost to hate, of our
+people, of our country and of our Institutions," prevailed universally
+in England.[35.3]
+
+On the continent these opinions were more or less distinctly reflected.
+In France the heart of the people beat warmly for us and against
+their neighbors across the Channel; but the court and the government,
+regarding a close alliance with Great Britain as of cardinal
+importance, and the newspapers which, like the _Journal des Debats_,
+represented them with more or less fidelity, exerted a strong influence
+the other way. At the end of 1845 Polk deepened this, for his Message
+referred in cutting terms to the interference of that country on the
+side of Great Britain[35.2] in our business of absorbing Texas.[35.3]
+
+The French government occupied a weak position in reference to that
+affair, for Guizot, the chief minister, believing that Henry Clay
+would be elected President and shelve it, had thought he could safely
+gratify England. Thiers, ardent and eloquent, now attacked his course
+in Parliament, insisting that an ally had been sacrificed to an enemy.
+Guizot, pale, scholarly and calculating, said in reply, Thiers has
+appealed to your instincts, I will appeal to your judgment; and pressed
+his theory of an American balance of power. But good-will for the
+United States and hatred for England were too strong for him. "What
+empty vocalization!" exclaimed _Le National_; "What unhappy exertions!
+What reverberating accents, like echoes in the desert! It was poor.
+It was cold. It was null." Yet no doubt the sting of Polk's rebuke
+lingered, though Guizot intimated in bitterly sweet language that it
+should not be resented, since he knew no better; and many Frenchmen who
+condemned their government's policy, condemned the United States for
+publicly recalling it.[35.3]
+
+Mexico, however, stood in a much worse position abroad than we. For
+many years, it is true, she had been representing herself as Andromeda,
+shivering at the American crocodile or what-not that was approaching
+to devour her; and at the end of July, 1845, in announcing to foreign
+governments that hostilities were shortly to begin, she repeated
+that while she had done everything honorable to preserve peace, the
+United States had exhibited "no rule of conduct toward Mexico except
+a disloyal and perfidious policy, and no purpose except to seize
+successively every part of her territory that it could obtain."[35.4]
+
+By such reiterated protestations considerable sympathy was aroused
+at London and Paris. Englishmen holding Mexican bonds naturally had
+tender feelings on the subject. British capitalists involved in
+Mexican silver mines and other investments, and British merchants and
+manufacturers, who enjoyed the lion's pre-eminence in Mexican commerce,
+felt deeply interested. British finances required silver bullion, and
+British statesmen dreaded a further extension of our boundary toward
+the southwest. But the politics of Mexico excited such contempt, her
+financial conduct such disgust, her restrictions upon foreign trade
+such irritation, and her treatment of foreign powers such resentment
+that she could not be viewed with cordiality, confidence or even
+respect.[35.4]
+
+[MEXICO UNPOPULAR IN EUROPE]
+
+Disraeli spoke of every government of Mexico as "born in a revolution
+and expiring in a riot." The charge d'affaires of Spain told Santa
+Anna that, on account of the instability of chiefs and systems, it
+was impossible to have a settled policy toward his country. In twenty
+years British imports did not increase, and the number of British
+houses engaged in Mexican business diminished. The treaty made with
+France after the war of 1838 was not carried out by Mexico; and at
+the beginning of 1846, owing to a long-standing quarrel, which France
+would have settled on reasonable terms, that country was represented
+by the Spanish minister. Mexico has "wilfully incurred the odium of
+foreign Nations," declared the British Foreign Office; and the Mexican
+correspondent of the _Times_ was permitted to say in its columns that
+an American absorption of Mexico would be greatly for the advantage of
+humanity. The London _Athenaeum_ expressed the same opinion. Even _Le
+Journal des Debats_, besides complaining that every nation in Europe
+had been treated outrageously by Mexico, admitted that she had "sunk
+to the lowest point of weakness and folly." The country "is destitute
+of intelligence, of energy, of principle," said that paper; "it is a
+government of barbarians, but of barbarians enervated by the corrupting
+vices of civilization."[35.4]
+
+To conciliate public opinion abroad, our state department on May 14,
+1846, one day after Congress authorized war, issued a circular to
+the American ministers and consuls.[35.5] "It is our interest, as it
+has ever been our inclination," said Buchanan, "that Mexico should
+be an independent and powerful Republic, and that our relations with
+her should be of the most friendly character"; but "the avaricious
+and unprincipled men who have placed themselves at the head of her
+Government" have prevented her from acting the part of a stable and
+orderly nation. "For some years, in our intercourse with her, we have
+incurred much of the expense, and suffered many of the inconveniences
+of war whilst nominally at peace. This state of things had, at last,
+become intolerable. We go to war with Mexico solely for the purpose
+of conquering an honorable and permanent peace. Whilst we intend to
+prosecute the war with vigor, both by land and by sea, we shall bear
+the olive branch in one hand, and the sword in the other; and whenever
+she will accept the former, we shall sheathe the latter." This
+despatch and the President's recent Message[35.6] were to guide our
+foreign representatives in conversation about the war.[35.7]
+
+By the Spanish-Americans the outbreak of hostilities was received
+with surprising calmness. Mexico endeavored to make them feel
+that a conflict of races had begun, and that she was leading the
+van in a common cause; but whether dissatisfied with her course
+in the past--especially with reference to preferential trade
+relations--thankful to the United States for the shelter of the "Monroe
+Doctrine," or simply indifferent to outside concerns, they held aloof.
+Guatemala alone displayed a strong sympathy. The official gazette
+of New Granada printed Polk's war Message in full without a word of
+criticism.[35.9]
+
+The mother-country, Spain, would naturally have been expected to take
+a deep interest in the contest; but Mexico had been a rebellious
+daughter, had treated the Spanish subjects within her borders with
+cruel unfriendliness, and had recently shown a fierce aversion to the
+scheme of subjecting her to a Spanish prince. For commercial reasons
+that power desired an early termination of the hostilities, and
+signified as much to our government;[35.8] but at the same time she
+pledged herself to "the strictest neutrality," and she refrained from
+even offering mediation. Her minister at Mexico, Bermudez de Castro,
+assisted the authorities there with advice, but before the war ended he
+turned over the legation to a charge, and went home. A band of Carlist
+officers talked of going to the scene of action in May, 1847; but if
+their plan was carried out, they successfully avoided publicity. About
+the same time _El Heraldo_ of Madrid asked whether Europe would permit
+the United States to absorb, little by little, all of America; but this
+was academic, and the journal admitted that Mexico was then practically
+beyond relief.[35.9]
+
+Baron von Canitz, the Prussian minister of foreign relations, when
+officially notified of the war, said it must be far from easy to live
+on amicable terms with a country like Mexico, "where anarchy reigns
+and where the Supreme power was constantly contested by a succession
+of military chieftains, who were compelled to maintain their usurped
+authority by the same unworthy means by which they had obtained
+it." Aided by Alexander von Humboldt, who had lived in Mexico, King
+Frederick William followed the operations of the war attentively; but,
+happy enough that we were not his own neighbors, he felt no concern
+about a possible enlargement of our territory at the expense of Mexico.
+Indeed, he looked upon our success as in the interest of civilization,
+and at a distinguished public meeting one of the ministers referred
+to our future power on the shores of the Pacific with hope and
+approbation. For the rest, as the Zollverein had little direct
+commercial business with the region blockaded, Prussia busied herself
+with her own affairs.[35.10]
+
+[SENTIMENT IN ENGLAND]
+
+At London the announcement of hostilities was both unexpected and
+unwelcome. Ostensibly they grew out of the annexation of Texas, and
+for that reason were a disagreeable reminder. They took place in spite
+of earnest efforts to prevent Mexico from challenging the United
+States, and hence recalled another diplomatic failure. They seemed
+almost certain to injure British interests, and increase the territory
+and prestige of the United States. There was a notion, voiced in
+Parliament by Disraeli, that success might be followed by an attack
+upon Canada or the British West Indies. It seemed highly probable that
+had England postponed for a few days the offer which finally settled
+the Oregon dispute, better terms might have been extorted from the
+United States. Her policy had been to have our difficulties with Mexico
+kept alive until after an adjustment of that affair, and now it was
+thought possible that we might bring Mexico to terms at once, and use
+in some other unpleasant way our military preparations. The war, so
+much regretted by her, was seen to be largely, if not mainly or wholly,
+due to this policy and that of the British newspapers, which had urged
+Mexico to despise our military power, and to rely upon the difficulty
+of invading her territory successfully; and finally an uncomfortable
+fear prevailed that in some way the peace of the world might be
+imperilled.[35.11]
+
+Hence disappointment and irritation were felt at the British Foreign
+Office. Aberdeen warned our minister that dangers of collision would be
+involved in a blockade and in any project of acquiring territory; and
+he said frankly that he could not be expected to contemplate with any
+pleasure the disastrous injuries the war might very probably inflict
+upon the Mexican government and people. Only one cause of satisfaction
+could be seen by the British Cabinet. An apprehension had been felt
+that France might be induced--through her friendship for the United
+States or the idea that American control of Mexico would be for her
+diplomatic and commercial advantage--to join us; and the French king,
+confirming an anticipatory declaration already made by Guizot, took
+position at once for strict neutrality.[35.11]
+
+In the press and the commercial circles of London sympathy with Mexico
+was general, said our minister; and the news that Americans were
+fighting aroused no sentiment in our favor. Of course little could be
+expected of "that Napoleon of the backwoods," as _Britannia_ called
+our President. The defeat of Taylor on the Rio Grande was hoped for
+and counted upon; and even after his overthrow of Arista the _Times_,
+which had already predicted that our operations, in the case of
+hostilities, would be "utterly uninteresting and inglorious"--even
+"disgusting"--concluded that we should probably fail. "Bluster does not
+win battles, though it may begin brawls," the editor moralized. All
+Europe must consider the war "an insulting and illegal aggression,"
+said the _Chronicle_; and the _Post_ attributed our course to "the
+angry passions of the untamed democracy of the States," which Polk was
+ready to gratify at any cost.[35.11]
+
+The press of France, on the other hand, was in general friendly.
+Let the Americans have Mexico, and a prodigious development of the
+country will follow, urged _Le National_; would not that be preferable
+to seeing the English get it? To support the United States is to
+strengthen an ally against Great Britain, it added. _Le Correspondant_
+said, "The Anglo-Saxon race will flow unchecked over the fair provinces
+where the people, descendants of the conquering Spaniards, have allowed
+themselves to slumber in corruption"; and it argued that such a change
+would benefit the Roman Catholic church in Mexico by purifying and
+energizing it. Even _Le Journal des Debats_ admitted that our invasion
+"would be something which humanity would have to applaud, in spite of
+the just reprobation attached to a spirit of conquest." In view of
+such public sentiment W. R. King, our minister at Paris, had reason to
+predict, that no trouble was to be apprehended from the government,
+since the country would restrain it.[35.12] Even Guizot, when bitterest
+at heart, found it necessary to profess high respect for that "great
+nation," the United States.[35.13]
+
+[ENGLAND DISPOSED TO INTERVENE]
+
+June 6, 1846--that is to say, without loss of time--Aberdeen, the
+British minister of foreign affairs, intimated to McLane in a private
+conversation, unofficially, and upon his personal responsibility, that
+should Polk desire it, "he would be happy, in a more formal way, to
+propose a mediation."[35.14] This proposal, received by McLane in his
+private capacity only, was duly made known to our government, but it
+elicited no reply. Our silence did not please Palmerston, who succeeded
+Aberdeen about the beginning of July; and that young "fop with grey
+hair," as _Le Journal des Debats_ described him, resolved to propose
+mediation in such terms as to require an answer.[35.17]
+
+Soon after the middle of August, therefore, he instructed Pakenham to
+ascertain whether a formal offer of mediation would be acceptable, and
+if so to make it in "the form which might be agreed upon" by Pakenham
+and Buchanan.[35.15] The only result, however, was a memorandum
+received from our government on September 11, which said that it
+duly appreciated the friendly spirit of the British Cabinet, that it
+desired to make peace upon just and honorable terms and had therefore
+made an overture to Mexico on July 27, and that it thought the formal
+mediation of a foreign power unnecessary and inexpedient, but would
+regard with favor any influence used to induce Mexico to accept this
+overture.[35.16] Later Pakenham improved every opportunity to remind
+Buchanan of the British government's "anxious desire ... to be useful
+in bringing about a reconciliation between the two Republicks," but he
+found himself unable to accomplish anything in this direction.[35.17]
+
+The real question, however, was whether Great Britain would forcibly
+interpose. Such a policy she forbade Mexico to count on, saying
+that she could not be expected to assume the chief burden of a war
+which had resulted from the failure of that country to act upon her
+advice;[35.18] but this did not bind her own hands, and no doubt
+the government felt a pressure, if not a leaning, in the direction
+of interference. Both certain interests and certain passions
+demanded such a course. The _Times_ and other newspapers pointed that
+way,[35.19] and in the House of Commons Disraeli and Bentinck spoke on
+that side. "A pretence only is wanting," wrote McLane. This, however,
+was not precisely correct. Aberdeen told Murphy, the Mexican minister,
+that it would be Quixotic to take up arms on the simple ground that
+Mexico had been wronged; and in view of England's own course, it would
+also have been ridiculous. "Scinde is ours," exclaimed _Britannia_
+at about this time, thus announcing one more step in the conquest
+of India, "and we pay the penalty of the treachery by which it was
+acquired in the curse of possession." What Great Britain wanted was a
+substantial advantage in prospect.[35.20]
+
+For a time it looked as if California might provide this. Peel himself
+was rather dazzled by the idea of gaining San Francisco, and Aberdeen
+viewed with "the utmost repugnance," wrote Murphy, the likelihood that
+we should acquire the province. During the last three months of 1845
+the subject was thoroughly discussed by Murphy and Aberdeen, and the
+latter's mind appeared to be "tormented" for a solution of the problem.
+The method of interposition followed in the war between Buenos Aires
+and Montevideo appealed to him, but he felt that France could not
+easily be drawn into it. The Mackintosh plan of British colonization
+received careful attention as possibly the means of creating a British
+interest in California; but Aberdeen thought it would be unbecoming,
+and would give the United States a just ground of offence, to put
+the plan in operation at so late a day, evidently for the purpose of
+blocking us (_a proposito para las circunstancias_), and he feared it
+would not be effective after all against American immigration. The
+Mexican decree of April, 1837, which mortgaged a certain quantity of
+lands (for instance, in California) to the bondholders appeared to
+promise better, and on that basis a scheme was actually drawn up at
+London in October, 1845, for submission to the government of Mexico.
+But at this juncture Herrera was overthrown, the British Cabinet felt
+profoundly disgusted, and Murphy's position became uncertain.[35.21]
+
+After Aberdeen retired from the Foreign Office in 1846, the suggestion
+of Paredes that Great Britain take military possession of California
+seems to have tempted Palmerston; but, aside from other objections,
+he shrewdly suspected that Mexico had by this time lost control of the
+territory. In December, 1847, Dr. Mora, who succeeded Murphy, proposed
+on his own responsibility a sale of California to England, arguing that
+by our endeavor to purchase it the United States had confessed we had
+no claim there; but Palmerston, though evidently tempted again, merely
+decided that any authorized communication on the subject should receive
+the attention justly due to its importance, and soon the treaty of
+peace put an end to the matter. No "substantial advantage" had seemed
+to come within reach.[35.21]
+
+Nor had even a satisfactory pretext for intervention been found. McLane
+had urged our government to give none, and in particular to avoid all
+infringement upon the rights of neutrals.[35.22] The policy of our
+blockade was extremely liberal. British mail packets were exempt from
+its restrictions, and they were permitted to embark specie and land
+quicksilver at Vera Cruz and Tampico. During the blockade of Mazatlan
+British subjects were treated with such consideration that our courtesy
+was formally acknowledged, and it was admitted that Scott "invariably"
+guarded their interests in the sphere of his operations. Our opening
+the ports to all nations, establishing a low tariff, and endeavoring
+to protect commercial relations with the interior were boons that
+foreign powers had no reason to expect, and British traders appreciated
+our attitude.[35.23] By December, 1847, the merchants of London were
+distinctly opposed to intervention; and when the Duc de Broglie
+demanded in astonishment why England had viewed our military operations
+with such indifference, he was told that Mexico in the hands of the
+United States would be of far more value in regard to commerce and
+investments than ever before. At the same time persons of less narrow
+views hoped to see that country regenerated through us.[35.24]
+
+[BRITISH INTERVENTION NOT FEASIBLE]
+
+On the other hand embarrassments of the most serious character stood
+in the way of interposition. As the _Globe_ said, the project of
+annexing Texas had afforded better grounds, yet England had looked
+aghast before the prospect of losses and risks involved in a collision
+with this country. So had she done in the case of Oregon; and the
+advantages of remaining at peace with the United States were still
+obvious. There were other considerations also. She wanted time to
+readjust her business under the regime of free trade, and _Le National_
+thought she desired to develop her India cotton fields before severing
+her relations with us. The political situation in Ireland and the
+Irish famine were grave embarrassments, and the generous aid given by
+the United States to the starving population of that island excited
+gratitude. British mercantile finances proved to be unsound, and a bad
+panic occurred; and manufacturing interests awoke to the fact that
+many rivals threatened them. The profound unrest which precipitated
+Europe into the revolutionary convulsions of 1848 could already be
+felt;[35.25] and finally the relations of England to France occasioned
+a grave sense of uncertainty.[35.26]
+
+With the support of that power, said Murphy, Aberdeen would have been
+willing to fight.[35.27] Her military assistance did not particularly
+matter, but he was afraid that popular unfriendliness toward the
+government--already shown by a violent opposition in the press and the
+parliament--and the scarcely slumbering hatred of England might drive
+the country into active support of the United States, and bring on a
+general conflagration.[35.28] Such was the situation when Peel, whom
+Louis Philippe leaned heavily upon, stood at the head of the British
+government; and after he resigned at the end of June, 1846, it became
+far more difficult. For the new administration Louis entertained no
+such regard. The marriage of the Duc de Montpensier, his son, to a
+Spanish princess destroyed the _entente cordiale_. Harsh language was
+exchanged. Guizot and Palmerston endeavored to overthrow each other,
+and the British ambassador at Paris had a personal difficulty with
+Guizot.[35.29]
+
+As for France herself, the premier's loud advocacy of an American
+balance of power compelled him logically to prevent the United States,
+if he could, from acquiring new territory. Influential writers--Gabriel
+Ferry, for example--insisted that French interests, principles and
+prestige in Mexico demanded protection. _L'Epoque_, which many
+regarded as Guizot's personal organ, took that ground firmly in a long
+and studied article, and called for joint intervention. _Le Journal
+des Debats_, our persistent enemy, suggested the same view. But the
+diplomatic journal, _La Portefeuille_, was resolute for neutrality,
+and the other leading papers reiterated the familiar objections against
+playing the British game; and hence, while it appeared reasonable to
+expect that Guizot would aid England more or less in a diplomatic way
+to limit the extension of our boundaries, no other sort of French
+intervention seemed at all probable.[35.30]
+
+[EFFECTS OF AMERICAN SUCCESS]
+
+The success of our armies clinched the argument. From the first,
+McLane urged that a vigorous campaign should be waged. That, he said,
+would be the best way to prevent interference, and he predicted that
+victories would overcome sympathy with Mexico. Had Taylor been defeated
+on the Rio Grande, as Londoners expected, those ill-disposed toward us
+in Europe, wrote our minister at Paris, "might have been emboldened
+to unfriendly or offensive demonstrations"; but as it was, reported
+McLane, the conduct of the American army and the magnanimity of the
+American general served to "inspire a respect for our country and our
+cause which was not felt before, and which nothing less could have
+produced." The failure of Ulua to detain Scott until the yellow fever
+should force him to decamp had no slight effect; and the victories at
+Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo, reported Bancroft, who succeeded McLane at
+the court of St. James, totally changed the complexion of sentiment
+in Europe regarding the United States. After the battles of Contreras
+and Churubusco the same minister said to a friend, "You should be here
+to see how our successes have opened the eyes of the Old World to our
+great destinies." In England racial sympathy, too, could not wholly be
+suppressed. Scott received very handsome compliments from the commander
+of the British fleet at Vera Cruz and from a son of Sir Robert Peel,
+who was aboard one of the vessels; and Robert Anderson remarked in his
+diary: When our arms do something glorious, "jealousy, for the moment,
+is conquered by pride." Indeed Lord Palmerston himself spoke most
+warmly to Bancroft of our victories as illustrating the superiority of
+the Anglo-Saxon.[35.31]
+
+King believed they "secured a perhaps doubtful neutrality." "Let
+Mexico show the determination and the power to resist," remarked
+_Le Journal des Debats_ significantly, and a way to aid her will
+doubtless be found, but "Europe cannot intervene effectively in behalf
+of a people who throw themselves away." It is impossible to help
+those who will not help themselves, admitted the London _Times_; and
+Palmerston--disgusted, no doubt, like every one else, with Mexico's
+failure to achieve anything except fresh revolutions--admitted to
+Bankhead that it would be very imprudent to break with the United
+States for the sake of a country which did nothing effectual to defend
+itself.[35.31]
+
+Some things, however, it was possible to do against us. At the
+beginning of the conflict our minister observed in London a systematic
+endeavor to break down American credit, and so embarrass our military
+operations. Viscount Ranelagh proposed to bring over enough British
+officers for some four or five thousand men, and it was not their
+fault nor his that Murphy said the Mexicans would not serve under
+foreigners. A captain employed by the highly favored company of English
+mail packets landed Paredes, an avowed enemy of the United States,
+at Vera Cruz. Mexico is "the very country for the guerilla," hinted
+_Britannia_; it "has ready-made guerillas by the ten thousand or the
+hundred thousand; it has hills and hollows where ten men might stop the
+march of 50,000." And the same journal went still farther. In the case
+of an invasion, it proclaimed, "the soldier is a soldier no more; he
+is a burglar, a robber, a murderer"; and should foreign troops invade
+England, "No quarter!" ought rightfully to be the cry.[35.32]
+
+But the special delight of unfriendly journals was to misrepresent our
+military operations.[35.33] Apparently Taylor's battles on the Rio
+Grande surprised the editorial mind so much that few comments were
+ready, but after a while the _Times_ remarked, "No hostile army has
+been really beaten"; and it described our success at Monterey as merely
+occupying "a town of log-huts." That paper long professed to regard the
+war as "a border squabble," "ridiculous and contemptible," "justified
+by hypocrisy," "carried on with impotence," and sure to end "in some
+compromise more humiliating to the United States than to Mexico." "The
+Americans who have to conduct this most wearisome of wars," it assured
+its gratified readers, "are least of all nations competent to the task.
+They have no army, and have constitutional objections to raising one.
+They have no money, and are resolutely determined to find none. They
+have no General, and have just agreed [by rejecting the plan of a
+lieutenant general] never to have one."[35.34]
+
+[VIEWS OF OUR MILITARY OPERATIONS]
+
+"The military tactics of the Americans," remarked the _Examiner_ at the
+same stage, "have displayed an equal want of talent and of purpose";
+while its fair colleague, _Britannia_, exclaimed: The hostilities
+against Mexico are "at once wretched and ridiculous.... So much for
+the boasting of Jonathan!" With unwinking and unsuspecting humor the
+_Times_ commented thus on the fight at Buena Vista: "Beyond the fact
+that the Americans undoubtedly beat off, though from a strong position,
+a force nearly quadrupling their own, they seem to have no great
+grounds for triumph." In fact they were now "worse off than ever"; they
+had actually lost prestige; and all the Mexicans needed to do was "to
+sit still and be sulky."[35.34]
+
+Scott fared no better than Taylor. His bombarding Vera Cruz was
+characterized as "revolting," as an "infamy," as "one of the most
+atrocious and barbarous acts committed in modern times by the forces
+of a civilized nation," as "degrading to mankind." Somehow the _Times_
+was repentant enough to publish a reply, which said: "The first
+broadside of Lord Exmouth's guns at Algiers destroyed a greater number
+of unoffending, unarmed people, than the bombardment of Vera Cruz,"
+and pointed out that Scott was under some obligation to treat with
+humanity his own troops, whom delay would have exposed to the yellow
+fever. Compassionate John Bull! exclaimed the _American Review_; "Is
+it true that the English bombarded Copenhagen? Is Hindostan more than
+a fiction? Had Clive and Hastings any substantial bodily existence?
+Is not Ireland a _mythe_" and of course it might have added that an
+assault would have caused immensely more loss of life at Vera Cruz than
+did the bombardment.[35.35]
+
+According to the _Times_ our contemplated advance against Mexico
+City was "the mere dream of an ignorant populace"; while the more
+prudent _Morning Chronicle_ termed it "about as visionary as that of
+Napoleon upon Moscow." "There is but one thing we know of," added the
+_Chronicle_, "that is more difficult than for the United States army to
+get to Mexico, and that would be to get back again to Vera Cruz." When
+the Americans triumphed at Cerro Gordo over both nature and man, the
+_Chronicle_ itself had to admit that our courage was "unquestionable,"
+but it consoled itself by placing the American and Mexican armies on
+the same level as partaking "pretty considerably of the nature of
+mobs." The victories of Contreras and Churubusco were viewed by the
+_Times_ as calculated "to raise the confidence" of our enemy, and the
+editor announced that Scott, after these disastrous triumphs, was
+"much more likely to capitulate" than to capture Mexico. Naturally
+_Britannia_ pronounced our invasion of the country "a great mistake,"
+and asked in deep concern, How are the Americans going to get out of
+it?[35.36]
+
+The occupation of the capital was regarded as only one misfortune
+more. "The Americans have played out their last card," roared the
+Thunderer, "and are still as far as ever from the game." Worse yet, it
+foresaw, we were now going to crown our outrages. The churches would
+be robbed, and "when churches are ransacked will houses be spared?
+When saints are despoiled will citizens be spared?" The war never can
+end, added the same paper, for "the invaders of Mexico ... are not
+the men to build the temple of peace"; and retribution is inevitable,
+since the passion for conquest, which has already "extinguished" the
+political morality of the United States, will eventually impair their
+political institutions, and the annexed provinces will be an American
+Ireland.[35.36]
+
+The treaty of peace caused no serious trouble. As early as January,
+1846, _Le Journal des Debats_ said the Americans would soon have
+California, and thus prepared its readers for the main feature of our
+terms. The United States will obtain California, for Mexico cannot pay
+an indemnity, echoed _Le National_. In reply to Aberdeen's hint on the
+opening of hostilities, that it would be imprudent for this country
+to appropriate any Mexican territory, McLane remarked that "it was at
+present not easy to foresee all the consequences of a war which Mexico
+had so wantonly provoked, and in which the United States had so much
+injustice and so many wrongs to redress"; and no British statesman
+could have failed to understand what this meant.[35.37]
+
+When Polk's Message of December, 1846, clearly showed that we expected
+to retain California, the British newspapers set up an incoherent,
+savage growl; but the triumphs at Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo made
+it plain that we had earned--or were likely to earn--the rights of
+a conqueror, and must be taken seriously. Bancroft soon wrote that
+England was "preparing to hear of our negotiating for half, or two
+thirds, or even the whole of Mexico"; and Palmerston himself said we
+might as well take it all. "You are the Lords of Mexico," exclaimed
+Lord Ashburton to our minister. After the occupation of the capital
+even _Le Journal des Debats_ admitted that the only possible indemnity
+would be a province or two, and _Britannia_ remarked, "From this time
+the whole country must be considered as part of the territory of the
+United States." "It is becoming a fashion, rather, to expect the
+absorption of all Mexico," reported Bancroft.[35.37]
+
+[OUR PEACE TERMS ACCEPTABLE TO EUROPE]
+
+When the treaty arrived in Europe, the convulsions of widespread
+revolution had begun there, people on the continent were too busy to
+think much about our gains, and the British did not wish to think of
+them; but the general sentiment of those who considered the matter
+appears to have been surprise at our moderation. Humboldt, though
+a citizen of Mexico, conceded that our terms were proper; and the
+critical _Journal des Debats_ remarked, "Assuredly this is sparing a
+foe who lies in the dust." Such a characterization of our behavior was
+for us a legitimate source of pride; and, as the respect universally
+paid to valor and success accompanied it all over Europe, we had ample
+reason to feel gratified.[35.37]
+
+
+
+
+XXXVI
+
+CONCLUSION
+
+1825-1848
+
+
+The conflict with Mexico came to pass as logically as a thunderstorm.
+At the beginning of her independent existence our people felt earnestly
+and enthusiastically anxious to maintain cordial relations with our
+sister republic, and many crossed the line of absurd sentimentality
+in that cause. Friction was inevitable, however. The Americans were
+direct, positive, brusque, angular and pushing; and they could not
+understand their neighbors on the south. The Mexicans were equally
+unable to fathom our good-will, sincerity, patriotism, resoluteness and
+courage; and certain features of their character and national condition
+made it far from easy to get on with them.[36.1]
+
+Though generally amiable and often brilliant or charming, they lacked
+common sense, principle, steadiness and knowledge of the world. They
+were passionate, suspicious, over-subtle, self-confident and fond of
+gamblers' risks. They regarded firmness on our part as arrogance,
+and kindness as debility. Their policy was defined by the Mexico
+correspondent of the London _Times_ as a compound of Spanish intrigue
+and Indian cunning, dominated--it might have been added--by provincial
+vanity and sensitiveness. They scarcely possessed the character of a
+nation. The whole period from 1822 to 1848 has been classified by their
+National Museum as a period of anarchy. Their international duties
+were not recognized. Unscrupulous factions and usurpers used foreign
+relations as the shuttlecocks of selfish schemes. Pride, said their
+own statesman, J. F. Ramirez, forbade them to treat on the necessary
+basis of mutual consideration and concession, and insisted upon either
+complete victory or the consolation of having yielded to irresistible
+force, while procrastination put off the settlement of issues until the
+proper time for adjusting them had passed.[36.2]
+
+[WHY MEXICO WAS DEFEATED]
+
+Then between us and this difficult people arose the extraordinarily
+complicated question of Texas. It was characteristic of Mexico to deny
+the justice of the Texan revolt on the ground that settlers in her
+territory were bound to accept the political will of the country; but
+it was futile. "Nobody will be argued into slavery," said Burke; and
+this was peculiarly true when the proffered slavery did not in truth
+represent the will of the country, and was more capricious, cruel
+and injurious than the regime against which the Mexicans themselves
+had rebelled. Our recognition of Texas not only was founded on just
+reasons, but was concurred in by the leading powers of Europe. The
+annexation of that republic meant the wise and unforced incorporation
+of a free people, independent both by right and in fact, after Mexico
+had practically abandoned all expectation of its becoming once more
+a part of that nation, and entertained little hope save to gratify a
+stubborn pride at the expense of Texas and the rest of the world.[36.3]
+
+Her treatment of Texans and Americans violated the laws of justice and
+humanity, and--since there was no tribunal to punish it--laid upon
+the United States, both as her nearest neighbor and as an injured
+community, the duty of retribution. In almost every way possible,
+indeed, she forced us to take a stand. She would neither reason
+nor hearken to reason, would not understand, would not negotiate.
+Compensation for the loss of territory, in excess of its value to
+her, she knew she could have. Peace and harmony with this country
+she knew might be hers. But prejudice, vanity, passion and wretched
+politics inclined her toward war; her overrated military advantages,
+her expectations of European aid, the unpreparedness of the United
+States, and in particular the supposed inferiority of Taylor and his
+army encouraged her; and she deliberately launched the attack so long
+threatened.
+
+As was just and natural, Mexico primarily owed her failure in the war
+to the characteristics that led her into it. From a strictly military
+point of view her case was not precisely hopeless. Intrinsically the
+rank and file of her armies, though not by nature warlike, had courage
+enough, and possessed an extraordinary degree of that willingness
+to endure fatigue and hardship, which Napoleon deemed still more
+important. They were more frugal and obedient than our men; and while
+the lack of moral and physical strength, discipline and confidence
+in one another and their officers made them shrink from the American
+bayonet and the fixed American eye behind it, they bore infantry and
+artillery fire as well as we did, if not better. Many engineers proved
+themselves excellent; many artillery officers were brave and efficient;
+and hence there was no reason why the infantry and cavalry might not
+have been well handled.
+
+But the military point of view was by no means the only one to be
+considered. The want of public virtue had filled the army with
+miserable officers, the legislative halls with dishonest, scheming,
+clashing politicians, and the whole nation with quarreling factions
+and wrathful, disheartened people, secretly thankful to find their
+oppressors, whom they could not punish themselves, punished by the
+Americans. The hungry and beaten conscript went into battle sure that
+if wounded he would starve, if killed he would be devoured by the
+birds, and should neither accident occur he would simply drudge on as
+before; and the industrious, useful citizen understood, that if he
+should help the leaders of the nation by paying contributions, he would
+then have to fatten them by paying again. "We are saved by hope," wrote
+the great Apostle, and the nation saw no hope. Primarily Mexico was
+defeated because she did not fight; and she did not fight because she
+had nothing to fight for. The military class, who had long pretended
+to be the nation, was given a chance to prove its claim, and the poor
+wretches who could be forced into the ranks had to support it; but the
+people in general, holding aloof to a great extent, said in effect,
+"Thou who hast consumed all the revenues without giving anything in
+return, thou for whom we have sacrificed so much, thou who hast used
+our own blood to make thyself master instead of servant--may the woe
+thou hast so long inflicted on us fall now on thee!"[36.4]
+
+Santa Anna, the logical hero of such a nation, was also its logical
+scourge--a statesman unable to guide, a general unfitted to command, a
+leader qualified only to win revolutions, lose battles, and alternate
+between dictatorship and exile. Some observers--even American
+officers--impressed by the imposing front that he reared time after
+time, felt that he was a great man. Unquestionably he gathered troops
+and resources as no other Mexican of the time could have done. No
+doubt his lunge into the north and his defence of the capital were
+remarkable; and one could not complain of him, as did Tacitus of a
+Roman commander, that he was unable to harangue his army. He certainly
+did many things.[36.5]
+
+But he did few things well. His achievements were the temporary
+triumphs of autocratic will-power. He suffered always from an
+essential want of capacity. He did not understand the Americans, and
+fancied that one defeat would cow us. He did not even understand
+his fellow-citizens, and could not realize that his long course of
+misconduct, and finally his negotiations with Mackenzie, had cut the
+root of confidence. A proclamation that sounded eloquent, he felt must
+be convincing. The impossibility of controlling the factional politics
+of such a country and also managing a war without the support of the
+nation--of riding two such horses at the same time--lay beyond his
+comprehension. Often his policy was like that of the man who ruins his
+constitution with drugs in order to cure a local ailment. Even his
+apparently noble decisions grew out of selfishness and rang hollow.
+
+To his mind a collection of men was an army. Personal aims and
+feelings, instead of sound policy and the demands of discipline,
+controlled mostly his relations with officers. Because a revolutionary
+band could be held together by the hope of plunder, he imagined that
+a campaign could be waged on that basis. Because he thought it would
+be natural for the enemy to attack him in a certain way, he concluded
+positively that no other attack would be made. Strategy he did not
+attempt. And when it came to the direction of a battle, owing to
+ignorance and intellectual disqualifications, he lacked the quickness
+of perception and rapidity of combination that were essential to
+success. For the same reasons his total strength was never focused at
+the vital time and place, and a defeat became a rout.[36.6]
+
+This is what a final glance at the Mexicans reveals; and now, to
+conclude the whole investigation, we should take a summary view of our
+own side.
+
+[THE AMERICAN CONGRESS]
+
+While the Congress of the United States did not approach that of Mexico
+in badness, there was too much resemblance. One should always remember
+that among the people who really make up the world and keep it going
+perfection is, and is likely to be, somewhat rare; but for an elect
+body our Congress fell below all reasonable expectations. The comedy of
+its political manoeuvres was only surpassed by the tragedy of them.
+Amos Kendall said, after the hostilities began, "There can be no peace
+with that people [the Mexicans] but through victory or with dishonor,"
+and any person of judgment could see this; yet prejudices, passions and
+interests prevented many from honestly supporting a national war, and
+turned not a few into virtual enemies of their country. Markoe wrote
+from Vera Cruz with reference to Clay, Webster, Gallatin and others
+of their school, "These great men have by their speeches done more
+to prevent peace than though they had each of them severally arrayed
+10,000 Mexicans against Scott"; and when one recalls the expense and
+bloodshed that would almost certainly have been spared this country
+and Mexico had our government felt at liberty to spend with decent
+liberality in meeting Scott's requisitions promptly, patience itself
+takes fire.[36.7]
+
+To think of giving him so small an army that the Mexicans felt
+positively ashamed to yield! And then to reflect how politics went into
+the army itself, endangering the lives of men and the fortunes of the
+country through unfit appointments. "How we have been gulled and led
+about," exclaimed a soldier, "by a set of political demagogues, who,
+regardless of the fearful responsibility, have forced themselves into
+positions they possess no qualifications to fill, with a hope thereby
+to promote their future political aggrandizement!" We recall, even
+though we do not endorse, the Frenchman who observed, "The more I see
+of the representatives of the people, the more I love my dogs"; and we
+also recall the opinion of a British king: "Politics are a trade for a
+rascal, not for a gentleman."[36.8]
+
+The President showed himself a small man, but the saying of La
+Rochefoucauld comes to mind: "We may appear great in an employment
+beneath our merit, but we often appear little in ones too great for
+us." The situation in which Polk, essentially a local politician from
+Tennessee, found himself--called upon to re-make the fiscal system of
+the country, to dispose of long-standing and now critical issues with
+Great Britain and Mexico, to cope with a factious and unscrupulous
+opposition in Congress, and to face a war in a foreign land, almost
+unknown to us, with a handful of regulars commanded by Whigs--was
+extremely difficult; but he steered his course firmly to the end, set
+an example of honest, faithful administration, established a fiscal
+system under which the country enjoyed a period of great prosperity,
+effected with England an adjustment that in essence had been refused,
+enjoyed a series of uniform triumphs in the field, and obtained from
+our enemy the peace and the territory he desired.[36.9]
+
+Indeed, he achieved a still more surprising triumph, for he disproved
+the favorite American axiom: "Nothing succeeds like success." His lack
+of commanding qualities, his inability to win admiration and sympathy,
+and his resorting to small methods because he lacked the power to wield
+great ones, made him seem legitimate prey. He became the dog with a
+bad name, for which any stick or stone was good enough. Other men in
+public life could misrepresent the facts--as many were doing all the
+time--and still be honored; but if Polk "put the best foot forward,"
+if he allowed men to draw inferences from their wishes, if--wittingly
+or not--he colored things, if--even by accident--he made an incorrect
+statement, he was promptly denounced as a villain.
+
+And when he had supported his tremendous burden loyally, if not
+with eclat; when denunciations had failed, threats crumbled, taunts
+miscarried, hostile predictions fallen to the ground; when our people
+had not risen up against the war, our treasury had not collapsed, our
+armies had not withered away; when our sword had been wielded with
+honor, our territory and commercial field been extended far to the
+west, our international status been elevated--after all these triumphs
+the bitter tongue of a partisan spit out on the floor of our national
+House the famous nickname, "Polk the Mendacious," the President left
+office under a leaden cloud of disparagement and contempt, and later
+authors delighted to dip their pens in the gall of his enemies. Truly,
+however little we feel inclined to go into raptures over Polk, we can
+admire his traducers even less.
+
+[GENERAL TAYLOR]
+
+Next, in view of the civil as well as military fame gained from the
+war by Taylor, one thinks of him. In reviewing his operations we must
+beware of judging him by mere professional standards, for he was
+more, as well as less, than a technical soldier. The most essential
+qualities for a general, says the Baron de Jomini, are physical and
+moral courage; and in these respects the head of our army of occupation
+was flawless. Indeed almost all the moral qualifications of an eminent
+commander were his. He was a born fighter and born leader. He could
+think best in danger and excitement. He could inspire confidence and
+win devotion. The fact that one so plain could be a paladin made even
+the ordinary feel capable of heroism. Like all undisciplined men of
+great force he possessed large reserves of strength, and when an
+emergency stimulated these, he displayed a power that compelled those
+on the ground to imitate and those at a distance to admire him.[36.10]
+
+On the other hand, most of the intellectual qualifications of the
+commander were largely wanting. To be sure he possessed a great
+deal of practical shrewdness, and he used moral force with a broad
+sort of calculation that enabled him to produce effects which a
+mere educated soldier could scarcely have obtained. But he did not
+understand the aims or the art of war, lacked initiative, failed in
+prevision, neglected preparation, ignored details, took little care
+to gather information, misunderstood the intentions of the enemy, and
+underestimated their strength. He preferred swinging an axe at a door
+to conducting the battle sagaciously from a distance. He would chat
+with soldiers about home, and then sacrifice their lives.
+
+His "victories" made him famous, but the true test of generalship,
+observes Henderson, is "the number of mistakes"; and every stage of
+Taylor's progress was marked with grave errors. Besides, "however
+brilliant an action may be," remarks La Rochefoucauld, "it ought not
+to pass for great when it is not the result of a great design"; and
+not only were none of Taylor's exploits deliberately planned, but he
+never understood the risks he was braving. Some ironical but loving god
+seemed to attend him. The life he carelessly, improvidently ventured
+was guarded; and insubordination, both toward the President and toward
+the general-in-chief, made him the successor of the first and the
+superior of the second. "Old Zack is the most lucky man alive," said
+Colonel Campbell.[36.11]
+
+[GENERAL SCOTT]
+
+Scott, however, was of course the pre-eminent commander. In war he
+felt at home. He "is a Soldier and a General from the ground up,"
+wrote Consul Parrott after watching his operations. With the possible
+exception of Molino del Rey, the petulant indiscretion that he
+sometimes exhibited in civil affairs did not affect his conduct in the
+field. To appreciate him, "to _know_ him at all," said Trist, one had
+to see him in the military sphere. Karl von Grone, who observed him
+at work, wrote: "He is quiet, reserved, reflective. When, after mature
+consideration of the circumstances, he has formed his decision, he
+goes with strong, sure steps to his goal. He can manage with scanty
+resources, is adroit in deceiving the enemy, and where feints are not
+possible, deals a heavy, straight blow. When main force must break the
+way, he demands much from his troops; but, as he possesses their full
+confidence, and is recognized as a fighter of dauntless courage, he can
+do this."[36.12]
+
+"He sees everything, and calculates the cost of every measure," said
+Robert E. Lee. He could be "quick as guncotton when neccessary," wrote
+Parrott, yet deliberate and cautious under the utmost pressure. His
+initiative and self-reliance never failed; yet, as even the prejudiced
+Semmes admitted, he made full use of all the talents, as well as
+all the valor, of his army. Though his plans were laid with extreme
+care in view of all the information that could be obtained, he never
+permitted them to shackle him, and promptly adapted himself, whether in
+campaign or in battle, to a change of circumstances. Both great things
+and little things were given his attention, but with due reference to
+their comparative importance. He knew the rules of his art, and also
+knew when to disregard them. He could both rouse troops to the highest
+pitch of enthusiasm, and surpass the calculations of the expert. Says
+Hamley, it is "impracticable" to "conceive how sustained operations can
+be conducted in the face of an enemy without a secure starting-point."
+Scott accomplished this.[36.12]
+
+Characteristics of a more personal kind supported his professional
+ability. The General, Trist assured his wife, was "the soul of honour
+and probity, and full of the most sterling qualities of heart and head;
+affectionate, generous, forgiving and a _lover of justice_." Though
+few made allowances for his imperfections, he was always ready to do
+this for others; and his magnanimity would have been remarkable, even
+had he not been a natural fighting man. Such traits enabled him to get
+on excellently with reasonable officers, while his ability, prudence,
+vigilance, good cheer, steadiness, courage, sympathy, and trust in
+his army, and his anxiety to avoid wasting the labor and lives of the
+men, gave him the entire confidence of the privates. A soldier who
+loved peace instead of war, a general who valued the lives of his
+troops more than glory, a conqueror who became in the hour of triumph
+a friend, and a citizen who placed his country above self-interest, he
+was the ideal commander of a republican army.[36.13]
+
+To speak broadly and leaving genius out of the account, he possessed
+all the military qualities of Taylor, and all Taylor lacked. Taylor
+could fight splendidly, Scott could also avail himself of the
+advantages that knowledge and skill were able to supply. The soldiers
+of the one believed their leader was going to win, those of the other
+could give reasons for their faith. The army of occupation was ready
+to follow its commander with eyes shut, the army of conquest with
+eyes open. Both were kind at heart, but Scott's humanity was made
+systematically effective. Both faced perils with unwavering courage,
+but Scott did all he could to understand what lay before him. Both
+complained of the government, but Scott had reason to do so. Both
+disregarded instructions; but while Taylor aimed to gratify himself,
+Scott's aim was to benefit his country.[36.14]
+
+The advantages were not all on one side, however. Taylor had excellent
+control of his temper and the everyday, personal shrewdness that
+Scott needed. His unsophistication bore the winning appearance of
+ingenuousness, while Scott's reflective and studious ways gave him
+the reputation of a schemer. Each needed to be supplemented, but only
+Taylor had a Bliss. Scott's men felt they were serving under a strong
+leader, Taylor's that they were serving with one; while to Great Demos,
+always undiscriminating, the one represented head, the other heart; the
+one science, the other heroism.[36.14]
+
+Both were remarkable. Taylor was a distinguished plebeian, Scott a
+distinguished patrician; the first a superb captain, the second a
+superb general; and each a great man.
+
+[THE AMERICAN ARMY]
+
+The soldiers, of course, did not equal their chief commanders in point
+of interest, but certain facts concerning them deserve attention. The
+total number of regulars in the war service down to July 5, 1848, was
+about 31,000. Of these, to use round numbers, 1600 were discharged
+because their term expired, 2550 for disability, and 500 for other
+causes; 2850 deserted; 530 were killed and 2100 wounded in battle;
+400 died of their wounds; and there were 4900 ordinary or accidental
+deaths. Of the volunteers 59,000 actually served; 7200 were discharged
+for disability, and 2000 for other reasons before the expiration of
+their term; 3900 deserted; 1350 were wounded; 600 were killed or died
+of their wounds; and there were 6400 ordinary or accidental deaths.
+So it appears that out of some 90,000 officers and men serving, 6750
+deserted, 12,250 had to be discharged before their term expired, 11,300
+met with ordinary or accidental deaths, and only 1550 were accounted
+for by the enemy. The difference between the number mustered in and
+the number available at the front, and also between the number who
+lost their lives by fighting and the number who dropped out from other
+causes, was most instructive. The Americans captured seem to have
+numbered less than 1100. Of the volunteers, a very disproportionate
+percentage went from the southwest; the northwest did well, and the
+northeast lagged.[36.15]
+
+From these figures it appears that approximately three out of one
+hundred regulars were killed or died in consequence of wounds and eight
+were discharged for disability, whereas the numbers for the volunteers
+were one and twelve; and in fact the showing of the regulars was still
+better, since the "new" regulars, officered with inferior men chosen
+largely for political reasons, did not equal the record of the old
+establishment. In many other respects also the volunteers ranked low.
+Not only was there a greater percentage of sickness among them, but
+the invalids required attendants. The volunteers wasted clothing,
+provisions and ammunition both heedlessly and through ignorance of
+administrative business; and their arms were not properly cared
+for.[36.16]
+
+They had no intention of submitting to the discipline and routine labor
+of campaigning, and even at the close of the war could not be called
+real troops. The volunteers, wrote one of them, "will not be treated as
+regular soldiers."
+
+ "Sergeant, buck him and gag him, our officers cry,
+ For each trifling offence which they happen to spy,
+ Till with bucking and gagging of Dick, Pat and Bill,
+ Faith, the Mexican's ranks they have helped to fill,"
+
+so another, an exceptionally good man, testified. "Soldiers will take
+their merry frolics," an officer admitted. The camp slogan of a sturdy
+North Carolina company was: "Soldier, will you work?" "Sell my shirt
+first." "Soldier, will you fight?" "Twell I die." But even their
+fighting did not prove entirely satisfactory. Individually they were
+braver than the regulars; but the soldier's business is to fight when
+the time comes, and the volunteers to a considerable extent wanted
+to fight when they pleased. They might do splendidly and they might
+not, their general knew. In a word, they were unreliable; and they
+even imperilled their own cause by exasperating the people. Marcy
+confessed that he felt disappointed. Yet there were offsets. Their
+patriotism and enthusiasm stimulated their officers and the regulars;
+and at their best--silent, grim, patient, with a look of kingship in
+their faces--they glorified hardships, perils, wounds, disease and
+death.[36.16]
+
+A common idea of the regulars was expressed in the House by Tilden
+of Ohio, who described them as "a set of puppets ... shut up without
+exercise and in barracks, from year's end to year's end"; and the
+"sausage democracy" looked with contempt upon West Pointers as both
+puppets and aristocrats. The regulars, however, were preferable not
+only in camp and on the march, but on the field. In addition to being
+steady themselves, they helped immensely to steady the volunteers; and
+the regular officers furnished volunteer generals with knowledge, skill
+and sometimes resolution. As for their own commands, West Pointers
+might curse their men, but they took splendid care of them; and it was
+far better that men should fear their officers than that officers, like
+many in the volunteer army, should fear their men. General Scott said
+that without the science of the Military Academy his army, multiplied
+by four, could not have set foot in the capital; and Patterson, like
+him not a graduate of the school, concurred in this opinion.[36.17]
+
+Our horse was to a large extent little more than mounted infantry;
+and our real cavalry, besides riding like the French and therefore
+badly, showed no mastery in sword practice. On the other hand our field
+artillery was excellent in personnel and material; and the engineers,
+though not fully trained according to the most exacting standards,
+earned abundant praise. More than once they made the very strength
+of the Mexican position help our men while they were preparing to
+attack; and the report of General Smith upon certain officers--"Nothing
+seemed to them too bold to be undertaken, or too difficult to be
+executed"--might have been applied to the corps as a body.[36.18]
+
+In organization our armies were inferior to the best European models;
+but, said Gabriel Ferry in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_, the soldiers
+made up for this defect by displaying an energy adequate for every
+need. The infantry were criticised by foreign observers for a lack of
+correctness and snap in their movements. "What is called the American
+army," wrote the minister of Spain, to imply that we had no real
+troops. But they husbanded their strength in this way; it was therefore
+ready for emergencies; and they had the initiative, ingenuity,
+independence and self-reliance that have been cultivated of late years
+abroad in place of conventional precision.[36.19]
+
+Despite all technical defects, the faults of the volunteers and the
+admixture of mere immigrants among the regulars, we had soldiers to
+remember with pride. So many of the officers were superior men that
+almost all caught the inspiration more or less, and the privates felt
+ready to obey and follow them. The troops as a body acquired a sense
+of invincibility. "We may be killed, but we can't be whipped," was a
+favorite watch-word; and they fully meant it, said Karl von Grone.
+Dangers and hardships were bravely faced, as a rule, and often were
+faced with gayety. "Oh, this is a glorious life of mine," exclaimed
+Lieutenant Hamilton; "a life in a land of fruits and flowers, of
+dark-eyed maidens and sunny skies, of snow-capped mountains and of
+flowering valleys; a life of adventure, of calm and storm, of bivouac
+and battle."[36.20]
+
+No doubt the political and social conditions of Mexico helped our
+troops greatly, but in addition to routing every time an enemy who was
+by no means intrinsically contemptible, outnumbered us and knew the
+ground, they had to war against deserts, war against mountains, war
+against fearful storms, war against a strange climate, war against a
+devouring pestilence; and in spite of every difficulty Scott, after
+capturing more than a thousand officers and more than six hundred
+cannon, occupied the capital of Mexico with less than six thousand men.
+The troops themselves, instead of boasting, pronounced it a "miracle";
+but the critical and unfriendly _Journal des Debats_ declared: "The new
+conquerors have equalled by their exploits the great Cortez himself, if
+they have not eclipsed him."[36.20]
+
+Yet after all it was "a war of conquest," we have long been told.
+Popularly "conquest" is in truth an odious word, for it has commonly
+been associated with odious deeds: aggression and cruel tyranny; but
+"circumstances alter cases," and when the facts are unobjectionable, so
+is the term. Legally, the idea has prevailed that conquest is robbery;
+but this idea seems to have grown from the old conception that the
+government owned the country, and such is not our opinion to-day.[36.21]
+
+Forcible acquisitions may indeed be commendable. In that way Rome
+civilized Europe, England gave peace, order and comparative happiness
+to India, and our own country came into being; and none of us would
+undo these results. The welfare of humanity is the true principle.
+Life has the right of way over death; enlightenment and energy over
+ignorance and torpor. Possession means use; power and opportunities
+mean service. The primary law is that all shall move forward and
+cooperate in achieving the general destiny. Like individuals, every
+nation must run its course to the best of its ability, and if it
+grossly flags, pay the penalty. In the absence of any other tribunal,
+war must enforce this penalty. "Whosoever hath [in use], to him shall
+be given, ... but whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even
+that which he hath." Such is eternal right; not the justice of the law
+schools, but the justice of the Supreme Power.[36.21]
+
+Of all conquerors we were perhaps the most excusable, the most
+reasonable, the most beneficent. The Mexicans had come far short of
+their duty to the world. Being what they were, they had forfeited a
+large share of their national rights. Even Humboldt said that Mexico
+"ought not to expect to withhold, from the uses of civilization and
+improvement," such neglected territories as New Mexico and California.
+A philosopher like Josiah Royce, a moralist like Francis Lieber and
+an unsympathetic historian like Dr. von Holst agree substantially
+that our duty called upon us to occupy the Golden Gate. Not merely an
+administration or a party, but the nation believed that our destiny
+called us there, and felt ready to assume the high responsibility of
+taking possession.[36.22]
+
+Besides, while ours could perhaps be called a war _of_ conquest, it
+was not a war _for_ conquest--the really vital point. We found it
+necessary to require territory, for otherwise our claims and indemnity
+could not be paid. The conflict was forced upon us; yet we refused to
+take advantage of our opportunity. "It is almost impossible," says
+Bryce, "for a feeble State, full of natural wealth which her people
+do not use, not to crumble under the impact of a stronger and more
+enterprising race." But we gave back much that we took, and paid for
+the rest more than it was worth to Mexico. "All deserve praise, who ...
+have been more just than their actual power made it necessary to be,"
+said Thucydides; and we were not only just but liberal. Finally, we
+gave proof, in the prosperity and usefulness of our new territories,
+that our responsibility was amply met.[36.22]
+
+So the account was fairly adjusted and more. But something still
+remains to say. A closer acquaintance with us and with real national
+life taught Mexico some of her mistakes, confirmed the political
+relations of her states, and helped greatly to liberalize her ideas and
+institutions. "The sad part of it is that our chastisement is merited,"
+preached Ramirez. "He that reflects how useful are the lessons of
+suffering and misfortune," declared the minister of relations, "will
+admit that no one could show more clearly the deformity of our errors
+than the foreign invader [has done], and that there could have been
+no more efficacious means of elevating our reason above the bastard
+interests of political passion."[36.23]
+
+[THE WAR LEAVES MEXICO FRIENDLY]
+
+Still warmer sentiments prevailed. One of the chief obstacles in the
+way of making a treaty was the desire of not a few Mexicans to have
+the United States annex their country; and after that plan failed,
+the American general-in-chief was actually invited to become dictator
+for a term of years, backed by American troops. With reference to
+Trist, our commissioner, Couto and Cuevas remarked on presenting the
+treaty to Congress, "Of him there remain in Mexico none but grateful
+and honoring recollections"; and when bidding Clifford good-by, the
+President expressed--in no perfunctory way--a sincere desire for the
+most "sisterly" relations between the two countries, as essential to
+the welfare of Mexico. Indeed, that nation had not felt so cordial
+toward the United States for many years as it did immediately after the
+war.[36.23]
+
+In Europe, too, fairer views and feelings regarding us began to be
+entertained. "If nothing occur to tarnish what has been so well
+begun," wrote our minister at the court of St. James in June, 1846,
+"the moral influence produced here and in Europe generally will be
+worth all the expenses of the war." "It was a hard lesson for England
+to learn, but she has learned it," reported Bancroft, who succeeded
+him; "that America means to go on her own way, and that Europe ... must
+give up the thought of swaying her destiny." Our triumphs over Mexico,
+remarked C. J. Ingersoll in the House, "have been admirable lessons
+... to the world, that the [wise] policy of all nations is peace with
+these United States." Only on respect and appreciation can peace and
+mutual helpfulness be founded, and both our victories and the manner
+in which they were used promoted harmony between us and the powers of
+Europe.[36.23]
+
+Humanity and moderation--such humanity and moderation as are
+practicable amid hostilities--gilded our arms. "The elevated and
+kindly character of Taylor and Scott," said the Mexican historian,
+Roa Barcena, "lessened as far as was possible the evils of war." The
+Americans always treated us during the conflict with "the most noble
+courtesy," wrote Ceballos. "We shall certainly consider it as an
+unprecedented event if this enormous booty [the wealth of the Mexican
+churches] escapes from pillage," proclaimed the London _Times_; and it
+did escape. We have beaten the enemy, felt Robert E. Lee, the knightly
+soldier, "in a manner no man might be ashamed of." Even Theodore
+Parker, though opposed to the war, made this public acknowledgment: "It
+has been conducted with as much gentleness as a war of invasion can
+be." And a brave officer of rare intelligence uttered on the floor of
+our Senate these words: "We have cause to be proud of the record this
+war will leave behind it--a monument more lasting than brass. We, the
+actors of to-day, must soon crumble to dust; the institutions we now
+maintain, and hope will be perpetual, may pass away; the Republic may
+sink in the ocean of time, and the tide of human affairs roll unbroken
+over its grave; but the events of this war will live in the history of
+our country and our race, affording in all ages to come, proof of the
+high state of civilization amongst the people who conducted it."[36.24]
+
+
+
+
+NOTES
+
+
+XXI. BEHIND THE SCENES AT MEXICO
+
+21.1. This is a good illustration of Santa Anna's political ability.
+
+21.2. Farias appears to have had no share in this quarrel with Salas
+(Mexico a traves, iv, 593).
+
+21.3. _The course of Mexican politics_. _Federalista Puro_, No. 3,
+supplmt.; No. 6, supplmt. London _Times_, Feb. 9, 1847. Apuntes, 71-3,
+76, 124-6. =13=Bankhead, Nos. 120, 136, 140, 146, 153, 157, 160, 169,
+180, 1846. =52=Consul Campbell, Nov. 10, 1846. =52=Consul Black, Aug.
+22, 27; Sept. 17, 22, 26, 1846. Comunicacion Circular de ... Pena y
+Pena. Garcia, Revol. de Ayutla, 18, 20, 27. Ultimas Comunicaciones
+habidas entre ... Salas y ... Rejon. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii,
+538. Prieto, Memorias, ii, 195, 199. =13=Thornton to Addington, June
+29, 1847. =13=Gutierrez de Estrada to Palmerston, Mar. 1, 1847. Mex.
+en 1847, 12-4. Ramirez, Mexico, 12, 142-4, 149, 152-4, 156, 165, 172,
+176. =83=Rejon to Berdusco, Dec. 23. _Eco_, Nov. 4, 7, 11, 14, 1846.
+Escudero, Mems., 8, 13, 14. Dublan, Legisl., v, 171, 238-9. Memoria
+de ... Relaciones, Dec, 1846. =73=Bermudez de Castro, nos. 332,
+res.; 343, res.; 345, res.; 346; 368. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii,
+100-1, 118, 120, 124, 126-8. =83=Gov. Queretaro to Farias, Oct. 20.
+Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 144. Rivera, Los Gobernantes, ii, 310. Lara,
+Resumen, 65, note. Mora, Papeles Ineditos, 64-5. =162=Conner, Dec. 31,
+1846. =164=_Id._ Jan. 5, 1847. Bustamante, Campana, 7. Ho. 60; 30, 1,
+p. 1125 (S. Anna). Baz, Juarez, 43. Mexico a traves, iv, 576-7, 589,
+591-2, 600-1, 698. _Republicano_, Sept. 28; Oct. 20, 28; Nov. 17; Dec.
+24, 1846; Jan. 1, 22-3; Feb. 3, 1847. _Monitor Repub._, Sept. 25-6,
+30; Oct. 19-23, 26; Dec. 25, 1846. _Diario_, Sept. 23, 25, 29; Oct.
+9, 12, 14, 16, 31; Nov. 24; Dec. 18-9, 22, 28, 29, 1846. And from
+=76= the following Procl. gov. S. L. P., Oct. 22, 1846. J. Alvarez,
+Oct. 22. Comte. gen. Mex., Oct. 16. Canalizo to comte. gen. Mex.,
+Oct. 18. Comte. gen. Oaxaca, Oct. 24. Salas, procl., Oct. 25. Guerra,
+circulars, Oct. 14, 19, 22; Dec. 23. Relaciones to gov. Fed. Dist.,
+Dec. 23. Relaciones circular, Oct. 19. Comte. gen. Chiapas, Nov. 3.
+Also others of minor importance. Otero was associated with Pedraza in
+the leadership of the Moderados.
+
+21.4. So far as possible, revenue was anticipated, even at a great
+loss. _E.g._, if a merchant expected a cargo to arrive at Vera Cruz,
+he sent a broker (_agiotista_) to the minister of the treasury, and by
+paying a sum in advance he obtained drafts on the Vera Cruz customhouse
+that were receivable at par for the duties. Of course the merchant,
+the broker and the minister made profits, and the treasury lost (N.
+Y. _Herald_, Jan. 18, 1845). Another way in which the minister could
+make money was to accept at face value as part of a loan or payment
+government paper that had cost the one who tendered it only a trifle,
+and take a share of the net proceeds. "Agiotista" became an odious
+term. It was given out that Santa Anna would accept no pay, but the
+treasury books showed that he drew his salary for even the time
+while he was at Havana (=335=Worrall to Trist, Nov. 28, 1847). They
+apparently showed also that in 1846 millions were distributed among
+generals, brokers and others. The British minister said that Iturbe
+was the ninth finance minister whom he had seen devoting "his peculiar
+attention to the augmentation, of his private means while in office"
+(=13=Bankhead, no. 104, 1846). Another great evil was that, in spite
+of express prohibitions, state officials drew upon the proceeds of the
+tobacco monopoly. The following table illustrates the state of the
+treasury (1846):
+
+ _Oct. 12_ _Oct. 16_ _Dec. 26_ _Dec. 29_
+ On hand $8510 $3410 -- $1148
+ Rec'd -- 3500 $7162 3700
+ Paid 1402 3628 5713 4367
+
+A poll tax was thought of by Rejon, but evidently the government dared
+not propose it (=73=Bermudez de Castro, nos. 332, res., 346, 1846).
+
+21.5. _Mexican financial history_ (see also the first part of chap.
+xxxiii). Comunicacion Circular de ... Pena y Pena. Memoria de ...
+Relaciones, Mar., 1845; Dec., 1846. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 368, 716.
+_Ilustrador Catolico_, no. 239. Hacienda, series of Memorias.
+Hacienda, Manifiesto de la Admin. y Progresos. London _Times_, July
+6, 1846. Breve Resumen. Casasus, Hist. de la Deuda contraida, etc.,
+_passim_. Paredes, address to Cong., June 6, 1846 (_Diario_). Alaman,
+Liquidacion. Esposicion del Cong. Gen. =11=Martin, Apr. 30, 1827; July
+4; Aug. 25, 1828. =11=Series of Memoires on the Spanish Colonies.
+Sierra, Evolution, i, 178, 218. Zamacois, Mex., xii, 254. =52=Consul
+Jones, Aug. 1, 1839. =56=W. S. Parrott, Oct. 4, 11, 1845. =58=Howland &
+Aspinwall, Mar. 1, 1847. _Republicano_, Feb. 2, 1847. =13=Ashburnham,
+nos. 39, 51, 1837; 3, 97, 1838. =13=Pakenham, nos. 28, 1833; 6, 1836;
+44, 62, 1839. =13=Bankhead, nos. 81, 1844; 6, 38, 70, 106, 1845; 21,
+104, 127, 146, 169, 1846. =52=Poinsett, Jan. 4; Aug. 5, 1825; July
+16, 1828. =52=Butler, July 16, 1832. _Revista Econ._, Dec. 14, 1843;
+Feb. 5, 1844. Tornel, Resena, 9, 171. Macgregor, Progress, i, 674-83.
+Thompson, Recolls., 12, 27-8, 87. =52=D. Green, Oct. 28; Nov. 12, 29,
+1844. N. Y. _Herald_, Jan. 18, 1845. _Siglo XIX_, June 14, 1844; Dec.
+2, 1845. _Patriota Mexicano_, Dec. 9, 1845. _Reforma_, Jan. 23, 1846.
+London _Times_, Mar. 29; May 15; Sept. 9; Nov. 11; Dec. 6, 1845; Mar.
+2, 1846. _Revue Indep._, Apr. 25, 1845. =52=Consul Black, Aug. 23,
+1845. =52=Consul Dimond, no. 338, May 7, 1846. =73=Bermudez de Castro,
+no. 346, 1846. =52=Consul McCall, no. 65, Sept. 26, 1845. Balbontin,
+Estado, 66. Wash. _Union_, Feb. 2, 1848 (Poinsett). N. Y. _Globe_, June
+3, 1846. _Diario_, Sept. 18, 1846. _Monitor Repub._, Nov. 27, 1846;
+Jan. 9, 1847. Ward, Mexico, i., 331-7. =76=To S. Anna, Nov. 25. Vicario
+Capitular, Contestacion. Priestley, Jose de Galvez, Chap. x.
+
+21.6. _The present financial problem._ Dublan, Legislacion, v.,
+172, 211-6, 235-7, 240. =77=Relaciones circular, Nov. 27, 1846.
+=13=Bankhead, no. 6, 1845; nos. 21, 127, 153, 167, 169, 1846.
+=52=Consul Black, Dec. 29, 1846. Apuntes, 76, 124-6. Ramirez,
+Mexico, 171. =335=Worrall to Trist, Nov. 28, 1847. Rivera, Jalapa,
+iii, 716. _Ilustrador Catolico_, i., 281. Mex. en 1847, 14-19, 24.
+_Don Simplicio_, Feb. 13, 1847. =86=Relaciones, Oct. 26, 1846.
+_Zempoalteca_, Nov. 27, 1846. Escudero, Mems., 8, =92=Gov. Fed.
+Dist., procl., Jan. 16. =82=Gov. Durango to legisl., Nov. 8, 1846.
+_Columna de la Libertad_, Jan. 8, 1847. Sierra, Evolution, i, 178,
+217-8. =52=McLane, no. 5, 1845. =56=W. S. Parrott, Oct. 4, 11, 1845.
+=11=Memoire, 1828. D. Green to Calhoun, Oct. 28; Nov. 12 in Jameson,
+Calh. Corresp., 976-80, 991. _Siglo XIX_, Jan. 14, 1844. London
+_Times_, Sept. 9; Dec. 6, 1845; Oct. 8, 1846; Jan. 8, 1847. Memoria de
+... Relaciones, Dec., 1846 (Lafragua). =73=Bermudez de Castro, nos.
+316, res., 346, 371, res., 445. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 128.
+=75=Relaciones, circulars to govs., Oct. 9; Dec. 17, 1846; circs. nos.
+233, 238, 255, 1846. =75a=Hacienda, circulars, Oct. 10; Nov. 9; Dec.
+5, 31, 1846. =86=V. Cruz state treas. to gov., Jan. 11; Feb. 4, 1847.
+_Constitutionnel_, Dec. 18, 1846. Wash. _Union_, Jan. 18, 29; May
+11, 1847. _Monitor_, Oct. 12. =166=Pommares to Conner, Oct. 7, 1846.
+_Republicano_, Oct. 22; Nov. 5, 13, 24; Dec. 8, 1846; Jan. 23, 1847.
+_Monitor Repub._, Sept. 25, 30; Oct. 18; Nov. 19, 30; Dec. 19, 1846.
+_Diario_, Sept. 23, 25, 29; Oct. 2, 3; Nov. 21, 23; Dec. 4, 13, 15, 21,
+29, 30, 1846; Jan. 1, 7-9, 1847. Mexico a traves, iv, 589, 600, 628-9.
+=76=S. Anna, Nov. 7, 9, 19; Dec. 3, 4, 7, 30, 1846; Jan. 1, 2, 4, 7,
+1847. =76=J. Alvarez, Sept. 30, 1846. =76=Circ. to comtes. gen., Sept.
+28, 1846.
+
+21.7. The law was a compromise (Apuntes, 124). Rejon, as he frankly
+told the Spanish minister (note 21.6), was for nationalizing--_i.e._,
+confiscating--the property of the Church. Santa Anna preferred to let
+the clergy keep the title to their wealth, and require a loan from them
+now and then--a process termed "milking" (Jameson, Calhoun Corresp.,
+992). The essential basis on which the law passed was the practical
+necessity of raising money for the war; but many who recognized this
+necessity and even the desirability of reducing the wealth and power of
+the Church could not bring themselves to act.
+
+21.8. The law, if fully enforced, would no doubt have done much injury,
+however great its benefits. _E.g._, a great amount of land had been
+hypothecated to the Church with no expectation on either side that
+the loan which it secured would ever be paid; but the government, in
+order to obtain cash, intended that the loan should be paid or the land
+sold. Many individuals would thus have been ruined and the agricultural
+interests partially crippled, while on account of the small amount of
+money in circulation, only very low prices would have been realized
+for the land (=13=Bankhead, no. 7, 1847). Moreover, land with a Church
+curse upon it was sure to sell slowly, and many believed that titles
+obtained in this way would not hold good very long. As the clergy would
+give no information about their property, some exempted property was
+seized, and these mistakes caused trouble (Mexico a traves, iv, 631).
+Many objected to the law because they presumed that the proceeds of
+sales would reach private pockets. The principal arguments against
+it were summed up by the =88=ayuntamiento of Cordoba as follows: "It
+attacks property, invades the rights of the states, contravenes the
+sovereignty of the Church and is anti-religious, for there can be no
+religion without worship, no worship without priests and no priests
+without Church property." On the other hand the Puro =92=ayuntamiento
+of the capital described the law as "A law to save our independence
+and religion, in which nothing is done except that one class of
+society is to loan its property to society as a whole," adding, "How
+unfortunate would be our faith, if the religion of the Savior could be
+supported only with money ... charity and poverty were the example of
+his mission." The metropolitan chapter of Mexico took the ground that
+property once consecrated to God was sacred, and that to take it would
+be an act of sacrilege sure to bring upon the country the wrath and
+punishment of heaven (=92=Representacion). The bishop of Puebla said
+to his flock: "Far from us is the idea of disturbing public order,
+but we must notify our very dear lambs that the pasturage offered
+thorn is poisonous; and if for so doing we incur the wrath of men,
+we will strengthen our weakness with the words of the chief of the
+Apostles at the council of the Jews: 'We must obey God rather than
+men'" (=82=Manifiesto). This was a clear and official incitement to
+insurrection.
+
+21.9. _The law of Jan. 11 and the struggle over it._ Apuntes, 124-32.
+=13=Bankhead, nos. 180, 1846; 6, 7, 10, 14, 17, 1847. Gaxiola,
+Invasion, 118. =52=J. Parrott, Feb. 6. =56=Beach, report, June 4.
+London _Times_, Sept. 9; Oct. 7, 1846; Mar. 11; May 12, 1847. Oil
+portrait of Farias, city hall, Mex. =52=Consul Black, Feb. 24. _Revue
+Indep._, Apr. 25, 1845. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 822, 825-6. _Catolico_,
+iii, 553. Conducta Admin, de Berdusco. _Ilustrador Catolico_, no.
+239. =88=Cordoba ayunt., Feb. 4. =92=Mex. ayunt. to chapter, Jan. 14.
+=92=Ayunt., procl., Jan. 14. =92=Representacion of metrop. chapter to
+Cong. =92=Segunda Protesta; Tercera Protesta del Ven. C bildo Metrop.
+=92=Exposicion que el Sr. Vicario Capit. =92=Expos. del Cabildo Metrop.
+=92=Procl. of gov. Fed. Dist., Jan. 16. =95=Queret. cong., Jan. 12.
+=95=Puebla ayunt. to gov., Jan. 16. =95=Sanchez to Puebla ayunt.,
+Feb. 16. =82=Bish. Puebla, manif., Jan. 27. =82=Gov. Puebla, procl.,
+Jan. 27; Mar. 5, 15. Lamentos de los Mex. =73=Bermudez de Castro,
+nos. 332, res., 346, 445. Dublan, Legislacion, v., 246, 255, 261-2.
+_Registro Oficial de Durango_, Jan. 26. =80=Guanajuato cong., Jan. 29.
+_Locomotor_, Jan. 18. Mora, Papeles, 74-6. Negrete, Invasion iv, app.,
+412-4. Ramirez, Mexico, 172, 184, 188, 190, 193, 198. _Diario_, Dec.
+21, 1846; Jan. 7-9, 11-16, 18, 19, 26, 30; Feb. 4, 1847. _Republicano_,
+Dec. 9, 12, 1846; Jan. 8, 11, 23-4, 27, 29; Feb. 6, 11, 12; May 14,
+1847. Mexico a traves, iv, 601-8, 628, 630-1, 638. And the following
+from =76=. Comte. gen. Queret., Jan. 19, 20, 22. _Id._, procl., Jan.
+20. Comte gen. Puebla, Jan. 12, 28; Feb. 17. Guerra, order, Jan. 24.
+Min. eccles. affairs to metropol. chapter, Jan. 14. Comte. gen. Mex.,
+Jan. 15. Comte. gen. Jalisco, Feb. 2. J. Alvarez, Feb. 2. Comte. gen.
+Oaxaca, Feb. 11, 15. Comte. gen. Guanaj., Jan. 29; Feb. 15, res. To
+comte. gen. Puebla, Feb. 24. Decrees, Jan. 15, 27; Feb. 4, 7, 10. To S.
+Anna, Jan. 30. S. Anna, Jan. 7, 13, 22, 26, 29; Feb. 9.
+
+21.10. _Beach's mission and escape._ =56=Special Missions, p. 257.
+=56=Beach report, June 4, 1847. Polk, Diary, Apr. 14, 1847. =108=Mrs.
+Storms to Bancroft, July 23, 1846, and Marcy's endorsement. Griffis,
+Perry, 224. =52=Consul Black, Jan. 28, 1847. N. Y. _Sun_, Apr. 15;
+Aug. 16, 24, 1847. =166=Dimond to Conner, Jan. --, 1847. _Scribner's
+Monthly_, xvii, 300. Appleton, Amer. Biog. (article on M. Y. B.).
+Kenly, Md. Vol., 269. =76=To comte. gen. V. Cruz, Jan. 14. =76=Landero,
+Jan. 14. =76=S. Anna, Jan. 22.
+
+21.11. Apuntes, 126. =13=Bankhead, no. 14, 1847. =56=Beach, report,
+June 4, 1847. Ramirez, Mexico, 193-4, 198-9. Mexico a traves, iv, 608,
+631. =199=Anon. MS. of go-between.
+
+21.12. The monarchists, who were closely associated with the Church,
+shared in the insurrection (Apuntes, 119), and no doubt many of the
+Moderados took part in it (London _Times_, May 10, 1847), though
+Pedraza denied positively that he drew up the plan (Apuntes, 131).
+
+21.13. _The insurrection._ =56=Beach, report, June 4, 1847. Apuntes,
+126, 128-37. =13=Bankhead, no. 17, 1847. Consideraciones, 37. Mex.
+en 1847, 14, 19. Leon, Hist. Gen., 475. =52=J. Parrott, Feb. 6.
+Bustamante, Campana sin, etc., 5, 8, 10, 11, 13. =52=Black, Mar.
+6. London _Times_, May 10, 12. Salas, pamphlet, Mar. 3. =13=Pena
+y Barragan, procl., Mar. 8. Septimo Disengano. _Boletin de la
+Democracia_, Mar. 2, 7, 13. Farias, Address. Ramirez, Mexico, 190,
+193, 198-9, 201, 204, 209. Mexico a traves, iv, 631-5. Rivera,
+Jalapa, iii, 841-9. _Arco Iris_, Nov. 24, 1847. Escudero, Mems., 14,
+19, 20. =82=Zacatecas cong., Mar. 5. =82=Jalisco legisl., Mar. 12.
+=77=Relaciones, circular, Mar. 13. =80=Mex. state legisl., Mar. 18.
+Balbontin, Invasion, 104. =80=Lt. gov. Mex. state procl., Mar. 23.
+=199=Anon. MS. =76=Farias, procl. =83=Gov. Queret. to Pena y Barragan,
+Mar. 2, 20. Rivera, Los Gobernantes, ii., 318. N. Y. _Sun_, Apr. 15;
+Aug. 24. _Diario_, Feb. 20, 21. _Monitor Repub._, Dec. 27, 1846;
+Feb. 13; Mar. 23. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1125 (S. Anna). Lerdo de Tejada,
+Apuntes, ii, 539. And from =76= the following, besides others of minor
+importance. Comte. gen. Queret., Jan. 20. Canalizo to Anaya, Feb. 26.
+J. Alvarez, Mar. 10. L. Carrion, Mar. 10. Gov. Puebla, Feb. 17; reply,
+Feb. 24. Plan of Puebla insurgents, Feb. 27. Govt. bulletins, Mar. 2,
+5. Morales, Mar. 1. Aguascalientes legisl., Mar. 4. Gov. Zacat. to
+Relac., Mar. 5. Gov. Queret. to Relac., Mar. 9. Provis. gov. Jalisco to
+Relac., Mar. 3. Comte. gen. Jalisco to garrison, Mar. 7. Gov. Puebla to
+Relac., Mar. 5. Lt. Col. Indep. battal. to mistress, Mar. 15. Comte.
+gen. Oaxaca, Feb. 17. Gov. Mex. state to Relac., Mar. 19. _Id._,
+procl., Mar. 18. Decrees, Mar. 1, 8, 12, 15.
+
+On this subject Beach reported in substance as follows: When the
+government resolved to raise money on the Church property, I urged the
+clericals to an organized resistance. They consented, and at the moment
+of General Scott's debarkation at Vera Cruz they made a most important
+diversion in his favor by raising the standard of civil war at the
+capital, at Puebla and in a degree at Michoacan. This occupied 5000 men
+and all the arms, munitions of war and means of the government in the
+city of Mexico for twenty-three days; effectually preventing them from
+aiding Vera Cruz, or strengthening Puebla or the strongholds nearer
+the coast. On the tenth day of this rebellion or _pronunciamiento_, I
+was informed that $40,000 would be required of the clergy to carry it
+on another week, and that it would be paid if the importance of the
+crisis justified the outlay. As General Scott had but just landed his
+artillery at Vera Cruz, and might be detained there for some time. I
+deemed that almost any outlay would be justified. The rebellion was
+therefore kept up, until the sudden appearance of General Santa Anna
+closed the affair. [One must remember, in passing judgment on the
+conduct of the clergy, how much they had suffered at the hands of Santa
+Anna and how much reason they had to fear him.]
+
+Beach had arranged to visit Mexico on private business, and he
+persuaded Buchanan that he could, through Almonte and others, bring
+about peace. Hence he was appointed "confidential agent to the Republic
+of Mexico" to accomplish what he could; and, on learning the state of
+things at Mexico, he saw that Scott's operations could be materially
+assisted by inaugurating and continuing the clerical insurrection. His
+report may be found in the state department archives at Washington.
+
+21.14. Santa Anna left San Luis Potosi March 15 with more than 5000 men
+and ten guns.
+
+21.15. Rejon wrote to Santa Anna, March 7, 1847, urging him to stand
+firmly by his manifesto of August 16, 1846,--_i.e._ by the Puros, and
+detailing a series of Moderado intrigues intended (he said) to annoy
+and humiliate Santa Anna until he should inaugurate a revolution, with
+a view to then having him shot.
+
+21.16. Beach was watched for several days before he left the city.
+He escaped by paying for his lodgings for some time to come, leaving
+a trunk there, taking a carriage late at night without baggage, and
+choosing an unusual route (N. Y. _Sun_, Aug. 16, 1847). A reward of
+$1000 was offered for him dead or alive (_ibid._, Aug. 24). Notices
+were put up denouncing as a traitor anyone possessing a copy of the New
+York _Sun_. He was accused of having tried to bring about a clerical
+revolution and also to induce the states of Guanajuato, Queretaro, San
+Luis Potosi and Jalisco to secede and declare for the United States.
+See also N. Y. _Sun_, May 27, 1847; Polk, Diary, May 11, 1847; Kenly,
+Md. Vol., 269. We shall hear again of Beach's operations.
+
+21.17. Santa Anna received news of the insurrection near Cedral.
+
+21.18. Santa Anna may very possibly have hoped now to combine the
+military class, the conservatives and the clericals into a solid
+phalanx behind him, and he may have commended the movement against
+Church property for the very purpose of making the clergy feel the need
+of his assistance. See Tributo a la Verdad, 76.
+
+21.19. His overthrow was not really due to the law of January 11, but
+resulted from his radical ideas and unpractical methods, the odium
+of his former administration, his consequent inability to secure the
+cooperation of influential men, and the general state of unrest and
+dissension.
+
+21.20. _Outcome of the insurrection._ Apuntes, 111, 115-8, 133, 136-8.
+=13=Bankhead, nos. 33, 34, 1847. Mex. en 1847, 14-18. =69=S. Anna,
+order, Mar. 14. _Anglo-Saxon_, Mar. 13. =56=Beach, report, June 4,
+1847. Bustamante, Campana, 30. London _Times_, May 10. _Britannia_,
+May 15. Mexico a traves, iv, 577, 635-40. Ramirez, Mexico, 184, 198-9,
+205, 207, 209-12, 215-8. =82=Gov. Puebla, boletin No. 4 (S. Anna to
+Farias, Mar. 6; Gil to Ruano, Mar. 6). =77=Relaciones, circulars,
+Mar. 22; Apr. 1. Tributo a la Verdad, 76. =75=Rejon to S. Anna, Mar.
+7. =84=Palacios to Gov. S. L. P., Mar. 17. _Republicano_, Mar. 24.
+=75a=Hacienda, circular, Mar. 29. Puga y Acal, Docs., 62-3. Escudero,
+Mems., 19. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 146-7. Dublan, Legisl., v,
+262-5. _Locomotor_, Jan. 18. Baz, Juarez, 47. _Diario_, Mar. 29,
+1847 (Baz). The twenty-millions law had very little effect, if any.
+_Le Constitutionnel_, June 17, 1847 (The clergy have kept none of
+the promises by the aid of which they obtained the repeal of the
+confiscation of their property).
+
+
+XXII. VERA CRUZ
+
+22.1. "New volunteers," those called out in November. For the ten
+transports see chap. xviii, note 18.28. Jan. 18 Conner wrote to Scott
+that Santa Anna had moved, about January 1, against Taylor, but that
+from all accounts presumably Taylor had probably retired to Monterey
+(Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 893). It was therefore natural for Scott to feel
+satisfied that Santa Anna, learning of the expedition against Vera
+Cruz, would retrace his steps and reach that place in season. At
+Scott's instance a spy, selected by Consul Campbell with the aid of
+Consul Dimond (who visited Cuba for the purpose), was to have set out
+from Havana in January for Mexico City and San Luis Potosi (=166=Dimond
+to Conner, Jan. 15); but the author found no further trace of him.
+
+22.2. Some transports reached Anton Lizardo Feb. 27 and notified
+Conner that Scott was coming (=162=Conner, Feb. 27). Certain troops,
+leaving Tampico March 1, arrived at that rendezvous in advance of Scott
+(=139=W. B. Campbell to wife, Mar. 6). By sunset on March 5 about
+seventy sail had appeared there.
+
+22.3. _To Anton Lizardo._ Macgregor, Progress, i, 677. =47=Conner, Dec.
+1 1846; Feb. 17; Mar. 7, 10, 1847. =159=Collins narrative. =298=Porter,
+diary. =66=Remarks in margin of chart of V. Cruz harbor. Le Clercq,
+Voyage, 401, 418. Robertson, Remins., 214-6. Campos, Recuerdos, 31.
+Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 238. Grant, Mems., i, 125. Hartman, Journal,
+6. Taylor, Broad Pennant, 123. _Picayune_, Mar. 26. _Delta_, Oct.
+16. Meade, Letters, i, 187. =65=Scott, gen. orders 28, 33, 34, 37.
+=313=Saunders to Conner, Mar. 5. Oswandel, Notes, 63. Semmes, Service,
+106, 109, 111. Kenly, Md. Volunteer, 266. Lawton, Artillery Officer,
+65-6, 68. =146=Caswell, diary. =322=Smith, diary. Kitchen, Record,
+21-2. =270=Moore, diary. =327=Sutherland, letter. Ballentine, English
+Soldier, i, 257, 261. =254=McClellan to sister, Feb. 23. Moore,
+Scott's Campaign, 1-4. Parker, Recolls., 49, 82. Washington _Union_,
+Apr. 6. _Monitor Repub._, Mar. 16. =164=Scott to Conner, Feb. 22, 26.
+=162=Conner to wife, Aug. 10, 1846; Feb. 26, 27, 1847. Ho. 60; 30,
+1, pp. 879, 892 (Conner); 896 (Hetzel); 893, 896, 899 (Scott); 568
+(Jesup). Nebel and Kendall, 17. Diccionario Univ. (_Anton Lizardo_).
+_Niles_, Mar. 13, 1847, p. 21. =332=Tennery, diary. Sedgwick, Corresp.,
+i, 65. =254=McClellan, diary. =165=Conner to Scott, Jan. 18; to Breese
+and to Aulick, Feb. 28. Hammersly, Naval Encyclop., 94. =139=W. B.
+Campbell to wife, Mar. 6. Smith, To Mexico, 108-10. =76=Garay, Mar. 5.
+=76=Cos, Feb. 19, 21. =76=Soto, Mar. 7. =76=Watchman at Ulua, Mar. 5.
+
+22.4. For additional information regarding San Juan de Ulua the reader
+may consult chapters xviii and xxx.
+
+21.5. New York letters received in Cuba and made known at Mexico gave
+notice that Scott planned to capture Vera Cruz before attacking Ulua
+(=76=Relaciones, Jan. 26); some Mexicans believed he would enter the
+Antigua River (which emptied a short distance to the north) with boats,
+and strike at once into the interior; some thought he would land at
+Tuxpan, and march south along the coast; and some ridiculed the idea of
+an attack upon Vera Cruz on the ground that, since the Americans could
+not possibly reach the capital by that route, it would be useless to
+capture the city (_Monitor Repub._, Mar. 28). Many argued that in any
+case Ulua would protect Vera Cruz.
+
+22.6. Besides fine old Spanish guns, there were new and heavy English
+pieces (_Nacional_, July 12, 1846) and twenty recently cast in the
+United States (Davis, Autobiog., 131). A battery of sixteen bronze long
+24-pdrs., made in England in 1840, was pronounced by American artillery
+officers "far superior" to anything of the sort they had seen elsewhere
+(=213= Hatch to father, Apr. 2). It was in the city. As to the amount
+of ordnance in the city and castle accounts differed. Scott made it 400
+pieces; Hitchcock, upwards of 350; Balbontin, 113 mounted, 46 unmounted
+at Ulua, 83 and 57 respectively at Vera Cruz; G. T. M. Davis, 390
+effective pieces. The statement of the Mexican government, December,
+1846 (based of course on earlier reports), was as follows: Vera Cruz,
+mounted, bronze, eleven 24's, twenty 16's, six 12's, four 8's, four
+4's, four mountain 4's, five 12-inch mortars, seven 8-inch howitzers,
+and of iron, mounted, three 42-lb. mortars, three 24-lb. cannon, five
+12's, nine 8's, six 13-inch mortars, two 9-inch mortars; Ulua, bronze,
+mounted, thirty-six 24's, four 16's, four 8's, two 14-inch mortars,
+and of iron, mounted, ten 84-lb. mortars, ten 68-lb. mortars, sixteen
+42-lb. mortars, fifty-one 24-lb. cannon, two 16's,--a total of 224
+besides a considerable number of unmounted pieces in both places, some
+of which were doubtless mounted later (Memoria de ... Guerra). Still
+other guns were sent from the interior. Possibly some unserviceable
+ordnance may have been included in the highest American figures.
+Balbontin gives the number of firearms as 7369--half of the total
+number belonging to the government. Ripley (War with Mex., ii, 19) and
+Wilcox (Mex. War, 251) state that there was no ditch, but the weight of
+evidence seems to be against them. Perhaps the drifting sand filled the
+ditch before the Americans took the city.
+
+22.7. It was not easy to believe that the factions at Mexico would
+not agree to turn their arms against the Americans on learning they
+had landed. March 9 the state of Vera Cruz issued a strong appeal to
+them and to the nation. Neutrals and valuable neutral property were
+taken aboard foreign war-vessels (=12=Matson to Giffard, Mar. 5). The
+American blockade had greatly impaired the resources of the state and
+city. A forced loan was imposed by the former, but no large receipts
+could be expected.
+
+22.8. The accepted (not official) Mexican figures were 1030 for Ulua
+and 3360 for Vera Cruz, but the authorities did not consider it
+obligatory to publish the correct number. =13=March 11 the British
+consul, Giffard, reported the garrisons as about 1500 and 4000
+respectively, and later (according to Mexican accounts that were
+probably rather flattering) more than 1000 threw themselves into the
+city. Santa Anna stated in April that Morales had 5000 in the town
+(=76=S. Anna, Apr. 29), but he was unfriendly to that officer. Scott's
+figures were 5000 besides those who perished or escaped during the
+siege; but before the surrender he heard the city alone had that number
+(Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 221). British naval officers stated there were about
+6000 in city and castle (Meade, Letters, i, 188), and Col. Campbell was
+told there were 5-6000 (=139=to wife, Mar. 6). The Mexicans complained
+of a lack of gunners, but their own figures were 680. No doubt the
+troops were poorly cared for, but such was the custom. Robles counted
+for not a little. In the autumn of 1846 Landero, personally liked but
+considered wanting in ability and regarded as a tool of Santa Anna, was
+made comte. gen. because Morales was strenuously denounced by Santa
+Anna as politically unsafe (=76=S. Anna, Oct. 14); but on the approach
+of the crisis the people forced a change, and the confidence inspired
+by Morales enabled him (Landero admitted in his =76=report, Apr. 3,
+1847) to accomplish more than the latter could have done. Particular
+resentment was felt against Santa Anna for taking away in August, 1846,
+the best regiment (the Eleventh Infantry). For the names of corps at
+Vera Cruz and Ulua see Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 158.
+
+22.9. _The situation at Vera Cruz and Ulua._ =13=Consul Giffard,
+Nov. 1; Dec. 1, 1846; Feb. 28; Mar. 11, 1847. =52=Consul Dimond, no.
+336, May 2, 1846. Engineer School, U. S. Army, Occasional Papers,
+no. 16. =218=Henshaw narrative. =280=Nunelee, diary. =159=Collins,
+diary. =6=Bravo to Tola, Apr. 18, 1846. =224=Hitchcock, diary,
+Mar. 13. =13=Pakenham, no. 25, 1842. _National_, July 12, 1846.
+_Constitutionnel_, May 8, 1847. W. S. Parrott, Feb. 6, 1847. =80=Mexico
+state legislature to people. Memoria de ... Guerra, Dec., 1846, p.
+22. (Cisterns, etc.) Lyon, Journal, ii, 221. Orbigny, Voyage, 407-8.
+Robertson, Visit, i, 232, 239. Ruxton, Adventures (London, 1847),
+12-15. Robertson, Remins., 225-6, 235, 237. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes,
+ii, 541-50, 552, 569. Naredo, Orizaba, i, 107-8. Scott. Mems., ii, 422.
+Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 248. Ballentine, English Soldier, i, 288-9.
+Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 239. Balbontin, Estado, 49-55. Tributo a la Verdad,
+17-26, 29, 88. Apuntes, 152-5. S. Anna, Apelacion, 33. _Delta_, Oct.
+16, 1847. =350=Weber, recolls. =12=Matson to Giffard, Mar. 5, 1847;
+to Fischer, Mar. 8; to commodore, Mar. 10, 25. Oswandel, Notes, 102.
+Semmes, Service, 102, 104-6. =139=W. B. Campbell to D. C, Mar. 20.
+Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 56, 865. Otero, Comunicacion, 11. _Diario_, Apr.
+8. _Republicano_, Dec. 8, 1846. =86=Relaciones to gov., Jan. 27, 1847;
+reply, Feb. 1. =86=State treas. to gov., Jan. 15. =86=Morales to gov.,
+Feb. 8. =90=Soto, proclam., Mar. 2. =90=_Id._ to state congress, Dec.
+1, 1846. =100=V. Cruz ayunt. to prefect, June 4, 1846. =100=Bravo to
+ayunt., June 9, 1846. =100=Ayunt. to jefe of dept, Oct. 26, 1846.
+=100=Soto, proclam., Feb. 6, 1847. =88=_Id._, proclam., Feb. 15, 1847.
+_Regenerador Repub._ Puebla, Mar. 13; Apr. 7, 1847. =82=Noticias
+de V. Cruz. Kenly, Md. Volunteer, 267. Mexico a traves, iv, 600.
+Lawton, Artillery Officer, 67, 105-7. El Estado de Veracruz a Todos.
+Memoria de ... Guerra, Dec, 1846. =146=Caswell, diary. =270=Moore,
+diary. =73=Bermudez de Castro, nos. 441, 445, Feb. 28; Mar. 2, 1847.
+Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 67. Valois, Mexique, 40-43. =271=Morales
+to commander of Ulua, Oct. 20, 1846. Moore, Scott's Campaign, 12.
+Conner, Castle of S. Juan de Ulloa, 13. Parker, Recolls., 79. (Learned)
+_Monitor Repub._, Nov. 13, 30, 1846; Mar. 28, 1847. Negrete, Invasion,
+iv, app., 413-4. =166=Campbell to Conner, Jan. 9, 1847. =166=Pommares
+to Conner, Oct. 15, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 911, 1169 (Scott). Meade,
+Letters, i, 188. Diccionario Univ. (_Ulua_). =47=Conner, Oct. 4,
+1846. =165=_Id._ to Scott, Jan. 18; Feb. 5, 1847. =100=Soto to jefe,
+V. Cr. dept., Sept. 17, 1846. =100=Jefe to V. Cr. ayunt., Dec. 21,
+1846. Bishop, Journal, 29. _Niles_, May 9, 1846, p. 160. _So. Quart.
+Rev._, July, 1851. =86=V. Cruz congress, manifiesto, Mar. 9. And from
+=76= the following. A large amount of correspondence between the
+dept. and successive commanders at Vera Cruz, particularly in March,
+April, Sept. and Oct., 1846, Jan. and Feb., 1847, relating to the
+fortifications, garrison, supplies and dangers of the city and Ulua. S.
+Anna, Oct. 12, 14, 20, 1846; Jan. 14, 18; Apr. 29, 1847. Morales, Jan.
+20, 1847. Tampico letter to Garay, Jan. 25. Soto, Feb. 7, 15; Mar. 7,
+etc. Morales, Feb. 9, 15; Mar. 4, 5, etc. _Boletin de la Democracia_,
+Mar. 2, 1847 (N. Y. letter, Jan. 8). To S. Anna, Oct. 17, 1846; Jan.
+30, 1847. To Morales, Mar. 6, 7. Morales, proclam., Mar. 5. Landero,
+report, Apr. 3. Jalapa letter, Mar. 16. Canalizo to Hacienda, Jan. 11.
+Landero, Jan. 25, 1847. J. Alvarez, Oct. 21, 1846. Memo., Feb. 9, 1847.
+Tampico letter, Dec. 30, 1846. Morales to Marin, Mar. 11.
+
+22.10. What Scott called his "little cabinet" consisted of Col.
+Totten (chief engineer), Lieut. Col. Hitchcock (acting inspector
+general), Capt. Robert E. Lee (engineer) and H. L. Scott (acting as
+military secretary). Col. James Bankhead was chief artillery officer,
+Capt. Huger was acting chief of ordnance, and Maj. Turnbull was
+the chief topographical engineer (Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 239-40). Col.
+Harney commanded the regular cavalry, and Capt. Edson commanded three
+companies of marines loaned by Conner, and temporarily attached to the
+Third Artillery. At this time the engineers, artillery and cavalry were
+kept by Scott under his immediate orders. While at Lobos Islands he
+laid down the rule (=65=gen. orders 33) that every project of siege or
+bombardment should first be discussed between the senior engineer and
+artillery officers and then reported to him for approval or amendment.
+Hence the detailed plan for the operations at Vera Cruz came formally
+from Totten, and he has been credited with originating it.
+
+22.11. Simms wrote to Gov. Hammond of South Carolina that Scott's
+operations at Vera Cruz lacked brilliancy.
+
+22.12. Conner had reckoned upon the starvation method; but (1) the
+amount of supplies in the town and castle was not certainly known and,
+as we shall find, was too large for this method; (2) fishing was a
+resource of unmeasured value (even from the mole great quantities of
+fish were caught: _Delta_, Oct. 16, 1847); (3) it was possible that on
+some night the American line might be temporarily broken, and thousands
+of cattle be run into the city; (4) as British observers agreed, the
+Mexicans were capable of bearing privations for a long while; (5) Scott
+rested under an imperative obligation to remove his army from the coast
+in time to save it from the vomito; and (6) he had to count on reducing
+Ulua after capturing the city.
+
+22.13. =13=Giffard, Mar. 11. Scott, Mems., ii, 422-5. Ballentine,
+English Soldier, ii, 3-6. Davis, Autobiog., 140-1. Sen. 1; 30, 1,
+pp. 223, 239. Balbontin, Estado, 53, 55. =65=Scott, gen. orders 33.
+=12=Matson to commodore, Mar. 11, 25. Steele, Amer. Campaigns, i, 120.
+N. Y. _Sun_, Aug. 16, 1847 (Scott should have left 5000 to reduce
+V. Cruz). _So. Quart. Rev._, July, 1851. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 47-9.
+Oswandel, Notes, 101. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 892 (Conner). McCall, Letters,
+483. Moore, Scott's Camp., 12.
+
+22.14. This seems like a foolhardy performance; but other boats had
+gone as near without being fired upon, and the _Petrita_ was supposed
+to be out of range (_Mag. Am. Hist._, xiv, 567). The engineers intended
+of course to get as near as they could with safety, and it is possible
+that Scott wished to set an example of fearlessness. McCall, who was on
+board, wrote that this occurred on Mar. 6; other accounts place it on
+the seventh.
+
+22.15. Just as the fleet was leaving Anton Lizardo, 800 Louisiana
+volunteers arrived. These, with a shipload who came some hours later,
+gave Scott upwards of 11,000 men. His =62=return of Mar. 25 included
+13,470.
+
+22.16. With some light guns, which would probably have been lost, a
+thousand Americans might have been accounted for. It has been suggested
+that until the boats moved toward the shore the Mexicans did not know
+where the blow would fall; but their own explanation was that they had
+no suitable troops to spare for the purpose (Tributo a la Verdad, 28).
+Morales had, however, what he called an Extra-muros section, _i.e._,
+militia. A lack of intelligence, enterprise or nerve was doubtless
+the real cause of his remissness. The one shot mentioned in the text
+probably came from a gun found later among the dunes (=69=Backus to
+Brady, Sept. 22, 1848). A company of sappers and miners and an iron
+boat loaded with entrenching tools and sand-bags accompanied Worth's
+brigade. Less than half the surf-boats ordered by Scott had arrived.
+
+22.17. _The landing._ Bullock, Six Months (1825), i, 10. Sen. 1; 30, 1,
+pp. 216-8, 220, 222 (Scott); 239-40 (gen. orders 80). Ho. 1; 30, 2. pp.
+1177-9. Apuntes, 153. Engineer School, U. S. Army, Occasional Papers,
+no. 16. =218=Henshaw narrative. =280=Nunelee, diary. =216=Heiman, First
+Regt. of Tenn. =159=Collins, diary. =298=Porter, diary. =69=Backus to
+Brady, Sept. 22, 1848. Robertson, Remins., 216-9. Lerdo de Tejada,
+Apuntes, ii, 540, 551. Scott, Mems., ii, 413-4, 418-9, 421. Ballentine,
+English Soldier, i, 292-303. Davis, Autobiog., 125. Tributo a la
+Verdad, 28, etc. McCall, Letters, 475. Taylor, Broad Pennant, 125.
+_Picayune_, Mar. 25. Meade, Letters, 187-8. =65=Scott, gen. orders
+28, 33, 34, 42, 45. =12=Matson to commodore, Mar. 11. Oswandel,
+Notes, 67-70, 83. Semmes, Service, 111, 125-7. Ramirez, Mexico, 234.
+Lawton, Artillery Officer, 74, 79, 167. =270=Moore, diary. _Journ.
+Milit. Serv. Instit._, v, 37; xxiv, 422-8. Moore, Scott's Campaign, 5.
+_Revue des Deux Mondes_, Aug. 1, 1847, p. 418. Conner, Home Squadron,
+18-20, 60-70. Smith, To Mexico, 113-4. Nebel and Kendall, 17. Parker,
+Recolls., 49, 83, 85-6. =162=Conner to wife, Jan. 11; Mar. 10, _United
+Service_, July, 1895, p. 37; Dec., 1896, pp. 492-517. Stevens, I. I.
+Stevens, i, 108. Jones, Tattnall, 58. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 847, 1169
+(Scott); 892 (Conner). Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 71-2. =254=McClellan,
+diary. =165=Conner, Mar. 11; order, Mar. 7; to Forrest, Mar. 7.
+=316=Judd to Sherman, Feb. 26, 1848. _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, xiv
+(Scammon). _So. Quart. Rev._, July, 1851. =139=W. B. Campbell to wife,
+Mar. 13. =76=Morales, Mar. 9, 10. =76=Landero, report, Apr. 3.
+
+22.18. The consuls were in close touch with one another and with
+the Mexicans, and hence the charge that Scott gave no warning of a
+bombardment falls to the ground. He could not be expected to state
+positively and precisely what he intended to do. By Mar. 13 Morales
+reached the conclusion that he would not assault (=82=M. to gov.
+Puebla, Mar. 13), and by Mar. 20 that a bombardment was to be expected
+(=76=M. to Guerra y Marina, Mar. 20). Intercourse with neutral vessels
+was allowed to remain open until the morning of Mar. 23 (=12=Matson
+to commodore, Mar. 25), mainly as a way of escape for neutrals (Sen.
+1; 30, 1, p. 230) (closed then--except under a flag of truce--because
+affording moral aid and comfort _ibid._, p. 228); and Matson, the
+British naval commander, warned the British residents with his
+utmost energy that they would not be safe during "an assault or a
+Bombardment" (=12=M. to commodore, Apr. 2). He was notified in advance
+that intercourse with neutral vessels would shortly be cut off, and
+so informed Giffard officially on March 18 for the benefit of British
+residents (=12=M. to commodore, March 25). Scott's warning note to
+the Spanish consul (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 219) referred to the city, not
+to Ulua, for the consuls resided in the city; yet Matson and Giffard
+had the face to assert that on the authority of Conner they understood
+that only Ulua would be bombarded. Matson admitted that he did this for
+effect on Perry (=12=to commodore, Apr. 2); and he did not question
+Scott's right to act as he did (=12=to Perry, Mar. 27). Again, Scott's
+summons stated that batteries adequate to reduce the city were in
+readiness, and this was further notice of a bombardment. Everything
+compatible with the military necessities of the United States was thus
+done for neutrals and non-combatants. Moreover Morales replied that
+Scott might attack in the way he thought most advantageous (Sen. 1; 30,
+1, p. 227). The truth is that the people were full of fighting spirit,
+did not know what real war meant, and felt not a little confidence.
+Giffard certainly (=12=Matson to commodore, Mar. 25) and (as Perry
+reported, =47=Oct. 22) the other consuls probably took under their
+protection large quantities of property belonging to Mexicans. By means
+of kites the Mexicans distributed addresses to the "honest" Americans,
+defying their prowess but inviting them to accept lands, as friends and
+brethren, in the country of perpetual spring.
+
+22.19. The Americans admitted the skill of the Mexican gunners.
+Twenty-eight balls were put through a wall five feet high and 150 feet
+long, more than a mile distant. Americans were supposed to be lying
+behind the wall (Kenly, Md. Volunteer, 267).
+
+22.20. Scott still supposed Ulua would have to be reduced after the
+capture of Vera Cruz, and felt greatly troubled by the non-arrival of
+the larger part of the heavy ordnance, etc., that had been duly called
+for (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 222). He was annoyed also by his lack of enough
+cavalry for thorough reconnoitring, and by the passing and repassing
+of small boats between the city and the north shore. Owing to the
+treacherous weather none of the American vessels could lie close enough
+to the coast to stop this intercourse entirely. A sortie against the
+batteries was to be anticipated, but access to them was made so easy
+and secure that such an attack could have been repulsed. The squadron
+endeavored to divert the attention of the enemy while the mortars were
+being placed.
+
+22.21. _Scott's preliminary operations._ =13=Giffard, Feb. 28, 1847.
+Engineer School, U. S. A., Occas. Papers, no. 16. =218=Henshaw
+narrative. Charleston _Mercury_, Apr. 6, 1847. =280=Nunelee, diary.
+Trans. Ills. State Hist. Soc., 1906, p. 179. =159=Collins, diary. Sen.
+1; 30, 1, pp. 216-25, 244-9 (reports of Scott and his officers). Ho.
+1; 30, 2, p. 1177 (Conner). =298=Porter, diary. =61=Bankhead to Scott,
+Mar. 26. =60=Pickett to ----, Mar. 10. Robertson, Remins., 220-27.
+Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 552. Scott, Mems., ii, 426. Hitchcock,
+Fifty Years, 240-5. Grant, Mems., i, 127. Ballentine, English Soldier,
+i, 304-6; ii, 18-9. Davis, Autobiog., 126. Tributo a la Verdad, 29.
+McCall, Letters, 477. Hartman, Journal, 7-8. _Picayune_, Mar. 26, 30,
+31; Apr. 2, 4. Meade, Letters, i, 191. =350=Weber, recolls. =65=Scott,
+gen. orders, nos. 33, 53. McCabe, Lee, 17. =12=Matson to commodore,
+Mar. 11. Oswandel, Notes, 71-85. Semmes, Service, 129. =139=W. B.
+Campbell to D. C., Mar. 20. =210=Simms to Hammond, May 1. Lawton,
+Artillery Officer, 73, 78, 81, 84, 89. =124=Blocklenger, letter.
+=270=Moore, diary. Steele, Amer. Campaigns, i, 106. Nebel and Kendall,
+18-9. =164=Scott to Conner, Mar. 16. Griffis, Perry, 216. Conner,
+Home Squadron, 68. _Monitor Repub._, Mar. 16. =164=Scott to Conner,
+Mar. 17, 18, 19, 20. _Spirit of the Times_, Apr. 17. =166=Dimond to
+Conner, Jan. 15. =166=Campbell to Conner, Jan. 9. _United Service_,
+July, 1895, p. 37. Jones, Tattnall, 57. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1169 (Scott).
+=254=McClellan, diary. =165=Conner to Scott, Mar. 19. Bishop, Journal,
+29. _So. Quart. Rev._, July, 1851. =76=Morales, Mar. 10, 16. =76=Cano,
+Mar. 26. _Mag. of Amer. Hist._, xiv, 567.
+
+22.22. The mosquito fleet consisted of the steamers _Spitfire_ and
+_Vixen_ under Commanders J. Tattnall and J. R. Sands, and the gunboats
+_Bonita_, _Reefer_, _Petrel_, _Falcon_ and _Tampico_ under Lieuts.
+Commanding F. G. Benham, J. S. Sterett, T. D. Shaw, J. J. Glasson and
+W. P. Griffin (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1182). Each had a 32-pounder or 8-inch
+Paixhan. Additional information may be found in chap. xxx.
+
+22.23. The parapet of the naval battery (known as No. 5) was of
+sandbags. Each of the guns weighed 6300 pounds, and was mounted on a
+ship-carriage, so that transportation on land was extremely laborious.
+They were taken ashore March 23, and some 1500 men were employed in
+dragging them nearly two and a half miles through the sand. Scott did
+not value the shell guns highly. They were 8-inch Paixhans. Captains
+Aulick and Mayo commanded the battery alternately. According to Robert
+Anderson the orders for the battery were issued by Conner (Lawton,
+Artill. Officer, 101) who had repeatedly offered it before Scott gave
+up the hope of receiving adequate army ordnance in time (Conner, Home
+Squad., 47, note 3). Early on the morning of March 23 Perry (who had
+withdrawn the mosquito fleet the previous evening) had Tattnall launch
+a sharp though brief attack, presumably to divert attention from the
+naval battery, then under construction. An officer who gained fame
+later as Commodore Porter was Tattnall's pilot. The opening of Battery
+No. 4 (24-pounders, etc.) was delayed by a norther, and one of the
+howitzers was not ready as soon as the other pieces. Only about half
+of the siege-train and ordnance stores called for in November arrived
+before Vera Cruz surrendered (see chap. xviii, note 18.11).
+
+22.24. _Summons and bombardment._ Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 222-44 (reports
+of Scott and his officers; summons and reply; etc.); 230 (Scott
+to consuls, Mar. 25). Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1175-83 (naval reports).
+=13=Morales, circular, Apr. 4. =13=Giffard, nos. 7, 8, Mar. 22, 29.
+=12=Matson to commodore, Mar. 25, 28; Apr. 2; to Perry, Mar. 27.
+=47=Perry, Mar. 26; Oct. 22. Henshaw narrative. Nunelee, diary.
+=216=Heiman, First Regt. Trans. Ill. State Hist. Soc., 1906, pp.
+179-80. Collins, diary. =224=Hitchcock to Lizzie, Mar. 27. =60=Perry
+to Mason, Mar. 25. =60=Scott to Perry and reply, Mar. 25. =61=Bankhead
+to Scott, Mar. 26. =60=Pickett to ----, Mar. 10. Robertson, Remins.,
+227-32, 278. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 555. Scott, Mems., ii,
+426-7. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 244-7. Ballentine, English Soldier,
+ii, 24. Davis, Autobiog., 127. A Soldier's Honor, 24. Apuntes, 155-8.
+Tributo a la Verdad, 30-1, 109. McCall, Letters, 480. Nebel and
+Kendall, 19-21. Hartman, Journal, 9-10. _Picayune_, Apr. 4. Meade,
+Letters, i, 192. F. Lee, Lee, 36-7. McClay, Navy, ii, 180-1, 183.
+Oswandel, Notes, 90-5. Semmes, Service, 130-42. =139=W. B. Campbell
+to D. C., Mar. 28. _Diario_, Mar. 29; Apr. 10. _Regenerador Repub._,
+Apr. 7. Kenly, Md. Volunteer, 267. Lawton, Artillery Off., 91-7, 101,
+104. Caswell, diary. =322=Smith, diary. Moore, diary. =358=Williams to
+father, Mar. 25, 28. Judah, diary. Moore, Scott's Campaign, 15. Arnold,
+Jackson, 84. Conner, Home Squadron, 47, note 3. Wash. _Union_, Sept.
+11. N. Y. _Sun_, Apr. 16. =162=Conner to wife, Mar. 31. Soley, Porter,
+67-9. Jones, Tattnall, 57. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 913, 1220 (Scott).
+=180=Scott to Stribling, Mar. 25. Ramsey, Other Side, 190, note.
+Bishop, Journal. _So. Quart. Rev._, July, 1851. Weekly _Courier and N.
+Y. Enquirer_, Mar. 2, 1848 (letter probably by Hitchcock). Griffis,
+Perry, 221-3. Furber, Twelve Months Vol., 519-40 =76=G. Gomez, Mar. 25.
+=76=Soto, Mar. 28. =76=Morales, Mar. 24. =76=Vega Mar. 25.
+
+22.25. March 24 the consuls requested Scott to grant a truce and allow
+the women and children to leave town (=12=Matson to commodore, Apr.
+2). With perfect propriety he declined to do so (Scott, Mems., ii,
+427), unless Morales should ask for a truce with a view to surrender
+(Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 226), pointing out that due warnings had been given
+(note 22.18). He could not afford to suspend his operations or let
+the number of mouths be diminished; and doubtless he was counting on
+the moral effect of the presence of women and children. Time pressed;
+there were well-founded reports that a Mexican army was approaching;
+and cases of yellow fever had occurred (Scott, Mems., ii, 427, and see
+Davis, Autobiog., 141). Scott's action looks hard, but it was humane to
+force an immediate surrender. Roa Barcena (Recuerdos, 178) fully admits
+that the American policy was just. This move of the consuls tended to
+shake the confidence of the Mexicans, and led to dissensions among the
+officers.
+
+March 25 Harney was sent against a force posted at a bridge near
+Medellin, about ten miles from Vera Cruz (Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 250-2).
+Including reinforcements, his detachment consisted of about 500 men
+with artillery. The independent reports of the two principal Mexican
+officers give their number as 140-50 with scarcely any ammunition.
+Harney thought there were 2000 of them, and claimed great credit for
+carrying the day. His orders were to reconnoitre only. There were other
+insignificant affairs (Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 249-55; Ho. 60; 30, 1, p.
+915; Reavis, Harney, 186).
+
+22.26. _On the Mexican side._ =13=Giffard, Mar. 11, 29. =12=Matson to
+commodore, Mar. 25; Apr. 2. Papeles Varios, no. 10. Henshaw narrative.
+Nunelee, diary. Collins, diary. Robertson, Remins., 222. Lerdo de
+Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 552-3, etc. Ballentine, English Soldier, ii, 32-3.
+Davis, Autobiog., 138. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 220-38 (reports, etc.).
+Tributo a la Verdad, 29, 30, 109 (Ult. Boletin). Apuntes, 157-60.
+_Picayune_, Apr. 9. (Fish) _Delta_, Oct. 16. =312=Morales, Apr. 3.
+_Revue de Paris_, Dec., 1844. Semmes, Service, 149. =82=Noticias de
+Veracruz. =86=Relaciones to gov., Jan. 27. =86=Treasurer to gov., Jan.
+15. =86=Many letters regarding inability to pay the tax. =100=Morales
+to ayunt., Mar. 12, 17, 20; reply, Mar. 14. =95=Ibarra, proclam., Mar.
+23. _Regenerador Repub._, Apr. 7. =82=Gov. to legislature of Puebla,
+Mar. 9. =82=Ibarra, proclam., Mar. 17. =82=Morales to gov. Puebla, Mar.
+13. =86=_Id._ to Soto, Mar. 8. Lawton, Artillery Off., 106-7. Caswell,
+diary. Moore, diary. =375=Morales to Soto, Mar. 14. _Monitor Repub._,
+Apr. 4. _Spirit of the Times_, Apr. 17. =80=Legislature of Mex. state,
+address. =165=Conner to Scott, Mar. 19. Bishop, Journal. And from =76=
+the following. Comte. gen. Puebla, proclam., Mar. 16. Arrieta, Mar.
+15. Cano, Mar. 26. S. Anna, Apr. 29. Memo., Feb. 9. F. Vazquez, Mar.
+26. Soto, Jan. 23, 26; Mar. 7, 9, 19, 24, 25 (two). G. Gomez, Mar.
+18, 19, 20 (two). Vega, Mar. 24, 25 (two). Canalizo, Apr. 1. Morales,
+Mar. 5, 10, 16, 20, 24. Landero, Jan. 30, Apr. 3. Hacienda, Mar. 15.
+To G. Gomez, Mar. 16. To Soto, Mar. 28. And many documents of minor
+importance.
+
+22.27. Morales, probably in view of Santa Anna's enmity, would not
+surrender though he believed he ought to do so (=76=Landero, Apr.
+3), but he turned the command over to Landero when capitulation was
+seen to be inevitable, and left the city in a boat during the night
+of March 25-6. He induced Gen. Jose Duran, who commanded at Ulua,
+to regard himself as under Landero's orders, it was stated by Santa
+Anna (=76=Apr. 29), and so brought about the surrender of the castle.
+This apparently singular move was doubtless made to save Vera Cruz
+from being bombarded by Ulua. (Recognizing this danger to the city,
+Scott intimated, when summoning the town, that no batteries would be
+established in it against Ulua, unless Ulua should open fire upon it.)
+There was considerable dissatisfaction among the Americans because
+the prisoners were set free, for their parole was justly deemed of
+slight value; but it would have been costly, and perhaps not easy, to
+hold them at Vera Cruz or send them to the United States, and they
+did good service by spreading tales of American prowess. Mar. 26 the
+consuls went to Scott's camp under a white flag, but he would not see
+them (=12=Matson to commodore, Apr. 2). On the morning of March 27
+two boat-loads of neutrals under the French flag attempted to reach
+the neutral vessels at Sacrificios, but Perry would not allow them to
+proceed (=12=Matson to commodore, Apr. 2). (Roa Barcena, Recuerdos,
+178, admits that Perry's course was proper.) At about the same time the
+consuls and the second alcalde threatened that unless the military
+chiefs would promptly bring hostilities to an end, they would lead the
+non-combatants toward the American lines at the risk of being fired
+upon. This was said to have had great effect in town, but the chiefs
+had already decided to give up. Owing to bad weather the navy was not
+represented at all the deliberations. Some of the American military men
+felt that the share of the navy did not entitle its representative to
+sign the capitulation. It was stated by Sedgwick that, aside from the
+investment, only about 600 Americans took part in the operations.
+
+22.28. Next to Matson's figures our best evidence regarding the
+casualties is the statement of Giffard, that hundreds of women and
+children, harbored at the consulates, escaped from harm though the
+buildings suffered (=13=Mar. 29). Many other buildings were no
+doubt equally solid and equally distant from the principal scene of
+destruction. Vera Cruz was a great importing city, where large stocks
+of goods needed to be securely housed. Mercantile establishments had
+strong vaults, in which families now took refuge. Many found safety on
+the long mole. Scott asserted that most of the people were sheltered
+in the basements. Consequently one can hardly believe that more than
+500 persons out of a civilian population probably not exceeding 3000
+were injured. Lieut. Mackall believed that perhaps thirty or forty
+soldiers were killed or wounded (=252=Apr. 30). Kendall, editor of the
+New Orleans _Picayune_, who was on the ground, represented 150 as a
+mean estimate of the total number that perished (_Picayune_, Apr. 9).
+Landero reported 750 killed and 200 wounded (=76=Apr. 3), evidently an
+absurd statement, for a greater number must have been hurt than killed.
+Other Mexican estimates rose as high as 600 civilians killed, which
+would imply on a reasonable calculation that almost every civilian was
+hit. One of the best Mexican authorities (_Apuntes_, 165) states that
+600 or more soldiers were wounded, and 400 of these lost their lives.
+This is far too large a percentage of fatalities. How accurate this
+authority is may be judged also from the fact that the Americans are
+said to have thrown 6700 projectiles into the town, whereas (Sen. 1;
+30, 1, p. 244) the number was actually about 2500 (possibly besides
+those from the naval battery, which may have thrown 800). It is worth
+while to add that Scott was persistently represented (partly to exalt
+the Mexicans and partly to injure the Americans) as having destroyed a
+great number of non-combatants, but Morales wrote on March 24 that most
+of the killed and wounded had been soldiers.
+
+Next let us inquire as to the provisions. Giffard stated (=13=Mar.
+29) that when the Mexicans surrendered, the city had food enough for
+three days and the castle for ten; but probably he had reference only
+to the provisions belonging to the authorities, and perhaps, as he had
+objected strongly to the destruction of property and tried to stop
+the bombardment by sending word to Scott that hunger would force the
+Mexicans to yield in a few days, he felt compelled to support that
+representation. March 10 Conner thought the enemy had subsistence
+enough for about four or five weeks (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1179). =76=April
+29, after having talked with officers from Vera Cruz, Santa Anna
+assured the minister of war that Morales could have held out until he
+(Santa Anna) could have arrived with regular forces. Gov. Soto, who
+went down to the coast, where he was in communication with the city
+by means of boats and doubtless knew whether stocks of foodstuffs
+(belonging perhaps to neutrals) existed there, placed drafts for
+$30,000, payable at Vera Cruz, in the hands of Morales on March 24
+(=76=Soto, March 25). This money must have been intended solely or
+principally for provisions, for on the fourteenth Morales had written
+to Soto that nothing else was needed. On the same day $2000 from
+Oaxaca were delivered. These sums would have purchased enough food to
+last beyond April 15. About March 17 a French barque ran in during a
+norther, which shows that supplies from the outside could be hoped
+for. The property loss due to the bombardment was estimated at five to
+six million dollars (_Monitor Repub._, Apr. 4). The southwest quarter
+of the town was demolished. It was ordered that not only Morales, but
+Landero and Duran should be tried. Besides disliking Morales, Santa
+Anna felt resentment against Vera Cruz for receiving him so coldly in
+August, 1846.
+
+22.29. _The surrender_; _losses_ (note 22.28). Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp.
+224-6 (Scott); 228 (consuls); 229-38 (Scott, etc.); 239 (gen. orders
+80). Apuntes, 159-66. McCall, Letters, 483-4. _Picayune_, Apr. 9.
+=252=Mackall to father, Mar. 30. =312=Morales, Apr. 3. =12=Matson to
+commodore, Mar. 25; Apr. 2; to Perry, Mar. 27; reply, Mar. 27. Semmes,
+Service, 141. _Diario_, Mar. 27; Apr. 4, 8. _Regenerador Repub._, Apr.
+7. Lawton, Artillery Off., 98, 100, 106. Hiney, diary. =358=Williams
+to father, Mar. 28. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 160. =375=Morales
+to Soto, Mar. 14. _Monitor Repub._, Apr. 4, 5. N. Y. _Sun_, Aug. 16.
+=166=Kirby to Conner, Mar. 27. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1186. _Mag. of Amer.
+Hist._, xiv, 570. Bishop, Journal. =13=Giffard, nos. 7, 8, Mar. 22, 29.
+Henshaw narrative. Collins, diary. =95=Puebla ayunt., address, Apr.
+7 (V. Cruz yielded because of "the lamentations of innocent families
+expecting every instant to die"). Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 177-9.
+Tributo a la Verdad, 109 (Ult. Bol.). Nebel and Kendall, 21. Robertson,
+Remins., 232. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 558-69. Scott, Mems., ii,
+427-9. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 243-8. =76=Landero, Apr. 3. =76=_Id._
+to Canalizo, Mar. 31. =76=Canalizo, Apr. 1. =76=S. Anna, Apr. 4, 29.
+=76=To S. Anna, May 4. =76=Terms of capitulation. The date Of the
+capitulation was Mar. 27.
+
+Had Vera Cruz held out until April 15, perhaps 5000 regulars would have
+been in Scott's rear (chap. xxiii, note 23.12). With this backing,
+3-4000 irregulars could probably have been embodied. By means of
+signals and boat communication operations in concert with the garrison
+of Vera Cruz could have been arranged for, and the prospect would have
+encouraged the city to hold out to the uttermost. Very likely Scott's
+line could have been broken, and provisions introduced. He could not,
+then, before the advent of the yellow fever, have reduced Ulua and
+Vera Cruz, and have made the preparations necessary for advancing
+into a hostile region in the face of a numerous enemy. When the fever
+became active, Santa Anna's upper country troops could have retired
+quickly, leaving the Americans to be annoyed by the coast forces.
+Other diseases quite as fatal as the vomito prevailed in that district
+(Thompson, Recolls., 4). Lieut. Hatch (to father, Apr. 2) wrote that
+all attributed the surrender to the effect of Scott's artillery upon
+the civilians, and the circumstances prove as much.
+
+22.30. The northers, though in themselves a scourge, drove the
+mosquitoes away, and so prevented the yellow fever. They subsided about
+the middle of April, and then the fever was due.
+
+22.31. _Hardships and consolations._ (Losses) Ho. 24; 31, 1; Sen. 1;
+30, 1, pp. 253-5; Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1185 (naval). Henshaw narrative.
+Charleston _Mercury_, Apr. 6. Nunelee, diary. Collins, diary. _American
+Eagle_, V. Cruz, Apr. 8. =60=Pickett to ----, Mar. 10. Vigne, Travels,
+i, 8. Robertson, Remins., 223, 226-7. Campos, Recuerdos, 31. Scott.
+Mems., ii, 430. Ballentine, English Soldier, ii, 8, 15. Sen. 1; 30, 1,
+p. 221 (gen. orders 54); 224-6 (Scott, Mar. 23). _Picayune_, Apr. 4.
+=350=Weber, recolls. Maury, Recolls., 34. =12=Matson to commodore, Mar.
+11, 25. Oswandel, Notes, 71-4, 79-81. Semmes, Service, 107-8. Lawton,
+Artillery Off., 79, 88, 96. Gilliam, Travels, 40. =361=Woods, recolls.
+Caswell, diary. =327=Sutherland to father, July 15. Moore, diary.
+=136=Butterfield, recolls. _Spirit of the Times_, Apr. 17. Stevens, I.
+I. Stevens, i, 115. Tennery, diary. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 879 (Conner).
+Bruell, Sea Memories, 57. Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. Mag., Mar. 6, 1908
+(Nauman). Our army loss was nine killed and fifty-one wounded (Ho. 24;
+31, 1).
+
+22.32. _Occupation of city and "castle."_ _American Eagle_, V. Cruz,
+Apr. 6. Nunelee, diary. Collins, diary. Polk, Diary, May 15. Robertson,
+Remins., 232. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 567-8. Naredo, Orizaba,
+108. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 247. Davis, Autobiog., 129-30. Sen. 1;
+30, 1, pp. 229, 235 (Scott); 237-8. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1185 (Perry).
+Apuntes, 166-7. _Picayune_, Apr. 9, 10, 14. Lawton, Artillery Off.,
+110, =252=Mackall to father, Mar. 30. =12=Matson to commodore, Apr.
+2. Oswandel, Notes, 98. Semmes, Service, 145-6. _Regenerador Repub._,
+Apr. 7. Lawton, Artillery Off., 102-3. =222=Hiney, diary. =146=Caswell,
+diary. =322=Smith, diary. =270=Moore, diary. _Id._, Scott's Campaign,
+23. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 907 (Marcy); 911 (Scott). Tennery, diary.
+Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 79-80. Bishop, Journal. _Littell_, no. 157, p.
+326 (Hine). =139=W. B. Campbell to wife, Mar. 31. _Britannia_, May 15
+(V. Cruz letter, Apr. 1). =76=Landero, gen. orders, Mar. 29-30. =76=S.
+Anna, Apr. 29. Nebel and Kendall, 21.
+
+Some of the National Guards broke up and took flight in order to avoid
+surrendering. As fast as the arms were stacked American sentries
+mounted guard over them. When the Mexican soldiers found the victors
+offering to divide rations with them, their sentiments became friendly,
+and most of those belonging at Vera Cruz went back to town that day.
+
+
+XXIII. CERRO GORDO
+
+23.1. According to a memo. furnished by the adjutant general to the
+ordnance bureau, Mar. 24, Scott's forces were as follows. I. REGULARS.
+1 Dragoons, Co. F. 2 Dragoons, Cos. A, B, C, F, I, K. *Mounted Riflemen
+(on foot). 1 Art., Co. K. 2 Art., Co. A. 3 Art., Co. H. (These three
+companies had field batteries.) Artillery serving as infantry: *1 Art.,
+Cos. B, F, G, H, I; _2 Art., Cos. B, C, D, F, G, H, I, K_; _3 Art.,
+Cos. A, B, D, G, K_; *4 Art., Cos. A, D, E, F, G, H. 1 Inf., Cos. C,
+E, F, G, H, K. *2 Inf., Cos. A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, K. *3 Inf., Cos.
+C, D, F, G, H, I, K. _4 Inf., Cos. A, B, C, D, E, I._ _5 Inf., Cos. E,
+F, G, H, I, K._ _6 Inf., Cos. A, C, D, E, F, H._ *7 Inf., Cos. C, D,
+E, F, I, K. _8 Inf., Cos. A, B, D, E, H, I, K._ (Italics indicate the
+division of Bvt. Maj. Gen. Worth; asterisks that of Brig. Gen. Twiggs.)
+II. VOLUNTEERS. (Maj. Gen. Patterson.) Tenn. Mounted regt. Infantry:
+Baltimore and Wash. battal.; Ga. regt.; Ala. regt.; two Tenn. regts.;
+two Ill. regts.; Ky. co.; La. co.; La. regt.; two Pa. regts.; N. Y.
+regt.; S. C. regt. This list includes troops not mentioned by Scott
+(Mems., ii, 460-5). As Worth was now serving with his brevet rank his
+command was called a division. The same change was made in Twiggs's
+case. A letter of Mar. 13 from Marcy, due to a suggestion from Polk
+of the day before, urged Scott to make the protection of the troops
+against yellow fever his prime consideration (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 904;
+Polk, Diary, Mar. 12, 20). At the same time it gave a slanting assent
+to the movement against the capital by discussing the question of
+roads. This was Scott's first authorization to proceed (_So. Quart.
+Rev_., Apr., 1852), and the Cabinet had not decided to have him do so,
+though he had assumed that Benton's plan, endorsed by himself, was the
+basis of his expedition (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 913). The hesitation of the
+government is illustrated by the fact that Marcy first wrote merely,
+"If you should occupy an interior position," which he changed to, "If
+you should move into the interior" (Marcy papers).
+
+23.2. This proclamation has been censured on the ground that it
+exasperated the Mexicans by mentioning their domestic dissensions and
+bad government. If so, the blame rested primarily on the American
+government, which had ordered Taylor to circulate a proclamation
+embodying such ideas (p. 1 of chap. xxxi). The word "unnatural" has
+been thought unfortunate as suggesting (since ordinary war seemed
+to Mexico perfectly normal, and Scott could not be supposed to be
+reflecting upon himself and his government) that the Mexicans were
+acting in an inhuman and indecent way; but the author does not recall
+seeing any such point made by them.
+
+23.3. Many wagons were lost in wrecked vessels. It had been supposed
+that about two thirds of the animals would be obtained locally, but it
+was found by April 5 that not one tenth of them could be reckoned upon.
+
+23.4. Harney proceeded to La Antigua on April 2 with two squadrons of
+dragoons, a section of artillery and two infantry companies, drove
+lancers from the village, captured about thirty-five horses and
+obtained Mexican promises of assistance from the people (Ho. 60; 30, 1,
+pp. 915-6). He returned the next day. The Alvarado expedition set out
+on March 30. It was a joint affair designed not only (like Harney's) to
+obtain draft animals and beef cattle and open up permanent markets for
+these desiderata, but to impress and "neutralize" the people of that
+section, acquire a harbor for Perry's small vessels, provide a regular
+supply of water for the squadron, and perhaps capture the Mexican
+vessels lying there. Perry himself commanded the naval contingent, and
+Quitman commanded the land force, which consisted of three volunteer
+regiments (Ga., Ala. and S. Car.), a squadron of dragoons and a section
+of artillery (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 917-8). The march of about fifty miles
+(about 44 by the present railroad) was at times difficult and always
+hot. Late on April 1 Perry and Quitman reached Alvarado, a fishing
+town of 1200-1500 persons; and the land forces arrived the next day.
+They found it occupied by an American midshipman and five sailors.
+Lieut. Hunter, commanding a one-gun propeller, the _Scourge_, sent down
+to assist in blockading the town, had violated his orders (probably
+to show what the naval men were capable of doing, if given a chance
+to act) by opening fire, upon which the town (though it endeavored
+later to rescind its action) had offered to surrender. Learning that
+public property had been taken up the Alvarado River, here a wide,
+clear, deep stream, he pursued it and, to take advantage of the panic
+resulting from the fall of Vera Cruz, captured the industrious town of
+Tlacotalpam. Quitman accepted this turn of events genially, but Perry
+was furious, and to the disgust of many naval officers and the general
+public Hunter was tried and cashiered.
+
+To Scott the results of Hunter's error were serious (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p.
+547). The intention had been to grant capitulations to the towns on
+terms that would have provided the Americans with a large number of the
+needed animals (Wash. _Union_, Sept. 11) or to obtain the same result
+in some other way; but Hunter's action, though only one day in advance,
+gave time for the removal of the livestock. Quitman did, however,
+arrange with the authorities of Tlacotalpam for at least 500 horses,
+and opened negotiations for more and for beef cattle. How fruitful
+these arrangements proved cannot be stated. April 8 about 300 of the
+Fifth Infantry sailed from Vera Cruz for the same district (Ho. 60; 30,
+1, p. 928), and about April 14 they brought back some wild mustangs.
+
+On retiring from Alvarado the Mexicans burned the few small vessels
+that constituted the national navy, and spiked or buried the ordnance
+of the forts. The buried guns were, however, discovered. In all they
+numbered about sixty, but a large part were valueless carronades. For
+Quitman's troops the expedition was unfortunate. A number died and
+almost all were prostrated. He was back at Vera Cruz April 6. The
+affair amused the American public hugely. One evidence of this is
+afforded by the following lines (N. Y. _Sun_, May 7, 1847):
+
+ "On came each gay and gallant ship,
+ On came the troops like mad, oh!
+ But not a soul was there to whip,
+ Unless they fought a shadow;
+
+ "Five sailors sat within a fort,
+ In leading of a lad, oh!
+ And thus was spoiled the pretty sport
+ Of taking Alvarado."
+
+23.5. _Scott's preparations for advancing (including the Alvarado
+expedition)._ Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 903 (Marcy); 908, 912-3, 920, 928,
+937, 1221, 1271 (Scott); 915 (Harney); 917 (Quitman); 918 (Mason); 939
+(gen. orders). =60=Scott to Marcy, Apr. 5. _Courrier Francais_, Apr.
+17. =61=Harney, report, Apr. 4. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 435.
+Scott, Mems., ii, 431. Robertson, Remins., 238. Velasco, Geografia,
+iii, 203. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 230 (Scott); 547 (Jesup). Davis,
+Autobiog., 140. _Delta_, May 19. Diccionario Universal (_Alvarado_).
+=164=Scott to Conner, Mar. 20. =60= Mason to J. L. Smith, Apr. 9.
+Semmes, Service, 148, 211. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 445, Mar. 2,
+1847. Nebel and Kendall, 23. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1190. Lawton, Artill.
+Officer, 121. =270=Moore, diary. _Id._, Scott's Camp., 44-9, 52.
+Griffis, Perry, 239. Parker, Recolls., 103-4. =12=Captain of _Alarm_ to
+commodore, Apr. 13. Bennett, Steam Navy, 94, 97. Maclay, Navy, ii, 185.
+=358=Williams to father, Apr. 5. =62=Adj. gen. to ordnance dept., Mar.
+24. =65=Scott, gen. orders 87, 91, 105. =65=_Id_., proclam., Apr. 11.
+=13=Giffard, no. 12, Apr. 13. Polk, Diary, Mar. 12-14. =13=Pakenham,
+no. 7, Jan. 28. _Metropol. Mag._, Jan., 1908, p. 441. Soley, Porter,
+71. Wash. _Union_, Sept. 11. N. Y. _Sun_, May 7, 21. _Niles_, May
+1, pp. 131, 141; 22, p. 189. _Southwest. Hist. Qtrly._, xviii, 216.
+Steele, Am. Campaigns, i, 120. =76=Marin, Jan. 2; Apr. 26. =76=Lopez,
+Jan. 15. =60=Plan of Alvarado. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1200 (Mackenzie).
+
+Worth, although he had been given the most prominent place in the
+operations against Vera Cruz, demanded the leading position in the
+advance, and felt deeply offended when Scott, mindful of the rights
+of the Second Division, replied that he would not, even to please his
+best friend, do an injustice (_Mag. Am. Hist._, xiv, 573-4). There
+was a route to the interior _via_ Orizaba, but it was not available
+for artillery. In reply to Marcy's despatch of March 13, which
+suggested that the advance be made from Tuxpan, Scott pointed out the
+impracticability of that plan (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 909).
+
+23.6. In January Gen. R. D. de La Vega was made chief of the Division
+of the East and provided with an army--mostly of paper. The same month
+Alonzo Wenghieri offered to furnish 50,000 muskets, 25,000 tercerolas
+(carbines of a certain kind) and 50,000 swords at reasonable prices,
+but it is not certain that his offer, though endorsed by the war
+department, was accepted (=76=to Hacienda, Jan. 14). By March 12, four
+16-pounders from Vera Cruz arrived at the national bridge. March 18
+orders proper for the situation were despatched to La Vega, but they
+sound as if issued mainly for form's sake. In February the government
+attempted to take control of 25,000 National Guards for the purposes of
+the war (=76=circular Feb. 3); but it soon rescinded that unpalatable
+assumption of authority, and confined itself to asking state governors
+for them (=76=circular, Apr. 8).
+
+23.7. March 24 the northern brigades were at Queretaro on their way
+south (=76=acuerdo,[1] Mar. 24). Rangel's brigade and some artillery
+left the capital March 28. March 30, 1400 National Guards, who had been
+turned over to the national government by the governor of the state
+(=82=Guerra to gov., Apr. 1), left Puebla to join 700 of the same class
+already at Jalapa, and some 12-pounders were despatched from the former
+city. These forces were primarily designed to aid in the defence of
+Vera Cruz by attacking Scott's rear. There was great need of money,
+especially as the attitude of the clergy was now so dubious that even
+drafts accepted by them were distrusted (_Diario_, June 8).
+
+ [1] "Acuerdo," frequently to be mentioned hereafter in the Mexican
+ citations, meant the decision of an executive conference, and was
+ applied also to the memorandum embodying the decision. The
+ conferences referred to will usually be those in which the
+ President or at least the Cabinet was concerned.]
+
+23.8. One method of rousing the public was to excite religious
+fanaticism. A pamphlet, _Clamor de las Ovejas_, declared that some
+of the Vera Cruz churches were to be sold to Protestants, others to
+Mohammedans, others to pigs, others to worshippers of Venus.
+
+23.9. _Mexican preparations before Santa Anna arrived on the ground._
+_Courrier Francais_, Apr. 3, 10, 17. =52=Consul Black, Apr. 25. Davis,
+Autobiog., 142. =13=Bankhead, no. 34, 1847. Apuntes, 120-2, 168.
+_Revue Indep._, Apr. 25, 1845. Memoria de ... Guerra, Dec., 1846.
+Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 574. _Diario_, Mar. 29; June 8. _Monitor
+Repub._, Mar. 31. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 888. Balbontin, Invasion, 105.
+=94=Canalizo, proclams., Apr. 2, 4. =94=Soto, proclams., Jan. 22;
+Feb. 5. _Regenerador Repub._, Mar. 31. =84=Guerra, decree, Feb. 13.
+=84=Relaciones, circular, Feb. 16. _Republicano_, Mar. 31. Ramsey,
+Other Side, 221, note. And from =76= the following (out of a great
+number). To Rincon, Oct. 10, 11, 1846. To La Vega, Jan. 25; Mar. 18,
+20, 27, 1847. Acuerdos, Mar. 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31; Apr. 1. To Gaona,
+Apr. 1. To Canalizo, Mar. 28, 31; Apr. 1. Gaona, Mar. 18; Apr. 1. Soto,
+Mar. 7, 22, 26; Apr. 3. G. Gomez, Mar. 18, 19, 25, 26. La Vega, Mar.
+22, 24. Canalizo, Mar. 30; Apr. 1, 3. To Soto, Apr. 1. Soto to V. Cruz
+cong., Dec. 1, 1846. Morales, Oct. 15, 1846; Feb. 2, 6, 1847. Canalizo
+to his troops, Mar. 29. Guerra, circulars, Feb. 3, 13; Mar. 31; Apr.
+8. To comte. gen. Mex., Mar. 25. Canalizo, proclam., Mar. 29. To gov.
+Puebla, Apr. 1. Gov. Puebla, Mar. 28. A little later Santa Anna had
+the spiked cannon drawn to Cerro Gordo by cattle.
+
+23.10. The northern wall of the canyon is much more nearly vertical than
+the southern. The author went down one side and up the other by rough
+mule paths.
+
+23.11. Accounts differ as to the number of men and guns on each tongue
+but agree that _B_ was much more strongly guarded than _A_ and _C_. It
+had supporting works. After the battle R. E. Lee wrote that the highway
+was commanded by thirty-five Mexican guns (F. Lee, Gen. Lee, 38).
+Allowing four for El Telegrafo, five for the battery at the camp, and
+seven for _D_, we should have nineteen left for the tongues. In all,
+according to the chief Mexican artillery officer, there were forty-one
+pieces, so that Santa Anna was able to send additional guns to his
+left. There seems to have been a 12-pounder at _A_, but most of the
+guns were light. The four 16-pounders were at _D_, and commanded the
+highway.
+
+23.12. After the battle Santa Anna reduced his numbers to about 6000
+infantry (only about half of them permanent) and 1500 or 2000 cavalry
+(=76=May 7; Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 112); but on March 20 (=76=to
+La Vega) he had placed the troops from La Angostura at 6000 (Roa
+Barcena, Recuerdos, 194, says 5650) to which must be added at least
+2000 from the capital (_ibid._), 2000 (besides a brigade that arrived
+just before the battle) from Puebla (note 23.7), and contingents from
+Jalapa, Coatepec and other places. Mexican accounts run from Santa
+Anna's figures up to 15,000 (_Republicano_, June 1, correspondent).
+Canalizo, April 3, proclaimed that more than 12,000 were coming, and
+the troops to whom he referred did not include all who were present.
+=13=Bankhead placed the number from Mexico at 2500. Roa Barcena
+(Recuerdos, 195) specifies 3, 4, 5, 6 and 11 Line regiments, 1, 2, 3,
+4 Ligero regiments, 5 and 9 cavalry, and 12 smaller corps of foot and
+horse. Canalizo's demand that all citizens rally to the colors does not
+seem to have been very effective; but many who had given their parole
+at Vera Cruz were forced to take up arms (Roa Barcena, Recuerdos,
+189). It appears safe to estimate that Santa Anna had at least 10,000,
+probably 11,000, and quite possibly 12,000 men besides the Puebla
+brigade under Arteaga, which arrived after the fight had begun. The
+brigade from Mexico arrived April 11, and the three brigades from
+the north April 12. After the battle Santa Anna and others attempted
+to represent the troops as of wretched quality. But certainly he
+had picked the corps brought from the north, and there is no reason
+to suppose that the other troops were below the average. Santa Anna
+pretended that he lacked ammunition, but great quantities were found
+in the camp after the battle (Oswandel, Notes, 139). The distribution
+of it was very likely defective, however. It was asserted also that
+some of the cannon cartridges contained no powder. They should have
+been inspected. Twenty-nine Irishmen served in the hospital force
+(=76=acuerdo, Mar. 30). The army was fairly well supplied with money.
+April 10 38,000 pesos went from the capital, and the bishop of Puebla
+sent 10,000.
+
+23.13. Santa Anna had water brought from El Encero by a ditch, but it
+only began to run just as the battle opened.
+
+23.14. _Mexican preparations, Apr. 4-16._ _Delta_, May 1. _Picayune_,
+May 2. =312=Anaya to S. Anna, Apr. 9. =312=Guerra to gov. Puebla,
+Apr. 9. =312=Pablo to S. Anna, Apr. 8. =312=Guerra to S. Anna,
+Apr. 9. =312=Baranda to S. Anna, Apr. 8. _Courrier Francais_, Apr.
+17. _Repub._, Apr. 22; June 1, 9. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 261. Negrete,
+Invasion, iii, app., 49. Grant, Mems., i, 134. Apuntes, 121, 169-75.
+Tributo a la Verdad, 41. S. Anna, Apelacion, 33-7. Suarez y Navarro,
+Causas, 68. Steele, Amer. Campaigns, i, 121. _Diario_, Mar. 29; Apr.
+3, 9, 30; June 10. Gamboa, Impug., 29-32. Ramirez, Mexico, 214, 229.
+Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 157, 189. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii,
+574. Dublan, Legislacion, v, 264-5. _Monitor Repub._, Apr. 24, 27, 28;
+May 3; Oct. 24. =13=Bankhead, no. 34, Apr. 1. Oswandel, Notes, 139.
+=82=Pavon, Apr. 29. Sedgwick, Corres., i, 86. =76=Gaona, Apr. 8. =76=To
+Canalizo, Apr. 2. =76=To S. Anna, Apr. 9. =76=Canalizo, Mar. 29; Apr.
+3, 24. =76=S. Anna, Apr. 6, 7, 11, 13, 17, 29; May 7. =76=Uraga, May 1.
+=76=Memorias by heads of war dept., Nov., 1847. =76=Decrees, Apr. 8,
+10. =76=A great number of less important papers.
+
+No doubt, as Willisen ("Higher Theory of War") and others have said,
+combining strategical defensive with tactical defensive is as a rule to
+be condemned; but here the circumstances were peculiar. The Americans
+were pursued by the yellow fever, and only a decisive victory could
+save them from ruin. Hence Santa Anna's policy cannot be censured
+unceremoniously. Ripley (War with Mexico) gives the name El Telegrafo
+to La Atalaya, an error that of course leads to much confusion. Robles
+had a series of objections to the Cerro Gordo position. It could be
+turned; the rough and woody country made it possible for the enemy
+to get near; cavalry could not be used; the line was too long; a
+threatened point could not be easily reinforced; water was lacking;
+retreat, especially with artillery, would be difficult (Roa Barcena,
+Recuerdos, 197-8).
+
+23.15. One of the field batteries was Taylor's; the other was Talcott's
+howitzer and rocket battery (R. Jones to ordnance dept., Dec. 3,
+1846). Steptoe's field battery and a squadron of dragoons accompanied
+Patterson later. The statement regarding the artillery outfit is from
+Lieut. Hatch (=213=to father, Apr. 7), who went with Twiggs.
+
+23.16. Scott has been called rash for sending his army forward and
+exposing it to attack piecemeal. But (1) had it all formed one column
+it would have been no safer against a raid from some crossroad; (2)
+had it been attacked in front, numbers would not have signified, and
+the individual superiority of the Americans as well as their superior
+artillery would have given them the advantage; and (3) Santa Anna,
+having possession of such fine defensive positions, was not likely to
+make a venturesome attack, especially as the battle of Buena Vista had
+shown how tenaciously the Americans could defend themselves. The two
+last points bear also upon the criticism that Santa Anna ought to have
+attacked Twiggs before the arrival of Pillow and Shields (see remark
+at the end of note 23.14). The volunteer division left Vera Cruz April
+9 under Patterson. It consisted of two brigades, for Quitman's men had
+not sufficient transportation, and probably needed time to recover from
+the effects of the Alvarado expedition. Capt. Loch, a British naval
+officer off Vera Cruz, was as much surprised as Scott when it was found
+that Santa Anna had a large force at Cerro Gordo (=12=to commodore,
+Apr. 9).
+
+23.17. From the national bridge to Cerro Gordo the pavement was not in
+very good condition. Above the latter point stone blocks took the place
+of cement. In places, where these had never been laid, or had been
+taken up by revolutionists, or had been overlaid with stones by floods,
+the highway was extremely bad.
+
+23.18. The position looked impregnable but was not, for a besieging
+force could easily deprive the garrison of provisions and water.
+
+23.19. _The march from Vera Cruz to Plan del Rio._ Ho. 60; 30, 1,
+pp. 920-2, 928 (Scott); 921 (gen. orders 94). Hartman, Journal, 10.
+_Picayune_, Dec. 9. _Delta_, May 15. =312=Gutierrez to gov. Puebla,
+Apr. 9. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 274 (Twiggs). =217=Henshaw papers. Stapp,
+Prisoners of Perote, 159-60. Raleigh _Star_, May 5. =280=Nunelee,
+diary. =159=Narrative based on papers of F. Collins. =220=Higgins to
+Clutter, Apr. 1, 1851. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 36-48. Davis,
+Autobiog., 142-4. Apuntes, 169. Ward, Mexico, i, 12; ii, 177-88.
+Robertson, Visit, i, 269. Ruxton, Adventures (1849), 22-5. Tudor,
+Tour, ii, 171-5. Bullock, Six Months (1825), i, 32-42. Orbigny,
+Voyage, 409-10. Robertson, Remins., 238-40, 242. Latrobe, Rambler,
+297. Velasco, Geografia, iii, 28, 37, 54, 64. Lawton, Artillery
+Officer, 123, 132. Engineer School, U. S. Army, Occas. Papers, no. 16.
+=291=Pierce, diary. _Journal Milit. Service Instit._, v, 38 (Coppee).
+Bishop, Journal. =60=G. W. Smith to Stevens, Apr. 23. Hawthorne,
+Pierce, 78-85. Steele, Amer. Campaigns, i, 121. =185=Memo. on the
+route. =356=Whitcomb, diary. Carleton, address. Loewenstern, Le Mexique,
+32. =236=Judah, diary. Wash. _Union_, May 1. _Vedette_, viii, no. 5.
+=322=Smith, diary. Norton, Life. =270=Moore, diary. =358=Williams
+to father, Apr. 21. =152=Claiborne, memoirs. =136=Butterfield,
+recolls. _Revue de Paris_, Dec., 1844. =66=Stevens to J. L. Smith,
+May 7. =66=G. W. Smith to Stevens, May 1. =65=Scott, gen. orders 91.
+Thompson, recolls., 11-12. Poinsett, Notes, 25-9. =335=Calendario
+de Ontiveros. =12=Loch to Lambert, Apr. 9. Oswandel, Notes, 108-10,
+119. Semmes, Service, 162-75. =256=J. Parrott to Marcy, Apr. 19.
+=254=McClellan, diary. _Mag. Amer. Hist._, xiv, 575. _Littell_, no.
+162, p. 546. =139=W. B. Campbell to wife, Apr. 8. Moore, Scott's Camp.
+=71=Diccionario Universal (_Puente Nacional_).
+
+23.20. _Twiggs and his operations, Apr. 11-13._ Maury, Recolls., 29.
+Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 274 (Twiggs). =217=Henshaw papers. Trans. Ills.
+State Hist. Soc., 1906, p. 181. =159=Narrative based on the papers
+of Francis Collins. Polk, Diary, Apr. 30. =66=Tower to Twiggs, Apr.
+16. =60=Scott (on Twiggs), remarks on a letter from Worth. _Id._,
+Mems., ii, 432. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 250. Grant, Mems., i, 131.
+Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 25-6, 51-4. Brackett, U. S. Cavalry,
+141. Davis, Autobiog., 143-6. Apuntes, 173-5. Robertson, Remins.,
+240. =270=Moore, diary. Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. Mag., Mar. 6, 1908
+(Nauman). Bishop, Journal. =210=Bragg to Hammond, Dec. 20, 1847; May 4,
+1848. =327=Sutherland to father, Aug. --; Nov. 28, 1847. =358=Williams
+to father, Apr. 21. =152=Claiborne, mems. =112=Beauregard to Patterson,
+Apr. 20. =204=Gouverneur, diary. =66=Tower to Maj. Smith, undated.
+=273=Mullan, diary. Lee, Lee, 38. =139=W. B. to D. Campbell, Apr. 13.
+_Hist. Teacher's Mag._, Apr., 1912, p. 75. Ho. 60; 30, 1; pp. 921 (gen.
+orders 94); 928 (Scott). _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Jan., 1852. =170=Crooker
+to father, Apr. 27. Henry, Camp. Sketches, 268. Furber, Twelve Months
+Vol., 331. Some may ask why Scott put a general like Twiggs forward.
+Twiggs had a rank and a position that had to be recognized, and his
+officers and men had their right to see honorable service and win
+distinction.
+
+23.21. Major J. L. Smith commanded the engineer company of fifty-one
+men. Lee had ten of the men, and under his direction Lieut. Foster with
+eight had charge of building the road "located" by Lee. Lieut. Mason
+also worked on the road. McClellan with ten was assigned to Pillow's
+command, and G. W. Smith with ten to Harney's (=66=G. W. Smith to I. I.
+Stevens, Apr. 23). Tower had charge of the reconnoitring on the Mexican
+right.
+
+23.22. I. I. Stevens, one of the engineer officers, =66=reporting on
+May 7, stated in the most distinct manner that according to this plan
+El Telegrafo was not to be attacked before the highway in its rear
+should have been occupied in strength, and that insistence upon this
+point constituted the essential difference between this plan and the
+operations previously suggested by Beauregard. Scott wrote to Marcy
+(Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 261) that he had intended to turn the Mexican
+position and attack in the rear. He clearly indicated as much in his
+Memoirs (ii, 432), and his orders for the battle were that Twiggs's
+division, supposed to be already near the highway, should move before
+daybreak to occupy it, while the orders only contemplated an attack in
+front as likely to be made before 10 o'clock. It was well understood
+in the army that his plan was to bag Santa Anna's army, and this
+implied--since some of the Mexicans were likely to retire early--that
+the way of escape must be cut off before a frontal attack should be
+launched. Stevens tried to reach the highway via the Mexican right, but
+was taken ill and had to return (Stevens, Stevens, i, 124).
+
+23.23. _Scott's operations, Apr. 12-16._ Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 261 (Scott).
+_Picayune_, May 1, 2. =217=Henshaw papers. A Soldier's Honor, 24.
+Trans. Ills. State Hist. Soc., 1906, p. 181. =159=Narrative based on
+the papers of F. Collins. Scott, Mems., ii, 432. Hitchcock, Fifty
+Years, 250. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 56-8. Davis, Autobiog.,
+144-8. Bishop, Journal. =322=Smith, diary. =112=Beauregard to
+Patterson, Apr. 20. =111=Stevens to J. L. Smith, May 7. =111=G.
+W. Smith to Stevens, Apr. 23. =111=Tower to J. L. Smith, undated.
+=111=Mason to J. L. Smith, Apr. 24. =65=Scott, gen. orders 105, 111.
+=332=Tennery, diary. McCabe, Lee, 19, note. =12=Loch to Lambert, Apr.
+9. Oswandel, Notes, 113-5. Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i, 122-4. Ho. 60;
+30, 1, pp. 929 (Scott); 939 (Twiggs); 940 (Pillow).
+
+23.24. The range had to be estimated (=322=W. B. Smith, diary), and
+perhaps it was not easy to rectify the estimate by seeing where the
+shot struck. Many of them flew much too high.
+
+23.25. Scott's orders for the battle gave no directions for such a
+charge. His plan was to place Twiggs's division and Shields's brigade,
+supported by Worth's command, on the highway in Santa Anna's rear and
+attack from that quarter. From one of his reports it appears that he
+made some suggestion to Twiggs about the possibility of a frontal
+attack on El Telegrafo--presumably in the case of some unlooked-for
+turn of events; but he did not expect that officer to create the
+turn. The charge seems to have been ordered by Scott during the night
+(=213=Hatch to father, Apr. 21). To be sure, Scott's orders spoke of a
+frontal attack, but evidently the reference was to Pillow's movement.
+
+The officers of the Rifles were taken by Polk from civil life. Scott
+offset this by having Major Sumner of the Second Dragoons, a veteran
+and able soldier, command the corps; but as Sumner had been disabled on
+Saturday, Major Loring was now at its head. When moving from shelter
+he exposed his men to being enfiladed by the enemy's cannon, and
+the other troops actually cried out, "That's the way to murder men"
+(=218=Henshaw). This illustrates how political appointments are likely
+to work on the firing line. The Rifles were expected to join in the
+attack on El Telegrafo after repulsing the enemy on the left, but a
+part of them were unable to do so (p. 352).
+
+23.26. _Events of Apr. 17-18 {except Pillow's operations)._ Sen. 1; 30,
+1, pp. 255-95, 298 (Scott's orders; reports of himself and officers).
+Maury, Recolls., 37, 44. Hartman, Journal, 11. M'Sherry, El Puchero,
+221-3. _Picayune_, May 1, 6, 9, 19. _Delta_, May 1, 15; June 18.
+=252=Mackall to father, Apr. 18. =335=Trist, May 7, 25. =217=Henshaw
+papers. Trans. Ills. State Hist. Soc., 1905, p. 213; 1906, pp. 182-3.
+=159=Narrative based on F. Collins papers. =6=Riley court of inquiry.
+=60=Plympton to Scott, July 27. =60=E. K. Smith to Plympton, July 23.
+=60=J. R. Smith to Polk, Nov. 30, 1848. =60=Twiggs to J. R. Smith, Nov.
+9, 1848. =60=Morris to J. R. Smith, Nov. 15, 1848. =66=Russell court of
+inquiry: orders 155. =223=Hirschorn, recolls. Negrete, Invasion, iii,
+app., 46-52, 98-114. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 251-2. Grant, Mems., i,
+132. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 59-84, 88, 90-1. Davis, Autobiog.,
+148-52, 155-8. Apuntes, 175-83. Tributo a la Verdad, 42, 49, 62, 136.
+S. Anna, Apelacion, 34-41. _Id._, Manifiesto, 1847, 7. Eye witness,
+Complete History, 79-80. Robertson, Remins., 248-52. Lawton, Artill.
+Officer, 137-40, 267. Engineer School, U. S. Army, Occas. Papers, no.
+16. N. Y. _Times_, July 16, 1916 (Worth). Bishop, Journal. Nebel and
+Kendall, 24-5. S. Anna, Mi Historia, 67-8. =66=G. W. Smith to Stevens,
+Apr. 23. Mansfield, Mex. War, 195. =210=Bragg to Hammond, May 4, 1848.
+=254=McClellan, diary; to sister, Apr. 22. _Diario_, Apr. 28, 30; May
+20; June 10, 23, 30. _Republicano_, Apr. 21, 23, 27; June 9; July 10.
+=84=Ampudia to gov. S. L. Potosi, Oct. 10. Gamboa, Impug., 30. Kenly,
+Md. Vol., 337. Ramirez, Mexico, 227-9, 231, 261. =298=Porter, diary.
+London _Times_, June 15. Wash. _Union_, May 10, 11; Oct. 23. _Monitor
+Repub._, Apr. 20, 23, 24, 27; May 3, 6; Nov. 1, 30. _Spirit of the
+Times_, May 29; June 5. =124=Blocklenger, recolls. =327=Sutherland to
+father, Aug. --. _Vedette_, ii, no. 2. =322=Smith, diary. =307=Roberts
+to wife, Apr. 21. =178=Davis, diary. =270=Moore, diary. =358=Williams
+to father, Apr. 21. =152=Claiborne, memoirs. =112=Beauregard to
+Patterson, Apr. 20. =66=Stevens to J. L. Smith, May 7. =66=Tower to
+J. L. Smith, undated. =66=Mason to J. L. Smith, Apr. 24. Arnold,
+Jackson, 87. =66=G. W. Smith to Lee, Apr. 20. =66=Lee to Twiggs,
+undated. =65=Scott, gen. orders 249. =60=Riley to Westcott, Nov. 30.
+=332=Tennery, diary. Gimenez, Apologia. Ho. 85; 30, 1. _Journal U. S.
+Artill._, 1892, pp. 419-20. Lee, Gen. Lee, 38. Oswandel, Notes, 116,
+122-8. Semmes, Service, 178-81, 183. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 887-94.
+=82=Soto to gov. Puebla, Apr. 18. =82=Pavon to Puebla sec. state, Apr.
+29. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1089 (Hitchcock). _Niles_, May 22, pp. 183, 188.
+=148=Chamberlain, recolls. Elderkin, Biog. Sketches, 66. _Journ. Mil.
+Serv. Instit._, xlii, 128. Henderson, Science of War, 215. Stevens, I.
+I. Stevens, i, 126. Smithwick, Evolution, 286. =76=S. Anna, Apr. 17,
+21; May 7. =76=Canalizo, Apr. 18, 21. =76=Carrera, May 1. =76=Circular,
+Apr. 20. =76=Ampudia, Apr. 25. =76=To Brito, May 25. =76=Alvarez,
+Oct. 28. =76=Canalizo to Villaba & Co., Apr. 24; to son, Apr. 24.
+=76=Memorias by heads of depts., Nov., 1847.
+
+REMARKS on the battle (April 18). The perfect confidence displayed in
+Scott's orders for the battle is noteworthy. No doubt it had a great
+effect on the troops. The orders to Worth were rather vague. Probably
+this was because the course of the battle was expected to indicate
+how his division could be used to the best advantage, but possibly on
+account of his intense jealousy of Twiggs it was not deemed wise to
+say clearly that he was to support Twiggs. In fact he followed Twiggs,
+ascended El Telegrafo, saw the white flag at the tongues, and sent
+Harney and Childs (Ripley, War with Mexico, ii, 74) to accept the
+surrender of the Mexican right wing. The movement assigned to Twiggs
+was hazardous, but the military quality of Santa Anna and the Mexican
+troops was now well understood.
+
+General Shields was struck by a grape shot that passed through the
+upper part of his body; and his recovery, due to high surgical skill
+and the most devoted nursing, seemed almost miraculous. When Shields
+fell, Col. E. D. Baker took command. Canalizo was ordered to charge
+Shields's brigade; but the ground was only partly cleared, and Santa
+Anna reported that a charge was not practicable. Canalizo was, however,
+accused by many of causing the Mexican defeat by letting the Americans
+reach the highway. He could have dismounted all his cavalry, as he
+did his cuirassiers, and 2000 fresh troops--especially if aided by
+those at the tongues--might have done a good deal; but probably he
+believed that the battle had already been lost. When Shields's men
+approached the highway they came upon a party of Mexican surgeons, and
+on learning their business became instantly, according to the surgeons,
+their friends and protectors (_Diario_, Apr. 30). The chief Mexican
+surgeon stated that the Americans made no distinction between the two
+nationalities in bringing wounded men to the hospitals (_Courrier
+Francais_, May 5). Worth's command, deprived of its expected share in
+the battle through Twiggs's departure from Scott's plan, played the
+part of a reserve. Harney's charge may have been launched just when
+it was because a thinning out of the summit of El Telegrafo (probably
+due to sending troops against Riley) led to the belief that the La
+Atalaya guns were doing great execution (Ballentine, Eng. Sold., ii,
+81). Harney placed the Seventh Infantry on his right, deploying some
+of the men as skirmishers to guard that flank, and the Third on his
+left, protected by the Rifles. (In consequence of Loring's incompetence
+(=213=Hatch to father, Apr. 21) the Rifles did not charge in a body or
+effectively.) This line was supported by the First Artillery. Some of
+Harney's men joined with Riley's in capturing the minor crest. The La
+Atalaya battery fired over the heads of the charging Americans as long
+as this appeared to be safe. Vazquez died bravely at his post, whereas
+a number of high Mexican officers proved recreant. After the fighting
+began near the summit of El Telegrafo the Mexican cannon placed there
+could not be used, for they would have injured Mexicans as well as
+Americans. Santa Anna appears to have done all in his power to stem the
+tide of defeat. About 1000 Puebla men under Gen. Arteaga arrived during
+the battle. They were placed at the headquarters battery, but took
+flight early. S. Anna's line was about a mile and a half long.
+
+23.27. It has been argued that Pillow's attack should have been a
+"mere feint," _i.e._ threat. But (1) Scott had reason to fear that
+the purpose of a "mere feint" would be detected as soon as the grand
+battle should begin, and that the feint would fail of its purpose
+(see Donaldson and Becke, 387); and (2) Pillow had troops of superior
+mettle, who probably would not have been satisfied to make a mere
+threat (Nebel and Kendall, 25, note). In ordering this attack Scott
+violated Napoleon's principle, which was to turn the enemy's flank
+without dividing his own army (Johnston, Foundations, 180), but the
+circumstances warranted doing so. In particular Santa Anna had shown
+that he did not wish to be aggressive, and Scott intended to keep him
+busy (see Hamley, Operations, 160).
+
+23.28. Pillow had also a few Tennessee horse and (attached to Haskell's
+regiment) a Kentucky company--in all about 2000 men (Robertson,
+Remins., 244).
+
+23.29. The text is based primarily on the full and minute account
+given in the diary of George B. McClellan (who accompanied Pillow and
+whose integrity and technical ability will not be questioned) and the
+following documents: reports of Engineers Stevens (=66=May 7) and
+Tower (=66=undated); Haskell and sixteen officers (_Picayune_, May
+29); Haskell (_ib._, June 28); Pillow, reply (_ib._, June 9); _Id._,
+=61=substitute report, May 29 (to take the place of his published
+report, which he admitted was not correct); =139=letters of Col.
+Campbell, an able and fair man (who said privately the affair was most
+badly managed; also that Pillow was no general, and on the field had
+no judgment or decision); =224=Williams to Hitchcock, June 4, 1849;
+Wynkoop, July 16, in _Picayune_, Sept. 19; Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i,
+125 (Stevens says, _e.g._, that Pillow's attack failed because "made
+prematurely, with great precipitation, without order in the assaulting
+columns, and before the supporting columns were in position, and at the
+wrong point," and that it, "both as to time and as to direction, was
+earnestly remonstrated against by the engineer officer directing the
+attack, by the personal staff of the general, and by Col. Campbell,
+second in command"). Of course Ripley, who wrote his history of the war
+in consultation with Pillow, gives a misleading account of this affair
+as of others.
+
+The author used also the following sources: Sen. 51; 32, 1. Sen. 1; 30,
+1, pp. 257 (Scott); 258 (orders 111); 294 (Patterson); 296 (Pillow).
+=217=Henshaw papers. Taylor, Letters (Bixby), 109. =69=Pillow to adj.
+gen., June 25, 1848. =69=Ripley to adj. gen., June 25, 1848. =66=Tower
+to Twiggs, Apr. 16. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 50. Hitchcock, Fifty
+Years, 251. Furber, Twelve Months Vol., 593. Grant, Mems., i, 133.
+Davis, Autobiog., 146. Apuntes, 173, 181. _Weekly Courier and N. Y.
+Enquirer_, Mar. 2, 1848. Robertson, Remins., 244-8. Lawton, Artill.
+Officer, 139. =293=Pillow to wife, June 9. =293=Rains to Mrs. Pillow,
+Apr. 18. _Republicano_, June 9, 24. _Picayune_, May 9; Sept. 11. Mexico
+a traves, iv, 654. Hillard, McClellan, 18, 19. _Nat. Intelligencer_,
+June 11. _Monitor Repub._, June 24. =358=Williams to father, Apr.
+21. _Vedette_, viii, no. 5. Oswandel, Notes, 110-1, 122-35. Semmes,
+Service, 182-3. Hitchcock in semi-weekly _Courier and Enquirer_, Mar.
+1, 1848. =100=Mata, Apr. 18. =82=Pavon to Puebla sec. state, Apr. 29.
+=288=Tapper to wife, May 3. _Niles_, June 5, p. 219; Oct. 2, p. 75.
+Boston _Atlas_, Dec. 13. Griepenkerl, Applied Tactics, 116. =316=Judd
+to Sherman, Feb. 26, 1848. Johnstone, Foundations, 180. _So. Qtrly.
+Rev._, Jan., 1852. =181=Armstrong to Donelson, July 4. =139=Cummings to
+Campbell, May 12; June 13. =76=Carrera, May 1. =76=S. Anna, May 7. The
+reason why reversing the regiments caused trouble seems to have been
+that infantry were accustomed to man[oe]uvre and fight in a certain
+formation, and felt awkward if the right was unexpectedly brought out
+on the left. As Wynkoop had farther to march than Haskell and did not
+wish to attack before his support was in position, placing Campbell
+third in the line of march involved a delay. One derives a lesson on
+the value of official reports from Patterson's representation that
+Pillow was wounded while gallantly leading his brigade (Sen. 1; 30, 1,
+p. 295).
+
+23.30. The American soldiers were not pleased with this policy. The
+American government expressed itself against it and, placing an
+undeserved value on Mexican officers, ordered that no more of them
+should be paroled except for special reasons. It is probably enough to
+say that Scott was in the best position to judge; but one may remark
+that Santa Anna's difficulty was not so much to obtain men as to obtain
+arms. Further grounds for releasing them are mentioned in Sen. 1; 30,
+1, p. 257. According to Gen. Pavon, Gen. La Vega and twenty-four other
+officers were not paroled. Some six declined to give their paroles.
+Among the spoils were a large amount of ammunition, $11,791.19 in cash
+(Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 24), and a wooden leg (supposed to have belonged to
+Santa Anna) now preserved in the capitol at Springfield, Ill.
+
+23.31. _Pursuit, losses, prisoners, spoils._ Ho. 60; 30, 1, 948, 1012,
+1221 (Scott); 1089 (Hitchcock); 1233 (Marcy). Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 258
+(gen. orders 111); 262 (Scott); 276, 278, 283, etc. Scott, Mems., ii,
+443. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 253. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, 86-7,
+106-7. Tributo a la Verdad, 62. Bustamante, N. Bernal, ii, 189. S.
+Anna, Apelacion, 40. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 140, 179. Ho. 24; 31,
+1. Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 37. _Republicano_, Apr. 27.; June 9. Sen. 52;
+30, 1, pp. 122, 136. _Courrier Francais_, May 5. Mexico a traves, iv,
+655. _Monitor Repub._, Apr. 24; May 6. =322=Smith, diary. Williams to
+father, Apr. 21. =152=Claiborne, mems. =332=Tennery, diary. =82=Pavon
+to Puebla sec. state, Apr. 29. N. Y. _Sun_, Aug. 16. _Niles_, May
+15, p. 164; May 29, p. 201. McClellan, diary. Nebel and Kendall, 25.
+Robertson, Remins., 249, 253. =76=Carrera, Apr. 27; May 1. =76=Ampudia,
+Apr. 25. =76=Canalizo, Apr. 18. =76=_Id._, undated. =76=S. Anna, May
+7. =76=Junta directiva, May 3. =76=G. Gomez to Gaona, Apr. 18. The
+cavalry appear to have been late in beginning the pursuit. Ripley (War,
+etc., ii, 75) says Scott was so busy that he forgot to send for the
+cavalry, but Scott's orders for the battle put the responsibility on
+the commander of that corps, which was placed in reserve on the highway
+with a field battery (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 259). In places, too, they
+found the highway cut or blocked.
+
+23.32. A deputation of the ayuntamiento met Patterson (Sen. 1; 30,
+1, p. 296), and were promised protection on condition that no liquor
+should be sold to the troops. The term "nondescript costumes" applies
+primarily to the volunteers, but probably some of the regulars had lost
+parts of their outfits.
+
+23.33. Scott's report was a model in concealing facts; and Worth,
+writing to a member of his family, called it "a lie from beginning to
+end." Gen. U. S. Grant, doubtless recording without investigation his
+early impressions, wrote in his Personal Memoirs (i, 132): "Perhaps
+there was not a battle of the Mexican war, or of any other, where
+orders issued before an engagement were nearer being a correct report
+of what afterwards took place," and such has been the accepted opinion,
+though a thoughtful comparison of the orders with Scott's own report
+(Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 258, 261) is enough to disprove this view. For
+example, Scott in his orders, intending to attack from the enemy's
+rear, assigned no troops to the frontal attack on El Telegrafo, which
+was the main feature of the actual battle. Unpublished documents of
+a wholly unbiassed character disprove it still further. As two more
+illustrations, the artillery, for which infinite trouble was taken
+to make a passable road, did not figure at all in the battle (though
+a section of Taylor's battery went that way in season to join in
+the pursuit), and a court of inquiry declared that Riley's brigade,
+which played a most important role, was diverted from its original
+destination--a finding approved by Scott (=65=gen. orders 249). Robert
+Anderson said that if Scott's orders had been carried out, not a
+Mexican would have escaped (Lawton, Artillery Officer, 137); and Davis,
+Shields's aide, stated that Twiggs failed to execute Scott's orders
+and disappointed Scott's expectations (Autobiography, 148). See also
+notes 22 and 25. It is possible that one reason why Scott in his
+report commended Twiggs's course was that, even if satisfied as to the
+practicability of his own plan, he did not care to raise an issue on
+that question. Obviously it would have been impossible to prove now
+that the plan was practicable, and a bitter, harmful controversy would
+have resulted. That on general principles such an exposure of the
+American flank was very hazardous could not be denied.
+
+23.34. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 296 (Patterson). =217=Henshaw papers.
+=159=Narrative based on F. Collins papers. Robertson, Remins.,
+253-7. Ruxton, Adventures (1847), 16. (King Death) Griffis, Perry,
+217. =298=Porter, diary. _Monitor Repub._, Apr. 24, 27. =322=Smith,
+diary. =66=G. W. Smith to Stevens, May 1. Oswandel, Notes, 140.
+=256=J. Parrott to Marcy, Apr. 19. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 948 (Scott).
+=254=McClellan, diary. Ramirez, Mexico, 260.
+
+
+XXIV. PUEBLA
+
+24.1. _Worth's advance._ Henshaw narrative. Hitchcock, Fifty Years,
+255. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 154. Davis, Autobiog., 173. _Delta_,
+July 8. _Picayune_, May 19. =159=Collins papers, Apr. 21; June 19.
+Mexico a traves, iv, 655. Tornel, Breve Resena, 345. Robertson, Visit,
+i, 303. Orbigny, Voyage, 411. Lyon, Journal, ii, 181. Balbontin,
+Estado, 22. Velasco, Geografia, iii, 97, 99. Lawton, Artill. Officer,
+141-4. Robertson, Remins., 276. =68=Scott to Worth, May 6. Coleccion
+de Itinerarios. _Revue de Paris_, Dec., 1844. Oswandel, Notes, 162.
+Semmes, Service, 217-22. =139=W. B. to D. Campbell, Apr. 25. =185=Memo.
+Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 261 (Scott); 300 (Worth). Ramirez, Mexico, 228-9.
+Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 236-9. =254=McClellan to sister, Apr. 22.
+=236=Judah, diary. Moore, Scott's Campaign, 10-2. Norton, Life.
+Diccionario Universal (_Las Vigas_ and _Perote_). =327=Sutherland
+to father, undated. Ward, Mexico, ii, 193-5. Green, Journal, 238.
+Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 944-6, 948 (Scott). =364=Worth to daughter, Apr.
+30. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 58, 60, 110. Tributo a la Verdad,
+43-6. =76=Gaona, Mar. 4, 8, 15; Apr. 8, 19. =76=To _Id._, Apr. 17.
+=76=Canalizo, Apr. 21, 24, etc. =76=Baneneli, Apr. 24. =76=Bravo, Apr.
+23. =76=S. Anna, Apr. 27. The distance from Jalapa to Perote was called
+about thirty miles.
+
+24.2. "Convoy" will be used to signify a line of wagons or pack-mules
+or both transporting merchandise or supplies under escort. Among the
+difficulties in getting articles from the coast were the sandy road,
+the heat, the weakness and insufficient number of animals, the shortage
+of wagons, and above all the want of good drivers and conductors (Sen.
+52; 30, 1, p. 127). Scott had supposed that successive bodies of new
+troops would escort the convoys up, but the diversion of these to the
+Rio Grande for some time (in consequence of S. Anna's advance against
+Taylor) made it necessary to weaken his forces by sending escorts from
+Jalapa (=61=Scott to Wilson, Apr. 26). The policy of treating the
+Mexicans kindly required more self-support and therefore larger trains
+than would otherwise have been necessary. Moreover, in order to avoid
+a reverse, which would have had consequences of peculiar gravity in
+Mexico, Scott had to avoid risks.
+
+24.3. It has been argued (_e.g._ by Semmes) that Scott was in fact able
+to obtain subsistence from the country all the spring and summer, and
+therefore the matter involved no difficulties (Service, 208); but Scott
+had to ascertain beforehand through agents (_Delta_, May 18) both that
+subsistence existed and that it could be obtained; and to make the
+success of his precautions a basis for asserting that he should not
+have waited to take them, is unreasonable. Scott said later that he
+might have rushed ahead by depending upon the provisions near at hand,
+but that within a week the army would have had to scatter and fight
+for supplies (Mems., ii, 553). The resources of the country were found
+to be mostly at a distance from the line of march (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p.
+949). Time was required to select intelligent, reliable agents, and
+they needed time to go and come. A particular reason for deliberation
+lay in the fact that the new crops would not be ready before about the
+middle of June. It should be added that some statements of Semmes and
+others regarding material elements of the situation are contradicted by
+Scott's reports written at the time. Semmes was probably influenced by
+Worth, whose aide he was.
+
+24.4. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 904. Marcy forgot this when he severely
+censured Scott for dismissing the men before their time was out
+(_ibid._, 1245).
+
+24.5. By the =61=field return of May 7 Scott had: Engineer Co. (Smith),
+43; Ordnance Co. (Huger), 60; First Div. (Worth), 2331; Second Div.
+(Twiggs), 2216; Dragoons (Harney), 433; volunteers (Quitman), 2030.
+The disparity between Scott's numbers as figured at Washington and his
+numbers as counted at the front is suggested by the fact that on April
+26 his volunteers (aside from those now discharged) were estimated by
+the adjutant general as 4994 (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 928). The regiments
+that went home were the Georgia, the Alabama, the Third and Fourth
+Illinois, and the First, Second and Third Tennessee.
+
+24.6. _Scott at Jalapa (except his proclamation, etc.: Note 8._ Ho.
+60; 30, 1, pp. 910, 944-8, 954-8, 1221 (Scott); 983-92; 950 (H. L.
+Scott); 904, 953, 1241 (Marcy); 967 (Worth). =61=Scott to Wilson, Apr.
+26. =68=Worth court of inquiry, proceedings. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier,
+i, 278; ii, 118-23, 126-7, 129-30, 143-4. =66=Beauregard to Smith, May
+10. =52=Trist to Buchanan, May 7. Davis, Autobiog., 164-6. Hartman,
+Journal, 13. =330=Scott to Cadwalader, Apr. 25. =304=Patterson, orders
+10, May 1. (The district) Robertson, Visit, i, 278; Ruxton, Adventures
+(1915), 56; Kendall, Narrative (N. Y., 1844), ii, 398; Orbigny, Voyage,
+410; Lyon, Journal, ii, 186; Velasco, Geografia, iii, 99. =362=G. A.
+Worth to Van Buren, May 20. Robertson, Remins, 261, 275. _Revue de
+Paris_, Dec., 1844. =218=Henshaw narrative. Loewenstern, Le Mexique,
+26. =68=Scott to Worth, May 6. =65=Scott, gen. orders 128, 129, 135-6,
+Apr. 30, 30; May 4, 5. =332=Tennery, diary. Thompson, Recolls., 13.
+Oswandel, Notes, 142, 149, 152. Sen. 14; 30, 1, p. 6 (Scott). Semmes
+Service, 189-90, 207-10. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528 (Hitchcock). =139=W.
+B. to D. Campbell, Nov. 2, 1846. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 124, 129 (Scott).
+_Picayune_, May 4, 7, 11; Nov. 14. Steele, Amer. Campaigns, i, 110.
+=335=Scott to Trist, July 21, 1848. =61=Field report, May 7, 1847.
+=61=Scott to Wilson, May 2. Moore, Scott's Camp., 68. Roa Barcena,
+Recuerdos, 236. =322=Smith, diary. =270=Moore, diary. =73=Bermudez de
+Castro, no. 517, June 29. Polk, Message, Feb. 13 (Richardson, iv, 515).
+Scott, Mems., ii, 452, 466, 553. London _Times_, Aug. 6. _Diario_, Aug.
+5. N. Y. _Sun_, Aug. 16. Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i, 133, 135. (Bounty)
+U. S. Statutes at Large, ix, 184. Upton, Mil. Policy, 215. _So. Qtrly.
+Review_, Apr., 1852, 376-85. =6l=Scott, memo., Nov. 29, 1846 (12 new
+regts.). Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 45-6. =364=Worth to daughter, Apr. 30.
+Bishop, Journal. =112=Beauregard to Smith, May 2. Negrete, Invasion,
+iii, app., 60. =60=Scott to Marcy, Apr. 5. Stevens, Campaigns, 16.
+=139=Five colonels to Scott, May 1. =62=Adj. gen. to Brooke, May 29.
+(Govt. will move) =76=To S. Anna, Apr. 21.
+
+The Spanish minister reported that if Scott had been prepared to
+attack the capital immediately after April 18, he could have taken it
+without a shot (no. 517, June 29). Patterson left the army at this time
+because the return of so many volunteers destroyed his command, and
+Pillow left because he had been appointed a major general and wished
+to bring on his division. Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 514) says Scott
+could have established a garrison of 4000 at Mexico and held the city.
+But assassinations and sickness would soon have reduced his numbers.
+Parties sent out for provisions and forage would have been cut off. The
+Mexicans, not yet thoroughly beaten, would have been encouraged by the
+isolation of so weak a force, as they had been by the size of Taylor's
+army. They might have been able to starve out the garrison. The result
+would probably have been at best that a rescue-army would have had
+to fight its way to the capital without the assistance of Scott, his
+regular officers and his veteran troops. He had no right to take such
+a risk, especially when it seemed very doubtful whether success in
+holding the capital would signify much.
+
+24.7. This agent, whose name has been given as Campos and (probably
+correctly) as Campomanes, appears to have been the parish priest of
+Jalapa (Baz, Juarez, 47, note). The paper, which was printed first in
+Spanish and then in English (=76=Hitchcock to Worth, May 12), may be
+summarized as follows: It is my duty, Mexicans, to make known certain
+facts that are purposely concealed from you. For the sake not only
+of ourselves but of the whole American continent and of republican
+institutions, we of the United States made every effort consistent with
+honor to adjust our difficulties with Mexico, but the patriotic Herrera
+was thrown from power, and the new government, ignoring your interests
+in order to further its monarchical designs, compelled my nation to
+take up arms. Like you, we hoped that good would result from the
+overthrow of Paredes, and therefore we permitted Santa Anna to return;
+but, again like you perhaps, we were mistaken as to his intentions.
+What has followed, you know. Your troops, whose devotion and valor we
+admire, have been badly led, and even betrayed or deceived; and he has
+not only rewarded those who waged civil war at Mexico, but insulted the
+brave defenders of Vera Cruz. Recently the battle at Cerro Gordo showed
+what you may expect from him. Everywhere generals long supported in
+idleness by the nation have exhibited a lack of honor or skill, while
+the dead or wounded soldiers, abandoned on the field, have not been
+given by their leaders even the poor recompense of a grave. The clergy
+and all other peaceable and useful citizens have been, and still are,
+taxed, menaced and sacrificed, whereas criminals go unpunished. Can
+this be called liberty? The Mexicans, I am sure, have the courage to
+admit mistakes that involve no dishonor, and to adopt for the future a
+policy of peace, of liberty and of harmony with their brethren of the
+United States. My troops, as your bishops and priests will testify,
+have not committed the outrages alleged against us for the purpose of
+exciting your anger. We adore the same God as you, and many of our
+people and of our army are Roman Catholics. We punish crime and reward
+merit; we respect property--especially that of the Church--and we seek
+your friendship. Abandon prejudice, then; cease to be victims of the
+ambitious; act as a great American nation. If, however, the war must
+go on, my country will send--should they be needed--100,000 men, and
+settle the pending difficulties in a decisive manner. Guerilla warfare,
+should it be persisted in, would lead to reprisals, and you could not
+blame us for your sufferings. I have set out for Puebla and Mexico, and
+shall certainly reach those places; but my desire is peace, friendship,
+union. It is for you to choose between these and war (Tributo a la
+Verdad, doc. 18).
+
+It has been said that this proclamation, by opening old political
+sores and insulting the Mexicans, did more harm than good (_Southern
+Quarterly Review_, April, 1852, p. 394); but (1) even the formal reply
+made to it admitted its truth, and the facts outlasted any temporary
+resentment that may have been produced in some minds; (2) it was
+intended for the common people, with whom plain, solid interests had
+more influence than high-flown sentiments of pride; (3) the clericals,
+who suggested the contents of the proclamation, were shrewd men; (4)
+the fury of Santa Anna against it (=76=May 18) is sufficient evidence
+that he saw it would injure him; and (5) we have direct proof that it
+was received eagerly by the Mexicans. See, for example, Roa Barcena,
+Recuerdos, 240-1.
+
+Closely allied with the clerical party were the monarchists, who,
+though comparatively few, wielded much influence on account of their
+wealth and social position. They had good reason to fear the United
+States but they hated Santa Anna; and it was suspected that they wished
+the people to realize that without European aid they were helpless.
+
+Among minor matters attended to by Scott at Jalapa were the
+establishment of a battery commanding the city, and the creation of the
+military department of Jalapa (Plan del Rio to La Hoya, inclusive).
+
+24.8. _The understanding with the clericals, etc._ (Beach) =56=Report,
+June 4; N. Y. _Sun_, May 19, 22. (Agent) Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 255-6;
+=68=_Id._ to Worth, May 10; Baz, Juarez, 47, note; Apuntes, 192; Sen.
+52; 30, 1, p. 125 (Scott). Tributo a la Verdad, 49, 54, 56 and doc.
+no. 18 (proclam. of May 11). S. Anna, Apelacion, 41-3. Claiborne,
+Quitman, i, 311. Consideraciones, 3, 7, 22-3. (Priests tolerant)
+Kendall, Narrative (N. Y., 1844), ii, 341-3; Consideraciones, 32, 37;
+Lawton, Artill. Officer, 160-1, 175. (True) =13=Bankhead, no. 57, May
+29; Impug. del Manif. London _Times_, July 15. Apuntes, 193. Sen. 52;
+30, 1, p. 127 (Marcy). Ramirez, Mexico, 239, 256-7, 263, 272. Mexico
+a traves, iv, 661. =236=Judah, diary, May 2, 6, 17, 26. =95=Protest,
+Apr. 12. _Monitor del Pueblo_, Apr. 29. =95=Sanchez, proclam., Apr.
+29. =95=Orders, May 8. =95=Ayunt., proceedings. _Picayune_, June
+30. =82=Otero, proclam., Apr. 26. =82=Baranda to gov., Apr. 24 and
+reply (draft). =82=Isunza, proclam., May 13. (Crowning) Scott, Mems.,
+ii, 549. (Proclam. of May 11) Wash. _Union_, June 12. _Courrier des
+Etats Unis_, May 22. Mata, Reflecciones. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 967, 995
+(Worth); 968 (proclam.) Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 190. =76=Winette,
+statement, May 2. =76=To S. Anna, May 14. =76=S. Anna, May 18.
+=76=Hitchcock to Worth, May 12 (intercepted). =76=Furlong, May 17.
+
+24.9. His intellectual plane is suggested by the fact that after the
+battle he promptly sent instructions to his mistress but not to his
+second in command (=76=Canalizo, Apr. 24).
+
+24.10. At this juncture appeals were again made to the Roman Catholics,
+particularly the Irish, of the American army, and apparently 2-300
+deserted while at Jalapa (Ballentine, English Soldier, ii, 144). One
+appeal said, "Are Catholic Irishmen to be the destroyers of Catholic
+temples, the murderers of Catholic priests, and the founders of
+heretical rites i this pious country?" A large amount of money seems
+to have been collected by Santa Anna at this time. The Manifiesto of
+Vera Cruz State (_Monitor Republicano_, Dec. 19, 1847) asserted that in
+fifteen days he obtained 120,000 pesos, though he said (May 9) he had
+received less than 25,000 (Gamboa, Impug., 35).
+
+24.11. Santa Anna's flank position was even more favorable than
+Washington's at Morristown. While he lingered near Vera Cruz, Scott
+could not feel safe, and his trains were in imminent danger. Had he
+remained there, Scott, whose small numbers would not have permitted him
+to send an adequate detachment to Orizaba, might have felt compelled
+to go there with his whole army, and much embarrassment might have
+resulted (Steele, American Campaigns, i, 125-6. W. B. Lane, _The United
+Service_, June, 1896, p. 485. Stevens, I. I. Stevens, 146).
+
+24.12. _Santa Anna's operations till he reached Puebla._ Only the
+principal documents can be cited here. Tributo a la Verdad, 48-9, 54,
+136. _Picayune_, May 6. _Diario_ Sept. 10. =312=Guerra to S. Anna,
+Apr. 8. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 265-7, 570, 634. S. Anna, Apelacion,
+app., 72-3, 76. =366=_Id._, Address to Amer. soldiers, Apr. --. _Id._,
+Detall, 8. Defensa de ... Estrada. S. Anna, Manifiesto, Mar. 24, 1848.
+=12=Loch to admiralty, Apr. 20, 1847. Apuntes, 183-91. Gamboa, Impug.,
+36. Negrete, Invasion, iv, app., 274. =13=Bankhead, no. 42, 1847.
+_Courrier Francais_, May 5. Ramirez, Mexico, 261. Mexico a traves, iv,
+660-1. =88=Cordoba ayunt., proceedings, Apr. 26-9. =82=Official docs.,
+Apr. 20-30. =82=Prefect of Matamoros, Apr. 26. (Indians) =82=Prefect
+Tlapa, May 13. _Republicano_, May 4. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 517,
+June 29. _Nat. Intelligencer_, June 2. _Monitor Repub._, May 4, 23.
+(Tlacotalpam) Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 547. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 190.
+S. Anna, Comunic. Oficial. Carreno, Jefes, cclxx. Lerdo de Tejada,
+Apuntes, ii, 260. =76=Carrera, Apr. 27. (Chiquihuite.) =76=Acuerdo,
+Mar. 29; =76=Soto, Apr. 3; =76=to Soto, Apr. 1. =76=Canalizo, Apr.
+21, 24, 28. =76=To S. Anna, Apr. 21. =76=To Canalizo, Apr. 21. =76=To
+Bravo, Apr. 21. =76=Furlong, May 9. =76=Gov. to comte. gen. Oaxaca, May
+4. =76=S. Anna, Apr. 27. =76=_Id._ to Rosa, Feb. 5, 1848.
+
+24.13. _Santa Anna's operations after he reached Puebla (except the
+Amozoc fight)._ Negrete, Invasion, iv, app., 250-2, 255, Tributo a
+la Verdad, 49-53, 56-7. S. Anna, Apelacion, 41-3. _Id._, Detall, 8.
+=166=Pommares to Conner, Aug. 29, 1846, confid. Donnavan, Adventures,
+99. Dos Palabras. London _Times_, July 9. Apuntes, 192-3. Gamboa,
+Impug., 33-5. Ramirez, Mexico, 260, 282. Mexico a traves, iv, 661.
+=95=Protest, Apr. 12. _Monitor del Pueblo_, Apr. 29. =82=Comte. gen.
+to gov., May 10. =82=Letter to secy., May 11. =95=Puebla ayunt.,
+proceedings, May 10-15. =82=Isunza, proclam., May 12. =199=S. Anna
+to Gimenez, May 15. _Diario_, May 10. _Monitor Repub._, May 13, 23;
+Dec. 12. Baz, Juarez, 47, note. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 190.
+=312=Bishop Puebla to S. Anna, Apr. 8. =76=S. Anna, Apr. 27, 29; May
+11, 15. =76=To S. Anna, Apr. 20, 30. =76=To Bravo, Apr. 21. =76=To
+Gaona, Apr. 21. =76=Carrera, Apr. 23. =76=Furlong, May 9. =76=S. Anna
+to Rea, May 12.
+
+24.14. _The American advance to Puebla (including the Amozoc fight)._
+Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 944-8, 957 (Scott); 967, 994 (Worth). =61=Scott
+to Wilson, Apr. 23. =218=Henshaw narrative. Tributo a la Verdad, 50.
+Scott, Mems., ii, 460. Grant, Mems., i, 135. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier,
+ii, 159, 161, 175-6. S. Anna, Apelacion, 41-2. =303=Worth to Quitman,
+May 10. =159=Collins papers, May 20; July 3-8. Robertson, Visit, i,
+312. Orbigny, Voyage, 412. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 145, 156, 162,
+170-4, 207-8. _Journal Milit. Serv. Instit._, xvii (Van Deusen).
+Loewenstern, Le Mexique, 31. Smith, To Mexico, 153, 163, 165 (nothing in
+U. S. equal to Puebla), 166. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 527. Brackett, Lane's
+Brigade, 191, 276. =213=Hatch to father, June 3. =68=Scott to Worth,
+May 6. Coleccion de Itinerarios. _Revue de Paris_, Dec., 1844. Semmes,
+Service, 225-6, 230-7. Apuntes, 193-6. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 125 (Scott).
+Gamboa, Impug., 36. Mexico a traves, iv, 662. =236=Judah, diary. Moore,
+Scott's Camp., 84-96. Rosa, Impresiones, _passim_. =270=Moore, diary.
+Steele, Amer. Camps., i, 107, 110. _Diario_, May 16. Ward, Mexico,
+ii, 201. Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i, 140, 142. =364=Worth to daughter,
+Apr. 30. =76=Prefect of S. J. de los Llanos, May 11. =76=Comte.
+milit. Huamantla, Apr. 29. =76=To Bravo, Apr. 26. =76=Furlong, May 5.
+=76=Bravo, Apr. 23. =76=S. Anna, May 13, 15. =76=To S. Anna, May 14.
+=76=S. Anna to Rea, May 12. And others.
+
+Santa Anna, to justify his course, said he felt compelled to leave
+Puebla on account of the unfavorable local conditions and the approach
+of the Americans (Detall, 8). Worth did not have outposts and scouts on
+the alert, as he should have had, at Amozoc, and knew nothing about the
+roads (Stevens, Stevens, i, 142). Scott's delay showed that he did not
+feel strong enough to advance to the capital. That city was therefore
+in no danger from his army. If Santa Anna, instead of going there, had
+now gathered all the Mexican strength between Puebla and Vera Cruz and
+prevented reinforcements from reaching Scott, the latter would have
+been in a hard position.
+
+24.15. The Puebla ayuntamiento archives contain the agreement signed
+at Chachapa by Worth. Later he sought to modify this (=68=orders 31),
+calling it merely a memorandum (=68=to H. L. Scott, June 16), and on
+May 20 he signed a new =95=version. Naturally the Pueblans held to the
+former (=68=Doran to Scott, June 17). For general orders 20 see p. 455.
+
+24.16. Semmes represents Worth's regime as entirely satisfactory to
+the civil authorities (Service, 275). This illustrates the fact that
+caution is necessary in reading what he says when Worth is concerned,
+for the records of the ayuntamiento give a different impression.
+For Worth's characteristics see chap. xii, note 12.8. The _Southern
+Quarterly Review_, April, 1852, 406, note, said Worth "was quite
+superficial, had no solid or profound attainments, nor was he gifted
+with grasp of mind requisite to high combinations and extended
+operations." Robert Anderson remarked once that he hoped Worth would
+not, "from a fit of passion, alter his opinions" (Anderson Artill.
+Officer, 32). Hitchcock in N. Y. _Courier and Enquirer_ (semi-weekly),
+Mar. 1, 1848: Worth has striking manners and great felicity in
+conversation, but is utterly destitute of stability and judgment.
+
+24.17. _Worth's operations at Puebla._ =68=Worth court of inquiry,
+proceedings, documents. Weekly _Courier and Enquirer_, Mar. 2, 1848.
+Tributo a la Verdad, 12, 48, 51-2. =224=H. L. Scott to Worth, June 20.
+=61=Scott to Wilson, Apr. 26. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 257. (Alarms)
+Grant, Mems., i, 136; _Delta_, July 8; =218=Henshaw narrative;
+=307=Roberts, diary; Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 527-8. =303=Gen. orders 128.
+Collins papers. Robertson, Visit, i, 314. Ruxton, Adventures (1847),
+30. Bullock, Six Months (1825), i, 83. Leon, Hist. Gen., 477. Lawton,
+Artill. Officer, 169, 174-5, 226. _Journal des Debats_, July 6, 1847.
+Semmes, Service, 210, 254, 264, 275. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 912. Apuntes,
+193-5. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 125 (Scott). Gamboa, Impug., 33-4. Ramirez,
+Mexico, 261, 267-8, 272. Mexico a traves, iv, 662. =236=Judah, diary.
+_Monitor del Pueblo_, Apr. 29. =95=Ayunt., orders, May 8. =95=Ayunt.,
+proceedings and corresp. with Worth. =95=W. to first alcalde, May 18.
+=82=Bravo, proclam., Apr. 28. =82=Isunza, proclam., May 13. =270=Moore,
+diary. Davis, Autobiog., 274. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 61, 86-7.
+_Monitor Repub._, May 2, 21; June 5. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 994 (Worth).
+_Niles_ Jan. 15, 1848, p. 311. =364=Worth to Sprague, July 29, 1847.
+=76=S. Anna, May 13, 16. =76=Furlong, May 13. =76=Worth, May 12.
+=76=Bravo, Apr. 30. =76=Worth to Furlong, May 17. =76=To Furlong, May
+20.
+
+Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 115) points out very pertinently that
+Worth placed his troops injudiciously at Puebla. Worth's errors bore
+most unfortunate fruit. Scott, before knowing or suspecting what had
+been conceded to Mexican laws, made sharp comments on the attitude of
+the Puebla authorities. Naturally he felt seriously troubled. Worth
+even allowed them to try citizens who had killed American soldiers,
+and of course the culprits were acquitted (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 527;
+=95=ayunt. to Worth, May 22). Scott thought seriously of evacuating
+the city and recapturing it in order to wipe out that concession; but,
+concluding that such a course would be rather farcical, he simply
+overrode the concession by republishing general orders 20 (chap.
+xxxi, note 31.22). This action and the comments angered Worth. Scott
+angered him further by requesting him to withdraw the =68=circular of
+June 16, which was impolitic, implied that Worth held an independent
+command, and if entitled to credence (Lawton, Artill. Officer, 227)
+should have been given to headquarters, so that all the troops could be
+warned (=224=H. L. Scott to Worth, June 20). Worth therefore demanded
+a court of inquiry (=65=gen. orders 196). Quitman, Twiggs and P. F.
+Smith formed the court and sat on June 30. Their =68=conclusions
+strongly condemned the circular, the terms granted to Puebla and
+Worth's complaints against Scott; and they pronounced him worthy of a
+severe rebuke, as certainly he was. Scott could not avoid approving the
+verdict and publishing it in orders (=65=no. 196), but these orders
+were made known only to chiefs of the general staff and commanders of
+divisions and brigades. From this time Worth was no doubt in his heart
+a mortal enemy of Scott. Unhappily, more will be heard of this matter.
+As for criticising Scott, Worth wrote on July 29 (=364=to S.) that
+Scott might have entered Mexico city by May 20, in which case (it was
+Worth's "firm belief") "peace would have immediately resulted"--a very
+superficial judgment. Worth added: "We gain victories and halt until
+all the moral advantages are lost." Hitchcock well said that Worth
+looked only at his ability to march troops to a certain place, while
+Scott had to see also how the advance could be supported and supplied
+(Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528). (Other references for this note. =68=Scott
+to Worth, June 16. =68=Worth to Scott, June 20. =68=_Id._, order 61,
+June 20. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 226-8. =68=Worth to H. L. Scott, June
+16. =68=Scott to Worth, May 6. _Nacional_ (Atlixco), May 16. Davis,
+Autobiog., 270-1, 274.)
+
+24.18. At Jalapa he left Brev. Col. Childs with the First Artillery
+(five companies), the Second Pennsylvania and three companies of the
+First Pennsylvania; at Perote seven companies of the First Pennsylvania
+with some artillerists; and at each place a troop of dragoons (Sen. 52;
+30, 1, p. 125). The stock of ammunition was still inadequate, and the
+paymaster had only half of his estimate for January-April (_ibid._,
+124-5).
+
+24.19. Dominguez, leader of the Spy Company, had been an honest weaver,
+it was said, but on being robbed by a Mexican officer, took to the
+road and became a brigand chief. When the Americans reached Puebla he
+was living there quietly with his family; but, knowing the insecurity
+of his position, he accepted Hitchcock's offer to become a scout. His
+band consisted at first of five men but rose to about 100, and probably
+might have been increased to 2000 (Lawton, Artill. Officer, 266). He
+and men of his even entered the capital in disguise. While he was at
+the head of the company, the actual captain was a Virginian named
+Spooner, who had been a member of his band; and the two lieutenants
+also were foreigners. The men seem to have served and obeyed orders
+faithfully, and their leader refused very advantageous terms offered by
+Santa Anna. (For the Spy Co. see Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 259, 263-4,
+330, 335-41, 344-5. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 187. Lawton, Artill.
+Officer, 266. Henshaw narrative, Aug. 8. =69=Dominguez to Polk [Sept.,
+1848].)
+
+24.20. Hargous, an American merchant of Vera Cruz, was Scott's
+financial agent (_Picayune_, June 30). Without him one hardly sees what
+the Americans could have done. An intercepted letter from the wife of
+Brev. Col. Childs, abusing Polk roundly, gave considerable comfort to
+the enemy. Another letter imparted much information about military
+matters. One is again surprised that our war department did not use a
+cipher.
+
+24.21. Scott instructed the commander at Vera Cruz what to do in case of
+attack, and gave the commander at Jalapa full directions with reference
+to the sick and wounded (about 1000) lying there (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p.
+997). There were also about 1000 sick at Vera Cruz and 200 at Perote
+(Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 129). The people at home did not understand Scott's
+situation. Regiments nominally 800-1000 strong had actually less than
+300 (=185=-- to Duncan, July 20).
+
+Owing to the state of public sentiment in Mexico, cutting loose
+from Vera Cruz was much less hazardous than it seemed. Besides, the
+smallness of the American army made the problem of subsistence and
+forage comparatively simple. Marcy was candid enough to admit that
+Scott understood the advantages of holding Jalapa, and was the best
+judge as to the advisability of giving it up (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp.
+1003-4). The British consul at Vera Cruz reported it as the unanimous
+opinion of the merchants of that place that with five times his actual
+force Scott could not have kept the line to the interior open (=13=no.
+19).
+
+24.22. _Scott at Puebla._ Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 954, 957, 993, 997, 1012-3
+(Scott); 967 (Worth); 998, 1002-4 (Marcy); 1021-7 (Scott and Quitman).
+Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 124, 129, 135 (Scott); 242 (Trist). Rivera, Jalapa,
+iii, 912, 925. Henshaw narrative. Haynes, Scott's Guide. Tributo a la
+Verdad, 56. Scott, Mems., ii, 453-4, 460, 466. Hitchcock, Fifty Years,
+256-9, 261, 266, 270, 341-4. Grant, Mems., i, 136. Ballentine, Eng.
+Soldier, ii, 135-6. Davis, Autobiog., 169. _Picayune_, May 19; June
+30; Aug. 20; Nov. 14. _Delta_, June 12; July 9. _Republicano_, June 6,
+7, 14. (Sickness) =223=Hirschorn, recolls.; _Delta_, July 9; Lawton,
+Artill. Officer, 145, 154, 242; =291=Pierce, diary; Scott, June 4
+(Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 129); Moore, Scott's Camp., 119; =73=Bermudez de
+Castro, no. 517, June 29; =316=Judd to Sherman, Feb. 26, 1848. Polk,
+Diary, Apr. 2, 10, 12; July 9, 13, 15. =159=Collins papers, May 22.
+Leon, Hist. Gen., 477-8. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 153, 177-8, 189, 203,
+206, 211-6, 228, 233-4, 242-6, 256, 265, 272, 274. =68=Worth court of
+inquiry, docs. =68=Scott to Worth, May 6. =65=Gen. orders 206, 211,
+238; July 9 12, 28. (4000 available) Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 257.
+Simples Observaciones (written by Hitchcock). =60=Wilson to Marcy,
+Aug. 1. =335=Trist to wife, Aug. 6. Oswandel, Notes, 223, 240. Semmes,
+Service, 210, 239, 247, 263, 275-6, 278-81. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 524.
+=224=L. V. to M. O., Aug. 21 (intercepted Mex. letter). =185=[Duncan]
+to Lewis, July 20. =307=Roberts, diary. =236=Judah, diary. =95=Ayunt.
+to Bravo, Apr. 29. =95=Amable to prefect, Aug. 18. =270=Moore, diary.
+=327=Sutherland to father, Aug. --. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 517,
+June 29. _Kennebec Journal_, May 21. _Repub. Banner_, May 19. _Nat.
+Intelligencer_, June 1. _Monitor Repub._, May 2; June 5, 8. Sedgwick,
+Corres., i, 101. =132=Atocha to Buchanan, Aug. 1. Baz, Juarez, 47,
+note. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 87-9. =364=Worth to S., July 29;
+to daughter, Apr. 30. _Ohio Arch. and Hist. Qtrly._, Apr.-July, 1912,
+p. 292. =61=Scott to Wilson, May 2. Steele, Amer. Camps., i, 122.
+And from =76= the following and others. R. Rueda, statement [June
+18]. Acuerdo, July 13. Soto, July 3. Soldier from Puebla, statement,
+July 17. Alvarez, June 16; July 28. Isunza to Canalizo, July 20.
+Bravo, proclam., Apr. 28. Furlong, May 17. To Furlong, May 20. "Ein
+Deuttcher," circular to Germans. To Alvarez, June 19. Worth to first
+alcalde, May 17; to ayunt., May 18.
+
+Alvarez stated that he had an organized party at Puebla preparing for
+an insurrection, and meanwhile was systematically promoting desertion.
+
+The alarm caused by Santa Anna's advance against Taylor led to the
+temporary diversion of troops (intended for Scott) to the Rio Grande,
+but on April 30 Marcy sent Scott statements showing that about 3500
+new regulars were expected to land at Vera Cruz before June 1 and that
+some 5500 volunteers also had been ordered to him. Unfortunately the
+despatch was captured by the enemy, and Scott did not receive another
+copy of it until June 6 (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 922-5, 1012). (Expected)
+Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 994. The official counting of the votes was deferred
+until Jan., 1848.
+
+24.23. Richardson, Messages, iv, 508. Benton wanted full powers to
+negotiate (Polk, Diary, Mar. 8, 1847), and was willing to take the
+position mainly with a view to its diplomatic functions (_Cong. Globe_,
+29, 2, pp. 246-7).
+
+24.24. The new regiments (which brought the regular army up to 1356
+officers and 29,534 men) were to serve during the war and then be
+disbanded. One of them was the Third Dragoons. Another consisted
+of "voltigeurs," theoretically an equal number of infantry and of
+mounted men (the former to be taken up on the horses of the latter,
+when celerity of movement should be desired) with a battery of small
+guns that could be taken apart and transported on mules (_Niles_, May
+15, 1847, p. 161); but practically the Voltigeurs were foot-riflemen
+(Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 924). The regiments destined for Scott were the
+following: (Brig. Gen. Pierce's brig.) 9 Inf. from N. Eng. under Col.
+Ransom, 12 Inf. from N. and S. Car., Mo., Ark. and Texas under Lieut.
+Col. Bonham in the absence of Col. Wilson, and 15 Inf. from Ohio,
+Mich., Wis. and Iowa under Lt. Col. Howard in the absence of Col.
+Morgan; (Brig. Gen. Cadwalader's brig.) 11 Inf. from Pa., Del. and
+Md., under Col. Ramsey, 14 Inf. from Ill., Tenn. and La. under Col.
+Trousdale, Voltigeurs from Pa., Md., Va., Ga., Ky. and Miss. under
+Col. Andrews (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 924). Each regiment was theoretically
+to consist of 851 men including 47 officers (_ibid._), but the two
+brigades going to Scott were not expected to muster quite 3500. Scott
+was authorized to change the organization should the exigencies of the
+campaign require (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 922). Each private serving a year
+or more was to receive 100 acres of government land or $100 in treasury
+scrip as a bounty. The law of March 3 provided also that (in view of
+the deficiency in field officers caused by the lack of a retirement
+law) an additional major might be appointed in each regiment, that
+individuals might be accepted to fill vacancies in volunteer corps,
+that non-commissioned officers might be brevetted to the lowest
+commissioned rank, that distinguished privates might be given
+certificates of merit and $2.00 extra per month, that two companies
+might be added to each artillery regiment, that one more company in
+each artillery regiment might be equipped as field artillery, that
+unfilled regular or volunteer regiments should be consolidated and
+the supernumerary officers discharged, etc. (These laws were quite
+elaborate and cannot be given in full here; see U. S. Statutes at
+Large, ix, 123, 184.) After receiving Scott's report on the battle of
+Cerro Gordo, Polk ordered five companies of the Third Dragoons to him.
+
+24.25. _Reinforcements provided._ Upton, Milit. Policy, 206-7.
+=62=Adj. gen. to Scott, May 10. =65=_Id._, gen. orders 57, Dec. 22; 2,
+Jan. 8; 8, Mar. 4; 17, Apr. 15. Semmes, Service, 314-5. =354=Welles
+papers. Polk, Messages, Dec. 29 (Jan. 4, 1847), 1846; Feb. 13, 1847
+(Richardson, Messages, iv, 508, 513. =108=Polk to Bancroft, Jan. 30.
+Wash. _Union_, Jan. 4, 7, 11, 12, 14, 21, etc. _Nat. Intelligencer_,
+May 26. _Cong. Globe_, Sen. and Ho., Dec. 28 to Mar. 3 (One needs
+to examine the proceedings and speeches considerably in detail).
+(Voltigeurs) _Niles_, May 15, p. 161. _Amer. Review_, Sept., 1847, p.
+223. Statutes at Large, ix, 117, 123, 184. Boston _Atlas_, Jan. 14.
+=316=Bragg to Sherman, Mar. 1, 1848. =61=Ransom, Apr. 12; May 9, 21;
+June 26. =61=Scott to Wilson, Apr. 26. =330=H. L. Scott to Cadwalader,
+Apr. 25. =61=Adj. gen. to Scott, Dec. 17, 1846; Jan. 23; Mar. 20; May
+6, 10, 22, 1847; to Cadwalader, Apr. 28; to qtr. mr. gen., Apr. 21.
+Ho. 42; 29, 2: adj. gen., Jan. 13. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 6, 10;
+July 16. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 121 (Marcy). Senex, Myth. Ho. 48; 29, 2
+(adj. gen.). Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 45, 50. =62=Marcy to Brooke, Mar. 22;
+to Pierce, Mar. 22; to govs. Ala., Miss., La., Mar. 22. =61=Adj. gen.
+to Cadwalader, Mar. 26. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 866, 944, 948, 1221 (Scott);
+873, 905-6, 922, 953, 1241 (Marcy); 924, 926 (statements). =69=Scott,
+mems. for adj. gen., Nov. 29, 1846. Polk, Diary.
+
+The principal references for the attempt to give Benton the chief
+command are the following. =345=Benton to Polk, Mar. 6; to Van Buren,
+Jan. 26. Polk, Diary, Nov. 10, 11, 18; Dec. 3, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15,
+18-21, 24, 25, 1846; Jan. 2, 4, 16, 19, 22-3; Feb. 4-Mar. 12; Mar.
+19-20, 22; Apr. 6, 14, 28; May 10-4; July 17, 1847. =210=Simms to
+Hammond, May 1. =354=Welles papers. =345=Blair to Van Buren, Dec. 26,
+1846; Mar. 13, 1847. Jameson, Calhoun Corres., 727. Dix, Speeches,
+i, 166. London _Times_, Feb. 18; Mar. 17; Apr. 17. Meigs, Benton,
+364-7. Benton, View, ii, 698. _Id._, speech: _Niles_, June 5, 1847,
+p. 223. Scott, Mems., ii, 401. _Public Ledger_, Jan. 8, 27; Mar. 1.
+_Cong. Globe_, 29, 2, Senate, Jan. 11, 14, 15 (Badger's speech the
+most important one made on the subject), 25 (Benton); House, _passim_.
+Blaine, Twenty Years, i, 76. Buchanan, Works, viii, 365, 367. _Mag.
+of Amer. Hist._, xiv, 575. Wash. _Union_, Mar. 11. =61=Benton to adj.
+gen., Mar. 9.
+
+This call of Apr. 19 included (infantry) a regiment, each, from Ills.,
+Oh., Ind.; a battalion (5 cos.), each, from N. J., Mo., Ga., Ala., La.;
+three cos. from the Dist. of Columbia; two cos., each, from Pa., Md.,
+Va.; and one co. from Fla.; also (horse) two cos. from La. and one co.,
+each, from Oh., Ills., Ga., Ala., Ark. A regt. consisted of ten cos.
+Each co. included a capt., a first lieut., two second lieuts., four
+sergts., four corps., two musicians and eighty privates. A co. of horse
+had also one farrier and blacksmith (=62=memo., Apr. 21). Of vols.
+Scott was now to have two brigades: I, *one N. Y. and *two Pa. regts.
+and two Pa. cos.; II, *one S. Car. and *one La. regt., one La. and one
+Ga. battal., two cos. La. horse and one co. Ga. horse (asterisks mean,
+"already in Mexico"). There were certain exceptions as to the dates of
+calls which it seems unnecessary to specify.
+
+After the lieutenant general plan failed, Benton was nominated as
+a major general, and was promptly confirmed by the Senate, and a
+bill authorizing Polk to place him in supreme command was urged upon
+Congress (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1219); but as it appeared doubtful whether
+the chief authority could be conferred upon him, Benton declined the
+position abruptly (=345=letters dated Mar. 9). This episode caused no
+material delay in war legislation.
+
+24.26. One unfortunate result of giving up the line of communication
+was that new troops had to wait at Vera Cruz until assembled in
+sufficient force to defy the enemy, and some of them fell sick in
+consequence; but this was not fairly chargeable to the evacuation of
+Jalapa, for the irregulars did their worst below that city. It was
+the intention of the government that Quitman should go to Taylor, but
+Scott retained him because his services were valued and he could not be
+sent away without a heavy detachment (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 137). Having
+only two full regiments, though a major general, Quitman naturally
+felt aggrieved (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1024). To illustrate once more the
+difference between paper figures and real ones, the Washington _Union_
+stated on July 20 that more than 15,000 reinforcements had marched
+from Vera Cruz. The text shows how many did go. July 19 Marcy wrote
+that 1900 men were en route to Vera Cruz (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1003). The
+fact was that on August 2 or 3 about 850 men left that place for the
+interior under Col. L. D. Wilson of the Twelfth Infantry (=60=Wilson,
+July 31).
+
+24.27. _Reinforcements arrive._ (Other references will be given when
+the guerillas are studied: chap. xxix.) Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1002, 1241
+(Marcy); 1012, 1221 (Scott). Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 4, 13, 16, 18, 20-25
+(McIntosh _et al._). Scott, Mems., ii, 453, etc. =65=_Id._, gen.
+orders 250, 1847. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 265, 269. Davis, Autobiog.,
+174-5. =69=Marcy to Pillow and Quitman, Apr. 14. Hartman, Journal,
+15. _Picayune_, Aug. 20. _Delta_, Oct. 1. Upton, Milit. Policy,
+213-4. Polk, Diary, May 10. =159=Collins papers. =291=Pierce, diary.
+=61=Cadwalader to Wilson, June 13. =62=Adj. gen. to Scott, May 10, 22.
+=287=Parrish, diary. =60=H. Wilson to Marcy, Aug. 1. =60=L. D. Wilson
+to Marcy, July 31. Mansfield, Mex. War, 224. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 136.
+=236=Judah, diary. _Monitor del Pueblo_, Apr. 29. =178=Davis, diary.
+=335=Dimond to Trist, July 14. Semmes, Service, 314. Wash. _Union_,
+July 20. =180=Pillow to wife, June 14. =61=H. Wilson to adj. gen., June
+7, 14. =61=Pillow to adj. gen. [June 19]. Henshaw narrative. Lawton,
+Artill. Officer, 215, 238-41, 272-4. =61=Jones to Wilson, Apr. 29.
+=76=Soto, July 17, 21, 23, 25, 31; Aug. 3, 11. =76=Canalizo, July 8.
+=76=Alvarez, July 5. =76=Hitchcock to Worth, May 12. =76=Many other
+documents.
+
+24.28. Under general orders 218, July 16, 1847, the following artillery
+companies were ordered to be equipped (_i.e._, were recognized) as
+light (field) artillery in accordance with the law of March 3, 1847:
+First Regiment, Co. I, Capt. J. B. Magruder; Second, Co. M, J. F.
+Roland; Third, Co. E, T. W. Sherman; Fourth, Co. G, S. H. Drum. Co.
+M was not organized in time to serve during the war; the others were
+already in the service.
+
+24.29. Scott, Mems., ii, 460-5. Grone, Briefe, 84. =60=Marcy to
+Quitman, Apr. 14. Upton, Milit. Policy, 214. =159=Collins papers, June
+18. =236=Judah, diary, Apr. 26. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 274. Aldrich,
+Marine Corps, 104. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1002 (Marcy); 1012 (Scott).
+=62=Adj. gen. to Scott, May 22. _Journ. Milit. Serv. Instit._, iii, 415.
+
+The general staff (as given by Scott in his Mems., ii, 460-3) included
+at this time: Lt. Col. Hitchcock, asst. inspect. gen.; Capt. H. L.
+Scott (not related to the General) actg. adj. gen.; First Lt. T.
+Williams, Bvt. First Lieut. G. W. Lay and Second Lieut. Schuyler
+Hamilton, aides; Maj. J. P. Gaines (one of the Encarnacion prisoners,
+who had escaped) vol. aide; Maj. J. L. Smith, Capt. R. E. Lee, and
+Lieuts. P. G. T. Beauregard, I. I. Stevens, Z. B. Tower, G. W. Smith,
+G. B. McClellan and J. G. Foster, engineer officers; Maj. Wm. Turnbull,
+Capt. J. McClellan, Second Lieut. George Thom and Bvt. Second Lieut. E.
+L. F. Hardcastle, topog. engs.; Capt. Benjamin Huger, First Lieut. P.
+V. Hagner and Second Lieut. C. P. Stone, ordnance officers; Capt. J. R.
+Irwin, chief quartermaster; Capt. J. B. Grayson, chief of subsistence
+dept.; Maj. E. Kirby, chief paymaster; Surgeon Gen., Thomas Lawson. The
+Marine Corps, which had no regimental organization, included, Mar. 2,
+1847, 1283 privates. On that day Congress raised the number to 2293,
+and added twelve "commanding officers" (Sen. 66; 30, 1). In May, 1847,
+the secretary of the navy, in order to help strengthen Scott, offered a
+part of this corps (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 957). Perry did not think it wise
+to detach all of the men whom the department proposed to contribute
+(=47=July 4), but a battalion under Lieut. Col. Watson and Maj. Twiggs
+marched to Puebla with Pierce.
+
+24.30. _Picayune_, Aug. 20; Nov. 14. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 244, 246,
+274-5. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 135 (Scott). =65=Scott, gen. orders 246, Aug.
+5. Collins Papers. Smith, To Mexico, 178. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 271.
+
+
+XXV. ON TO THE CAPITAL
+
+25.1. This chapter is amply supported. About 1400 documents were used
+in writing it. As, however, any investigator consulting on this subject
+the =76=archives would easily find the pertinent papers, only the most
+important ones belonging to that collection will be cited.
+
+25.2. _Affairs at Mexico to Apr. 20._ Sen. 19; 30, 2 (M. L. Smith).
+=341=Black, memorial, Dec. 20. =312=Anaya to S. Anna, Apr. 9.
+=312=Baranda to S. Anna, Apr. 9. _Monitor Repub._, Apr. 11. _Picayune_,
+May 12. Semmes, Service, 328. =92=Gov. Federal Dist. to Mex ayunt.,
+Apr. 10. =92=Mex. ayunt., proclam., Apr. 27. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1088.
+_Niles_, May 15, p. 168 (Gamboa). Kenly, Md. Vol., 338. N. Y. _Sun_,
+May 19. Apuntes, 198-9. Otero, Comunicacion. Negrete, Invasion, iii,
+app., 483. From =76= the following. Memo., Apr. 10. Salas, Apr. 12.
+Ords. to generals, Apr. 2. Ords. to Liceaga, Apr. 10. Relaciones to
+gov. Fed. Dist., Apr. 11. Almonte, May 14. To comte. gen. Guanajuato,
+Apr. 16. To J. P. Galvez, Apr. 9. Measures recommended, Apr. 6, 14.
+Relaciones, Apr. 12. Berrospe to Monterede, Jan. 20, 1846.
+
+25.3. This specimen may be quoted: "The cunning dissimulator, Ibarra [a
+member of the Cabinet], venomous as a serpent, crawls forth obscurely
+from his lurking-place to-day in order that he may set his malignant
+teeth to-morrow in the vitals of the republic.... Off with the heads
+of the vile traitors!" One ingenious writer said: If Santa Anna will
+not sacrifice his vanity by admitting he is incompetent, why should
+we sacrifice our lives and property? April 21 a general amnesty for
+political offences was declared in the vain hope of producing harmony
+(=76=to Bustamante, Apr. 21).
+
+25.4. This important law provided (Mexico a traves, iv, 656): 1, The
+government is authorized to take all steps necessary to carry on
+the war and preserve the republican system; 2, but it must not make
+peace with the United States, cede territory, conclude negotiations
+[particularly with reference to a monarchical regime] with foreign
+powers; 3, make colonization contracts, impose punishments or confer
+civil or military appointments except those placed within its authority
+by the Constitution; 4, any arrangement between the United States and
+authorities superseding the present government shall be void; 5, any
+person, whatever his status, who treats with the United States is
+hereby declared a traitor; 6, should Congress be unable to meet, its
+place shall be taken by a council of government, consisting of the
+senior member present of each state delegation.
+
+25.5. _Affairs at Mexico, Apr. 20 to May 18._ S. Anna, Apelacion,
+44-5; app., 76. _Id._, Detall, 8. Dublan, Legislacion, v, 267 (Apr.
+20). Gimenez, Mems., 107-9. Mex. en 1847, 20. _Picayune_, May 6,
+20. Defensa de ... Estrada. =312=Basadre to S. Anna, Apr. 9, very
+private. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 517, June 29. Manifiesto del Supr.
+Tribunal. Molina, El Asalto. Memoria de ... Relaciones, Jan., 1849.
+_Boletin de Noticias_, May 14. _Republicano_, May 10, 22. _Courrier
+Francais_, May 5. London _Times_, June 15; July 9. Bustamante, Nuevo
+Bernal, ii, 196-8. Encarnacion Prisoners, 67. =52=Trist, no. 7, June
+13. =92=Donations, Mex., May 1-6. =92=Bravo, proclam., May 6. Roa
+Barcena, Recuerdos, 570. =92=Ayunt., call for volunteers, May 20.
+Consideraciones. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 967 (Worth). =80=Olaguibel to
+Relac., Aug. 15. Lara, Resumen, 66, note. Mexico a traves, iv, 655-6,
+661, 704. Prieto, Memorias, ii, 210-2. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 255.
+Ramirez, Mexico, 229, 233-4, 239, 241, 246-7, 250-1, 256, 272-7,
+284. =88=Metropol. dean, May 8. _Monitor Repub._, Apr. 22; May 3,
+8, 10-11. S. Anna, manifiesto, Mar. 24, 1848. Apuntes, 199, 200-1,
+203-4. =80=Guerra to gov., Mar. 11; Apr. 22. =80=Gov. to Bravo, May 5.
+_Diario_, Apr. 25, 28; May 3, 4, 6, 12, 15. From =76= the following.
+Decrees, Apr. 26; May 1. Junta directiva, May 1, 3. Acuerdo, Apr. 20,
+25. Circular, Apr. 30. Garrison, estado, May 13. To generals, Apr. 25.
+To Brito, May 25. J. J. Minon, Apr. 24. Deserters, May 15. Circular,
+May 4. Basadre, May 16, res. To Alvarez, Apr. 26. To Monterde, May
+18. To S. Anna, Apr. 20-2. To Bravo, Apr. 24. To Bustamante, Apr. 21.
+Almonte, Apr. 28, 30; May 8, 12, 15, 18. Monterde, May 9. Bravo, May
+11, 16. Rincon, May 17. S. Anna, May 16.
+
+25.6. _Affairs at Mexico, May 18 to June 2._ Negrete, Invasion, iii,
+app., 61-72, 81-3; iv, app., 261-8, 273-4. Tributo a la Verdad,
+56, 74-6. Gimenez, Memorias, 109-11. S. Anna to Congress, May 28
+(Biblioteca Nac.). _Id._, Apelacion, app., 83-8. _Id._, Detall, 8.
+Defensa de ... Estrada. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 177-8. Portrait of Anaya:
+city hall, Mex. _Picayune_, July 15; Aug. 7, 8. _Monitor Repub._, May
+20; June 3, 4, 14; Dec. 12 (S. Anna, Nov. 19). _Republicano_, May
+10; June 5, 10, 15, 26. Mexico a traves, iv, 662, 664-7. Ramirez,
+Mexico, 229-30, 233, 284-6. =13=Bankhead, nos. 59, 60, May 29. London
+_Times_, July 9, 16; Aug. 6. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 517, June
+29. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 290-3. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 157,
+196-204. Encarnacion Prisoners, 67. =80=Guerra to gov. Mex., May 20.
+_Diario_, May 19, 21, 23-4; June 8. _Boletin de la Democracia_, May 25.
+Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 260. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 967. Apuntes, 201, 204.
+Otero, Replica. Dublan, Legislacion, v, 264. =76=Bravo, May 15, 16,
+24, 30. =76=S. Anna to Rosa, Feb. 5, 1848. =76=Valencia, June 7, 1847.
+=76=Mora, June 5. =76=To Brito, May 25. =60=Bravo, proclam., May 6.
+=76=S. Anna, May 21.
+
+The statesmen who met S. Anna were Manuel Baranda, Ignacio Trigueros
+and J. F. Ramirez.
+
+25.7. A signal illustration of the incompetence of the Mexican
+government, particularly Congress, was afforded by its treatment
+of Great Britain. At the end of August, 1846, Bankhead, under the
+instructions of the Foreign Office (=13=to Bankhead, no. 20), proposed
+mediation to Mexico, but the offer was not welcomed. Santa Anna and
+Rejon believed that it proceeded wholly from self-interest, and that,
+in order to prevent her commerce from suffering longer from the war
+and other interests from becoming imperilled, England was ready to
+sacrifice the honor and welfare of their country (=73=Bermudez de
+Castro, nos. 332, res., 343, res., Sept. 24, 27, 1846); and, moreover,
+the Mexicans still felt quite able to cope with the United States
+(=13=Bankhead, no. 130, Sept. 7, 1846). In October, under renewed
+instructions (=13=no. 11), Bankhead again submitted the proposal
+(=13=nos. 162, 180), and later he returned to the charge (Apuntes,
+202). The subject was unwisely referred by the Mexican Executive to
+Congress, but nothing was done (_ibid._). After the battle of Cerro
+Gordo, however, the administration thought negotiations might be
+used to delay the American advance (_ibid._; Ramirez, Mexico, 246)
+and the Puros hoped the subject might be made embarrassing to the
+government (Ramirez, Mexico, 224). Violent, acrimonious and dangerous
+debates followed in Congress and, in order to embarrass the Executive
+(=13=Bankhead, no. 45, 1847), enough Puros remained away (at the time
+set for voting) to destroy the quorum (_ibid._). The matter was then
+dropped (Ramirez, Mexico, 246, 274). The general feeling was that
+British mediation would signify British control and a dishonorable,
+disadvantageous peace (London _Times_, June 15; _Monitor Repub._,
+May 18). But, even if this view contained some elements of justice,
+trifling with a great power and throwing the vital interests of Mexico
+into the cockpit of party politics could not be excused.
+
+25.8. _The political situation after June 2._ S. Anna, Apelacion,
+app., pp. 3, 6, 8, 10, etc. _Id._, Detall, 8. =87=Coalition junta,
+July 7; Aug. 8; etc. _Republicano_, June 4, 5, 9, 15, 16, 20, 22,
+26. =312=Baranda to S. Anna, Apr. 8. Mexico a traves, iv, 667, 704.
+Iniciativa que el Hon. Cong. del Estado de Zacat. Otero, Replica.
+=13=Bankhead, nos. 60, May 29; 64, 65, 70, June 29. _Id._, no. 125,
+Dec. 30, 1845 (Tornel has no reputation for honesty). London _Times_,
+Aug. 6. =77=Gov. S. Luis Potosi, June 19. =13=Thornton to Bankhead,
+June 14. =52=Consul Black, no. 389, Sept. 12, 1846. Encarnacion
+Prisoners, 68, 77-8, 86. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 517, June 29.
+=77=Letter from Coatepec, June 26. =82=Treas. to sec. state of Puebla,
+June 14; reply, June 15. =82=Guerra to gov. Puebla, Aug. 2; reply, Aug.
+7. =80=Legisl. of Mex. state, Mar. 26; June 12. =80=_Id._, address,
+Apr. 26. =80=Coalition, address, Aug. 4. _Verdadero Liberal_, Aug.
+12. =80=Coal. junta to gov. Mex., June 17. =80=_Id._, dictamen, July
+4. =80=Oaxaca state, exposicion, June 26. =83=Gov. Queretaro to gov.
+S. Luis Potosi, Apr. 9. _Diario_, June 7, 8, 11, 24, 30; July 3, 9,
+18. _Monitor Repub._, May 3, 4, 26-7; June 3, 7, 11, 13, 14-16, 18,
+19, 24, 30; July 6, 7, 9; Dec. 12 (S. Anna, Nov. 19). _Niles_, Oct.
+30, p. 141. =83=Gov. Queretaro to Farias, Oct. 20, 1846; to Anaya,
+May 4; to all govs., May 7. =82=Gov. Jalisco to gov. Puebla, Apr. 13.
+=82=Gov. Mex. to gov. Puebla, Apr. 12. Ramirez, Mexico, 237, 244-6,
+254, 263, 272, 288-90. =80=Gov. Mex. to Bravo, May 5. =76=To Alvarez,
+June 29. =76=Extracto _re_ Guanajuato. =76=J. J. de Echeverria, June 6.
+=76=Arellano, July 9. =76=Olaguibel to Relac., Apr. 19. =76=Hacienda to
+Basadre, Aug. 9. =76=Reyes, June 1, 22. =76=Basadre, Aug. 9. =76=Yanez,
+June 15. =76=Mora, Apr. 28.
+
+In February, 1847, a revolutionary government satisfactory to the
+people was set up in Oaxaca state, and this supported the national
+cause to the full extent of its ability. A factional combination
+made up in Congress, however, took the side (May 8) of the deposed
+authorities. This action naturally caused great dissatisfaction in
+Oaxaca (=76=exposicion de la cong. de Oaxaca, June 26), and it was
+particularly imprudent because Gen. Antonio de Leon and his officers
+were partisans of the revolutionary party (Ramirez, Mexico, 255).
+
+25.9. July 9 the Mexican Army of the East included, according to a
+document published by Santa Anna, 17,548 officers and men. A. Lopez
+(Decimo Calendario, 57) placed the army, including the National Guards,
+at 30,000 on Aug. 9. The only official Mexican accounts of the forces
+present in and near the capital early in August was made up during the
+following November, and are far from complete; but they were stated
+to have been five times as large as those existing in November, which
+were 8109 total, 6785 available (=75=report at meeting of govs.; Mexico
+a traves, iv, 701). The unofficial statements cannot be harmonized
+with these accounts nor (except when drawn from the same source) with
+one another. It does not help us to know what corps were present (see
+Roa Barcena), for we have not the number of men in each of them.
+The commanders of brigades in the Army of the East were Generals
+Terres, Martinez, Rangel, Perez, Leon and Anaya and Col. Zerecero.
+The three sections of Valencia's army were commanded respectively by
+Mejia, Parrodi and Salas. A portion of Alvarez's force consisted of
+semi-savage "pintos"--men from the hot region, who were marked with
+spots (=11=Memoire). They lay flat when charged upon, and hewed the
+enemy down with heavy knives (_machetes_), and they were expected to
+fill the Americans with terror.
+
+25.10. The hill (El Penon Viejo) was about 1000 yards in length at the
+base, and the higher of its two summits reached an elevation of about
+400-450 feet (=66=reports of Lee, Stevens and Mason, Aug. 12, 26).
+The work of fortifying it was skilfully as well as thoroughly done.
+Engineer I. I. Stevens made out nearly forty guns. Topog. Engineer M.
+L. Smith thought there were about sixty (Sen. 19; 30, 2, p. 4). A large
+stock of rations was placed here (=76=acuerdo, Aug. 5).
+
+25.11. _Santa Anna's preparations (see note 25.1)._ =66=Stevens to J.
+L. Smith, Aug. 12, 26. =66=R. E. Lee, J. L. Mason to J. L. Smith, Aug.
+12. S. Anna, Apelacion, 44-7. _Id._, Detall, 8-11. =60=Patterson to
+Marcy, Oct. 26. _Picayune_, June 30; Aug. 8. Donnavan, Adventures, 29.
+Pacheco, Exposicion. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 91-4, 123-5. Scott,
+Mems., ii, 466. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 274. =224=Intercepted Letters
+(ed. by Hitchcock). (Embezzlement) Consideraciones, 25; Apuntes, 207.
+Sen. 19; 30, 2 (M. L. Smith, E. L. F. Hardcastle). Apuntes, 205-10,
+223-8. Molina, El Asalto. Raleigh _Star_, Sept. 1. =13=Thornton, June
+29. =178=Davis, diary. Portrait of Lombardini: city hall, Mexico.
+=350=Weber, recolls. N. Orl. _Delta_, July 18. _Verdadero Liberal_,
+May 20. (San Patricio cos.) Dublan, Legislacion, v, 290; _Diario_,
+July 15. Mexico a traves, iv, 668-71. =70="Guerra," no. 1120. London
+_Times_, May 10; Sept. 6. Semmes, Service, 348-9. Dublan, Legislacion,
+v, 280, 284, 289, 294. =73=Bermudez de Castro, nos. 517, June 29;
+534, res., July 28. =73=Lozano, No. 2, Aug. 24. Gamboa, Impug., 51.
+Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 205-6. =335=Thornton to N. P. Trist,
+July 29. Encarnacion Prisoners, 69. =60=Wilson to Marcy, Aug. 1. N.
+Y. _Sun_, Aug. 23. _Diario_, May 24; June 5-10, 14-6, 18, 20, etc.
+_Monitor Repub._, May 31 (Eleventh Inf.); June 13-5, 18, etc.; Dec. 12
+(S. Anna, Nov. 19). _Niles_, June 19, p. 251. =13=Bankhead, no. 74,
+1846. (Honduras) =60=Patterson to Marcy, Oct. 26, 1847. (Powder from N.
+Orl.) =166=Consul McFaul to ----, Nov. 12, 1846. Ramirez, Mexico, 268.
+The following from =76= are cited for particular reasons. Valencia,
+proclam., May 14. Estado of garrison, May 13. Ayunt., Mexico, June 3.
+Recommended measures, Apr. 6, 14. Circulars, June 12; July 24. S. Anna
+to Alcorta, June 12; Aug. 3. Valencia, July 19. Statement, lines of
+defence, June 29. J. Terres, report on cavalry [Nov.]. J. de D. Peza,
+report on infantry, Nov. 29. Acuerdos, May 21, 23-4; June 5, 6, 8, 19,
+25; July 17, 18, 19, 28, 30; Aug. 2, 3, 5, 6. To Alvarez, June 3, 30,
+etc. To Mora, June 26; July 2, 20, 23, etc. To Lombardini, June 26;
+July 2, 5, 7, 11, 22, 31, etc. Alvarez. May 29; June 9, 16; July 5,
+etc. Mora, July 9, 19, 20, 22, etc. Lombardini, July 6, 7, 10, 12, 14,
+15, etc. Olaguibel, Aug. 20. Decrees, June 5, 8; July 10, 12; Aug. 8,
+etc.
+
+Among other preparations were the following: information about the
+defence not to be published, and no communication to be had with points
+occupied by the Americans; the troops to be trained in firing (June 6);
+the state of siege to be rigorous (June 28); as much wheat as possible
+to be ground and stored in the city, and the rest to be removed from
+the Valley; all Americans, even if naturalized, to leave the city
+(July 12); the American prisoners (_e.g._, from La Encarnacion) to
+go to Toluca; prices of provisions fixed; no persons to be tried for
+acts not injurious to a third party. Naturally there was much evasion
+of these edicts. A Council of Defence composed of the heads of the
+executive departments most concerned in the work began to meet on July
+2 (=76=acuerdo, June 29; Lombardini, July 6). After the near approach
+of the enemy the shops (excepting those selling provisions and those
+of the Plaza del Mercado) were to close, civilian horses and carriages
+to keep off the streets, and no civilian to leave the city [without
+a pass] except those who had brought in coal and provisions [but on
+August 13 permission was given old men, women and children to go out].
+By August 24 nearly all civilians [of any importance] left the city
+(=73=Lozano, no. 2). After the Americans came within easy reach the
+usual efforts to cause desertion among them were made by the Mexican
+government. The Paixhan guns cast by the Mexicans were believed by them
+to equal the American ordnance (Apuntes, 207).
+
+25.12. _Diario_, Aug. 10-13. =77=Relaciones, circular, Aug. 9.
+=73=Lozano, no. 2, Aug. 24. Apuntes, 206-8, 210-20. Mexico a
+traves, iv, 671-2. Ramirez, Mexico, 296. =76=To Basadre, Aug. 10.
+=76=To Alvarez, Aug. 12. =76=Relaciones to gov. Zacat., Aug. 11.
+=76=Olaguibel, Aug. 11. =76=Decree, Aug. 8.
+
+25.13. April 30 Marcy had promised that by the end of June, Scott
+should have about 20,000 men (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 922). Scott felt he
+needed that number in addition to the garrison of Puebla (Sedgwick,
+Corres., i, 141). He has been criticised for having his small army
+march in four divisions a day apart. Twiggs and Quitman together had
+only about 4000 men and it has been represented that, even had they and
+the cavalry combined, Santa Anna could have crushed them before Worth
+could have reached the scene (Semmes, Service, 326); but, as a day's
+march was only 12-15 miles (Hardcastle in Sen. 19; 30, 2, p. 10), Worth
+was but five hours (in case of emergency much less) behind Quitman, and
+an attack strong enough to crush Harney, Twiggs and Quitman, provided
+as they were with heavy ordnance, could not have taken place in a
+moment nor without warning. Scott expected to be attacked on the march
+(Scott, Mems., ii, 466). He might have avoided the high mountains by
+taking the route _via_ Tlaxcala and Apam; but this route was long and
+unsuitable for his trains. There were nearly 1000 wagons (=335=Trist to
+Buchanan, Aug. 22).
+
+25.14. These works were abandoned because not in keeping with Santa
+Anna's plan. Very likely the fact that it would not have been easy to
+subsist a large force here counted also. Many of the Americans believed
+Santa Anna had built the works in the expectation of using them to cut
+Scott off after defeating him in the Valley, and set their teeth the
+harder. All felt that they must conquer or die.
+
+25.15. _Scott's march to Ayotla._ Scott, Mems., ii, 465-7. Hitchcock,
+Fifty Years, 266, 271. Grant, Mems., i, 164-5. Ballentine, Eng.
+Soldier, ii, 190-3. Davis, Autobiog., 192. _Missouri Republican_, Nov.
+3, 1857 (Hitchcock). =217=Henshaw papers. =218=Henshaw narrative.
+Haynes, Gen. Scott's Guide. =183=Drum, recolls. =376=Nicholson,
+recolls. Donnavan, Adventures, 98. =159=Collins papers. (Route) Lyon,
+Journal, ii, 106; Thompson, Recolls., 33; Velasco, Geografia, i,
+25; Cardona, Mex. y sus Capitales, 129; Robertson, Visit, i, 321;
+Ruxton, Adventures (1847), 33-4; Tudor, Tour, ii, 211; LeClercq,
+Voyage, 178-9; Mason, Pictures, ii, 6; Bullock, Across Mex., 67-8.
+Lawton, Artillery Officer, 274, 281-7. =65=Gen. orders 246, Aug.
+5. =291=Pierce papers. Sen. 11; 31, 1 (map). Sen. 19; 30, 2 (M. L.
+Smith, E. L. F. Hardcastle). G. W. Smith, Co. A. Carleton, Address.
+=178=Davis, diary. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 124 (Scott); 186-8. Sen. 1; 30,
+1, pp. 303 (Scott). app., 37. Kenly, Md. Vol., 344. Rosa, Impresiones
+Nebel and Kendall, 27. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 280-1. Coleccion de
+Itinerarios. Oswandel, Notes, 242, 245. Semmes, Service, 235, 286-9,
+325-8, 452-3. =73=Bermudez de Castro, nos. 534, res., July 28; 550,
+Aug. 21. =73=Lozano, no. 2, Aug. 24. =335=Trist, statement, July 25,
+1849. =236=Judah, diary. _Diario_, July 2. Sedgwick, Corres., i, 108,
+141. Smith, To Mexico, 188-93. Wilson, Mexico, 168. _Niles_, Oct.
+30, p. 138. Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 37. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1032 (Scott).
+=132=Atocha to Buchanan, Aug. 1. Ripley, War with Mexico, ii, 187.
+Michigan Pioneer Soc. Colls., vii (Toll). _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Apr.,
+1852, pp. 406-7. =316=Judd to Sherman, Feb. 26, 1848. Ramirez, Mexico,
+239. _Monitor Repub._, Oct. 1 (Gamboa). Manifiesto que dirige ...
+Alvarez.
+
+25.16. S. Anna, Apelacion, 44; app., 146-50, 157-61. Sen. 52; 30, 1,
+pp. 186-7. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 534, res., July 28. _Monitor
+Repub._, Dec. 12 (S. Anna, Nov. 19). And from =76= the following. To
+Canalizo, June 30. To Alvarez, June 29, 30; July 13, 28; Aug. 6, 9,
+12, 14, 21. To Valencia, Aug. 9, 11, 13, 14, 15. Canalizo, June 23;
+July 19; Aug. 9, 10, 11. Alvarez, July 5, 8; Aug. 6, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10,
+10, 11, 12, 12, 25. Valencia, Aug. 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14. Expediente
+against Valencia. Acuerdo, Aug. 13.
+
+25.17. _The choice of approaches._ Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 272-4.
+Grant, Mems., 164-5. _Mo. Republican_, Nov. 3, 1857 (Hitchcock).
+Weekly _Courier and N. Y. Enquirer_, Mar. 2, 1848 (letter from
+Hitchcock). =217=Henshaw to wife, Aug. 21. Haynes, Gen. Scott's Guide.
+=61=Hamilton to Scott, Oct. 17, 1850. =66=R. E. Lee, I. I. Stevens,
+J. L. Mason to J. L. Smith, Aug. 12, 26. Chase, Polk Admin., 225.
+Claiborne, Quitman, i, 333-7. =221=Hill, diary. =159=Collins papers.
+Lawton, Artill. Officer, 289. Sen. 11; 31, 1 (M. L. Smith). Sen.
+19; 30, 2 (M. L. Smith, E. L. F. Hardcastle). =178=Davis, diary.
+=136=Butterfield, recolls. S. Anna, Detall, 11. =52=Trist nos. 11, 12,
+Aug. 14, 22. =185=Letters from Worth, Duncan and others. =335=H. L.
+Scott to Worth, Aug. 13. _Picayune_, Oct. 8. Nebel and Kendall, 27.
+Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 303, app., 27. Apuntes, 208, 225. Semmes, Service,
+348-52, 355-8. Ramirez, Mexico, 293. Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 461-2 (Lee);
+522-7 (Hitchcock). =68=Charges against Duncan (Scott). =236=Judah,
+diary. Wash. _Union_, Nov. 3. _Nat. Intelligencer_, Nov. 12. _Diario_,
+Aug. 18. =377=Capt. Willing (paper published by Engineer School,
+Washington). Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i, 148-9, 190. _So. Qtrly. Rev._,
+Apr., 1852, p. 412. =76=Order to Lombardini, June 19. =76=To Mora, July
+2. =76=Acuerdos, Aug. 5, 8. =76=Mora, Aug. 2. =76=Gugerson to Alvarez,
+Aug. 10. =76=(Spies) Alvarez, Aug. 12; Valencia, Aug. 13, 14; Becerril,
+Aug. 13; spy, Aug. 12; etc. =76=Bravo, Aug. 13. =76=To Bravo, Aug. 13.
+
+The Mexicaltzingo plan was said to be, that while the rest of the
+troops should force their way between Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco by
+a broken causeway commanded by five batteries on a hill, Worth should
+pass round or across the latter lake and cooperate with them wherever
+he could do so to the best advantage (Davis, Autobiog., 193; etc.).
+Under orders from Scott (Hitchcock in _Mo. Republican_, Nov. 3, 1857;
+=377=paper; =335=H. L. Scott to Worth, Aug. 13; =68=charges against
+Duncan) to examine the Chalco route, Worth (at Duncan's suggestion)
+had Duncan, supported by strong detachments, reconnoitre that route
+on August 14 under the pretence of obtaining provisions. Duncan, who
+reported (=305=Aug. 14) favorably, was sent to Scott late that day to
+give an account of the reconnaissance and deliver a =305=letter from
+Worth, which argued against dividing the army. Not receiving credit in
+Scott's report Duncan published (_Picayune_, Oct. 8; Dec. 18) a letter
+claiming in effect to have caused the change of plan (chap. xxix, p.
+187). But the letter proved that he knew less about the matter than
+he supposed (=68=charges); it did not prove that the change of orders
+resulted from his report; and there is no proof that Scott intended to
+divide the army--though he collected boats enough for about 2000 men
+with a view to crossing or to making the Mexicans believe (Claiborne,
+Quitman, i, 335) he intended to cross the lake and it was thought
+that as many more could be obtained--or definitely decided to attack
+Mexicaltzingo. On the other hand Scott stated (=68=charges) that he was
+himself investigating (=305=Mackall to ----, May 10, 1848) the Chalco
+route while Duncan was doing so, and that a spy sent from headquarters
+reported favorably upon it (=68=charges); and he denied squarely that
+he gave up the Mexicaltzingo for the Chalco route in consequence
+of Duncan's report (=68=charges). Extreme secrecy and all possible
+mystification of the enemy were necessary, and on account of Worth's
+unfriendliness Scott had special reasons for not opening his mind fully
+to him. Other generals have purposely kept their subordinates in the
+dark (see Henderson, Jackson, i, 421, 441; _Id._, Science of War, 42).
+Instead of proving that Worth was the better general, Worth and Duncan
+proved the opposite, for they showed that Worth committed himself to
+the Chalco route on very incomplete data, whereas Scott studied three
+routes and reserved his decision until, as far as was possible, he
+had full information before him. As usual, when Worth's relations
+with Scott were concerned, we find Semmes inaccurate and biassed
+here. Ripley uses the incident against Scott at great length and very
+unfairly. Facts regarding the Mexicaltzingo route are brought forward,
+though not known to the Americans at the time (Ripley, War with Mexico,
+194). We are told (p. 191) that Scott ordered Duncan to study the
+Chalco route after Duncan had proposed to do so, as if Scott had not
+previously ordered Worth, Duncan's commander, to investigate the route.
+It is alleged that the case did not warrant "a departure from the
+rules of the [military] art to so great a degree" [as was proposed by
+the Mexicaltzingo plan]; yet Ripley shows that the Texcoco route was
+impracticable (pp. 179, 186), that El Penon was virtually "impregnable"
+(p. 188), and that the Chalco route was considered out of the question
+(p. 190). This was a situation clearly warranting extraordinary
+measures. On p. 202 Ripley seems to argue that the orders to attack
+Mexicaltzingo cannot have been given to conceal the movement that Scott
+actually made, since any movement against that point would have caused
+Santa Anna to place troops in that vicinity, detect promptly Scott's
+real intention, and defend the southern line, and so the ruse would
+have defeated itself. But (1) the question concerns orders, not--as
+Ripley assumes--an actual movement toward Mexicaltzingo; (2) Santa
+Anna had troops in the vicinity of Mexicaltzingo, but the results
+anticipated by Ripley did not follow; (3) indeed, though Ripley was
+not aware of the fact, Santa Anna concluded Aug. 14 (=76=to Valencia)
+that Scott was going to S. Agustin, and merely had the reserves at S.
+Antonio garita go with five 4-pounders to S. Antonio hacienda (=76=to
+Valencia, Aug. 14), for he was relying on his fortified points; and
+(4) since the same troops could not defend at the same time the works
+near Mexicaltzingo and also the road to S. Agustin, orders involving
+a threat against the former would have tended, without costing Scott
+anything, to keep the latter clear.
+
+The vulnerable point of El Penon Viejo was that owing to its steepness
+the cannon could have little action on the slopes (=66=Stevens to
+Smith, Aug. 26). A particular disadvantage in attacking Mexicaltzingo
+would have been that (Santa Anna said) such a movement could have been
+detected in good season, and reinforcements could have been placed
+there promptly (=76=to Bravo, Aug. 13). As the American generals needed
+information that could only be obtained from Mexicans, they were
+peculiarly exposed to the artifices of spies, and some of these gained
+a confidential footing with Worth and even with Scott.
+
+25.18. _To S. Agustin._ =218=Henshaw narrative. S. Anna, Apelacion,
+47, 50; app., 146-51. _Id._, Detall, 12. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii,
+195. Davis, Autobiog., 192-5. =217=Henshaw to wife, Aug. 21. =221=Hill,
+diary. =159=Collins papers. Latrobe, Rambler, 121. Lawton, Artill.
+Officer, 290, 293. Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 37. Sen. 11; 31, 1 (map). Sen.
+19; 30, 2 (M. L. Smith, E. L. F. Hardcastle). G. W. Smith, Co. A.
+=204=Gouverneur, diary. =178=Davis, diary. Gamboa, Impug., 38-9. Mexico
+a traves, iv, 672. Apuntes, 220, 229. Arroniz, Manual, i, 243. Semmes,
+Service, 352-5, 370-5. Nebel and Kendall, 28. =12=Caryton to Lambert,
+Sept. 1. Steele, Campaigns, i, 123. =236=Judah, diary. Hitchcock,
+Fifty Years, 275. Moore, Scott's Camp., 129. Wash. _Union_, Nov. 3.
+Stevens, I. I. Stevens, 168. _Niles_, Oct. 30, p. 139. Sen. 1; 30,
+1, pp. 303 (Scott); app., 28 (Twiggs); 37 (Sumner); 39 (McKinstry).
+=76=To Alvarez, Aug. 11, 21. =76=To Valencia, Aug. 14, 15. =76=To
+Lombardini, Aug. 14. =76=Acuerdos, Aug. 15, 16. =76=To Herrera, Aug.
+15. =76=Becerril, Aug. 15. =76=Valencia, Aug. 14, 15. =76=Alvarez,
+Aug. 16, 17, 19, 22, 25. =76=To Alvarez, Aug. 14, 15. Ripley, War with
+Mexico, ii, 647 (Lee to Mason).
+
+Santa Anna's policy seems to have been wise. Any detachments that he
+could have thrown hastily in front of Worth must have consisted of
+inferior troops, and would no doubt have been routed. The last portion
+of the Chalco route was over ground which, though in part hilly,
+was firm (T. F. Davis, diary). The brush with Twiggs was greatly
+exaggerated by the Americans, some of whom estimated the enemy as
+12,000 strong, and felt that a victory was gained, whereas Alvarez had
+no intention of fighting, and did not come within musket range. It has
+been said (Ripley, War with Mexico, ii, 289) that Scott should have had
+the cavalry, Worth and Pillow advance without heavy baggage, and reach
+S. Agustin in twelve hours. But (1) there was a distinct advantage in
+keeping Worth's division intact, (2) Scott's van was less likely to be
+attacked than his rear, (3) Scott probably understood that Santa Anna
+intended to rely on his fortified positions, for he was well posted
+about affairs at the capital (=13=Thornton to Bankhead, June 14),
+nothing could be kept secret there, and Santa Anna's Plan was known to
+many, (4) Scott's judgment on the point was likely, especially in view
+of his fuller knowledge of the facts, to be better than Ripley's, and
+(5) it was justified by the event. The Chalco route was the one taken
+by Cortez (Gamboa, Impug., 38). In leaving Penon Viejo Santa Anna had
+money and provisions remain there for a prospective "distant march"
+(=76=to Herrera, Aug. 15). Whether this referred to a pursuit of the
+Americans or his own flight can only be guessed, but as the order was
+addressed to Herrera, one inclines to the former view.
+
+25.19. =52=Trist, no. 11, Aug. 14. Mexico a traves, iv, 672-3. Apuntes,
+220-2, 230. S. Anna, Detall, 11-2. =95=Notice to first alcalde, Aug.
+19. _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Apr., 1852. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 446.
+=73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 445, Mar. 2. =76=To Valencia, Aug. 14,
+15, 16. =76=To Lombardini, Aug. 14. =76=Valencia, Aug. 15, 16. =76=To
+Alvarez, Aug. 16. =76=Acuerdo, Aug. 16.
+
+
+XXVI. CONTRERAS, CHURUBUSCO
+
+26.1. The basis for distances is Smith and Hardcastle's map of the
+Valley (Sen. 11; 31, 1). A garita had to be a somewhat formal place,
+for municipal duties were levied and collected there, and some
+accommodations for the officials and the guards were necessary. The
+last word of "S. Antonio Abad" was commonly omitted. For the sake of
+distinction the Acapulco road will be called the "highway" and the road
+_via_ Tacubaya, San Angel and Ansaldo the "turnpike" (Trist's word for
+it). The name Contreras was applied by Americans to three places, to
+none of which it belonged. Contreras was a village on the turnpike
+some distance south of Padierna. San Agustin was also known as Tlalpam.
+
+26.2. August 14 Valencia's =76=return (_estado_) included 486 officers,
+5078 rank and file, 1447 horses, one siege 16-pounder, three siege
+12-pounders, five 8-inch (68-pound) howitzers and fifteen smaller guns.
+One of the guns was assigned to Torrejon and he saved it. Another small
+one disappeared. The name of the rounded hill where Valencia took post
+was Peloncoahutitlan.
+
+26.3. Valencia had one excuse, for very possibly he believed (in view
+of Santa Anna's delay at San Luis Potosi, abandonment of Tampico,
+apparent neglect of Vera Cruz, etc.) that the President traitorously
+intended to leave open a door by which Scott could reach the capital;
+but none the less he was a conscienceless conspirator and the mortal
+foe of Santa Anna, disgusted with subordination, and eager to overthrow
+his chief. His past conduct had been thoroughly suspicious, and his
+manifiesto of August 22 does not bear analysis well. To remove him
+would have seemed an act of jealousy, if not treason, and very likely
+have caused a mutiny. Santa Anna hoped that the national crisis would
+hold him in line for the time being. Besides, Santa Anna did not know
+precisely where Valencia proposed to make a stand (_Diario_, Sept.
+1). When he learned, he sent General Mora to reconnoitre the position
+(=76=to Valencia, August 19). Again, he could not afford to raise an
+issue with Valencia now, for the latter (doubtless with the help of
+his engineers) had divined Scott's plans better than the former, and
+undertaken to guard a quarter left open by the President. Finally it
+was quite possible that Santa Anna thought Valencia would be taught a
+lesson by the Americans. It is unnecessary to discuss the merits and
+disadvantages of Valencia's position, for they will appear plainly in
+the narrative (see Balbontin, Invasion, 110-11). Had the Americans
+been willing to do as he wished, the hill would have been entirely
+satisfactory. Of Valencia's intellectual quality the following specimen
+is suggestive: "Soldiers of Liberty, anarchy put out its head, but your
+arms drowned it in a moment."
+
+26.4. _Mexican preliminaries._ Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 304, 306 (Scott);
+348-9 (Smith); app., 80 (Alexander). Collins papers. =66=Lee to Smith,
+Aug. 21. Semmes, Service, 393. Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 276 (Longstreet);
+570. =224=Intercepted Letters (14, L. V. to M. O.; 26, to Old
+Gentleman). Apuntes, 221, 230-6. Balbontin, Invasion, 111. Gamboa,
+Impug., 41. =70="Guerra," no. 30 (F. Perez). Mexico a traves, iv,
+672-3, 677. Long, Memoirs, 54. _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Apr., 1852, pp.
+408-9. Latrobe, Rambler, 90. Sen. 19; 30, 2 (Hardcastle to Smith; Smith
+to Abert). Valencia, Manifiesto. Calderon, Life, i, 314. =178=Davis,
+diary. Prieto, Mems., ii, 213. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 534, res.,
+July 28. S. Anna, Apelacion, 51-2; app., 140-54, 157-60. _Id._, Detall,
+12. _Monitor Repub._, Dec. 17, 1847. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 276.
+Negrete, Invasion, iv, app., 279-83. =76=Acuerdo, Aug. 16. =76=To
+Lombardini, July 22. =76=To Alvarez, Aug. 21. =76=Zerecero, Aug. 25.
+=76=To Valencia, Aug. 16. =76=Expediente contra Valencia.
+
+The defences of Valencia's camp were somewhat extended later, but not
+enough to render them formidable.
+
+26.5. According to a topographical officer (Washington _Union_, Nov. 3,
+1847) the only route from San Agustin to Mexico of which the Americans
+knew when they reached the ground was the highway. This surprises one
+at first. But the turnpike beyond San Angel was a local road serving
+only a few farms, the small villages of San Geronimo and Contreras,
+and a manufacturing establishment near Contreras. It seemed to be
+of no strategic significance, and was not likely to be heard of at a
+distance. The fortifications along the highway were largely developed
+after Scott turned toward San Agustin. Valencia's movements were
+impromptu. Scott had an Englishman residing at Mexico in his pay, and
+we know that two persons brought data on Aug. 19 (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p.
+162). Apparently Scott did his duty as to seeking information.
+
+26.6. _American preliminaries._ Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 304, 307, 315,
+348-50 (reports of Scott, Worth and Smith); app., 41 (Mason); 66
+(Smith); 101 (Magruder); 118 (Cadwalader). Wilhelm, Eighth Inf., ii,
+307. _Picayune_, Sept. 8; Oct. 21. =66=Lee to Smith, Aug. 21. Semmes,
+Service, 380, 393. =224=Intercepted Letters (26, To Old Gentleman).
+Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 275. Grant, Mems., i, 142. Sen. 52; 30, 1,
+p. 188 (Trist, no. 12). =76=Expediente contra Valencia. =236=Judah,
+diary. Sen. 19; 30, 2 (Hardcastle to Smith). _Monitor Repub._, Dec. 17.
+_Diario_, Aug. 19.
+
+26.7. Quitman had only the Second Pennsylvania, the Marines, Steptoe's
+battery and a troop or two of dragoons (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 341); but
+Worth's division was available in case of need. See Claiborne, Quitman,
+i, 347.
+
+26.8. Pillow, as was decided by a court of inquiry (Sen. 65; 30, 1,
+pp. 332-45) on the testimony of such men as Lee (p. 78), Smith (p.
+102), Riley (p. 147) and Shields (p. 268), did not devise the plan on
+which this victory was gained; and when Lee brought word to Scott of
+Smith's plan he washed his hands of it (=335=Trist, draft of address;
+Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 333); but he had the audacity to claim that Smith
+merely executed the precise plans and views laid down by Pillow for
+his guidance (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1018). Pillow could claim the credit
+only on the ground that he was the senior officer on the field, and
+that Smith's operations were a logical consequence of the events; but
+Scott was the senior of Pillow, and all that occurred was--as Smith
+pointed out (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 104)--the logical consequence of
+Scott's order to gain possession of the San Angel road. The consensus
+of opinion was expressed by Twiggs: "General Smith deserves the whole
+credit" (Stevens, Stevens, i, 196). Moreover the famous letter signed
+"Leonidas"--prepared at Pillow's quarters doubtless with his connivance
+(Hitchcock in _Mo. Republican_, Oct. 2, 1857; _Republican Banner_,
+Feb. 23, 1858), conveyed by his agency (Davis, Autobiog., 285) to
+the New Orleans _Delta_, which published it Sept. 10 (chap. xxix,
+note 29.31), and fathered (when exposed) by an untruthful subordinate
+of his--"puffed" Pillow in the most extravagant manner for this
+"unparallelled victory," and represented Scott not only as leaving
+everything to Pillow but as blundering sadly. _E.g._ it said, "The
+army had been marching through marshes and almost impassable roads,
+nearly half around the city, to find some points upon the enemy's works
+that could be successfully assailed," the provisions had been nearly
+exhausted, and the mountains prevented going farther; Pillow's "plan
+of battle [at Contreras], and the disposition of his forces were most
+judicious," and he "achieved this signal and brilliant victory." (For
+the letter signed "Leonidas" see Sen. 65; 30, 1 (pp. 385-9, and the
+testimony of Pillow, Burns, Freaner, Trist); =335=Pillow to Trist, Aug.
+31, private; St. Louis _Evening News_, Oct. 2, 1857; chap. xxix, pp.
+435-7.)
+
+Pillow's design in having such a statement prepared and placed
+before the people in advance of the official reports was probably to
+influence public opinion in the United States so as to make him an
+available candidate for the Presidency or enable Polk to put him in
+Scott's place. As Pillow was known to have great influence with the
+President, and was an active, affable, plausible man, he naturally had
+a following; but the sentiment of the able and honest officers towards
+him was one of contempt. "The ass Pillow," "that consummate fool," said
+the future General D. H. Hill (diary) of Pillow as he showed himself
+on Aug. 19. A sensible Pennsylvanian wrote in his diary, Aug. 10, that
+Pillow was without question "the poorest and most unpopular" of the
+generals (Oswandel, Notes, 249). Col. W. B. Campbell characterized him
+as light, impetuous, of little military judgment and no skill (=139=to
+D. Campbell, Mar. 20, 28; Apr. 18, 25); and a correspondent of the
+future Gen. W. T. Sherman described him as "a mass of vanity, conceit,
+ignorance, ambition and want of truth" (=316=Judd, Feb. 26, 1848). The
+doings of the Pillow court of inquiry (Sen. 65; 30, 1) were carefully
+digested and analyzed by the author; but as the subject concerns only
+incidentally the history of the war, space cannot be taken to present
+this analysis.
+
+26.9. Valencia could see that retreat meant his personal ruin, and he
+preferred to argue that honor required him to hold his ground.
+
+26.10. Persifor F. Smith, a graduate from Princeton, was admitted
+to the bar at Philadelphia, practised law at New Orleans, and had
+considerable military experience in the Florida war. He was a simple,
+scholarly, unassuming man; but all ranks appreciated his ability,
+attainments, clear perception, valor, promptness and steadiness.
+
+26.11. _The battle of Contreras._ Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 303, etc.; app.,
+pp. 66, etc. (reports of Scott and his officers). S. Anna, Apelacion,
+52-5; app., 154-6, 160. _Id._, Detall, 12-4. _Picayune_, Sept. 8; Oct.
+21. =221=Hill, diary. =61=Twiggs to Marcy, Feb. 7, 1848. =66=Lee to
+Smith, Aug. 21, 1847. =60=Riley to Westcott, Nov. 30. Semmes, Service,
+381, 385, 392. =224=Intercepted letters (14, L. V. to M. O.; 25, note
+by E. A. H.; 28). Apuntes, 237-43. McSherry, El Puchero, 73, 76.
+Murphy, Hungerford, 99. _Delta_, Sept. 9; Nov. 12; Dec. 1. _Monitor
+Repub._, Sept. 27 (Salas); Dec. 12 (S. Anna). _Porvenir_, Aug. 26,
+supplem. (Valencia). =65=Scott, gen. orders 258. Balbontin, Invasion,
+111-8. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 276-8, 281. Ballentine, English Soldier,
+ii, 207, 218-20, 223-6, 228-9. Davis, Autobiog., 196-8. =66=Foster
+to Smith, Aug. 23. =66=McClellan to Smith, Aug. 23. =66=Beauregard
+to Smith, Aug. 25. =66=Tower to Smith, Aug. 25. =66=Mason to Smith,
+Aug. 24. Prieto, Mems., ii, 222-7. Lopez, Decimo Calendario, 58.
+=80=Olaguibel, Aug. 20-1. =199=Anon. MS. written by a person of
+importance. =307=Roberts, diary. Gamboa, Impug., 42-3. =350=Weber,
+recoils. =70="Guerra," no. 30 (F. Perez). Ramirez, Mexico, 298. Mexico
+a traves, iv, 677. =217=Henshaw to wife, Aug. 21. =327=Sutherland to
+father, Nov. 28. Jackson, Memoirs of Jackson, 41. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p.
+188. Long, Memoirs, 54-9. Wash. _Union_, Sept. 20. _Diario_, Aug.
+24; Sept. 1. _So. Mag._, July, 1874, p. 75. =204=Gouverneur, diary.
+=277=Burnett, statement. _United Service_, June, 1896 (Lane). Sen. 65;
+30, 1, pp. 62 (H. L. Scott); 68-9 (Williams); 72-4, 298, 300 (Gen.
+Scott); 75-9, 463 (Lee); 81-6 (Cadwalader); 97 (Deas); 99-106 (Smith);
+137-8 (Canby); 147-51 (Riley); 162 (Hooker); 180 (Hodge); 182-4, 188
+(Ripley); 208-9 (Rains); 230-1 (Beauregard); 232-3 (Hitchcock); 246
+(Morgan); 267 (Shields); 270 (Howard); 283, 286-7 (Twiggs); 334-5
+(verdict); 570. Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i, 174-9, 196. Carreno,
+Jefes, ccxc (Perez), ccxciv (Torrejon). _Niles_, Oct. 30, pp. 138-9.
+_Cong. Globe_, 34, 1, p. 105 (Foote). Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. Mag.,
+Mar. 6, 1908. Gimenez, Mems., 266. =291=Pierce to Appleton, Aug. 27.
+=291=Gardner to Canby, Aug. 30. =291=Pierce to Hooker, Aug. 22.
+Engineer School, U. S. A., Occas. Papers, No. 16. Valencia, Manifiesto.
+=178=Davis, diary. Stevens, Vindication, 4-7. Negrete, Invasion,
+iv, app., 281-3. =76=Tornel, Aug. 19. =76=Orders to Valencia, Aug.
+26. Kenly, Md. Vol., 421. =73=Lozano, No. 2., Aug. 24. =210=Bragg
+to Hammond, Dec. 20. =125=Bonham to wife, Aug. 24; to adj. gen.,
+Feb. 26, 1849. _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Apr., 1852, pp. 415-26. Calderon,
+Rectificaciones, 41. S. Anna, Mi Historia, 72-3. =112=Beauregard to
+Smith, Aug. 25. =76=Valencia, Aug. 19. =76=J. B. Argueelles, Aug. 22.
+=76=Alcorta to Alvarez, Aug. 21. =76=Alvarez, Aug. 21.
+
+REMARKS. This engagement was called by the Mexicans the battle of
+Padierna. At first Valencia had a reserve under Salas at Ansaldo, but
+he drew this in at about the time when the battle began. He then placed
+Torrejon's cavalry between Ansaldo and his main position. A turn in the
+road near his position enabled him to command the turnpike for some
+distance. For further details regarding his dispositions see Apuntes,
+236. During the afternoon of Aug. 19 the Ninth Infantry (Ransom)
+and a battalion of the Twelfth under Lieut. Col. Bonham crossed the
+ravine and remained about 200 yards from Valencia's camp until 9 or 10
+o'clock, partly occupying usefully Valencia's attention. When these
+troops retired, Mexicans attacked the guard at Padierna, but American
+reinforcements defeated them. R. E. Lee and G. B. McClellan helped
+set up Magruder's battery, and T. J. ("Stonewall") Jackson commanded
+one section of it a part of the time. These officers distinguished
+themselves highly. Riley understood he was "sent across the pedregal to
+cut off the retreat of the enemy and check reinforcements" (Sen. 65;
+30, 1, p. 148). When Smith moved to the right, he had Magruder resume
+firing to divert attention from that movement. Magruder's men tried
+to save themselves by falling flat at each Mexican discharge, and the
+ground sheltered them somewhat, yet fifteen were killed or wounded. His
+guns were withdrawn over the rocks after nightfall.
+
+It has been said with force that it would have been better had Scott
+been on the ground from the first. But he did not wish or expect to
+fight; no doubt he had much administrative work on hand; he was not
+far away; and he believed that his instructions to Pillow provided for
+all probable contingencies. It seems to be true that Pillow, a most
+plausible and insinuating talker, had gained a certain ascendency over
+him. Probably for this reason, as well as owing to his general wish
+to gratify his officers, Scott permitted Pillow to make statements in
+his report on the battle, which, as the trial of Pillow showed, ought
+not to have been there (=210=Bragg). Pillow later urged the point
+that Scott approved of his dispositions; but it was Scott's practice
+to accept what his officers did, and make the best of it. Scott was
+slightly wounded in the leg during the afternoon of August 19 but did
+not mention the incident at the time. Later the wound made him trouble.
+
+The Fifteenth Infantry (Morgan) did not act with the rest of Pierce's
+brigade on Aug. 19, for Pillow had detached it as a reserve. Pierce was
+injured by falling from his horse, and hence Col. Ransom took command
+of the brigade. Late in the afternoon Valencia placed a 4-pounder and
+two battalions of infantry on the turnpike toward Ansaldo to prevent
+more Americans from reaching San Geronimo (Balbontin, Invasion, 114),
+but this force accomplished nothing. At first he had thought the
+Americans crossing the pedregal in groups, partly concealed by the
+ground and trees, were mere scouting parties. It was found impossible
+at the Pillow trial to decide at just what time Scott arrived on the
+lookout hill (the lower summit of Zacatepec). The variation of careful
+witnesses was an hour and twenty-five minutes. Watches appear to have
+been out of order, and therefore one cannot be positive regarding the
+precise time of any event.
+
+Smith's plan to attack Santa Anna on Aug. 19 has been criticised as
+unsound (Claiborne, Quitman, i, 339, note). But he believed a repulse
+of Santa Anna would ensure the defeat of Valencia; he wanted to
+dispose of Santa Anna before his forces could become stronger; he did
+not wish (having no artillery) to let him cannonade at his leisure;
+and probably the situation of the American right appeared to require
+unusual boldness. Lee (=66=to J. L. Smith, Aug. 21) attached less
+importance to this operation. Tower (=66=to J. L. Smith, Aug. 25)
+said the inexperience of the new troops, particularly Cadwalader's,
+had something to do with leading Smith to give up the plan. Doubtless
+Pillow's fiasco, Aug. 19, tended to inflate Valencia's confidence and
+so to ensure his destruction. Valencia's artillery accomplished nothing
+against the Americans at San Geronimo, partly because the trees and
+rough ground hid and protected them, and partly because the guns he
+used were not very powerful. Smith supposed he was Shields's senior,
+and retained the command after the latter's arrival at San Geronimo.
+Shields refrained from claiming it, knowing that Smith had made
+preparations to attack and understood the situation best. Cadwalader,
+as well as Shields, outranked Smith; but doubtless he felt unequal to
+the situation, and he did not assert his rights. During the night the
+few houses at San Geronimo were required for the wounded.
+
+Santa Anna has been too much criticised for his course. Valencia did
+not see the Americans in force, Aug. 19, until after one o'clock, and
+we do not know how promptly he reported the fact. Santa Anna stated
+that at about two o'clock he received word from Valencia that cannon
+fire had begun. He was then at San Antonio, yet in about four hours he
+had a considerable force near San Geronimo. He reasonably hesitated
+about attacking an unknown number of Americans in an admirable
+defensive position. His cavalry could have done nothing in the ravines,
+lanes and woods which composed it, and his artillery little. Had he
+attacked, as he threatened to do, late on Aug. 19, he would have been
+beaten. After Riley joined him, Smith had about 3600 men (Sen. 65;
+30, 1, p. 105). Had Santa Anna advanced by the turnpike he would have
+exposed his flank to Smith. Valencia had got himself into a hopeless
+impasse, and the best thing he could have done was to tear himself out
+of it, as Santa Anna ordered. Santa Anna sent orders to Perez in the
+afternoon to help Valencia, but overtaking that brigade (which had set
+out for the purpose) took charge of it. Shields brought about 600 men
+(Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 344).
+
+Smith's plan of attack against Valencia was not perfectly safe, for,
+as Napoleon said, the ground of a night attack should be thoroughly
+known; but the circumstances warranted the risk. Friday morning Tower,
+who had discovered the ravine (=66=Tower to J. L. Smith, Aug. 25), led
+Riley's brigade, and Beauregard led Smith's. As soon as Valencia was
+routed, orders were given to complete the road begun Aug. 19, but this
+was soon found to be unnecessary. The Fifteenth regiment, on account
+of its distance from Riley, reached Valencia's camp too late to take
+part in the battle. It should be remembered that Smith's troops did not
+know of the demoralization of the Mexicans, and expected to find them
+elated and confident. Apparently Shields made a mistake in leaving
+San Geronimo to go to the road on Friday morning, but the mistake was
+natural. Valencia went to Toluca with a few troops. He was notified
+to present himself for trial, which would have meant death. Some
+irregulars made a trivial attack upon Quitman (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 347),
+but Alvarez's troops did not come near San Agustin. Twiggs had a lame
+foot at this time, and he was not under fire Aug. 19. Brookes (Brooks)
+was on his staff.
+
+Ripley (War with Mexico ii, 291) intimates that Scott sent Pillow and
+Twiggs forward, Aug. 19, without taking much into account Valencia's
+army and cannon, and permitted the Mexicans to open the battle when
+they pleased. This seems careless on Scott's part; but, as the text
+shows, Scott did not know Valencia had marched to Padierna, and had
+no reason to suppose (particularly in view of the threat against S.
+Antonio) that large Mexican forces would be there. Ripley suggests (p.
+292) that it was improper to let Valencia see the road-building, learn
+the Americans were moving that way, and prepare to receive them; but
+road-building ceased when the Americans came in view of Valencia, and
+after that time he had little opportunity for preparations. Ripley
+complains (p. 293) that it was confusing to have Twiggs open the
+battle, Pillow take charge of it, and Scott supersede Pillow; but it
+is not customary for the general-in-chief to ride at the head of his
+forces on a road-building expedition, and under the circumstances
+the above arrangement was natural. He remarks (p. 297) that Riley's
+reconnoitring with a view to assaulting Valencia's rear proves that he
+understood his mission was more than to occupy S. Geronimo and await
+orders [_i.e._ understood that Pillow sent him to do what Smith did];
+but Riley testified that he had no such understanding, and reconnoitred
+on his own responsibility to obtain information that might prove useful
+(Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 147-8). Ripley, in his efforts to sustain Pillow's
+claims, says (p. 297) that Riley fell back because of his "believing
+himself unsupported," yet says that Riley "relied" on being supported.
+He explains (p. 298) Pillow's not informing Riley of the despatch of
+Cadwalader by saying that a single mounted officer could not cross the
+pedregal; but an officer could cross on foot, and all or most of the
+officers were afoot (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 304). Rives (U. S. and Mexico,
+ii, 488) observes that placing four brigades successively between
+superior forces of the enemy involved a great risk; but it should be
+remembered not only that it was worth while to take the risk and that
+the American troops were of superior quality, but that Santa Anna was
+not present when Riley went to S. Geronimo, Valencia could not see what
+was taking place in that quarter, he was expecting a frontal attack all
+the afternoon, S. Geronimo was a splendid defensive position, and the
+Mexicans could not see how large forces occupied it.
+
+Had Santa Anna and Valencia cooperated with judgment and good-will,
+Scott's army would perhaps have been crushed; but had the Mexicans been
+sensible and patriotic, we should have had no war. How much Scott knew
+about the mutual relations of Santa Anna and Valencia one cannot say,
+but in all probability he was well informed regarding them. As scarcely
+needs to be pointed out, this battle and that of Churubusco had a great
+effect in discouraging, not merely the Mexicans in the vicinity but
+those at a distance. Men intending to fight or to provide money drew
+back at once (_e.g._ =76=Isunza, Aug. 24).
+
+26.12. _Santa Anna's course after the battle of Contreras._ Sen. 19;
+30, 2 (Smith to Abert). =224=Intercepted letters (14, L. V. to M. O.;
+22, diary; 23, narrative; 26, to Old Gentleman). Apuntes, 209-10,
+241, 244, 250-4. Semmes, Service, 396-7. _Picayune_, Oct. 8. Sen. 1;
+30, 1, pp. 306, 315, 325; app., 69 (reports of Scott and others). S.
+Anna, Apelacion, 53 _Id._, Detail, 14-5. Balbontin, Invasion, 120-1.
+=217=Henshaw to wife, Aug. 21. =61=Huger, Aug. 22. =70="Guerra," no. 30
+(F. Perez, Rangel, Argueelles, Zenea). Mexico a traves, iv, 678. Wash.
+_Union_, Nov. 3. _Diario_, Sept. 1, 2. _Monitor Repub._, Oct. 24; Dec.
+13, 17. Carreno, Jefes, ccxc (Perez), ccciv, cccvi. Negrete, Invasion,
+iii, app., 446; iv, app., 283-4. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 295. Remarks
+on Mason and Hardcastle's Plan of Worth's operations (Sen. 1; 30,
+1). =76=Report of losses, Churubusco, Aug. 21. =76=Rincon, Aug. 20.
+=76=Argueelles, Aug. 22. =76=Rincon to S. Anna, Aug. 26.
+
+26.13. To guard against contingencies Scott had ordered Worth with
+Garland's brigade and Quitman with his troops to proceed toward San
+Geronimo on Friday morning, leaving San Agustin guarded by Harney (Sen.
+1; 30, 1, pp. 306-7). This has been thought risky. But Scott had no
+doubt learned from Lee that Santa Anna was operating in the vicinity
+of San Geronimo, where was evidently the critical field, and hence
+probably he felt that there was little danger of an attack upon San
+Agustin that Harney aided, if necessary, by Clarke's brigade (not far
+distant) could not meet.
+
+26.14. _Scott's course after the battle of Contreras._ Sen. 1; 30,
+1, pp. 306-9, 338, 344; app., 36 (reports of Scott, Pillow, Shields,
+Kearny). Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 278, 281-2. Davis, Autobiog., 199.
+_Picayune_, Sept. 8. =66=Lee to Smith, Aug. 21. =335=Trist, draft of
+address. Wash. _Union_, Sept. 15. Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 74, 632 (Scott);
+77 (Lee). _So. Qtrly. Review_, July, 1852, pp. 81-2. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p.
+1018 (Scott). Smith, To Mexico, 199.
+
+26.15. _Worth's operations at Churubusco._ Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 306, 315,
+333; app., 36,41-2,44-65 (reports of Scott and officers). =221=Hill,
+diary. =68=Bonneville court-martial (testimony of Hoffman, Nelson,
+Pemberton, Worth, Armistead, Ruggles, etc.). =335=Trist, draft of
+address. Semmes, Service, 394-400. Sen. 19; 30, 2 (Smith to Abert).
+Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 464 (Lee). =224=Intercepted letters (14, L. V. to M.
+O.; 23, narrative; 26, to Old Gentleman). Apuntes, 244-6. _Picayune_,
+Sept. 22; Oct 8. _Delta_, Sept. 26. =76=Zerecero to Guerra, Aug. 25.
+=76=Rincon to S. Anna, Aug. 26. Balbontin, Invasion, 120-2. Hitchcock,
+Fifty Years, 278, 282. =260=Henshaw, comments on map. Stevens, Stevens,
+i, 198. =61=Huger, report, Aug. 22. =65=Scott, gen. orders 327, Oct.
+28. Gamboa, Impug., 47. =70="Guerra," no. 30 (Perez, Perdigon Garay).
+Ramirez, Mexico, 299-301. =73=Lozano, no. 2, Aug. 24. =236=Judah,
+diary. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1018 (Scott); 1076 (Hoffman). Carreno, Jefes,
+cccvi (Perez). _So. Qtrly. Review_, July, 1852, pp. 82-4, 90-1. Lawton,
+Artill. Officer, 294-5, 298. Smith, To Mexico, 199-202. Negrete,
+Invasion, iv, app., 284. S. Anna, Detall, 15. _Monitor Repub._, Dec. 17.
+
+26.16. _Twiggs's operations._ Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 306, 315, 322,
+325, 348, etc.; app., 69-82, 85-8, 96-7, etc. (reports of Scott and
+officers). =221=Hill, diary. =12=Caryton to Lambert, Sept. 1. Apuntes,
+246, 250-3. Ballentine, Eng. Sold., ii, 230. =66=Stevens to Smith, Aug.
+24. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 98 (H. L. Scott). Stevens, Stevens, i, 180-4,
+199. Stevens, Vindic., 4-7. Carreno, Jefes, 29. Michigan Pioneer Soc.
+Colls., ii, 173; vii, 117. _So. Qtrly. Review_, July, 1852, pp. 87-90.
+Engineer School, U. S. A., Occas. Papers, no. 16. _Journ. Milit. Serv.
+Instit._, xvii (Van Deusen). =76=Argueelles, Aug. 22. =76=Rincon to S.
+Anna, Aug. 26. Davis, Autobiog., 199. =70="Guerra," no. 30 (G. Perez).
+Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 447. Calderon, Rectificaciones, 43. S.
+Anna, Mi Historia, 73-4. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 278-9, 282.
+
+26.17. _Shields's operations._ Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 303, 306, 315,
+325, 333, 342; app., 76, 106, 113, 118, 128, 130-4 (reports of Scott
+and officers). =66=Lee to Smith, Aug. 21. Claiborne, Quitman, i,
+342-3. City of Charleston, Year Book, 1883, p. 523. =303=Shields to
+Quitman, Aug. 21. =221=Hill, diary. =335=Trist, draft of address.
+Semmes, Service, 402. =224=Intercepted letters (22, diary; 25, to
+E.). Hawthorne, Pierce, 100. Apuntes, 246-7. Murphy, Hungerford,
+102. =76=Zerecero to Guerra, Aug. 25. Balbontin, Invasion, 121-2.
+Davis, Autobiog., 200-1, 286. =70="Guerra," no. 30 (F. Perez).
+Stevens, Stevens, i, 198. Ramirez, Mexico, 300. Carreno, Jefes, ccxciv
+(Torrejon), cccvii (Perez). =170=Crooker to mother, Sept. 1. _So.
+Qtrly. Review_, July, 1852, pp. 93-9. Oil painting of Butler: sen.
+chamber, Columbia, S. C. Sen. 19; 30, 2 (Smith to Abert). =291=Pierce
+to Appleton, Aug. 27. _Monitor Repub._, Dec. 17. =125=Bonham to adj.
+gen., June 15, 1848. _Nat. Intelligencer_, Jan. 3, 1848. Stevens,
+Vindication, 4-7. Negrete, Invasion, iv, app., 285. =277=Burnett,
+statement. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 279. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 464. S.
+Anna, Detall, 15.
+
+26.18. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 306, 315, 325, etc.; app., 35, 42, 46, 49,
+64, 77, 127, etc. (reports of Scott and officers). Semmes, Service,
+397, 401-2. =224=Intercepted letters (17, J. U. to J. P. F.). Apuntes,
+254-8. =76=Argueelles, Aug. 22. =76=Rincon to S. Anna, Aug. 26.
+Balbontin, Invasion, 122. Ballentine, Eng. Sold., ii, 233. Carreno,
+Jefes, cccvii (Perez). _Niles_, Jan. 22, 1848, p. 323.
+
+26.19. S. Anna, Detall, 15-6. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 313, 318, 340, 347;
+app., p. 36 (reports of Scott and officers). _Picayune_, Oct. 21.
+Apuntes, 247. Charleston _Courier_, Oct. 2. Balbontin, Invasion, 123.
+Fate of F. D. Mills. Grant, Mems., i, 146. Davis, Autobiog., 202.
+=223=Hirschorn, recolls. De Peyster, Kearny, 140, 142-5. _Journ. U. S.
+Cavalry Assoc._, Mar., 1911, p. 841. Ramsey, Other Side, 287, note.
+Negrete, Invasion, iv, app., 285-6.
+
+REMARKS ON THE BATTLE OF CHURUBUSCO. The active fortifying of the
+convent did not begin until the afternoon of Aug. 18 (=76=Rincon
+to S. Anna, Aug. 26); one gun arrived there on the morning of the
+twentieth and the rest were left by Santa Anna later that day (Apuntes,
+252); and hence Scott could not well have learned from spies what
+the situation was in that quarter. It is bootless to say (Calderon,
+Rectificaciones, 43) that Santa Anna should have prevented Scott from
+reaching Coyoacan. Neither he nor his army was in a condition to fight
+without fortifications, and they could not have stopped the Americans
+anywhere if not at Churubusco. On the Mexican right at the convent
+were two 8-pounders and a 4-pounder; in embrasures at the front, an
+8-pounder and a 4-pounder; _en barbette_ at the left an 8-pounder; and
+in an embrasure defending the left flank a 6-pounder. A detachment
+of the Independencia battalion under Penunuri occupied Coyoacan when
+the Americans approached, and retired with some loss. The fight at
+Churubusco convent was actually begun by the Mounted Rifles, but their
+orders were merely to escort the reconnoitring party, and the First
+Artillery was expected to clear the way by turning the supposed one-gun
+battery (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 330). Riley had only the Second and Seventh
+Infantry at Churubusco. The Fourth Artillery was on guard at Valencia's
+camp. Scott ordered that Worth should attack and turn San Antonio
+after finding the Americans were in its rear, but when he sent Lee to
+give the signal to Worth, Lee found Worth had already done this.
+
+Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 250-1) says that Scott ordered Pillow
+to do what Twiggs did and _vice versa_. But (1) nothing of this is
+found in Scott's or Pillow's report; (2) Scott would not have been
+likely to order two bitter enemies (Worth and Twiggs) to cooperate
+in an indefinite manner, and (3) H. L. Scott testified at the Pillow
+trial that he carried from Gen. Scott to Twiggs the order to attack
+the convent (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 98). Davis, Shields's aide, says on
+the other hand (Autobiog., 199) that Scott knew by reconnaissances of
+a remarkably strong fortification at Churubusco, and ordered Twiggs
+to take the route actually taken by Shields. But (1) Davis's first
+statement is not correct; (2) Scott was at Coyoacan, where the roads
+forked, and would have recalled Twiggs, had he seen that officer take
+the wrong road; (3) Scott felt in haste to strike the retreating
+Mexicans, and the quickest way to do that was apparently by the road to
+Churubusco; and (4) H. L. Scott's testimony, supported by the reports
+of Gens. Scott and Twiggs, seems to be decisive. Davis's account
+contains other errors, and appears to have been written long afterwards
+from memory.
+
+What Scott intended to do after concentrating we do not know. Probably,
+as was his custom, he held several plans in suspense, awaiting
+developments and fuller information regarding the enemy, which the
+delay expected in Worth's operations would have given him time to
+acquire. But his promptness in sending off Pierce and Shields, and
+his attempt to hold back one of Smith's and one of Pierce's brigades,
+suggest that he aimed to get behind Santa Anna himself and force
+a decisive battle. Gen. U. S. Grant endorsed Scott's strategy at
+Churubusco as faultless and said the engineers served him perfectly
+(Mems., i, 145); but Stevens's confession is decisive on both points
+(Stevens, Stevens, i, 180, 184, 196, 199). Stevens states expressly
+that Scott had intended to reconnoitre before attacking at Churubusco.
+
+Worth's attacking the bridge without reconnoitring was mainly due to
+over-confidence and eagerness; but the intense ambition and rivalry of
+Worth and Twiggs probably had something to do with the undue haste of
+both. Of course Semmes (Service, 398, 446) asserts that Worth advanced
+with deliberation and reconnoitred the bridgehead, but the evidence,
+especially that given at the trial of Major Bonneville, is decisively
+against him. Ripley, on the other hand, states that a reconnaissance
+was not practicable (War with Mexico, ii, 267); but while a complete
+reconnaissance could not be made, the cornfields on the right would
+have enabled an officer to advance unseen, and at a glance learn
+something regarding the obstacle in front. This would have been to
+save, not lose, time.
+
+Scott was accused of having no plan and leaving his generals to attack
+as they saw fit, and was criticized especially for fighting to gain
+a road neither needed nor used by him, from which the enemy could
+easily have been manoeuvred, had they cared to hold it (Roa Barcena,
+Recuerdos, 378); but the text explains these apparent errors. The
+battle was, however, in effect a blunder, even though not chargeable
+to Scott as such. Still, the ardor of the army was something not to be
+thrown away by delaying, and the promptness of the Americans prevented
+Santa Anna from completing his preparations. (Greene, Russian Army,
+433: Excessive prudence has a bad effect on the morale of the men.)
+Perhaps Scott gained as much as he lost in this way. Moreover, had
+he manoeuvred the Mexicans out of Churubusco, it would have been
+necessary to fight them elsewhere, when they would probably have been
+more ready to fight; the moral effect of this victory on both armies
+would not have been gained; and our military annals would not have
+contained this page. The moral effect on the Mexicans, however, was
+largely offset by pride in the stubborn resistance they had offered,
+and by the armistice that Scott immediately offered. One could not
+always determine just where firing, heard from a distance, was taking
+place. Probably for this reason we have inconsistent reports that make
+it impossible to determine precisely where and when the battle began.
+The Sixth Infantry, moving toward the bridge a considerable distance
+in advance of Worth himself, were said to have received the first fire
+from the convent (Hoffman: Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1076), but Scott reported
+that the attack upon the convent began some time before that upon the
+bridgehead. Stevens (I. I. Stevens, 198) supports him. The writer in
+"Apuntes" says that Worth was checked by ammunition wagons in the road,
+and that Santa Anna, seeing this, recalled Perez to defend the bridge;
+but the wagons appear to have caused no such delay as this writer
+assumed. The rest of Santa Anna's force (which this writer says kept
+on towards Mexico) was mainly cavalry, and presumably this cavalry
+assisted in flanking Shields. Brev. Lieut. Col. C. F. Smith's battalion
+consisted of two companies from the Second Artillery, one from the
+Fifth Infantry and one from the Eighth Infantry (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 316).
+
+The Fifteenth, but only one battalion (commanded by Capt. Wood) of the
+Twelfth Infantry was with Pierce, and a battery of mountain howitzers.
+Pierce, who had been thrown from his horse the day before, fainted
+and fell out before coming into action, so Shields commanded both
+brigades. Lee was the engineer officer with Shields. Seeing the need
+of more troops, he went back to Scott and obtained the Mounted Rifles
+and a troop of the Second Dragoons, but these men did not reach the
+spot in time to fight. Scott has been criticized for not sending a
+stronger force in this direction; but in fact he did not even retain
+an escort, and the Rifles were Twiggs's reserve (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p.
+309). The South Carolina regiment, commonly known as the "Palmettoes,"
+was made up of superior material. Men fit to be officers were in the
+ranks. Shields's movement was partly based on a misapprehension, for
+the Mexicans could retreat from Churubusco _via_ Mexicaltzingo; but
+anyhow it was wise to aid the frontal attack on the bridge by applying
+pressure on the flank. Shields seems to have marched too far north to
+cooperate effectively with the attack upon the bridgehead. Presumably
+he did so in order to reach Santa Anna's rear. The combined effect of
+this movement and the outflanking of the Mexican left was to extend the
+American line enormously, and expose it to a (happily very improbable)
+counter-attack. At about three o'clock the Americans were in three
+sections, badly separated by distance or by the enemy, while the
+Mexicans, besides fighting behind strong defences, were all actually or
+virtually in touch one with another, and able to give mutual support.
+
+Shields naturally overestimated the numbers opposed to him. Perhaps
+the Victoria and Hidalgo battalions from San Antonio passed along the
+highway to Mexico at this time. They would not fight. They thought
+hunger, sunburn and blistered feet bad enough. The Americans believed
+that they fought at least 32,000 men on Aug. 20 (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p.
+313); but this was a great exaggeration. Rangel's brigade was in
+town; Alvarez's was far away; and there must have been a large number
+of soldiers guarding the fortifications, and attending to the general
+requirements of the service. The number fighting that day on the
+Mexican side seems to have been about 16,000, though Mexican authors
+have tried to reduce it to 12,000 or 13,000 (_e.g._ Roa Barcena,
+Recuerdos, 375).
+
+Scott's dragoons were divided and assigned to special duties at this
+time (Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 38). Pillow and a part of his troops joined
+Worth, but figured very little in reports of the fighting. The Eleventh
+and Fourteenth Infantry attempted to cut the Mexican line from the
+bridge to the convent, but on account of the heavy fire were ordered to
+lie down. Col. Andrews explained that his regiment (Voltigeurs) came
+up later than Worth's division, and could not fire without endangering
+troops ahead of him (Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 122); but this is not
+convincing, for he must have left Coyoacan at about noon, and there was
+room enough at the front.
+
+It was stated at Puebla in October, 1847, that 260 Americans fought
+with the Mexicans at Churubusco (_Flag of Freedom_, i, no. 1). Some of
+these men cut their way through (=70="Guerra," no. 30, Perdigon Garay),
+and reached Mexico (_ibid._, Rangel). Some eighty appear to have been
+captured. They were fairly tried. A number were found not guilty of
+deserting, and were released. About fifteen (Hartman, Journal, 18), who
+had deserted before the declaration of war, were merely branded with a
+"D," and fifty of those taken at Churubusco were executed (=65=Scott,
+gen. orders 296). There was bitter complaint because any were spared,
+but Scott declared he would rather be put to the sword with his whole
+army than do an injustice in the matter (Davis, Autobiog., 226), and
+urged the courts to find grounds for reducing the number of executions
+(=335=notes on letter to Ho. of Repres.). It was said that more than
+once the American deserters killed Mexicans who tried to raise a
+white flag at the convent. For the deserters and their fate consult:
+=12=Caryton to Lambert, Sept. 1; _Picayune_, Sept. 8; Sen. 1; 30, 1,
+pp. 319, 344; Ballentine, Eng. Sold., ii, 230; =70="Guerra," no. 30
+(Rangel, Perdigon Garay); Judah, diary; _Amer. Star_, Mexico, Sept. 20;
+_Diario_, Sept. 2; _Flag of Freedom_, Puebla, i, no. 1; =178=Davis,
+diary; Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 452; Hartman, Journal, 17-8;
+Scott, =65=gen. orders 281-3; Davis, Autobiog., 224-7). Hancock and
+Longstreet, destined to be on opposite sides at Gettysburg, here fought
+together. Twiggs was at this time under fire (Stevens, Stevens, i,
+199). Rives (U. S. and Mexico, ii, 493) explains the stiff defence of
+the convent as due to the presence of "men of Spanish (not Indian)
+descent"; but (1) the Victoria and Hidalgo battalions, which would not
+fight (_supra_) were still more truly "Spanish" (vol. ii, p. 3), and
+(2) the nearly worthless officers were always of such descent.
+
+26.20. Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 465, 478. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 313-4, 348,
+384. Ho. 24; 31, 1. =76=Rincon to S. Anna, Aug. 26. =76=Quijano, Sept.
+3. =76=Olaguibel, Aug. 27. Ramirez, Mexico, 299. _Monitor Repub._, Dec.
+17 (S.Anna). =76=Alcorta, Aug. 30. =12=Caryton to Lambert, Sept. 1.
+Semmes, Service, 408. =76=Report, Aug. 21. =224=Intercepted letters,
+_passim_. =76=Cuerpo Medico, report, Aug. 24.
+
+26.21. Mich. Pioneer Soc. Colls., ii, 173. Stevens, Stevens, i, 199.
+Encarnacion Prisoners, 55. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 278-80. Sen. 1; 30,
+1, p. 331. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 464 (Lee). Apuntes, 247. Roa Barcena,
+Recuerdos, 377.
+
+
+XXVII. NEGOTIATIONS
+
+27.1. _The American situation after the battles of Aug. 20._
+=260=Henshaw, comments on map. =61=Trousdale, Aug. 22. =217=Henshaw
+to wife, Aug. 21, etc. =218=Henshaw narrative. Vedette, vii, no.
+9 (Toll). St. Louis _Republican_, Sept. 27. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 314
+(Scott). Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 284-5, 294. McSherry, El Puchero, 88,
+100. =364=Worth to daughter, Sept. 2. =61=N. C. to Elizabeth Miller,
+Nov. 30. Semmes, Service, 413. London _Chronicle_, Nov. 12. N. Y.
+_Herald_, Feb. 5, 1848 (Pierce). =236=Judah, diary. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p.
+129 (Scott). Semi-weekly N. Y. _Courier and Enquirer_, Mar. 1, 1848.
+=358=Williams to father, Oct. 1. =291=Pierce to wife, Aug. 23. Davis,
+Autobiography, 189. =350=Weber, recolls. =303=Shields to Quitman, Aug.
+21. =221=Hill, diary. =68=Scott's statement to court of inquiry, Apr.
+17, 1848. Gamboa, Impug., 49. _Picayune_, Sept. 9. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p.
+460 (Turnbull).
+
+Semmes (Service, 413) says that eventually Scott had to disperse the
+elements of peace, and incorrectly adds that they seemed to reassemble
+all the more rapidly. But Scott had reason to believe that what it
+required months to do later could be done now in only a few weeks. He
+reported that understanding his nation's desire for peace and "Willing
+to leave something to this republic--of no immediate value to us--on
+which to rest her pride, and to recover temper--I halted our victorious
+corps at the gates of the city" (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 314). Even the
+fiery Worth deemed it best not to enter Mexico at this time (=364=to
+daughter, Sept. 2).
+
+27.2. =108=Marcy to Bancroft, Apr. 28. Polk, Messages, May 11; June 16,
+1846; Feb. 10, 1847 (Richardson, iv, 437, 451, 511). Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp.
+328 (Scott); 334 (Marcy). =297=Benton MS. (with Polk's notes) received
+by Polk, July 4, 1846. =69=Worth to Bliss, Nov. 29; Dec. 14, 1846.
+
+27.3. Bankhead reported, Oct. 10, 1846, that he was weary of arguing in
+favor of treating with the United States; that the dominant faction,
+positively refusing to negotiate, were crying, "A levy of 40,000 and
+make terms only on the other side of the Nueces!"
+
+27.4. _The overture of July, 1846._ Sen. 107; 29, 2, pp. 1-3. Sen.
+1; 29, 2, pp. 43-4. =13=Pakenham, nos. 93, July 13; 107, Aug. 13;
+119, Sept. 28; 130, Nov. 12, 1846. =13=Bankhead to Pakenham, Oct.
+10. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, June 13. _Locomotor_, June 27. =158=Cobb
+to wife, June 4. _National_, June 22. _Pregonero_, June 11. _Monitor
+Repub._, June 22. =162=Buchanan to Conner, Oct. 1. =162=Conner, July
+19. =13=Bankhead, nos. 92, 104, 105, June 29; July 30; 125, Aug. 31;
+128-30, Sept. 7, 1846. Rejon to Buchanan, Aug. 31 (in Memoria de ...
+Relaciones, 1846). Polk, Diary, Sept. 19, 20, 26. Buchanan, Works
+(Moore), vii, 40, 82, 87. _Indicador_, Aug. 27. _Nat. Intelligencer_,
+Sept. 28. _Diario_, Dec. 6, 13, 25. =52=Black, May 21; June 9; July 4.
+=166=_Id._ to Conner, July 9; Aug. 1. =166=Pommares to Gregory, July
+2. =166=_Id._ to Conner, July 4, 21; Aug. 12. Reeves, Amer. Diplomacy,
+298. Polk, Message, Dec. 8 (Richardson, iv, 494). =297=Mackenzie, July
+7. =76=Comandante, V. Cruz, Aug. 26. See vol. i, pp. 217, 502, 504.
+
+Sept. 26 Buchanan replied to Rejon that the United States did not wish
+to ignore in the _peace negotiations_ the causes of the war, since to
+do that would be to abandon the just claims of the United States (Polk,
+Diary, Sept. 26; Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 44). The necessity of explaining
+his previous despatch illustrated once more the Mexican superiority in
+diplomatic fencing. Buchanan added that delay would make it the harder
+to end the conflict. Polk regarded the Mexican reply as a refusal
+to treat (Diary, Sept. 19). In consequence he proposed aggressive
+operations in Tamaulipas (chap. xiii, p. 263) and the imposition of
+contributions in lieu of paying for needed supplies (chap. xxxiii, p.
+264). Buchanan, however, directed Conner to notify Slidell, who was
+still on waiting orders at New Orleans, whenever the Mexican government
+should announce that it was "disposed" to treat (=162=Oct. 1).
+
+27.5. Polk, Diary, July 26, 30, 31; Aug. 1, 4, 7, 8, 10, 1846. _Id._ to
+Senate, Aug. 4, 8 (Richardson, Messages, iv, 456, 466). _Id._, Message,
+Dec. 8, 1846 (_ib._, 494-5). Benton, View, ii, 681-2. _Cong. Globe_,
+29, 1, pp. 1211-21. See also the long debates on the subject in Senate
+and House, Jan. and Feb., 1847 (_Cong. Globe_). Von Holst, United
+States, iii, 293. Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 40, note, 45 (Sevier),
+60 (Cass). Boston _Atlas_, Feb. 17, 1847. =13=Mora to Palmerston, May
+26, 1847. _Diario_, May 24; June 8, 1847. _Republicano_, June 11,
+1847. =13=Thornton to Bankhead, June 14, 1847. (Consul Black notified)
+=13=Pakenham, no. 40, Mar. 29, 1847. Wash. _Union_, Aug. 12, 1846.
+=108=Polk to Bancroft, Jan. 30, 1847. _Daily Telegraph_, Oct. 16, 1852.
+
+The request for two millions apparently grew out of the negotiation
+with Santa Anna; see chap. ix, note 9.38. Polk's object was probably to
+be able to supply funds promptly to the Mexican administration making
+a treaty, and to satisfy it that it would be able to gain the needful
+military support. The three millions could not be used until after
+Mexico should have ratified the treaty (Benton, Abr. Deb., xvi, 46
+(Berrien), 60 (Cass); Washington _Telegraph_, Oct. 18, 1852), and the
+government was required to account for the expenditure of the money (U.
+S. Stat. at Large, ix, 174; Benton, Abr. Deb., xvi, 45). An improper
+use of it was therefore impossible.
+
+27.6. _The overture of January, 1847._ Ho. 85; 29, 2. Washington
+_Union_, Oct. 9, 1846 (N. Y.); Apr. 22; June 11, 1847. =162=Matson to
+Conner, Feb. 20, 1847. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 36-7. =162=Conner to wife,
+Feb. 17. =132=Benton to Buchanan, Jan. 14. =132=Atocha to Buchanan,
+July 3. =132=Buchanan to Atocha, Jan. 18; to Scott and Perry, Apr. 23.
+_Niles_, May 1, p. 129; May 15, p. 162. Von Holst, United States, iii,
+332. _Courrier des Etats Unis_, Aug. 15, 1846. Buchanan, Works (Moore),
+vii, 198, 211. =13=Bankhead, nos. 141, Sept. 29, 1846; 16, Mar. 2,
+1847. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 444, res., Mar. 1. Tributo a la
+Verdad, 26. =58=Dobson, Feb. 14. _Epoca_, Feb. 23. =86=Gefe V. C. dept.
+to gov., Feb. 9. _Don Simplicio_, Feb. 17. _Diario_, Aug. 18. Webster,
+Writings, ix, 158. =52=Black, Feb. 24. =13=Pakenham, nos. 107, Aug. 13,
+1846; 40, Mar. 29; 56, Apr. 28, 1847. _Nat. Intelligencer_, June 10,
+1845; May 3, 1847. =52=Shannon to Cuevas, Mar. 1, 1845. =69=A clipping
+from _Republicano_. Polk, Diary, Nov. 7, 1846; Jan. 12-19; Mar. 20,
+1847. _Picayune_, May 6, 1847. _Delta_, Mar. 13. =76=Morales, Feb. 9.
+
+At Atocha's suggestion the American commissioners were to have power
+to suspend hostilities after actually meeting Mexican commissioners.
+Such was Webster's idea (Writings, ix, 158). The plan would have given
+Mexico a fine opportunity to protract the negotiations, let our war
+expenses accumulate, and cause our war spirit to languish. The Mexican
+reply said that the Texas affair [besides being atrocious in itself]
+was "a cover to ulterior designs, which now stand disclosed" (Sen.
+1; 30, =1=, p. 37). The failure of the overture naturally angered
+Polk, and he declared for a most energetic military movement against
+the capital (Diary, Mar. 20). In April Atocha, who loved to represent
+himself as "sole agent for Santa Anna's gamecocks and all, and his
+particular friend in every respect" (=162=Conner, Feb. 17), returned
+to Mexico ostensibly on private business, but with =132=letters of
+introduction from the government to Scott, Shields and Perry. "O God",
+exclaimed _El Republicano_, "send unto us shells, rifles, shot and
+every kind of projectiles and misfortunes; burn and destroy us, reduce
+us to ashes, annihilate us, but ... permit not that Atocha be the
+broker of a treaty of peace!"
+
+27.7. _The Mexican attitude._ Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 190, 205-12
+(Trist), 174. _Picayune_, May 12; July 8; Oct. 15, 17. Apuntes, 264.
+=13=Bankhead, nos. 42-3, Apr. 30; 58, May 29; 83, Aug. 29. Polk,
+Diary, Apr. 16. Ramirez, Mexico, 224, 234, 239, 248, 263, 271, 275.
+Meade, Letters, i, 180. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 44. Mexico en 1847, 34.
+=77=Undated clipping from N. Y. _Sun_ describing a Mexican society
+to promote annexation to U. S. =47=Mexican letter, Orizaba, [Sept.,
+1847]. =13=Pakenham, no. 40, Mar. 29. =13=Bankhead to Pak., Oct.
+10, 1846. Semmes, Service, 426. =335=Belton to Hitchcock, Aug. 23.
+Ocampo, Obras, 263. _Republicano_, Oct. 24, 1846; May 8, 11; June 9,
+11, 1847. _Esperanza_, Aug. 8, 1846. _Eco de Tampico_, Nov. 11, 1846.
+_Zempoalteca_, July 15, 1847. =80=Speaker in Mexico legislature, Apr.
+21. London _Times_, July 15; Oct. 27; Nov. 6, 16, 1846; Jan. 8, 13;
+Feb. 9; Mar. 15; May 10, 1847. Tributo a la Verdad, 27. M'Sherry, El
+Puchero, 189. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 332, res., Sept. 24, 1846.
+Encarnacion Prisoners, 83. _Opinion del Ejercito_, Nov. 13, 1846.
+_Cong. Globe_, 29, 2, app., 211 (Corwin); 323 (Calhoun). =335=Eayres to
+S. Anna, Oct. 10, 1846; reply, Oct. 21. =52=Black, Sept. 22, 28, 1846.
+=92=Mex. ayunt. to gov. Fed. District, Sept. 3, 1847. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p.
+36. Wash. _Union_, Sept. 28; Oct. 6, 27, 1846; Apr. 22; May 22; July
+10; Aug. 5; Oct. 5, 1847. _Nat. Intelligencer_, Nov. 7, 1846; Feb. 5,
+1847. N. Y. _Express_, Nov. 12, 1846. _Iris Espanol_, Oct. 30, 1846.
+_Regenerador Repub._, Dec. 23, 1846. Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 58-9
+(Calhoun). =132=Cushing to Buchanan, Oct. 31, 1847. _Constitutionnel_,
+Nov. 10; Dec. 5, 1846; Aug. 17, 1847. _Correspondant_, Sept. 15, 1846.
+London _Globe_, Nov. 16, 1846. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 270. Lawton,
+Artill. Officer, 144. _Monitor Repub._, Sept. 2; Nov. 14, 18, 1846;
+Apr. 21, 29; May 15, 17, 27, 1847. _Diario_, Oct. 8; Nov. 21; Dec. 20,
+23, 1846; Feb. 13, 14; Mar. 31; Apr. 11; May 5, 21, 23, 25; June 10,
+18; July 8; Aug. 29, 1847. =76=Mora, Apr. 23, 1847. See also chap.
+xxxiv, note 34.21, and the corresponding text.
+
+27.8. _Appointment of Trist._ Polk, Diary, Dec. 3, 4, 9, 1846; Jan. 18;
+Apr. 10, 14, 16, 21-2, 1847. =335=Buchanan to Trist, July 13, 1847.
+Mansfield, Mexican War, 275. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 310. =52=Trist to
+Buchanan, July 31, private. Ho. 69; 30, 1, p. 43 (Buchanan). =57=Trist,
+reports. Polk, Message, Dec. 7, 1847 (Richardson, iv, 536). Benton,
+View, ii, 704. Chase, Polk Administration, 215-6. =335=Mrs. Trist to
+T., July 13. =345=Blair to Van Buren, Dec. 26, 1846; July 7, 1847.
+_Delta_, May 1, 1848. =335=Trist to Mann, Dec. --, 1853 (draft).
+=335=Document by Trist _re_ his wife. =335=Trist, draft of letter to
+the _Times_. _Amer. Hist. Review_, x, 312-4 (Reeves). =335=Trist to
+Felton, June 14, 18--. =335=_Id._, memorial (draft). =335=Buchanan,
+Aug. 28, 1845 (appointing Trist chief clerk). For Buchanan: =354=Welles
+papers; _Monitor Repub._, Mar. 10, 1848 (Landa); Poore, Perley's
+Remins., i, 332.
+
+27.9. _Trist's early relations with Scott in Mexico._ =335=Trist's
+credentials, etc. =335=Walker to Trist Apr. 15. =335=Buchanan to
+Relaciones, Apr. 15. _Pennsylvanian_, Apr. 18. Boston _Post_, Apr.
+15. =335=Trist to wife, Apr. 18, 25, 28; May 4, 8, 15, 21, etc.; to
+Buchanan, May 21. =335=Trist's sister to T., May 22. =335=Trist, drafts
+and memoranda. Scott, Mems., ii, 399-401, 576, 579. Sen. 52; 30, 1,
+pp. 150, 153, 159, 181 (Trist); 126, 135, 157, 172 (Scott); 123, 128,
+131 (Marcy); 108-9. =335=Buchanan to Trist, July 13, private. Ho. 69;
+30, 1, pp. 43, 47, etc. =52=Trist to Scott, May 9. Ho. 60; 30, 1,
+pp. 940 (Marcy); 993, 1218 (Scott). Kenly, Md. Vol., 336. Mansfield,
+Scott, 364. Polk, Diary, Apr. 15, 16; June 12-15; July 9, 13, 15, 17;
+Aug. 24. =52=Buchanan to Trist, July 13. London _Times_, July 15; Aug.
+16 (Genevese traveller: Scott warned). Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 38. Polk,
+Message, Dec. 7, 1847 (Richardson, iv, 535). =47=Scott to Semmes, May
+9. =48=Mason to Perry, Apr. 15, confid. =335=Trist to Scott, Sept. 30
+(draft). Oswandel, Notes, 155-6. Semmes, Service, 197-201. =345=Blair
+to Van Buren, Mar. 3, 1848. =335=Trist to Ho. Repres., Feb. 12, 1848
+(draft). Sen. 107; 29, 2, p. 3 (Buchanan to Conner, July 27, 1846).
+=132=Mason to Buchanan, June 28. N. Y. _Courier and Enquirer_ in
+_Niles_, July 10. Buchanan, Works (Moore), vii, 270-9. _So. Qtrly.
+Review_, Apr., 1852, pp. 386-93. (Semmes episode) Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp.
+976-92. =335=Trist to Felton, June 14, 18--.
+
+The government desired to keep the despatch of the peace commissioner
+secret, lest Whigs should defeat the plan (Polk, Diary, Apr. 16), but
+a member of the Cabinet betrayed the fact (=335=Trist to Mann, Dec.
+--, 1853). Scott had been given some reason to expect that he would be
+(as he naturally desired to be) one of a peace commission (Mems., ii,
+576), as would have been very proper, and no doubt he was not pleased
+to find he had been ignored. He was further exasperated at this time
+by the arrival of Lieut. Semmes, as a representative of the navy, to
+see about the case of a naval prisoner (Rogers: chap. xxx, p. 444), as
+if Scott had not been able and willing to attend to the business, and
+in fact had not already attended to it (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 989), and
+by Semmes's demand (which had to be refused) for an escort (Semmes,
+Service, 198, etc.; Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 977-92). It would not have been
+proper to detach one soldier unnecessarily. May 31 Marcy wrote to Scott
+that Trist was "directed" to show the General his instructions (Sen.
+52; 30, 1, p. 123); but Buchanan used the word "authorised" (=52=to
+Trist, July 13). So did Polk (Message, December 7, 1847) and Marcy to
+Scott on July 12 (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 133). Polk and the Cabinet were
+greatly disturbed by the quarrel between Scott and Trist, blaming both
+but of course blaming Scott most. Polk proposed to recall them, but
+Marcy said Scott could not be spared at that time, and the rest of the
+Cabinet agreed with him (Polk, Diary, June 12, 14; July 9). Polk said
+Scott had thrown away "the golden moment" to make peace. But, as Scott
+knew (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 120), the Mexican Congress by its law of April
+20 (vol. ii, p. 81) had made peace negotiations practically impossible.
+A military officer is not expected to execute an order if the condition
+of things when he receives it is essentially different from that known
+or assumed by his superior at the time of issuing it. Trist admitted
+later that he had been misinformed about the Mexican situation, and was
+not sorry Scott did not promptly forward the despatch (Ho. 60; 30, 1,
+pp. 819, 825). As for the power to grant an armistice, Scott held that
+the army, cut off without supplies in the heart of a hostile country,
+must be free to take military security for its own safety (Sen. 52;
+30, 1, p. 121). Trist was given authority to draw any part of the
+three millions appropriated to facilitate making a treaty. Buchanan to
+excuse himself wrote (=52=to Trist, June 14) that Scott would not have
+replied to Trist as he did, had he waited to see Trist's instructions.
+This amounted to saying that, since Scott knew nothing about those
+instructions, his letter was natural. Marcy admitted (May 31: Sen.
+52; 30, 1, p. 122) that Scott ought to have seen the instructions,
+the projet and Buchanan's despatch, of which Trist had a copy. Dec.
+26 =256=Scott had written privately to Marcy that he had heard from
+Congressmen of a plan to place Benton over him, but did not believe
+a word of it; and Jan. 16 he again had expressed his gratitude and
+loyalty to the President. But it should not be forgotten that while
+the administration was entitled to full credit for its meanness and
+blundering, the trouble arose primarily from Scott's having gone deeply
+into politics. He was not politically active now. Jan. 16 he =256=wrote
+privately to Marcy, "On setting out, on my present mission, I laid down
+_whiggism_, without taking up _democracy_," but the politicians were
+not fitted to believe this manly and truthful declaration. The Whigs
+insisted that Trist had been sent to embarrass and perhaps to ruin
+Scott.
+
+27.10. Thornton, later Sir Edward Thornton, British minister to the
+United States, saw Scott also, who gave him to understand that he
+should advance against Mexico July 1 or 2 unless a reply to Buchanan's
+despatch should seem probable (=13=T. to Addington, June 29). Thornton
+believed that Rejon was intriguing with Scott to have the Americans
+come to Mexico, install the Puros and make peace with them, and that
+Rejon's party were insisting upon war for this reason (_ibid._).
+Baranda had tried to catch Scott in some entanglement by means of
+secret negotiations through the British legation, but had failed
+(=13=Bankhead, nos. 47, 54, 1847). Bankhead exerted all his influence
+with the government in favor of negotiations. June 22 the minister
+of relations replied politely to Buchanan that his despatch had been
+referred to Congress, with which the settlement of the matter rested
+(_Diario_, June 26).
+
+27.11. Scott =335=wrote to Trist, July 17, to the following effect: I
+concur with you, several of my generals and many foreigners of high
+standing here and at Mexico in believing that our occupation of twenty
+principal towns, besides those we already hold, probably would not
+within a year or more force the Mexicans to accept a peace on terms
+honorable to the United States without the pledge in advance or the
+payment of money to some of the principal authorities. This is expected
+as a preliminary to any negotiation. We must pay $10,000 down to one
+high official, and $1,000,000, probably to be divided among many, on
+the ratification of a treaty. With your concurrence I sent $10,000
+to Mexico yesterday, and at the proper time I will unite with you in
+pledging $1,000,000. I have no question as to the morality of this
+course, nor have you. We have tempted the integrity of no one. The
+overture, if corrupt, came from parties already corrupted. We merely
+avail ourselves of that corruption to obtain an end highly advantageous
+to both countries. Such transactions have always been considered
+allowable in war. We do not know that this money would not go into the
+same channels as that which our government is willing to pay publicly
+for territory would go into.
+
+June 4 Poinsett said he should be "surprised" if the Mexicans could
+be made to accept the terms of the United States (=345=to Van Buren).
+June 11 Buchanan said privately he should not be "much disappointed"
+should the war continue for years (=132=to Fremont). July 16 Marcy
+could see no hopes of terminating it (=256=to Wetmore). Hence the fears
+of Trist and Scott do not seem unreasonable. The $1,000,000 was to have
+been deducted from the sum to be paid by the United States government
+(=224=Hitchcock, memo.) Who the intended go-between was cannot be
+stated, though on settling his accounts Scott told confidentially who
+received the $10,000 (Scott in N. Y. _Herald_, Nov. 3, 1857); but there
+is reason to believe that it was Miguel Arroyo, who will presently
+appear as secretary to the Mexican peace commissioners. It has been
+said (Rives, U. S. and Mexico, ii, 501) that Scott acted as he did with
+reference to peace because anxious to get back to the United States
+for personal political reasons. Had this been true, Scott would have
+resigned under the cloud of glory rising from his capture of Mexico
+City. We have political letters written by Taylor at this period, but
+Scott seems to have shown no such activity. On the other hand he wrote
+to Marcy (note 27.9), "On setting out, on my present mission, I laid
+down _whiggism_."
+
+July 16 Scott mentioned the subject of paying for a treaty to a
+number of his principal officers at what came to be called improperly
+a council, stating (_cf. supra_) that he felt no scruples about it
+(Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 257). Pillow, who had already assented
+heartily to the plan (Claiborne, Quitman, i, 317), supported that
+view of it strongly (=68=Shields to Marcy, Mar. 11, 1848). Quitman,
+Shields and Cadwalader opposed it. Probably their opinions had no
+practical effect, for Scott had already committed himself, and the
+Mexicans soon ceased to desire peace. July 7 Trist sent to Buchanan
+a copy of a note written by him (=52=to Thornton) which could hardly
+fail to suggest to a politician that something peculiar was afoot,
+and early in August "Gomez," an army correspondent of the St. Louis
+_Republican_, gave some account of the negotiations (published Nov.
+22, republished by the Baltimore _Sun_, Dec. 6). Polk and the Cabinet
+made no sign, however. But on Oct. 28 and January 18 Pillow, now a
+bitter enemy of Scott, wrote to Polk about the affair (Polk Diary, Dec.
+11, 18, 20, 28, 1847; Feb. 16, 19, 1848), pretending (=224=Hitchcock,
+memo.) that Scott had beguiled him into supporting the plan, and that
+his better nature had almost immediately reacted against it. Pillow
+and Polk doubtless thought that here lay an opportunity to do Scott a
+great injury, and took the matter up with much apparent indignation;
+and in March, 1848, Marcy confidentially ordered the officers sitting
+in the Pillow court of inquiry to make an investigation (Polk, Diary,
+Mar. 14, 16; =68=Marcy, Mar. 17). They did what they could, but the
+investigation came to nothing, for Trist and Scott would not implicate
+the British legation. See =68=proceedings of the court and statements
+of generals; _Daily Democrat_, Chicago, Sept. 15, 1857; =256=Marcy to
+Towson, Mar. 17, 1848; =68=Scott to Marcy, Jan. 28, 1848, and Shields
+to Marcy, Feb. 12, 1848; Davis, Autobiography, 177; =224=Hitchcock,
+memo.; Claiborne, Quitman, i, 326; =256=memo. Scott overlooked the
+facts that such a bargain could not be kept secret indefinitely, and
+that, even if ethically justifiable and in accordance with the practice
+of giving presents to Indian chiefs and Barbary pirates, it would give
+great offence to American pride. The latter point was urged forcibly by
+Shields. To buy peace of a vanquished enemy seemed to him and Quitman
+humiliating and degrading.
+
+27.12. _The Puebla negotiations._ =52=Trist to Buchanan, nos. 7, June
+13; 9, July 23 (and P. S., July 25); 12, Aug. 22. =52=Thornton to
+Trist, July 29. =13=Thornton to Bankhead, June 14; to Addington, June
+29. =13=Pakenham, no. 116, Sept. 13, 1846. =335=Trist to Scott, June
+25, confidential; July 16, confidential. =335=Worth to Trist, July
+2, 22. =132=Atocha to Buchanan, July 3. =335=[Thornton] to Hargous,
+undated. =335=Trist to Thornton, July 3. =335=Scott to Trist, July
+17; to P. F. Smith, July 6. =335=Trist to Buchanan, no. 8, July 7.
+=335=---- to Trist, July 8. St. Louis _Republican_, Nov. 22. Baltimore
+_Sun_, Dec. 6. _Diario_, May 21, 23-5; June 8, 26, 27; July 2, 18,
+24-6; Aug. 18. _Monitor Repub._, May 13; June 18, 25, 27-8. =335=----
+to ----, July 21. =335=Otero to Pesado, July 13. _Picayune_, June 30;
+Aug. 8; Oct. 1, 15. _Republicano_, June 24-5. Scott, Mems., ii, 579.
+=47=Semmes to Perry, July 28. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 314-21, 326. Polk,
+Diary (see note 27.11). =68=Quitman to Marcy, Mar. 9, 1848. =68=Pillow
+to Marcy, Jan. 18, 1848. =52=Buchanan to Trist, no. 7, Dec. 21, 1847.
+=68=Shields to Marcy, Mar. 9, 1848. Raleigh _Star_, Aug. 25, 1847.
+=60=Wilson to Marcy, July 31; Aug. 1. London _Times_, May 10; Aug. 6;
+Sept. 6. Ramirez, Mexico, 239, 255-6, 263, 271. Davis, Autobiography,
+177-8, 207-9. =224=Hitchcock, Memorandum. N. Y. _Courier and Enquirer_,
+Mar. 1, 2, 1848. _Missouri Republican_, Sept. 16, 1857. =68=Scott to
+Marcy, Jan. 28, 1848. =68=Shields to Marcy, Feb. 12, 1848. Sen. 1; 30,
+1, pp. 38, 40. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 44. Sen. 34; 34, 3, pp. 21, 37-9.
+Lawton, Artill. Officer, 144, 150, 229, 232, 235, 238, 240, 259-61,
+269-70. =335=Trist to Thornton, July 30. =335=E. E. Smith to Trist,
+Aug. 31. =335=Trist to Scott, Sept. 30 (draft). =256=Marcy to Wetmore,
+July 16; Oct. 21. Otero, Comunicacion. Dictamen de la Comision,
+etc., 29, 30. _Republicano_, May 8, 21; June 9, 28. =82=J. J. Otero,
+proclam., Apr. 25. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 115-20. =52=J. A.
+Jones to Polk, May 2. _Delta_, July 15. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 260-1,
+264-9, 326. =60=Scott to Marcy, Apr. 5. =13=Bankhead, nos. 184, Dec.
+30, 1846; 6, Jan. 29; 34, Apr. 1; 42, 46, Apr. 30; 47, May 6; 54,
+58-60, May 29; 61, June 26; 67, June 29; 75, July 29, 1847. =68=Scott
+to Towson _et al._, Apr. 17, 1848. =335=H. L. Scott to Trist, May 29,
+1852. Wash. _Telegraph_, Oct. 13, 22, 1852. London _Chronicle_, Aug.
+6. =335=Trist to Scott, Sept. 1, 1861. Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 524-5.
+=56=M. Y. Beach, June 4. Wash. _Union_, June 2; July 10; Aug. 5, 20.
+N. Y. _Sun_, May 22, Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 830 (Trist); 945, 1011, 1085
+(Scott); 922 (Marcy). =132=Atocha to Buchanan, July 3; Aug. 1; Sept.
+4, 21. =132=Dimond to Buchanan, Aug. 2. Klein, Treaty, 255. Buchanan,
+Works (Moore), vii, 484. N. Y. _Herald_, Nov. 3, 1857 (Scott). Furse,
+Organization, 143. Replica a la Defensa. Semmes, Service, 310, 413.
+=73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 517, June 29. Apuntes, 199. =185=---- to
+Lewis, July 20. =335=Trist, marginal notes on Sen. 52; 30, 1. Sen. 52;
+30, 1, pp. 135, 172 (Scott); 181-6, 231-46, 306 (Trist); 194 (S. Anna).
+=76=Orders for Guzman and Avila. =76=Alvarez, July 16.
+
+Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 149) represents Scott as desiring a
+reconciliation with Trist in order to play a brilliant part in bringing
+about peace and so increase his political popularity. This view,
+which befits a pupil and friend of Pillow and furthers the purpose of
+both to injure Scott, is disproved by a number of circumstances and
+particularly by the fact that, after the reconciliation took place,
+Scott, while ready to do all in his power for peace--even at the
+sacrifice of military glory--kept himself entirely in the background
+so far as that business was concerned. July 23, 1847, Trist wrote to
+Buchanan: Scott's whole conduct with reference to the duties with which
+I am charged "has been characterized by the purest public spirit, and
+a fidelity and devotion which could not be surpassed, to the views of
+the government, in regard to the restoration of peace" (Ho. 60; 30,
+1, p. 831). Aiming to further the negotiations with Santa Anna, Scott
+sent from Puebla to Mexico a =335=Memorandum that he would advance
+and would either defeat the Mexicans in view of the capital (if they
+would offer battle) or capture a strong position, and then, if able to
+restrain his troops, would halt and give the Mexicans an opportunity to
+save the capital by making peace (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 524). Ripley (War
+with Mexico, ii, 167-9) endeavors to relate this honorable incident in
+a way to represent Scott as the dupe of Santa Anna and to compliment
+Pillow. But the fact that for good and purely American reasons the
+general-in-chief pursued this very course after the negotiations had
+ended, refutes Ripley; and it also proves that in offering to make that
+agreement Scott did not allow his military plans to be influenced by
+the enemy, as was charged, for by the morning of Aug. 20, as no sign of
+a disposition to treat had met Scott, he regarded the Memorandum and
+every other vestige of an understanding as no longer binding upon him
+"in any degree" (=68=Scott to court, Apr. 17, 1848, confid.). Scott was
+ready, in the interest of his country and humanity, to do anything,
+compatible with his duty, to obtain peace.
+
+Rives (_op. cit._, ii, 445) states that in consequence of a letter of
+July 16 from Pacheco, minister of relations, to Congress a committee
+of Congress reported that the restrictions placed by the law of Apr.
+20 on the prerogatives of the Executive had been removed by the recent
+"Act of Reforms" of the Constitution. This would have been an important
+point; but the facts are that the committee's report, now lying before
+the author, was dated July 13 and did not mention the law of Apr. 20,
+and that Congress was not in session to receive Pacheco's reply of July
+16 to its report (=52=Trist, no. 9, July 23).
+
+27.13. Pacheco asked Bankhead to use his good offices with Scott to
+save the city from sack; but as neither the United States nor Mexico
+had shown favor to the offer of British mediation, he would not act.
+It is hard to see how, with due regard to Polk's declarations and the
+real desire of the United States for peace, Scott could have taken the
+risk of scattering the Mexican government and the elements of peace by
+refusing to remain outside the city for a time; and remaining outside
+involved an armistice, because--for one thing--the only large stock
+of provisions on which he could count lay in town. Hence censure of
+Scott for making the armistice came from Polk with a very bad grace
+(=52=Trist, no. 22; =221=Hill, diary).
+
+27.14. _The making of the armistice._ Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 186, 190,
+231-2 (Trist); 189 (Pacheco), 192 (Scott). =52=Trist to Buchanan,
+no. 12, Aug. 22. =52=Bankhead to Trist, Aug. 20, 21. Contestaciones
+Habidas, 3-7, 11-19. _Picayune_, Sept. 9. Apuntes, 260-3, 268-9. Sen.
+1; 30, 1, p. 314 (Scott); 356-9. Kenly, Md. Vol., 350. =68=Scott,
+statement to court, Apr. 17, 1848, confid. =13=Bankhead, nos. 76, Aug.
+21; 82, Aug. 29. Raleigh _Star_, Sept. 22. =221=Hill, diary. Mexico
+a traves, iv, 681. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 279-80, 284-6. Davis,
+Autobiog., 189, 207, 215-6. =224=Intercepted letters (Hitchcock, ed.).
+=259=Intercepted letter. Chicago _Democrat_, Sept. 15, 1857. =61=Gates
+to adj. gen., Aug. 31. Henshaw narrative. S. Anna, Apelacion, 61-2.
+=291=Pierce to wife, Aug. 23; to Appleton, Aug. 27. =335=Trist, memo.,
+July 29. Semmes, Service, 412, 415-9, 427, 446. N. Y. _Courier and
+Enquirer_, Mar. 1, 1848. Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 170, 178, 191, 196-8,
+204, 281, 288, 460, 465, 543. =80=Relaciones, circulars, Aug. 23,
+30. =80=Relaciones to Olaguibel, Aug. 31, res. =73=Lozano, no. 5,
+res., Aug. 28. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 447-8; iv, app., 286.
+=335=Trist, notes on a letter to Ho. of Repres., Feb. 12, 1848. Wash.
+_Telegraph_, Oct. 13, 1852. =236=Judah, diary. Sedgwick, Corresp., i,
+114. _So. Qtrly. Review_, July, 1852, pp. 112-6. S. Anna, Detall, 16.
+_Monitor Repub._, Dec. 12 (S. Anna, report, Nov. 19). =70="Guerra," no.
+30 (F. Perez, statement, June 17, 1853). Ramirez, Mexico, 301. Wash.
+_Union_, Nov. 3. =76=To Lombardini, Aug. 21. =76=Tornel to Lombardini,
+Aug. 24. =76=Circulars, Aug. 26; Sept. 1, 6, 7. =76=Many others. Mora
+was accompanied by Arrangoiz, lately Mexican consul at New Orleans.
+
+Quitman and Pierce, who had not been able to distinguish themselves
+in the recent battles, and P. F. Smith were armistice commissioners
+for the Americans and Generals Mora and Quijano for the Mexicans. They
+met at Mackintosh's house. In brief the terms, as drawn up, were as
+follows: 1, cessation of hostilities; 2, to continue while the peace
+commissioners are negotiating or forty-eight hours after one of the
+commanders-in-chief gives formal notice of its termination; 3, during
+the armistice no military work, offensive or defensive, shall be
+begun, enlarged or reinforced; 4, neither army shall be reinforced;
+troops and munitions _en route_ shall stop twenty-eight leagues [about
+seventy-five miles] from Mexico; 5, no troops of either side shall
+advance "beyond the line now actually occupied"; 6, the intermediate
+ground shall not be trespassed upon by military men except when acting
+as messengers or engaged under a white flag on other business; 7,
+neither side shall prevent the other from receiving provisions; the
+Americans may obtain supplies from city or country; 8, prisoners
+shall be exchanged; 9, Americans residing at Mexico and banished
+thence may return; 10, either army may send messengers to or from Vera
+Cruz; 11, the Americans will not interfere with the administration of
+justice when Mexicans are the parties; 12, they will respect private
+property, personal rights and trade; 13, wounded prisoners shall be
+free to move for treatment and cure; 14, Mexican army health officers
+may attend on such Mexicans; 15, commissioners shall superintend the
+fulfilment of this agreement; 16, the agreement is to be approved by
+the commanders-in-chief within twenty-four hours (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p.
+310). Santa Anna struck out article 9, but through passports the same
+end was reached (=52=Trist, no. 13); and it was agreed that "supplies"
+(_recursos_) in article 7 should cover everything needed by the army
+except arms and munitions. For Scott's draft see Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 543.
+
+It is believed that enough has been said in the text to show the
+wisdom of making the armistice, and more space cannot be given to the
+subject. Any one interested in it should read Trist's =52=no. 22 (most
+of it in Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 231-66). It should be borne in mind that
+the Mexicans believed the armistice was greatly for the advantage of
+the Americans. Alcorta, minister of war, said that Scott's purpose in
+proposing it was solely to give his troops a needed rest, collect his
+wounded, obtain provisions and prepare batteries (Negrete, Invasion,
+iii, app., 448). It was believed that his losses had been severe
+(=61=undated Mexican letter). The reasons avowed by Santa Anna for
+accepting the armistice were to let the troops rest and recover morale,
+to gather the wounded and the dispersed, and in general to undo the
+effects of the recent battles; also to show the world that Mexico was
+willing to discuss peace, and to convince all that the American demands
+were unreasonable. The weakest point about the armistice was Scott's
+not requiring that Chapultepec should be surrendered or evacuated,
+as at one time he intended to do (Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 285). The
+reason for his policy was, in brief, that he believed Santa Anna fully
+intended to make peace, and, understanding the immense difficulties
+that Santa Anna would have to meet, he did not wish to increase them
+(=52=Trist, no. 13). Besides, magnanimity--which is a strong quality,
+not a weak one--to a beaten foe often produces good results. Perhaps
+Scott erred on this point; but if so, it was a noble error and not
+hastily to be censured. Apparently by oversight, neither Scott nor
+Trist had been instructed what to do should the Mexicans ask for an
+armistice with a view to peace. Hence Scott was left to take the
+course that seemed to him best, and that he did. Pillow claimed great
+glory for opposing the unsuccessful armistice. Rives says (U. S. and
+Mexico, ii, 501) that Scott was too eager for a return to the United
+States to be "critical" of Santa Anna's honesty. This is to say that
+Scott was unfit to be a corporal. Everybody was suspicious of Santa
+Anna. See Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 248-52. Rives further says (p. 507) that
+Scott should have seen that Santa Anna, situated as he was, would have
+accepted any conditions; but Santa Anna certainly would not. He did
+not accept our peace terms. Rives also alludes to Scott's "amiable
+weakness" in the matter (p. 508)--very erroneously, the present author
+thinks.
+
+27.15. _Picayune_, Sept. 9; Oct. 16, 17. Gamboa, Impug., 49, 50.
+Apuntes, 270-1, 286. =13=Bankhead, nos. 77, Aug. 27; 83, Aug. 29.
+=221=Hill, diary. Ramirez, Mexico, 275, 303. Mexico a traves, iv, 686.
+Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 280, 287-92, 294. Grant, Mems., i, 148. Davis,
+Autobiog., 211. =224=Intercepted letters (Hitchcock, _ed._). Henshaw
+narrative. Haynes, Gen. Scott's Guide. =259=Intercepted letter. Sen.
+19; 30, 2 (M. L. Smith, Nov. 30, 1848). =291=Pierce to Appleton, Aug.
+27. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 297, 301, 303, 306. =178=Davis, diary.
+_Diario_, Sept. 2, 4, 8. =335=Belton to Hitchcock, Aug. 23. =335=E. E.
+Smith to Trist, Aug. 31. =335=Memo. in Spanish, Aug. --. Roa Barcena,
+Recuerdos, 415. Semmes, Service, 424. Sen. 11; 31, 1 (Hardcastle).
+=80=Relaciones, circular, Aug. 23. =80=Alcalde S. Fe to Olaguibel, Aug.
+29. =80=Olaguibel to legislature, Aug. 30; reply, Sept. 1. =80=Valencia
+to O., Aug. 21, 23. =80=O. to Guerra, Aug. 22. =80=Guerra to O., Aug.
+24; reply, Aug. 29. =199=MS. written by leading citizen. =73=Lozano,
+nos. 5, res., Aug. 28; 8, res., Sept. 17. Encarnacion Prisoners, 81,
+83-4. _Monitor Repub._, Nov. 16 (Alvarez). Carreno, Jefes, cccxv, note.
+=260=Henshaw, comments on map. Wash. _Union_, Nov. 3. Apuntes, 271-2.
+And from =76= the following (and many others). Alvarez, Aug. 22, 23,
+24, 26, 29. To comandante Toluca, Aug. 24. Acuerdos, Aug. 23, 25, 26,
+28, 31; Sept. 1, 4. To Alvarez, Aug. 21, 25, 28. Tornel, Aug. 27, 27,
+very res., 29. To Ugarte and comtes. gen. Guanajuato, S. Luis Potosi
+and Queretaro, Aug. 29. Cosio, Sept. 6. J. Y. Gutierrez, Sept. 2,
+res. To Lombardini, Aug. 9, 22, 24, 25. Alcorta, Aug. 22. Quijano to
+Lombardini, Aug. 23, 24. To comte. gen. Mexico, Aug. 27, 29, 30. Bravo,
+Aug. 28. To Herrera, Aug. 25. To Relaciones, Aug 27. Tornel to comte.
+gen., Sept. 4. Pacheco to Tornel, Aug. 23. Circulars, Aug. 26; Sept. 1,
+6, 7. Alvarez to Olaguibel, Oct. 30. Olaguibel, Aug. 27.
+
+Paredes, who had been banished, landed at Vera Cruz on Aug. 14
+(Paredes, Breve Exposicion).
+
+On August 26 a long train of army wagons went to the capital for
+provisions and was turned back; but an explanation came promptly from
+Santa Anna. The next day a similar train, while waiting in the main
+plaza of the city (=76=Tornel, Aug. 27), was attacked by the populace
+because the teamsters appeared to gaze with indifference, if not
+insultingly, at a religious procession (Carreno, Jefes, cccxv; Henshaw
+narrative). Immediately the prevailing hostility against the Americans
+and a suspicion that Santa Anna was planning to introduce Americans in
+this way and betray the capital (_Arco Iris_, Nov. 29, 1847) led to
+a riot, in which six or seven of the Americans were injured and two
+killed. Tornel, now governor of the Federal District, tried without
+effect to quell the mob; but Herrera, comandante general, succeeded
+(Apuntes, 271). Mexican troops defended the wagons (Davis, Autobiog.,
+211). Santa Anna felt and expressed deep regret for the incident
+(=76=to Relaciones, Aug. 27), and some Mexican officers were punished
+for imprudence (=76=to comte. gen. Mex., Aug. 27). Scott viewed the
+affair philosophically. After this Herrera and Tornel took precautions
+(=76=Tornel, Aug. 29), the business was done at a very early time in
+the morning, the wagons did not actually go into the city (=76=to
+comte. gen. Mex., Aug. 29), and an officer of the American commissary
+department, disguised as a peasant, had charge of them. Minor riots
+occurred later, however, and after a time the place where the supplies
+intended for Scott were kept was discovered and sacked (Hitchcock,
+Fifty Years, 291). Owing to the non-success of the negotiations, about
+$300,000 of American cash had to be left in the town. Both cash and
+provisions had been arranged for by the indefatigable Hargous (_ibid._)
+During the armistice the American equipments, artillery, etc. were put
+into the best possible order.
+
+27.16. Santa Anna had much difficulty in persuading good men to serve
+as commissioners. Trist met the Mexican commissioners first on Aug. 27
+at Atzcapuzalco, about eight miles from Tacubaya (Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp.
+191, 195), but at the second session (Aug. 28) it was agreed to meet
+at the house of Alfaro (_Casa Colorada_) near Tacubaya and within the
+Mexican lines. The instructions drafted for the Mexican commissioners,
+Aug. 24 and 29, were avowedly drawn as if Mexico had "triumphed," and
+represented merely a basis for bargaining (Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 313-5,
+369-71). The commissioners were authorized at first only to receive and
+transmit the American propositions; but, believing they would be given
+(as they were on Aug. 31: _ibid._, 335) full powers, like his own, to
+negotiate, Trist laid his projet (_ibid._, 326-30) before them on Aug.
+27 (see Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 389, note 1). Aug. 29 Santa Anna and
+his Cabinet discussed this (Sen 52; 30, 1, 330). Aug. 30 he discussed
+it with his generals (_Diario_, Aug. 31). Sept. 1 the Mexicans
+presented to Trist their full powers, and the discussion of his terms
+began. Sept. 2 they were discussed further, and, as agreement was found
+to be impossible, Trist proposed that the armistice be extended. A
+large gathering at the palace then discussed the situation (Apuntes,
+278). Sept. 3 Santa Anna ordered that no more provisions and other
+articles that could be useful to the Americans should leave the city
+(=76=to comte. gen. Mex.). Sept. 4 Pacheco, the minister of relations,
+issued a =77=circular intimating that unless Trist should moderate
+his terms, negotiations would be broken off. Cabinet consultations
+followed, however (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 202). Sept. 5 Pacheco notified
+the Mexican commissioners that the Nueces-Rio Grande district and New
+Mexico would not be surrendered (_ibid._, 373-5). Sept. 6 the final
+meeting was held and the Mexican counter-projet presented (_ibid._,
+375-80). The Spanish charge had thought that, owing to Santa Anna's
+disposition to jockey, the negotiations would last a long time. This
+was prevented by Trist's frank, direct methods. Trist was now in good
+health except for a severe toothache. He and Scott worked in perfect
+harmony.
+
+Santa Anna was extremely anxious to gain foreign support and, if
+possible, a foreign guaranty of the boundary (=73=Lozano, no. 3, res.,
+Aug. 25). Seiffart, the Prussian minister, who had felt annoyed by
+the insignificant role to which the negative policy of his government
+and his own lack of capacity had condemned him, now broke out with
+an unauthorized expression of sympathy for Mexico, and Santa Anna
+endeavored to use this as a lever on his colleagues (=73=Lozano, no.
+8, res., Sept. 17). But France had no representative on the scene.
+Bankhead, besides entertaining considerable displeasure because his
+advice and the British offer of mediation had not been effective,
+had been for some months, and still was, too ill to take a strong
+position (=73=Lozano, no. 5, res., Aug. 28); and Ramon Lozano, the
+Spanish charge (the minister having left for home on the conclusion
+of the armistice), would not act without instructions, and personally
+expressed the opinion that it would not be easy to obtain a European
+guaranty of the new line (=73=nos. 5, res., 8, res.).
+
+27.17. _The negotiations (including S. Anna's difficulties)._ Sen.
+52; 30, 1, must be studied closely by any one desiring to investigate
+the subject, and hence citations of the documents that it contains
+need not be given. =52=Trist to Buchanan, nos. 13, Aug. 24; 15, Sept.
+4, confid. =335=Thornton to Trist, July 29. Sen. Report 261; 41, 2.
+Sen. 20; 30, 1. Ho. 40; 30, 1. Ho. 69; 30, 1, pp. 43, 47, 56, 59.
+=52=Contestaciones Habidas, 1847, with Trist's notes, throughout.
+_Delta_, Nov. 13. _Picayune_, May 12; June 30; Sept, 9; Oct. 1, 15, 16,
+17. Apuntes, 264-9, 277-9, 283, 286. =52=Buchanan to Trist, no. 3, July
+13. =13=Bankhead, nos. 83, Aug. 29; 87, Sept. 28. _Constitutionnel_,
+Aug. 17. Ramirez, Mexico, 234, 241, 271-2, 274, 278, 303. Hitchcock,
+Fifty Years, 287-9. Davis, Autobiog., 209. =224=Intercepted letters
+(Hitchcock, ed.). =108=Buchanan to Bancroft, Sept. 29. =224=Letter
+from member of Congress (intercepted), Aug. 21. Henshaw narrative.
+Pacheco, Exposicion. =284=Comunicacion que sobre ... dirigio ...
+Otero. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 483 (Otero). Roa Barcena,
+Recuerdos, 388-408. Mexico en 1847, 34. London _Times_, May 10; Oct.
+26. Polk, Message, Dec. 7, 1847; Feb. 2, 1848 (Richardson, Messages,
+iv, 536-9). =291=Pierce to Appleton, Aug. 27. =47=Private letter from
+Orizaba, undated. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 240, 271. =13=Thornton to
+Addington, June 29. _Arco Iris_, Sept. 16. _Opinion Publica_, Aug.
+29. _Diario_, Aug. 31. =335=E. E. Smith to Trist, Aug. 31. =83=Gov.
+Queretaro to Relaciones, Sept. 4. =83=Gov. Jalisco to Relaciones, Aug.
+31. =83=Farias, Otero _et al._, declaration, Aug. 22. =83=Queretaro
+legislature to Rel., Sept. 4. Semmes, Service, 414, 426, 446. Sen. 65;
+30, 1, p. 540. =80=Gov. S. L. Potosi to Olaguibel, Aug. 28. =80=Gov.
+Queretaro to O., Aug. 21; reply, Aug. 27. =80=Relaciones, circulars,
+Aug. 23, 30. =80=Olag. to Relac., Aug. 26. =80=Olag., proclam., Aug.
+26. =80=Relac. to Olag., Aug. 31, res.; Sept. 6, 8. =80=Proceedings of
+Coalition junta, Aug. 4, 25. =80=Mexico legisl., Aug. 27. _Porvenir_,
+Aug. 24, supplmnt, =199=MS. written by a leading person. =82=Gov.
+Oaxaca to gov. Puebla, Sept. 9. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 550, Aug.
+21. =73=Lozano, nos. 3, res., Aug. 25; 5, res., Aug. 28; 6, Sept. 10;
+8, res., Sept. 17. Encarnacion Prisoners, 83. =80=Coalition junta
+to Mexico state, Aug. 14. =92=Mexico ayunt. to gov. Fed. District,
+Sept. 3. N. Y. _Herald_, Feb. 5, 1848. _Nat. Intelligencer_, Aug. 31.
+_Monitor Repub._, May 26, 31; Oct. 8. =132=Atocha to Buchanan, Sept.
+4. _Amer. Hist. Review_, x, 319 (Reeves). _Amer. Review_, Jan., 1848,
+5-14. _So. Qtrly. Review_, July, 1852, pp. 114-5. _Republicano_, May
+11. =181=Buchanan to Donelson, Jan. 29. Prieto, Mems., 236. =364=Worth
+to S., July 29; to Marcy, Oct. 30. =221=Hill, diary. S. Anna, Detall,
+16. S. Anna, Mi Historia, 74. =86=Relaciones, circular, Sept. 4. and
+from =76= the following (and many others). Cosio, Sept. 6. J. Y.
+Gutierrez, Sept. 2. To Herrera, Aug. 25. To Bravo, Aug. 31. To comte.
+gen. Mexico, Sept. 3. To Canalizo, Aug. 12. To comte gen. Queretaro,
+Sept. 4. Gov. Michoacan, Sept. 3. Alvarez to Olaguibel, Oct. 30. To
+Alvarez, Aug. 21.
+
+Santa Anna said in his manifesto: "A perpetual war is an absurdity;
+because war is a calamity, and the instinct of self-preservation, which
+is even stronger and more powerful in nations than in individuals,
+recommends that no means whatever should be omitted that may lead to an
+advantageous arrangement. To adopt this course the constitution gives
+me competent authority. Consecrated to interests so noble and highly
+privileged, it is my duty to maintain at all cost the respect and
+reverence due to the supreme authority with which I am invested ....
+I will be yet more explicit: sedition and attempts at subverting the
+government shall be exemplarily punished" (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 250).
+
+(Trist's "vague remark") _Ibid._, 253.
+
+The Mexican commissioners were instructed (Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 314,
+369-71) to draw Trist into discussions that not only would have given
+them opportunities to create awkward dialectic situations, as Rejon and
+others had done with reference to Texas, but might have excited fresh
+discord in the United States regarding our treatment of Mexico. For
+example, they were to ask the motives and aims of the war, and whether
+the United States based its expectations upon force or upon friendly
+negotiation. The ground was taken that since Mexico was now ready to
+give up Texas, all reason for the war had ceased to exist [as if the
+fighting that had already occurred, its loss of life, triumphs and
+expenses, signified nothing]. It was urged that since no title except
+to Texas had been claimed by the United States, we could continue the
+war only for the odious sake of conquest or the unheard-of purpose
+to punish Mexico because she was unwilling to sell her lands and her
+people (see Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 391, 400-1, 588, note 3).
+
+In justification of his plan to extend the armistice, Trist pointed
+out that the American sick and wounded would recover, the rainy reason
+end, the inundations diminish, the roads improve and the temperature
+fall (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 259). Ripley, on the other hand, asserts (_op.
+cit._ ii, 350) that the Americans would have been "dependent upon the
+good faith of the Mexicans for all of the conveniences and many of
+the necessaries of life," and, at the end of forty-five days, after
+living in unhealthy villages, would hardly have been fit to act. But
+had Santa Anna accepted Trist's proposal he would have done so with the
+strong expectation of peace and American assistance, and hence would
+have treated our army well; and Tacubaya, S. Angel and S. Agustin were
+not only salubrious but delightful in comparison with the capital, and
+free from its temptations. With reference to Trist's departing from his
+instructions by proposing to refer a point back to Washington, it is
+interesting to recall Napoleon's dictum (which bears also on Scott's
+action _supra_ regarding the sealed despatch): "A general-in-chief
+cannot exonerate himself from responsibility for his faults by pleading
+an order of his sovereign or the minister, when the individual from
+whom it proceeds is at a distance from the field of operations, and
+but partially, or not at all, acquainted with the actual condition of
+things" (Maxims, p. 59).
+
+27.18. There was probably some basis for certain of Santa Anna's
+charges against the American troops. Scott allowed a day to pass, it
+was said, in order to enable Americans in town to get away. Ripley
+(_op. cit._, ii, 352) says this was done to allow unarmed inhabitants
+to do so. But it was good policy to prevent such persons from leaving,
+and such had been Scott's course at Vera Cruz (chap. xxii, p. 32).
+Naturally Santa Anna wavered back and forth, and Trist believed that at
+about three o'clock, Sept. 5, he almost decided to accept the American
+terms (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 251).
+
+27.19. _The termination of the armistice._ Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 195-203,
+231-66 (Trist); 307, 346, etc. =52=Trist to Buchanan, no. 15, confid.,
+Sept. 4. Sen. 20; 30, 1, pp. 9, 14. Contestaciones Habidas (1847),
+22, 26, 28, 30, 34. _Picayune_, Oct. 16. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 354, 360.
+=303=H. L. Scott to Quitman, Aug. 31. _National_, Nov. 14. Hitchcock,
+Fifty Years, 291-4. Haynes, Gen. Scott's Guide. =217=Henshaw to wife,
+Sept. 13. London _Times_, Nov. 13. Sen. 34; 34, 3, pp. 21, 37-9. Ho.
+40; 30, 1. =291=Pierce to wife, Aug. 23. Lawton, Artill. Officer,
+309. =335=Trist to Thornton, confid., Nov. 24 (the Americans kept the
+armistice faithfully). =335=Memo. in Spanish, Aug. --. Semmes, Service,
+415. Sen. 11; 31, 1 (Hardcastle). =80=Relaciones to Olaguibel, Aug. 31,
+res.; Sept. 6, 8. =73=Lozano, no. 7, Sept. 16. Negrete, Invasion, iii,
+app., 448. =92=Tornel to Mex. ayunt., Aug. 30. =187=Thomas to Eddy,
+Aug. 26. N. Y. _Sun_, Oct. 5. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 67. Ramsey, Other
+Side, 330, note. And from =76= the following (chiefly showing orders
+contrary to the armistice). To Alvarez, Aug. 28. Tornel, Aug. 27, very
+res.; Sept. 3. Bravo, Sept. 5. Acuerdos, Sept. 3, 4. Orders to Tenth
+Infantry, Aug. 28. To govs. Puebla and four other states, Sept. 6. To
+govs. Mexico, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Sept. --. To Relaciones, Aug. 27. S.
+Anna, proclam., Sept. 7.
+
+27.20. _The armistice as viewed in the United States._ Sen. 52; 30, 1,
+pp. 138 (Marcy); 231 (Trist, no. 22). Sen. 20; 30, 1, p. 14 (Trist).
+Apuntes, 278-9. Polk, Diary, Feb. 7, 19; Mar. 16, 1848. London _Times_,
+Oct. 29, Ramirez, Mexico, 241. Polk, Message, Dec. 7, 1847 (Richardson,
+iv, 536). =13=Crampton, no. 42, Oct. 13. Wash. _Union_, Oct. 4-6.
+=256=Marcy to Wetmore, Oct. 21. =58=Jones to Polk, May 2. Negrete,
+Invasion, iii, app., 448. =354=Welles papers. =191=Fairfield to wife,
+Jan. 10. N. Y. _Herald_, Dec. 15. _Monitor Repub._, Dec. 21. Baltimore
+_Sun_, Oct. 5. Ho. 69; 30, 1, p. 56 (Buchanan). =335=Buchanan to Trist,
+Oct. 24-5, 1847.
+
+It has been said with truth that the war was waged on the theory that
+Texas extended to the Rio Grande, but the United States could have
+neutralized (and this is the most that was considered by Trist: Sen.
+52; 30, 1, p. 258) the region between that river and the Nueces without
+implying in the least that our claim to it had not been valid. The fact
+that Santa Anna and Pacheco thought that an extension of the armistice
+would benefit the Americans (_ibid._, 260) is a striking, though by no
+means the only, answer to Polk's charge that it would have been greatly
+to our disadvantage (_ibid._, 259). Ramirez (Mexico, 241) pointed
+out that inaction was bad for the Mexicans, since they lacked funds
+to support troops long. Santa Anna could not materially increase his
+army after Sept. 1, and he subsisted it with extreme difficulty (Sen.
+52; 30, 1, pp. 259-60). The armistice in general was regarded by the
+Mexicans as an American trick. The _American Review_ (Whig) argued
+that the rejection of the counter-projet (which conceded to us Texas as
+far as the Nueces and California down to 37 degrees) proved that Polk
+was fighting, not for peace, but for conquest; but the counter-projet
+did not recognize the American claim to the Rio Grande line nor to an
+indemnity for the costs of the war, which Mexico had forced upon us.
+Any one interested in the equity of the matter should read the reply to
+the Mexican commissioners drafted by Trist (Sen. 20; 30, 1, p. 14).
+
+27.21. _Army feeling._ =252=Mackall to wife, Feb. 21, 1848.
+_Picayune_, Oct. 17. =221=Hill, diary. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 271,
+290. _291_Pierce to wife, Aug. 23; Sept. 1. Robertson, Visit, ii,
+344. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 309. Diccionario Universal (_Mixcoac_).
+Semmes, Service, 414, 427. Calderon, Life, i, 142, 146. N. Y. _Sun_,
+Sept. 16. Such scenes were noted with keen appreciation not only
+by officers but by privates, as diaries and letters attest. Clear
+afternoons and evenings occur now and then even at the height of the
+rainy season.
+
+
+XXVIII. MOLINO DEL REY, CHAPULTEPEC, MEXICO
+
+28.1. Hardcastle's map (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 312) and (as elsewhere)
+the author's observations. _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Oct., 1852. Negrete,
+Invasion, iv, app., 295-6. Balbontin, Invasion, 126. Grant, Mems., i,
+149. =66=J. L. Mason to J. L. Smith, Sept. 25. =66=Stevens to Smith,
+Sept. 25. Semmes, Service, 436, 440. Apuntes, 290-1. _Picayune_, Aug.
+8. _Delta_, Oct. 14. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 355 (Scott), 373 (Sumner),
+425-6 (Smith). Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 259. =269=Molina, recolls.
+
+The foundry was decreed in July, 1846 (=76=report on artillery, Nov.,
+1846; Memoria de ... Guerra, Dec.). The building it occupied had been
+a powder mill. The principal entrance to El Molino was by an archway
+near the south end. Sept. 5 Scott heard that bells had been sent to El
+Molino to be cast into cannon (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 355). Santa Anna did
+in fact call for gifts of bells, etc. to be used for military purposes
+(=76=Carrera, Sept. 6).
+
+28.2. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 381-2 (S. Anna to Scott, Sept. 6). =76=To
+Herrera, Sept. 6. =100=Guerra, circular, Sept. 11. Apuntes, 290-2.
+S. Anna, Mi Historia, 75. _Id._, Detall, 23. =76=Acuerdo, Sept. 4.
+Gimenez, Memorias, 266. =76=Alvarez to S. Anna, Sept. 25. Negrete,
+Invasion, iv, app., 293. Balbontin, Invasion, 125-6. Grant, Mems., i,
+151. Mason to Smith: note 1. =76=Alvarez, Sept. 6. Sen. 1; 30, 1, app.,
+134-5 (Duncan). Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 424.
+
+28.3. Ramirez, Mexico, 299. =73=Lozano, nos. 2, 8, res., 1847.
+=199=Anon. MS. Kenly, Md. Vol., 346. S. Anna, Apelacion, 49.
+Gimenez, Memorias, 111. =358=Williams to father, Oct. 1. Exposicion
+dirigida. =179=Diario Esactisimo. Negrete, Invasion, iv, app., 295-6.
+=100=Alcorta, circular, Sept. 11. _76_Tornel, decree, Sept. 7.
+
+28.4. Smith, Co. A, Corps of Engineers. =221=Hill, diary. Hitchcock,
+Fifty Years, 296. =260=Henshaw, comments on map. =217=_Id._ to wife,
+Sept. 13. =65=Scott, gen. orders, Sept. 7. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 354
+(Scott), 361 (Worth), 425 (Smith). =178=Davis, diary. Sen. 65; 30,
+1, p. 298 (Scott). Mason to Smith: note 1. =66=Foster to Smith,
+Sept. 8. =66=Beauregard to Smith, Sept. 20. =224=Hitchcock, introd.
+to intercepted letters. _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Oct., 1852, 302. Semmes,
+Service, 431-4.
+
+Under Scott's orders, Pillow with the Ninth and Fifteenth Infantry
+was at S. Borja and Riley's brigade (Twiggs's division) at Nalvarte
+on Sept. 7, evening (Ripley, War with Mexico, ii, 363). Late on Sept.
+7 Quitman's division also was sent to the south front of Mexico.
+Reconnoitring was done there on rather an extensive scale during the
+night, and the Mexicans were thoroughly roused.
+
+28.5. _The battle of Sept. 8._ Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 354, 375 (Scott),
+361 (Worth), 368 (return), 373 (Sumner), 374 (Huger), 425 (Smith),
+430 (Hitchcock); app., pp. 134-165, 192 (officers). Ho. 1; 30, 2, p.
+1237 (Perry). =179=Diario Esactisimo. Stevens, Stevens, i, 204-7.
+Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 170. Semi-weekly N. Y. _Courier and Enquirer_,
+Mar. 1, 1848. Elderkin, Biog. Sketches. _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Oct.,
+1852, 298-315. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 463-9; iv, app., 295-9.
+S. Anna, Detall, 23-5. Balbontin, Invasion, 125-9. Hitchcock, Fifty
+Years, 296-9, 303. Grant, Wems., i, 152-3. Ballentine, Eng. Sold.,
+ii, 238, 240. =217=Henshaw to wife, Sept. 13. =218=Henshaw narrative.
+=61=Letter from Mexico, Sept. 11. =69=May to Harney, Nov. 17, 1848.
+=69=Steele to Harney, --, 1848. =69=Harney to Marcy, May 22, 1848.
+=66=Mason to J. L. Smith, Sept. 25, 1847. =66=Stevens to _Id._, Sept.
+25. =66=G. W. Smith to Stevens, Sept. 20. Claiborne, Quitman, i,
+352. Raleigh _Star_, Oct. 27. =221=Hill, diary. =304=Kirby to Mrs.
+E. K. Smith, Sept. 12. =60=Andrews to Daniel, Dec. 10. Louisville
+_Democrat_, Dec. 17. =68=Testimony at Bonneville court martial. London
+_Times_, Nov. 13. Semmes, Service, 436-449. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 503.
+Apuntes, 210, 294-304. =100=Relaciones, circular, Sept. 8. =199=Anon.
+MS. _Correo Nacional_, Dec. 10. Gamboa, Impug., 52. =70="Guerra,"
+no. 155 (testimony of Garay). =70="Guerra", no. 274 (testimony at
+the trial of Andrade and Jauregui). _Picayune_, Oct. 14; Nov. 3.
+=350=Weber, recolls. _Delta_, Oct. 14, 26. Ramirez, Mexico, 304-6.
+Mexico a traves, iv, 687-9. Davis, Autobiog., 271. Wash. _Union_,
+Nov. 3. _Diario_, Sept. 8. =364=Worth to daughter, Sept. 28; to S.,
+Dec. 27. Prieto, Memorias, ii, 238-9. =73=Lozano, no. 7, 1847. Moore,
+Scott's Camp., 155-63. Steele, Amer. Camps., i, 117. _Niles_, Oct.
+30, p. 137. Bartlett, Pierce, 153. Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 259.
+Gimenez, Memorias, 112, 266. =205=Graham, memo. book. =178=Davis,
+diary. Diccionario Univ. (_Leon_). Sen. 19; 30, 2 (M. L. Smith, Nov.
+30, 1848). Molina, El Asalto. =291=Pierce to Hooker, Sept. 15. Stevens,
+Vindication. =328=Sweet, statement. =69=Huger, Sept. 9. Lawton, Artill.
+Off., 311-4, 323, 326. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 426-7, 437-9, 447-53.
+=76=Herrera to Relaciones, Oct. 14. =76=Ortega, Sept. 13. =76=To
+comte gen. Mex., Oct. 29. =76=M. Andrade, Sept. 9; Nov. 3. =76=J. Y.
+Gutierrez, proclam., Sept. 11. =76=Noriega, Nov. 19. =76=Alcorta,
+circular, Sept. 11. =76=Comte gen. Oaxaca, Sept. 15. =76=_Id._ of
+Queretaro, Sept. 14. Calderon, Rectificaciones.
+
+REMARKS on the battle of Sept. 8. In forming an opinion of the battle
+as a military operation one must ignore the fact that the position
+gained was used later as a stepping-stone, for at this time Scott
+was not planning to capture Chapultepec. It appears surprising that
+Scott, knowing that heavy Mexican forces were on the spot, apparently
+desiring to fight there, should have thought that a place as valuable
+to the enemy as he deemed El Molino (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 355) ought to
+be attacked at night, and could be taken easily (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p.
+579) by men unacquainted with ground and buildings familiar to the
+enemy, and should have neglected to have more of his troops near at
+hand; but we do not know what details were included in the information
+upon which he so confidently relied, nor do we know the source of
+it (_ibid._, 298). Pillow reported, apparently during the evening of
+September 7, that the cannon and machinery had been removed (_ibid._,
+298, 579); no smoke appeared to issue from the mill; no sound of
+boring could be heard (Semmes, Service, 431). It has been suggested
+that Scott felt over-eager to punish Santa Anna for disappointing his
+expectations of peace; but he doubtless had learned from Trist of Santa
+Anna's political difficulties. He was, however, angry on account of
+the violations of the armistice. The principal information on which
+Scott acted was understood to have come through Trist; it _had_ been
+correct; but Scott seems to have erred in overlooking the chance that
+conditions might change in two or three days. Rives (U. S. and Mexico,
+ii, 528) states that the attack was based on a "rumor." This is an
+error. On account of the apparent incorrectness of Scott's information
+and the massing of Mexican troops in and near El Molino, some Americans
+suspected that Santa Anna set a trap for him. But the fact that Santa
+Anna left this quarter and took away a considerable part of his troops
+early in the night of Sept. 7--leaving behind, according to Roa Barcena
+(Recuerdos, 427) 4000 infantry and artillery privates--disposes of
+that idea. It has been said that Scott might have stopped work at the
+foundry (had work been then proceeding) by cutting off the supply of
+water (_i.e._, power); but he wished to seize the finished cannon
+supposed to be there (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 298) and the large quantity of
+powder that he had heard was at Casa Mata.
+
+The only argument advanced in favor of a night attack seems to have
+been the danger of fire from Chapultepec. In reply it was said that
+(as had been seen at Cerro Gordo) a plunging fire did little harm.
+The distance of Chapultepec seems almost to nullify this reply; but
+as a matter of fact the cannon of Chapultepec appear to have done no
+execution in the battle. Worth's officers met him after dark, Sept.
+7, and later one of them submitted his general plan of operations to
+Scott, who discussed it at considerable length and finally (virtually
+admitting that a night attack was not advisable) approved all of
+it except the following point. Worth strongly desired to effect a
+lodgement in the grove of Chapultepec, which he believed he could take
+at a cost of fifty men (=364=Worth to S., Dec. 27). (Indeed, he pushed
+some of his troops several hundred yards that way: Sen. 1; 30, 1, app.,
+138; Davis, Autobiog., 271). But Scott refused positively to have
+this done. Semmes (Service, 447) says that Worth desired to capture
+Chapultepec at this time because with his remarkable intuitive judgment
+he saw, as Scott saw later, that this was the true approach to the
+city; but Scott's later opinion was due to a study of the ground which
+neither he nor Worth had at this time been able to make and to Mexican
+fortifying not yet done. Even if Worth could have carried Chapultepec
+rather easily, the prudent maxim that one should not buy (because it
+can be got cheaply) what one does not want, appeared to apply with
+especial force after losses that could be so ill afforded had been
+suffered; and it was not certain that the castle could be taken without
+a struggle. One costly surprise was enough for one day. Engineer
+Stevens (Stevens, Stevens, i, 206) thought an attempt should have
+been made to reconnoitre the Mexican right with a view to turning the
+position; but to push a reconnoitring party between the Mexican right
+wing and the cavalry of Alvarez must have looked extremely hazardous.
+
+Clarke's brigade consisted of the Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Infantry,
+it will be recalled. Cadwalader had the Voltigeurs and Eleventh
+and Fourteenth Infantry. C. F. Smith being ill, his battalion was
+commanded by Captain E. K. Smith, who was mortally wounded. Semmes
+(Service, 445) says that Cadwalader's brigade and Drum's guns had been
+added at Worth's request, but Hitchcock (Fifty Years, 296) and Scott's
+general orders of Sept. 7 show that Scott originally intended to give
+Worth one of Pillow's brigades. Worth could no doubt have had more
+light guns, but it was said that projectiles for the heavy guns were
+so few that it was necessary to husband them closely. Scott, however,
+stated (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 377) that he had plenty of such ammunition.
+Ripley (_op. cit._, ii, 461) says that "the nature of the orders [given
+to Worth] forbade an attack by artillery"; but (1) there is no evidence
+to prove this; (2) artillery was used on Casa Mata, only not long
+enough; (3) it was used again later with success (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p.
+527; Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 136). See Stevens, Stevens, 206. Indeed, it
+seems to have been unnecessary to attack Casa Mata. It could not have
+held out long after the fall of El Molino. Ripley admits (p. 462) that
+the battle "was confused," but adds, "storming is always a work of
+confusion." Here he confounds occurrences with management. The former
+must involve noise and confusion in such an affair, but the latter
+should not.
+
+Sumner had one troop of the First Dragoons, six troops of the Second,
+part of a troop of the Third, and a company of Mounted Rifles. Foster
+had ten pioneers. Drum had three guns, but one of them was sent out
+on the road to Mexico, and during the battle one of the others became
+disabled by the breaking of a priming wire. Semmes--determined, as
+usual, to defend Worth at all hazards--says that during McIntosh's
+charge Duncan's battery was called away to repel the Mexican cavalry;
+but Duncan's report (Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 136) shows that his guns did
+not turn against the cavalry until masked by McIntosh's troops. The
+part of Cadwalader's brigade that moved to the left was the Voltigeurs.
+After the repulse of Clarke's brigade some of the Voltigeurs went
+into the ravine and moved toward the rear of Casa Mata. This perhaps
+helped to force the Mexicans out, and certainly resulted in the capture
+of many prisoners. Vigorous pursuit of the Mexicans was in general
+impracticable on account of the character of the ground and the fire
+from Chapultepec. Finding the engagement far more serious than he had
+expected, Scott summoned forces from the southern front of the city and
+from Mixcoac, but these could not arrive soon enough to give material
+assistance. Jackson's section of Magruder's battery came from Mixcoac
+in time to contribute a little to the final repulse of the Mexican
+cavalry. Worth blamed Scott for saying in his report that Pierce's
+brigade interposed between Garland and the Mexicans, and asserted that
+it did not arrive until a considerable time after the battle ended (Ho.
+60; 30, 1, p. 1079); and it was felt by others, too, that Scott erred
+here. But from the =178=diary of a man in the Ninth Infantry it seems
+clear that that regiment--a part of Pierce's brigade--did as Scott
+stated.
+
+The number of Americans actually engaged was 3251 (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p.
+369). Our loss was 116 (including nine officers) killed, 665 (including
+forty-nine officers) wounded, and eighteen privates missing (_ibid._,
+384). We captured 685, including 53 officers. One third of Clarke's
+brigade, including one half of the officers, were killed or wounded
+(Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 145). The Fifth Infantry seemed little more than a
+company after the battle (Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 297).
+
+Santa Anna stated later (Mi Historia, 75) that Iturbe, a wealthy
+resident of Tacubaya, notified Tornel that Scott intended to enter
+the city during the night of Sept. 7 by the San Lazaro garita, on the
+eastern side of Mexico, and that for this reason he (Santa Anna) took
+troops away from El Molino; but Santa Anna always laid the blame for
+his mistakes upon some one. No doubt Scott's feint against the southern
+side of the city and his not attacking during the afternoon were enough
+to cause alarm, but Santa Anna blundered in going to the southeast
+corner of the city, for an American attack there must have developed
+slowly owing to the swamps, whereas an attack upon El Molino could be
+made quickly. He reached the scene of the battle at about half-past
+nine, and claimed that, but for his arrival, Chapultepec might have
+been lost (Apelacion, app., 111). The government represented that he
+was in command during the battle (Apuntes, 304). By Scott's orders
+Casa Mata was blown up. The Mexicans believed that a shot of theirs
+exploded the magazine. Andrade was tried and acquitted. Had he been as
+much at fault as Alvarez alleged, the latter should have replaced him
+on the spot with another officer. About noon the Mexican cavalry (or at
+least Andrade's division) were ordered to charge, but on reaching the
+battlefield found the Americans had retired. It has been suggested (Roa
+Barcena, Recuerdos, 448) that a part of the Mexican cavalry should have
+been dismounted and placed between El Molino and Casa Mata; but one may
+feel sure that Alvarez would not have consented to that arrangement.
+One hesitates to think what the results of the battle might have been,
+had not Santa Anna withdrawn previously with a considerable part of his
+troops; and of this movement Scott was not aware, though he may have
+hoped that his feint against the city would have an effect of that sort.
+
+After the battle the American troops reoccupied in general the
+positions held by them before it.
+
+28.6. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 297-9, 303. =224=_Id._, introd. to
+intercepted letters. =217=Henshaw to wife, Sept. 13. =73=Lozano, no.
+7, 1847. Raleigh _Star_, Oct. 27. =221=Hill, diary. Semmes, Service,
+447-9. London _Times_, Nov. 13. =76=Ortega, Sept. 13. =100=Guerra,
+circular, Sept. 11. =76=J. Y. Gutierrez, proclam., Sept. 11. Apuntes,
+303-4. =199=Anon. MS. _Picayune_, Oct. 14. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 361
+(Worth), 430 (Hitchcock); app., 156 (Cadwalader). Sen. 19; 30, 2
+(Smith to Abert, Nov. 30, 1848). =69=Huger, Sept. 9, 1847. Ho. 24;
+31, 1. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 145 (Lee). Negrete, Invasion, iii, app.,
+468. N. Y. _Tribune_, Dec. 17, 1882 (Mayne Reid). S. Anna, Detall, 24.
+=70="Guerra", no. 273 (trial of Bravo). Stevens, Stevens, i, 206.
+
+28.7. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 375 (Scott) and map. =73=Lozano, no. 7, 1847.
+Semmes, Service, 430. _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Jan., 1853, 2-3. _Niles_, Oct.
+9, p. 89. =92=Piedad judge, Sept. 9. Diccionario Universal (_Mexico_).
+Robertson, Visit, ii, 344.
+
+28.8. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 376 (Scott), 425-7 (Smith). Sen. 65; 30, 1,
+pp. 77 (Lee), 185 (Ripley), 579 (Pillow says he reported to Scott on
+Sept. 9 that the Mexican works opposite Piedad, where Pillow then was,
+could be carried easily). Davis, Autobiog., 223. Hitchcock, Fifty
+Years, 298-300. _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Jan., 1853, pp. 4-5. =66=Lee to J.
+L. Smith, Sept. 15. =66=Beauregard to _Id._, Sept. 20. =111=_Id._ to
+_Id._, Sept. 27. =218=Henshaw narrative. =76=To Olaguibel, Sept. 11.
+
+Ripley (_op. cit._, ii, 470) and Rives (_op. cit._, ii, 528) reflect
+upon Scott for having no reconnaissances made between Aug. 20 and
+Sept. 7. But to make them would have violated the meaning and spirit
+of the armistice, which prescribed an "absolute cessation of
+hostilities" (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 310), and it was highly important
+to show the strictest good faith during the delicate negotiations.
+Rives (_ibid._) says "no preparation whatever had been made for the
+contingency of renewed hostilities." This statement results from a lack
+of information. Numberless things had been done to put the army and
+its equipment into fighting trim. Rives says also (_ibid._) that the
+Mexicans, had they been enterprising, could easily have beaten our army
+in detail at this time. This seems to be a mistake (see Sen. 19; 30, 2,
+p. 8). A frontal attack upon Worth could certainly have been repulsed,
+and an attempt to strike Pillow, Twiggs or Quitman would have exposed
+their own flank and rear. Moreover it was clear that Santa Anna had no
+intention of assuming the offensive. Rives says himself he had none
+(_op. cit._, 466), attributing his decision to "well-justified distrust
+of his own army"; and since the decision was made (July) nothing had
+occurred to reassure him. Napoleon said, "A well-established maxim of
+war is, not to do anything which your enemy desires."
+
+28.9. Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 77-8, 145 (Lee), 81 (Cadwalader), 112-3
+(Beauregard), 123 (Trist), 169 (Hooker). Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 375
+(Scott), 427 (Smith). Exposicion dirigida, 6. _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Jan.,
+1853, pp. 6-15. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 300. =113=Beauregard, remins.
+=66=_Id._ to J. L. Smith, Sept. 20. =111=_Id._ to _Id._, Sept, 27.
+=69=Letter of Sept. 11 from Mexico. Semmes, Service, 430. (Gunners)
+=76=Carrera, report, Dec., 1847. (Key) Apuntes, 304, 317. Wash.
+_Union_, Dec. 9. =210=Alvord to Hammond, Feb. 21, 1848. Rodriguez,
+Breve Resena, 870. Stevens, Stevens, i, 207.
+
+Ripley (_op. cit._, ii, 472) remarks that even after taking Chapultepec
+Scott was "yet at a distance of two miles from the city, with the
+positive certainty of running upon the citadel if the direct route were
+pursued." But two miles on a broad, good causeway signified little, it
+was unnecessary to take the direct route, and Scott had no intention of
+taking it. Ripley admits (p. 473) that Scott reasonably supposed that
+the defences at S. Cosme were comparatively weak.
+
+28.10. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 428 (Smith). Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 77 (Lee),
+112 (Beauregard), 169 (Hooker), 257 (Quitman). =113=Beauregard,
+remins. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 300. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 353-5. The
+description of Lee is based principally upon a picture (seen at the
+Confederate Museum, Richmond) made soon after the Mexican war. The
+weather was still unusually favorable for military operations.
+
+28.11. Negrete, Invasion, iv, app., 294-6. Evidence at the trial of
+Bravo (=70="Guerra," no. 273). S. Anna, Detall, 22. =76=To Monterde,
+May 24. =76=Monterde, June 18, 21-2. =76=To Lombardini, July 6, 23;
+Aug. 3. =76=Tornel, Sept. 12. =76=To Bravo, Sept. 10. =76=Bravo, Sept.
+14. =76=Liceaga to Lombardini, Aug. 22. =76=Reports on Bravo's conduct,
+July 21, 24, 1848. Apuntes, 317. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 459.
+
+28.12. Sen. 1; 30, 1, map; pp. 400 (Pillow), 410 (Quitman). =76=Bravo,
+Sept. 14. Negrete, Inv., iv, app., 294-6. Semmes, Service, 450-1.
+Tornel, Sept. 12. To Bravo, Sept. 10. Apuntes, 307-8. =357=Wilcox,
+diary. =70=Evidence at the trial of Bravo ("Guerra," no. 273). Ripley,
+War with Mexico, ii, 396-8. (Impreg.) =221=Hill, diary. Hitchcock,
+Fifty Years, 285, 302.
+
+The southeastern corner of the rectangle was irregularly cut off. A
+bullet-proof wall, about fifteen feet high, protected the eastern end,
+and ran along the southern line of the rectangle with platforms or
+scaffolds for infantry on its inner side, while a stone aqueduct--its
+arches filled in here with heavy masonry--extended (in the Anzures
+causeway) along the northern side of the rectangle, and continued
+_via_ S. Cosme to the city. Cultivated fields, adjacent to El
+Molino, occupied about a third of the rectangle. On each side of the
+north-and-south drainage ditch there was an embankment. The next
+section--perhaps one sixth--of the rectangle was occupied by the swamps
+and cypresses, and then came the hill--extremely steep except at the
+west, and steep there. A road or wide path led east through the grove
+to the foot of the hill. The opening in the south wall, covered by
+the exterior, unarmed redan (_B_), had a ditch outside of the redan
+for additional protection. The road that went up to the college was
+defended inside the main gateway with a 9-pounder (placed here Sept.
+12). The circular (arc of a circle) redoubt (_C_) was at the _glorieta_
+(an open space furnished with seats, etc.). One or two other slight
+fortifications probably existed.
+
+The south wall of the terre-plein had a parapet except near the
+southeast corner. Along the base of the west wall ran a fosse about
+twelve feet wide and ten deep. Rather extensive mines (to be fired by
+powder-trains laid on or just under the surface of the ground) lay
+below the fosse; and beyond them--about half-way down the slope--stood
+a redan (_E_) for some fifty men, which seems to have been about 125
+feet from the wall. This west wall was a priest-cap: _i.e._, it was
+indented like a shallow V, so that its two halves could afford support
+to each other. In the central portion of the terre-plein stood the
+masonry edifice of the military college with an open terrace at its
+eastern end and some stone buildings with flat, parapeted roofs, at its
+western end. A half-round bastion on each of the long sides afforded
+room for a heavy gun commanding in each case a semicircle. (The one
+in the southern bastion seems to have been disabled on Sept. 8.) East
+of the southern bastion, in a smaller projection, stood a lighter
+gun looking toward the lower gateway; behind the somewhat zigzag
+parapet westward two or three smaller pieces covering the road and the
+southwest approach; on the terre-plein commanding the upper gateway a
+couple of light howitzers; and at the western end, specially screened
+with timber and sand-bags, two heavy pieces, which swept the approach
+from El Molino. (One of the pieces was a 68-pound howitzer. Ripley is
+precise in his account of the size and the placing of the guns, but
+the evidence is against him. He says there were eleven. There seem to
+have been thirteen; but one of them was not mounted, and two were now
+disabled.) Timbering, proof against bullets, covered much of the lower
+story, the parapeted azotea of the main edifice and some other parts
+of the buildings; and sand-bags afforded further, though inadequate,
+protection at a number of peculiarly exposed points.
+
+28.13. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 377 (Scott), 397 (Twiggs), 399 (Riley),
+400 (Pillow), 410 (Quitman), 422 (Huger); app., 197 (Pierce),
+201 (Cadwalader), 230 (Porter). Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 185 (Ripley).
+=260=Henshaw, comments on map. =217=_Id._ to wife, Sept. 13. =66=Lee to
+J. L. Smith, Sept. 15. =66=McClellan to Smith, Sept. 20. =66=Beauregard
+to Smith, Sept. 20. =111=_Id._ to _Id._, Sept. 27. =304=Andrews to
+Lovell, Sept. 19. =304=Hunt to _Id._, Sept. 15. =304=Steptoe to _Id._,
+Sept. 16. =304=Porter to _Id._, Sept. 16. =304=Wilcox, diary. Ramsey,
+Other Side, 457. =327=Sutherland to father, Aug. --. =178=Davis, diary.
+Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 426. =76=Carrera, Sept. 1.
+
+28.14. Negrete Invasion, iv, app., 299-300. =61=Letter from Mex., Sept.
+11. Apuntes, 305-6, 309-10, 314. Ramirez, Mexico, 307-8. _Diario_,
+Sept. 11. =73=Lozano, no. 7, 1847. S. Anna, Apelacion, 57. _Id._,
+Detall, 25. =76=To Bravo, Sept. 10. =76=Bravo, Sept. 11. =76=Tornel
+to Carrera, Sept. 9. =92=Ayunt. to S. Anna, Sept. 11. =92=Letter from
+Piedad, Sept. 11. =199=Anon. MS.
+
+28.15. =76=Bravo, Sept. 14. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 427; iv,
+app., 299-300. =179=Diario Esactisimo. London _Times_, Nov. 13. S.
+Anna, Detall, 26. =76=To comtes. gen. Queretaro and Guanajuato, Sept.
+12. _Arco Iris_, Nov. 30. Apuntes, 310-2. =70=Trial of Bravo ("Guerra,"
+no. 273). =70=Trial of Terres ("Guerra," no. 155). Molina, Asalto.
+=269=_Id._, recolls. Prieto, Memorias, ii, 241-3. Rangel, Parte (with
+notes).
+
+28.16. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 377 (Scott), 410-2 (Quitman); app., 231
+(Mackenzie). Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 143 (Lee), 193, 200-1 (Worth),
+259 (Quitman). Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 301-2. Henshaw narrative.
+=376=Nicholson, recolls. =221=Hill, diary.
+
+28.17. _The battle of Chapultepec._ Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 375, 391-425;
+app., 169-231 (reports of Scott and officers). Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp.
+119 (Tilton), 146 (Lee), 155-6, 158 (Bennett), 170, 172 (Hooker),
+204-9 (Rains), 217-8 (Drum), 219 (Bates), 220-1 (Johnston), 222-4
+(Loeser), 270-5 (Howard). Stevens, Stevens, i, 208-10. _Niles_, Oct.
+30, p. 137. _Cong. Globe_, 34, 1, pp. 105-7. Sen. Report 32; 34, 1.
+Brown, Ninth Inf., 70. Henderson, Science of War, 97 ("The issue of
+battle"). _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Jan., 1853, pp. 15-42. =76=Bravo, Sept.
+14. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 428-9; iv, app., 300-4. Balbontin,
+Invasion, 131. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 302-3. Ballentine, Eng. Sold.,
+ii, 242-7. Davis, Autobiog., 231-2. Henshaw narrative. =180=Pillow
+to wife, Oct. 18. Weekly N. Y. _Courier and Enquirer_, Mar. 2, 1848.
+=61=Seymour, Oct. 31, 1847. =69=H. V. Johnson _et al._ to Polk, Apr.
+6, 1848. =376=Nicholson, recolls. =183=Drum, recolls. =223=Hirschorn,
+recolls. =66=G. W. Smith to Stevens, Sept. 20. =66=Tower to J. L.
+Smith, Sept. 23. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 361-2, 380-6. Raleigh _Star_,
+Oct. 27. =221=Hill, diary. =200=Reid to Gladden, May 27, 1849. S. Anna,
+Detall, 16, 26-9, 38-42. =151=Numerous reports and letters regarding
+Quitman's operations. =113=Beauregard, remins. (based on diary and
+notes). =151=Wilcox, diary. =303=Quitman papers. _National_, Nov.
+14. =179=Diario Esactisimo. =60=Riley to Westcott, Nov. 30, 1847.
+=60=Loring to P. F. Smith, Sept. 27. =68=Testimony at Bonneville
+court martial. =60=Miller to sister, undated. =60=_Id._ to mother,
+Mar. 24, 1848. London _Times_, Nov. 13, 1847. =335=Reynolds to Trist,
+Sept. 27. Oswandel, Notes, 426. Semmes, Service, 453-5. _Arco Iris_,
+Nov. 30. Apuntes, 311, 314-6. =199=Anon. MS. Rangel, Parte (with
+notes). _Eco del Comercio_, May 1, 1848. Sen. 11; 31, 1 (M. L. Smith,
+Nov. 30, 1848). Gamboa, Impug., 55. =70="Guerra," no. 1044 (trial of
+Aleman). =70="Guerra," no. 273 (trial of Bravo). _Monitor_, Apr. 27,
+1848. =70="Guerra," no. 155 (trial of Terres). Statue of Bravo at
+Puebla. _Delta_, Oct. 14, 26; Nov. 3, 20. Mexico a traves, iv, 690-5.
+=76=Bravo, Dec. 27. Dunovant, Battles, 5-10. Wash. _Union_, Nov.
+3. _Monitor Repub._, Oct. 24; Dec. 16 (S. Anna). Nashville _Repub.
+Banner_, Oct. 28, 1857. =292=Pillow to wife, Oct. 18. _Spirit of the
+Age_, Feb. 10; July 29, 1848. Pacheco, Exposicion. Wise, Gringos (N.
+Y., 1849), 257-9. Calderon, Rectificaciones, 47. _Vedette_, iv, nos.
+3, 8, 12. =327=Sutherland to father. Aug. --. =178=Davis, diary.
+_Flag of Freedom_, Nov. 27. Molina, El Asalto. =269=_Id._, recolls.
+=291=Pierce to Appleton, Sept. 26. =51=Marine off., Oct. 20. Reynolds,
+Exculpation. =131=Brindle, statement. Ripley, War with Mexico, ii,
+396-402. Encarnacion Prisoners, 84. _Hist. Teacher's Mag._, Apr., 1912
+(Vieregg).
+
+REMARKS on the battle of Chapultepec. Chapultepec had been a protected
+summer palace, not a fortress. At this time the upper stories that one
+sees now did not exist. There were perhaps three times as many large
+trees in the grove as at present. For military reasons the small trees
+had recently been cleared away. Scott had a small map of the city,
+apparently purchased from the British courier (Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 25).
+The Twelfth Infantry guarded the stores at Mixcoac, and Sept. 10 Harney
+was sent there with a body of dragoons. Sumner was then placed in
+command of all the dragoons at Tacubaya (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 421). P. F.
+Smith's brigade remained at Mixcoac until the morning of Sept. 13. Lee,
+Beauregard, Stevens and Tower reconnoitred the southern front. Scott
+was there nearly all day Sept. 9, and on the morning of the eleventh.
+The purposes in view were to study the Mexican preparations, ascertain
+the nature of the ground, and find places for batteries. In general the
+ground, even where covered with water, appeared to be firm enough for
+infantry, and suitable places for batteries were found.
+
+Bravo was appointed to the command of Chapultepec on August 27. Sept.
+9 Alvarez was ordered to take the cavalry to Guadalupe. According to
+=76=Bravo, Sept. 14, the garrison of Chapultepec on the morning of
+Sept. 12, aside from gunners and engineers, was the Tenth Line Infantry
+(250), Mina battalion (277), Union battalion (121), Queretaro battalion
+(115), Toluca battalion (27), Patria battalion (42). These 832 men were
+disposed as follows: defending the road to Tacubaya, 160; redoubt on
+south side of hill (apparently at B), 215; _glorieta_ redoubt (C), 92;
+entrenchment at the right of the _glorieta_ (D), 42; north side of the
+hill, 80; buildings at summit, 243 (=76=Bravo, report, Sept. 14). The
+buildings near the gateway batteries were defended principally by the
+Matamoros de Morelia battalion.
+
+At the conference of Sept. 11 Engineers Smith, Lee, Stevens and Tower
+favored attacking San Antonio, and Quitman, Shields, Cadwalader and
+Pierce took that view. Pillow did the same. Riley and Twiggs sided
+with Scott though not for positive reasons. Hitchcock and Trist do not
+seem to have expressed opinions. Worth and P. F. Smith were engaged
+elsewhere. Scott's attacking Chapultepec against the advice of Lee
+illustrated the fact that his success in Mexico was not due to that
+officer, as the value of Lee's services and his later fame have led
+some to imagine.
+
+Gen. U. S. Grant regarded the battles of Sept. 8 and 13 as wholly
+unnecessary (Mems., i, 154). But here, as elsewhere in referring to
+the Mexican War, he seems to have been merely recording youthful
+impressions. He says that, had Scott gone round those positions, the
+Mexicans would have evacuated them; but Scott did not wish the Mexicans
+to evacuate El Molino and Casa Mata, taking with them their gunpowder
+and (supposed) foundry material: _i. e._, Grant failed to understand
+the question. With regard to Chapultepec also it is an issue between
+a lieutenant and the major general commanding. Scott did not overlook
+the idea of going round (Worth: Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 199); and hence, as
+he understood the case far better than Grant did at the time or when
+he wrote his Memoirs, one concludes that his judgment was correct. He
+stated (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 377) that [Grant's] plan would have required
+too wide and hazardous a circuit. The following other objections
+against it may be suggested. Grant's plan would have required the
+army to abandon the roads for difficult fields and marshes, limited
+the practicability of defending the rear in case of attack, weakened
+greatly the effective feinting upon which Scott counted (_ibid._,
+376), produced a bad moral effect--especially in view of the recent
+battle--by suggesting that he dared not attack Chapultepec, exposed our
+assaulting troops to a cannonade from the rear, and left behind them a
+menace of other uncertain but alarming possibilities. The capture of
+Chapultepec, on the other hand, worked morally as well as physically
+in our favor, and was thought by Scott likely to have an even greater
+effect than it had (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 169); and it was stated by our
+engineers that mortars planted there would command a large part of the
+city. It has been said that our batteries were too far from the target;
+but it was not known what guns Chapultepec had, and no doubt our
+engineers and artillery officers ventured as far as appeared expedient.
+Clearly, however, too much was expected of our batteries.
+
+Battery No. 1, to play on the south side of the fort, was laid out by
+Lee; No. 2, opposite the southwest angle of the fort, by Huger. The
+batteries did not fire accurately at first (=179=Diario Esactisimo).
+This seems to have been due to a lack of platforms for the guns.
+Quitman's division supported No. 1, which was particularly exposed, and
+in the afternoon he made a bold reconnaissance of the road, discovering
+artillery and a ditch in his front (Claiborne, Quitman, ii, app., 308).
+The Mexicans made advances toward No. 1 on Sept. 12, but canister
+repelled them. To hinder reinforcements from reaching Chapultepec,
+Quitman by Scott's order placed fifty men well forward on the road in
+the night of Sept. 12-13, and some skirmishing occurred. A 9-pounder
+protected with sand-bags was planted just in front of No. 1. The
+intention had been to establish an advanced battery, but the Mexicans
+prevented this. Two New York companies supported No. 2. Battery No.
+3 had a brass 16-pounder. This, becoming unserviceable, was replaced
+with an iron 24-pounder. Batteries 1, 2 and 3 commanded the south and
+west fronts of Chapultepec fort, and No. 4 commanded its interior. No.
+1 stood about 1000 yards from the south front of the fort; No. 2 about
+1400 yards from its southwestern angle; No. 3 about 1140 yards from its
+west front; and No. 4 a little nearer than No. 3 (Hardcastle's map in
+Sen. 1; 30, 1).
+
+Pillow reoccupied El Molino early Sept. 12 and his division slept
+there the following night. Early Sept. 13 Twiggs resumed operations
+at La Piedad, and the Mexicans endeavored to draw him on. Steptoe had
+two 12-pounders and two 24-pound howitzers. The weakness and gradual
+discontinuance of his fire and the fact that Twiggs did not expose his
+infantry rendered this feint ineffective. Scott states that Taylor's
+battery also was at La Piedad, but it does not seem to have been used
+at this time. Perhaps, as the Mexicans were likely to attack, it was
+held in reserve.
+
+The storming parties were composed of volunteers. In some and possibly
+in all cases some slight reward was offered. In a number of regiments
+so many volunteered that it became necessary to draw lots. Scott
+thought Pillow would need one brigade; but Pillow sent for Worth's
+whole division and received one (Clarke's) brigade of it. Ripley (_op.
+cit._, ii, 420) states that Pillow asked for only one of Worth's
+brigades, but against him is the testimony of Scott, of Worth and of
+Semmes, who bore Pillow's message. Some of Clarke's men arrived in
+time to fight. After the battle Pillow admitted that not over 1000 of
+his men took part in the assault (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 408). He had too
+many. They were in one another's way. Pillow stated that the garrison
+was 6000, thus probably reckoning almost every Mexican soldier within
+a mile of the hill. Pillow wrote (=180=Oct. 18): I led "to the very
+Cannon's mouth, where I was cut down--Then my men picked me up and
+carried me forward under my orders and with a shout of exultation
+and triumph, scaled the ditches and wall." In fact he seems to have
+received a painful wound on the ankle from a glancing grapeshot at the
+foot of the hill (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 378), and was not carried to the
+summit until serious fighting had ended (Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 156, 172,
+204, 217, 222, 224). Cadwalader succeeded him in command. Lt. Col.
+Hebert with the Eleventh Infantry, assisted by Sumner's dragoons and
+in effect by Trousdale and Jackson, kept off a strong force of lancers
+that menaced the American rear from the direction of Los Morales.
+
+Sept. 13 when Santa Anna finally sent the San Blas battalion (perhaps
+400) toward the summit, the approach of the Americans forced it to
+halt--apparently at the entrenchment (D) near the _glorieta_. The Third
+Ligero was ordered to reinforce this battalion, but the college fell
+before it arrived, and it retired. Other troops were sent to the lower
+parts of the hill. Some perished, some retreated, some were captured.
+The Hidalgo battalion fought on the Tacubaya road. Reserves of 2-5000
+were on the Belen causeway near Chapultepec.
+
+A Mexican lieutenant of engineers named Aleman had charge of firing
+the mines, and he was ordered to do his work. At his trial he said
+that he found his way blocked by Mexican troops, and that before he
+could reach his post the Americans were there. Some, if not all, of the
+canvas pipes containing the trains had already been found and cut by
+our troops. The Americans got over the fosse by laying ladders across
+it. The man who first reached the Mexican flagstaff appears to have
+been Capt. Kimball, a Vermonter but born in New Hampshire. He stood on
+guard there till Seymour, who commanded his regiment after Ransom's
+fall, arrived. Sept. 13 the Americans took revenge for the atrocities
+perpetrated upon our wounded on the eighth.
+
+The second in command in Casey's party was Capt. Paul, but Capt. B.
+S. Roberts, whose company stood at the head of it, led the successful
+charge. Gen. Rangel reported that by this time the Mexican muskets had
+become useless and the one cannon that directly enfiladed the road had
+been accidentally disabled. It is quite clear, particularly in the
+light of Mexican evidence, that the fort on the summit was carried
+before the gateway batteries. Quitman rendered no essential service in
+the capture of Chapultepec, though he kept many Mexicans occupied. His
+troops that went up the hill were not needed. (Even Clarke's brigade
+was a greater reinforcement than the situation called for.) Shields
+states that the three regiments turned off to the left because the
+Mexicans in Quitman's front were found too strong, and if these could
+not be beaten before those three regiments were detached, evidently
+the remainder of Quitman's command was not strong enough to beat them.
+When Roberts led the successful charge, Worth (whom Clarke rejoined),
+Trousdale and Jackson had appeared at the northeast of Chapultepec
+and menaced the rear of the gateway batteries. Except thirty to fifty
+under Capt. Terrett the Marines did not distinguish themselves. Their
+commander, however, said that their ammunition failed, and other
+officers stated that Quitman ordered the corps to halt. This was their
+first battle.
+
+P. F. Smith had the Mounted Rifles (minus two companies detached),
+First Artillery and Third Infantry (minus two companies detached). It
+was hoped that he could strike the Belen aqueduct, break through, and
+take the Mexican flank and rear. Smith's brigade not being strong
+enough--under the difficulties of the ground and in view of Quitman's
+halt--to attack Santa Anna's reserves, veered toward the causeway, and
+under the partial shelter of maguey opened fire. His right companies
+took part in the final charge against the gateway batteries. Had
+Quitman given Smith the pioneer party with planks, etc., for bridging
+the ditches, and a storming party, and supported him with two of the
+regiments that went up the hill, Smith could have struck the Mexicans
+effectively on the Belen route, while Quitman himself was doing what he
+could on the Tacubaya road with the rest of his command. A great number
+of prisoners could probably have been captured in this way (Stevens,
+Stevens, i, 214-5). Gen. Rangel reported that the corps which defended
+the work on the Tacubaya causeway lost one third, and that almost every
+member of his staff was wounded Sept. 8 or 13. The serious fighting
+inside the fort lasted only four or five minutes. When the final
+assault occurred, the effective defenders, all told, probably did not
+number more than 275. Bravo's sword was returned to him. He was charged
+by Santa Anna with bad conduct, but when tried was fully exonerated.
+In reference to Chapultepec the author was kindly assisted by Senor
+D. Ignacio Molina, head of the cartography section of the Mexican
+government, who was a student at the military college in Sept., 1847,
+and, being an engineer by profession, could be relied upon.
+
+28.18. Pillow estimated the Mexican killed, wounded and captured at
+Chapultepec at about 1800 (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 408), and mentioned that
+the prisoners included Gens. Bravo, Noriega, Monterde [Dosamantes,
+Saldana], three colonels, seven lieut. colonels and 40 captains. The
+actual number of Mexicans captured in the operations of Sept. 13-14 was
+125 officers, 698 men besides about forty students (Hitchcock in Sen.
+1; 30, 1, p. 430). As to their killed, wounded and missing, one can
+only guess. The American loss on Sept. 12-14 was: killed, 10 officers,
+128 rank and file; wounded, 60 officers, 613 rank and file (Ho. 24;
+31, 1). What part of this loss was incurred at Chapultepec cannot be
+stated. (Black) McSherry (M'Sherry), El Puchero, 108.
+
+28.19. _The Belen operations._ Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1019, 1021-5. Sen.
+1; 30, 1, pp. 381-3 (Scott), 398 (Twiggs), 414-6 (Quitman), 423
+(Huger); app., 180 (Bonneville), 184 (Smith), 191 (Beauregard), 215
+(Seymour), 223 (Smith), 225 (Shields), 230 (Porter). Sen. 65; 30,
+1, pp. 188 (Ripley). 633 (Pillow). Carreno, Jefes, 166. _Niles_,
+Oct. 30, pp. 137-8. Sen. Report 32; 34, 1. Brown, Ninth Inf., 62.
+Haskin, First Artill., 115. _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Jan., 1853, pp. 43-4.
+Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 133, 145-9; iv, app., 304-8. Balbontin,
+Invasion, 132. Davis, Autobiog., 209-10, 232-4, 262-3. =376=Nicholson,
+recolls. =218=Henshaw narrative. =69=Dimick to Woodbury, Dec. 1,
+1848. =69=Childs to Dimick, Dec. 2, 1848. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 347,
+364, 367-9, 372, 385-6. =151=Reports and letters. City of Charleston,
+S. C, Year Book, 1883, p. 523. Rowland, Miss. Register, 418.
+=113=Beauregard, remins. =357=Wilcox, diary. =303=Reports. =60=Loring
+to P. F. Smith, Sept. 27. =60=Dimick to _Id._, Sept. 20. =60=_Id. et
+al._ to P. F. Smith, Oct. 19, 1848. =60=_Id._ to adj. gen., Nov. 30,
+1848. =69=Williams to Porter, Apr. 11, 1857. =65=Adj. gen., orders
+7, Feb. 20, 1847. Rodriguez, Breve Resena, 870. Gamboa, Impug., 56.
+=70="Guerra," no. 155 (trial of Terres). _Picayune_, Nov. 20. _Delta_,
+Oct. 14, 26, 1847; Jan. 11, 1848. Mexico a traves, iv, 695. Dunovant,
+Battles, 11-17. Wash. _Union_, Sept. 11. _Monitor Repub._, Nov. 3;
+Dec. 16. _South. Mag._, July, 1874, p. 78. =364=Worth to daughter,
+Sept. 28. Ramsey, Other Side, 249, note. Prieto, Memorias, ii, 246.
+=270=Moore, diary. =335=Statement _re_ Quitman by Trist. =80=Relac. to
+Olaguibel, Sept. 14. Statements to the author from Quitman's daughters.
+=327=Sutherland to father, Aug. --. =178=Davis, diary. =269=Molina,
+recolls. Reynolds, Exculpation. Stevens, Vindication. S. Anna, Detall,
+21, 29-32. Raleigh _Star_, Nov. 3. =76=Tornel to Carrera, Sept. 9.
+Apuntes, 309, 317-22. Diccionario Universal (_Mexico_). =68=Bonneville
+court martial. Semmes, Service, 457. _Monitor Repub._, Nov. 3 (Terres).
+Stevens, Stevens, i, 210-1. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 492-3.
+
+REMARKS on the Belen operations. The Mexicans retiring by this road
+were commanded by Gen. Lombardini. The principal corps was the Activo
+regiment of Morelia. The ditch across the Tacubaya causeway at the
+gateway batteries was promptly filled in by the Americans to permit
+passage. A part of the men who captured the gateway batteries pursued
+the fleeing Mexicans, but not far. A part of the Sixth Infantry, having
+gone astray, joined Quitman. It has been suggested that Scott made
+a mistake in not giving orders, before the attack upon Chapultepec,
+for subsequent operations, and thus left the troops to their own
+devices; but it was impossible for him to calculate in advance what
+the situation would be, and he went as soon as possible to the summit
+of the hill, which was the proper place for surveying the field and
+issuing suitable commands.
+
+The Belen garita presented a hard problem because, having been more
+threatened than the San Cosme garita, it seemed likely to be more
+strongly guarded, because, being nearer to the forces protecting the
+southern front, it could be more quickly and effectively reinforced,
+and because it was supported by the citadel, which could only be
+approached over open ground. Scott, therefore determined to make only
+a feint at Belen (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 382). Quitman, however, owing to
+the abortive Alvarado expedition, had not figured at Cerro Gordo.
+Aug. 20 and Sept. 8 his duty had been to guard the rear. Hence he had
+won no eclat under Scott, and, feeling that Scott was unfriendly to
+him, he apparently resolved at this time to take the bit in his teeth
+(Davis, Autobiog., 232). During his operations against the city Scott
+repeatedly signified his disapproval of them, but Quitman refused to
+retire without a positive order (Claiborne, Quitman, i, 386), and,
+since Quitman had committed him, Scott, although extremely annoyed
+(Davis, Autobiog., 234-5), wisely refrained from giving this. Gen. U.
+S. Grant said, "It is always, however, in order to follow a retreating
+foe, unless stopped or otherwise directed" (Mems., i, 152). This
+principle authorized Quitman's moving toward the city but not the
+later part of his operations. At the expense of his men, therefore,
+Quitman was guilty of virtual insubordination--though not of positive
+disobedience--for personal reasons. This fact it is necessary to
+make clear. But his men were no doubt as willing as he to risk their
+lives, and it was only natural that Quitman should seek to distinguish
+himself. That motive had to be recognized, for without it probably few
+volunteer officers would have been in the field. Ripley (_op. cit._,
+ii, 549) says that according to Scott's report orders were repeatedly
+sent to Quitman to prevent his too rapid advance, but Quitman did
+not receive them and could not find the staff officer who had borne
+them. What Scott said (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 382) was that he repeatedly
+communicated his "views" to Quitman, and Davis (Autobiog., 234-5)
+supports this statement. The purpose of Ripley's remark apparently was
+to hint that Scott's statement was untrue.
+
+The intermediate battery (at what was called the Bridge of the
+Insurgents) seems to have been built for four guns but to have had
+only one, two, three guns in place, or perhaps none. The accounts
+disagree. Quitman and Smith, both of them volunteer officers, appear
+distinctly to have colored their reports in favor of the Palmetto
+regiment, which was second to none in gallantry, but was not enabled
+by circumstances to do all it would gladly have done here. The First
+Artillery, on the other hand, did not receive the credit it deserved.
+It was merely a question of precedence, not of courage, but vigorous
+protests against their reports were the consequence. Perhaps, however,
+the real explanation of their inaccuracies is that the reports
+represent orders of which circumstances (unknown or forgotten by them)
+prevented the execution.
+
+Sept. 9, believing Scott would attack the southern side, Santa Anna had
+two guns removed from the Belen garita. The "citadel" had originally
+been a tobacco factory. Terres was treated by Santa Anna with the
+utmost contempt and even subjected to personal violence, but a court
+martial exonerated him, and he was regarded by Scott with marked
+respect (_Delta_, Jan. 11, 1848).
+
+28.20. _The S. Cosme operations._ Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 381-2 (Scott),
+391-3 (Worth), 421 (Sumner), 424 (Huger), 428-9 (J. L. Smith); app.,
+166 (Huger), etc. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1072-3, 1077, 1079. _Journ. Milit.
+Serv. Instit._, v, 46; xxxiii, 444. Wilson, Grant, 63-7. Stevens,
+Stevens, i, 211-2, 215. _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Jan., 1853, p. 44. Negrete,
+Invasion, iii, app., 430-41, 450; iv, app., 305-8. Grant, Mems., i,
+150, 155-9. Ballentine, Eng. Sold., ii, 249. =66=Lee to J. L. Smith,
+Sept. 15. =66=McClellan to G. W. Smith, Sept. 14. =66=Stevens to J.
+L. Smith, Sept. 25. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 379. =113=Beauregard,
+remins. =60=Paul to Lovell, Sept. 20. Semmes, Service, 457-61. Apuntes,
+316-22. Rangel, Parte (with notes). =70="Guerra," no. 273 (trial of
+Bravo). _Delta_, Oct. 14. S. Anna, Detall, 30-2. Mexico a traves, iv,
+695. _Monitor Repub._, Dec. 16 (S. Anna). =76=Mora to Lombardini,
+Aug. 9; to Guerra, July 22. =76=Lombardini, Aug. 22. Jackson, Mems.,
+43. =80=Relac. to Olaguibel, Sept. 14. G. W. Smith, Co. A, Corps of
+Engins. =51=Letter from Marine officer, Oct. 20. =51=Terrett, undated.
+=51=Henderson to sec. navy, May 12, 1848. Stevens, Vindication. Raleigh
+_Star_, Oct. 27. Arnold, Jackson, 130, 177. Dabney, Jackson, 47-9.
+Murphy, Remins., 69. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 496-502.
+
+REMARKS on the San Cosme operations. The Mexicans retreating by this
+route were commanded by Gen. Rangel, assisted by Gen. Pena y Barragan
+and Lt. Col. Echeagaray. It is impossible to be as precise as would
+be desirable in describing the first part of Worth's advance, for the
+reports are both vague and inconsistent. This is mainly, no doubt,
+because the officers wrote from memory and without the aid of a map.
+Ripley observes (_op. cit._, ii, 484) that Worth's movement "had the
+great element of success, celerity." In reality, it was very slow,
+but unofficial accounts and the Mexican reports contain evidence that
+the resistance was not only vigorous but more than once temporarily
+triumphant. The one-gun redoubt seems to have been abandoned when the
+hill yielded. Ripley observes also (_op. cit._, ii, 485) that Worth
+did not need to advance rapidly: "Time was not immediately pressing."
+But this is a mistake, for substantially all the Mexican preparations
+at the S. Cosme garita were made after Worth's advance began. The
+fortification (unarmed) near the English cemetery was at the bridge
+of Santo Tomas. The Mexican infantry was withdrawn from this position
+because the Americans could have struck the S. Cosme highway (by a
+cross-road) between it and the city; but a large body of cavalry under
+Torrejon remained and charged in order to gain time for Rangel to make
+preparations at the garita.
+
+While Quitman was struggling with the intermediate battery, Duncan of
+Worth's command sent a gun from La Veronica causeway into a road that
+extended some distance toward the right, and fired at the Mexicans.
+He and Worth believed they gave Quitman material assistance, but this
+does not appear to have been the fact, for the distance was found to
+be much greater than they supposed (=113=Beauregard). The better way
+to aid Quitman would have been to press forward without loss of time,
+and threaten the rear of the Mexicans opposing Quitman. Later some of
+Worth's guns did aid Quitman by firing at the garita.
+
+With remarkable daring Capt. Terrett of the Marines, Lieuts. Gore and
+U. S. Grant of the Fourth Infantry, a few other officers and a small
+party of men captured the unarmed work near the junction of La Veronica
+and San Cosme roads by moving to the left round the English cemetery,
+and took the parapet on the San Cosme highway. From the latter Worth
+recalled them because the American guns behind them were about to open.
+Cadwalader, sent to Worth by Scott, was placed by the former at the
+English cemetery to guard Worth's left and rear. Sumner, after pursuing
+the Mexicans for some time, was detached to protect Tacubaya. Scott
+joined Worth near the English cemetery and directed him to carry the
+garita (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 392), but he soon returned to the base of
+Chapultepec so as to be within easy reach of all his scattered forces
+(_ibid._, 382). By Scott's order Huger sent to Worth four siege guns
+and a mortar, but on account of the nature of the ground none of these
+pieces was used against the garita (_ibid._, 424). Santa Anna brought
+four guns to the garita, but only three of them were available. The
+stampede from the garita seems to have been due in part to a cornet
+signal for retreat, meant for a single corps. The cavalry under Alvarez
+entered the city during the afternoon of Sept. 12. Grant was assisted
+by Lieut. Lendrum of the Third Artillery in handling the mountain
+howitzer.
+
+28.21. _The night of Sept. 13-14._ Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 383 (Scott), 393
+(Worth), 416 (Quitman), 424 (Huger), 429 (J. L. Smith); app., 168,
+etc. (officers). Ho. 60: 30, 1, pp. 1077-9 (Worth), 1079 (Scott).
+=179=Diario Esactisimo. Stevens, Stevens, i, 213, 215. Sen. Rep. 32;
+34, 1. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 129, 450; iv, 108, 116-22; app.,
+309-10. _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Jan., 1853, p. 49. Davis, Autobiog., 235-7,
+287-90. =217=Henshaw to wife, Sept. 13 [partly later]. =218=Henshaw
+narrative. =61=Gates, Oct. 6. =376=Nicholson, recolls. =151=Steptoe to
+Lovell, Sept. 16. London _Times_, Nov. 13. =92=S. Anna to Mex. ayunt.,
+Sept. 15. =80=Fernandez to gov. Michoacan, Sept. 13. =80=Relac. to
+Olaguibel, Sept. 14. S. Anna, Mi Historia, 83. Gamboa, Impug., 57-8.
+=70="Guerra," no. 954 (trial of Bonilla). =366=Ayunt. poster, Sept.
+25. _Monitor Repub._, Sept. 27 (Pacheco); Oct. 2 (S. Anna). S. Anna,
+Contestacion. Lawton, Artill. Off., 315. =73=Lozano, nos. 4 and 8,
+res., 1847. Ramirez, Mexico, 318. =92=Mex. ayunt. to Scott, Sept.
+13, 11 P.M. S. Anna, Apelacion, 58-9. Calderon, Rectificaciones, 48.
+Gimenez, Memorias, 114. Stevens, Vindication. Raleigh _Star_, Oct. 27.
+=112=Beauregard to Quitman, Sept. 17. =113=_Id._, remins. Rangel, Parte
+(with notes). Claiborne, Quitman, i, 370. =221=Hill, diary. Semmes,
+Service, 463. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 304. S. Anna, Detall, 32-3.
+Apuntes, 334-5. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 503-4.
+
+Quitman sent to Scott for heavy cannon and ammunition, and the latter,
+though offended by Quitman's course, had them supplied. During the
+night, under Beauregard's direction, two batteries inside the Belen
+garita (for a 24-pounder, an 18-pounder and a 24-pound howitzer) and
+a breastwork on the right for infantry were made ready. Steptoe, sent
+here by Scott, was on hand to superintend the firing. To assault the
+citadel across about 300 yards of open ground, even with the aid of
+these pieces, would have been a very serious affair, and it was most
+fortunate for Quitman that Worth's entering the town where no citadel
+existed made it unnecessary.
+
+It has been supposed that Huger's brief bombardment caused Santa Anna
+to evacuate the city (Semmes, Service, 463); but Santa Anna knew,
+without being shown again, what the American artillery could do, and
+he seems to have decided upon his policy before this firing occurred.
+Santa Anna's chief published reasons for the evacuation were that he
+wished to save the city from bombardment, assault and sack, and save
+the army, arms and cannon for future operations. Gamboa complained that
+no provision was made before the evacuation for the security of the
+people, the archives, etc. But Scott's previous conduct was an adequate
+pledge, and the council relied upon his regard for international
+law. Considering Santa Anna's known love of money, the vast Mexican
+interests now imperilled, and his summary manner of deciding the
+question of evacuation, one cannot help suspecting that inducements
+were offered him. The council was probably held merely to divide the
+responsibility for what he had resolved to do.
+
+It was charged that Santa Anna let the criminals out of jail expressly
+to attack the Americans, and to bring odium upon us by committing
+outrages that could be attributed to our troops. One cannot be sure
+about this matter; but it is noticeable that Gamboa, in piling up all
+possible charges against the President, only accused him of failing
+to prevent the criminals from getting free. Santa Anna must have been
+completely exhausted, but it seems to be true, as was stated by the
+British minister (Bankhead, no. 86, 1847), that some one in authority
+let about 2000 men out of confinement. Very likely it was hoped that
+the Americans would be guilty of disorder; but the palace at least
+was sacked before they entered it. Some of the Mexican soldiers acted
+like brigands, it was reported--even robbing the British consul. No
+preparations to evacuate the town had been made. Some one might and
+should have had sentinels posted at the public buildings and offices
+ready to surrender them in a proper manner. See chap. xxix, note 29.2.
+
+On account of illness Pierce had no part in the battles of Sept. 8 and
+13. Probably in order to occupy a place in the reports he appeared
+at the Belen garita at about four A.M., Sept. 14 (though he belonged
+to Pillow's division) on the ground that the Ninth Infantry was then
+serving under Quitman. Although Scott refused to grant a capitulation
+or sign any pledge, he seems to have indicated quite definitely to the
+commission how the capital would be treated (Negrete, Invasion, iv,
+122), and in particular that in consideration of being protected it
+would have to pay $150,000 for necessaries and comforts to be given
+our troops. The ayuntamiento attempted to force Scott to make pledges
+by saying that otherwise it could offer no security to his army or its
+property. This was ingenious, and so was its solemn Protest (Negrete,
+Invasion, iv, 108) that it had no intention of submitting voluntarily
+to any foreign authority.
+
+Scott's report offended Worth by saying that he did not pass the
+garita until Sept. 14 (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1077). This was technically
+an error, and Scott so acknowledged in writing (_ibid._, 1079). But
+one cannot suppose he intended (though Worth imagined he did) to
+belittle Worth, for his plan had been to give that officer the glory
+of capturing the city, and he was displeased to find that Quitman had
+taken precedence of Worth (Claiborne, Quitman, i, 377). Moreover,
+Scott stated expressly in his report that Worth, had he not halted in
+obedience to orders, might have anticipated Quitman (Sen. 1; 30, 1,
+p. 383). Scott seems, indeed, to have intended, in giving Worth the
+command on Sept. 8 and destining him to take possession of the city, to
+close the breach between that officer and himself, but Worth contrived,
+by taking needless offence on both occasions, to widen it. Another
+complaint was that Scott ordered Worth to stop at the Alameda, and thus
+enabled Quitman to reach the palace first (Semmes, Service, 464); but
+apparently this was because Scott intended to join Worth there (Sen.
+1; 30, 1, p. 417), for when Scott proceeded from Tacubaya to the city
+on the morning of Sept. 14 he took the long route _via_ San Cosme, not
+knowing what Quitman had done.
+
+Semmes (Service, 469) states that S. Anna left 40 pieces of artillery
+behind when he evacuated the city. Gamboa asserted that at the end
+of the fighting, Sept. 13, there were still 9000 Mexican soldiers
+besides 4000 National Guards (Impug., 59). The Spanish charge reported
+that when the fighting ended Santa Anna had 12,000 troops. As the
+minister of relations was his guest at the time this would seem almost
+equivalent to an official estimate (=73=Lozano, no. 7, Sept. 16).
+Mounted and unmounted, the Americans found twenty-two cannon at the
+citadel (=304=Geary to Quitman, Sept. 14). In spite of Santa Anna's
+efforts to prevent the capture of the city, many still believed that he
+was in league with the Americans (Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 419).
+
+28.22. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 383 (Scott), 393 (Worth), 398 (Twiggs),
+417 (Quitman). _Niles_, Oct. 30, p. 137. Sen. Rep. 32; 34, 1. Scott,
+Mems., ii, 535. Davis, Autobiog., 237. =376=Nicholson, recolls.
+=224=Introd. to intercepted letters. =66=Beauregard to Quitman, Sept.
+17. =304=Watson to Shields, Sept. 16. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 362, note,
+376. =113=Beauregard, remins. =151=Roberts to _Union_, July 12, 1848.
+=357=Wilcox, diary. Arroniz, Manual, i, 411. =65=Scott, gen. orders
+286. Semmes, Service, 464. Apuntes, 326. London _Chronicle_, Nov. 12.
+=307=Roberts, diary. =187=Thomas to Eddy, Oct. 26. Wise, Gringos (N.
+Y., 1849), 255. Norton, Life, 172. =327=Sutherland to father, Aug. --.
+Lowell (Mass.) _Journal_, Sept. 14, 1852. Verse by Grace Greenwood (in
+Stevenson, Poems).
+
+Epitomizing his operations in the Valley, Scott said his army had
+beaten thirty-odd thousand men, posted behind defences at chosen
+positions, killed or wounded more than 7000, taken 3730 (one seventh
+officers), including thirteen generals, and captured more than twenty
+colors and standards, 75 pieces of ordnance, 57 wall-pieces, 20,000
+small arms, and an immense quantity of munitions (Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp.
+384-5). The total American losses on Sept. 12, 13 and 14: note 28.18.
+
+
+XXIX. FINAL MILITARY OPERATIONS
+
+29.1. The chief documents relating to Taylor's field. Brackett,
+Lane's Brigade, 31-2. =63=Marcy to Taylor, July 15, 1847. =169=Taylor
+to Crittenden, May 15; Sept, 15, 1847. _Delta_, Aug. 3. Wash.
+_Union_, June 17. =76=Mora, Mar. 31; Apr. 7; May 12. Ho. 60; 30,
+1, pp. 1118-49, 1170, 1172, 1175, 1177, 1180, 1185-8, 1195, 1197-8
+(Taylor); 1003, 1193-4 (Marcy). =76=A. Chavez, July 29. =76=Gonzalez
+to Urrea, July 12. =76=Valencia, June 7, 19, 26. =76=Filisola, Aug.
+10. =76=Extracto, Aug. 10. Scott, Mems., ii, 409-11, 460. =354=Welles
+papers. =330=Taylor, Aug. 16. _Spirit of the Age_, Feb. 17, 1848.
+=76=Pena y Barragan, June 26, 1847. Charleston _Mercury_, Sept. 2.
+Polk, Diary, May 11. =61=Adj. gen. to Brooke, May 29; to Taylor, July
+16; to Talcott, Mar. 24. =69=Wool to Bliss, Aug. 25. (Tampico) Kenly,
+Md. Vol., 241, 244, 252; =69=Riley to Bliss, Dec. 14, 1846; =61=Shields
+to adj. gen., Jan. 19, 1847; =66=Beauregard to Gates, Feb. 24; =76=I.
+Munoz, Dec. 19, 21, 25, 1846; =65=Gates, special orders 7, Feb. 25,
+1847; =76=Valdez to F. de Garay, Jan. 3, 1847; =76=Garay, Jan. 22,
+res., 29, res.; =76=J. J. Landero, Jan. 25; =76=S. Anna, Jan. 9; =76=F.
+de Garay, Jan. 22; =76=to Mora, May 24. (Tamaulipas authorities) =76=J.
+Cardenas to Relaciones, Nov. 16, 1847; =76=Urrea, Nov. 15; =75=Memoria
+de ... Relaciones, Nov. 19; =76=gov. Tam. to comte. gen. Tam., Jan.
+17, 1848; =76=_Id._ to Relaciones, Nov. 29, 1847; =76=Tam. congress,
+decree, Nov. 14. (Taylor's going home) =61=Taylor, Oct. 26, 1847; Sen.
+52; 30, 1, p. 145 (Marcy); =330=Taylor to Gen. --, Aug. 16, 1847; Ho.
+60; 30, 1, pp. 1199, 1213-4 (Taylor); 1210 (Jones). (Costume) _Delta_,
+Aug. 3, 1847. =69=Wool, gen. orders, Dec. 22, 1847.
+
+The distance from Camargo to Mexico City seems to have been about 820
+miles by the direct road. As early as May 11, 1847, Polk remarked
+to the Cabinet that it was more important to reinforce Scott than
+Taylor (Diary). In March, 1847, Taylor had: (regulars) 2 cos. of First
+Dragoons; ditto, Second Dragoons; four artillery cos. (C of 1st; C and
+E of 3d; B of 4th) with batteries; five artillery cos. as infantry;
+(volunteers) Arkansas horse regt.; ditto, Kentucky; two cos. Texas
+horse; two regts. Kentucky foot; three Ohio foot; three Ind. foot;
+two Ill. foot; two Miss. foot; one each Va., No. Car., So. Car. and
+Mass. foot (=62=adj. gen. to ordnance dept., March 24, 1847). June
+16 Taylor wrote that Wool would soon have at Buena Vista six regular
+companies (Second Dragoons, Fourth Artillery), four cos. of volunteer
+horse (First Arkansas, Third Texas), and Marshall's brigade (in all
+about 2500); that there would be a small garrison at Monterey, and
+that the troops on or coming to the Rio Grande would go to a camp
+of instruction at Mier. He reckoned that by August 15 he would have
+about 8000 effectives (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1177, 1180). The New Orleans
+_Delta_ of Aug. 3 said Wool had at Buena Vista about 2900, Taylor at
+Monterey 800, and the posts at Cerralvo, Mier and Matamoros about 3300.
+In May and June the time of practically all Taylor's 12-months men
+(thirteen regts.) was out. Only enough for one company would reenlist.
+The government intended Taylor should have after losing these men
+fully 10,000, to wit (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 924-6): (regulars) Hopping's
+brigade consisting of Tenth Infantry (N. Y., N. J.) under Col. Temple;
+Thirteenth Infantry (Va., Ga., Ala., Fla.) under Col. Echols; Sixteenth
+Infantry (Ky., Ind., Ill.) under Col. Tibbatts; and also the Third
+Dragoons; (volunteers) Marshall's brigade (one regt. each from *Miss.,
+*Va. and *No. Car., five Va. companies--*three of them already in
+Mexico); Lane's brigade (Ill. regt., Ill. horse co., Ind. regt., five
+N. J. cos., one Fla. co., one Ark. horse co., five Texas horse cos.);
+Cushing's brigade (*Mass. regt., Ohio regt., Ohio horse co., five
+D. C. and Md. cos., five Ala. cos., one Ala. horse co.). (The star
+means "already in Mexico.") In spite of this it was charged that the
+government was leaving Taylor with only a corporal's guard. Troops
+began to leave Taylor's for Scott's field during the latter part of
+August. Taylor retained the Tenth and Sixteenth regular regts. and the
+battery of Deas (Co. B, Fourth Artillery) and sent to Scott, besides
+Hays's men and a body under Cushing, three regts. of volunteers (Mass.,
+Ohio, Ind.): an aggregate of 2957 (=62=adj. gen., Oct. 6). He estimated
+that Hays had about 400. Wool, who had been commanding at Saltillo and
+Buena Vista, moved to Monterey after Taylor left that place, and Col.
+John Hamtramck succeeded him. A letter from Buena Vista dated Jan. 17,
+1848, said that Hamtramck then had 2600 and Wool at Monterey 1400; and
+that the total force in that field amounted to five light batteries,
+four infantry regiments, ten companies of dragoons and four companies
+of horse (_Spirit of the Age_, Feb. 17, 1848).
+
+About 200 American prisoners (privates), who were supposed by
+themselves and other Americans to have been exchanged for Mexicans
+captured at Cerro Gordo, were sent by the Mexican government in May,
+1847, to Huejutla, about 120 miles from Tampico on the road to Mexico,
+in order to prevent them from escaping or being recaptured, and
+suffered terrible privations in the mountains. July 7, 1847, Gates,
+commanding at Tampico, sent Col. De Russey of the Louisiana volunteers,
+with 126 men (including 35 mounted men) and a 6-pdr. under Capt. F. O.
+Wyse to endeavor peaceably to obtain the release of these prisoners,
+or, if that could not be done, to rescue them. De Russey sent word to
+Gen. F. de Garay, the Mexican commander in that district, regarding
+his mission, but was ambushed near Huejutla. With some loss he beat
+off his assailants, and after fighting more or less three days on his
+retreat, succeeded, after receiving aid from Tampico, in reaching that
+place. His loss was 12 killed and 7 wounded. Later the prisoners were
+released on parole. The garrison of Tampico at this time was only about
+650 effectives; but July 31 five companies of Ill. vols. were ordered
+to go there from N. Orleans. In April, 1848, Gen. Shields was ordered
+to take command at Tampico. (For this paragraph: Encarnacion Prisoners,
+70; =65=Gates, special orders 41, July 7; =61=_Id._, July 21, Aug. 24;
+=365=Wyse, May 15, 1876; =61=adj. gen. to Gates, July 31; Ho. 24; 31,
+1; Tampico _Sentinel_, extra, July 18; =76=Garay, July 19, 28; =76=V.
+de Mora, Sept. 10; Apuntes, 380-4; _Niles_, Aug. 7, p. 357; =61=adj.
+gen. to Shields, Mar. 30, 1848.)
+
+In the summer of 1847 discipline at Buena Vista was in a bad state
+(=76=Filisola, Aug. 10; =76=report of a trustworthy spy). In August
+a mutiny occurred (Sen. 62; 30, 1), and Wool discharged dishonorably
+two lieuts. and two privates (Ho. 78; 30, 1). Polk countermanded
+this discharge on the ground that Wool had exceeded his authority
+(=256=Marcy to Wool, Jan. 17, 1848). A court of inquiry was ordered
+(Ho. 60; 30, 1, 1207-8). This fully vindicated Wool (Sen. 62; 30, 1).
+
+By the autumn of 1847 the Americans occupied Tamaulipas and Nuevo
+Leon pretty effectively, but in Coahuila held only Saltillo and its
+vicinity. In Feb. and March, 1848, that state was overrun (=61=Wool,
+Mar. 2, 1848; =76=gov. Coahuila, Mar. 29, 1848), and on March 7 Mazapil
+in northern Zacatecas was made an American outpost (=61=Wool to Price,
+Apr. 5, 1848; =76=comte. gen. Zacatecas, Mar. 10). The Americans tried
+repeatedly without success to apprehend Gov. Aguirre, who was known
+to be hostile. Finally, about the middle of Dec., 1847, they burned
+his house and destroyed the clothing of his family who were there
+(=76=report to comte. gen. Durango, res., Dec. 21, 1847).
+
+Valencia's plan of combined operations appears to have been an
+elaboration of a suggestion of Filisola. By June 22 Filisola, then at
+Durango, was ready to advance. July 31 he feared his men would disband
+from lack of means. About Aug. 1 he moved. Many deserted or fell sick.
+August 11 he had 634 available privates. Avalos was in a similar
+condition, and his brigade shrank rapidly. Most of the troops placed
+under Filisola's orders were diverted or simply failed to appear, and
+finally on Aug. 23, 1847, he was ordered to Queretaro. (This paragraph
+is based upon numerous =76=reports from the officers concerned.)
+
+_Price's campaign._ In Oct., 1847, it was feared at Santa Fe that the
+Mexicans intended to attack New Mexico (Santa Fe _Republican_, Oct. 9),
+and a considerable American force appears to have gone to the southern
+part of the province (=76=prefect El Paso, Oct. 26). In November El
+Paso was the scene of preparations to march south. The people of
+Chihuahua state had mostly been cowed at Sacramento, but Trias and a
+few others were determined to fight. He obtained 500 muskets that were
+landed at Guaymas, and his arsenal turned out eight small field pieces.
+At Santa Cruz de Rosales he took post with 804 men, besides officers.
+Price had 665 men, but his artillery was much superior to that of
+the Mexicans. His object was to get the munitions and other public
+property that Trias had brought from Chihuahua City. Trias said he knew
+officially that a treaty had been signed; but, as the Mexicans were
+more noted for astuteness than for veracity, Price would not believe
+him. He did, however, wait about a week. After some fighting Trias and
+his entire force surrendered. He lost 238 killed. The American loss was
+4 killed and 19 wounded (=62=adj. gen. to Price, Oct. 4; Nov. 20, 1847.
+=256=Marcy to Price, May 22, 1848; to Wool, May 23. =76=Trias, Nov. 30;
+Feb. 15; Mar. 21. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 76-7, 113-36. =61=Corresp. between
+Price and Trias, Mar. 10, etc. Ho. 24; 31, 1. _Eco del Comercio_, June
+22, 1848. =76=Chavez to Armijo, Oct. 21, 1847. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos,
+535-7. Mexico a traves, iv, 710. =61=Justiniani and Trias, report, Mar.
+22, 1848. Apuntes, 397-401). Price exhibited energy and courage in
+this campaign but poor judgment. A force occupying El Paso would have
+protected New Mexico, and to go even beyond the city of Chihuahua and
+fight so serious an aggressive battle long after the capture of Mexico
+City and in the face of positive assurances that a treaty had been
+signed was hardly reasonable. One suspects that commercial interests
+were behind this campaign. Gen. Butler ordered restitution made (=60=to
+Marcy, Apr. 7).
+
+29.2. The chief documents relating to hostilities at Mexico. =221=Hill,
+diary. _National_, Nov. 14, etc., 1847. =65=Scott, gen. orders 289,
+296. Apuntes, 325, 330-9, 362. London _Chronicle_, Nov. 12. Negrete,
+Invasion, iii, app., 451, etc.; iv, app., 310-2. S. Anna, Apelacion,
+59, 60, 63. Gamboa, Impug., 59, 60. Ramirez, Mexico, 317-8. Semmes,
+Service, 466-7. =92=Ayunt. proclams. =92=Corresp. between Veramendi and
+S. Anna. =92=Ayunt. to Quitman, Sept. 15-6. =92=Mexican officials to
+Veramendi, Sept. --. =92=Quitman, proclam., Sept. 26. =92=Veramendi,
+proclam., Sept. 27. _Arco Iris_, Dec. 1. _Picayune_, Oct. 14; Nov.
+20. N. Y. _Sun_, Oct. 14. Diario Esactisimo. _Niles_, Oct. 30, p.
+138. =364=Worth to daughter, Sept. 28. Prieto, Memorias, ii, 248-58.
+=357=Wilcox, diary. Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 25. =366=Poster. S. Anna,
+Detall, 33-4. London _Times_, Nov. 13. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 383-4
+(Scott), 393 (Worth); 399 (Riley); 417 (Quitman); 424 (Huger); app.,
+169 (Smith), 185 (Smith), 188 (Morris), 190 (Plympton). Hitchcock,
+Fifty Years, 304-5. _Monitor_ _Repub._, Sept. 28. Grant, Mems., i,
+162-3. Henshaw narrative. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 378. Engineer School,
+Occas. Papers 16. =73=Lozano, no. 7, 1847. Davis, Autobiog., 240. Roa
+Barcena, Recuerdos, 507-11, 542. _American Star_, Oct. 14.
+
+Santa Anna sent an order to Herrera to return to Mexico, but by the
+time Herrera received it he was so far away that he did not think
+it best to go back, and the order was soon rescinded. One of the
+=92=proclamations of the president of the ayuntamiento, 12:30 p.m.,
+Sept. 14, said: "The general in charge of the American forces which
+have occupied the city this morning has informed the Ayuntamiento that
+if within three hours, counted from the time this notice is posted,
+there is not an entire cessation of the acts of hostility now being
+committed with palpable imprudence and to the grave prejudice of
+the peaceable citizens, he will proceed with all rigor against the
+guilty, permitting their goods and property to be sacked and razing
+the block in which are situated the houses from which the American
+troops are fired upon." There is no evidence that the last threat
+was executed. In another =92=proclamation of the same day the people
+were called upon to "reciprocate the civilization" of the American
+army, and to leave national affairs to the nation. In a =92=third the
+people were told that Scott had refused to give the pledges asked for
+by the ayuntamiento until the hostilities should cease. The action of
+the ayuntamiento brought upon President Veramendi the most violent
+denunciations and menaces of Santa Anna. Veramendi =92=replied that
+he "idolized" his country, and was only trying to avert the disasters
+to which it had been doomed by "the most well-proven rapine, the most
+lamentable demoralization of our people, and not by true patriotism
+or zeal to prevent the sacking of the churches" and other outrages.
+Veramendi wrote finally that it would be a waste of time to continue
+the discussion; that the authorities would do their duty and accept the
+verdict of public opinion.
+
+The Americans commonly believed that the convicts were released from
+the prison by Santa Anna with the expectation that their crimes would
+be charged to the Americans; and on the other hand Otero asserted that
+the Americans released them to prey upon the people. His view was
+certainly erroneous; and the other, though not without support, may
+have been so. In the confusion the jailers perhaps left the prisoners
+unguarded or released them to save them from starving. Some believed
+that the real purpose of the uprising was to plunder the houses of the
+city under cover of the disorder, and there is reason to think this
+motive existed. No doubt, too, some Americans robbed the houses of
+innocent citizens from which they supposed, or pretended to suppose,
+that bullets had come (=221=Hill, diary). As late as December an
+uprising was planned. Scott had agents (including a member of Congress
+and a governor) to give him information (Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 38).
+Scott's general orders 289, Sept. 18, for the distribution of the
+troops in the city show that all the principal sections were covered,
+and that a guard and two guns defended each of the principal gates.
+No private house was to be used for quarters till all suitable public
+buildings had been occupied, nor then without the owner's consent or an
+order from headquarters. Officers were to be with or near their troops.
+
+29.3. The chief documents. Lieber, Guerrillas, 19, 20. _Diario_, Apr.
+28; May 2, 4, 10, 23, 1847. =80=Address of Mex. legislature, Apr. 26.
+_Republicano_, May 8. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 138 (Marcy). _Porvenir_,
+May 27. _Picayune_, Feb. 23; May 6; Dec. 9. Kenly, Md. Vol., 312.
+Ramirez, Mexico, 241, 244, 260. Mexico a traves, iv, 712. =256=Marcy to
+Kearny, Dec. 10, 1846. =76=Mora, Apr. 23, 1847. =86=Vera Cruz congress,
+manifiesto, Sept. 28. =76=Soto, proclam., undated. =92=Address of
+citizens, Apr. 6. =61=Salas, proclam., Apr. 21. =76=S. Anna, May 16.
+=76=Relaciones to Olaguibel, Aug. 16. =257=[Hughes] to Frank, Nov. 11.
+=76=Decrees, Apr. 28; May 1. Roa Barcena, Rec., 250-5, 262.
+
+In Spanish _guerrilla_ means a party, each member of which is a
+_guerrillero_. The value of the work done by the Spanish guerillas was
+commonly much overrated by the Mexicans. Not only did the "patriotic"
+irregulars act atrociously in Mexico during the revolution against
+Spain, but those organized by the viceroy behaved so badly that he
+disbanded them (Mexico a traves, iii, 234). Guerillas ("light corps of
+the National Guard") were decreed by the Mexican government on April
+8, 1847. A citizen after obtaining authorization from the state or the
+national government, could raise a body of volunteers (not less than
+fifty), rank according to the number from lieutenant to colonel (800),
+and give his name to the corps. Other corps were to be supported by the
+state or the central government. Goods taken from the enemy were to be
+divided among the captors and could be sold without paying duty. August
+16, 1847, the government ordered that the people within thirty leagues
+(about eighty miles) of every point occupied by the enemy should rise
+_en masse_, and attack them with "the arms each may have, fire-arms
+or cold steel, great or small, long or short--in a word, if there be
+nothing else, with sticks and stones" (=76=Relaciones to Olaguibel).
+
+Other guerilla leaders in Vera Cruz state were M. Senobio (near the
+coast), the Spanish priest J. A. Martinez, Juan Aburto, F. Mendoza
+and J. M. Vazquez. T. Marin had charge of the guerillas near Cordoba.
+Jarauta was ordered to bring together a number of small parties that
+were simply preying upon the people. In the autumn of 1847 he offered
+to join the Americans, but Gen. Patterson, who arrived at Jalapa just
+then, would make no arrangement with him (Kenly, Md. Vol., 328-31;
+=257=[Hughes] to Frank, Nov. 11).
+
+29.4. =76=Urrea, Aug. 12, res. =76=Canales to Urrea, Feb. 5; Aug. 6; to
+alcalde of Guerrero, Apr. 4. =69=Lamar to Bliss, Apr. 21. =245=Canales
+to ----, Apr. 4. Apuntes, 387-8. _Republicano_, June 11. Ho. 60; 30,
+1, pp. 1138-42; 1197 (Belknap). =256=F. J. Parker to F. Smith, Apr. 1.
+_Picayune_, Feb. 23. Smith, Chile, 294, 298. =245=Boyd to Bee, Apr. 4.
+=148=Chamberlain, recolls.
+
+If a train moved in sections with troops between them its length was
+increased so much that more strength was believed to be lost than
+gained. The "roads" were usually narrow, especially in rough country.
+For Urrea see chap. xx, p. 400.
+
+29.5. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1138, 1142, 1180, 1211 (Taylor). =61=Wool
+to adj. gen., Dec. 20, 1847; Feb. 4; Mar. 2; May 9, 1848; to Hunter,
+Dec. 14, 1847; to Hamtramck, Dec. 18; to Lobo, July 25; to Marcy,
+Feb. 26, 1848; =65=orders, 11, Dec. 17, 1847. =65=_Id._, orders 66,
+Feb. 26, 1848. =69=Commrs. of N. Leon towns to Taylor, Apr. --, 1847.
+=61=McDowell to Butler, Jan. 18, 1848. =348=Pattridge to Miss W.,
+July 21, 1847. Apuntes, 387. _Republicano_, Apr. 14, 1847. _Niles_,
+May 8, 1847, p. 152. =212=Hastings, diary. Sen. 32; 31, 1 (Hughes,
+mem., 43). =148=Chamberlain, recolls. =76=Aguirre, proclam., Aug. 27,
+1847. =76=Canales to R. Uribe, Apr. 10. =76=Urrea, May 27. =76=Jefe
+politico, Saltillo, to ayunt., Sept. 28; Nov. 4.
+
+Final action regarding the fine of $96,000 was made contingent on
+the conduct of the people (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1139). General Mora,
+commanding at San Luis Potosi, thought he could take advantage of a
+small massacre perpetrated by Americans to score a point, but Taylor
+disposed of him summarily (_ibid._, pp. 1138-41).
+
+29.6. _Sun of Anahuac_, Aug. 25, 1847. Apuntes, 385-7. =73=Bermudez
+de Castro, no. 517, 1847. =350=Weber, recolls. Lerdo de Tejada,
+Apuntes, ii, 579. Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 278, 281. _Picayune_,
+Oct. 15; Dec. 19. Kenly, Md. Vol., 323. Oswandel, Notes, 153, 166,
+215. =76=Mora, Apr. 23, 1847. =76=Rea, Nov. 14. Dublan, Legislacion,
+v, 284, 288. _Diario_, May 2, 10; June 27 (S. Anna, decree, June 26).
+=76=Lombardini, May 27. =76=Guerra, circular, June 26.
+
+29.7. =61=Wilson to adj. gen., Aug. 21, 1847. (Losses) Ho. 24; 31,
+1. =68=Court of inquiry, Puebla, July 17. =221=Hill, diary, Nov. 8.
+=69=Hughes to Capt. Scott, Jan. 8, 1848. Grone, Briefe, 33, 37, etc.
+=61=Lally to Wilson, Aug. 11, 26. =61=Briscoe, report, Mar. 1, 1848.
+=65=Scott, gen. orders 250, 1847; 45, 1848. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes,
+ii, 579, 582. _Delta_, Oct. 1, 5, 1847. Kenly, Md. Vol., 304-8, 318.
+Apuntes, 386-7. =234=McDaniel to Johnson, Jan. 28, 1848. Ho. 60; 30,
+1, pp. 1068 (Marshall); 1069 (Miles); 1082 (Scott). _Niles_, Sept.
+18, 1847, p. 35; Oct. 16, p. 103. =291=Pierce, diary. =291=Bonham to
+Pierce, July 27. =61=Cadwalader to Wilson, June 13. =287=Parrish,
+diary. =76=Soto, June 10, 14; July 19. =76=Mendoza to Soto, June 16.
+=178=Davis, diary. _Diario_, June 23. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 482 (Lally);
+488 (Sears); 489 (Ridgely); 491-5; app., 4, 13, 16 (McIntosh); 18
+(Cadwalader); 21 (Wynkoop); 23 (Walker); 25 (Pierce). Roa Barcena,
+Rec., 252, 254, 262. Oswandel, Notes, 381. June 6 McIntosh lost six
+killed, fifteen wounded.
+
+For McIntosh and Pierce see chap. xxiv, pp. 76-7. McIntosh left Vera
+Cruz June 4 with 132 wagons, about 500 pack-mules, 170 dragoons, 100
+dismounted dragoons and about 450 infantry. The wagon horses were weak
+mustangs; the mules unbroken and vicious; the teamsters Mexicans,
+mostly new to the business. The wagons became too much separated. The
+dragoons acted imprudently. A court of inquiry exonerated McIntosh.
+The guerillas destroyed the fine bridge at Plan del Rio in the hope of
+stopping Cadwalader, who marched from Vera Cruz to reinforce McIntosh.
+Lally had two companies of the Fourth Infantry, two of the Fifth, one
+of the Eleventh, three of the Twelfth, one of the Fifteenth, two of the
+Voltigeurs and one of Louisiana horse. The "missing" numbered twelve.
+He admitted that at the national bridge only his artillery gave him the
+victory. Lally had been appointed from civil life, and, though military
+in appearance, did not understand his present business (Grone, Briefe,
+46-8). Hearing at Perote that Lally had been repulsed, Colonel Wynkoop
+with two companies of infantry and one of cavalry marched to Jalapa in
+thirty-six hours. Naturally the Americans greatly overestimated the
+numbers of the guerillas they were fighting. In November, 1847, the
+guerillas operated so near Vera Cruz that the farmers would not bring
+milk and vegetables to the city unless escorted. January 3, 1848,
+Lieut. Col. Miles left Vergara with some 500 wagons and a large number
+of pack-mules. He had 1300 troops, but only 150 of them were cavalry.
+The train extended at least nine miles. In spite of unusual precautions
+250-300 of the pack-mules were captured near Santa Fe. Most of the
+goods thus lost belonged to Mexican merchants. In February, 1848, a
+party under Lieut. Col. Briscoe was attacked on its way to Orizaba. A
+number of other encounters are mentioned by Mexicans.
+
+29.8. Oswandel, Notes, 156, 215-6, 365, 382. =13=Giffard, nos. 19, May
+30; 37, Oct. 20, 1847. =13=Doyle, no. 1, Jan. 13, 1848. =61=Hughes to
+[Wilson], Sept. 13. =65=Scott, gen. orders 127, Apr. 29; 372, Dec. 12,
+1847. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 174, 186, 194, 196. =128=_Id._, diary.
+=12=Pell to Lambert, Nov. 30. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 50, 53, 61-2. _Correo
+Nacional_, Dec. 21. Henshaw narrative. Grone, Briefe, 37-61. =61=Twiggs
+to Marcy, Mar. 1, 1848. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 310. Scott, Mems., ii,
+575. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 579, 582. =152=Claiborne, mems. Sen.
+52; 30, 1, p. 138 (Marcy). _Delta_, Dec. 23. Apuntes, 386. =62=Adj.
+gen. to Wilson, Aug. 12. Moore, Scott's Camp., 72. Ramirez, Mexico,
+241-3, 260. _Fraser's Mag._, xxxviii, 91-6. =76=J. G. Teran, May 17.
+Stevens, Stevens, i, 134. Vera Cruz _Eagle_, May 29. =61=Wilson to adj.
+gen., June 7. =159=Collins papers. Polk, Diary, July 16. =76=Soto, July
+23; Aug. 11. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 60-1. _Flag of Freedom_, i,
+no. 4. =305=Richardson, recolls.
+
+It was a common practice of these guerillas to mutilate wounded
+Americans. The lasso was one of their weapons. Their rule was to take
+no prisoners. After Scott had to abandon his communications with Vera
+Cruz, the government felt extremely anxious to have the line re-opened
+and kept open. August 12, 1847, the commander at Vera Cruz was assured
+that this was "of the first importance," and troops were sent to him
+expressly for the purpose. The volunteers in general, personally brave
+and enterprising, did good service against the guerillas (Stevens,
+Stevens, i, 134); but as the latter almost always had horses, there
+was a particular need of cavalry on our side. About the first of July,
+1847, the governors of Illinois and Georgia were called upon for two
+and five companies respectively of mounted men to help keep this line
+open. Polk himself selected Hays's regiment (Diary, July 16). Walker,
+though stern with the guerillas, would not permit his men to pillage.
+Rebolledo was betrayed, and was taken by Mexican counter-guerillas
+in November, 1847; but he was defended by an American named Kennedy,
+who resided at Jalapa, and was merely imprisoned. Jarauta was shot in
+July, 1848, for revolutionary activities. Marcy wrote to Scott that the
+guerilla system was "hardly recognized as a legitimate mode of warfare,
+and should be met with the utmost allowable severity" (Sen. 52; 30, 1,
+p. 138), and ordered him to destroy the rendezvous of the guerillas.
+The guerillas failed completely to affect the general course of the
+war, as they were expected to do, but even as late as March, 1848, the
+road from Vera Cruz to Jalapa was safe for large parties only. Hays's
+Rangers seemed to aim to dress as outlandishly as possible, and with
+their huge beards looked almost like savages. The officers were like
+the men in looks and costume. The horses were of all sizes and colors.
+For arms each had a rifle, a pair of pistols and one or two Colt's
+five-shooters (Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 310; Brackett, Lane's Brigade,
+174). Hays's usual order for attack was to point at the enemy and
+shout, "Give 'em hell!" (Zirckel, Tagebuch, 11).
+
+29.9. =128=Brackett, diary. Tributo a la Verdad, 58. Grone, Briefe,
+33. =61=Childs, Jan. 13, 1848. (Hostilities) =47=Perry, Nov. 2, 1847.
+=76=Mendoza to Soto, June 16, 1847. =47=Private letter (Mexican),
+Orizaba, [Sept., 1847]. =307=Roberts, diary. _Porvenir_, May 27.
+_Picayune_, May 6. =76=Acuerdo, July 30. =76=Mora, Apr. 23, 1847.
+=76=Relaciones to Guerra, Aug. 26. =76=Soto, Sept. 12. =86=Llorea
+to Soto, June 12. =76=Marin to Soto, Sept. 22, 25. =73=Bermudez de
+Castro, no. 517, 1847. _Diario_, June 11. =214=Hays and Caperton, Hays.
+=257=[Hughes] to Frank, Dec. 16. Mexico a traves, iv, 662.
+
+29.10. =128=Brackett, diary. =80=Mex. legislature, address, Apr. 26,
+1847; decree, May 31. =61=Childs, Jan. 13, 1848. _Flag of Freedom_,
+i, no. 3. Gamboa, Impug., 66. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 53, 215.
+Apuntes, 386. _Nacional_, Dec. 18. S. Anna, Apelacion, 29. =82=Puebla
+state treas. to secy., May 10. And from =76= the following. Bravo, May
+22, 1847. Guerra, circular, May 4. Lists of guerilla patents issued.
+Gov. Oaxaca, proclam., Jan. 25, 1848. Pena y Barragan, Nov. 24, 1847.
+To Torrejon, Dec. 28. Rea to Pena y Barragan, Nov. 26; to Guerra,
+Nov. 14. Rules of Rea's officers. Alvarez, June 16. Rea said he had
+commanded regulars. He treated some captured Americans with much
+civility.
+
+29.11. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 385 (Scott); 471 (Childs); app., 33 (Gwynn);
+34 (Morehead). =13=Thornton, no. 5, Oct. 29, 1847. _National_, Nov. 14.
+Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 113, 117, 131. =356=Whitcomb, diary. Zirckel,
+Tagebuch, 102. =95=Puebla ayunt., proceedings, Aug. 31. =65=Scott, gen.
+orders 246, Aug. 5. =66=J. L. Smith to H. L. Scott, July 13. Scott,
+Mems., ii, 550. _Flag of Freedom_, i, nos. 1, 5. Kitchen, Record,
+63-9. Lawton, Artill. Off., 278. =270=Moore, diary. Oswandel, Notes,
+248, 254, 259, 265, 268, 293. S. Anna, Mi Historia, 85. Negrete,
+Invasion, iv, app., 313. S. Anna, Apelacion, 60. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp.
+202, 206. Mexico a traves, iv, 699. =76=Comte. gen. Puebla, Sept. 18.
+=76=Relaciones to Guerra, Dec. 11. Moore, Scott's Camp., 116, 214-6.
+=73=Lozano, no. 9, 1847. =82=Puebla congress, decree, Aug. 12. Ramsey,
+Other Side, 394-5. Smith, To Mexico, 171. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 517.
+S. Anna, Detall, 33, 35.
+
+The cavalry were under Capt. Ford, the artillery under Capts. Kendrick
+and Miller, and the infantry (six companies) under Lieut. Col. Black
+(Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 471). Capt. Rowe, Ninth Infantry, commanded a
+hospital that was persistently attacked. A considerable number of
+the sick were able to do light duty. Some civilian employees helped.
+Childs had authority from Scott to organize the convalescents into
+companies and battalions (=65=Scott, gen. orders 246). Scott spoke of
+the garrison as "competent" (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 303), and no doubt it
+was as nearly equal to the dangers that appeared to threaten it as was
+the army that advanced from Puebla. But the garrison was weaker than
+Scott had intended it to be, for many convalescents had represented
+themselves as well. Four Pennsylvania companies, Ford's company and
+Miller's company held S. Jose, which was a poor building for the
+purpose and badly placed. Guadalupe was occupied as a protection to
+Loreto.
+
+Guerillas entered Puebla Aug. 12. Childs at once gave notice to the
+prefect that, should the people attempt to overpower the garrison,
+"the City would probably suffer" from his artillery (=69=Aug. 12). The
+first attack upon the Americans gave the guerillas about 700 mules
+and some other property. The next day some fifty armed teamsters and
+others went against the guerillas, and only fifteen of them returned.
+The authorities of the city were disgusted with the operations of
+the guerillas. About the first of September, by order of the state
+congress, the National Guards moved to help recover the city from
+the Americans, but the orders given them seemed to show little
+determination to cooperate with Rea or fight in earnest, and hence
+many became disheartened and deserted (=82=Ochoterena). Typhoid fever
+broke out among the American sick and carried off many (Moore, Scott's
+Camps., 218). News of the capture of Mexico was brought in by a courier
+disguised as a lepero. S. Cristobal was on the road from Mexico to
+Puebla _via_ Apam, which Santa Anna chose to take. Alvarez went _via_
+S. Martin.
+
+29.12. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 471 (Childs); app., 28 (Black); 34 (Morehead).
+Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1029 (S. Anna); 1030 (Childs). Ramsey, Other Side,
+396. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 113, 117. Moore, Scott's Camp., 218,
+223-4. Rodriguez, Breve Resena, 1848. =95=Puebla prefect to ayunt.,
+Sept. 17. =95=Rea to prefect, Sept. 23. Negrete, Invasion, iv, app.,
+314. _Flag of Freedom_, i, nos. 1, 5. =270=Moore, diary. =76=S. Anna to
+Guerra, Sept. 23, 30. Gamboa, Impug., 60. S. Anna, Detall, 35-6.
+
+29.13. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 460; iv, app., 295. Hitchcock,
+Fifty Years, 347. _Flag of Freedom_, i, no. 3. Lawton, Artill. Officer,
+324. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 71, 80, 101. =152=Claiborne, mems.
+=76=Isunza to Relaciones, Oct. 12. =76=S. Anna, Sept. 30; Oct. 4.
+Mexico a traves, iv, 699. =82=J. A. Ochotorena, Oct. --. =82=S. Anna to
+gov. Puebla, Oct. 6. =82=P. M. Herrera to Puebla sec. state, Oct. 7.
+=82=_Id._, diary. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 50, 53, 61-2. =61=Taylor, order,
+Aug. 16. Apuntes, 347-8. =321=Smith, diary. =327=Sutherland to father,
+undated. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 477 (Lane). Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1030 (Lane);
+1198 (Taylor). =246=Lane, Autobiog. Rosa, Impresiones. Semmes, Service,
+234. Hartman, Journal, 14-5. Smith, To Mexico, 161. S. Anna, Detall,
+36. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 519.
+
+From Perote, hearing that large Mexican forces were in his front, Lane
+took four companies of the First Pennsylvania, Walker's company of
+Mounted Riflemen, some convalescents and three guns under Taylor (Third
+Artillery). Wynkoop of the First Pennsylvania commanded these men.
+Before long they returned to Perote. Santa Anna reported that he took
+from Puebla 3500 men. His worst trouble was with his Puebla National
+Guards, who thought the expedition was a treasonable scheme of his to
+get them away from Puebla. On finding his command melting away, he sent
+all but about 1000 cavalry back to Puebla under Alvarez. From Puebla
+Alvarez retired to Atlixco and thence to the south. Later he took
+possession of Cuernavaca in the state of Mexico.
+
+29.14. _The Huamantla affair._ Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1031 (Lane). Sen. 1;
+30, 1, p. 477 (Lane). Apuntes, 348. Perry, Indiana, 234. ("Peg-Leg")
+=166=Pommares to Conner, Aug. 4, 1846. Norton, Life, 154, 157.
+Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 88-94. =129=_Id._, diary. Zirckel, Tagebuch,
+96-8, 155. _Flag of Freedom_, Oct. 23; 24, extra; 27. Negrete,
+Invasion, iii, app., 460-3; iv, app., 315-6. _Correo Nacional_, Mar.
+30, 1848. S. Anna, Apelacion, 65. =222=Hiney, diary. Grone, Briefe,
+65-7. =152=Claiborne, mems. Gamboa, Impug., 61. =147=Chamberlain,
+diary. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 519. S. Anna, Detall, 37. Besides losing
+Walker, Lane had 23 men wounded (Ho. 24; 31, 1).
+
+Lane was born in 1814. For a time he was a trader at Lawrenceburg,
+Indiana; and then he studied law in the manner of that time and region.
+He was not a man of much education. He meant thoroughly well in a
+rough way, but was rather careless about discipline. His men realized
+that he did not look out for their comfort or husband their strength,
+but admired his courage, energy and shrewd planning so much that they
+forgave him. He was called the Marion of the war.
+
+To guard his baggage, etc., Lane left at the hacienda the Fourth Ohio
+(Col. Brough), three regular companies under Capt. Simmons, and Lieut.
+Pratt (Second Art.) with two guns. Walker had his own company of
+Mounted Riflemen, two companies of Louisiana cavalry, and one company
+of Georgia cavalry (Brackett, Lane's Brig., 89). Lane had, in the
+following order, the Fourth Indiana (Col. Gorman), four Pennsylvania
+companies (Col. Wynkoop), five guns (Capt. Taylor), a battalion of
+the Ninth Infantry (Maj. Lally) and six companies of regulars (Capt.
+Heintzelman). Santa Anna, hearing that a few Americans were on their
+way to Huamantla, sent a party of Puebla mounted police to protect the
+town. Evidently this was the party that Walker saw approaching it.
+
+Much was written about this fight. It was said that Walker was ordered
+not to advance beyond supporting distance; that he was authorized
+to act according to circumstances; that he dashed ahead because he
+received word that the Mexican guns were being taken away, etc.; but
+Lane reported that he ordered Walker to move ahead ("within supporting
+distance") and, should the Mexicans be found in force, to wait for the
+infantry (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 477). He reached the town about forty-five
+minutes before the infantry did. Santa Anna was repulsed by the Fourth
+Indiana. In spite of Lane, much plundering was done by the victors, in
+whose defence it was urged that citizens fired from the houses. Though
+Walker captured two guns, he had no priming tubes, and therefore could
+make little, if any, use of them. Lane's loss was about twenty-five
+killed and wounded. Santa Anna reported two killed, seven wounded, and
+a number missing, but his loss was estimated by Americans at 100.
+
+29.15. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 108. =356=Whitcomb, diary. Perry,
+Indiana, 253. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 103. =76=Scott to Childs, Sept. 16.
+Negrete Invasion, iii, app., 460. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 347. _Flag
+of Freedom_, i, no. 5. Oswandel, Notes, 339-41. =76=Alvarez, Oct. 13.
+=76=Rea to Alvarez, Oct. 13. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 471 (Childs); 476
+(Lane). ("Rough paw") =335=Trist to wife, Mar. 14, 1848.
+
+Santa Anna overtook Lane at El Pinal, but admitted that the Americans
+marched so cautiously that he could accomplish nothing. The loss of the
+garrison, Sept. 13 to Oct. 12, was fifteen killed, thirty-seven wounded
+(Ho. 24; 31, 1). The loss of the Mexicans was estimated by Americans at
+300-500.
+
+29.16. Diccionario Universal (_Atlixco_). Mexico a traves, iv, 662,
+702. Calderon, Life, ii, 93. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 112. =76=G. Rodriguez,
+Oct. 14. =76=Rea, Oct. 24. =356=Whitcomb, diary. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 479
+(Lane).
+
+29.17. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 479 (Lane). Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 75-6 (Marcy,
+report). Grone, Briefe, 69. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 522-3. Brackett,
+Lane's Brigade, 146, 149-51, 164. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 110-3. _Flag
+of Freedom_, i, nos. 1, 3. =76=Alvarez, Dec. 14. =76=Rea, Oct. 24,
+1847; Feb. 10, 1848. =76=Memo. to head of plana mayor, Feb. 19, 1848.
+=61=Dumont to Lane, Nov. 15. =307=Roberts to Iowa State Hist. Soc.,
+Dec. 14, 1863.
+
+Lane had the Fourth Ohio, Fourth Indiana, Lally's and Heintzelman's
+battalions, Wynkoop's four Pennsylvania companies, Taylor's (3) and
+Pratt's (2) guns, and a squadron of the Third Dragoons (Capt. Ford) on
+the Atlixco expedition. When he entered the town the city authorities
+met him, surrendered, and asked protection. Lane had one killed and one
+wounded; the Mexicans admitted a loss of 219 killed and 300 wounded.
+On his way back to Puebla Lane turned off with 450 men to Guexocingo
+to capture two guns just made there. They had been removed, but he
+destroyed the carriages (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 481).
+
+October 29-30 an expedition from Puebla visited Tlaxcala
+(=356=Whitcomb, diary). November 9-10 at night Lane with a force of
+dragoons went over this road again, and recovered twenty-one loaded
+wagons that had been captured by guerillas, besides seven that they had
+set afire as he approached. Thirteen Mexican officers and many horses
+and cattle were taken. This time he had about 100 cavalry, 200 Indiana
+and 200 Ohio men. He returned to Puebla in the night of Nov. 12-13
+without having lost a man. In the evening of Nov. 22 he left Puebla
+for Izucar de Matamoros with about 200 mounted men. In the morning he
+surprised (=76=Arenal to Rea, Nov. 26) a body of Mexican irregulars,
+causing considerable loss, captured three cannon (=76=Pena y Barragan,
+Nov. 28) and much ammunition, and rescued a number of American
+prisoners. On his return, Nov. 24-5, he was attacked by Rea, but again
+triumphed (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 87). One or two Americans were killed and
+several wounded. If Rea's report can be believed, the Americans greatly
+exaggerated, as was natural, his numbers and losses (=76=to Pena y B.,
+Nov. 26). In January, 1848, Lane with four companies of Texas Rangers,
+two of the Third Dragoons and one of Mounted Riflemen was sent from
+Mexico to clear the roads of guerillas (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 75). In the
+course of his rapid march he almost succeeded in capturing Santa Anna,
+then residing at Tehuacan. He finally proceeded to Orizaba and Cordoba,
+captured public property, recovered stolen merchandise, and released
+American prisoners (Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 89-95). February 17 he set out
+from Mexico with 250 Rangers and 130 of the Third Dragoons against the
+guerillas north and northeast of the capital (_ibid._, p. 76). February
+25 he captured the town of Sequalteplan after a stiff skirmish, killing
+a considerable number and taking some fifty prisoners. It was said that
+Jarauta led the guerillas here. For Lane's operations subsequent to
+the Atlixco expedition: Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 168, 174, 192, 205,
+234-45. Whitcomb, diary. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 122-3. =61=Dumont to Lane,
+Nov. 15. =76=S. Anna, Feb. 1, 1848. _Id._, Apelacion, 65. _Amer. Home
+Journal_, Aug., 1906. _Flag of Freedom_, i, no. 1. T. F. Davis, diary.
+Claiborne, memoirs. =76=Puebla comte. gen., Nov. 28. =76=Rea to Pena
+y Barragan, Nov. 26. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 75-6 (Marcy, report), 86-103.
+Mention should also be made of Capt. Ruff, who on July 30, 1847, with
+eighty-two Mounted Riflemen attacked about 300 Mexicans (guerillas
+and infantry) entrenched in houses and a church at S. Juan near Ojo
+de Agua. With a loss of one man wounded, he killed or wounded about
+seventy to ninety of the enemy, it was believed (=69=Porter to Mrs. P.,
+July 31; Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 25-6 (Smith); Smith, To Mexico, 187).
+
+29.18. (Destruction, etc.) Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 205-6 (Trist);
+Exposicion dirigida. =52=Trist, no. 16, confid., Sept. 27, 1847.
+Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 130-2, 134-6, 155-65, 421-6.
+=13=Bankhead, no. 86, Sept. 28. Pacheco, Exposicion. Coleccion de
+Documentos, 4. S. Anna, Contestacion al Oficio. Mexico a traves, iv,
+700. =76=Rosa to Herrera, Sept. 29. =76=M. Ocampo to Herrera, Sept. 24.
+=80=Mex. legislature, decree, Sept. 18. Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 74.
+
+Real or at least additional reasons for the decree of Sept. 16 were
+probably that Santa Anna intended to leave the country or desired to
+let it try to get on without him. Rives (U. S. and Mexico, ii, 584)
+denies that Pena was timid: but (1) Bankhead and Trist so described
+him; and (2) his conduct in the negotiations with Slidell and with
+Trist confirms their opinion. In the latter case all the strength of
+his entourage was required to make him face the situation.
+
+29.19. =76=Rosa to Herrera, Sept. 29. Mexico a traves, iv, 700. Gamboa,
+Impug., 65. =52=Trist, nos. 16, confid., Sept. 27; 17, confid., Oct.
+1; 18, Oct. 25. =52=_Id._ to Hetty Parker, Sept. 28. Coleccion de
+Documentos, 110. =80=Mexico legislature, decree, Sept. 23. =80=_Id._,
+comtee. on constit. points, report, Sept. 18. =80=Olaguibel to Mex.
+legisl., Sept. 25. =80=Michoacan legislature, decree, Sept. 24. Roa
+Barcena, Recuerdos, 566. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 155-61. (Toluca)
+_Revue de Paris_, Dec., 1844; Encarnacion Prisoners, 75. =73=Lozano,
+no. 9, 1847.
+
+Pena admitted that it was impossible to fulfil the constitutional
+requirements, but said it was a public duty to establish a government
+as near them as was practicable (Colec. de Docs., 110). The legislature
+of Mexico state denounced Pena as representing the peace element, and
+refused to recognize any federal authority except the Lagos Coalition;
+but its decree was not favorably received by the public, and Olaguibel
+would not promulgate it.
+
+29.20. =75=Circular del ... Pena ... a los Gobernadores, Sept. 27.
+=75=Circulares del min. de relac., Sept. 27. =75=Pena, manifesto,
+Oct. 13. =75=Rosa to prest. of Congress, Oct. 14. =52=Trist, no. 16,
+confid., Sept. 27. Communicaciones habidas. _Correo Nacional_, Oct. 18.
+Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 176, 408-11, 421-6, 469-83. S. Anna, Mi
+Historia, 90. =6=Anderson papers. =76=Pena, circular, Nov. 16. =6=S.
+Anna to J. M. Guerra, Oct. 25. _Id._, Contestacion al Oficio. _Id._,
+Comunicacion Oficial. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 385 (Scott). =75=S. Anna to
+Congress, Nov. 1.
+
+Scott assisted Pena by giving safe-conducts to several members of
+Congress (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 385). Santa Anna took the ground that he
+was still legally responsible for the government of the country, and
+therefore must be allowed to exercise the powers of a President. Nov.
+1 he made this demand formally (Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 469).
+He also tried to create trouble for the new government by proclaiming
+that his removal from the command of the army was intended to cause
+his personal destruction or to pave the way for a disgraceful peace.
+He further said he could not be placed on trial until Congress should
+declare there were grounds for trying him. But he found he had no
+prestige left. Rosa said to Santa Anna that his resignation of the
+Presidency had been consummated by actually giving up the executive
+power, and that, in view of public opinion, it would be impossible to
+prove Pena's impartiality and maintain discipline in the army, unless
+the conduct of the general defeated at Cerro Gordo and in the later
+battles were officially inquired into (_ibid._, 421). In reply to
+another letter from Santa Anna he said (Nov. 11) that Pena would not
+discuss the resignation further, that his authority had been recognized
+by all the states and by Congress, and that Congress admitted no right
+on Santa Anna's part to resume the Presidency. In January, 1848, Rosa
+issued a circular reproaching Santa Anna for his past political conduct.
+
+29.21. =76=M. Ocampo, Nov. 27. =76=Comte. gen. Oaxaca, Mar. 16, 1848.
+=76=Guerra to Relaciones, Feb. 14. =76=Gov. Oaxaca to Relaciones, Dec.
+27, 1847. =76=Milit. comte. Orizaba, Jan. 20, 1848. Mexico a traves,
+iv, 699-700. Kenly, Md. Vol., 391-7. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 205-6. =76=S.
+Anna to Reyes, Oct. 16, 1847. _Correo Nacional_, Oct. 26, 1847; Apr.
+4, 1848. =76=J. M. Minon to Guerra, Oct. 20. Comunicaciones habidas.
+=47=Perry, Nov. 3. _Eco del Comercio_, Apr. 6, 1848. Rivera, Jalapa,
+iii, 927; iv, 8-9. _Monitor Repub._, Nov. 10, 1847. =179=Diario
+Esactisimo, Sept. 15. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 519-21, 532. =69=Thomas
+to Twiggs, Mar. 6, 1848. =69=Seymour to Hughes, Mar. 27. =69=---- to
+adj. gen. of the Amer. army, Mar. 29. =69=Hughes, safeguard to S. Anna,
+family and attendants, Mar. 17. =69=Hughes to Twiggs, Mar. 15. S. Anna,
+Detall, 37. =13=Doyle, nos. 29, 38, 1848.
+
+Santa Anna's military reports had excited resentment because he had
+been liberal with censures, particularly to relieve himself of blame.
+
+Santa Anna was ordered to turn the command over to Rincon or
+(temporarily) Alvarez. But he said that he did not know where Rincon
+was, and that on account of the position of the Americans he could
+not safely send his artillery to Alvarez. Reyes marched north. Santa
+Anna then chose Tehuacan for a place of residence instead of going
+nearer Guatemala, because he still had hopes of regaining power through
+intrigue or revolution. His presence was not desired there by the
+people, presumably because it endangered them. They made it difficult
+for him to stay; and his friends, whose opinions he asked, now felt
+that his remaining in the country would injure them. See also chap.
+xxxii, p. 242. He sailed from La Antigua on or about April 4 in a
+Spanish brig for Venezuela, it was understood, after expressing warm
+appreciation of the treatment received at this time from the Americans
+(=69=to Gutierrez, Mar. 11, 1848). Some thought he had increased his
+wealth since his return to Mexico.
+
+29.22. Chief documents used. S. Anna, Apelacion, app., 138-9. _Id._
+Comunicacion Oficial. Suarez y Navarro, Causas, 70-2. Mexico a traves,
+iv, 700-1. Dublan, Legislacion, v, 300-4, 307-14, 333-5. Apuntes,
+339-40. Curtis, Buchanan, i, 590. Negrete, Invasion, iv, app., 399.
+=335=Thornton to Trist, Dec. 5. =75=Anaya at meeting of govs., Nov. Roa
+Barcena, Recuerdos, 572. And from =76= the following. Director gen.
+of artill., Dec. --, 1847. Suarez y Navarro, Nov. 9. J. de D. Peza,
+Nov. 29. Seccion de operaciones, Nov. --. J. M. Marquez to Mora, Nov.
+29. Rincon, Jan. 8, 1848. Olaguibel, Oct. 29; Dec. 24, 1847. _Id._ to
+Alvarez, Oct. 23, 26. Bustamante, Oct. 2. Memorias of the chiefs of
+sections, Nov. --. To plana mayor and to Filisola, Nov. 19. Orders
+for reorganizing the army, Dec. 1, 20. Min. of war, memoria, Nov. 19.
+Diario, division del oriente, Sept. 29-Oct. 15. Rosa to Herrera, Sept.
+29. Comte. gen. Queretaro, Sept. 16. To Bustamante, Oct. 30; Dec. 30.
+Quijano, Jan. 27, 1848. Gen. staff, memo., Dec. 31, 1847. Filisola,
+Dec. 27. Alcorta (plana mayor), Dec. 27. Gen. in chief of infantry,
+Oct. 14. Rosa, Nov. 2. Alvarez, Oct. 20, 28; Nov. 19. To Alvarez, Oct.
+28, 31. Alvarez to Olaguibel, Oct. 21. To Rea, Nov. 1. To Olaguibel,
+Oct. 23. Valencia, Jan. 4, 1848.
+
+Nov. 19 a detailed statement of the available forces gave the figures
+as 6785 scattered over twelve states. The largest body (2683) was at
+Queretaro. Oct. 14 the Army of the East had only one 16-pounder, one
+12-pounder, one 6-pounder, three 5-3/4-pounders, one 4-pounder and
+two 24-pound howitzers. It was pointed out that even if men could be
+raised, they would be of the poorest sort, and long before an efficient
+army could be created, the Americans might be expected to attack them.
+Herrera probably had about 4000 men when he left Mexico, but he could
+not prevent wholesale desertion on the way to Queretaro. (Gamboa
+asserted that Herrera took only 2-3000 infantry from Mexico, but his
+statements are not always to be relied upon.) Jan. 2, 1848, Valencia
+was captured by the Americans.
+
+Filisola and Alcorta agreed substantially in recommending an elastic,
+evasive plan of campaign: bodies of, say, 2000 men to be stationed at
+strategic positions; the one attacked to fall back upon the next; these
+to fight or join the third, as might seem best; those not otherwise
+engaged, to strike for the American rear; and thus a campaign of
+movements, in which the Mexicans would have the advantages of mobility,
+of knowing the country, and of having the cooperation of the people,
+would be pursued in order to wear out the Americans. But the means
+of carrying out this system were lacking. In October the government
+planned to have three sizable armies; but by the end of December it
+limited its ambition to having two small brigades of infantry and one
+of cavalry, each headed by a colonel.
+
+29.23. Chief documents. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 60-2. =108=Bancroft to Polk,
+Dec. 3, 1846. =256=Barnard to Totten, Oct. 11, 1847. =66=_Id._ to
+_Id._, Dec. 15, 1847 (Taylor) =169=Peyton to Crittenden, Jan. 25, 1848;
+=169=Taylor to Crittenden, Nov. 15, 1847. =354=Welles papers. Davis,
+Autobiog., 257-8. Wash. _Union_, Jan. 7, 1848, N. Y. _Sun_, May 17,
+1847. _Niles_, Oct. 23, 1847, p. 114. Schouler, Hist. Briefs, 155. Sen.
+1; 30, 1, pp. 60-2 (Marcy, report). Calhoun Corres., 718 (to Clemson).
+_Public Ledger_, Jan. 4, 1848. =169=Rives to Crittenden, Feb. 8, 1847.
+Richardson, Messages, iv, 542-4. =13=Crampton to Palmerston, nos. 71,
+1847; 5, 1848. Claiborne, Quitman, ii, 7. Polk, Diary, Oct. 30, 1847.
+=61=Scott, Sept. 18. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 138-40, 211. =256=Totten to
+Marcy, Nov. 23, 21. =256=Trist to Buchanan, Sept. 28. _Picayune_, Dec.
+15. See chap. xxxii, p. 235.
+
+Sept. 17, at a gathering of generals, one of the best proposed retiring
+at once to Vera Cruz. For the defensive plan see chap. xviii, p. 348.
+General Butler (Calhoun, Corres., 1146) and apparently Daniel Webster
+(Boston _Courier_, Feb. 20, 23, 1847) favored this plan. Had it been
+adopted we should in all probability have been forced sooner or later
+to resume active operations after having given up the results of much
+fighting. It seemed hardly possible that a majority in Congress would
+soon be able to agree upon a policy, and it looked as if injurious
+debates on the subject might occur. Marcy particularly advised Scott to
+prevent the formation of a new Mexican army, but authorized him to use
+his own judgment as to military operations. They were not, however, to
+be modified in consequence of Mexican peace proposals (Sen. 52; 30, 1,
+p. 140). For the difficult situation of the United States see the first
+paragraphs of chap. xxxii.
+
+29.24. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1031, 1033, 1036, 1039, 1047-50, 1067
+(Scott); 1006-9 (Marcy); 1060, 1260 (Jesup). Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 98
+(H. L. Scott). =364=Worth to S., Dec. 27, 1847. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp.
+140-4. =76=Comte. gen. Mexico, Jan. 10, 1848. =61=Scott to Twiggs,
+Dec. 26, 1847. =65=_Id._, gen. orders 376, 389 of 1847; 7 of 1848.
+=356=Whitcomb, diary. =12=Pell of sloop _Daring_ to Lambert, Nov. 30,
+1847. =66=Lee to Totten, Jan. 1; Feb. 1, 1848. Hitchcock, Fifty Years,
+310-1. =178=Davis, diary. _Picayune_, Feb. 27.
+
+In June and August, 1847, the First and Second Illinois regiments
+(12-months men) were replaced with "for the war" regiments bearing
+the same names. As we have seen (note 29.8) Illinois and Georgia
+were called upon about the first of July for mounted companies. June
+23 Louisiana was asked to furnish two mounted, acclimated companies
+to clear guerillas from near Vera Cruz. July 16 a Pennsylvania foot
+regiment, organized some time earlier at Carlisle, was accepted.
+July 16 a proposed battalion of Mississippi riflemen was accepted as
+infantry. July 19 an Illinois horse company and a Delaware infantry
+company were accepted. July 24 a Maryland artillery company was
+authorized, and Missouri was requested to furnish an artillery company,
+two infantry companies and two mounted companies. August 17 Polk found
+that 6000 of the 50,000 volunteers authorized by the war bill had not
+been called out, and that the Cabinet were in favor of calling more of
+them (Diary). That day Ohio was asked for an infantry regiment. August
+21 an infantry company, tendered by W. J. Corcoran of Washington, D.
+C., was accepted. August 26 Tennessee and Kentucky were called upon
+for two infantry regiments each, and an Indiana regiment was accepted.
+Sept. 6 a North Carolina company was accepted on the condition that
+it should be ready for muster by Oct. 10. Sept. 7, owing to the delay
+of the Carlisle company, a Pittsburgh, Pa., company was accepted in
+lieu of it. Sept. 8 two Ohio companies were asked for. Sept. 27 Marcy
+stated that nearly or quite all of the 50,000 volunteers had been
+accepted (_Niles_, Oct. 30, p. 144). Oct. 8 another Tennessee regiment
+(ten extra companies were ready) and a Michigan regiment were called
+for. Aug. 23 only one of the five Mississippi companies was ready.
+The government explained that men did not wish to serve on foot. The
+battalion was completed near the end of December (Rowland, Register,
+416). Alabama and Virginia also were backward at this time. The Act of
+March 3, authorizing individual enlistments of volunteers, provided
+no means for its execution, no bounty and no clothing, and volunteers
+received less pay than the regulars (=62=adj. gen. to Hamtramck, Feb.
+28, 1848). Naturally men did not care to leave home singly and be kept
+at depots for perhaps weeks, waiting for enough to be collected to be
+sent on. In Aug. and Sept. the transportation of troops was embarrassed
+by a serious epidemic of yellow fever at New Orleans. Transportation
+difficulties at Vera Cruz caused delays later.
+
+Nov. 30, 1847, the authorized regulars were 1336 commissioned officers
+(eleven generals, thirty-five in general staff, 115 medical men,
+thirty-one in pay department, forty-three engineers, thirty-six
+topographical engineers, thirty-six ordnance officers, 118 officers in
+three dragoon regiments, thirty-five in Mounted Riflemen, 208 in four
+artillery regiments, 648 in sixteen infantry regiments, forty-seven in
+one regiment of Voltigeurs and foot riflemen) and 28,960 enlisted men
+(3408 dragoons, 1146 Mounted Riflemen, 5492 artillery, 17,664 infantry,
+1104 Voltigeurs and foot riflemen, 100 engineer soldiers, forty-six
+ordnance sergeants, seventeen military storekeepers); but according
+to the returns (not all recent) the enlisted men numbered not more
+than 20,333 (adj. gen.'s report in Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 72). Of 12-months
+volunteers there were (mounted) one regiment of seven companies,
+one battalion and four independent companies, and two companies of
+infantry: aggregate, eighty-two officers, 2037 non-commissioned men
+and privates. Of volunteers "for the war" there were theoretically
+seven generals; 125 staff officers (including quartermaster's,
+commissary's and medical departments, and twelve (additional) in the
+pay department); of horse one regiment, two battalions, twenty-two
+independent companies (total, 184 officers, 4871 others); of
+foot artillery three companies (twelve and 342 respectively); of
+infantry twenty-two regiments, five battalions, eight independent
+companies (1159 and 27,603 respectively): aggregates, 1355 and 32,816
+respectively. The number still on the rolls (Nov. 30) "for the war"
+was not supposed to exceed 20,286. This number was believed by the
+adjutant general to be "much beyond" the number of effectives.
+
+There were supposed to be in the field 19,818 regulars and (aside from
+803 on California service) 21,124 volunteers (officers and men); _en
+route_ 1691 regulars, 100 volunteers: total (_including_ the California
+men), 43,536. Scott's army (regulars) was figured as 15,071 in the
+field, 1396 _en route_, 555 at Vera Cruz, 79 at Tampico; (volunteers)
+in the field and at Tampico, 14,955. His operating army, including
+the sick and the disabled, was estimated as about 30,209. Wool's army
+was figured as (regulars) 3,642 in the field, 295 _en route_ and
+(volunteers) 2790: total, 6727. Price was believed to have 255 regulars
+(dragoons), 2902 volunteers; and Mason (California) 216 regulars (one
+company of dragoons and one company of artillery), 803 volunteers (adj.
+gen.'s report, Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 72). All the figures were approximate
+and there were discrepancies in the reckoning.
+
+Nov. 20 the adjutant general stated the regulars sent to Scott as
+reinforcements thus: of the old establishment (absent companies,
+reorganized companies and recruits), 5564; new establishment (troops
+raised and organized after March 4, 1847), five companies of Third
+Dragoons, the Ninth, Eleventh, Twelfth (nine companies), Fourteenth and
+Fifteenth Infantry, the Voltigeurs, and recruits for the same, 6345
+(=62=to Scott); and also six companies (360) of Marines under Lieut.
+Colonel Watson. Scott's returns were infrequent or were lost on the
+way. Perhaps he dared not run the risk of exposing them to guerillas.
+Hence as a rule one must accept general statements. Quitman's division,
+being now very small, was broken up, and he was permitted to report at
+Washington for a new command (Claiborne, Quitman, i, 395). As a rule
+no officer was permitted to leave the army except "with a view to the
+good of the service or the recovery of health" (=61=Scott to Patterson,
+Oct. 28, 1847). Oct. 22 even leaves of absence that had been granted or
+promised were cancelled. The government ordered the reinforcements to
+leave Vera Cruz promptly, and Bankhead was put in the place of Wilson
+there in order to obtain more efficient management (=62=adj. gen. to
+Scott, Nov. 9). After about the middle of October the troops at Mexico
+were thoroughly drilled, and by the middle of November came to be
+better disciplined than ever before.
+
+April 29, 1847, although the 12-months army was about to disband,
+Marcy requested Patterson and Butler to remain in the service as
+major generals, and Marshall, Lane and Shields to remain as brigadier
+generals. Marshall arrived at Mexico City January 21, 1848. It is not
+possible to state how many troops came with each of the officers.
+Col. Hays brought five companies of Rangers. Lt. Col. Johnston had
+about 1300 men when at Puebla. In general about half of a command
+fell out from sickness and other causes between Vera Cruz and Mexico
+(=125=Bonham to mother, Dec. 7, 1847). Fruits, liquor, insufficient
+clothing and at this time the measles were the chief causes of sickness.
+
+Scott's announcement (=65=gen. orders 376) was dated Dec. 15. Jan.
+6 Scott had 14,964, of whom 11,162 were effectives (Ho. 60; 30, 1,
+p. 1061). By Feb. 13 his rank and file amounted to 26,910, and 2000
+recruits were _en route_ (=62=adj. gen. to Cass, Mar. 9, 1848). Though
+5546 of the rank and file and 181 officers were then sick, he had
+been for some time strong enough to occupy Zacatecas and San Luis
+Potosi, but the peace negotiations (chap. xxxii) affected his plans.
+The new posts were at Rio Frio (between Mexico and Puebla), and the
+national bridge and San Juan (between Jalapa and Vera Cruz). Early
+in March, 1848, a post was established at Ojo de Agua between Puebla
+and Perote. The purpose of the posts was to defend the line against
+the guerillas and furnish escorts for trains, couriers, etc. Jalapa
+and Puebla were held somewhat strongly. At the former there were on
+January 8, 1848, three infantry companies and a rifle company from the
+District of Columbia, two infantry companies, a rifle company and a
+battery (six guns) from Baltimore, four New Jersey infantry companies,
+a Pennsylvania infantry company and a mounted company. Sickness and
+other causes reduced the effectives, however, to 556 (=69=Hughes to H.
+L. Scott, Jan. 8, 1848). Puebla was held, Feb. 22, by some 2500 men:
+the Fourth Indiana, Fourth Ohio, Fourth Artillery, Fifth Ohio (five
+companies), Second Artillery (two companies), and two Florida companies
+(Perry, Indiana, 287). Pachuca was occupied Dec. 29 by the Ninth
+Infantry (=178=Davis, diary). Cadwalader marched for Toluca Jan. 6 (Ho.
+60; 30, 1, p. 1062). Jan. 29 Col. Clarke set out for Cuernavaca with a
+brigade (=66=Lee to Totten, Feb. 1). His approach compelled Alvarez to
+break up the small force he had been holding at that point and hastily
+retire.
+
+Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 524) says that Scott neglected "the proper
+military measures of occupation" in order to favor peace negotiations
+contrary to the "policy" of his government; but the most fundamental
+policy of that government was to bring about a satisfactory peace;
+Scott had not sufficient forces to carry out a military occupation of
+the country until late in December; and by that time peace was within
+reach.
+
+29.25. Twiggs to H. L. Scott, Jan. 16, 1848; to adj. gen., Jan. 17; to
+Bankhead, Feb. 3. =69=_Id._ to Marcy, Feb. 19. =61=Scott to Twiggs,
+Dec. 26, 1847. =61=Hughes to [Wilson], Sept. 13, 1847. Brackett, Lane's
+Brigade, 241-2. _Free American_, Jan. 14, 1848. =152=Claiborne, mems.
+Velasco, Geografia, iii, 176. Leclercq, Voyage, 386. Moreno, Canton,
+380. =88=Cordoba ayunt., proceedings, Feb. 16. _Picayune_, Feb. 27.
+
+There was a convenient road from Orizaba to Paso de Ovejas on the
+national highway about thirty miles from Vera Cruz. The recently
+captured goods had been in charge of Lieut. Col. Miles (note 29.7).
+Bankhead arrived at Cordoba Feb. 13 and left for Orizaba Feb. 17. The
+Michigan volunteers remained there. Other reasons for this expedition
+will be mentioned in chap. xxxiii.
+
+29.26. Remarks of Gov. J. D. Porter of Tenn. to the author (vanity,
+ignorance of war). Ill. State Hist. Soc. Trans., 1906, p. 178 (unfit to
+serve as corporal). =180=Pillow to wife, Dec. 8, 1846 (_re_ Taylor).
+Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 252 (Trist's opinion). =307=B. S. Roberts, diary,
+Nov. 26, 1847 ("ass by nature"). =335=Trist, notes for letter to
+Ho. of Repres. ("Lie"; lack of probity; Scott's confidence, etc.).
+=252=Mackall, Sept. 18, 1847 (no vainer peacock or greater ass; gave
+no aid in the final battles). =292=Pillow to wife, Dec. 12, 1847 (eye
+to Presidency). =335=Paper prepared by Trist (_re_ Polk's brother).
+=277=Pillow to Maj.-- (beautifully illustrates "wriggling"). Scott,
+Mems., ii, 416. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 338 (vanity). =297=Pillow
+to Polk, May 30, 1844 ("fatal blow"). M'Sherry Puchero, 179 (not
+considered a general). Chap. xxiii, note 23.29 (generalship).
+(Recommendations) =180=Pillow to wife, Dec. 8, 1846. (Confidence)
+=335=Trist, notes, _supra_. Pillow's letters generally.
+
+For uncomplimentary opinions regarding Pillow see chap. xxvi, note
+26.8. It should be remembered, however, that later he became a
+political issue in Tennessee, and many things said of him then were
+colored by partisanship; also that the prejudice of many regulars in
+reference to the volunteers may have counted.
+
+29.27. (After Monterey) =364=W. to S., Oct. 2, 1846. (Ambition) Scott,
+Mems., ii, 416. (Restive) Lawton, Artill. Officer, 276. (Affection)
+Grant, Mems., i, 151; =335=Trist, notes for letter to Ho., _supra_
+(Pillow: Scott's fatherly affection for Worth will always get the
+better of any resentment); Lawton, _ibid._ (Rejected) =364=W. to --,
+Mar. 3, 1848. (Friend) =183=Drum, recolls.; =224=Hitchcock, diary, Apr.
+14, 1846. (Ounce) =364=Worth to daughter, June 10, 1846.
+
+29.28. (Told) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1226 (Scott). (Brother officer)
+=183=Drum, recolls. (his name was Lieut. Col. Black of Pa.). (Root)
+=183=Drum, recolls.; Davis, Autobiog., 286. N. Y. _Sun_, Aug. 14,
+1847. (Favorably) _Picayune_, Jan. 17, 1848 (the plan ripening
+fast); =149=Eells to Chase, Feb. 24, 1848 (W. may be the Dem.
+nominee); =185=Pillow to Duncan, June 4, 1849 (W. had a good chance
+of nomination); =182=Bowdon to W., Mar. 18, 1848, strictly confid.
+(Clashes, conciliate) _Infra_. (Antagonism) =169=Mills to Crittenden,
+Jan. 28, 1848; Grant, Mems., i, 172.
+
+For remarks on Worth's character see chap. xii, note 12.8 and chap.
+xxiv, note 24.16. At Vera Cruz Worth ridiculed Scott's methods in
+comparison with his own at Monterey (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528), and
+his journalistic champion, the editor of the New York _Sun_, took
+the same line (Aug. 16). He was determined to have an assault, in
+which he would naturally have played a conspicuous part (_Mag. of Am.
+Hist._, xiv, 569). He was enraged because Scott properly had Twiggs
+lead the advance from that city (_ibid._, 562; see also chap. xxiii,
+note 23.5). Apparently in order to become prominent in the coming
+battle, he seems to have left Vera Cruz without a suitable supply of
+provisions--contrary to orders (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528). Probably
+because Scott, for reasons of policy, praised Twiggs's conduct at Cerro
+Gordo in his report, Worth pronounced the report "a lie from beginning
+to end" (=364=to S., Dec. 27, 1847). He was impatient and offensive
+because Scott would not permit him to advance upon Puebla as soon as
+he wished to go (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528; =364=W. to daughter, Apr.
+30, 1847). Next, his wrath was excited there because, in accordance
+with the verdict of a court martial, Scott censured--in the mildest
+possible manner--his improper conduct (p. 361; _Delta_, Jan. 6, 1848).
+Wholly without authority he announced that his division was to lead the
+movement from Puebla against Mexico (=236=Judah, diary, May 6), though
+it was Twiggs's turn to lead. He accused Scott of trying to belittle
+his achievements at Churubusco (=364=to S., Dec. 27, 1847). He blamed
+Scott for the losses resulting from his own imprudence at Molino del
+Rey and for not permitting him to attack Chapultepec that day; and he
+protested because Scott, doubtless by accident, did not credit him with
+the technical distinction of actually passing the San Cosme garita
+on Sept. 13 (p. 416; Sedgwick, Corres., i, 169). Unmoved by Worth's
+conduct, Scott seems to have given him all the prominence to which
+he was entitled. It was understood that he assigned him to command
+on Sept. 8 with a special view to conciliating him (Grant, Mems., i,
+151); and it is clear that he intended to have him capture the city
+of Mexico (p. 412). It is probable that Scott had shown some egotism
+and irascibility in the course of the strenuous campaign, but no doubt
+almost every high officer had done the same, for all had tempers and
+believed in themselves; and it is extremely doubtful whether any one
+had shown more kindness and magnanimity than he--particularly toward
+Pillow and Worth. Even after all the trouble, Scott wrote (Mems., ii,
+416) that Pillow's nature was free from malignity, whereas Pillow's
+letters prove the contrary strikingly.
+
+29.29. (Intimate) =185=Duncan papers, _passim_. (Widow) =185=P. to D.,
+Sept. 3, 1848. (Urged) =185=P. to Polk, June 21, 1849. (Made) Scott,
+Mems., ii, 416; Cullum, Biog. Register, i, 447. (Trouble) Sen. 65; 30,
+1, p. 305. (Gather) =329=Taliaferro to --, Apr. 26, 1848; Scott, Mems.,
+ii, 417.
+
+Pillow boasted of his power, and on that basis threatened men whom he
+wished to control (Taliaferro, _supra_; Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 117). How
+strong this influence was is illustrated by the fact that Col. Campbell
+of Tennessee, who had stated repeatedly that Pillow had no military
+ability (pp. 353, 377), recommended him for appointment as a major
+general (=139=to Polk, Feb. 19, 1847). It is interesting to note, in
+comparison with the character of the cabal against Scott, that he was
+supported by such men as Trist, E. A. Hitchcock, Robert E. Lee and
+Robert Anderson.
+
+29.30. (Reports) Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1015-20; Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp.
+389-91, 629-34; Lawton, Artill. Officer, 319-20. (Same) Lawton, Art.
+Off., 319-20; Weekly N. Y. _Courier and Enquirer_, Mar. 2, 1848;
+=169=Mills to Crittenden, Jan. 28, 1848. (Terms) Remarks in note
+29.28; =169=Mills to Crittenden, Jan. 28, 1848; =364=W. to ----, Mar.
+3, 1848 ("an ass will be an ass"). (Trickily) Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 391;
+Davis, Autobiog., 285; note 31. (Another) Semmes, Service, 358-9. (In
+U. S.) _Picayune_, Oct. 8. (Tampico) Semmes, Service, 360. (Mexico)
+Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 117. (Improper) _Ib._, p. 454 (Marcy). (Necessary)
+=169=Mills, _supra_; Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1087, 1225-6 (Scott).
+
+29.31. (Gen. orders 349) Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 455. (Stigmatize)
+=210=Alvord to Hammond, Apr. 21, 1848; =210=Bragg to Hammond, Dec.
+20, 1847. (Assumed) _Picayune_, Oct. 8; Dec. 18. (Defiant) Stevens,
+Stevens, i, 223. (Not written) _Infra_. (Seized) Semmes, Service,
+361-4; _Spirit of the Age_, Mar. 9; Apr. 13, 1848. (Charges) Polk,
+Diary, Dec. 30, 1847; Jan. 1; Apr. 18, 1848; _infra_. (Appeals)
+_Infra_. (Arrest) =256=Marcy to Butler, Jan. 13, 1848.
+
+See note 29.28. For the Leonidas letter see p. 376. This letter Pillow
+seems clearly to have smuggled into a packet sent by Freaner, the
+correspondent of the New Orleans _Delta_, to his paper, after Freaner
+had rejected its twin (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 14) on the ground that it
+was incorrect, and the editor, inferring that it was endorsed by
+Freaner, printed it (_ibid._, 250; _Delta_, Apr. 7, 1848). When Scott
+finally opened his eyes (after August 20) to the rascality of Pillow
+(=335=Trist, notes, _supra_), Pillow realized he had gone too far.
+He refused to ask for a court of inquiry when challenged to do so
+(=335=Hitchcock to Pillow, Nov. 24, 1847, and note by H.), told Quitman
+that he could not face an investigation (=335=Trist, statement),
+and wrote to his wife that he was going to resign and live quietly
+(=292=Oct. 27, 1847). Then, it would appear, he induced Burns (=335=ed.
+of _Delta_ to Trist, May 16, 1848), a paymaster in his division, to
+assume the authorship of the Leonidas letter (the worst count against
+him), and became confident, even defiant, with reference to Scott
+(=180=to wife, Nov. 25). The friend to whom Duncan wrote, in sending
+his letter to the press, modified it freely, and inserted in it a
+passage regarding the Chalco route (p. 372) taken from a letter written
+by a man named Chason. So he explained to Duncan (=185=---- to Duncan,
+Jan. 1, 1848).
+
+Gen. orders 349, Nov. 12, 1847, said (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 455): "It
+requires not a little charity to believe that the principal heroes of
+the scandalous letters alluded to did not write them, or specially
+procure them to be written, and the intelligent can be at no loss
+in conjecturing the authors--chiefs, partizans, and pet familiars.
+To the honor of the service, the disease--pruriency of fame, _not_
+earned--cannot have seized upon half a dozen officers (present,)
+all of whom, it is believed, belong to the same two coteries." The
+next two sentences were still stronger: "False credit," "despicable
+self-puffings and malignant exclusions of others," "the conceited
+and the envious," "indignation" of the honorable officers. Though
+in the right, Scott allowed himself to go too far in his use of
+language, as he did at other times. Commenting on the order, Braxton
+Bragg, though not one of Scott's friends, said in substance: Half the
+reputations in the war have been made by false reports and newspaper
+misrepresentations [this was to a large extent true], and it has gone
+so far that Scott has at last issued a strong order (=210=to Hammond,
+Dec. 20, 1847). Another correspondent of Gov. Hammond of South Carolina
+said he was glad that Scott had undertaken to expose "such quackery,
+charlatanry, imposture and lying braggadocio" (=210=Alvord, Apr. 21,
+1848). This appears to have been the general sentiment of the officers
+(numerous citations could be given).
+
+On the publication of gen. orders 349 Worth asked Scott whether the
+charge of scandalous conduct referred to him. Scott replied that it
+referred to the authors and abettors of the Leonidas letter, and that
+he could not be more explicit. Worth declared the reply unsatisfactory,
+and handed to Scott a sort of appeal to the President that referred
+insultingly to the former (=68=Scott, charges, Nov. 27). Scott
+therefore charged him with "behaving with contempt and disrespect
+towards his commanding officer." He was arrested for insulting Scott in
+a letter to Marcy (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 471). The charges against Duncan
+were writing a (published) letter in violation of the army regulation
+no. 650, and making in it a false statement about the adoption of the
+Chalco route in order to magnify himself and Worth (=68=charges, Nov.
+27). "Arrest" signified confinement to the city of Mexico. The New York
+_Tribune_ said truthfully with reference to the troubles between Scott
+and the generals: "The duties of a Commanding General in the heart
+of an enemy country, with an army flushed with victory yet inactive,
+and under the influences incident to so perilous a position, are very
+delicate, and can only be met by firmness and the maintenance of
+rigorous discipline" (_Nat. Intelligencer_, Dec. 28, 1847).
+
+29.32. (Conviction) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1218 (Scott); _infra_. (Censures)
+Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1229, 1248 (Marcy); Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 131 (Marcy).
+(Relieved) =256=Marcy to Butler, Jan. 13, 1848. (Rank) =60=Butler to
+Marcy, Mar. 2. (Deposed) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1044. Lee, Lee, 46. (Army)
+=152=Claiborne, mems.; Oswandel, Notes, 481, 483; =221=Hill, diary;
+=252=Mackall, Feb. 21; _Picayune_, Mar. 23; =13=Doyle, no. 27, 1848;
+Lee, Lee, 44; =210=Alvord to Hammond, Feb. 24; Hitchcock, Fifty Years,
+321. (Departure) Lowell _Journal_, Sept. 14, 1852; _Picayune_, Mar. 23;
+Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 328. (Looked) =327=Sutherland to father, Feb.
+15, 1848.
+
+Jan. 9, 1847, a =137=correspondent of Calhoun wrote, "Unless some
+powerful influence is soon brought to bear we [in Charleston, S. C.]
+fear we shall stand forth discredited and degraded in the sight of all
+the world." It is hard to see how the country, without Scott, could
+have avoided this.
+
+Scott's chief complaints were a failure to supply seasonably the
+desired means for waging the campaign, interference with the rights
+of the commanding general (_e.g._ in Harney's case), the plan to
+place a civilian (Benton) over him, the apparent intention to let
+Trist interfere in military affairs, and the refusal to provide a
+chief of staff satisfactory to him (Lawton, Artill. Officer, 319).
+See also chapter xxvii, p. 129. All the charges except those against
+Pillow were withdrawn. The latter should have been placed before a
+court-martial, and so Polk and the Cabinet decided (Polk, Diary, Jan.
+3, 1848). But--probably because he feared that his friend would be
+convicted--Polk concluded to have first a court of inquiry in order
+to ascertain what the evidence was, and perhaps dispose of the matter
+(_ibid._, Jan. 8). The court was selected by Polk--doubtless with a
+view to Pillow's acquittal (_ibid._, Jan. 15). The fact that Pillow was
+entirely satisfied with it (=180=to wife, Feb. 27) is almost enough to
+prove this. The British charge reported that it seemed to favor Pillow
+(=13=Doyle, no. 39, 1848). Two of the members were brevetted later,
+though one of them (Scott publicly stated) had no other connection with
+the war, and the connection of the other had been slight (Scott in N.
+Y. _Herald_, Nov. 3, 1857).
+
+The principal charges against Pillow were, first, that Pillow's claim
+to have won the battle of Contreras was unfounded, on which the verdict
+went against him (Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 317, 333); and, secondly, that he
+was directly or indirectly the author of the Leonidas letter. In order
+to maintain that he wrote it (which he had strongly denied on three
+occasions (_ibid._, 56-7, 131), Burns had to admit that he had spoken
+falsely in it (_ibid._, 33, 388-9), and he swore that he believed he
+wrote certain interlineations (_ibid._, 32) which it was found had
+been written by the editor of the _Delta_ (_ibid._, 250); but he stuck
+to it that he had dared to steal into Pillow's private office, and
+remain there long enough to copy the substance and to a large extent
+the phraseology of a long document (_ibid._, 32). And therefore,
+although statements substantially equivalent to those of the Leonidas
+letter were brought home to Pillow (_ibid._, 389-391), Pillow had to be
+acquitted. John Sedgwick, later General Sedgwick, wrote: I think the
+court must acquit Pillow, "but the sentiment of the army will never
+acquit him" (Corres., i, 182). Naturally a lawyer like Pillow had a
+great advantage at the trial over Scott, upon whom it was incumbent
+to conduct the prosecution. His handling of the case was extremely
+clever. The same court was instructed to inquire into the so-called
+"council" of Puebla (p. 391), and thus Scott was virtually put on
+trial, yet, contrary to the articles of war, had no opportunity to
+question witnesses (Mo. _Republican_, Nov. 5, 1857). Pillow was before
+another court of inquiry (Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 338-73), and the evidence
+convicted him, morally at least, of attempting to appropriate, in
+violation of the articles of war, a captured Mexican howitzer. Pillow's
+appeal to the government grew out of Scott's approving the findings
+of this court, and his arrest resulted from the disrespect shown in
+connection with the appeal.
+
+June 4, 1847, Scott wrote to Marcy: "Considering the many cruel
+disappointments and mortifications I have been made to feel since I
+left Washington, or the total want of support and sympathy on the part
+of the War Department which I have so long experienced, I beg to be
+recalled from this army the moment that it may be safe for any person
+to embark at Vera Cruz, which I suppose will be early in November"
+(Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 131). This application was denied and (since
+the circumstances on which it was based appeared to change) became
+obsolete. A correspondent of Governor Hammond of South Carolina said
+it was "absurd, unjust, ridiculous, and impolitic, in this crisis of
+events here, to remove the victorious general, whose prestige with the
+Mexicans is great, very great, both for war and peace" (=210=Alvord,
+Feb. 24, 1848). He attributed the recall to "Mr. Quackery Pillow." The
+recall was dated January 13 (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1044). Scott turned over
+the command to Butler on February 18 (=65=gen. orders 59). March 14 the
+British charge reported that signs of relaxed discipline were visible
+(=13=Doyle, no. 27). As early as August 7, 1847, Polk had contemplated
+substituting Butler for Scott (Diary). Nov. 25 Pillow wrote that this
+was to be done (=180=to wife). Early in January, 1848, some members of
+the Cabinet favored giving Taylor the place, but Polk would not (Diary,
+Jan. 4).
+
+May 6, 1848, the adjutant general stated that the army under Butler
+consisted of 26,785 (aggregate present), of whom 174 officers and 4611
+men were sick, and that it occupied the following places: Mexico,
+Toluca, Cuernavaca, Pachuca, Rio Frio, Puebla, Perote, Jalapa, national
+bridge, Orizaba, Cordoba and Vera Cruz. Some of the returns, however,
+on which the statement was based were several months old (=62=to
+Cass). By May 1 Scott, Pillow, Pierce, Cadwalader, Quitman, Shields
+and Cushing had left the country. May 23 S. W. Kearny was appointed
+governor of Mexico City (=65=orders 103).
+
+
+XXX. THE NAVAL OPERATIONS
+
+30.1. Sen. 187, 263; 29, 1. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 774-5 (Bancroft). Sen.
+1; 29, 2, pp. 377-8. (War bill) Vol. i, p. 181. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 973.
+(Expense) Ho. 188; 29, 1; Sen. 139; 29, 2. In Jan., 1846, there were
+also 3 receiving ships and 11 small unarmed vessels and storeships.
+In ordinary and building there were 2 (5) ships-of-the-line, 5 (3)
+frigates and razees, 6 (2) sloops-of-war, 2 (0) brigs and 3 (1)
+steamers, carrying 576 (614) guns. (The figures in parentheses
+represent vessels building.) The time of the crews of the _Savannah_
+and _Warren_ expired before July 1 and Sloat was authorized to send
+them east. Three schooners--the _Bonita_, the _Reefer_ and the
+_Petrel_--built at New York for Mexico but not paid for, were purchased
+(_Niles_, June 13, 1846, p. 226; see chap. xiii, note 13.31). In Oct.,
+1847, there were also one ordnance transport and six storeships.
+
+30.2. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 945. U. S. Naval Institute, Proceedings, xiv,
+539 (S. C. Rowan, recolls.). Griffis, Perry, 200. Ho. 24; 30, 2 (Mason
+to Speaker). (Reputation) =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 445, 1847. Sen.
+69; 30, 1 (punishments). =374=Shubrick to Conner, July 17, 1845: "The
+time has been when the conviction of an officer of having told a
+_deliberate, premeditated, official lie_ would be fatal to him, so far
+at least as the opinion of a Court Martial would go, but that time has
+passed--alas! for the Navy." In the course of a short cruise, 1847-48,
+Farragut had to "rid the service" of five junior officers and bring to
+trial a first lieutenant for drunkenness (Mahan, Farragut, 97). Mar. 5,
+1847, =120=Capt. Mervine charged a lieutenant with being intoxicated
+repeatedly while commanding at S. Jose, Calif., amidst a hostile
+population. July 10, 1847, =120=J. H. Brown, S. Francisco, Calif.,
+wrote to Biddle that officers got drunk at his house and did havoc.
+=120=Commander Hull informed Biddle, Mar. 4, 1847, that a midshipman
+came aboard intoxicated. Many seamen were of foreign birth, but only 26
+out of 853 officers.
+
+30.3. =354=Welles papers. Ho. 188, 191; 29, 1. Howe, Bancroft, i, 292.
+Polk, Diary, Sept. 9, 1846; Feb. 20, 1847. =108=Buchanan to Bancroft,
+Sept. 29, 1847. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Nov. 28, 1845. Seward, Seward at
+Wash., i, 51. "Bancroft" was of course George Bancroft, the historian.
+
+30.4. =48=Bancroft to Conner, Aug. 30, 1845, secret. London _Times_,
+June 11, 1846. =52=Bancroft, no. 25, 1847. =52=King, no. 28, 1846.
+=52=Martin, no. 14, 1847. _Picayune_, May 7, 1846. =58=Spofford,
+Tyleston & Co., Dec. 11, 1846. =13=Bankhead, no. 79, 1845. =58=Emory,
+Stetson & Co., June 5, 1847. =46=Newell to J. Y. Mason, Nov. 25, 1846.
+Sen. 1; 30, 1, 945 (Mason, report). Richmond _Enquirer_, Aug. 15, 1845.
+Phila. _No. Amer._, June 20, 1845. Memoria de ... Guerra, Dec. 9, 1846.
+Mexico a traves, iv, 569. =13=Pakenham, no. 42, 1846. =52=Saunders
+(Madrid), nos. 9, 12, 1847. =52=Littlefield to Saunders, May 2, 1847.
+N. Y. _Herald_ (weekly), May 16, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 566 (Jesup).
+Boston _Atlas_, May 18, 1846. Buchanan, Works, vii, 325-6 (to W. R.
+J.), 355-6 (to T. N. C.). =49=Bancroft to Conner, Aug. 29, 1846. What
+is said of Cuba applies to Porto Rico also.
+
+30.5. (Action of Mexico) =13=Bankhead, nos. 68, 100, 147, 150, 161,
+1846; London _Times_, Jan. 8, 13, 15, 1847; Dublan, Legislacion, v,
+161; =52=Slidell to Buchanan, Mar. 27, 1846; =52=Martin, no. 11, 1847;
+=297=Mackenzie (S. Anna) to Buchanan, July 7, 1846; Semmes, Service,
+80-1; Mexico a traves, iv, 569; =52=Consul Black, Sept. 28; Oct. 29,
+1846; =73=Bermudez de Castro, nos. 294, res., 368, 1846; =52=Bancroft,
+no. 16, 1847; =76=Tornel, circular (regulations), July 26, 1846;
+Memoria de ... Relaciones, Dec., 1846; =52=Memoria de ... Guerra, Dec.,
+1846; _Diario_, July 27; Oct. 3, 1846. Irving (Madrid), no. 8, 1847.
+London _Times_, Jan. 8, 13, 15, 1847. Semmes, Service, 80. Sen. 1; 29,
+2, pp. 40-1. =52=Saunders (Madrid), no. 9, 1847. =76=Almonte, Dec. 10,
+1846. Buchanan, Works, vii, 334-42 (to R. M. S.).
+
+30.6. =52=Martin, no. 11, 1847. =52=Bancroft, no. 16, 1847. =52=Irving,
+July 18, 1846. Richardson, Messages, iv, 495-6. Sen. 1; 30, 1, 945-6
+(report). Wash. _Union_, July 22, 1847. The 29th Cong., second session,
+provided for the punishment of the citizens (apprehended on privateers)
+of those states having treaties with the U. S. which made their acts
+piracy (Wash. _Union_, Mar. 9, 1847; =13=Pakenham, no. 26, 1847).
+=108=Bancroft to Buchanan, Feb. 3, 1847. =13=For. Off. to Bankhead, no.
+34, 1845. _Cong. Globe_, 29, 1, p. 811 (Berrien). Buchanan, Works, vii,
+23, 52. The suggestion of commissioning American privateers excited
+opposition in Europe. It was feared that they would molest neutrals.
+Even in the U. S. it was opposed (Dayton in Senate, Jan. 27, 1847).
+Nothing came of it.
+
+30.7. (England) =13=Bankhead, nos. 79, 1845; 150, 1846; =13=To
+Bankhead, nos. 34, 1845; 1, 1847; London _Times_, Jan. 22, 1847;
+_Britannia_, Jan. 23, 1847; =52=Bancroft, no. 16, 1847; _Monitor
+Repub._, Nov. 21, 1846; =52=Bancroft, no. 18, 1847; =108=_Id._ to
+Buchanan, Feb. 3, 1847; =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 294, res., 368,
+1846. (France) =52=Martin, nos. 11, 15, 1847; =52=Guizot to Martin,
+Feb. 26, 1847. (Spain) =73=Bermudez de C., nos. 294, res., 368, 1846;
+=52=To Consul Campbell, May 14, 1846; =77=Mex. Consul, Havana, Dec. 10,
+1846, res.; =76=Almonte, Dec. 10, 1846; =72=Instructs. to capt. gen.,
+June 18, 1846; =52=Irving, July 18, 1846; nos. 5, 8, 1847; =71=docs.
+relating to Cuban ports; Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 40; Boston _Courier_, Jan.
+20, 1847; Buchanan, Works, vii, 334 (to R. M. S.). Sen. 1; 30, 1, 945-6
+(report). _Picayune_, Aug. 26, 1846. Conner, Home Squadron, 12.
+
+30.8. Richardson, Messages, iv, 548-9, 561. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 774-5
+(Bancroft). Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 377. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 951. =59=Circular
+to U. S. ministers, May 14, 1846. =47=Conner to Bancroft, May 14,
+1846. =52=Consul Chase, Jan. 20, 1846. =76=Parrodi, July 2, 1846.
+=52=McLane (London), no. 54, 1846. =13=Giffard (V. Cruz), June 30,
+1846. =162=Morris to Conner, Oct. 24, 1846. =313=Conner, instructions,
+May 14.
+
+American vessels were excluded on the score of impartiality and also
+because the admission of them would have defeated the main purposes of
+the blockade (Richardson, Messages, iv, 571). A particular advantage
+of the blockade is that it enables a belligerent to close ports that
+it is not desirable or not possible to capture and hold. Under the U.
+S. regulations vessels lying in Mexican ports on the announcement of
+the blockade could remain twenty days and then leave with or without
+cargo. Approaching vessels could not be captured or detained unless
+previously warned in writing by a cruiser (=313=Conner, instructions).
+Vera Cruz and Tampico remained open for British mail packets (_ibid._).
+Fishing boats were not molested. _Bona fide_ British property,
+including cochineal, could be embarked on British war vessels at Vera
+Cruz (=13=Bankhead, no. 23, 1847). From the end of June, 1846, Conner
+permitted British mail packets to land quicksilver and take bullion.
+Engagements made before the war could be fulfilled (=313=Saunders to
+Callaghan, June 23, 1846). A difficult question came up concerning the
+floating property of neutrals residing in Mexico (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p.
+1305). Mexico decreed that since her ports of entry were blockaded,
+all her other ports might give free entrance to vessels forcing the
+blockade (=70="Guerra," no. 1079), and that no tonnage dues should be
+charged during the continuance of the blockade (=76=Guerra, circular,
+Oct. 10, 1846). England had to admit that she was the last nation to
+protest against a strict blockade, but warned us that difficulties
+might arise in the enforcement of it (=52=McLane, no. 50, 1846); and
+she would not have our announcement published in the London _Gazette_
+since, said Aberdeen, it might check trade and after all not be made
+good (=52=McLane, no. 55). Spain insisted upon neutral rights with
+peculiar jealousy. The Spanish commander even claimed free access to
+blockaded ports under arts. 14 and 15 of the treaty of 1795, but found
+that art. 16 warranted the blockade. Spain's vessels were treated
+with special indulgence, but she made many complaints. For Spain:
+=72=Instrs. to capt. gen. of Cuba, June 18, 1846; =52=Irving, no. 2,
+1846; =52=Isturiz to Irving, Aug. 5, 1846; =71=papers relating to
+complaints; Buchanan, Works, vii, 240-1, 290-2; =47=Span. commander to
+Conner, June 24, 1846; reply, June 26.
+
+30.9. =48=Bancroft to Conner, Aug. 30, 1845, secret. _Picayune_, Mar.
+11, 1847. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 377 (Mason, report). Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1163
+(Conner). =76=Parrodi, May 20, 1846. =76=Capt. of port, Tampico, May
+20. Semmes, Service, 106. Conner, Home Squadron, 9. Negrete, Invasion,
+iii, 173. =313=Conner, proclam., May 14. =313=_Id._, instructions, May
+14. =313=Saunders to C., June 20; Oct. 24; to Amer. consul, May 20.
+=313=C. to Saunders, July 22; Sept. 30. =164=Conner, reports, spring of
+1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 525 (spec. orders 128). _Niles_, Oct. 10, 1846,
+p. 85. =47=Conner, Oct. 8. (Goatzacoalcos) About 140 miles S. E. from
+V. Cruz.
+
+It does not seem worth while to follow the movements of particular
+vessels. Sept. 30, 1846, the blockade was extended southeast to the
+River S. Pedro y S. Pablo. (Difficulties) =47=Conner, Sept. 22, 1846;
+_Picayune_, Mar. 11, 1847; Griffis, Perry, 210; =313=Saunders to Wash.
+_Union_, Oct. 10, 1846; =313=_Id._ to Conner, Oct. 24; Semmes, Service,
+106; =162=Conner, Jan. 28, 1847. (_Somers_) Sen. 43; 29, 2; Sen. 1; 30,
+1, pp. 945, 950; =374=Semmes to Conner, Dec. 10, 1846; =13=Pakenham,
+no. 151, 1846.
+
+Just after the blockade began at Vera Cruz Gen. Bravo, commanding
+there, permitted several American vessels to leave the port, and in
+acknowledgment of his liberality two Mexican merchant vessels were
+sent in to him with their cargoes, crews and passengers. Courteous
+notes were exchanged (=76=Gacyores to Bravo, May 27; reply, May 28;
+Bravo, May 26). At Tampico Capt. Saunders and the city authorities were
+mutually considerate (=313=S. to Bancroft, June 6, 1846).
+
+30.10. (Designed) London _Times_, Dec. 10, 1846. Comte. gen. V. Cruz.
+July 9, 1846. Sen. 1; 30, 1, 945, 950-1. =13=Pakenham, no. 98, 1846.
+=162=Conner, Dec. 18, 1846. Foltz, Report. _Niles_, Oct. 10, 1846,
+pp. 84-5. =47=Conner, July 22, 1846. Semmes, Service, 100. Parker,
+Recolls., 58, 62, etc. McClay, Navy, ii, 177-8. Bennett, Steam Navy,
+98. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1233 (Perry).
+
+30.11. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 441, 1847. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes,
+ii, 540. Henshaw narrative, Mar. 17, 1847. Smith, To Mexico, 117-8. Ho.
+1; 30, 2, p. 1233 (Perry). =13=Giffard, Jan. 31, 1847. _Picayune_, Mar.
+11, 1847. Contributory tariff: pp. 261-3.
+
+30.12. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 775 (Bancroft). (Mex. navy) Balbontin, Estado,
+19; _Diario_, Apr. 4, 5, 1846; =70="Guerra," no. 1120; =13=Giffard,
+Dec. 20, 1846. =76=Acta of naval offs., Mar. 12, 1846. Memoria de ...
+Guerra, Dec, 1846. =76=Mora y Villamil, Mar. 12, 1846. =76=Orders to
+Marin, Mar. 9, 1846. =76=Marin, Apr. 26, 1847. N. Y. _Sun_, June 8,
+1846. _Niles_, May 1, 1847, p. 131 (Hunter).
+
+30.13. =375=Perry to Mason, Nov. 16, 1846. Conner, Home Squadron, 9,
+11, 14. Parker, Recolls., 67, 71. =162=Morris to Conner, June 24; Oct.
+24, 1846. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1172 (Conner), 1191-2 (Perry). =46=Perry,
+Nov. 16, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 252-3. Taylor, Broad Pennant, 287,
+293. =166=Perry to Conner, Dec. 27, 1846. =166=Reports on condition of
+engines, boilers, etc. Bennett, Steam Navy, 93. =47=Conner, Sept. 22,
+1846. Soley, Porter, 64. =165=Conner, Nov. 24, 1846.
+
+30.14. =162=Conner's letters to his wife. Curtis, Buchanan, i, 603
+(Slidell). Soley, Porter, 53-4. Semmes, Service, 114, 128. Conner, Home
+Squadron, 6, 23. =162=Bancroft to Conner, Dec. 10, 1845. =162=Matson to
+_Id._, Feb. 27, 1847.
+
+30.15. =48=Bancroft to Conner, Aug. 30, 1845, secret. Polk, Diary, Jan.
+17, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 774-5 (Bancroft). =69=Conner to Taylor,
+Feb. 4. =47=_Id._ to Bancroft, May 14. =162=_Id._, May 20. =61=Bancroft
+to Conner, Jan. 17. London _Times_, June 29; Dec. 10. Semmes, Service,
+100. =76=Bravo, May 4. Tampico _Eco_, June 9, 16. =76=Parrodi, June 8,
+17. =76=Vilar to Parrodi, June 8. =162=Saunders to Conner, June 20.
+=313=_Id._ to _Id._, June 17. =313=_Id._ to Wash. _Union_, Oct. 10.
+_Niles_, May 23, 1846, p. 178. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 377 (Mason, report).
+Conner, Home Squadron, 9. Bennett, Steam Navy, 34-5, 43, 62-3, 67-8,
+71. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1163 (Conner). _Picayune_, Aug. 26. For Conner's
+cooperation with Taylor see vol. i, pp. 466, 469.
+
+The _Princeton_ was the earliest naval steam propeller. She was
+rigged as a ship. Saunders opened fire, June 8, because he feared
+new fortifications (near the mouth of the Panuco) would make it hard
+to capture Tampico. He did little damage. The enemy replied feebly.
+Suspecting that the Mexican gunboats intended to sail out and raid
+American commerce, he determined to capture them by surprise in
+the night of June 14-15. He had no good pilot. The boats had much
+difficulty in finding the channel, which had recently shifted, and
+were even compelled to row more than half a mile against a swift
+current within pistol shot of the shore. One of them grounded twice.
+The moon came out. The Americans were discovered and fired upon.
+They replied; and then, as a surprise was no longer possible, they
+retired according to orders. May 28 Conner, on the _Cumberland_, was
+at Pensacola; the _St. Mary's_ off Tampico; the _Mississippi_ and
+_Falmouth_ off V. Cruz; the _Raritan_ there or on her way to that port;
+the _Lawrence_ (which seems to have been a brig but was not mentioned
+in the department's list of vessels under Conner on May 13) assisting
+the army; and the _Somers_ on the Yucatan service (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p.
+1163). Aug. 10 the _Cumberland_ (still the flag-ship), _Potomac_,
+_Falmouth_, _Mississippi_, _Princeton_, _Flirt_ and the three gunboats
+(_Bonita_, _Reefer_, _Petrel_) lay at Anton Lizardo; the _St. Mary's_
+and _Porpoise_ were off V. Cruz; the _John Adams_ off Tampico; the brig
+_Truxtun_ had gone to Chagres, and the brig _Perry_ had gone to look
+for privateers near Cape S. Antonio (_Picayune_, Aug. 26). These data
+give one an idea of the usual distribution of the vessels.
+
+30.16. _The affair of Aug. 7._ =165=Conner to Bancroft, May 31.
+=47=_Id._ to _Id._, Aug. 10. Ho. 4; 29, 2, p. 630 (Conner). _Picayune_,
+Aug. 22, 26. N. Y. _Sun_, Dec 7. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 381. Semmes,
+Service, 88. Parker, Recolls., 66-7. Taylor, Broad Pennant, 287.
+=76=Landero, Aug. 10. =76=Comte gen. V. Cruz, July 15. _Esperanza_,
+Aug. 27. _Locomotor_, Aug. 10. For Alvarado, vol. ii, p. 344. For Anton
+Lizardo, vol. ii, p. 17. The Americans felt the more chagrined because
+British naval men witnessed their failure.
+
+30.17. _The Affair of Oct. 15._ =162=Morris to Conner, Sept. 21.
+=47=Conner, Oct. 17. =162=_Id._, Oct. 16. United Service, July, 1895,
+p. 33. Ho. 4; 29, 2, pp. 630-1. Taylor, Broad Pennant, 290, 293,
+298-306. _Picayune_, Nov. 8. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 381. Griffis, Perry,
+199. Semmes, Service, 88. Conner, Home Squadron, 17. =76=Marin to
+comte. gen., Oct. 17. =76=Landero, Sept. 5, 14; Oct. 12. =76=Soto, Oct.
+18. =76=Marin to Soto, Oct. 15. _Diario_, Oct. 29, 30. =76=Guerra,
+circular, Oct. 21. Wash. _Union_, Nov. 30. London _Times_, Dec. 10.
+
+According to Conner's son (Home Squadron, 17), the secretary of the
+navy on Sept. 22 instructed Conner to attack Alvarado, supposing he
+had been reinforced, and it has been said that the attack should not
+have been made without more strength; but the difficulty was that the
+American forces could not be made available. It is not easy to see how
+Conner was at fault unless, as perhaps on Aug. 7, he might have landed
+in boats under such protection as his cannon could give, stormed the
+fort that stood near the beach, and then landed more men. Conner does
+not seem to have thought that sailors could do much ashore. He had a
+landing-force (Conner, Home Squadron, 15), but whether at this time and
+place is not clear. Probably a bold, though unsuccessful, attack would
+have been better than to back out. He is said to have argued, after the
+failure of Aug. 7, that even success would not have been worth what it
+would have cost (_Picayune_, Aug. 26); but this left moral effects out
+of the account. It was said by a naval man that he should have added
+the McLane's tow to his own and gone ahead; but it seems extremely
+doubtful whether he could have advanced against the current. Conner's
+report (Oct. 17) says the _Mississippi_ could not get near enough to
+make any impression on the fort, but a Mexican account printed in _La
+Esperanza_, Aug. 27, stated that some shot from our vessels struck more
+than 200 yards behind the fort, and one sees no reason to suppose that
+the statement was an invention. Conner seems to have thought of coming
+to Alvarado again, for in Jan., 1847, the Mexicans reported that the
+bar was being sounded (=76=Landero, Jan. 28). For the capture of the
+place at the beginning of April, 1847, see vol. ii, p. 344. Apr. 2 a
+naval expedition went up the river, returning on Apr. 4 (=66=J. L.
+Mason to J. L. Smith, Apr. 9).
+
+30.18. _The first Tabasco expedition._ (Perry) =46=Perry, Aug. 15, 17;
+=165=Conner to P., Oct. 6; Conner, Home Squadron, 12-3. =162=Conner,
+Oct. 30. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1165-70 (Perry's report, etc.). Ho. 4;
+29, 2, pp. 632-9. _Diario_, Nov. 7, 1846 (Traconis' reports, etc.).
+=47=Perry to Mason, Nov. 16. Taylor, Broad Pennant, 316. =76=Gov. of
+Chiapas, Oct. 27. =60=Champlen to Polk, Dec. 4. Semmes, Service, 89.
+Conner, Home Squadron, 9. Information given to the author by a Mexican
+civil engineer residing in Tabasco. Apuntes, 389-90. =73=Bermudez de
+Castro, no. 445, 1847. Aldrich, Marine Corps, 97. Ho. 4; 29, 2, p. 639.
+Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 381. Parker, Recolls., 73-4. =76=Traconis, Nov. 16.
+_Temistocles_, Dec. 31. =76=Santalo's testimony, Nov. 2. =76=Comte.
+gen. Tab, Apr. 6. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 950. =166=List of vessels captured.
+=166=Perry to Conner, Nov. 11. =166=Merchants to Perry, Oct. 26.
+=76=Traconis, proclam., Aug. 12. =13=Giffard, Jan. 31, 1847. Meade,
+Letters, i, 169.
+
+As Perry was assigned to the _Mississippi_ on Oct. 6, and commanded
+this important expedition so soon afterward, it has been supposed
+incorrectly that virtually, if not formally, the squadron was divided.
+The hope of the United States at the beginning of the war had been that
+Tabasco would be neutral. The orders were not to disturb it in that
+case (=49=Bancroft to Conner, May 19). Perry's expedition was followed
+in Nov. by a revolution in Tabasco based ostensibly on the failure of
+the Mexican government to protect the state; but really the outbreak
+was due to local rivalries, and probably it caused the national
+government no material annoyance (=76=Alcorta, Jan. 4, 1848; Mexico a
+traves, iv, 599; =13=Bankhead, no. 186, 1846; =76=Acta of garrison,
+Nov. 19, 1846; Wash. _Union_, Jan. 18, 1847). Frontera was a valuable
+point, for the Americans could obtain water and cattle there and hinder
+illicit commerce. The Tabasco River is now called usually the Grijalva.
+
+30.19. For the Tampico and Panuco expeditions: vol. i, pp. 279, 281.
+=162=Mason to Conner, Nov. 29, 1846, priv. and confid. Ho. 1; 30,
+2, pp. 1175 (Conner), 1176 (Perry). Semmes, Service, 90. Bennett,
+Steam Navy, 93. =47=Conner, Dec. 17. =166=Perry to C., Dec. 27; to
+Benham, Dec. 23; to Sands and Parker, Dec. 21. =166=Benham to Perry,
+Dec. 22. =166=Parker to Perry, Dec. 22. =166=Conner to Hunt, Feb. 8,
+1847. =166=Sands to Conner, Feb. 20. =13=Giffard, Jan. 31, 1847. The
+expedition set out on Dec. 17.
+
+Many of the people of Tabasco supposed, when Perry arrived off Frontera
+in Dec., that he was going to S. Juan Bautista to avenge his "defeat";
+and as he did not, they presumably felt more haughty than ever
+(_Temistocles_, Dec. 31).
+
+30.20. _Niles_, Oct. 31, 1846, p. 132. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 775.
+(Bancroft) Mason to Conner, Oct. 26. Soley, Porter, 59. Farragut,
+Farragut, 158, 197. _United Service_, Feb., 1897 (Conner). Mexico a
+traves, iv, 419. Scott, Mems., ii, 422. N. Y. _Eve. Post_, June 10.
+=165=Conner to Bancroft, June 11 (impregnable if properly equipped and
+manned). Memoria de ... Guerra, Dec, 1846. Wash. _Union_, June 17.
+Diccionario Universal (_Ulua_). _Journal des Debats_, Aug. 11, 1838.
+=162=Morris to Conner, June 10, 24; Oct. 24, 1846. See chap. xviii, p.
+349, and note 18.2.
+
+Oct. 3, 1846, the garrison were in a state of mutiny because hungry
+(=76=Morales, Oct. 4; S. Anna, Oct. 14), but the Americans did not
+know this. Conner suggested that he be given a landing brigade, so
+that he could make a combined land and water attack (Conner, S. Juan
+de Ulloa, 15). During the siege of Vera Cruz Perry planned to bombard
+the fortress and attack it with boats on a dark night in conjunction
+with the land forces (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1191). Many original documents
+bearing on the construction of Ulua could be cited, but they would have
+only an antiquarian interest. David D. Porter and David G. Farragut
+are the men referred to. The eagerness of certain young officers led
+to some enterprises that were not altogether felicitous. Contrary
+to orders Lieut. Parker burned the _Creole_ (_Criolla_), the last
+scrap of Mexican commerce, under the guns of Ulua at night: but this
+injured Hargous, the American merchant, who owned or had chartered her
+(=374=Semmes to Conner, Nov. 28; Dec. 6, 1846; =374=Parker to Semmes,
+Nov. 27). It has been said that this ended a secret correspondence by
+which Conner obtained valuable information (Conner, Home Squadron,
+7), but circumstances had probably put a stop to that about six weeks
+before (=166=Pommares to Conner, Oct. 17). A plan was laid to blow
+up a Mexican powder magazine near V. Cruz, but this resulted in the
+capture of Passed Midshipman R. C. Rogers and another man (=162=Semmes
+to Perry, Dec. 6, 1846; =162=Wright to Semmes, Dec. 6; Semmes, Service,
+91). For the capture of Vera Cruz and Ulua see chap. xxii.
+
+30.21. =162=Conner, Sept. 30, 1846. =374=Perry to C., Nov. 24.
+=162=Morris to C., Oct. 24. _Picayune_, Jan. 6, 1847. Curtis, Buchanan,
+i, 603-4. Griffis, Perry, 210-1, 221. =108=Appleton to Bancroft, Feb.
+24; Apr. 27, 1847. Parker, Recolls., 92. Sen. 1; 30, 1, 945 (Mason,
+report). =163=Semmes to Conner, Sept. 29, 1850. =165=Conner to Perry,
+Mar. 20, 1847. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Apr. 6, 1847. Conner's reputation
+in the navy at the present day is that of a coward--one of the
+numberless instances of historical injustice.
+
+30.22. _Capture of Tuxpan._ Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1192-8, 1202 (Perry and
+others). Semmes, Service, 150-5. =76=Cos, Jan. 18; Apr. 4, 16, 29.
+_Picayune_, Jan. 2. Griffis, Perry, 241. =76=Soto, Aug. 31, 1846.
+=76=Cos to ayunt., Apr. 24. Parker, Recolls., 78, 106-7. =76=Proceeds.
+of Tuxpan ayunt., Apr. 22. Captain of the port, Apr. 26. _American
+Star_ (Jalapa), May 2. Wash. _Union_, May 13, 17; June 4; Sept. 11.
+Soley, Porter, 72. _Eagle_ (V. Cruz), Apr. 28. Jones, Tattnall, 64-5.
+
+Perry's force, consisting of the steamers _Mississippi_, _Spitfire_
+(a vessel--similar to the _Vixen_--which had joined the squadron in
+November), _Vixen_ and _Scourge_, the schooner-gunboats _Reefer_,
+_Petrel_ and _Bonita_, the frigate _Raritan_ (carrying 180 officers
+and men from the _Potomac_ besides her own complement), the sloops
+_Albany_, _John Adams_, _Decatur_ and _Germantown_, the bomb-vessels
+_Vesuvius_, _AEtna_ and _Hecla_, and 300 officers and men from the
+ship-of-the-line _Ohio_, which stopped at Vera Cruz, on her way to the
+Pacific, to assist Scott, who were distributed on the _Mississippi_ and
+smaller vessels, gathered first at Lobos Ids., where the forces were
+drilled about a day for the attack. Next, after having been separated
+by a norther, they met off the bar. The Mexicans were driven a short
+distance from the town, but further pursuit into the chaparral would
+have been vain. An expedition went some distance up the river from
+Tuxpan (Semmes, Service, 154). The city government had not wished Cos
+to defend the town, and hence he withdrew all his troops from town
+before the attack. Most of his troops soon scattered. The city would
+not help support them, but furnished the Americans with supplies
+cheerfully. At Perry's request steps were taken to maintain order. He
+now left the _Albany_ and _Reefer_ off the river, and sent the _Hecla_
+to blockade Soto la Marina, the _Germantown_ to search the coast north
+of Lobos Ids., the _AEtna_ to occupy Tabasco River, the _Porpoise_ and
+the _Vesuvius_ to hold Laguna. Besides the flotilla mentioned above he
+probably had under his command at this time the gunboats _Falcon_ and
+_Tampico_ (vol. ii, p. 338; Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1182). For the loss of
+the _Truxtun_ in Aug., 1846, which led to a great deal of discussion
+regarding the conduct of Carpender, her captain, see =162=Conner, Aug.
+24; =47=_Id._, Aug 24; =47=Carpender to Conner, Aug. 24; Mason to Polk,
+Oct. 28, 1846; Semmes, Service, 82; N. Orl. _Commerc. Bulletin_, Sept.
+8; Parker, Recolls., 78; Docs. in Conner papers; comte. gen. V. Cruz,
+Aug. 23 and docs.; Taylor, Broad Pennant, 260; Wash. _Union_, Sept. 12,
+22; _Nat. Intelligencer_, Sept. 14.
+
+30.23. (Small ports) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1204-8, 1223, 1228-9;
+=76=Buchanan to authorities of Tapantla, May 10, 1847. The main
+purposes of taking the small ports were to gather fresh provisions,
+exclude contraband trade, and obtain funds under the contributory
+tariff (chap. xxxiii). The usual terms required a renunciation of
+Mexican allegiance during the war, obedience to American orders, and
+the payment of all revenues to the United States.
+
+An indefinite number of citations bearing upon the situation in Yucatan
+could be given, but the following are deemed sufficient. Bankhead, no.
+11, 1846. _Journal des Debats_, Sept. 13, 1842. _Constitutionnel_,
+Nov. 2-3, 1846. Polk, Diary, Aug. 29, 1845; Feb. 27, 1847. Sen. 43;
+30, 1. =49=Bancroft to Conner, May 19, 1846. =49=Mason to _Id._, Oct.
+16, 1846; Feb. 25, 1847; to Perry, Mar. 17, 1847. Semmes, Service,
+84. =335=Tinsley to Trist, Aug. 6, 1846. =335=Robira to _Id._, June
+7, 1847. Sen. 40, 42, 43, 45, 49; 30, 1. _Gaceta de Ciudad Victoria_,
+Jan. 27, 1846. _Picayune_, Oct. 8, 1846; Jan. 12, 1847. Mexico a
+traves, iv, 599. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 382. Suarez y Navarro, Causas, 6-9.
+Richardson, Messages, iv, 581-3. Memoria de ... Relaciones, Dec, 1846.
+=76=Barbachano, procl., July 2, 1846. _Temistocles_, Dec. 27, 1846.
+=13=Pakenham, no. 33, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 256-7 (Walker). Wash.
+_Union_, Jan. 18, 1847. =366=Declar. of Merida. =166=Perry to Conner,
+Dec. 27, 1846. =166=Conner to Sands, Feb. 8, 1847. =166=McFaul to ----,
+Nov. 12, 1847. Buchanan, Works, vii, 222. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1175-6
+(Conner), 1204 (Perry). =165=Gen. orders, Dec. 15, 1846. (May cruise)
+=47=Perry, Dec. 27, 1846; Sept. 21, 1847. =47=Conner, Dec. 29. May 15
+Laguna port was opened to commerce; May 18 Frontera.
+
+30.24. _Second Tabasco expedition._ Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1207-23, 28-32
+(Perry and officers). =47=Perry, June 25. =47=Correspondence of Perry
+and Bigelow, July 18-23. Bennett, Steam Navy, 97. Negrete, Invasion,
+iii, 153-6. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 526-8. =76=Correspondence of
+Bigelow and Echagaray, July 1, 2; letters of E., May 31; June 9, 18,
+23; July 5. Mexico a traves, iv, 703. (Later) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1233-6
+(Perry); =47=Perry, Aug. 16.
+
+On the way to S. J. Bautista Perry had six men wounded. Many fell from
+exhaustion. June 30 on an expedition to Tamulte, about three miles
+out, three were killed and eight wounded. The Mexican leaders were Bvt.
+Gen. Domingo Echagaray and three Maldonado brothers.
+
+Aug. 16, 1847, the squadron was disposed as follows: (_Raritan_ and
+_Albany_ had gone home); _Mississippi_, Pensacola; sloop _Germantown_,
+Anton Lizardo, preparing to distribute supplies; sloop _Decatur_,
+blockading Tuxpan; sloop _Saratoga_, V. Cruz, maintaining connection
+with the army and watching the police; sloop _John Adams_, expected
+from Tuxpan probably to join bomb-vessel _Stromboli_ in Goatzacoalcos
+River; gunboats _Reefer_ and _Petrel_ at Tampico; gunboat _Falcon_
+at Alvarado; steamer _Scourge_, bomb-vessel _AEtna_, gunboat _Bonita_
+at Frontera; bomb-vessel _Vesuvius_, gunboat _Mahonese_ at Laguna;
+steamers _Vixen_ and _Scorpion_ in reserve; steamers _Spitfire_ and
+_Petrita_ laid up with injured engines; bomb-vessel _Hecla_ ashore on
+Alvarado bar. Aug. 18, 1847, Perry ordered that all merchant vessels
+should be visited on their arrival in port to detect irregularities
+(Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 788).
+
+30.25. For the share of the navy in the conquest of California see
+chap. xvii. (Impossible) =13=P. J. Blake of _Juno_, Apr. 10, 1848;
+=53=Pakenham to Buchanan, Dec. 14, 1846; =13=_Id._, no. 57, 1846.
+(Proclam. and orders) Ho. 4; 29, 2, pp. 670, 673-4. Du Pont, Official
+Despatches, 9. (Cancelled, etc.) =53=Pakenham to Buchanan, Dec. 14;
+=12=Walker to Seymour, Mar. 26, 1847; =132=Howland & Aspinwall to
+Buchanan, Sept. 22, 1847; =13=Pakenham, no. 139, 1846; Sen. 1; 30,
+1, p. 1303 (Mason); =48=Mason to Biddle, Mar. 30, 1847; =48=Orders,
+Dec. 24, 1846; =247=Biddle to Larkin, Mar. 6, 1847. =47=Stockton to
+Du Pont and to Hull, Aug. 20, 1846. =47=_Id._, reports, Aug. 22; Nov.
+23. =47=Hull to Stockton, Sept. 12. =47=Du Pont to Stockton, Oct. 12.
+=76=Peinbert to ----, res., undated. _Calif. Star_, i, no. 9. (Guaymas)
+Du Pont, Official Despatches, 13; =47=Correspondence of Du Pont,
+Spanish vice consul, and Campusano; _Sonorense_, Oct. 9; =76=comte.
+gen. of Sinaloa, Nov. 11; =76=gov. Sonora, Oct. 16; =76=Campusano,
+Oct. 5; _Cyane_, journal; U. S. Naval Instit. Proceeds., 1888, p. 539
+(Rowan). (Mazatlan) =171=Cyane, journal and abstract of journal; =47=Du
+Pont to Stockton, Dec. 1; _Id._, Official Despatches, 19; =12=Walker
+to Seymour, Mar. 26, 1847; =76=Tellez to Bustamante, Feb. 17, 1847;
+=13=A. Forbes, Apr. 17, 1847; =13=Bankhead, no. 9, 1847. Sen. 1; 29,
+2, pp. 378-80. Sen. 1; 30, 1, 948. Balbontin, Estado, 19. Memoria
+de ... Guerra, Dec., 1846. (Spring) =120=Shubrick to Biddle, May 4,
+1847; =120=list of captures. Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 82-100.
+=76=Letter from Mazatlan, May 5; =247=Biddle to Larkin, Mar. 6, 1847.
+=47=Shubrick, May 31; June 1; Aug. 11, 1847. (Monopoly) =12=Seymour,
+Dec. 26, 1846, no. 70. (After May) =61=R. B. Mason to adj. gen., Feb.
+1, 1848; =47=Shubrick, May 31, 1847. _Journ. Milit. Serv. Instit._,
+xxxii, 249.
+
+Stockton intended to cruise for the protection of our whalers, etc.,
+and also to invade Mexico by way of Acapulco (vol. i, p. 338); but
+affairs in California prevented. The _Malek Adel_ was bravely cut
+out at Mazatlan, Sept. 7, 1846, under the Mexican guns. Guaymas was
+cannonaded because the Mexicans refused to give up two gunboats,
+preferring to burn them. As there were two harbors at Mazatlan, a
+single vessel could not blockade the port satisfactorily. In the
+spring of 1847 Shubrick was ordered to blockade both Mazatlan and
+Guaymas, but for this reason he kept both the _Independence_ and the
+_Cyane_ at Mazatlan. In Feb. and March, 1847, there might have been
+serious trouble between the British commander, Sir Baldwin Walker, and
+Captain Montgomery of the _Portsmouth_ owing to conflicting orders and
+interests; but the former, having far the stronger force, knew he
+could afford to be considerate, and the latter treated British commerce
+so well that our government was thanked by England (=13=to Crampton,
+June 30, 1847; Sherman, Sloat, xxiv; and note particularly _Journ.
+Milit. Serv. Institute_, xxxii, 249-53). Shubrick was at Mazatlan in
+May, 1847, but left at the beginning of June. The _Cyane_ remained a
+little longer. She and the _Portsmouth_ anchored there, at the end of
+June, but both sailed away within two days. Biddle was ordered Jan. 6,
+1846, to take command of the squadron, but did not receive the orders
+until Dec. 31 (at Lima). Mar. 2 he took command. His vessels then were
+the _Columbus_ (74 guns) on which he arrived, _Independence_ (razee,
+54), frigates _Congress_ (44) and _Savannah_ (44), sloops _Portsmouth_
+(20), _Levant_ (20), _Cyane_ (20), _Warren_ (20), _Dale_ (16) and
+_Preble_ (16), storeships _Erie_ (8), _Lexington_ (8) and _Southampton_
+(6), and the captured _Malek Adel_ (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 948; =48=Bancroft
+to Shubrick, Aug. 21, 1846). The _Savannah_ and _Levant_ went home;
+and the _Warren_, on account of its condition, was assigned to guard
+duty (=120=Shubrick to Stockton, Mar. 1, 1847). The _Ohio_ reached the
+squadron in the early part of 1848. Besides blockading, cruising for
+prizes, looking after the American whalers, and watching for possible
+privateers, long voyages were necessary to obtain provisions and
+instructions. The latter were usually very tardy and the commanders
+had to follow their own judgment in the main. Monterey, Calif., was in
+general the base of operations.
+
+30.26. (Succeeded) =49=Bancroft to Shubrick, Aug. 21, 1846;
+=120=Shubrick to Biddle, Mar. 5; July 20, 1847; =47=Shubrick, July
+21. (Notice) =47=_Id._, Aug. 11. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1072-5 (Shubrick).
+=76=Tellez, Nov. 4, 1847. (Guaymas) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1075-83
+(Lavallette _et al._), 1110 (Shubrick); _Correo Nacional_, Nov. 30;
+=13=Wooldridge, Nov. 18. (Mazatlan) Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849),
+95; Lummis, Mex. of To-day, 150; Mofras, Explor., i, 173; Gaxiola,
+Invasion, 162.
+
+Guaymas, a place of considerable importance, was summoned Oct. 19. The
+Mexican troops and people decamped, and the cannon were removed. Hence
+the cannonade did little harm. A civil official reported the evacuation
+to Lavallette of the _Congress_, who was there with the _Portsmouth_
+(Montgomery). As Campusano, who was believed to have 600-800 troops and
+6-8 guns, remained in the vicinity and cut off water and provisions,
+the town was abandoned by its foreign residents also. American marines
+landed, but soon reembarked. Nov. 17 a landing party was ambushed in
+the town, and the _Dale_, then occupying the harbor, took part in the
+firing. One American was wounded. The harbor of Mazatlan was open to
+the worst winds.
+
+30.27. The references to Tellez in =76= are almost innumerable. It
+seems enough to cite here: M. Gutierrez, May 19, 1846; To J. I.
+Gutierrez, May 13, 17; To Tellez, Aug. 18; J. I. Gutierrez, May 9; also
+Gaxiola, Invasion, _passim_; Apuntes, 371-3; =13=Bankhead, no. 74,
+1846; Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 99. See also chap. xvi, note 16.5.
+Tellez, who was a generous, careless person, arrived at Mazatlan at
+the head of an expedition bound for Upper California. During the year
+before the war the receipts from the customhouse were about $3,000,000.
+He pronounced May 7, 1846, in favor of federalism as an excuse for
+insubordination. In Jan., 1847, fearing the government might overpower
+him, he pronounced for Santa Anna as dictator. He pretended to be a
+loyal Mexican, and the government wavered between recognizing him as
+comandante general of Sinaloa and trying to crush him. Finally it
+decided on the latter course. Cut off from his financial resources
+by the Americans, he could not support his forces, and toward the end
+of Jan., 1848, he gave up. J. P. Anaya was then comte. gen. (Capture
+of Mazatlan, etc.) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1089-92, 1104, 1110, 1117; Wise,
+Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 144-5; Apuntes, 374-5; =76=Tellez, Nov. 10,
+14, 15; =61=Shubrick to R. B. Mason, Dec. 6; =13=Wooldridge, Nov. 18;
+Gaxiola, Invasion, 163-6. The _Erie_ had arrived at M. on Nov. 1.
+
+(Nov. 20) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1105-8; Wise, _op. cit._, 150-7;
+=76=Tellez, Nov. 20; U. S. Naval Instit. Proceeds., 1888 (Rowan, p.
+555); Apuntes, 376; =76=Horn, Nov. 15, 21; Gaxiola, Invasion, 186.
+A land party of 94 and a boat party of 62 set out from Mazatlan at
+about 1 A.M. The Mexicans, who were commanded by Lieut. Carlos Horn,
+a Swiss, ought to have been routed, but they had received notice of
+the expedition and were on the alert. The American land party fell
+partially into an ambuscade, and the boat party were misled. After some
+desultory fighting both sides retired. The Americans lost 1 killed and
+21 wounded. The Mexican loss was probably somewhat larger.
+
+Dec. 13 Americans routed a Mexican advanced party about twenty miles
+from the city, inflicting some loss and suffering none (Ho. 60; 30,
+1, p. 1083-4; Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1121). The Mexican blockade was evaded
+easily by bribery.
+
+(Fortifications) Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1120 (Halleck), 1131 (Shubrick);
+=76=J. P. Anaya, Mar. 11, 1848. (Safe) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1083
+(Shubrick).
+
+(S. Blas) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1084 (Shubrick); comte. gen. of Jalisco,
+Jan. 11; Feb. 22, 1848; Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1127 (Bailey), 1128
+(Chatard). S. Blas was blockaded under a fresh notice issued Jan.
+1, in consequence of the delay. (Manzanillo) Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1129
+(Shubrick); princ. comte., Colima, Jan. 18; comte. gen. Jalisco, Feb.
+1, 29. Altata was blockaded Feb. 13 by a hired schooner, the _Triton_
+(=76=comte. gen. Sinaloa, Feb. 21). (Expeditions) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp.
+1133-7, 1158-61; comte. gen. Jalisco, Feb. 1. Jan. 31 Shubrick reported
+that not one Mexican cannon was mounted on the coast except at Acapulco
+(Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1129). Early in Nov., 1847, T. A. C. Jones set out
+from the east to meet the _Ohio_ at Valparaiso and succeed Shubrick.
+
+30.28. The fort at Acapulco was now in a ruinous condition. The cannon
+were removed and (it was reported) sold by Juan Alvarez. Shubrick
+(=47=Aug. 11, 1847) said it was worse than useless to blockade Mazatlan
+without blockading S. Blas, because vessels unable to enter at M. would
+then enter at S. B. and pay duties to the Mexicans. He forcibly urged
+upon Scott and Col. Mason, commanding in California, the importance of
+providing troops (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1035; =61=Dec. 6, 1847), and Mason
+sent as far as Oregon for volunteers (Sherman, Memoirs, i, 38); but
+every effort to find men was in vain (=61=Mason, May 19, 1848). All
+that Mason could spare went to Lower California. With the men who were
+ashore Shubrick said he could have sealed up the west coast (Ho. 60;
+30, 1, p. 1084).
+
+Mason to Stockton, Jan. 11, 1847. S. Jose was occupied Mar. 30;
+S. Lucas Apr. 3; La Paz Apr. 13. In August two companies of N. Y.
+volunteers under Lt. Col. Burton arrived on the ground. The passing of
+men and munitions from the mainland to the Peninsula was promptly cut
+off by our navy. The towns of Muleje (opposite Guaymas) and Comandu,
+several hundred miles to the north of La Paz, were the centres of the
+opposition. Citizens of the former under Vicente Mejia and of the
+latter under J. M. Moreno, all commanded by Manuel Pineda, marched
+south with no little devotion. Pineda moved against La Paz (held by
+Burton); the other two leaders against S. Jose (held by Lieut. Heywood
+of the navy). The latter were repulsed without much difficulty, but
+only the arrival of the _Cyane_, Dec. 8, ended a series of small
+skirmishes at La Paz. In Jan. S. Jose had to undergo a more serious
+attack. By the twelfth our garrison (27 marines, 15 seamen, some 20
+volunteers) found itself, after a desultory siege of about three weeks,
+in a critical situation; but on the fourteenth Du Pont arrived in the
+_Cyane_, and this ensured the defeat of the Mexicans on the following
+day. March 22 about 150 American troops, who had left Monterey Mar.
+5, arrived at La Paz. Burton, having now about 270 men, assumed the
+offensive, and the skirmish of Mar. 30 at Todos Santos (without loss on
+the American side) ended the hostilities. The American casualties in
+all the skirmishing were insignificant. For the principal documents see
+Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 103-12, 1055-64, 1086-8, 1095-1102, 1110-2, 1117-8,
+1122-7, 1129-31, 1137-55; Ho. 17; 31, 1; Sen. 18; 31, 1, pp. 293,
+299, 488-504; Du Pont, Official Despatches, 23, 31, 35; =76=Pineda to
+comte. gen. Sonora, Oct. 3, 1847; =47=Shubrick, Dec. 4, 21; =76=Princ.
+comte. of Muleje to V. Mejia, Oct. 3; =76=Pineda and Mejia, Oct. 3;
+=76=Relaciones to Guerra, Feb. 26, 1848. U. S. Naval Instit. Proceeds.,
+xiv, pp. 304-25.
+
+30.29. =13=Bankhead, no. 168, 1846. London _Times_, Jan. 30, 1847.
+=73=Bermudez de Castro, nos. 441, 445, 1847. =163=Semmes to Conner,
+Sept. 29, 1850. Conner, Home Squadron, 3-4, 21. Bennett, _Monitor_,
+40-1. =162=Matson to Conner, Mar. 28, 1847. =162=Mason to _Id._,
+Nov. 29, 1846, priv. and confid. Richardson, Messages, iv, 570-2.
+=13=Giffard to Bankhead, May 27, 1846. =166=Shubrick to Conner, Aug.
+19, 1845, priv. Buchanan, Works, vii, 240-1, 290-2. =47=Conner, June
+30, 1846.
+
+Spain complained of us, but unjustly. Some thought inefficiency was
+shown by the number of American vessels lost (besides the _Somers_
+and the _Truxtun_, the _Boston_, the _Hecla_ and the _Neptune_ were
+wrecked, the _Perry_ and the _Cumberland_ were damaged, and some minor
+losses were suffered), but considering the character of the coast
+this opinion seems unfair. An important feature of the war was the
+demonstration of the superiority of steam vessels.
+
+30.30. =76=Lavallette, proclam., Oct. 26, 1847. Apuntes, 375-9. Conner,
+Home Squadron, 14. Negrete, Invasion, iii, 139-46; app., 399. Ho. 1;
+30, 2, pp. 1092 (articles), 1109, 1129-33 (Shubrick). =47=Letter to
+Shubrick, Dec. 23, 1847. =47=Lavallette, orders, 5, 6, 1847; 3, 5,
+1848. Semmes, Service, 85-7. Gaxiola, Invasion, 166-81, 217, 223.
+Duties to the amount of $150,000 were collected. Conner reported, June
+30, 1846, that the blockade had deprived Mexico of $500,000 in duties.
+This paragraph belongs logically in chap. xxxi, but is placed here to
+complete the subject.
+
+
+XXXI. THE AMERICANS AS CONQUERORS
+
+31.1. For the conduct of naval men see pp. 208-9 and note 30.30 of that
+chapter.
+
+31.2. _The American policy._ Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 155-8, 165-6, 284.
+_Matamoros Flag_, July 14, 1846. =60=Marcy to McElroy, May 19, 1846.
+Polk, Diary, May 19-20. Our proclamations had some effect upon the
+people, but probably not much. They were accustomed to meaningless
+promises.
+
+31.3. Gen. Patterson once asserted that volunteers were no worse than
+regulars, but the evidence of other officers and of the Mexicans was
+overwhelmingly against him. Regulars committed offences, but these
+appear to have been commonly pilfering, and to have been chargeable
+mostly to fresh recruits. It is probable, however, that the volunteers
+often bore the blame for acts done by soldiers dishonorably discharged,
+deserters, teamsters and other civilian employees and by the many
+"black legs" and "human vultures" who followed the army. The great
+difficulty was to identify the culprits. Mexicans were often afraid to
+testify against our soldiers.
+
+31.4. After Matamoros was captured, crowds of women and girls continued
+to bathe naked in the river. The same thing occurred elsewhere.
+
+31.5. A Mexican wrote to Gen. Mejia that Taylor expressly refused to
+accept any responsibility for such men, and that he said the people
+might kill them.
+
+31.6. _The Matamoros district._ =91=Ayuntamiento archives. Davis,
+Autobiog., 102. Meade, Letters, i, 86, 91, 105, 108-9, 147.
+=218=Hershaw narrative. Tilden, Notes, 21. Robertson, Remins., 71.
+Scott (=256= to Marcy, Jan. 16, 1847, private) gave an appalling
+account of the outrages and added, "As far as I can learn, not one of
+the felons has been punished." =291=Cushing to Pierce, May 4, 1847.
+Smith, Chile con Carne, 292-4. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 22. Buhoup,
+Narrative, 50. Oswandel, Notes, 37, 49, 193. V. Cruz _American Eagle_,
+Apr. 10, 1847. =13=Giffard to Pakenham, May 28; to Bankhead, May 20;
+June 9. =13=Bankhead, no. 118, 1846. French, Two Wars, 58. =65=Taylor,
+gen. orders 62, May 17; 65, May 23; 94, Aug. 2. =65=Patterson, orders,
+Sept. 29; Oct. 14. _Picayune_, Aug. 4, 25. New Orl. _Commer. Bulletin_,
+Sept. 22. =69=Cushing, order, Sept. 24, 1847. =69=Longoria, statement,
+Aug. 17. =60=Patterson to Bliss, Oct. 21. =60=Taylor to Hepburn _et
+al._, Nov. 2. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 45-6. Matamoros _Reveille_, June 24.
+Henry, Camp. Sketches, 118, 122, 124, 137. Giddings, Sketches, 89.
+Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1178. _Niles_, Aug. 1, 1846, p. 341; Sept. 12, p.
+23. Davis, Recolls., 236. _Spirit of the Times_, July 4. Sedgwick,
+Corresp., i., 4-5. New London _Morning News_, Dec. 10. _History
+Teacher's Mag._, Apr., 1912 (Vieregg). =308=Shields to Walker, Aug. 3.
+_Nat. Intelligencer_, Dec. 23, 1846. =193=Foster to father, Aug. 14,
+1846 (Matamoros a "complete sink of pollution"). =180=Pillow to wife,
+Sept. 6, 1846. =76=Mejia, June 20. =76=Spanish consul, Matamoros, June
+7. =76=Garcia to Parrodi June 20; Aug. 10. =76=Division of the North,
+_Noticias_, July 8. =76=_Gaceta de Tamaulipas_, July 16. =76=Parrodi,
+June 3. =76=Carroll to Faulac, Aug. 9.
+
+31.7. In June, 1847, Taylor expressed the opinion that the Texan horse
+had scarcely made one expedition without committing murder, and asked
+that no more should be sent to him (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1178). Some of
+them committed outrages at Parras, where the Americans had been kindly
+treated, and Wool then ordered that Texan volunteers should not be
+sent on distant expeditions except under "extraordinary circumstances"
+(=69=McDowell to Hamtramck, Dec. 10, 1847).
+
+31.8. _E.g._: No soldier quartered outside the town (as nearly all
+were) could enter it without a pass signed by his captain and his
+colonel. Such passes were good for only one day, and only two could
+be issued the same day in the same company. Soldiers could use only
+a particular road and had to leave the city before the retreat was
+sounded (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 508). Besides punishing offences, our
+commanders endeavored, first of all, to prevent the sale of liquor;
+secondly, to shut out gamblers and other undesirable followers of the
+army; and, thirdly, to inculcate a sense of humanity and a regard for
+the rights of the people. In April, 1847, well-to-do refugees were
+ordered to return to Monterey under the threat of occupying their
+houses, for while absent they were beyond the reach of American taxes
+and were encouraging guerillas (=97=Monterey judge, Apr. 14, 1847). A
+similar policy was followed elsewhere.
+
+31.9. American officers were not, however, flabby in protecting the
+lives of their men, and sometimes the authorities or the people of
+a place where one of these fell a victim to Mexican hate were held
+responsible until the culprit was discovered (_e.g._, =61=Wool to
+Pleasanton, Jan. 15, 1848). Such wholesale justice was often the
+only possible kind, and there is ample evidence that even the cruel
+retaliation practised by our soldiers had good effects.
+
+31.10. _The Monterey district._ Meade, Letters, i., 108, 130, 147,
+161. =218=Henshaw narrative. _Picayune_, Jan. 27, 1847. =212=Hastings,
+diary, May 28, 1847. Giddings, Sketches, 221, 325. Buhoup, Narrative,
+108. Thorpe, Our Army at Monterey, 120. =144=Cassidy, recoils. Anon,
+diary. =97=Ayunt., Saltillo, Apr. 14, 1847. =93=Ayunt., Monterey, Oct.
+8, 1846; May 18, 1847. Durango _Registro Oficial_, Oct. 15, 1846.
+_Epoca_, Oct. 17. London _Times_, June 15, 1847. =221=Hill, diary.
+=280=Nunelee, diary. =303=Orders 149, Dec. 3, 1846. Everett, Recolls.,
+216-9. =13=Giffard to Bankhead, May 20, 1846. =13=Bankhead, no. 118,
+1846. _Diario_, Oct. 9, 24; Nov. 2. _Monitor Repub._, Oct. 18, 28;
+Nov. 20. Washington _Union_, Dec. 29. _National Intelligencer_, Sept.
+10; Nov. 11; Dec. 7, 23. _Metropol. Mag._, Dec., 1907 (Hamilton).
+Henry, Camp. Sketches, 222-5. Smith, To Mexico, 85, 89. =61=Hamtramck
+to McDowell, Jan. 20, 1848. =65=Wool, orders 67, Feb. 26, 1848.
+=65=Taylor, gen. orders, 126, Oct. 5, 1846; 149, Dec. 2. =65=Patterson,
+orders, Sept. 29; Oct. 14. =65=Wool, orders 7, 15, 25, 31, 64, 66-7,
+94, 112, Jan.-Mar., 1848. =65=Taylor, special orders 114, Sept., 1847.
+=65=Wool, special orders 147, 156, Dec., 1847. =61=Wool to Hamtramck,
+Dec. 18, 1847. =61=McDowell to Hamtramck, Dec. 10, 1847; to Butler,
+Mar. 2, 1848. =61=Wool to Pleasanton, Jan. 15, 1848. =307=Roberts,
+diary, Nov. 28; Dec 5, 1846. _Delta_, Aug. 15, 1847. =147=Chamberlain,
+diary. Apuntes, 65. _Gaceta Extraordinaria_, Victoria, Aug. 17, 1846.
+Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 281. =69=Morales to Taylor, Sept. 29;
+Oct. 6. =65=Worth, orders, Oct. 8. =69=_Id._ to Bliss, Sept. 27; Oct.
+5. =61=_Id._, endorsement on statement of Gaines. =61=Taylor, June 4,
+1847. =61=Wool to Jones, May 9, 1848. J. Davis in _Cong. Globe_, 37,
+1, app., p. 1034. =93=Mitchell, proclam., Apr. 6, 1847. =93=Tibbatts,
+orders, Sept. 8, 1847. _Republicano_, Apr. 14, 1847. Carpenter,
+Travels, 13, 29, 30. =52=Dimond, no. 341, May 24, 1846. Ho. 60; 30,
+1, pp. 430-1, 1125, 1138, 1178 (Taylor); 508, 512-3, orders 126, 146,
+149; 533, spec. orders 113. _Niles_, Nov. 14, 1846, p. 165; Nov. 21, p.
+180; Apr. 10, 1847, p. 89; Oct. 23, p. 115. =370=Taylor to Louisville
+Legion, Dec. 1, 1846. _Hist. Mag._, May, 1870 (Deas). Sen. 32; 31, 1,
+p. 43. =214=Hays and Caperton, Life of Hays. _Observador Zacatecano_,
+Dec. 27, 1846, supplement. =76=Gonzalez to S. Anna, Nov. 21, 1846.
+=76=Garcia to Parrodi, Aug. 10, 1846. =76=Ampudia, Oct. 4, 1846. =76=J.
+F. Rada, Oct. 17. =76=Letter from Cadereita, Apr. 5, 1847. =76=Many
+others.
+
+By the end of the war desolation marked the route from the Rio
+Grande to Saltillo except at the sizable towns. To the credit of the
+volunteers it should be added that on Mar. 9, 1847, two priests and
+other citizens of Monterey presented a =93=petition to Taylor to
+let the Kentucky regiment garrison the city, not only because those
+soldiers were accustomed to it, but because their "well known morality
+and good conduct" inspired "security and confidence."
+
+31.11. Some of the orders were: Strangers now here and Mexicans
+arriving must report for examination, no Mexican may have arms or leave
+town without permission, all Mexicans conducting themselves properly
+are entitled to civil and kind treatment as well as protection, and the
+troops must not molest them under pain of severe punishment (Jan. 25,
+1847); All officers are to see that soldiers annoying the Mexicans are
+punished (Feb. 1); Not only officers but men are to arrest any soldier
+maltreating a Mexican (Feb. 12); Gambling-houses and drinking-houses
+must be broken up, no one may stay in town who would countenance such
+things, "improper intruders" will not be tolerated, and quiet must be
+maintained (March 16); Officers in town without my express permission
+must return to the camp at Buena Vista (June 6); No one may reside at
+Saltillo, if able to work, without some honest vocation, a tariff of
+prices will be issued from time to time, public exhibitions and dances
+without permission are prohibited, Mexican houses may not be taken for
+private uses without the consent of the owners (July 9). Some of these
+orders were merely repetitions of orders previously given. The policy
+was to have no more troops in town than were needed to guard property,
+etc. To prevent serious outrages, soldiers were forbidden to leave the
+camp at Buena Vista armed (=65=Aug. 10, 1847); and this was the rule
+elsewhere.
+
+31.12. _The Saltillo district._ Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i., 299.
+=300=Prickett, letters. =97=Ayuntamiento archives. =97=Jefe politico
+to ayunt., Nov. 30, 1846. =34=Stokes to Graham, Aug. 8, 1847. Perry,
+Indiana, 138, 142. =61=Paine to Porterfield, Jan. 24, 1848. =69=Worth
+to E. Gonzalez, Dec. 16, 17, 1846. =65=Wool, orders 202, 209, 219,
+245, etc., Jan.-Mar., 1847. =65=_Id._, orders 275, 286, 308, 315, 341,
+350, 394, 455, May-Sept., 1847. =65=_Id._, orders 138, Dec. 14, 1847.
+=61=McDowell to Hamtramck, Dec. 28, 1847. _Picayune_, June 1; July 2,
+1847. =65=Worth, orders, Nov. 16, 19, 23. =97=_Id._, proclam., Nov. 19.
+=69=_Id._ to Saltillo officials, Nov. 17, 23. =69=Gov. Saltillo, order,
+Jan. 11, 1848. _Correo Nacional_, Mar. 3, 1848. =348=Pattridge to Miss
+W., Aug. 25, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1111, 1125 (Taylor). _Littell_,
+no. 165, p. 88 (Saltillo, May 11, 1847). =364=Worth to daughter, Jan.
+4, 1847. _Monitor Repub._, Mar. 29, 1847. Arnold, Jackson, 87-90. And
+from =76= the following and many more. Gonzalez to Worth, Nov. 30;
+reply, Dec. 2. Relaciones, Feb. 1, 1848. Gonzalez to S. Anna, Nov. 21,
+1846. Orders of Worth, Nov. 16, 19, 22, 23, 1846. Gonzalez, protest,
+Nov. 22, 1846. Worth to Gonzalez, Nov. 28; Dec. 17, 1846. S. Anna,
+Jan. 4, 1847 (with docs. from Gonzalez). Worth to ----, Nov. 17, 1846.
+Hunten to Gonzalez, Mar. 29, 1847. Filisola, Aug. 10, 1847. Avalos,
+Aug. 5, 1847.
+
+31.13. It was left for a regular to show the benefit of discipline,
+for he visited a suburban village, terrorized some 250 able-bodied
+Mexicans, and went calmly from house to house collecting blackmail.
+
+31.14. _The Tampico district._ =99=Ayuntamiento archives. =146=Caswell,
+diary, Apr. 1, 1847. _Eco_, Dec. 9, 1846. =99=Shields to ayunt.,
+Dec. 28, 1846; Jan. 2, 1847. =13=Consul Glass, Aug. 21, 1847.
+=69=Gates, orders 17, 26, 28, 35, Mar.-Apr., 1847. =159=Collins, diary
+(introduction). =65=Gates, orders 30, 48, 49; special orders 7, 10,
+30, 41. _Picayune_, Jan. 2, 8; Feb. 18; Mar. 19. =69=Shields, orders
+3, Dec. 22, 1846; to Bliss, Jan. 13, 1847. =61=J. L. Gardner, Nov.
+23, 1846. =61=Gates, Dec. 4, 1846. =61=_Id._, orders, Sept: 18, 1847.
+=61=Shields, orders, Jan. 1, 2, 6, 1847. =61=_Id._, Dec. 23, 1846; Jan.
+19, 1847. =75=Hacienda to Relaciones, Dec. 3, 1847. Lawton, Artillery
+Officer, 12, 24, 37, 39, 40, 46-7. Ballentine, English Soldier, i,
+276-81. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 299. =76=I. Munoz, Nov. 26, 1846,
+=76=R. M. Nunez, Jan. 25, 1847. =76=Testimony of Mateo Dorante. =76=F.
+de Garay, Jan. 22, 1847. =76=Docs. sent by Garay. =76=A. Gonzalez to
+Urrea, Feb. 1, 1847. =76=Many others.
+
+31.15. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 333-6 (Marcy). =224=Hitchcock, diary, Mar.
+26, 1846. =52=W. S. Parrott, Oct. 4, 1845. =52=Slidell, no. 3, Dec.
+17, 1845. =61=Taylor, no. 10, Feb. 7, 1846. =61=Carbajal to Taylor,
+Feb. 6, 1846. =61=_Id._, memo., Feb. 6. =61=Canales to Taylor, Jan.
+29, 1846. =61=[Mesa to Taylor], statement. _Monitor Repub._, June 14,
+1846. =93=Ayunt. to gov. N. Leon, Dec. 31, 1846. London _Times_, June
+15, 1847. _Picayune_, Aug. 11, 1846. Ampudia, Manifiesto, 1847. Henshaw
+narrative. =69=Unsigned statement. =285=Mejia to Paredes, July 20,
+1846. =52=Butler, Aug. 1, 1832. Smith, Annex. of Texas, 46-7. _Niles_,
+Nov. 21, 1846, p. 180. =76=Comte. gen. Nuevo Leon, broadside, Aug. 12,
+1846. =76=Ampudia, Sept. 9, 1846. =76=Mora y Villamil, Apr. 19, 1847,
+res. =76=Many others.
+
+The number of citations could be multiplied, and the author may write
+an article or brief monograph on the subject.
+
+31.16. July 7, 1847, the veteran ex-editor of the Washington _Globe_
+said in a =345=letter: My son [Frank P. Blair, who had been U. S.
+district attorney of the province] "represents the state of things in
+New Mexico as horrible. It seems that even respectable men at home,
+have become so depraved by the license of the region they are in, that
+they stick at no enormity whatever." A little later the most concise
+report from Santa Fe ran thus, "All is hubbub and confusion here,
+discharged volunteers are leaving, drunk, and volunteers not discharged
+are remaining drunk" (_Niles_, Nov. 6, 1847, p. 155).
+
+31.17. Here, as in California, military rule was softened by having
+a subordinate civil administration. The reader will understand, of
+course, that not everything was bad. In the scanty space that can be
+given to the subject here it is necessary to speak in broad terms.
+
+31.18. _New Mexico._ _Nat. Intelligencer_, Dec. 8, 1846; Apr. 1;
+May 13; Aug. 11, 1847. Wash. _Union_, Mar. 18; Apr. 21, 1847. N. Y.
+_Tribune_, Nov. 22, 1847. Prince, Concise History, 182-6. =13=Doyle,
+no. 29, Mar. 14, 1848. Sen. 1; 29, 2, pp. 58-9. =52=Alvarez, Sept. 4,
+1846. =63=Marcy to Kearny, May 10, 1847. =61=Kearny order, Sept. 22,
+1846. =61=Grier, Feb. 15, 1847. =61=Newby, Sept. 18; Oct. 8, 1847.
+=61=Price, Feb. 26; Aug. 14, 1847. =60=Marcy to Price, Mar. 30, 1847;
+to Edwards, Mar. 25, 1847. =61=Ingalls, Feb. 16, 1847. =61=Fischer,
+Feb. 16, 1847. Bancroft, Pacific States, xii, 431. =61=Broadside, Feb.
+15, 1847. =68=Court-martial, Feb. 4, 1848 (S. Fe). =69=Vigil, Mar.
+26, 1847. Sen. 18; 31, 1, pp. 183-6. Inman, Old S. Fe Trail, 113-40.
+=345=Blair to Van Buren July 7, 1847. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 445,
+1847. _Anzeiger des Westens_, Sept. 24, 26; Nov. 16, 1846; June 21,
+1847 (Kribben). =243=Kribben, letters. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 172, 174-7
+(Kearny). Ho. Report 52; 37, 3. _Niles_, Apr. 24, 1847, pp. 119, 121;
+June 19, p. 252; Aug. 14, p. 375; Nov. 6, p. 155. N. Y. _Courier and
+Enquirer_, Aug. 13, 1847. Ho. 5; 31, 1, p. 104. Report of Conner,
+Indian Affairs, 1858, p. 188. Ho. 70; 30, 1, pp. 11, 13, 17, 21, 24,
+31, 33, 34, etc. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 520, 524, 531-5, 545. =256=Polk to
+Marcy, June 2, 1846. =201=Gibson, diary. _Picayune_, Mar. 5, 1847.
+Ho. 41; 30, 1, pp. 498, 511-2, 551. Richardson, Messages, iv, 507,
+594, 639. Wash. _Union_, Oct. 3; Nov. 25, 1846. Parkman, Calif, and
+Ore. Trail, 416-20. Elliott, Notes, 233, 247. =224=Santa Fe letter
+(printed). Sen. 23; 30, 1 (Abert). Ruxton, Adventures (1847 ed.), 185,
+189. Benton, View, ii, 683. =61=Price, Sept. 18, 1847. =212=Hastings,
+diary. Cooke, Conquest, 39, 41, 50. =239=Mead to Kemper, July 26, 1841.
+Hughes, Doniphan's Expedition, 131. =61=Wooster, Sept. 25, 1846. Sen.
+7; 30, 1 (Emory). Ho. 24; 31, 1. Price, portrait (Mo. Hist. Soc.).
+=61=_Id._ to delegates; to adj. gen., Feb. 6, 1848. =65=_Id._, orders
+10, Feb. 5. =61=Prince to Vigil, Dec. 21, 1847. Numerous documents
+relating to the subject may be found among the Vigil papers (N. Mex.
+Hist. Soc.). Cutts, Conquest, 217-35, 240-3. =76=Varela, Sept. 6, 1847.
+=76=Chavez to Armijo, Aug. 24, 1847. =76=Ugarte to Filisola, July 2,
+1847. =76=Bent, proclam., Jan. 2, 1847. =76=Many others. The American
+loss in fighting the insurgents was 8 killed, 52 wounded.
+
+Chihuahua was merely an addendum to Santa Fe. The people seemed to
+regard our troops "as a race of devils and with just reason," wrote a
+soldier in his diary. Once two Americans, fighting in their cups, tore
+each other's clothes off and went stark naked through the streets. Of
+course property suffered. The women, however, in spite of husbands,
+fiances and priests, were devoted to the Americans, and when the time
+for evacuation came some followed their lovers for leagues, and a few
+even for days. For the state of things in Chihuahua: Sen. Misc. 26; 30,
+1. _The Anglo-Saxon_, (Chihuahua), no. 1. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal,
+ii, 110. Ho. Report 404; 30, 1, pp. 6, 13. Ronde, Voyage, 136, 138-9.
+=212=Hastings, diary. =201=Gibson, diary. _Anzeiger des Westens_, June
+21, 1847 (Kribben). _Republicano_, April 10, 1847.
+
+31.19. Kearny claimed the right to govern, but Stockton and Fremont
+insisted that his instructions to take possession of California
+and establish a civil government there had been made obsolete by
+events. Kearny perforce accepted the situation for a time, and
+with his dragoons went north at the end of January. The friction
+between him and Fremont was acute. Finally, when both were on their
+way east, Kearny had Fremont arrested. On charges--essentially
+insubordination--preferred by the General, Fremont was tried by a
+court-martial and sentenced to be dismissed from the army (=65=adj.
+gen., orders, Feb. 17, 1848). Polk remitted the sentence, but Fremont
+resigned. This controversy having been merely incidental to the war,
+more space cannot be given to it; but, as the opinion of the author may
+be desired, he will say, after reviewing all the documents of the case,
+that he thinks Fremont was a provokingly unprincipled and successful
+schemer, and that Kearny showed himself grasping, jealous, domineering
+and harsh.
+
+31.20. The Mormons were free July 16, 1847, and but one company could
+be recruited from the battalion. This served till March 14, 1848. A
+part of the New York regiment was sent to Lower California (chap. xxx,
+note 28, and the gold-diggings led some to desert. February 1, 1848,
+Mason had only 621 effectives (=61=Mason to adj. gen., Feb. 1, 1848).
+
+31.21. _California._ (This note, as written, included nearly two
+hundred items; but, as the subject concerns the history of the Mexican
+War only incidentally, it has been condensed.) Reports from military
+and naval officers in the adjutant general's office and the navy
+(squadron and captains' letters) archives. =323-5=Stevenson, letter
+book, gen. order book, regtal. ord. book. Colton, Three Years, 24,
+32, 155, 172, 175. Cooke, Conquest, 45, etc. Ho. 70; 30, 1, pp. 28,
+etc. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 160, 229, 242, 245-6. Benton, View, ii, 715,
+718. Clark, First Regt., 12, etc. =316=Sherman papers. Sen. 1; 29,
+2, pp. 49-50, 65. _Calif. Star_, Mar. 6, 1847. London _Times_, Aug.
+13-4, 1846. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 55-7, 947. Sherman Letters, 39. Wise,
+Gringos, 47, etc. Hughes, Doniphan's Exped., 204-30, 244-8. =256=Marcy
+papers. =247=Larkin papers. Bancroft, Pacific States, xii, 478; xvii,
+417, etc. =4=Amador, Memorias, 172. =122=Bidwell, California, 180.
+=210=Hammond papers. _Annals Amer. Acad._, xii, 70-1 (R. D. Hunt).
+=349=Watterston papers. =120=Biddle papers. Cutts, Conquest, 65, 71,
+123, 164, 248. Wash. _Union_, Sept. 30; Dec. 9, 1846. N. Y. _Journ.
+of Commerce_, Dec. 30, 1846. _Diario_, Oct. 16, 1846. _Cong. Globe_,
+30, 1, p. 604 (Benton). _Annals of the Am. Acad._, xii, 71 (Hunt).
+_Nat. Intelligencer_, Sept. 22, 1846. Buchanan, Works, vii, 332.
+=132=Buchanan papers. Hall, S. Jose, 154-6. Sherman, Home Letters,
+96, 113. _Id._, Mems., i, 29, 34, 56. _Niles_, Aug. 29, p. 416; Sept.
+12, 1846, p. 20; Oct. 23, 1847, p. 115. Sen. 33; 30, 1. Ho. Rep.,
+817; 30, 1. Sen. 439; 29, 1. Ho. 17; 31, 1. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 47,
+51, 53, etc., 1037, 1069. Revere, Tour, 78. Sen. 7; 30, 1. Sen. Rep.
+75; 30, 1, pp. 14-5. Sen. 31; 30, 2, pp. 23, 28-30. Sen. 18; 31, 1,
+pp. 398-401. Tuthill, Calif., 208-13. Schafer, Pacific Slope, 269.
+Porter, Kearny, 31. Willey, Trans. Period, 66, 70. Royce, Calif., 197.
+=120=Cits. to Biddle, Mar. 2, 1847. Tyler, Concise Hist., 202-52, 277,
+288. Stockton, Life, 158. =372=Hyde, statement. =70="Californias" (see
+Richman, California, for many of the most important). =76=Perez, Oct.
+22. =76=Comaduran to comte. gen. Sonora, Nov. 14; to Cooke, Dec. 16.
+=76=_Id._, Nov. 21; Dec. 17. =76=Cooke to Gandera, Dec. 18. =76=Cuesta,
+Dec. 30, 1846; July 23, 1847. =76=Estado, Tucson, Dec. 3, 1846.
+=76=Limon to Cooke, [Dec. 16]; reply, [Dec. 16]. =76=Cuesta to mil.
+comte. Arispe, Dec. 18. =76=Vanguard section, estado, Dec. 23; etc.
+
+For the Mormons see vol. i, p. 290. P. St. G. Cooke, acting as It.
+col., led the Mormon battalion from Santa Fe, New Mex., to California.
+
+31.22. "_Head Quarters of the Army_, Tampico, February 19, 1847.
+_General Orders, no. 20._ 1. It may well be apprehended that many
+grave offences not provided for in the act of Congress 'establishing
+rules and articles for the government of the armies of the United
+States,' approved April 10, 1806, may be again committed--by, or upon,
+individuals of those armies, in Mexico, pending the existing war
+between the two Republics. Allusion is here made to atrocities, any
+one of which, if committed within the United States or their organized
+territories, would, of course, be tried and severely punished by the
+ordinary or civil courts of the land. 2. Assassinations; murder;
+malicious stabbing or maiming; rape; malicious assault and battery;
+robbery; theft; the wanton desecration of churches, cemeteries or
+other religious edifices and fixtures, and the destruction, except
+by order of a superior officer, of public or private property, are
+such offences. 3. The good of the service, the honor of the United
+States and the interests of humanity, imperiously demand that every
+crime, enumerated above, should be severely punished. (Paragraphs
+4-6 demonstrate the necessity of a code supplemental to the rules
+and articles of war.) 7. That unwritten code is _Martial Law_, as
+an addition to the written military code, prescribed by Congress in
+the rules and articles of war, and which unwritten code, all armies,
+in hostile countries, are forced to adopt--not only for their own
+safety, but for the protection of the unoffending inhabitants and
+their property, about the theaters of] military operations, against
+injuries contrary to the laws of war. 8. From the same supreme
+necessity, martial law is hereby declared, as a supplemental code in,
+and about, all camps, posts and hospitals which may be occupied by
+any part of the forces of the United States, in Mexico, and in, and
+about, all columns, escorts, convoys, guards and detachments, of the
+said forces, while engaged in prosecuting the existing war in, and
+against the said republic. 9. Accordingly, every crime, enumerated in
+paragraph No. 2, above, whether committed--1. By any inhabitant of
+Mexico, sojourner or traveller therein, upon the person or property
+of any individual of the United States' forces, retainer or follower
+of the same; 2. By any individual of the said forces, retainer or
+follower of the same, upon the person or property of any inhabitant
+of Mexico, sojourner or traveller therein, or 3. By any individual of
+the said forces, retainer or follower of the same, upon the person
+or property of any other individual of the said forces, retainer or
+follower of the same--shall be duly tried and punished under the
+said supplemental code. 10. For this purpose it is ordered, that all
+offenders, in the matters aforesaid, shall be promptly seized and
+confined, and reported, for trial, before _Military Commissions_ to
+be duly appointed as follows: 11. Every military commission, under
+this order, will be appointed, governed and limited, as prescribed
+by the 65th, 66th, 67th, and 97th, of the said rules and articles of
+war, and the proceedings of such commissions will be duly recorded, in
+writing, reviewed, revised, disapproved or approved, and the sentences
+executed--all, as in the cases of the proceedings and sentences of
+courts-martial; _provided_, that no military commission shall try any
+case clearly cognizable by any court-martial, and _provided_ also that
+no sentence of a military commission shall be put in execution against
+any individual, whatsoever, which may not be, according to the nature
+and degree of the offence, as established by evidence, in conformity
+with known punishments, in like cases, in some one of the States of the
+United States of America. 12. This order will be read at the head of
+every Company serving in Mexico." This order helps to explain the later
+improvement at the north which we have noted.
+
+31.23. The ordinary safeguard ran thus: "By authority of ... The
+person, the property, and the family of ... [or such a college, mill,
+etc., and the persons and things belonging to it] are placed under the
+safeguard of the United States. To offer any violence or injury to them
+is expressly forbidden; on the contrary, it is ordered that safety
+and protection be given to him, or them, in case of need." Safeguards
+were given to towns also. The following is a specimen: "_Safeguard._
+Office of the Civil & Military Governor, Puebla, 22nd January, 1848.
+Whereas the Municipality of the town of San Martin, on the main road
+to Mexico, has presented a Solicitation to this Government with
+regard to certain permissions and protection this Safeguard is given
+to said Municipality in the following terms.--1. The authorities and
+inhabitants of San Martin, their families and private property are
+placed under the protection of the United States forces, as long as
+they remain quiet, neutral and peaceable and will therefore be left
+unmolested and not interfered with by the troops and followers of the
+United States army. On the contrary their civil authorities will be
+respected, and protection and assistance will be given to them such as
+they should need or claim.--2. All honorable and peaceable inhabitants
+guaranteed to be such by the Municipality have permission to carry arms
+for the defence of the community, their persons and their property
+against robbers.--3. They are allowed to organize a neutral police
+force of twenty five armed and mounted men for protection of the town
+against robbers and for assisting the authorities in executing their
+duties, the criminals taken prisoners by them to be delivered over to
+the Governor of Puebla.--4. Permission is likewise granted to said
+authorities and inhabitants to defend themselves against any one who
+comes to plunder, rob or attack them, may he be robber, guerrillero
+[_i.e._, "guerilla"], or an American soldier.--5. The Municipality of
+San Martin has permission, to arrest and remit to their commanding
+officers all American soldiers, they may find within the district of
+San Martin, drunk dispersed or deserters.--6. It is strictly prohibited
+to the troops and followers of the United States army to open the
+prison at San Martin and put the criminals in liberty.--7. A copy of
+this Safeguard has been forwarded to the General in chief of the United
+States forces in order to communicate it to the commanding officers of
+the army, and of divisions, which have to pass by San Martin. Another
+copy has been remitted to the commanding officer of the military post
+at Rio Frio.--"
+
+31.24. Numerous large monasteries, occupied by only a few monks, were
+found useful, and the use of them for such a purpose gave no offence
+(Scott, Mems., ii, 580).
+
+31.25. _Scott's policy._ Scott, Mems., ii, 393-6, 547-9, 580. Hitchcock
+in _Republic_, Feb. 15, 1851. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 147.
+=69=Safeguard. =60=Scott, May 26, 1846. =65=Gen. orders 20, Feb. 19,
+1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 873. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 55. _So. Qtrly. Review_,
+Jan., 1852, p. 133.
+
+31.26. Scott called upon "the 97 honorable men in every 100" to seize
+in the act and report the "scoundrels" committing outrages (Ho. 60;
+30, 1, p. 914). He thus enlisted, he believed, the cooperation of
+"thousands of good soldiers" (=60=to Marcy, Apr. 5, 1847). As in civil
+life, it was of course impossible to apprehend all the criminals.
+
+31.27. The impracticable attempt to keep liquor out of the city was not
+tried here. A system of license and supervision was adopted. April 1
+two taverns were authorized to sell liquor (to be used on the premises).
+
+31.28. Worth's successors in the governorship were Col. Henry Wilson up
+to about the middle of December, 1847; Gen. James Bankhead for a few
+days; Gen. Twiggs until Mar. 25, 1848; Col. Wilson for a day or two;
+Gen. S. W. Kearny. When Wilson left in December, 1847, the merchants
+and consuls gave him a vote of thanks (Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii,
+585). Mar. 30, 1848, the Mexican ayuntamiento was restored.
+
+31.29. Thompson, Recolls., 4. Dysentery was prevalent and dangerous.
+Dec. 29, 1847, a responsible writer at Vera Cruz stated that not less
+than 1,200 Americans had succumbed there to the climate since April.
+
+31.30. _The Vera Cruz district._ =52=Trist, May 7, 1847. Bullock, Six
+Months (1825 ed.), i, 19, 20. =100=Ayuntamiento archives. Lerdo de
+Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 572-3, 584-5. Lyon, Journal, ii, 214, 221. _Flag
+of Freedom_, i, no. 4. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 112, 115, 117, 119.
+_Niles_, Sept. 25, 1847, p. 53, etc. =361=Woods, recolls. =144=Cassidy,
+recolls. =327=Sutherland, letters. =322=Smith, diary. =152=Claiborne,
+mems. =270=Moore, diary. Oswandel, Notes, 105-6. =86=S. Anna to Soto,
+Apr. 14, 1847. Wash. _Union_, July 26, 29, 1847. _Amer. Eagle_, V.
+Cruz, Apr. 3, 13; Oct. 11, 16, 1847. =76=J. Soto, July 3, 1847. =256=J.
+Parrott to Marcy, Apr. 19, 1847. =13=Giffard, Apr. 13; May 15; June
+15, 1847. =221=Hill, diary. =69=Scott to Patterson, Mar. 30, 1847.
+=65=Wilson, orders (1847) 20, 23, 64, 116, 128, 142. =65=Bankhead,
+orders 167. =65=Twiggs, orders 11, 14. =65=Wilson, orders (1848), 130.
+=65=Kearny, orders 172. =65=Scott, gen. orders 75, 87, 101. =60=Wilson
+to Marcy, Aug. 1, 1847. =61=Worth, orders 1-7. =61=Kearny, Apr. 9,
+1848, and endorsement. _Don Simplicio_, Apr. 21, 1847. _Diario_, Apr.
+13, 1847. Long, Lee, 68. =60=Scott, Apr. 5, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp.
+914 (Scott); 938 (Dorich). =166=Pommares to Conner, Oct. 7, 1846.
+Stevens, Stevens, i, 117-8. =12=Pell of Sloop _Daring_, Nov. 30, 1847.
+Kenly, Md. Vol., 288-9.
+
+31.31. _The Cordoba district._ =88=Ayuntamiento archives. Moreno,
+Canton, 378, 380, 382-3. London _Saturday Review_, 1865, p. 6.
+=65=Bankhead, orders 11, 12, 28.
+
+31.32. _The Orizaba district._ =94=Ayuntamiento archives. Cubas,
+Cuadro, 54. Velasco, Geografia, iii, 179. Diccionario Universal
+(_Orizaba_). =65=Bankhead, orders 38, 100. =69=Coleccion de Itinerarios.
+
+31.33. Neither at Jalapa nor elsewhere were there many complaints from
+women. Here the soldiers gave parties. Harlots were the only women
+present, but they were treated--to the great amusement of the town--as
+ladies (Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 247).
+
+31.34. _The Jalapa district._ =90=Ayuntamiento archives. Brackett,
+Lane's Brigade, 62-3. Vigne, Travels, i, 14-16. Bullock, Six Months
+(1825 ed.), i, 55. Velasco, Geografia, iii, 28, 37, 54, 97. =257=Orders
+and letters from G. H[ughes] to Frank [Markoe]. Oswandel, Notes, 196,
+389. Semmes, Service, 205, 215. _Nacional_, Dec. 22, 1847; Jan. 5,
+1848. =69=Alcalde to gov., Nov. 25, 27, 1847. =69=Orders, Dec. 3, 10,
+15, 1847; Feb. 4; Apr. 25; May 7, 1848. =69=Patterson to Pillow, Sept.
+22, 1846; to ----, Nov. 24, 1847. =69=Am. gov. to alcalde, Nov. 26;
+Dec. 13, 1847; Jan. 17; Feb. 28; Mar. 15, 1848. =69=Hughes, proclam.,
+Nov. 30, 1847. =287=Parrish, diary. =332=Tennery, diary. _Picayune_,
+May 28; Dec. 19, 24, 25, 1847. Kenly, Md. Volunteer, 365-8, 382. Wash.
+_Union_, May 22, 1847. =159=Collins papers. Lyon, Journal, ii, 186.
+Ward, Mexico, ii, 193. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 58-9. Grone,
+Briefe, 62. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 900-2; iv, 20, 28-34. =69=Hughes to
+prefect, May 31, 1848; to Scott, Jan. 5, 1848; to first alcalde, Mar.
+27, 1848; orders, Nov. 29, 30, 1847; Jan. 10; Feb. 19; May 4, 5, 1848.
+=69=_Id._ to officers, Jan. 15, 1848. =68=Court of inquiry, Jalapa, May
+31, 1848. _Arco Iris_, Dec. I, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1029. _Niles_,
+Jan. 1, 1848, p. 276. =76=Soto, proclam., Sept. 10, 1847. Roa Barcena,
+Recuerdos, 235-6, 245-7. Hartman, Journal, 13. =327=Sutherland to
+father, undated. =13=Bankhead, no. 42, 1847 (the conduct of Scott and
+his officers at Jalapa is "highly extolled").
+
+31.35. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 272. The presence of Scott, Worth and
+other superior officers who, as the soldiers knew, could not be trifled
+with, may help to explain the mystery. (Later some outrages occurred.)
+The troops were kept within a large square space with sentries at each
+corner, and the boundaries of it could not be crossed after dark by
+either civilians or soldiers (_Republicano_, June 14). At one place on
+the way to Puebla, wrote a soldier in his diary, a sentry was placed at
+every shop, and even women selling bread on the street were guarded.
+
+31.36. Personally Lane discouraged outrages. Once when some of his
+famished men had robbed a poor man's cornfield Lane, besides having him
+paid the full amount of the damages, added as much more from his own
+pocket (Brackett, Lane's Brig., 74-5). It was said that priests were
+sometimes ill-used, but this was natural enough when they were capable
+of cooperating with guerillas, inducing American soldiers to desert,
+and harboring such deserters.
+
+31.37. _The Puebla district._ _Flag of Freedom_, i, nos. 1, 5. Lawton,
+Artillery Officer, 272. =270=Moore, diary. =95=Childs, proclam.,
+Nov. 11, 1847 (placard). Oswandel, Notes, 345, 390. =95=Ayuntamiento
+archives (proceedings, correspondence with Worth, orders of Worth,
+etc.). =95=Furlong, proclam., Oct. 14, 1847. =95=Childs, proclam., Oct.
+25, 1847. =95=The bishop to Scott, Dec. 1, 1847. =95=Furlong to Scott,
+Dec. 1, 1847. =95=Ayunt. to prefect, Oct. 26, 1847. =304=Worth, orders,
+May 16, 1847. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 121, 125, 131, 136, 165, 210.
+=356=Whitcomb, diary. _Republicano_, June 13, 14, 21 (_El National_),
+24, 1847. =69=Furlong to Am. gov., Aug. 10, 1847. =69=Prefect to
+Childs, Oct. 14; Nov. 2, 8; Dec. 20, 1847; Feb. 8, 1848. =69=Childs's
+official papers =61=Scott, gen. orders 187, 1847. _Nacional_, Dec.
+18, etc, 1847. =95=Report of the committee appointed to confer with
+Scott, Jan. 4, 1848. =75=Jefe politico Tlaxcala to Scott, Nov. 23,
+1847. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 122-3. Donnavan, Adventures, 100.
+Coleccion de Documentos (Childs, orders, Oct. 16). Ho. 60; 30, 1, p.
+1030 (Childs).
+
+There was special feeling about churches. The bishop of Puebla
+complained to Scott that our soldiers desecrated a church at Tlaxcala,
+and stole some priests' robes. But the soldiers had found that the
+church was the base of the guerillas they were pursuing, and discovered
+the robes on the floor. Our officers made great efforts to prevent
+outrages here and to restore the stolen property (Brackett, Lane's
+Brigade, 211; Zirckel, Tagebuch, 123; etc.). It seems to have been true
+that no church was desecrated by Americans that had not been desecrated
+by Mexicans, and used for hostile purposes.
+
+31.38. The lepero dared not attack a sober American soldier. The scheme
+was to get the soldiers intoxicated, and, when they staggered and fell,
+knife them. After a time our men invented a trick to meet it. They
+would pretend to be intoxicated, fall to the ground, and make ready for
+the would-be assassin; and finally the leperos feared a drunken soldier
+even more than a sober one. Carrying concealed weapons was forbidden;
+suspected persons were searched; and any one found guilty was given
+twenty lashes on the bare back. This had an excellent effect.
+
+31.39. A specimen case was that of private Gahagiun of the Seventh
+Infantry (=65=gen. orders 378). For breaking into a house and taking
+some ladies' clothing he was sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his
+bare back "well laid on with a rawhide," to be confined at hard labor
+during the rest of his term, to be then dishonorably discharged and
+drummed out--$250 of his pay to go to the person robbed and the rest to
+be confiscated. Mexicans as well as Americans were publicly flogged. In
+extreme cases hanging was the punishment.
+
+Scott made the following daily details in order to ensure order and
+discipline (=65=gen. orders 298, September 24, 1847): "1. A general
+officer of the day to report to me; to superintend the good order and
+discipline of the garrison, visit the guards and outposts, organize
+patrols, and receive reports regarding order and discipline. 2. A
+field officer of the day of each division and of the cavalry brigade
+to superintend the troops in quarters, be present at the mounting and
+dismounting of the guards, have control of the in-lying pickets, etc.
+3. One third of each regiment not on other duty will constitute its
+portion of the in-lying guard. 4. A captain or subaltern of the day of
+each regiment will superintend the quarters, attend the parading of
+regimental guards, have the roll called frequently and at unexpected
+times, visit company kitchens and messes, etc." The drill of the
+troops was kept up, and of course it was only when off duty that they
+could be disorderly. Doyle reported that a gentleman from Pachuca, a
+place at some distance from Mexico, said: "Nothing can be better than
+the behavior of the American troops at Pachuca" (no. 5, 1848). On
+the other hand Lane's men were guilty of excesses at Tulancingo. In
+=65=gen. orders 395, December 31, 1847, Scott said: "Men free at home,
+must maintain the honor of freeman when abroad. If they forget _that_,
+they will degrade themselves to the level of felons and slaves, and may
+be rightfully condemned and treated as such; for felons, according to
+the laws of God and man, are _slaves_" (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1066).
+
+31.40. Quitman strictly forbade (Sept. 21) "any interference with or
+mutiliation of the books, papers, or records contained within the
+Palace."
+
+31.41. Matamoros, Monterey, Tampico, Jalapa and Puebla had an American
+newspaper; Vera Cruz and Mexico two.
+
+31.42. In consequence of the incapacity of our medical men and
+particularly their ignorance of the effects of the climate, diseases
+not considered dangerous by residents often proved fatal to the
+American soldiers (=13=Thornton, no. 5, 1847).
+
+31.43. _The Mexico district._ Davis, Autobiog., 246, 258, 261-2,
+277. Henshaw narrative. Donnavan, Adventures, 93, 97. Instrucciones
+Otorgadas. Wise, Gringos, 260. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 314-5, 321.
+Jameson, Calhoun Corresp., 1163-5. Quitman, orders, Oct. 6, 1847, in
+Papeles Varios. _Journ. Milit. Serv. Instit._, xv, 627. McSherry,
+Puchero, 163. _Vedette_, ii, no. 10 (Brooks). Norton, Life, 172.
+=321=Smith, diary. =358=Williams to father, Dec. 27, 1847; Feb. 22,
+1848. =152=Claiborne, mems. Oswandel, Notes, 431, 433, 455, 525,
+583. =92=Ayuntamiento archives. =69a=Archives of Federal District.
+=80=Archives of Mexico state. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 307. =80=Gracida
+to Butler, Feb. 25, 1848. =13=Doyle, nos. 1, 5, 27, 1848. _Britannia_,
+Sept. 28, 1847 (_Daily News_). Claiborne, Quitman, i, 395. Calderon,
+Life, i, 139-40. _National_, Nov. 14, 1847. =60=N. C. to J. L. Miller,
+May 7, 1848. =62=Jones to Bedinger, Mar. 11, 1848. Captain of Vols.,
+Conquest, 27. =65=Scott, gen. orders, Sept. 14, 16, 17, 24; Dec. 18,
+31, 1847. London _Times_, Nov. 12, 13, 1847. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp.
+205-12. _Picayune_, Oct. 15; Nov. 14; Dec. 19, 29, 1847. _Delta_, Nov.
+6, 7, 12; Dec. 19, 24, 1847. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 384 (Scott). Kenly, Md.
+Vol., 413. Mexico a traves, iv, 703-4. =65=Scott, gen. orders 190, 355.
+Rodriguez, Breve Resena, 1848, 1849, p. 5. =13=Bankhead, no. 86, Sept.
+28, 1847. =73=Lozano, no. 8, res., Sept. 17, 1847. Ramirez, Mexico,
+318. N. Y. _Journ. Comm._, Feb. 28, 1848. _Monitor Repub._, Dec. 7,
+20, 1847. =277=Veramendi to Quitman, Oct. 8, 1847. =366=Memb. municip.
+council to ----, Nov. 14 and reply. (Mexican letter) _Nacional_, Nov.
+14, 1847. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 260-3, 270-1. Apuntes, 362-7,
+369. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1065. Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 37. =132=Nowell to
+mother, Oct. 21, 1847. Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 153. Stevens, Stevens, i,
+219. =121=Placards and Notices. _Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. Mag._, Mar.
+6, 1908. =214=Hays and Caperton, Life of Hays. London _Chronicle_, Nov.
+12, 1847. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 543. Lane (Adventures) shows that
+our officers were by no means all saints, but this is not a fact to
+occasion surprise.
+
+Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 571) complains that immorality was
+promoted at Mexico by giving licenses to gambling places; but it would
+not have been possible to prevent the soldiers from gambling among
+themselves and in "dives," and no doubt Scott believed it would be best
+to have the gambling done where some control could be exercised over
+it, and where the men would not be in danger of the assassin's knife.
+Ripley admits that gambling "flourished" before licenses were given (p.
+570). Ripley suggests (p. 574) that "active operations would have been
+the immediate and effectual remedy" for the immorality; but, as we have
+seen, there were not enough troops, etc., for active operations, and
+perhaps shooting Mexicans needlessly would have been no better business
+than gambling. Ripley admits (p. 577) that most of the troops were kept
+outside the city. Riley's brigade was at Tacubaya, Patterson's division
+at S. Angel, and a part of Butler's division at El Molino del Rey. The
+other part and Smith's brigade remained in town.
+
+31.44. Probably fearing American interference or influence, the
+Mexican government at Queretaro discountenanced such elections (Mexico
+a traves, iv, 704). As the records are by no means complete, it is
+necessary in this and other cases to assume that like causes produced
+like effects, unless there is some evidence to the contrary. General
+conclusions could not otherwise be reached.
+
+31.45. At Tampico Shields appointed three Mexican alcaldes and also (to
+act with these in cases between Americans and Mexicans) an American
+court of three American citizens.
+
+31.46. _Gaceta de Tamaulipas_, July 16, 1846. =65=Scott, gen. orders
+238. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 314-5. Davis, Autobiog., 246. =224=Letter
+from C. to Scott, Nov. 14, 1847. Instrucciones Otorgadas. Wilhelm,
+Eighth Infantry, i, 299. Moreno, Canton, 378, 380, 382. Quitman, order,
+Oct. 6, 1847, in Papeles Varios. Defensa de Iriarte. McSherry, El
+Puchero, 163. =358=Williams to father, Feb. 22, 1848. V. Cruz _American
+Eagle_, May 22; Apr. 3, 1847. Ayuntamiento archives, Jalapa, Cordoba,
+Orizaba, Puebla, Mexico, Tampico, Saltillo. =92=Quitman, proclam., Oct.
+6, 1847. =366=_Id._, poster, Sept. 16. =95=Worth to Puebla ayunt., May
+31, 1847; to alcalde, May 17, 1847; reply; proclam., May 22, 1847; to
+alcalde, May 22. =303=_Id._, orders 34. _Nacional_, Jan. 28, 1848.
+=13=Doyle, No. 5, 1848. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 251, 549. _Diario_, May
+14, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1047 (Scott). =65=Bankhead, orders, Feb.
+16, 1848. =61=Hamtramck to McDowell, Jan. 20, 1848. Lawton, Artillery
+Officer, 17, 39, 40, 194, 208. =63=Marcy to Davenport, Aug. 6; Dec.
+14, 1847. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 165. =69=Gov. Jalapa to alcalde,
+Nov. 26; Dec. 13, 1847; Jan. 17; Mar. 15, 1848; orders 352; to ayunt.,
+Feb. 28, 1848. =69=Gates, orders 26, 35. =65=Wilson, orders 116, 142,
+1847. =65=Twiggs, orders 11. =65=Kearny, orders 172. =65=Wool, orders,
+July 9; Dec. 14, 1847; Jan. 26, 1848. =65=Butler, orders 43, 1848.
+=61=McDowell to alcalde, Dec. 30, 1847. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 205 (Trist).
+_Picayune_, Jan. 2; Mar. 19; Dec. 19, 23, 1847. _Republicano_, June
+14, 1847. Kenly, Md. Vol., 380. =61=Worth to Bliss, Sept. 28, 1846.
+Mexico a traves, iv, 703-4, 711. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 900, 902; iv,
+28-34. =69=Worth to commrs., Nov. 23, 1846; orders 61, 1846. =69=Scott
+to Hughes, Jan. 28, 1848. =61=Shields, Jan. 19, 1847; orders, Dec. 26,
+1846; Jan. 1, 2, 6, 1847. =61=Worth, orders 2, Mar. 30, 1847. =76=Worth
+to E. Gonzalez, Nov. 23, 28, 1846. =76=S. Anna, Jan. 4, 1847, with
+docs. =76=Garay, Jan. 22, 1847, and docs. =76=Worth, proclam., Nov. 30,
+1846. =76=Morgan to Martinez, Jan. 18, 1847. =76=Aldrete to Mejia, Aug.
+30, 1846. For taxes, etc., see chap. xxxiii. =76=Mora, Feb. 18; Mar. 8,
+1848. =76=Many others.
+
+31.47. An English soldier in our army said with reference to the
+better class at Tampico: they were shy of "the strange, wild-looking,
+hairy-faced savages of the half-horse and half-alligator breed, who
+galloped about the streets and plazas mounted on mules and Mexican
+ponies, and armed with sabres, bowies, and revolvers, and in every
+uncouth variety of costume peculiar to the American backwoodsman";
+adding that the Mexicans addressed them as "Gentlemen," but in their
+absence spoke of them with intense bitterness as "cursed volunteers"
+(Ballentine, Eng. Sold., i, 276-7).
+
+31.48. The foreigners residing at Mexico generally received the
+American army well.
+
+31.49. In a soldier's written vocabulary occurred these words: weaves
+(for _huevos_), chickketer (_chiquita_), sennereters (_senoritas_),
+irrancus (_naranjas_), onerpas (_un peso_), leavero (_libro_). There
+were cases in which women went long distances to give information to
+officers they had never seen. After the battle of Cerro Gordo ladies
+at Mexico wore their hair loose "a la Scott," and were rebuked by the
+press.
+
+31.50. _Social relations._ Scott, Mems., ii, 580. Grant, Mems., i, 118.
+Meade, Letters, i, 86, 180, 185. =148=Chamberlain, recolls. Bullock,
+Six Months (1825 ed.), i, 55-6. _Flag of Freedom_, i, no. 5. =257=G.
+[Hughes] to Frank [Markoe], Dec. 13, 1847. =242=Kingsbury to mother,
+Oct. 14, 1846. =8=Anon. diary. Oswandel, Notes, 211, 433. Jamieson,
+Campaign, 48. Semmes, Service, 173, 205, 215, 263. Biog. de Alaman,
+40. =221=Hill, diary. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 131, 136, 138. Rivera,
+Jalapa, iii, 912. _Picayune_, May 28, 1847. Kenly, Md. Vol., 368.
+=69=Hughes to Scott, Jan. 5, 1848. =349=Pattridge to Miss W., May
+22, 1848. Apuntes, 363. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 430. Sedgwick,
+Corresp., i, 145. Ballentine, English Soldier, i, 276-7. _Spirit of the
+Times_, July 4, 1846. Perry, Indiana, 141. =76=Document sent by Garay,
+Dec. 30, 1846. =335=Belton to Hitchcock, Aug. 23, 1847.
+
+31.51. This money had a powerful influence in keeping the people quiet.
+
+31.52. Scott, Mems., ii, 396, 580. Grant, Mems., i, 102. Gutierrez de
+Estrada, Mex. en 1840. =110=Barbour, diary. =95=Belton, proclam., July
+16, 1847. =13=Doyle, no. 1, 1848. _Delta_, Jan. 19, 1847. Rodriguez,
+Breve Resena, 1848. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 24. New London _Morning
+News_, Dec. 10, 1846. Apuntes, 368. =350=Weber, recolls. _Cong. Globe_,
+45, 3, pp. 1627-8 (Shields). _Picayune_, Sept. 14, 1847.
+
+
+XXXII. PEACE
+
+32.1. =52=Trist, nos. 16, confid., 17, confid., 18, 22-3. (Trist's
+despatches, as printed in Sen. 52; 30, 1, are not in all cases
+complete.) Sierra, Evolution i, 223. (Outrages) _Arco Iris_, Nov. 9,
+1847. _Razonador_ in _Nacional_, Jan. 5, 1848. _Nacional_, Jan. 19,
+1848. =80=Almonte to Olaguibel, Sept. 16, 1847. =335=Thornton to Trist,
+Dec. 5, 1847. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 308-9, 315. Calhoun Corresp.,
+1163, 1166. =349=Partridge to Miss W., May 22, 1848. =125=Bonham to
+mother, Dec. 7, 1847. Ills. State Hist. Soc. Trans., 1912, pp. 17-23.
+Lawton, Artill. Officer, 327, 331. Wash. _Union_, May 22, 1847. =291=P.
+F. Smith to Pierce, undated. _Monitor Repub._, Dec. 3, 14, 1847.
+_Picayune_, Dec. 23, 1847; Jan. 7, 8, 1848. =13=Doyle, no. 18, 1848.
+(Damages) =76=Circular, Oct. 3, 1847.
+
+32.2. Sierra, Evol., i, 223. =13=Thornton, no. 6, 1847. Roa Barcena,
+Recuerdos, 571. =52=Trist, nos. 18, 22-3. _Picayune_, Nov. 30, 1847;
+Feb. 20, 1848. Protesta de la Diputacion. Tributo a la Verdad, 58.
+_Nacional_, Jan. 8, 19, 1848. =80=Olaguibel, proclam., Dec. 9, 1847.
+=335=Thornton to Trist, Dec. 5, 1847. Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 23, 40,
+45, 74. _Correo Nacional_, Feb. 7, 19; Mar. 21, 1848. (Aguas Cal.)
+=76=Guerra to Relaciones, Jan. 24, 1848. =76=Olaguibel, Nov. 29.
+=76=Gov. Oaxaca to Relaciones, Dec. 27. _Monitor Repub._, Nov. 15,
+27, 29; Dec. 29, 1847. =366=Correspondence between gov. S. L. Potosi
+and A. O. de Parada. =335=Trist, memo, of second conference. =256=J.
+Parrott to Marcy, Dec. 20, private, 27 private, 28, private, 1847. _No.
+American_ (Mexico), Dec. 14, 1847. =169=Taylor to Crittenden, Nov. 1,
+1847. =304=Duncan to Quitman, Nov. 27, 1847. Webster, Letters, 343.
+=61=Scott, Sept. 18. (Bankhead) =132=Cushing to Buchanan, Oct. 31,
+1847. =125=Bonham to mother, Dec. 7, 1817; Jan. 12, 1848. Gallatin,
+War Expenses. =345=Poinsett to Van Buren, June 4, 1847; Mar. 9, 1848.
+=304=Duncan to Quitman, Nov. 27. _No. American_ (Mex.), Dec. 14. P. F.
+Smith, _supra_. _Eco del Comercio_, May 9, 1848. _Correspondant_, Nov.
+15, 1847. _Times_, Jan. 15, 1848.
+
+The substantial war elements were the Eventualists, Monarchists and
+Santannistas. The =76=archives for this time are full of reports of
+political disturbances.
+
+32.3. Polk, Diary, Nov. 20, 23, 30; Dec. 4, 18, 1847. =132=Donelson
+to Buchanan, May 15, 1847, private. Ho. 60; 30, 1, 1037 (Marcy).
+=52=Trist, no. 22. P. F. Smith: note 1. Richardson, Messages, iv,
+537-46. See chap. xxix, p. 183. Had the war continued it would not
+have been against Paredes or Santa Anna and the military class. It
+would have seemed to be a war of conquest directed against the Mexican
+nation, and even the peace party would have had to turn against us.
+
+32.4. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 585. =13=Thornton, nos. 6, 7, 1847.
+=52=Trist, nos. 16, confid., 18-20. =335=_Id._ to Rosa, Oct. 20, 1847.
+_Monitor Repub._, Nov. 8, 10, 13; Dec. 29. Ho. 69; 30, 1, p. 58 (Rosa).
+Richardson, Messages, iv, 572. Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 22-3. Mexico a
+traves, iv, 704-5. Exposicion o Programa. Negrete, Invasion, iii, app.,
+483, 516.
+
+Trist reopened the negotiations naturally by forwarding to Luis de la
+Rosa, the minister of relations, a letter (dated Sept. 7) written by
+him as a reply to the note and counter-projet of the Mexican peace
+commissioners dated Sept. 6. In this he argued that Texas possessed
+good grounds for rebelling, and became independent; that, having been
+rightfully annexed by the United States, she had to be protected
+against invasion; that any previously existing boundary between her
+and Mexico had been obliterated by the revolutionary war, and she had
+a right to _claim_ the Rio Grande as the boundary; that as Mexico
+would not negotiate on the subject, Polk was compelled to accept that
+delimitation; that in the resulting war the United States had occupied
+Mexican territory and now justly held it by right of conquest, yet
+not by the odious title of conquest resulting from war without good
+cause--not from a mere desire of obtaining territory (Sen. 20; 30, 1,
+p. 21). This letter and a brief accompanying note, which stated that
+his powers had not been withdrawn and expressed a desire to resume
+the negotiations, were transmitted by Thornton, now acting (in the
+absence of Bankhead and Doyle) as British charge, who strongly urged
+upon Rosa the renewal of the negotiations (=52=Trist, no. 19). Rosa
+replied favorably, but said he was too busy just then, and needed
+certain documents. Later Pena explained the delay as resulting from the
+provisional character of his administration (=52=to Trist, Nov. 22). In
+reality the government desired to ascertain and influence public and
+Congressional sentiment before acting (Exposicion dirigida). Rosa's
+reply to Trist said there appeared to be little hope of peace, but this
+was for self-defence (Trist, no. 20).
+
+32.5. =52=Trist, nos. 19, 23. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 239. Rivera, Jalapa,
+iv, 23. _Monitor Repub._, Nov. 17, 18, 23, 27; Dec. 26. (Deserters)
+_Nat. Intellig._, June 24, 1848. =76=Rosa to govs., Oct. 20. =75=Report
+of the meeting of governors. Mexico a traves, iv, 706. =335=Thornton
+to Trist, Nov. 25, 1847. Dublan, Legislacion, v, 305. Roa Barcena,
+Recuerdos, 567-8, 571-6. =335=Davidson to Thornton, Nov. 23.
+_Picayune_, Nov. 30.]
+
+At the meeting Puebla, Queretaro, Michoacan, Guanajuato and S. L.
+Potosi states were represented by their governors, Zacatecas by her
+vice governor, and Jalisco by a commissioner. The President and the
+ministers were present. The meeting was advisory and confidential. The
+government took the ground that the war could not be continued and
+that Mexico should endeavor to obtain, not an honorable peace, but one
+as little humiliating as possible, and one that would save Mexican
+nationality; but it preferred war and promised to carry it on if given
+the necessary men and supplies. The governors naturally showed their
+repugnance to peace on such a basis, but could not offer adequate
+resources, and the one rational conclusion was inevitable. A report of
+the discussions may be found in the Gobernacion archives, Mexico. The
+sessions began on Nov. 19 and concluded on Nov. 27. The insurrection
+came to a head on Dec. 19. News of Trist's recall helped to quiet the
+war party (=52=Trist, no. 22).
+
+32.6. Pillow, address in Chicago _Daily Democrat_, Sept. 15, 1857.
+Polk, Diary, Oct. 4, 5, 20-3, 25; Dec. 30, 1847; Jan. 2, 1848. =52=Sec.
+state to Trist, Oct. 6, 25. Richardson, Messages, iv, 541. =335=Memo.
+of Trist on despatch of Oct. 6. Sen. Rep. 261; 41, 2. Ho. 69; 30, 1,
+pp. 59-61 (Trist).
+
+A private =335=note (Oct. 24) from Buchanan to Trist, taken in
+connection with Polk's Diary, suggests a suspicion on the part of
+the administration that, in intimating that the United States might
+possibly not insist upon the Rio Grande line, Trist had purposely
+played into the hands of the Whigs, who were now asserting that the
+intermediate region did not belong to us. This suspicion and the idea
+that Trist was helping Scott to injure the President's friends in the
+army would explain a great deal of wrath. Another personal =335=note
+(Oct. 24) from Buchanan shows that the terms offered by Trist in
+September were now regarded as too moderate to be popular, and gives
+one the feeling that, especially since Trist had shown a disposition
+to weaken them, the prestige of the administration demanded his
+recall. Oct. 25 Buchanan said Trist had offered to give up a part of
+California, but Trist denied this (=335=memo.). Oct. 6 Marcy directed
+Scott to inform the Mexican authorities of Trist's recall (Ho. 60;
+30, 1, p. 1008). Trist's patriotism and sense of duty do not seem to
+have been affected by his recall. Nov. 27 he wrote to Buchanan that a
+commission should be sent to take up his work on the spot (Sen. 52;
+30, 1, p. 230); and the next day, through Mrs. Trist, he =335=adjured
+Buchanan to lose "_not a minute_" about this, proposing Scott and
+Butler. Dec. 31 Polk received indirectly a similar recommendation from
+Gen. Twiggs, and Sen. Davis (the Col. Davis of Monterey and Buena
+Vista) pointed out to him that, should Mexican commissioners go to
+Washington, probably their government would be overthrown during their
+absence, and they might be shot as traitors on their return (Diary,
+Dec. 31). Polk therefore virtually decided that Butler should take
+Trist's place as well as Scott's (_ibid._, Dec. 31; Jan. 2). Pillow
+(Address) attributed to his letter the recall of Trist.
+
+32.7. Sen. Report 261; 41, 2. Ho. 69; 30, 1, pp. 59-66 (Trist). Sen.
+60; 30, 1, p. 61 (Pena). =52=Trist, nos. 21, 23. =13=Thornton, nos. 11,
+14, 1847. =335=_Id._ to Trist, Nov. 22, confid.; Nov. 22, private; Nov.
+25. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 583, 585. =335=Trist to Thornton, Nov. 24,
+confid., Nov. 25, private. =75=Pena at meeting of govs. =52=Pena to
+Trist, Nov. 22. Trist's departure had to be delayed by the necessity of
+testifying at Pillow's trial.
+
+32.8. (Traitorous) London _Times_, Mar. 15, 1848. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp.
+140, 144 (Scott). =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 28, 1848. Scott, Mems.,
+ii, 576. =13=Thornton, no. 21, confid. _Id._ to Trist: note 7. Sen.
+Rep. 261; 41, 2. Trist, no. 22. =13=_Id._ to Thornton, Dec. 4, 1847.
+=335=_Id._ to _Id._, Nov. 24. =335=_Id._ to wife, Dec. 4.
+
+It has been said that Trist's decision was due to Scott, but Trist was
+not under Scott's control. Scott tried without success to dissuade
+him from breaking with Polk (=335=statement by Trist in his papers).
+Trist =335=wrote to his wife, Dec. 4, "_Knowing_ it to be the very last
+chance, and impressed with the dreadful consequences to our country
+which cannot fail to attend the loss of that chance," I decided to-day
+at noon to attempt to make a treaty; the decision is altogether my own.
+Sen. Rep. 261, the basis of which was evidently supplied by Trist,
+says that Freaner, the correspondent of the New Orleans _Delta_, was
+"the only man who had been in any way instrumental in determining Mr.
+Trist to make the attempt." It has also been said that Scott and Trist
+wished to make the treaty because Polk now wanted more of Mexico,
+and they desired to "spite" him; but neither man was of such a type,
+no suggestion of the scheme appears in Trist's official or personal
+letters or in Thornton's reports to the Foreign Office, and public
+considerations are quite enough to explain Trist's course. Sen. Rep.
+261 says that on Dec. 4 occurred an incident "in itself of the most
+casual, and trivial, and commonplace kind," which led to Trist's making
+the treaty. This has been thought to mean the postponement of the train
+with which he was to have gone down; but the above description does
+not seem to fit this important occurrence, and the author is inclined
+to believe that it refers to a chance meeting of Trist and Freaner,
+while Trist's decision hung in the balance. Freaner was regarded by
+Trist as an honest man of unusual sagacity, and he was a strong,
+sympathetic character. Pena held that, since his peace commissioners
+had been appointed, he could deal with the subject through them only,
+and hence, as they were at a distance, he could not possibly send a
+proposal to Mexico for Trist to carry home, as it was suggested to him
+to do. Trist counted on one fact as lessening his responsibility: the
+government could disavow his work without embarrassment (=52=no. 22).
+See Napoleon's dictum (chap. xxvii, note 27.17, p. 398).
+
+32.9. =13=Thornton, no. 21, confid., 1847. =13=Doyle, nos. 1, 3,
+1847; 10, 1848. =52=Trist, nos. 23-5. =256=J. Parrott to Marcy,
+Dec. 27, 1847, private. Sen. 60; 30, 1, pp. 61 (Pena), 62 (Trist).
+(Rincon) Mexico a traves, iv, 705-7. =335=Memo. _re_ withdrawal of
+notice. =335=Thornton to Trist, Nov. 24, priv.; Dec. 5, 11, confid.
+Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 590. =335=Trist to Pena, Dec. 26, 1847. Lee,
+Gen. Lee, 43. Noticias Muy Importantes. Richardson, Messages, iv, 545.
+=335=Powers of the commrs. =335=Trist, minutes of meetings, etc.
+
+Doyle arrived at Vera Cruz on Nov. 30, and soon received from the
+Foreign Office a despatch (=13=no. 40) making clear its attitude of
+benevolent neutrality (Doyle, no. 3). Polk's message encouraged the
+Eventualists, because it showed that if they could defeat the present
+negotiations, the war would continue, the peace party would fall from
+power, and then the Eventualists would have American support in setting
+up a government according to their ideas. Rincon pretended to be ill.
+Associated with the ministry of Relaciones at this time as confidential
+advisers were such men as Pedraza, Lafragua and Cuevas.
+
+32.10. Sen. 20; 30, 1, p. 21. =335=Buchanan to Trist, Oct. 24,
+personal. =335=---- to _Id._, Oct. 25. =335=Dimond to _Id._, Oct.
+27. =73=Lozano, no. 3, res., 1847. =335=Trist, notes and memoranda.
+=335=Notes of Trist and Couto. =335=Thornton's translation of Mexican
+draft of treaty. =335=Notes from Doyle and Thornton. (Unreasonable)
+Mexico a traves, iv, 706. Sierra, Evolution, i, 223. Roa Barcena,
+Recuerdos, 592, 596-7. =13=Doyle, nos. 10 (with memoranda), 29, 1848.
+=13=Palmerston to Mora, June 20, 1848. =52=Trist, no. 27. Exposicion
+dirigida, 6. (Trist's conduct) Negrete, Invasion, iv, 324.
+
+Trist relied for guidance on his original instructions (Ho. 69; 30,
+1, pp. 43-7), the _projet_ of a treaty accompanying the instructions
+(_ibid._, p. 47), =52=instructions of July 13 and 19, 1847, former
+treaties of the United States, and our general principles and policy
+(=52=Trist, no. 27). See also Polk's Diary, Apr. 13, 1847. In regard
+to the western end of the boundary the instructions were faulty, and
+Trist found it necessary to use his judgment (=52=enclosure in his no.
+27). Greatly fearing the designs of the Monarchists, he desired to have
+a secret article binding upon Mexico the constitution of 1824, and was
+willing to promise in return that enough American troops to support the
+government should remain five years; but the proposition was declined
+(=13=Doyle, no. 10, 1848). There was a difficulty in doing anything
+about Tehuantepec, for British interests were involved, and that matter
+was dropped by Trist in order to facilitate the adjustment of the
+boundary (Exposicion, _supra_). It did not signify much now, for the
+United States had its eye upon a better route (J. S. Reeves in _Amer.
+Hist. Rev._, x, 323). The subject that consumed the most time was the
+status of the people of the surrendered territory (Trist, no. 27). The
+Mexicans asked that their civil law should continue to rule there until
+the territory should be organized into states, but Trist (perhaps in
+the interest of slavery) would not consent (=13=Doyle, no. 10).
+
+32.11. =13=Doyle, nos. 10, 12, 13, 1848. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 568,
+579, 591, 602-3, 605-6. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1039 (Scott). =52=Trist,
+nos. 25-7. Mexico a traves, iv, 706-8. =335=Trist to wife, Dec. 26,
+1847; to Scott, Jan. 28, 1848; to commrs., Jan. 29, 1848. =13=Doyle to
+commrs., Jan. 28-9. (S. L. P.) =83=Gov. S. L. P. to gov. Queretaro,
+Feb. 5, 1848; =77=Relaciones, circular, Jan. 17; _Nacional_, Jan. 26
+(plan); Feb. 2; Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 41, 43; Mexico a traves, iv, 706.
+=256=Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 28.
+
+Pena became the chief executive again because the expiration of Anaya's
+term (ordered by the Congress that elected him to occur on Jan. 8,
+since it was expected that the new Congress would have assembled by
+that date) left the country without a head, and the position devolved
+upon him as chief of the supreme court. L. de la Rosa was then
+appointed minister of relations. The plan of the S. L. P. governor was
+that four states--S. L. P., Zacatecas, Guanajuato and Jalisco--should
+combine, repudiate the national government, and continue the war,
+expecting other states to join them; but public opinion, even in his
+own state, failed to support him. Almonte was actively working against
+peace at this time, basing his arguments particularly on the attitude
+of the peace party in the United States and the poverty of the American
+treasury. Jan. 30 he called attention to the Whig majority in our
+House, said our Congress would probably refuse to send more troops to
+Mexico, and urged the Mexican government to procrastinate. The reply
+of the government was a mere acknowledgment of receipt. Feb. 14 he
+argued that Walker's report showed we could not continue the war much
+longer. On the other hand there seems to be some reason to believe
+that personal relations and interests may have influenced the Mexican
+commissioners in favor of making the treaty (Puga y Acal, Documentos,
+letter no. 74). Marcy to Scott, Oct. 6, 1847: Your military operations
+are not to be modified by Mexican proposals to negotiate (Sen. 52; 30,
+1, p. 140).
+
+32.12. =13=Thornton, no. 11, 1847. =13=Doyle, nos. 4, 1847; 13, 14
+and 18, 1848. Sen. 60; 30, 1, p. 65 (Trist). Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1082
+(Scott). Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 604-7. =13=Doyle to commrs., Jan. 28,
+29; to Rosa, Jan. 29. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 315-6. Mexico a traves,
+iv, 706-8. =335=Memo. from Freaner.
+
+The Mexican government naturally desired to keep all information about
+the treaty from its enemies. The public came to believe, however, that
+an important act had taken place on Feb. 2. Freaner carried the treaty
+to Washington. For two weeks escorts had been waiting at the proper
+points on the road to Vera Cruz. The Spanish representative, under
+his instructions, took no part in these negotiations. The Prussian
+minister, lacking both official authorization and personal influence,
+was equally inactive. France had no minister on the scene.
+
+Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 557) says that "no man who so palpably
+disobeys the direct instructions of his government" as did Trist, could
+be fit to negotiate a treaty; suggests (p. 564) that it was improper to
+let the British cooperate in the matter; and argues (pp. 582-4) that
+Scott should have broken up the negotiations or else assumed the full
+responsibility for them, withholding from the Mexican government the
+fact of Trist's recall. All this and the rest are mere fault-finding,
+and the critic could and would have been much more severe, had the
+course he recommended been adopted. Of course he proves the obvious
+facts that Scott and Trist, in the interest of two nations and to
+accomplish what their government ardently desired, at great personal
+risk disregarded mistaken instructions, accepted British assistance
+without which they would probably have failed, and obtained a treaty
+which Polk himself, though he hated both of them, felt constrained
+to accept; but this was a truly glorious achievement. Scott had no
+right to act as Ripley says he should have done. The armistice, a
+military affair, was properly his concern, but negotiating a treaty
+was diplomatic business. Mackintosh, says Ripley (p. 563), had a hand
+in the negotiations, but this seems to be an error. Rives (U. S. and
+Mexico, ii, 524-5) says "it might perhaps have been well to replace
+Trist by a stronger man." But every possible man had been considered
+(p. 126), and a stronger man would probably have tried to drive the
+Mexicans and have failed. Trist they liked and trusted, yet could not
+deceive or frighten.
+
+The chief points of the treaty signed on Feb. 2 were as follows (Sen.
+52; 30, 1, p. 38): Art. 1. Peace. 2. Immediate armistice, and so far
+as possible a restoration of the constitutional order in the places
+occupied by the Americans. 3. After ratification by both governments
+the blockade to cease, the customhouses held by the Americans to be
+given up, and the interior to be evacuated as soon as practicable.
+Mexico to assist. Duties collected after Mexico's ratification to be
+paid over to her. 4. Immediately on the exchange of ratifications all
+Mexican places and public property to be given up, and all prisoners
+surrendered. The process to be completed within three months, unless
+the sickly season should require American troops to remain longer
+at designated points. 5. The new boundary (Rio Grande, southern and
+western lines of New Mexico, the Gila, the Colorado, the line between
+upper and lower California). The line to be run and marked by a joint
+commission within a year after the exchange of ratifications. No change
+in it to be made except with the free and formal consent of both
+nations. 6. The United States may navigate the Gulf of California and
+the Colorado to the Gila, and the two governments will arrange for "a
+road, canal, or railway" within a marine league of the Gila, should
+it be found practicable. 7. The navigation of the Gila and of the Rio
+Grande to New Mexico to be free to both countries. 8. All Mexicans
+in the transferred territory may go or stay, will have full power
+over their property, and may elect within a year to remain Mexican
+citizens. 9. Mexicans not so electing shall be "admitted as soon as
+possible, according to the principles of the federal constitution, to
+the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the United States," and
+meantime shall have the rights "now vested in them according to the
+Mexican laws." No interference with Roman Catholic worship, property or
+ecclesiastical administration. 10. Mexican grants of lands (made before
+May 13, 1846) to be valid, and the period for fulfilling conditions to
+be reckoned from the exchange of ratifications. 11. The United States
+to prevent or punish Indian incursions from its territory, and exact
+satisfaction for damage done, etc. 12. The United States to pay Mexico
+$15,000,000. (As to method of payment, see p. 248.) 13. The United
+States to pay the claims against Mexico already decided. 14. Also to
+assume all other claims arising before Feb. 2, 1848. 15. The latter
+claims are to be passed upon by an American commission (which will be
+supplied by Mexico, on demand, with needed books, etc.), and not more
+than $3,250,000 may be paid to satisfy the claims. 16. Each nation may
+fortify any point within its territory. 17. The commercial treaty of
+1831, so far as compatible with this treaty, revived for eight years.
+18. Supplies for American troops in Mexico to enter free of duty. 19.
+Provisions respecting merchandise brought into Mexican ports occupied
+by the Americans. 20. A provision regarding certain merchandise
+arriving at Mexican ports shortly after the restoration of the
+customhouses. 21. Should difficulties arise between the two countries,
+negotiations and arbitration--not reprisals or hostilities--to be
+employed, unless the circumstances forbid. 22. Provisions for resident
+merchants and prisoners in case of war between the two nations. 23.
+Ratifications to be exchanged at Washington in four months or, if
+practicable, sooner. _Secret article._ The four months of Art. 23 may
+be extended to eight months.
+
+32.13. If we hold that Texas extended only to New Mexico, the treaty
+gave us 619,275 square miles (Donaldson, Public Domain, 124, 134).
+(Little) =198=Gallatin, note on peace treaty; Roa Barcena, Recuerdos,
+618; =13=Palmerston to Mora, June 20, 1848. The U. S. Supreme Court
+held (Merryman _vs._ Bourne, 9 Wallace, 592) that the acquisition
+of California was "complete on the seventh of July, 1846." It said,
+"Conquest is a valid title, while the victor maintains the exclusive
+possession of the conquered country"; and the United States intended
+to do this in the region we took. On this and other points see Klein,
+Treaty, 247-81; Butler, Treaty-Making Power, i, 78, 168-9; _U. S.
+Cavalry Journal_, xxv, p. 18; Reid, Problems, 271-5. It was necessary
+to take territory from Mexico to offset our claims, quashed by the war
+(Richardson, Messages, iv, 537), and partially offset the costs of a
+war forced upon us, for, had the treaty awarded us a money indemnity,
+she would not have been willing and morally able, even if theoretically
+able, to pay it. (See Benton, Abr. Deb., xvi, 40-1.) Aside from the
+question of right, too, the American people would have been profoundly
+dissatisfied to see our armies return empty-handed, and this feeling
+would probably have meant more, to Mexico than the loss of her nominal
+territory (see Root in _Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, app., p. 395). Mexico
+could give up more easily what she did than any equivalent territory.
+(Map) Gadsden line at N. E. is disputed.
+
+An apparent inconsistency may be noted here, for on p. 138 of vol.
+i it was intimated that an agreement with Mexico was needed to fix
+the boundary of Texas. The explanation is that the United States
+had demonstrated its ability to hold the line, but the republic of
+Texas was not strong enough to prevent Mexican troops from going and
+remaining north of the Rio Grande.
+
+The Mexican commissioners rejected the line of 32 deg., desired by the
+United States (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 91), for three reasons: 1, it would
+be for a long distance only a mathematical boundary; 2, it was liable,
+when surveyed, to cut off important points like Paso del Norte; 3, it
+would prevent land communication between Sonora and lower California
+(Exposicion dirigida). It was proposed at one time to divide S.
+Diego, but for that concession Trist demanded too much. Besides, S.
+Diego belonged distinctly to upper California. Lower California was
+relinquished because inaccessible and poor. Not only for sentimental
+reasons but because otherwise the treaty, they believed, could not
+possibly be ratified, the Mexican commissioners were determined to hold
+all of Sonora and Chihuahua. Tamaulipas, happily, had made no protest
+against relinquishing her claim to the intermediate region (=52=Trist,
+no. 27). To ask the consent of the people in the acquired territory
+was not deemed necessary by the United States (Butler, _op. cit._,
+i, 83-4), but citizenship was not forced upon Mexicans by the treaty
+(art. viii). Art. x was demanded by the Mexicans (=13=Doyle, no. 10,
+1848). Art. xix harmonized the American pledge that goods imported
+during our occupation of the ports should pay only the American tariff
+(=52=Buchanan to Trist, June 14, 1847), with the Mexican view that
+our tariff could not be operative beyond the limits of our occupation
+(Exposicion dirigida).
+
+An error regarding the assumption of our claims has prevailed. Two
+classes of claims were provided for: 1, those liquidated under the
+convention of 1839 but not covered by the three Mexican instalments
+(vol. i, p. 81); 2, all unliquidated claims antedating Feb. 2, 1848.
+Under the first head the United States paid, under the act approved
+July 29, 1848 (Statutes at Large, ix, 265), $2,090,253.19 including
+interest (A. J. Peters, asst. sec. treas. to the author, Nov. 30,
+1915); under the second head the claims commission awarded (in 1852)
+$3,208,314.96, including interest (Sen. 34; 32, 1; documents preserved
+in the state dept.). The treaty provided that under the second head the
+U. S. should not be liable for more than $3,250,000. The phraseology
+of _our projet_ regarding this matter, when literally translated, did
+not readily penetrate the Mexican mind, and hence was re-worked (Sen.
+52; 30, 1, p. 294). Roa Barcena (Recuerdos, chap. xxxiv) gives many
+interesting details derived from the papers of Couto. Other details
+may be found in the Trist papers, Doyle's reports, and the Exposicion
+dirigida (Negrete, Invasion, iv, 296).
+
+32.14. _The armistice._ =13=Thornton, no. 21, 1847, confid. Roa
+Barcena, Recuerdos, 590-1. =13=Doyle, nos. 10, 28, 29, 1848. =52=Trist,
+no. 26. =335=Thornton to Trist, Nov. 22, 1847, confid. =335=Trist to
+Scott, Jan. 28, 1848. =335=[Pena] to Mex. commrs., Jan. 11, private.
+=76=Many communications, principally between the Mexican government
+and the Mexican armistice commrs. (instructions, reports, etc.), Feb.,
+1848. =60=Butler to Marcy, Mar. 3, 13. =76=_Id._, Feb. 21, appmt.
+of W. and S. =76=Lay to Mora, Apr. 27. =76=To Lombardini, Mar. 4.
+(Terms) Dublan, Legislacion, v, 345-8; Negrete, Invasion, iv, 334, 342;
+=111=Butler, gen. orders, no. 18, Mar. 6, 1848. =76=Circular, Mar. 10.
+Mexico a traves, iv, 706, 709. =76=Otero, Mar. 31. =291=Winship to
+Pierce, Mar. 5. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 140 (Scott).
+
+As we have seen, the Mexican government had frowned on elections held
+in occupied territory, probably fearing American pressure upon the
+voters. The reader may note an apparent inconsistency here. The war
+is represented sometimes as so lucrative that its continuance was
+desired by Mexicans, and yet it is said that the districts occupied
+by our troops felt its burdens, and for that reason desired peace.
+Both currents of sentiment existed. In some districts and at some
+times the one predominated; in other districts and at other times
+the other. Doyle assisted materially in the armistice negotiations.
+The armistice was signed on Mar. 2. Its terms were: 1, suspension of
+hostilities; 2, neither side to extend its occupation of territory; 3,
+all civilians to travel freely, all military persons under white flag;
+4, "contributions" for February and March under American =65=orders 376
+and 395 to be suspended, etc.; 5, Mexicans to exercise full political
+rights, and officials recognized by the Mexican government to be
+recognized by the Americans; *6, no Americans to interfere with Mexican
+elections; *7, Mexican authorities to levy and collect taxes; *8,
+Mexican postal facilities might be re-established, and the Americans
+would protect them; *9, the Mexican government might take the stocks of
+monopolized articles; *10, public offices not occupied by Americans to
+be given up, and also, as soon as conveniently possible, all religious
+and charitable buildings; *11, Mexican courts to act exclusively except
+when a person belonging to the American army was originally a party,
+or the interest of the American government is concerned; *12, police
+to be established; *13, person and property to be protected; *14,
+Mexico to act freely against savages on the northern frontier, and
+American commanders to help with influence; 15, church property to be
+respected; 16, armed bodies assembled anywhere, to commit hostilities
+not authorized by either government, to be opposed by both governments;
+17, the armistice to remain in force during the period fixed by the
+treaty, unless notice of terminating it is given. The starred articles
+have particular reference to territory occupied by the Americans. Some
+of the articles merely make obligatory what the Americans had been
+doing. Next after Art. 1, Art. 16 was chiefly important. The purpose
+of it was to prevent insurrections, and it could not fail to have that
+effect. The first intention was to keep Art. 16 secret, but the wisdom
+of publishing it soon became clear. The armistice was published at
+Queretaro on March 11. Some slight and unavoidable violations of it,
+particularly in the pursuit of guerillas, occurred, but no serious
+trouble.
+
+32.15. Polk, Diary, Feb. 19. (Learned) Vol. i, p. 123. Calhoun
+Corresp., 1119-21. =137=Fisher to Calhoun, May 25, 1847. =52=Trist,
+no. 27. =210=Simms to Hammond, Jan. 15, 1847. _Nat. Intellig._, May
+19; Nov. 20, 1847. N. Y. _Sun_, May 17, 20; Aug. 20-1, 1847. London
+_Times_, Oct. 29, 1847. Dodd, Walker, 25. Bourne, Essays, 227-36.
+Benton, View, ii, 704. =108=Storms to Bancroft, July 23, 1846. (Baker)
+_Cong. Globe_, 29, 1, p. 279. (Secession) Smith, Annex. of Texas,
+204-14, 287. _U. S. Mag._, Feb., 1847, p. 100.
+
+32.16. Polk, Diary, May 13, 1846; Nov. 23; Dec. 7, 1847; Feb. 21, 1848.
+=13=Crampton, nos. 59, 1847; 8, 9, 1848. =108=Bancroft to Greene,
+Nov. 3, 1847. Richardson, Messages, iv, 541. =345=Niles to Van Buren,
+Jan. 20, 1848. =108=Buchanan to Bancroft, Dec. 29, 1846, priv. _Cong.
+Globe_, 30, 1, app., 197. Foote, Remins., 220. _Monitor Repub._, Mar.
+10, 1848 (C. Landa). Calhoun Corresp., 741 (to A. P. C. and Mrs. C.).
+N. Y. _Journ. Comm._, Dec. 11, 1847; Feb. 4, 1848. N. Y. _Herald_
+(weekly), Nov. 30, 1847. N. Y. _Sun_, Jan. 24, 1848. _Cong. Globe_, 30,
+1, pp. 157-60 (Dickinson), 215 (Crittenden), 219 (Foote), 256 (Dix),
+302 (Sevier), 321 (Cass); app., 488 (Tompkins), 349 (Breese). _Nat.
+Intellig._, Jan. 31, 1848 (Cass). =345=Blair to Van Buren, Dec. 29,
+1847.
+
+32.17. =13=Crampton, no. 19, 1848. =345=Niles to Van Buren, Jan. 20,
+1848. =345=Dix to _Id._, Jan. 27, 1848. (Mad) =335=Statement by Trist,
+Nov. 4, 1857. Calhoun Corresp., 742 (to C.), 751 (to J. E. C.). _Public
+Ledger_, Jan. 4, 1848. N. Y. _Sun_, May 17, 1848. Bourne, Essays, 235.
+_Cong. Globe_, see note 32.16; also 428 (Cabell). Meade in Ho., Jan.
+31, 1848, and Ho. debate on Ten Regt. Bill, Jan. 24-Feb. 3, _passim_.
+_Niles_, Feb. 5, 1848, p. 354. Sen. Misc., 8; 30, 1. =137=Hatcher to
+Calhoun, Jan. 5, 1848.
+
+32.18. Polk, Diary, Sept. 4, 7, 1847; Jan. 4, 15, 24-5, 1848. Sen. 52;
+30, 1, pp. 146, 148 (Marcy). =52=Trist, nos. 22, 25. =335=Buchanan
+to Trist, Oct. 27, 1847, priv. =335=Trist to Thornton, Nov. 24,
+confid.; to wife (for Buchanan), Nov. 28. =13=Crampton, no. 38, 1847.
+=132=Buchanan, memo., Jan. 5, 1848. =60=Butler to Trist and reply, Mar.
+17, 18, 1848.
+
+32.19. Polk, Diary, Jan. 4, 5, 23, 1847; Feb. 19-21, 1848. =52=Buchanan
+to Trist, Oct. 6, 25, 1847. _Amer. Rev._, Feb., 1848, p. 110
+(Everything done by Congress for the war has been done under Polk's
+pledge to make peace as soon as justice and honor could be satisfied.).
+Richardson, Messages, iv, 544, 573-5. (P.'s looks) _Monitor Repub._,
+Mar. 10, 1848 (C. Landa); Tyler, Tyler, ii, 457. W. E. Dodd in Ills.
+State Hist. Soc. Trans., 1912, pp. 17-23. _Id._, Walker, 25-6.
+_Picayune_, Feb. 26; Mar. 3, 1848. (Sevier) Wash. _Union_, Feb. 4,
+1848. =13=Crampton, no. 19, 1848.
+
+Polk intimated to the Senate that the treaty would need to be amended.
+Trist was confidentially authorized to pay $20,000,000 for what he
+actually obtained, $5,000,000 more for Lower California, and $5,000,000
+for the right of transit across the isthmus of Tehuantepec (Polk,
+Diary, Apr. 13, 1847; Ho. 69; 30, 1, p. 44).
+
+32.20. Polk, Diary, Feb. 19-21. =297=Report of Cabinet meeting, Feb.
+20, certified by Polk's private secy. Sen. Report 261; 41, 2. Sen. 69;
+30, 1, pp. 66-72 (Buchanan). =13=Crampton, no. 21, 1848. Richardson,
+Messages, iv, 573-5. Klein, Treaty, _Public Ledger_, June 15, 1849
+(Dallas).
+
+Buchanan probably desired to have the treaty go to the Senate. He
+would then share in the credit of the administration, should it be
+popular, and in the contrary event would be able to say that he opposed
+it (Polk, Diary, Feb. 21). Polk's accepting the treaty as the best
+agreement that could be obtained under the circumstances completely
+vindicated Trist's decision to make it and Scott's cooperation.
+
+In April, 1848, the question of occupying Yucatan came up. The
+indigenes appeared to be on the point of exterminating the whites
+and as a desperate resource Yucatan offered herself simultaneously
+to England, France and the United States. Apr. 29 Polk recommended
+intervention to Congress, and this has been thought (Ills. State Hist.
+Soc. Trans., 1912, 17-23) to mean that he was ready to take Yucatan,
+upset the treaty, and bring about the dismemberment--perhaps the
+annexation--of Mexico. But the treaty, which had now been ratified
+by our Senate, contained in art. 5 a provision expressly intended to
+prevent us from annexing more of Mexico's territory without her consent
+(see Buchanan to Hilliard, Works, viii, 56), and to believe that
+after giving this pledge our Executive proposed to reverse his entire
+policy regarding Mexico and be guilty of such bad faith would require
+much more evidence than we have. It seems to the author that humanity
+combined with an avowed desire to keep European powers out of Yucatan
+fully explain what Polk did (see Polk's Diary, Apr. 25). Congress
+decided against occupying Yucatan. Its troubles were settled by an
+agreement between the two parties (_Nat. Intelligencer_, May 17).
+
+32.21. Sherman Letters, 46-7. Polk, Diary, Feb. 28. _Public Ledger_,
+June 15, 1849 (Dallas). N. Y. _Journ. Commerce_, Feb. 25-6; Mar. 1,
+11. _Niles_, Feb. 26, 1848, pp. 401-3. =139=Fulton to Campbell, Mar.
+5. =198=Berrien to Gallatin, June 7. Morse, J. Q. Adams, 307-8. Adams
+was stricken down two days after the treaty reached Washington. By this
+time the Senators understood its contents fairly well, no doubt.
+
+32.22. Polk, Diary, Feb. 25-Mar. 10; Apr. 27. =13=Crampton, no. 21,
+1848. Meigs, Benton, 378. Benton, View, ii, 694. =210=Woodward to
+Hammond, Feb. 23. =210=Alvord to _Id._, Feb. 24. Calhoun Corresp., 743
+(to Mrs. C.), 745 (to T. G. C.). (Politicians) Benton, View, ii, 710.
+=253=McLean, remarks. =345=Blair to Van Buren, Mar. 3, 1848. N. Y.
+_Journ. Commerce_, Feb. 25; Mar. 1-3, 7, 11. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 3-37
+(proceedings). Wash. _Union_, Mar. 2, 4. Balt. _Clipper_, Mar. 4. Balt.
+_Patriot_, Mar. 3. _Nat. Intellig._, Feb. 28; Mar. 4. _Public Ledger_,
+Feb. 24. N. Y. _Herald_, Oct. 30, 1847. Johnson, Douglas, 123. Webster,
+Writings, x, 3-33. Boston _Courier_, Feb. 24, 1848. _Cong. Globe_, 30,
+1, app., 497 (Dayton).
+
+The Whigs were suspected of trying to gain enough Democratic support
+so that they could not be charged with beating the treaty as a party
+(Polk, Diary, Mar. 3; _Public Ledger_, Mar. 8). Webster's policy was
+not only unpatriotic but unintelligent, for a continuation of the war
+would probably have led either to defeat or to larger acquisitions;
+but perhaps he believed no bad results would occur before the next
+Presidential election. He knew the country as a whole wanted the treaty
+ratified for the sake of peace (Writings, x, 7), and he was unable to
+make the New England Whig Senators join him against the treaty. Calhoun
+wrote to Gallatin that, owing to diversity of opinion in the Senate,
+not even a majority could have been obtained for any proposition
+different from the corresponding proposition of the treaty (=198=Mar.
+13, 1848). What increased the danger involved in rejecting the treaty
+was the prospect that, with both Scott and Taylor out of the field,
+operations--even should they not become unsuccessful--would lack the
+interest which had largely prevented the public from thinking of the
+cost and other ills of the conflict, and hence it would be impossible
+to support the war (=132=W. R. King to Buchanan, Oct. 5, 1847; Seward,
+Seward at Wash., i, 62). Feb. 28 the committee on foreign relations
+reported the treaty without recommendation. Webster at once proposed a
+commission. His motion was tabled Mar. 2 (Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 4, 9).
+
+For Fremont (Benton's son-in-law) see chap. xxxi, note 31.19.
+
+Benton was probably opposed to the treaty also because he had held that
+Texas ended at the Nueces. There was a particular reason for saying
+that we obtained the new territory by cession rather than by conquest.
+The latter construction would have raised the troublesome questions,
+What place is there under our Constitution for a conquered province,
+and what right has our government to hold foreigners in subjection
+(=210=B. Tucker to Hammond, Mar. 16, 1848)? Four senators did not vote.
+For an analysis of the vote see Rives, _op. cit._, ii, 636-7.
+
+32.23. Dallas in _Public Ledger_, June 15, 1849. Sen. 69; 30, 1, pp.
+66-72 (Buchanan). Art. 10 was thought insulting to Texas and contrary
+to the terms of annexation. Probably American courts would not have
+enforced it, and almost certainly it would have caused much litigation.
+Sevier and Clifford were authorized to give Mexico (if necessary),
+after her ratification of the amended treaty, a choice between the two
+methods of payment (=52=to S. and C., Mar. 22, 1848). For the treaty as
+drawn and as amended see Ho. 50; 30, 2.
+
+32.24. Polk, Diary, Mar. 11, 12, 14-18, 20, 23. Welles papers.
+=52=Buchanan to Clifford, Mar. 18, 1848. Polk to Senate, Mar. 18:
+Richardson, Messages, iv, 577. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 318. Ho. 50; 30,
+2, pp. 47-52 (Buchanan), 55 (Clifford, Sevier). Benton, View, ii, 711.
+=335=Memoranda.
+
+The amount paid for nominal services in securing the consummation (in
+Mexico) of Trist's treaty was $28,728.67, while he received nothing for
+doing the real work. Years later he was paid (Sen. Rep. 261; 41, 2). It
+is true that disgust with Polk's course toward Scott and himself, and
+particularly with Polk's employing a man like Pillow, led Trist to say
+he would not serve again under Polk (=335=Nov. 28, 1847); but had the
+President now acted a manly part, Trist would no doubt have accepted
+the appointment given to Sevier. For R. E. Lee's feeling on the matter
+see Lee, Gen. Lee, 46. In the night of Mar. 11 Maj. Graham left
+Washington to notify Butler of the ratification of the treaty (Polk,
+Diary). Buchanan's letter to the minister of relations (Ho. 50; 30, 2,
+pp. 47-52) gave a conciliatory explanation of the amendments.
+
+32.25. =13=Doyle, nos. 18, 29, 1848. =83=Relaciones, circular, Feb. 6.
+=76=Circulars, Feb. 16, 18. _Atalaya_, Feb. 2, 1848. _Correo Nacional_,
+Feb. 7. Kenly, Md. Vol., 464. Exposicion dirigida. Negrete, Invasion,
+iv, 296-334. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 615, 619. Rejon, Observaciones.
+Communicacion circular. Mexico a traves, iv, 708-9. _Eco del Comercio_,
+Mar. 15. =80=Junta legislativa of Mex. state to gov., Dec. 17, 1847;
+reply from Pena, Dec. 28. In view of previous notes, further citations
+here seem unnecessary.
+
+32.26. (Impression) Polk, Diary, Mar. 9; Calhoun Corresp., 757 (to
+T. G. C.). =60=Butler to Marcy, Mar. 3, 13; Apr. 7. =13=Doyle, nos.
+18, 29, 41, 52, 1848. Ho. 50; 30, 2, pp. 55-6 (S. and C.), 72 (Rosa).
+_Correo Nacional_, Feb. 7. Mexico a traves, iv, 710. Long, Memoirs, 62.
+Apuntes, 393. (Hunt up) =291=Winship to Pierce, Mar. 5. =52=Trist, nos.
+25, 27, 29. Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 64. =125=Bonham to mother, May 14.
+_Picayune_, Feb. 27. (Hawked) Wash. _Union_, Apr. 9, 25 (letters from
+Mexico).
+
+It was feared that Polk's haste in sending Sevier and Clifford would
+lead the Mexican Congress to feel that we were eager for peace; that
+the inexperience of those diplomats might tempt the Mexicans to test
+their ability; that the recall of Scott and Trist would have an
+unfavorable influence, and that Mexican Congressmen might hold off
+in order to be bought by the Americans with funds said to have been
+provided for the purpose (Polk, Diary, Feb. 7). On the other hand
+the refusal of the government to appropriate any part of the fifteen
+millions coming from the United States produced a good effect. It was
+an excellent sign that Almonte failed to get elected to the Senate. A
+quorum assembled May 3. Congress opened formally May 7. By May 9 the
+treaty was before it.
+
+32.27. Ho. 50; 30, 2, pp. 61 (S. and C.), 62-72, 76. Apuntes, 393-5.
+Exposicion dirigida. Negrete, Invasion, iv, 296; app., 399. Ballentine,
+Eng. Soldier, ii, 295-6. Mexico a traves, iv, 710. _Public Ledger_,
+June 15, 1849 (Dallas). (Preparations) Richardson, Messages, iv, 544,
+546. Wash. _Union_, June 9. _Nat. Intellig._, Mar. 14. =13=Crampton,
+no. 19, 1848. =13=Doyle, no. 54, 1848.
+
+Pena said he regretted the amendments but--especially since no new
+negotiation was deemed possible--did not think the treaty should be
+rejected on account of them. The vote in the Chamber of Deputies,
+May 19, was 51 to 35; in the Senate, May 24, 33 to 4 (=60=Butler to
+Marcy, May 26). Action of the New Mexico Legislative Assembly looking
+toward absorption in the United States was of great assistance, for
+it stopped the cry that loyal citizens were being sold. Some 300-500
+American deserters, who were at Queretaro, took a strong stand for
+peace, because they were likely to be captured and shot, should the
+war continue; and the Mexicans felt considerable responsibility for
+the deserters. Polk's Message of Dec. 7, 1847, declared strongly for
+pushing the war at the expense of Mexico, if she would not make a
+treaty, and announced that California and New Mexico would not in any
+event be relinquished. Under this spur our Congress voted additional
+forces. The Whigs held off, but dared not refuse to support the war
+(p. 291). The speeches particularly worthy of attention were those of
+Cass (Mar. 14) and Webster (Mar. 23). Noisy popular demonstrations of
+joy were lacking because there had been no business disturbances, no
+invasion and no sinking of ships, the seat of war was distant, for nine
+months nothing striking had occurred there, Taylor and Scott were out
+of the field, and few had personal reasons for feeling interested in
+our Mexican relations.
+
+32.28. Richardson, Messages, iv, 679-87. Sen. 69; 30, 1, pp. 72-3.
+Ho. 50; 30, 2, pp. 56-79. =60=Butler to Marcy, May 21. Calendario
+de Ontiveros, 1847. Kendall, Narrative (N. Y., 1844), ii, 185, 192.
+(Distance) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1047 (Scott). Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849),
+267-70. Richardson, Messages, iv, 630, 644. _Nat. Intellig._, June 24,
+1848. Portrait of Pena: city hall, Mex.
+
+Apparently the Mexican government deferred the appearance of Sevier
+and Clifford at Queretaro (especially as they insisted upon having an
+American escort) lest it should seem to be acting under pressure or
+lest some untoward accident should occur. This course was doubtless
+wise. May 19 they were invited to come, for the Deputies had just
+ratified the treaty and the Senators were sure to do so. Sevier was ill
+on May 26. He returned to the United States soon after the formalities
+were concluded, but Clifford remained as our minister. Rosa arrived at
+Washington in November, 1848, as the minister of Mexico. During their
+stay at Queretaro our commissioners were led to embody in a protocol
+some explanations of the treaty. In 1849 the Mexicans asserted that the
+protocol gave them additional advantages; and the Whigs--apparently
+encouraged by Benton, who was accused of acting in collusion with the
+Mexican minister--undertook to make trouble for the administration
+and perhaps invalidate the treaty. But it was unreasonable to pretend
+that such a document could modify a treaty previously ratified by the
+American Senate and the Mexican Congress. Besides, Sevier and Clifford
+gave explicit notice, before drawing up the protocol, that they had no
+power to modify the treaty (=52=Clifford to Cuevas, Apr. 30, 1849). At
+length the Mexican government admitted formally that the protocol was
+merely explanatory (=52=Lacunza to Clifford, July 13, 1849). See also
+on this subject Ho. 50; 30, 2, pp. 76-9. Polk, Diary, Feb. 4, 6, 8,
+10, 1849. Foote, Remins., 332-5. Sen. 1; 31, 1, pp. 69-89. Ho. 5, pt.
+1, 31, 1, pp. 69-89. Meigs, Benton, 378-9. Richardson, Messages, iv,
+679-87. Foster, Amer. Diplom., 320. Buchanan, Works, viii, 350 (to C.).
+
+32.29. Memoria de ... Relaciones, Jan., 1849. The chief cause of
+difficulty was that Clifford referred certain matters to Washington
+that he should have settled himself, and thus caused delay. The worst
+consequence was that the customhouse at Vera Cruz did not pass into
+Mexican hands at the appointed time, because no one had authority to
+surrender it. At length, however, Gen. Smith assumed the responsibility
+of doing this, and Clifford endorsed his action. Similar difficulties
+arose at Tampico and Mazatlan. (On this topic one may consult:
+=52=Buchanan to Clifford, Aug. 15, 1848; =13=Giffard, Apr. 10; July 16;
+=52=Clifford to Smith, June 27; July 4; =52=Smith to Clifford, July 8;
+and reply, July 18; =52=Otero to Clifford, June 21; July 1; Buchanan,
+Works, viii, 177, 268, 272, 284.) Complaint was made because a body of
+our troops, in order to go from Monterey, Mex., to New Mexico, crossed
+territory not actually in our possession. June 30 arrangements were
+completed for paying the $3,000,000 which Trist, and then Butler, had
+been authorized to draw (Polk, Diary, Feb. 23; =52=Clifford, no. 15;
+Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 107-9). July 4 the treaty was duly proclaimed by
+Polk (Richardson, Messages, iv, 627; Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 173); and two
+days later he recommended that provision be made for carrying it into
+effect (details in note 32.31). Mexico appropriated funds to bring from
+the surrendered territory such of her citizens as might desire to leave
+it (Negrete, Invasion, iv, 342-9).
+
+32.30. _Evacuation of northeastern Mexico._ =61=Wool to Jones, Mar. 21;
+June 8, 15; =61=Jones to Butler, May 17; =61=_Id._ to Wool, June 7, 17;
+65gen. orders 25; =65=Wool, orders 156, June 12 (announcing that peace
+had been made); =76=A. de Leano, Monterey, June 25 (possession given
+yesterday); =76=Aguirre to _Id._, Saltillo, June 29 (S. evacuated, June
+14). =76=Clarke to Mex. commander, Mazapil, Mar. 18. July 6, =61=Wool
+wrote to the adj. gen. from the Brazos that four cos. of dragoons
+would soon set out for California, and Bragg's battery and one co. of
+dragoons for S. Fe under orders from the war dept.; and that all the
+volunteers except five mounted cos. had embarked.
+
+_The northwest._ =61=Price to Rails, Apr. 16; =61=_Id._ to vice gov.
+Chihuahua, Apr. 16; Mexico a traves, iv, 710; =76=Price to Mex.
+commrs., May 1; =69=Wool to Marcy, June 22; =61=_Id._ to adj. gen.,
+July 6. On Aug. 6 news of peace and the retention of upper Calif.
+(which went overland from La]* Paz in Lower Calif.) reached Mason at
+Monterey. He then ordered the N. Y. vols. discharged. This process was
+completed on Oct. 26 (Sen. 18; 31, 1, pp. 573, 626). =61=Mason to adj.
+gen., Aug. 19 (anticipatory orders given to Burton in Lower Calif.
+to evacuate on learning of peace). Sen. 18; 31, 1, p. 513 (Burton to
+Mason, June 27: official news of peace have come).
+
+_Naval evacuation._ Ho. 50; 30, 2, p. 52 (Buchanan). =48=Mason to
+Shubrick or Jones, Mar. 11, confid. =48=_Id._ to Jones, June 27 (Polk
+wished to retain Lower Calif., but did not wish to prevent peace by
+insisting; do what you rightfully can to help friendly Mexicans come
+to the U. S., if they wish to do so). July 15 at La Paz =47=Jones
+and Shubrick agreed that such persons should be transported to
+California, and that, in extreme cases of destitution caused by Mexican
+vengeance, reasonable compensation should be made out of the military
+contributions collected in that quarter. =76=Comte. gen. Sonora,
+July 13 (U. S. vessels left Guaymas July 5). Gaxiola, Invasion, 215
+(Lavallette evacuated Mazatlan June 17). The treaty had been received
+at Mazatlan on June 13. Ho. 50; 30, 2, p. 52 (B.). =52=Jones to Anaya,
+June 13.
+
+32.31. =60=Butler to Marcy, May 21; June 2. =80=Memo., May 30.
+=13=Doyle, no. 66, 1848. =52=Clifford, no. 13, 1848. Mexico a traves,
+iv, 711. Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 88. (Herrera) =52=Rosa to Sevier and
+Clifford, June 2; =80=Relaciones circular, June 13. Grant, Mems., i,
+118. Sen. Rep. 32; 34, 1 (Naylor).
+
+Arrangements were made by Butler and the ayuntamiento so that local
+Mexican guards began to patrol the city as soon as the Americans
+marched out (=92=memo.). Our troops began to leave the capital on
+May 30 (=60=Butler to Marcy, June 2). The order of march was: heavy
+artillery; Patterson's division (vols.); Marshall's division (vols.);
+Col. Bonham and third division (regulars); Kearny and second division
+(regulars); Butler and first division (regulars). Divisions were as a
+rule two days apart. Worth remained at the capital for a time after
+June 12 to dispose of surplus property. After Butler sailed (June 21)
+Worth was in command. July 6 Polk presented the consummated treaty to
+Congress, recommending the appropriation of $12,000,000 for Mexico,
+provision for a commissioner and a surveyor to run and mark the
+boundary line, and provision for commissioners to adjust the American
+claims against Mexico assumed by the United States (Richardson,
+Messages, iv, 587-93). Herrera was declared President on May 30.
+
+32.32. =61=Thomas to Brooke, May 21. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii,
+585. =13=Giffard to Doyle, Aug. 1. Mexico a traves, iv, 711. =61=P. F.
+Smith, July 11. =61=Worth to Smith, June 27. =254=McClellan to "Tom,"
+May 23. (Symbol) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 911 (Scott). (Verse) Oswandel,
+Notes, 587.
+
+It seems unnecessary to cite the numerous orders regarding details.
+
+For the embarkation see Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 201. For one reason or another
+a few men remained in Mexico. There was a plan to march some of the
+troops north from the capital, but it did not seem wise to ask the
+consent of the Mexican Congress. The original intention was to have the
+men going by water land as near their homes as practicable, but the
+northern men objected strenuously to the tedious voyage. The Mexicans
+and Americans awaiting execution were released. The members of the
+Mexican Spy Co. were offered $20 apiece and a trip to Texas. Our sick
+and wounded soldiers were provided for on their arrival in the United
+States.
+
+
+XXXIII. THE FINANCES OF THE WAR
+
+33.1. On Mexican finances see also vol. ii, pp. 6-8.
+
+33.2. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1070, table. Sen. 14; 30, 1, pp. 13-24.
+=61=Scott, memoir on Mexican finances received at the war dept., Jan.
+6, 1848. Mexican national accounts were kept in so peculiar a way, and
+the officials were so much more anxious to conceal than to reveal the
+truth, that it would be extremely difficult and very likely impossible
+to state precisely all the details regarding the finances of the
+government.
+
+33.3. Ramirez, Mexico, 243-4. Dublan, Legislacion, v, 135, 172, 211,
+240, 246, 255, 261-3, 286. =80=Guerra to Hacienda, Sept. 8, 1847.
+_Diario_, Dec. 31, 1846; June 17; July 6, 1847. =76=Guerra, circulars,
+June 17; July 6, 1847. S. Anna, Apelacion, 67. =82=Proclam. of act'g.
+gov. Puebla, Nov. 30, 1847. =80=Mex. state legislature, address, Apr.
+26, 1847. =76=S. Anna, Nov. 16, 1846. Vera Cruz state, or at least her
+governor, showed much zeal, but all her resources were needed for home
+use. See also chap. xxi, p. 9.
+
+33.4. =75=Report of meeting of govs., Nov., 1847. S. Anna, Apelacion,
+45, 67. _Courrier des Etats Unis_, May 22, 1847. Encarnacion Prisoners,
+69. Mexico a traves, iv, 667. Apuntes, 206-7. _Republicano_, June 17,
+1847. =76=Memo., Apr. 6, 1847. _Picayune_, Aug. 7, 8, 1847. London
+_Times_, Sept. 6, 1847. Semmes, Service, 313. Ramirez, Mexico, 238.
+Gamboa, Impug., 67. Dictamen de la Comision, 29-30. =92=Mexico ayunt.,
+Sept. 9, 1847. =92=Tornel to Mexico ayunt., Sept. 12. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p.
+1063 (Scott). Ripley, War with Mexico, ii, 126, 489.
+
+The clergy may have given something in addition to the $1,500,000.
+See the end of chap. xxi, p. 15. The arrangement with the bondholders
+was known as the "conversion of 1846." This loan gave Mackintosh a
+particular reason for desiring to have peace made. The loan was to
+have been repaid in nine months. During July and August, 1847, Santa
+Anna appears to have raised in one way and another, as indicated
+in the text, about $1,000,000. The pay of officials was reduced or
+withheld. For forced loans see chap. i, note 1.7. In July, 1847,
+though foreigners were exempt from forced loans, Santa Anna evaded
+the agreement by taking money without going through the ceremony of
+promising to repay it.
+
+33.5. =80=Lombardini to Mexico ayunt., Aug. 13, 1847. =75=Meeting
+of govs., Nov., 1847. _Diario_, July 1, 1847. Ramirez, Mexico, 260.
+=90=Jalapa ayunt., Apr. 10, 1847. =94=Canalizo to Orizaba ayunt., Apr.
+4, 1847. =82=Comte. milit., S. Martin, to Puebla sec. state, Mar. 31,
+1847. =312=Anaya to S. Anna, Apr. 9, 1847. =76=Many memoranda, orders,
+etc. There was waste, of course, as well as injustice and peculation.
+This was brought out at the meeting of governors.
+
+33.6. Ho. 6; 29, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). Sen. 2; 29, 2
+(_Id._, report, Dec. 9, 1846). Ho. 9; 29, 1 (_Id._, estimates, Dec.
+4, 1845). Ho. 51; 29, 1 (war dept. contracts). Ho. 56; 29, 1 (Marcy,
+report, Jan. 9, 1846). Ho. 81; 29, 1.
+
+33.7. _Bankers' Mag._, ii, 202-4. [B]N. Y. _Herald_ (weekly), May 16,
+23; June 6; July 3; Aug. 8, 15, 29, 1846. London _Times_, July 15,
+1846. =198=Gallatin to Everett, Dec. 16, 1847. =354=Welles papers
+(Hist. of 29 Cong., 2 sess.). _Nat. Intelligencer_, Nov. 28, 1846.
+
+[Footnote B: All the citations of the _Herald_ in the notes on this
+chapter refer to the financial articles.]
+
+33.8. Wash. _Union_, Nov. 30, 1846. N. Y. _Herald_ (weekly), May 16;
+June 6, 1846; June 19, 1847. Scott, Repudiation, 37, 47, 162. Green,
+Repudiation, 11, 13, 15. _Niles_, Dec. 4, 1847, p. 218. (Sevigne)
+Buchanan, Works, vii, 66. London _Spectator_, May 30, 1846. =354=Welles
+papers. Dewey, Financial History, 245. Bolles, Financial History,
+580-2. _Journ. Mil. Serv. Instit._, xiv, 198.
+
+The huge state debts were mostly due to extravagant enterprises often
+supported by fraudulent banking. Delinquency was in reality a salutary
+suspension of payments that prevented bankruptcy, but the creditors did
+not know this at the time, and felt little disposed to be charitable.
+
+33.9. Taussig, Tariff Hist., 113-5. _Niles_, June 6, 1846, p. 212;
+Aug. 1, 1846, p. 345; Aug. 14, 1847, p. 369. Boston _Atlas_, Jan. 6,
+1847. Ambler, Ritchie, 264. Webster, Letters, 337-9. =308=Shields to
+Walker, Aug. 3, 1846. Sen. 105; 29, 2 (Walker to Dallas, Feb. 1, 1847).
+Ho. 227; 29, 1. Ho. 7; 30, 2 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1848). (Walker,
+Jarnagin) Welles papers. (Haywood) =1=Allen to "Effie," July 25, 1846;
+=210=McDuffie to Hammond, July 20, 1846. N. Y. _Herald_ (weekly), Aug.
+1, 29; Dec. 19, 1846; Jan. 29, 1848. N. Y. _Globe_, Jan. 9, 1847.
+_Bankers' Mag._, i, 136; ii, 74. Ho. 6; 29, 1 (Walker, report, Dec.
+3, 1845). Sen. 2; 29, 2 (_Id._, report, Dec. 9, 1846). U. S. Stat. at
+Large, ix, 42, 53, 59, 106. Lalor, Cyclop., ii, 495; iii, 864. Phila.
+_No. American_, July 16, 1846.
+
+Walker's report of December 3, 1845, enunciated and defended his
+tariff principles (Ho. 6; 29, 1). These were: 1, to collect only
+enough revenue for the economical administration of the government;
+2, to have no duty higher than the lowest rate that will yield the
+greatest revenue (_e.g._ some luxuries are so easily smuggled in that
+a high duty would produce little); 3, below such a rate to permit
+discrimination, if thought desirable (_e.g._ less on necessaries than
+on luxuries); 4, to lay the maximum rate on luxuries; 5, to have only
+_ad valorem_ duties; and, 6, to discriminate against no section or
+class of the nation. He expressed the opinions that many of the high
+duties were becoming prohibitive and therefore unprofitable, and that
+the increased risk and costs of transportation during a war would
+cause nearly all of them to become so. Besides, he said, "at least two
+thirds of the taxes imposed by the present tariff are paid, not into
+the treasury, but to the protected classes" (_Niles_, Aug. 1, 1846,
+p. 349). Walker also charged that the specific duties, which formed a
+part of the 1842 tariff, taxed most highly the cheapest articles and
+therefore produced relatively little (Sen. 105; 29, 2: to Dallas). It
+was argued by others that war would sufficiently hinder importing to
+make a protective tariff unnecessary (Wash. _Union_, May 28, 1846).
+
+The essential idea underlying the tariff of 1846, though it was not
+strictly a revenue tariff, was that it would increase the revenue by
+stimulating importation. But opponents argued that unless Europe should
+take a greatly increased quantity of our agricultural products--which
+there was no reason to expect--we could not pay for larger imports;
+while, should foreign goods be "dumped" at low prices upon our markets,
+American manufacturers would be ruined. Even in the year ending June
+30, 1845, the balance of trade had been $7,251,589 against us, and we
+had exported $8,606,495 in specie (_Bankers' Mag._, i, 136). Under the
+tariff of 1842 the average rate of duty was 24 per cent; under that of
+1846, 18 per cent.
+
+One natural effect of the uncertainty caused by the new fiscal laws
+was to check business, but this was offset by its tendency to check
+speculation and inflation. The specie feature tended to contract
+the currency, and many deemed this unfortunate in view of the large
+calls for money likely to result from the war. Good judges thought
+its enforcement would have to be deferred, therefore. A special cause
+of alarm was that in preparing for the second war with England the
+duties had been increased instead of reduced. Senator Haywood of North
+Carolina opposed the new scale of duties as sure to plunge the country
+into debt, opposed putting them into effect so promptly (Dec. 1,
+1846), and opposed the adoption of such a combination of new financial
+measures (Wash. _Union_, Aug. 18, 1846). He therefore resigned, and
+this endangered the plan of the administration.
+
+The warehouse system consisted in deferring the payment of assessed
+duties without an interest charge, the government retaining the goods
+meanwhile as security for the eventual payment of them. Goods could
+therefore wait for a purchaser, instead of going--if not at once in
+demand--for what they would bring at a forced sale. This encouraged
+importation and built up extensive stocks, which in turn attracted
+purchasers from afar (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1846, in Sen. 2; 29, 2).
+This system, like that of the sub-treasury, proved highly advantageous.
+The specie provision of the sub-treasury bill required the government
+to accept only specie after Dec. 31, 1846, and to pay out only specie
+after Mar. 31, 1847 (U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, 64), with the exception
+of treasury notes.
+
+33.10. N. Y. _Tribune_, Jan. 24, 1848. Sen. 105; 29, 2 (Walker to
+Dallas, Feb. 1, 1847). Sen. 392; 29, 1 (Polk, Message, June 16; Walker,
+June 15, 1846, etc.). Polk, Diary, Sept. 29, 1846. Ho. 6; 29, 1
+(Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). Sen. 2; 29, 2 (_Id._, report, Dec. 9,
+1846). Ho. 6; 30, 1 (_Id._, report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 2 and 10; 29, 2.
+Ho. 9, 51, 56, 81, 82; 29, 1. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 395. Sen. 27; 30, 1.]
+
+The warehouse bill also delayed the payment of duties. Walker's
+estimate of the customs revenue for 1846-7 was $27,835,731 (report,
+Dec. 9, 1846, in Sen. 2; 29, 2). The receipts were actually $23,747,865
+(report, Dec. 8, 1847, in Ho. 6; 30, 1). Walker pointed out that nearly
+half a million was due on warehoused goods (_Niles_, July 31, 1847, p.
+337); but these goods might not all have been imported, had it been
+necessary to pay the duties at once, and some of them were practically
+sure to be exported, and hence not all the duties assessed upon them
+could be considered a part of the revenue, as Walker intimated. The
+Democrats feared that taxes would make the war unpopular, and the Whigs
+hoped to obtain that result by less expensive methods.
+
+33.11. Sen. 392; 29, 1 (Walker to Polk, June 15, 1846). Gallatin, War
+Expenses, 15-6. _Niles_, Sept. 19, 1846, p. 48; Oct. 3, 1846, p. 80.
+_Bankers' Mag._, i, 193-4, 322. N. Y. _Herald_ (weekly), July 18; Aug.
+15; Sept. 19; Oct. 31, 1846; Jan. 9, 1847. Bayley, National Loans,
+70-2. _Polit. Sci. Qtrly._, i, 375-84. N. Y. _Tribune_, Jan. 24, 1848.
+U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, 39. Knox, U. S. Notes, 63-4.
+
+The Act of July 22, 1846, was based upon and virtually embodied that
+of Oct. 12, 1837. Notes redeemed could be reissued. Any fraction of
+the $10,000,000 could be issued in notes or in stock (bonds) at the
+President's discretion, but the amount of both could not exceed that
+figure. The bonds were to conform to the Act of Apr. 15, 1842, and to
+"be redeemable at a period not longer than ten years from the issue
+thereof." Walker thought that only a war with a powerful maritime
+nation, exposing our commerce to peril and causing a great loss in
+customs revenue, would be thought to warrant excise and direct
+taxes. (The idea of a direct tax was widely unpopular, because such
+a tax would be based upon population, and therefore would favor the
+capitalistic sections.) Before issuing treasury notes Walker used
+up much of the surplus lying in the banks. The notes were issued
+at par. They could not become a circulating medium. For redemption
+they went to the city banks. So long as these banks had deposits of
+public funds, they were accepted as cash. After that, their tendency
+was to fall. About Oct. 1, 1846, the notes were quoted at 98-1/2 in
+St. Louis. For a time the New Orleans banks would not receive the
+notes, but retaliation brought the banks round. Since only specie and
+treasury notes were to be receivable after Jan. 1, 1847, for dues to
+the government, the sub-treasury Act aided the notes. On the other
+hand the issuance of the notes offset the specie requirement of that
+Act, and therefore prevented or modified some of its anticipated
+consequences--particularly a drain upon the specie of the banks. One
+advantage of the notes was that, should the war suddenly end, they
+could be withdrawn and the interest on them stopped. This was not true
+of loans.
+
+33.12. Ho. 6; 29, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). Polk, Diary, Sept.
+29, 1846. Gallatin, War Expenses, 14-6. _Niles_, Sept, 12, 1846, p.
+17. De Knight, Currency, 69. N. Y. _Herald_ (weekly), June 6; Aug. 15,
+1846; Jan. 9, 1847; Jan. 29, 1848. _Bankers' Mag._, i, 193-4.
+
+The authority to issue these notes was limited to one year; but on Jan.
+28, 1847, the time was extended to six months after the ratification
+of peace with Mexico, with the proviso that the notes thus authorized
+should not exceed $5,000,000 in amount (Sec. 15, U. S. Stat. at Large, ix,
+121-2). In his report of Dec. 9, 1846, Walker stated that $3,853,100 of
+these notes had been issued, $1,766,450 bearing interest at one tenth
+of 1 per cent (De Knight, Currency, 69), and the residue at 5-2/5 per
+cent per annum payable on redemption. Nov. 2, 1846, treasury notes of
+prior issues amounting to $412,283.97 were outstanding. The surplus,
+July 1, 1846, was $9,126,439. Sept. 29, 1846, the treasury contained
+"only a fraction over" four millions (Polk, Diary, Sept. 29).
+
+33.13. =13=Pakenham, nos. 127, Oct. 29; 130, Nov. 12, 1846. (Walker)
+Wash. _Union_, May 10; Dec. 9, 1847; N. Y. _Express_, Dec. 12, 1846;
+Welles papers; Boston _Courier_, Feb. 17, 1848; =345=G. A. Worth to
+V. Buren, Dec. 16, 1847; =198=Gallatin to Newboldt, Feb. 8, 1848;
+=198=_Id._ to Rockwell, May 8, 1848; =181=Buchanan to Donelson, May
+13, 1847. Miss. Hist. Soc. Pubs., vi, 363. Dodd, Walker, 24, etc.
+Wash. _Union_, Nov. 16; Dec. 8, 1846. N. Y. _Express_, Nov. 18, 1846.
+_Bankers' Mag._, i, 321-2. N. Y. _Herald_ (weekly), Sept. 19; Nov. 7,
+14, 28, 1846. Bayley, National Loans, 71. De Knight, Currency, 70.
+_Niles_, Oct. 10, p. 81; Oct. 17, p. 97; Oct. 24, p. 128; Nov. 7, pp.
+146-7, 1846. Sen. 105; 29, 2 (Walker to Dallas, Feb. 1, 1847). Polk,
+Diary, Oct. 1, 13, 15-7, 22, 30; Nov. 7, 1846. London _Times_, Oct. 27,
+1846. Sen. 2; 29, 2 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1846). _Cong. Globe_, 29,
+2, app., 124 (Ingersoll). Dewey, Financial History, 256.
+
+Professor Tucker proved, it was said, that Walker's argument for free
+trade made an error of $1,000,000 per year in the productive industry
+of the United States. Stewart of Pennsylvania charged him in Congress
+with a number of errors. Rockwell of Connecticut made a startling
+analysis of treasury statements (_Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, pp. 404-7);
+but it would lead us too far afield to enter upon such a discussion.
+$4,999,149 of the loan was issued (Bayley, Nat. Loans, 71). On $363,900
+there was an average premium of .277 of 1 per cent, while the rest
+went at par (De Knight, Currency, 70). Opponents of the government
+attributed the success of the loan to Marcy's statement that it would
+not be necessary to call for more volunteers. As a new call for
+volunteers went out almost immediately after the bids were opened, he
+was charged falsely with having played a trick on the public (N. Y.
+_Express_, Nov. 18, 1846). For the truth in this matter see vol. i, p.
+351. Most of the loan was taken at New York, but it became fairly well
+distributed. Walker's offering the loan only ten days after advertising
+an issue of $3,000,000 in notes (_Niles_, Nov., 1846, p. 147) was
+rather alarming, it must be admitted. A less reasonable criticism on
+his policy was that he could and should have borrowed liberally June 1
+and July 1 at 5 per cent. At those dates he had a large surplus, the
+tariff had not been changed, and the administration did not expect a
+serious war.
+
+33.14. Sen. 2; 29, 2 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1846). Dewey, Financial
+History, 255-6. U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, 118. =247=King to Larkin,
+Nov. 7, 1847. Polk, Diary, Feb. 16. =13=Pakenham, no. 13, Nov. 12,
+1846. _Niles_, Apr. 24, 1847, p. 113; June 5, p. 224; Aug. 21, pp. 392,
+400; Feb. 5, 1848, p. 354 (McLean). Wash. _Union_, Jan. 14; Apr. 12,
+1847. N. Y. _Herald_ (weekly), Apr. 24; Nov. 30, 1847; Feb. 26; Mar. 4,
+11, 18, 1848. Bayley, Nat. Loans, 72. De Knight, Currency, 71-2. Knox,
+U. S. Notes, 64, 69. =108=Buchanan to Bancroft, Dec. 29, 1846, priv.
+
+The estimated deficit, July 1, 1847, was $4,779,042 (Walker, report,
+Dec. 9, 1846 in Sen. 2; 29, 2). By the Act of Jan. 28, 1847, the
+treasury notes were to be redeemable in one or two years, to bear
+interest (not more than 6 per cent) at the discretion of the President,
+and to be convertible into bonds. None could be issued, used as
+security for loans, or bought up by the government, at less than
+par plus the accrued interest. New notes could be issued for those
+redeemed, but the total outstanding amount of notes and bonds issued
+under the Act could not exceed $23,000,000. The public lands were in
+effect pledged as security for the loan, which was made payable at any
+time after Dec. 31, 1867. The Act provided that the notes to be issued
+under it and all previous treasury notes could be converted into 6 per
+cent stock (bonds).
+
+It was predicted that the loan could not be placed at better than 90,
+if at all (N. Y. _Express_, Dec. 14, 1846). Bids (to be in by Apr.
+10) for $18,000,000 of it were invited on Feb. 9, 1847. The New York
+and Boston banks appear to have agreed on a price, but some New York
+capitalists offered more, and they in turn were outbid by Corcoran and
+Riggs of Washington, who seem to have taken a very large part of it.
+The bids above par totalled about $55,000,000, and the premiums offered
+ran as high as 2 per cent. It has been called a mistake to pay 6 per
+cent on long-term bonds, and this is proved by the premium they soon
+commanded. But before the bonds were issued grave doubts regarding
+their acceptability were entertained, and a saving in interest was
+of relatively little importance. Many had expected that the whole
+amount($23,000,000) would be issued in treasury notes and practically
+increase the amount of the currency; but the amount issued at first was
+largely taken for investments (N. Y. _Herald_ (weekly), Mar. 20, 1847).
+Hence the currency in circulation was diminished. However, the specie
+coming from abroad soon made up for this.
+
+Bids for $5,000,000 of notes were invited on Feb. 26. The Rothschilds
+(represented by A. Belmont) were soon understood to be interested, and
+were in fact successful to a large extent in the bidding. Their bidding
+encouraged American capitalists. Probably the notes could safely, and
+therefore should, have been made convertible into 5 per cent, instead
+of 6 per cent, bonds. The interest paid on them at redemption was 5-2/5
+or 6 per cent (De Knight, Currency, 71).
+
+June 1, 1817, Walker reported treasury notes as outstanding (minus
+$789,700 of cancelled notes on hand): of issues prior to July 22,
+1846, $303,817; of issues under the Act of July 22, $3,565,600; of
+issues under the Act of Jan. 28, $8,100,000; net total, $11,179,717
+(_Niles_, June 5, p. 224). About the middle of August, 1847, they sold
+at 106-1/2, but within a week (probably because reports that Scott had
+captured Mexico City were found to be false) they fell at New York to
+103-1/2. The issuing of more notes was objected to on the ground that
+it would virtually mean a government bank controlled by a party. It
+was argued by some that notes for small amounts bearing interest at
+a nominal rate should have been put out. These, it was said, would
+have been purchased by persons of small means, who actually put their
+savings into specie needed by the government. The question was raised
+why Polk asked in December, 1846, for funds to cover the fiscal year
+1847-8 (N. Y. _Express_, Dec. 14, 1846). Walker's report included
+estimates for that period, but this fact does not seem to be an
+adequate explanation. One suspects that Polk and Walker knew the money
+would be needed, and thought this the easiest way to get it.
+
+33.15. Richardson, Messages, iv, 516. Pakenham, no. 6, Jan. 28, 1847.
+Sen. 2; 29, 2 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1846). Ho. 6; 30, 1 (_Id._,
+report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 7; 30, 2 (_Id._, report, Dec. 9, 1848). Sen.
+105; 29, 2 (_Id._ to Dallas, Feb. 1, 1847). Sen. 392; 29, 1 (_Id._ to
+Polk, June 15, 1846). Taussig, Tariff Hist., 115. Welles papers. Polk,
+Diary, Jan. 2, 1847. _Niles_, Jan. 2, 1847, p. 288. Boston _Courier_,
+Feb. 17, 1848. _Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, pp. 281, 298. N. Y. _Herald_
+(weekly), Jan. 9, 1847. (Pessimists) =345=G. A. Worth to Van Buren, May
+20, 1847.
+
+In Dec., 1847, Polk had to admit that a deficiency of $15,729,114 on
+June 30, 1848, was probable. The British minister reported that one
+reason for proposing the tax on tea and coffee was a wish to defeat
+anticipated attempts of the protectionists to repeal the tariff of
+1846. It was suspected that Walker made the appeal to Congress in order
+to display his influence or to relieve that body of responsibility for
+modifying the tariff it had so recently voted. The motives of the House
+were mixed. Some members doubtless objected to the plan on principle,
+others because they wished to be consistent with their action in
+accepting that tariff, others because the estimated return from such
+a tax ($2,500,000 or $3,000,000 per year) did not seem enough to meet
+the requirements, and others, perhaps, to rebuke what struck them like
+dictation on Walker's part; but the main considerations appear to
+be those mentioned in chap. xxxiv (_e.g._, p. 285.) The vote in the
+House was taken Jan. 2, 1847. Walker persisted, but without effect.
+Benton's idea was adopted in 1854. See "Public Lands, Bill to reduce
+and graduate the price of," in Senate index of _Cong. Globe_, 29 Cong.,
+1 and 2 sess.; 30 Cong., 1 sess., etc.
+
+33.16. Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 7; 30, 2
+(_Id._, report, Dec. 9, 1848). =13=Pakenham, no. 147, Dec. 29, 1846.
+Stockton, circular, Aug. 15, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 905 (Marcy); 930,
+1085 (Scott); 931 (Worth). London _Times_, June 8, 1846. Richardson,
+Messages, iv, 548-9, 570, 672. Vattel, book 3, chap. 9, sect. 161.
+Balt. _American_, Feb. 17, 1847. Wash. _Union_, Apr. 12, 1847. N.
+Y. _Herald_ (weekly), May 1, 1847. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 552, 558, 561
+(Polk); 553 (Walker). _Niles_, Apr. 24, 1847, p. 113. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p.
+1075 (Shubrick). =47=Shubrick, Apr. 15, 1848. =76=Lavallette, proclam.,
+Oct. 26, 1847. Sen. 24; 30, 1 (Polk, Message). Ho. 20; 30, 2 (Polk,
+Message). Polk, Diary, Mar. 10, 1847.
+
+We do not positively know that Walker originated the idea of the tariff
+in Mexican ports, nor that it had any relation to the tea and coffee
+tax; but one would naturally assume as much, and so the Washington
+_Union_ stated (_Niles_, Apr. 24, 1847, p. 113). At first, however,
+Walker did not perceive that the tariff would have to rest upon the
+President's military authority. Contributions took the place of the
+pillage formerly practised in war. An advantage of the plan, perhaps
+not contemplated at first, was that it would greatly discourage
+smuggling, and therefore, since imports would mostly have to pass the
+inspection of American officers, contraband could much more fully
+be excluded. This tariff was fiercely attacked in Congress, but the
+position of the Executive was impregnable. Complaint was also made that
+Americans as well as neutrals had to pay it; but had they not done so,
+they would have been able to defy competition, foreign nations would
+have complained, the Mexicans would have benefited by the low prices of
+merchandise, and the United States would have obtained no revenue.
+
+The American policy prior to March 31, 1847, is shown by Walker's
+circular of June 30, 1846 (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 158) and by Marcy's
+=63=instructions to the commanding officer at Tampico, Dec. 15, 1846.
+The latter said: Only United States vessels may enter, and those only
+when carrying articles produced in the United States or imports upon
+which United States duties have been paid, and on all such goods no
+duties will be charged. "But in a spirit of accommodation" clearances
+to Tampico of cargoes of foreign products, etc., in American vessels
+will be granted (duties having been paid) without being unloaded in
+the United States. Vessels admitted at Tampico may take out return
+cargoes of the property of Americans or neutrals without paying export
+duties; and specie belonging to neutrals may be freely exported. Indeed
+this export of specie should be encouraged, since it prevents Mexico
+from seizing the means of waging war. Pakenham complained that this
+policy would give American goods (which would not have to pay a duty) a
+monopoly of the Mexican market; but it seemed impossible at this time
+to run the risk of the military injury liable to result from admitting
+neutral vessels generally. He seems to have felt inclined to protest,
+but he did not find that the ministers of France, Spain and Germany
+intended to do so (=13=no. 147). Previous to Dec. 15, 1846, American
+goods had been extensively smuggled into Mexico across the Rio Grande,
+and of course that process continued.
+
+33.17. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 975, 1014 (Marcy); 1083 (Shubrick). Sen. 1;
+30, 1, pp. 552-76, 583, 585 (Marcy); 585 (circular); 586 (Walker);
+951 (Mason). Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1073, 1086 (Shubrick). Sen. 14; 30, 1,
+pp. 9 (Marcy); 10 (Walker). London _Times_, June 8, 1846; June 15,
+1847. Polk, Diary, June 11; Nov. 6, 1847. Richardson, Messages, iv,
+531-2, 548. =52=Charge Martin, no. 31, May 15, 1847. =13=Consul Glass,
+July 12, 1848. Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 7;
+30, 2 (_Id._, report, Dec. 9, 1848). _Constitutionnel_, May 15, 1847.
+=13=Mora to Palmerston, May 19, 1847. _Nat. Intelligencer_, Apr. 24,
+1847. =48=Mason to Perry, Apr. 3; June 16, 1847.
+
+In some cases the Mexican tariff was reduced very much more than
+one half, and many articles of daily use, that had previously been
+prohibited, became available. No tonnage dues were assessed on vessels
+(chartered by the United States) laden exclusively with supplies for
+our army or navy (=60=Marcy to Scott, May 10, 1847), and United States
+officers, soldiers and sailors were exempted from the operation of the
+order to pay duties (Richardson, Messages, iv, 548). At Matamoros,
+Tampico and Vera Cruz the military governors acted as collectors. At
+places held by the navy, naval officers did so. On the Pacific coast it
+proved necessary to modify the tariff. June 11, 1847, the regulations
+were somewhat modified (Polk, Diary, June 11), and additional changes
+were made in Nov., 1847 (Polk, Diary, Nov. 6; Sen. 14; 30, 1, p. 11).
+July 31, 1847, the duty on books was made 20 per cent _ad valorem_
+(Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 585).
+
+Charge Martin reported from Paris that the French newspapers, alarmed
+by the protest of the Mexican consul at Havre, called on their
+government to demand guaranties from ours. Martin justly took the
+position that our admitting French commerce to Mexican ports was a pure
+favor, to be enjoyed at the risk of those caring to take advantage
+of it, but expressed the opinion freely that in the treaty of peace
+we should protect the interests invited by our policy, as in fact we
+pledged ourselves to do and did (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847 in Ho. 6;
+30, 1, 619; chap. xxxii, p. 468).
+
+33.18. N. Y. _Herald_ (weekly), May 1, Dec. 4, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p.
+1037 (Marcy). Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1148 (Shubrick). =13=Consul Giffard, no.
+37, Oct. 20, 1847. Richardson, Messages, iv, 548. =13=Consul Glass,
+Dec. 1, 1847; July 12, 1848. =75=Hacienda to Relaciones, Dec. 3, 1847.
+=75=Gov. Tamaulipas to Relaciones, Dec. 10, 23, 1847. =75=Gates, order,
+Nov. 27, 1847. =76=Hacienda to Guerra, Dec. 3, 29, 1847. =13=Crampton,
+no. 30, Aug. 13, 1847. =76=---- to Amador, Feb. 2, 1848.
+
+The governor of Tamaulipas wrote frankly to the central government that
+prohibition would merely promote robbery and smuggling while injuring
+good Mexicans. He therefore did nothing except to collect a duty. Yet
+Gates, commanding at Tampico, had to send escorts with traders, and
+could not fully protect them.
+
+33.19. N. Y. _Express_, Dec. 1, 1846. Sumner, Amer. Currency, 167.
+_Economist_, Apr. 24, 1847. Gallatin, War Expenses, 3, 10. _Bankers'
+Mag._, i, 513-6, 609-12, 673-4; ii, 201, 706-7. N. Y. _Herald_
+(weekly), Dec. 19, 1846; Feb. 6; Apr. 17, 24; July 24, 31; Nov. 20;
+Dec. 11, 1847. _Niles_, Feb. 13, 1847, p. 384; Feb. 27, p. 416; Sept.
+11, p. 18; Sept. 25, p. 60; Oct. 2, p. 80; Oct. 9, p. 82; Oct. 23,
+p. 128; Nov. 6, p. 145. =52=Bancroft, no. 46, Dec. 4, 1847. Welles
+papers. =198=Gallatin to Everett, Dec. 16, 1847. Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Walker,
+report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 7; 30, 2 (_Id._, report, Dec. 9, 1848).
+=181=Buchanan to Donelson, Jan. 29, 1847.
+
+During the year ending June 30, 1848, almost thirty-seven and a half
+millions in breadstuffs were exported (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1848
+in Ho. 7; 30, 2). As early as March, 1847, the _Bankers' Magazine_
+estimated the increase in the value of our "present" exports of grain
+and cotton as $12-15,000,000. The customs receipts for the year ending
+June 30, 1847, were $23,747,865; for the following year $31,757,071. Of
+course the rising tide of prosperity, besides increasing the customs
+receipts and bringing specie, enhanced the credit of the government
+generally, and assisted the country in other ways to support the burden
+of the war. The crops of 1847 were fine in Europe; the importations
+were found there to have been excessive; and prices fell sharply.
+British business proved to be far less solid than it had been supposed
+to be. Bancroft, our minister, reported "a whirlwind of bankruptcies
+overspreading the land" (no. 46, Dec. 4, 1847). Orders for American
+goods were cancelled. Owing to a want of confidence the practice of
+consigning goods to English houses, with bills drawn on the consignees
+for a considerable part of their value, was to a large extent
+abandoned. Every vessel from England brought large parcels of American
+bonds to be sold for what they would fetch. Early in November the rate
+of exchange went up and specie began to be exported from this country,
+though much remained in the interior. Numerous failures occurred in the
+United States. All called in their resources. But here the trouble did
+not prove to be long or very serious; and while another year of war
+might have caused embarrassment, the country, despite the revolution in
+France, soon found itself comfortable.
+
+33.20 Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 7; 30, 2 (_Id._,
+report, Dec. 9, 1848). U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, 217. =13=Crampton,
+no. 40, Apr. 2, 1848. N. Y. _Herald_ (weekly), Jan. 29, 1848. Bayley,
+National Loans, 73. De Knight, Currency, 73. For the debates in
+Congress consult the _Cong. Globe_. Boston _Courier_, Feb. 23, 1848.
+=345=Niles to V. Buren, Dec. 16, 1847. Polk, Diary, Feb. 1, 1848.
+
+The debate in the House began Feb. 8 and ended Feb. 17. In the course
+of the discussion it came out that the treasury really had about
+$7,000,000 more than had been supposed, but that $4,000,000 were
+desired by the war department to make good certain deficiencies. The
+amount of the loan was therefore reduced from $18,500,000 to "not more
+than" $16,000,000 (Bayley, Nat. Loans, 73). The power to borrow under
+this Act was to continue one year. The bonds were to bear not more than
+6 per cent interest, be sold at not less than par, and be reimbursable
+at any time after July 1, 1868. Before July 1, 1868, the secretary
+could purchase the bonds at the market price (but not below par).
+Coupons could be attached to the certificates, and such certificates
+be transferable by mere delivery. The secretary of the treasury was
+required to advertise for bids--these to be received 20-60 days from
+the date of the earliest advertisement at Washington. In order to give
+the loan the aid of assured peace, Walker arranged the advertising
+so as to defer the time of opening the bids until June 17, 1848. The
+premium obtained was $487,169. Though assisted with this loan, the
+treasury ended the fiscal year with a balance of only $153,535.]
+
+33.21. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 354 (Taylor); 994 (Scott); 1005 (Mason); 341,
+1007, 1037 (Marcy). =256=J. Parrott to Marcy, Dec. 20, 1847, private.
+=256=Marcy to Scott, Nov. 17, 1847. Sen. 14; 30, 1, pp. 5 (Marcy), 6
+(Scott). _Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, app., 423-4. Polk, Diary, Sept. 19,
+1846; Aug. 31; Oct. 4, 5, 1847. =63=Mason to Scott, Sept. 1, 1847.
+Richardson, Messages, iv, 546-8. =13=Crampton, no. 58, Nov. 28, 1847.
+Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 124 (Scott); 145 (Marcy). Scott, Mems., ii, 552-3.
+_Diario_, May 23, 1847. _Republicano_, June 9, 1847. Ho. 6; 30, 1
+(Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847).
+
+For the olive branches (_i.e._ offers to treat) see pp. 122-4. A
+particular difficulty in attempting to live on the country would have
+been the general sparseness of the population, especially since the
+Americans had to keep together. For this reason, though some of the
+enemy expected us to rouse the nation by undertaking to enforce such
+a policy, the wiser Mexicans did not look for it. On the ground that
+places would be occupied alternately by the contending armies, the
+British charge at Washington deplored the order to exact contributions;
+but the course of the war preserved the Mexicans from this misfortune
+in a way he did not anticipate.
+
+33.22. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1048, 1062, 1081, 1085 (Scott), 1050, 1063,
+1066 (gen. orders). J. Parrott to Marcy (note 33.21). =256=_Id._ to
+_Id._, Dec. 28, 1847, private. =60=Butler to Marcy, Mar. 7, 1848.
+=69=Wool to Marcy, Jan. 24, 1848. Sen. 14; 30, 1, pp. 11, 13. =63=Marcy
+to Gates, Mar. 7, 1848; to Davenport, May 2, 1848. =65=Scott, gen.
+orders 358, 376, 395 (1847); 15, 31 (1848). Scott, Mems., ii, 553, 582.
+Grant, Mems., i, 170-1. =61=McDowell to Hunter, Feb. 20; Mar. 5, 1848.
+Rodriguez, Breve Resena, 1849, 5. =69=Scott to commander at Jalapa,
+Jan. 6, 1848. =61=McDowell to Monclova ayunt., Mar. 5, 1848. =80=Actg.
+treas., Mex. state, Feb. 29, 1848. =60=Taylor to Marcy, Nov. 20,
+1847. =60=Butler to Marcy, Mar. 2, 7, 1848. =92=Mex. ayunt., session
+of Sept. 16, 1847. =92=Quitman, proclam., Sept. 22. =92=Veramendi to
+ayunt., Sept. 24. =65=Wool, orders 157, Dec., 1847. _Delta_, Dec. 19,
+1847 ("Mustang"). =61=Memoir on Mex. finances. Sen. 19; 30, 1, pp.
+2-4 (Scott). Moreno, Canton, 380. =69=Wool to Taylor, Mar. 7, 1847.
+=61=McDowell to Webb, Apr. 15, 1848. =358=Williams to father, Dec. 27,
+1847.
+
+Besides the $150,000, Scott collected some $70,000 (about $12,000
+captured at Cerro Gordo, nearly $50,000 for captured tobacco, and
+smaller amounts for licenses, etc.). Polk was accused of inconsistency
+for holding that Mexico could pay us no indemnity except in territory
+and yet expecting to draw large revenues from that country (_Amer.
+Review_, Jan., 1848, p. *2). The reply is threefold: 1, in the latter
+case he assumed that Mexico was to be deprived by military force of the
+revenues normally used by a nation; 2, even if a Mexican government
+might have had the physical power to raise a cash indemnity for us, it
+could not actually have obtained the money from the people for that
+purpose, as our own armies were expected to do by force; and, 3, Polk's
+expectations were not realized. Polk was also charged with encroaching
+upon the prerogatives of the House both in taxing the Mexicans and
+in spending the proceeds. Webster and Calhoun concurred in this view
+(_Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, 495-6). But if Gen. Taylor had a right--as all
+admitted--to impress a Mexican donkey into the service of his army,
+Polk had a right to do all that he did in this regard. The authority
+of the commander-in-chief in the enemy's country, waging war according
+to the Constitution, was quite broad enough to cover it. See _Cong.
+Globe_, 30, 1, app., 423-4.
+
+The estimated possible revenues were as follows: import duties,
+$12,000,000; duties on goods passing to the interior, $2,400,000;
+direct taxes on real estate, professions, trades, etc., $3,000,000;
+duties on the production of gold and silver, $600,000; melting
+and assay dues, $50,000; export duties on coined gold and silver,
+$1,000,000; revenue from the monopolies, $3,525,000 (=61=Memoir).
+Transit dues on animals and goods, including the duties at city gates
+(_alcabalas_), were to be discontinued. For a short time in 1847 Perry
+allowed logwood to be exported under a 10 per cent duty. It seemed
+impracticable to seize the mines, for the miners would probably have
+fled on the approach of American troops.
+
+Scott resolved not to take the ordinary state and city revenues,
+because he felt that such a course would be "to make war on
+civilization"; since every civilized community requires the means of
+paying for administration, without which it would fall into anarchy
+(Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1049). His broad taxation orders were based upon
+an announced intention of spreading over the country. He proposed to
+send out expeditions soon. One actually proceeded, as we have seen, to
+Toluca, another to Cuernavaca, and another to the important mining town
+of Pachuca (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1048, 1061-2). The occupation of Cordoba
+and Orizaba was partly in pursuance of the same policy (=61=Scott to
+Twiggs, Dec. 26, 1847). He proposed in particular to send 7000 men to
+San Luis Potosi in order to open the communication between Tampico and
+the mining city of Zacatecas. But his lack of troops and the peace
+negotiations prevented this.
+
+In order to force the products of the mines into circulation for the
+benefit of both Americans and Mexicans, Scott forbade the exportation
+of gold and silver bullion, and on gold and silver coin exported he
+imposed a duty of 5 per cent (=65=gen. orders 362). Walker's and Polk's
+views on these points had been different from Scott's, and Scott's
+action was taken subject to revision at Washington, where he presented
+his reasons. At the end of April, 1848, Walker's instructions were put
+into force by General Butler.
+
+Scott instructed his officers to execute his orders in a conciliatory
+manner, if possible, but apply force should that be necessary. Should
+there be no other way, the commanding officer was to collect the
+assessment in money or some equivalent from the wealthier inhabitants.
+
+In the northeast Wool carried out the financial purposes of the
+government to the best of his ability, beginning at Saltillo as early
+as May, 1847, with a revenue system, the occupation of buildings,
+and the seizure of cattle, mules, etc. He punished refractory towns
+and places violating pledges of neutrality with special taxes. Mar.
+2, 1848, he reported that all were paying their taxes. The owners of
+houses taken for the use of the army were indemnified through a tax
+on all the real estate of the vicinity. In northwestern Mexico only
+coast towns were in our hands. California and New Mexico, which the
+United States government intended to retain, were of course viewed in
+a different light. Naturally all possible attempts were made by the
+Mexicans to protect their property against us. Subsistence, forage,
+etc., continued to be paid for, since the interests of the army
+prescribed that policy still. Our officers were not permitted to have
+any interest (_e.g._ claim for special services) in cases of seizure,
+etc.
+
+33.23. Richardson, Messages, iv, 591, 651, 678. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp.
+107-9. =69=Hughes to Scott, Jan. 5, 1848. =63=Marcy to Twiggs, Mar. 7,
+1848. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1062 (Scott). Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 588. Ho. 47;
+30, 2, pp. 2 (Marcy), 109 (Mason). Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1131 (Shubrick).
+=47=Shubrick, Apr. 15, 1848. =69=Wool to Marcy, Jan. 24, 1848. Sen. 14;
+30, 1, p. 11 (Scott).
+
+Import, export and tonnage duties produced in all only $3,434,665;
+contributions from other sources, $553,055; captured money and
+property, $163,573; assessments on states and the City of Mexico,
+$225,649; and state and municipal revenues, together with some
+other sources of income, $163,055. From these amounts the costs of
+collection, drawbacks on goods disposed of to men in the service, and
+the expenses of the state and municipal governments had to be deducted.
+It was to make up for surrendering the monopolies that Scott quadrupled
+the state assessments originally contemplated. $769,650 derived from
+the military contributions were applied on the first instalment due to
+Mexico. All of the $3,000,000 appropriated by the Act of March 3, 1847,
+was paid to her shortly after she ratified the treaty of peace (Sen.
+52; 30, 1, pp. 107-9; Richardson, Messages, iv, 588).
+
+33.24. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 589. =13=Pakenham, no. 74, June 13, 1846. Ho.
+Rep. 503; 31, 1. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1004 (Marcy). Sen. 52; 30, 1, p.
+125 (Scott). Scott, Mems., ii, 583. Polk, Diary, Aug. 18-20, 24-5, 28;
+Nov. 13, 1847. Wash. _Union_, Dec. 9, 1847. N. Y. _Herald_ (weekly),
+May 23; June 20; Oct. 31; Nov. 7, 1846; Aug. 21; Oct. 16; Nov. 6, 1847.
+Ho. Report 503; 31, 1. _Picayune_, Sept. 14, 1847. =256=J. Parrott to
+Marcy, Dec. 20, 27, 1847, private. =139=W. B. to D. Campbell, Aug. 9,
+1846.
+
+Scott spent nearly $64,000 of the funds that he derived from the
+Mexicans for blankets and shoes given to private soldiers; and $10
+each were given to a large number of wounded men when they left the
+hospital. Probably Belmont's arrangement left the Rothschilds a
+handsome profit, for John Parrott, who had been our consul at Mazatlan,
+offered, if the government would open a credit of two or three
+millions in London, to take charge of supplying cash in Mexico at the
+rate of five dollars for every pound sterling, and a pound sterling
+would have cost the government only about $4.80. One main purpose of
+our government in laying an export duty on gold and silver was to
+facilitate the exchange of treasury notes for specie with Mexican
+citizens; but probably little was accomplished, for nearly all the
+specie in Mexico was held by foreigners. In the offices at Washington
+a good deal of carelessness in making estimates and handling funds
+appears to have prevailed (_e.g._ Polk's Diary, Aug. 18-28, 1847),
+and Walker's relations with Belmont and with Corcoran and Riggs were
+perhaps a little too intimate (_ibid._); but one finds no reasons for
+suspecting Walker of crookedness. Of course property was handled more
+or less wastefully in the field, and contractors took an advantage
+sometimes. Roa Barcena (Recuerdos, 249) states that some men buying
+grain, etc., for the American army required the sellers to give
+receipts for larger sums than were paid to them. See also Polk, Diary,
+July 10, 1847. The largest loss resulted from Gaines's unauthorized
+calls for troops, which probably cost $1,500,000 (=13=Pakenham, no. 74,
+1847).
+
+33.25. Sen. 15; 30, 1. Semmes, Service, 472-3. Bancroft, Pac. States,
+viii, 545. Ho. 70; 30, 1, p. 11. Ho. 9, 27; 30, 2. Polk, Diary, Nov.
+7, 1846; Feb. 16; Nov. 6, 9, 1847; Jan. 24, 1848. Sen. 27; 30, 1.
+=73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 517, June 29, 1847. Richardson, Messages,
+iv, 591. Ho. 6; 29, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). Ho. 7; 30, 2
+(_Id._, report, Dec. 9, 1848). Lalor, Cyclop., iii, 864. N. Y. _Herald_
+(weekly), Apr. 10, 1847; July 1, 1848.
+
+33.26. (Webster) Wash. _Union_, Dec. 11, 1846; _Niles_, Jan. 9, 1847,
+p. 303. _Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, p. 912 (Stephens). The national debt,
+Oct. 1, 1845, was $17,075,446 (Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). July 6,
+1848, Polk gave it as $65,778,450 including the bonds and treasury
+notes still available for issue (Richardson, Messages, iv, 591).
+Walker's report, Dec. 9, 1848, gave the increase of the national debt
+over that of March 4, 1845, as $48,036,151.
+
+In a sense the war with Mexico cost too little. The estimates were
+pared below our needs. Troops could not be called out when they
+should have been. Transports and many other necessaries were lacking
+at critical times. This point will come up in the text of the next
+chapter. At the end of the war the country and the treasury were
+in a sound condition, and the government's income was ample. A
+period of solid prosperity ensued. It may be worth mention that
+American capitalists offered more than $100,000,000 for the less than
+$50,000,000 of government securities, and that the total received by
+the treasury in premiums was $555,511 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1848, in
+Ho. 7; 30, 2).
+
+An account of the money market during the war (based mainly on the
+financial columns of the New York Weekly _Herald_) may be of interest.
+During the early spring of 1846 the Oregon controversy with England
+was a strong depressing influence. The outbreak of the war with Mexico
+caused a panic (May 11), but this passed immediately (May 12), and
+by May 19 the market was rather buoyant, largely in consequence of
+favorable news from Taylor. It then declined; but about the middle of
+June there was a plethora of money, and much activity prevailed in
+consequence of the settlement of the Oregon controversy. This faded
+gradually away into dulness, but quickened again about the first of
+August. Fluctuations followed. The first half of September saw a
+decline. Sept. 5 United States bonds that had sold at 113 before the
+war brought only 102, but the prospect of foreign demands for grain
+caused a revival (Sept. 20-Oct. 3). Dulness then returned; the general
+feeling about the war was reflected in very low prices about the middle
+of November, and Dec. 7 was a "blue day." Though the treasury required
+all payments to it to be in specie on and after Jan. 1, 1847, it did
+not begin to pay out specie until Apr. 1. Hence it piled up coin during
+the interim. Jan. 3, 1847, the market was rather stringent. During
+the second half of February, the Bank of England rate rose from 3 to
+4. Prices continued to decline until by April 4 good prospects at the
+seat of war and an influx of specie turned the tide. May 1 the New York
+banks were said to have more than $12,000,000 in specie. May 10 Reading
+R. R. difficulties precipitated a panic, but this was only a flurry.
+Money was extremely abundant in a few days (May 19) and prices advanced
+until about the middle of July. During the second week of August the
+increasing war expenses bore hard on the market, and treasury notes
+fell about 2 per cent. About Oct. 1 the report that Scott had entered
+Mexico City was found to be untrue, and a panic set in (Oct. 4), due to
+that fact and bad news regarding the financial situation in Europe. The
+"explosion" of "corners" followed. By Nov. 11 the banks were "shaking
+in the wind," and a crisis came on at once (Nov. 14). Paper money was
+loudly called for. After a troubled month, however, money became much
+easier and prices responded (Dec. 19). Another month, and the banks
+(really in a tight place themselves) were believed to be tightening
+everything to force a change in the financial policy of the government
+(Jan. 25, 1848); but by Feb. 10 natural conditions revived buoyancy,
+and there was a loud call for more treasury notes. Things then quieted
+down, but the arrival of the draft of a treaty stimulated activity
+once more. Absurd rumors about the terms of the treaty next caused a
+temporary reaction; but when it was accepted, prices went up (Mar. 11).
+For the day-by-day prices of United States securities, Dec. 1, 1846, to
+Dec. 1, 1847, see Ho. 6; 30, 1, p. 71.
+
+_Other financial legislation of the war period._ U. S. Statutes at
+Large, ix, p. 35, Act of June 27, 1846, sec. 2: $75,000 in U. S.
+stock belonging to the Seneca Indians to be cancelled, and interest
+to be paid them on a credit of that amount to be entered on the
+books of the secretary of the treasury. P. 94, Act of Aug. 10, 1846:
+Mexican Indemnity Stock (see Bayley, National Loans, 71, modified by
+statements of this work). P. 106, Act of Aug. 10, 1846: Treasury notes,
+stolen and put into circulation, to be redeemed by the government.
+P. 125, Act of Feb. 11, 1847, sec. 9: Any non-commissioned officer,
+musician and private entitled under this Act to receive a certificate
+or warrant for 160 acres (or 40 acres) may take instead of it $100 (or
+$25) in 6 per cent treasury scrip, redeemable at the pleasure of the
+government. P. 248, Act of July 19, 1848: Three months' extra pay to
+all who actually served out their term or were honorably discharged,
+or the heirs of those who lost life or died after being honorably
+discharged. P. 249, Act of July 21, 1848: Act of July 4, 1836, granting
+half-pay and pensions to widows, orphans, etc., made applicable to
+cases of these in the Mexican War. P. 412, Act of March 3, 1849: To
+provide for settling accounts of those who received money from military
+contributions, etc., in Mexico. P. 414, Act of March 3, 1849: To
+provide payment for property lost or destroyed in the military service
+of U. S. P. 520, Act of Sept. 28, 1850: Bounty lands to be given to
+certain officers and soldiers who served in the Mexican War.
+
+
+XXXIV. THE WAR IN AMERICAN POLITICS
+
+34.1. The chief sources for this chapter were personal correspondence,
+the debates of Congress, and periodicals representing all shades of
+politics. The leading newspapers were examined for every day of the war
+and also before and after it.
+
+34.2. Parker, Sermon. Rhodes, U. S., i, 88. Weekly N. Y. _Herald_, May
+23. _No. Amer._, May 15, 21. =191=Fairfield to wife, July 10, 1846.
+
+34.3. London _Times_, Aug. 31. Welles papers (account of 29 Cong., 2
+sess.). =108=Marcy to Bancroft, Apr. 28, 1847. Calhoun Corresp., 717
+(to T. G. C), 1096 (Fisher). =13=Pakenham, nos. 119, 132, 1846; 6,
+9, 1847. =139=Gentry to C, Feb. 20, 1847. =139=A. to D. C., Jan. 20,
+1847. _Journal des Debats_, Nov. 4, 1846. (Elections) N. Y. _Tribune_,
+Nov. 26, 1847; =132=Stokes to Buchanan, Jan. 3, 1847; Welles papers;
+Schurz, Clay, ii, 289; Von Holst, U. S., iii, 336; N. Y. _Herald_, Nov.
+7, 14, 1846; Wash. _Union_, Oct. 16, 22; Nov. 9, 14, 19, 27, 1846; May
+5, 1847; _Nat. Intellig._, Nov. 7, 1846. _Pub. Ledger_, Dec. 23, 1846.
+In the winter we find some state legislatures passing resolutions (Ho.
+93, 97; 29, 2) in favor of prosecuting the war, but these are signs of
+prevailing discouragement.
+
+34.4. (Nomination and election) Smith, Annex, of Texas, 250-2, 310-5.
+=345=Gilpin to Van Buren, May 24, 1846. =234=A. Johnson to ----, July
+22, 1846, private. London _Times_, July 15, 1846. Welles papers.
+_Nat. Intellig._, Nov. 20, 1847. (Cabinet) Polk, Diary, Feb. 8, 1847;
+=345=Blair to Van Buren, Jan. 29; Feb. 29, 1848; =297=correspond.
+between Polk and M. Van Buren, C. Johnson, A. V. Brown and others,
+Dec, 1844-Feb., 1845; Poore, Perley's Remins., i, 334; Welles papers;
+=297=Simpson to Polk, Nov. 13, 1848. (Myself) _Tenn. Hist. Mag._,
+Sept., 1915 (to C. J., Dec. 21, 1844). Boston _Atlas_, Dec. 31, 1846.
+=206=Mangum to Graham, Feb. 21, 1845. (Polk's discretion distrusted)
+_Cong. Globe_, 29, 1, pp. 554 (Allen), 567 (Webster).
+
+What is said of Polk in this and succeeding paragraphs should be
+supplemented by referring to vol. i, pp. 128-9 and to the concluding
+chapter.
+
+34.5. For a study of Polk's character see vol. i, pp. 128-9.
+=345=Pauling to Van Buren, Feb. 5, 1847. (Pillow) Polk to Johnson,
+May 17 [14], 1844: _Tenn. Hist. Mag._, Sept., 1915. Seward, Seward at
+Washington, i, 37, 51. =345=Frearoon to Van Buren, Jan. 23, 1847.
+=345=Blair to V. B., Jan. 29, 1848. Tyler, Tyler, ii, 457 (Gardiner).
+=345=G. A. Worth to V. B., Mar. 20, 1847. =139=Gentry to Campbell, Feb.
+20, 1847. Schurz, Clay, ii, 289. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 273, 292, 336.
+Boston _Atlas_, Dec. 12, 1846. Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 75 (Badger).
+Kohl, Claims, 71.
+
+Taking advantage of the feeling about Polk's personality and methods,
+his enemies felt warranted in straining points against him. It was
+called treachery to negotiate with Santa Anna while negotiating with
+Paredes (_No. American_, Dec. 15, 1846), even though the latter
+negotiation had practically ended before the former began. His dwelling
+upon our claims against Mexico in his annual Message of 1846, which
+it was quite proper to do in reviewing the Mexican situation, was
+represented as an afterthought, intended to justify a blow already
+struck and discrediting the assertion that Mexico had caused the war by
+invading our territory (Boston _Atlas_, Dec. 12, 1846). It was pointed
+out that the proclamation sent to Taylor for distribution ascribed to
+the United States aims different from those professed in the Message of
+May 11 (_Nat. Intellig._, Aug. 14, 1846), as if Polk could be required
+to say everything every time.
+
+34.6. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 21; Oct. 5; Nov. 7; Dec. 12, 1846.
+Welles papers. =345=Wright to Van Buren, Nov. 10, 1846. =345=Cambrelong
+to _Id._, Nov. 30. =345=Thompson to _Id._, Dec. 23. =345=Blair to
+_Id._, Dec. 26. =345=Albany _Atlas_, extra, Dec., 1846. =345=G. A.
+Worth to V. B., Mar. 20, 1847. =253=Mower to McLean, Aug. 27, 1846.
+=132=Wright to Buchanan, Sept. 8, 10, 1846. Bigelow, Tilden, i, 110-1.
+Blaine, Twenty Years, i, 78. Buchanan, Works, viii, 365-7. =234=A.
+Johnson to ----, July 22, 1846, private.
+
+The "Conservative" party arose in 1837 from the opposition to Van
+Buren's sub-treasury plan, which Silas Wright championed. Many honest
+Conservatives, realizing they had been mistaken, left the party; but
+their places were taken by canal claimants.
+
+34.7. Welles papers. Calhoun Correspond., 713 (to Mrs. C). (Hang)
+=234=A. Johnson to ----, July 22, 1846. (Office-seekers) Polk, Diary,
+Feb. 24; Apr. 7, 1847, etc. (Oregon) Polk, Diary, Feb. 24, 1846;
+_Polit. Sci. Qtrly._, xxvi, 458 (R. L. Schuyler); _Cong. Globe_, 29, 1,
+p. 815 (Delano); Boston _Atlas_, May 20, 1846; Blaine, Twenty Years,
+i, 65; Wash. _Union_, Aug. 18, 1846. (Veto) =253=Mower to McLean, Aug.
+8, 1846; =108=Appleton to Bancroft, July 16, 1847; Wash. _Union_, Aug.
+3, 1846, quoting _Nat. Intellig._; N. Y. _Herald_, Aug. 15, 1846;
+_No. American_, Jan. 14; Dec. 20, 1847. (Generals) Von Hoist, U. S.,
+iii, 298; Rhodes, U. S., i, 89; Buchanan, Works, viii, 365-7; Calhoun
+Corresp., 727-8 (to D. G.). =345=Butler to Van Buren, Nov. 6, 1847.
+
+34.8. Lowell, Biglow papers, i, 59. (Adams) =260=Winthrop to N. Hale,
+Wash., "Sunday." (Giddings) Wash. _Union_, June 30; July 2, 1846. Cole,
+Whig Party, 118-9. Smith, Annex. of Texas, 258-80. _Cong. Globe_, 29,
+1, p. 309. (La.) Vol. i, p. 205 and note 10.3; N. Orl. _Jeffersonian_
+in _Nat. Intellig._, Aug. 28, 1846; Wash. _Union_, June 30; July 2;
+Aug. 11, 1846. Calhoun Corresp., 1096-7 (Fisher). N. Y. _Tribune_, May
+13; Dec. 15, 1846. =137=Prescott to Calhoun, Aug. 20, 1847.
+
+34.9. Ho. 85; 29, 2. =253=Mower to McLean, Aug. 8, 1846. Taussig,
+Tariff Hist., 114-5. =345=Welles to Van Buren, July 28, 1846. London
+_Times_, Dec. 3, 1846. _Courrier des Etats Unis_, Oct. 17; Nov. 6,
+1846. N. Y. _Sun_, July 9, 1846. N. Y. _Express_, Nov. 10, 17, 21, 30,
+1846. _Niles_, July 18, p. 305 (_Sentinel_); Aug. 1, p. 345 (_Nat.
+Intellig._); Sept. 12, p. 17, 1846. Boston _Courier_, July 8, 1846.
+Blaine, Twenty Years, i, 65. Boston _Atlas_, Jan. 6, 1847. Wash.
+_Union_, Aug. 18, 28, 1846. _Nat. Intellig._, Aug. 5, 1846. N. Y.
+_Tribune_, Dec. 3, 1846. _No. American_, July 16, 17; Aug. 1; Dec. 9,
+1846. (Betrayed) Smith, Annex. of Texas, 314.
+
+34.10. =241=W. to J. Kent, Dec. 11, 1846; Jan. 17; Mar. 5, 1847. _Amer.
+Review_, Oct., 1847, 333-46. Johnston and Browne, Stephens, 210-1.
+London _Times_, Dec. 3, 1846. Sherman Letters, 38-9. Webster, Writings,
+x, 12. Winthrop, Winthrop, 61. =13=Pakenham, no. 98, 1846. N. Y. _Sun_,
+Aug. 28, 1846. _No. American_, Dec. 30, 1846; Jan. 18, 1847. Rhodes,
+U. S., i, 91. Wash. _Union_, Sept. 30, 1846 (Mass. convention). _Nat.
+Intellig._, July 18; Dec. 25, 1846; Apr. 17; Nov. 20, 1847. St. Louis
+_Republican_, July 23, 1846. _Journ. of Comm._ in Wash. _Union_, Aug.
+6, 1847.
+
+Stephen A. Douglas, who stood quite close to the administration, said
+in the Senate: "Conquest was not the motive for the prosecution of the
+war; satisfaction, indemnity, security, was the motive--conquest and
+territory the means" (_Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, app., 222).
+
+34.11. Ho. 23, 81, 85; 29, 2. Sen. 97; 29, 2. Webster, Writings, ix,
+260; x, 12; xiii, 359. Sherman Letters, 38-9. Boston _Advertiser_,
+Oct. 3, 1846. _Niles_, Sept. 18, 1847, p. 44. Rhodes, U. S., i, 91.
+Blaine, Twenty Years, i, 65. Winthrop before the Mass. convention
+(note 34.10). _Courrier des Etats Unis_, Oct. 17; Nov. 6, 1846. Wash.
+_Union_, Apr. 29, 1847. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 140, 144, 146. Lowell,
+Biglow papers, i, 56. Livermore, War, 92. Curtis, Webster, ii, 324.
+_Amer. Review_, 1847, p. 441. =13=Pakenham, no. 93, 1846. Benton, Abr.
+Debs., xvi, 54 (Morehead). (West) =198=Berrien to Gallatin, June 7,
+1848. The _North American_ of Oct. 8, 1847, used this language: "The
+abstract question of the extension of slavery is not the only nor the
+greatest issue of this contest. The great question is, shall we become
+the dependants and vassals of a Southern political ascendancy?... The
+nabobs of the South will dictate to us the terms upon which, in the
+face of their hostile policy, we shall struggle for existence. Our
+agriculture, our manufactures, our commerce, will be committed to
+their guardianship--the guardianship of the wolf over the lamb." At
+the Springfield Whig convention, Sept. 29, 1847, Webster said he would
+"resist any further increase of slave representation," which meant the
+same thing (Writings, xiii, 362). _Nat. Intellig._, Dec. 29, 1846.
+_Cong. Globe_, 29, 1, app., 919 (G. Davis). (Heroes) =345=Law to Van
+Buren, Aug. 2, 1847. Welles papers. Calhoun Corresp., 1096-7 (Fisher).
+_Nat. Intellig._, May 13, 1846. London _Times_, Dec. 18, 1846.
+=13=Pakenham, no. 93, 1846. Louisville _Journal_, Mar. 31, 1847. N. Y.
+_Express_, Apr. 2, 1847. Wash. _Union_, Aug. 13, 1847. (Debasement,
+etc.) _Amer. Review_, 1847, p. 441; Lyell, Second Visit (N. Y., 1849),
+ii, 257; Ho. 81; 29, 2; _Monitor Repub._, Feb. 2, 1847 (quoting Boston
+_Atlas_); _Nat. Intellig._, Nov. 28 (quoting N. Y. _Eve. Post_); Dec.
+29, 1846; Norfolk _Herald_, Apr. 12, 1847; etc.
+
+34.12. N. Y. _Tribune_, May 19, 1846. _Cong. Globe_, 29, 1, pp. 788
+(Crittenden), 835. Welles papers. =169=Rives to Crittenden, Feb. 5,
+1847. Hammond, Wright, 672. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 252. _Amer. Review_,
+Feb., 1847, 109, 118. Wash. _Union_, Mar. 19, 1847. Schurz, Clay, ii,
+289. Detroit _Free Press_, Nov. 28, 1846. Cincin. _Enquirer_, Dec. 16,
+1846. _No. American_, May 12, 1846. N. Y. _Herald_, Dec. 19, 1846.
+(Capital) =139=Fulton to Campbell, Jan. --, 1847.
+
+The proper stand for the Whigs was pointed out by Gov. Briggs of
+Massachusetts in general orders: "Whatever may be the difference of
+opinion as to the origin" of the war, the constitutional authorities
+have declared that a war exists; patriotism and humanity dictate
+that it should be brought to a speedy and successful end; hence
+all should cooperate (_Niles_, July 11, 1846, pp. 293-4). It will
+be noted that the author is dealing in this chapter with politics,
+not the convictions of private persons, which, even when mistaken,
+were entitled to respect, because sincere and associated with worthy
+sentiments.
+
+34.13. _Nat. Intellig._, May 13, 15; July 18; Sept. 19, 1846; Jan.
+27; Aug. 5; Dec. 11, 1847. =253=Mower to McLean, Mar. 1, 1847. _Cong.
+Globe_, 29, 1, app., 919 (G. Davis); 29, 2, 34-6 (Giddings). Boston
+_Atlas_, May 15, 18, 20; June 11, 1846. Balt. _American_, Dec. 2, 1846.
+N. Y. _Tribune_, May 26, 1846; Sept. 3; Nov. 18, 1847; Jan. 7, 1848.
+_Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, 566 (Hilliard). ($68) [_Tribune_] Whig Almanac,
+1847, p. 21. (_Express_) Wash. _Union_, June 19, 1847. These and the
+citations of the following notes could be multiplied.
+
+34.14. Smith, Annex. of Texas, 274-5. =198=J. R. Ingersoll to Gallatin,
+Dec. 25, 1847. Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 78 (Colquitt). Louisville
+_Journal_, Sept. 17, 1847. _Cong. Globe_, 29, 1, app., 643 (Giddings);
+30, 1, app., 227 (Cobb). Mr. Winthrop's Vote on the War Bill. Webster
+at Phila. (Writings, iv, 26-34). Wash. _Union_, Dec. 6, 1847. N. Y.
+_Tribune_, May 15, 1846. N. Y. _Courier and Enquirer_, Aug. 31, 1847.
+Giddings, Speeches, 259.
+
+34.15. N. Y. _Tribune_, May 13, 1846. =130=Gentry to Campbell, Feb. 20,
+1847. Wash. _Union_, May 12; Oct. 1, 1846; May 15, 1847. _Cong. Globe_,
+29, 1, pp. 815, 931; app., 928-32. Boston _Atlas_, Dec. 11, 1846; May
+13, 1847. Ky. _Observer_, July 8, 1846, in Wash. _Union_, July 14.
+N. Y. _Tribune_, May 13, 1846. Winthrop, Speeches, i, 573-4. Nicolay
+and Hay, Lincoln, i, 317-20, 327-45. _Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, pp. 154-6
+(Lincoln's speech). Though Lincoln's speech was later than the time
+referred to in the text, his argument was not. (Conn.) Clark, Conn.,
+200-1.
+
+34.16. =375=Taylor to Davis, Feb. 16, 1848, in Madigan, cat., 1914.
+_Pennsylvanian_, Nov. 4, 1846. Winthrop, Speeches, i, 574. N. Y. _Eve.
+Post_, June 4, 1846. Wash. _Union_, July 14, 1846; Mar. 29, 31; Aug.
+16, 20, 1847; Jan. 2, 13, 1848. U. S. _Gazette_, Oct. 13, 1846. _Cong.
+Globe_, 29, 1, pp. 534 (Brinkerhoff); app., 916 (Hudson). Boston
+_Atlas_, Dec. 11, 1846; May 13, 1847. _Nat. Intellig._, May 16; Oct.
+19; Dec. 18, 1846; Apr. 17; May 17; June 22, 1847. N. Y. _Courier and
+Enquirer_, Aug. 9, 17, 1847. (Recognized) Crittenden's amendment: vol.
+i, p. 473; _Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, p. 276. (Smallness) Vol. i, pp. 161,
+455-6, 464.
+
+Another interesting fact was that on Mar. 26, 1846, McIlvaine of the
+House, discussing an appropriation bill, raised the issue that in
+sending Taylor to the Rio Grande Polk had been "invading Mexico," yet,
+although the bill was objectionable from several points of view, it
+passed by a vote of 111 to 38 (_Cong. Globe_, 29, 1, pp. 558, 574). See
+also Lumpkin's speech, _ibid._, 834-7. Polk was mercilessly ridiculed
+for believing that Santa Anna would favor peace, but his opponents had
+to admit that a Whig general, Taylor, believed (or appeared to believe)
+Ampudia's assertions to the same effect (chap. xii, p. 504) made under
+circumstances that rendered the idea far less plausible.
+
+34.17. See vol. ii, p. 73. Wash. _Union_, Feb. 25, 1847. St. Louis
+_Republican_, July 3, 1847. McCulloch, Men and Measures, 65. Seward,
+Autob. of W. H. S., 774. An undated slip from the Chicago _Times_,
+found by the author, contained a letter from Burlington, Ia., which
+stated that Col. Sweney, proprietor of the Barret House, had known
+Corwin well from boyhood on, and that he had heard Corwin say with
+tears in his eyes that his speech was made by arrangement with Webster
+and others, who desired to prevent the appropriation of more money for
+the war, and agreed to follow Corwin.
+
+34.18. For a discussion of the Philadelphia speech see vol. i, p. 458.
+Webster, Writings, iv, 7; ix, 253; xiii, 348-50. _Public Ledger_, Dec.
+6, 15, 1846. N. Y. _Tribune_, Dec. 4, 7, 1846. N. Y. _Herald_, Aug.
+22, 1846. N. Y. _Sun_, Dec. 5, 1846. Wash. _Union_, Dec. 2, 4, 7,
+11, 1846; Mar. 10; Oct. 14, 16, 1847. Charleston _Mercury_, Dec. 8,
+1846. =253=Dowling to McLean, Mar. 24, 1848. Nov. 6, 1846, at Faneuil
+Hall, Boston, Webster called forth rapturous applause by saying, in a
+manner quite unworthy of a Senator and a great constitutional lawyer,
+"In my judgment it is an impeachable offence" for the President so to
+act as to involve the country in war without the consent of Congress
+(_Niles_, Nov. 21, p. 186). This, if it meant anything, was a begging
+of the question. Webster could not deny that the President had a right
+to repel invasion without consulting Congress, and Polk believed the
+Mexicans had invaded our territory, thus precipitating the war.
+
+Polk's Message of May 11 mentioned, as was natural, the rejection of
+Slidell and the failure of Mexico to pay our claims, but its practical
+gist was contained in the following sentence: "As war exists, and,
+notwithstanding all our efforts to avoid it, exists by the act of
+Mexico herself, we are called upon by every consideration of duty and
+patriotism to vindicate with decision the honor, the rights, and the
+interests of our country."
+
+34.19. (Independent, ground) Webster, Writings, iv, 24; xiii, 351.
+(Senseless, fight) _Ibid._, ix, 157-60. (Prosecute) _Ibid._, iv, 33;
+N. Y. _Tribune_, Dec. 3, 1846. (Refused) Writings, ix, 157. (Approve)
+Pierce, Sumner, iii, 112. (Narrow) Webster, Letters, 350. (Tired)
+Writings, xviii, 246. Lowell, Biglow Papers, i, 54, etc. (see a paper,
+written by the present author, on the Biglow papers in Mass. Hist. Soc.
+Proceeds., May, 1912, p. 602).
+
+34.20. (Jay) Pellew, Jay, 310. The clerical quotations in the text
+are from a non-partisan paper, the N. Y. _Herald_, Feb. 20, 1847. The
+extract from Osgood may be found in his Solemn Protest, p. 13. That
+from Parish the author has not been able to verify, but presumably
+it was correct. That such sentiments were entertained will not be
+questioned. Osgood denounced the authors of the war as "desperate in
+wickedness," etc. See quotations from him and others in _Cong. Globe_,
+29, 1, app., 930-1. Weekly N. Y. _Herald_ (non-partisan), Jan. 16,
+1847: They who oppose this war will one day stand before the country
+like the men of the Hartford Convention. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 139.
+
+34.21. Boston _Atlas_, May 18, 20, 1846. _Monitor Repub._, Feb. 2,
+1847. _Nat. Intellig._, May 11; Oct. 15 (Thompson), 26, 1847; Jan. 26,
+1848. (Hudson) _Cong. Globe_, 29, 2, p. 418. N. Y. _Tribune_, Nov. 6,
+1847. (Calhoun) Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 58. Wash. _Union_, Sept.
+24, 1846; June 2, 1847. _Diario_, Dec. 20, 1846. Meade, Letters, i,
+180. (Joy) Boston _Daily Chronotype_ in N. Y. _Globe_, May 14, 1847.
+=137=McLane to Calhoun, Jan. 18, 1848. Richardson, Messages, iv, 473.
+(1813-14) Wash. _Union_ Dec. 10, 1846. See also vol. ii, p. 125.
+
+In the office of the sec. of relaciones was found a large collection
+of extracts from American speeches and newspapers (N. Y. _Herald_,
+Feb. 5, 1848: Gen. Pierce). Whig journals assured Mexico that her cause
+was just; that a majority of the Americans detested the war; that our
+treasury could not bear the cost; that our government was incompetent;
+that it was disloyal to our commanders; that our armies could not win
+the war; that soon the administration would be rebuked and its policy
+be reversed. The government "stand ready to yield anything that Mexico
+may demand as the price of peace," asserted the N. Y. _Courier and
+Enquirer_ (Wash. _Union_, July 10, 1847). For numerous other quotations
+see _Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, app., 347. April 27, 1847, _El Progreso_
+of Queretaro said: The peace party in the United States "have been
+encouraging us to sustain ourselves until we could obtain from them a
+satisfactory arrangement of our difficulties as soon as they should
+come into power" (Wash. _Union_, May 28, 1848).
+
+34.22. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 21; Dec. 5, 12, 1846. Welles papers
+(Review of Pol. Hist. of U. S.; 2d sess. of 29 Cong.). =253=Mower to
+McLean, Aug. 27, 1846. =345=Blair to Van Buren, Jan. 20; Nov. 27, 1846.
+=345=Gilpin to Van Buren, May 24, 1846. =345=Thompson to Van Buren,
+Dec. 23, 1846. =345=M. Van B., Jr., to Van Buren [Apr. 28, 1846].
+Polk, Diary, July 13; Sept. 11, 1846; Jan. 5, 1847. =108=Appleton
+to Bancroft, Feb. 24, 1847. =108=Wescott to Bancroft, Mar. 1, 1848.
+=253=Reed to McLean, Oct. 26, 1846. =206=J. Graham to Gov. G., Jan. 10,
+1847. _Courrier des Etats Unis_, Oct. 17, 1846. =379=Ewing to ----,
+Mar. 11, 1846. Wash. _Union_, Nov. 19, 1846. _Niles_, May 16, 1846, p.
+175. =234=A. Johnson to ----, July 22, 1846, private. N. Y. _Journ.
+of Comm._, Dec. 9, 1846. N. Y. _Herald_, Nov. 14, 1846. Bragg to Van
+Buren, Mar. 10, 1847. Seward, Seward at Washington, i, 37, 68, 71. "Old
+Hunkers" and "Barnburners" (the Van Buren wing) were the two N. Y.
+factions.
+
+34.23. Welles papers: note 34.22. =253=M. Brown to McLean, June 5,
+1846. Bragg: note 34.22. =345=Gilpin to Van Buren, May 24, 1846; Apr.
+6, 1847. Seward, Seward at Washington, i, 37, 51. _Nat. Intellig._,
+Jan. 6, 1847. _Picayune_, Feb. 26, 1848. N. Y. _Journ. Comm._, Jan. 7,
+1847. _Public Ledger_, Feb. 12, 1847. N. Y. _Tribune_, Jan. 12, 1847.
+Polk, Diary, Nov. 7, 1845; Jan. 28; Mar. 22, 23, 1846; Jan. 14, 1847.
+=345=Blair to Van Buren, Nov. 27, 1846. Boston _Atlas_, Jan. 9, 1847.
+=345=Welles to Van Buren, July 28, 1846. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Apr.
+23, 1848. (Aspirants) =231=Jackson to Blair, Dec. 14, 1844.
+
+34.24. The author's remarks on Benton, Calhoun and Cass are based on
+sources too numerous to be specified, and will not, it is believed,
+raise any question. The principal out-of-the-way sources are the
+following: Welles papers: note 34.22. =137a=Calhoun to Mathews, Sept.
+19, 1847. =210=Hammond-Simms corresp., Mar.-Nov., 1847. =253=M. Brown
+to McLean, June 5, 1846. =345=Blair to Van Buren, Jan. 20, 1846.
+=345=Poinsett to Van Buren, June 4, 1847. =345=Gilpin to Van Buren,
+Nov. 23, 1845. London _Times_, Apr. 17, 1847. =206=J. Graham to
+brother, Jan. 10, 1847. Polk, Diary, May 21; June 22, 29, 30, 1846;
+Jan. 9, 14, 15, 22; Feb. 8, 13; Apr. 7, 16, 1847. =108=Appleton to
+Bancroft, Feb. 24, 1847. Calhoun Corresp., 707 (to T. G. C). =132=King
+to Buchanan, Oct. 5, 1847. Calhoun, Works, iv, 371. Boston _Atlas_,
+June 1, 1846. Boston _Courier_, Feb. 23, 1847. _Penna. Mag._, xi, 462
+(Dallas, Dec. 16). =168=D. H. Lewis, May 11, 1848. Wash. _Union_, Feb.
+13, 18; Mar. 15, 17; Apr. 5, 1847. N. Y. _Journ. Comm._, Feb. 15, 1847.
+_Public Ledger_, Feb. 12, 16, 1847. =210=Tucker to Hammond, Apr. 24,
+1847.
+
+Allen of Ohio, noted for vanity and a powerful voice, felt so disgusted
+about the outcome of the Oregon business, that at the beginning of
+this session he threw up the chairmanship of the committee on foreign
+relations and declined to serve on any committee. Niles, an excellent
+man, was a protectionist, like the Pennsylvania Senators. Hannegan was
+a man of force but a rabid westerner. He, Dickinson and Breese were
+distinctly Cass men. Calhoun's partisans were Butler (So. Carolina),
+Lewis (Alabama) and the Florida senators, while Colquitt and Speight
+were thought to be guided considerably by him; but as time went on
+his influence over most of this group waned. Of the Whig Senators
+Webster spent most of his time in the practice of law. Crittenden
+was in general honest and sensible; but he and Clayton had induced
+Jarnagin to vote for Walker's tariff, believing that it would discredit
+the Democrats, and the failure of this unworthy trick damaged their
+prestige considerably. Clayton had unusual ability and experience, but
+was crafty and insincere. Mangum enjoyed a deserved respect, but was
+not of striking ability.
+
+Of the House Democrats, P. King stood high in the confidence of his
+colleagues, and had no little skill in leading. C. J. Ingersoll was
+the most important Pennsylvanian, but his attainments and eloquence
+were accompanied by erratic judgment. Thurman surpassed the other Ohio
+Representatives in good conduct and talents, but Brinkerhoff displayed
+more activity than he. Douglas ranked first in the Illinois group, and
+perhaps first among the supporters of the administration in the House.
+Dromgoole (Virginia) possessed remarkable legislative abilities and
+reputation; but did not care to exert himself overmuch. McKay (North
+Carolina) and Haralson (Georgia) were chairmen, respectively, of the
+ways and means and the military committees, but did not distinguish
+themselves. Rhett, an able and acute man, was a more consistent
+representative of South Carolina principles than Calhoun. Of the
+Whigs Severance (Maine) possessed more than average ability. Winthrop
+(Massachusetts) was a gentleman, a fine speaker and debater, honest,
+scholarly and conservative--an ideal public man. Hudson (Massachusetts)
+had energy and character but was too partisan. J. R. Ingersoll
+(Pennsylvania) had good abilities and good sense. Giddings (Ohio)
+has to be considered a calculating fanatic, not enthusiast, of the
+abolition school. Vinton (Ohio) stood among the best on either side of
+the House in wisdom, sincerity and good conduct.
+
+34.25. Welles papers: note 34.22. =13=Pakenham, no. 150, 1846. Von
+Holst, U. S., iii, 252-4. =139=Fulton to Campbell, Jan. --, 1847.
+=198=Ingersoll to Gallatin, Dec. 25, 1847. (Embassy) Webster, Writings,
+ix, 157, see vol. ii, p. 123; Wash. _Union_, June 27; Oct. 1, 1846.
+_Public Ledger_, Dec. 8, 1846. (Sublimity) _No. American_, Jan. 11,
+1847. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 111, 139. Charleston _Mercury_, Jan. 26, 27,
+1847. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Dec. 5, 12, 1846. (The generals, etc.)
+Marcy to W., Nov. 14, 1846; Greeley, Recolls., 211; Welles papers;
+=345=Wright to Van Buren, Jan. 28, 1847; =169=Letcher to Crittenden,
+Dec. 20, 1847; =13=Crampton, no. 9, 1848; Johnston and Browne,
+Stephens, 224; Calhoun Corresp., 713, 715-6 (to Mrs. C.); =108=Buchanan
+to Bancroft, June 14, 1847; =206=J. Graham to Gov. G., Jan. 10, 1847;
+=181=Buchanan to Donelson, May 13, 1847; Wash. _Union_, Jan. 30. Scott
+was "in" politics but inactive.
+
+"Old Whitey," it will be recalled, was Taylor's favorite horse. When
+the author refers to the course of "the Whigs" or "the Democrats" it is
+to be understood, of course, that exceptions existed.
+
+34.26. The principal speeches have been cited elsewhere. They are to
+be found, of course, in the _Congressional Globe_ under the proper
+headings, and less fully in Benton's Abridged Debates. _Public Ledger_,
+Feb. 25, 1847. =191=Fairfield to wife, Apr. 14, 1846.
+
+34.27. See particularly the debate on the $3,000,000 bill and the Ten
+Regiment bill, and, in the House, the Loan bill. Wash. _Union_, May 18,
+1846.
+
+34.28. Polk, Diary, Dec. 19, 1846. Benton, View, ii, 678. House
+proceedings in _Cong. Globe_, 29, 2, Dec. 8-16. Richardson, Messages,
+iv, 506-7, 594-600. U. S. _vs._ Rice: 4 Wheaton, 246, 253. Story,
+Commentaries on the Constitution, Sec. 1318. Butler, Treaty-making Power,
+i, 128, 168-9. (Decision, Castine, Harrison) Wash. _Union_, Dec. 11,
+15, 26, 1846; Dec. 12, 1847. Kent, Commentaries, i, 282. _Cong. Globe_,
+29, 2, app., 130, col. 1. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 261, note 1, 336.
+(Kearny a Whig) Richmond _Whig_ in _Nat. Intellig._, Oct. 19, 1846.
+(Unhappy) _Amer. Review_, Feb., 1848, p. 110. _Public Ledger_, Feb. 8,
+1847.
+
+The _National Intelligencer_ had the hardihood to state (Dec. 25,
+1846): "It is the opinion of the President that the fact of conquest
+annexes foreign provinces to the United States." The Texans complained
+because the part of New Mexico claimed by them was occupied by Kearny;
+but since the enemy had held it by military force this action was
+proper, and Buchanan assured Henderson that the temporary military
+occupation would not affect the rights of his state (Buchanan, Works,
+vii, 215). The author did not find Harrison's proclamation in Ms.;
+but Mr. D. M. Matteson discovered it in _Niles_, Nov. 27, 1813, p.
+215. Copies of official documents in the Burton Historical Collection,
+kindly furnished to the author, throw further light on the fact that
+American sovereignty over a portion of Canada was declared in 1813. The
+subject is certainly an interesting one.
+
+34.29. The Whigs wished to repeal all of the new fiscal policy. Welles
+papers: note 34.22. Wash. _Union_, Mar. 9, 1847. Lyell, Second Visit
+(N. Y., 1849), 256. _Public Ledger_, Dec. 8, 1846. (_Nat. Intellig._)
+Charleston _Mercury_, Jan. 12, 26, 1847. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 122.
+_Niles_, Jan. 2, 1847, p. 288. Boston _Atlas_, Jan. 6; Feb. 6, 1847.
+(Webster) _Niles_, Jan. 9, 1847, p. 303. N. Y. _Journ. of Comm._, Jan.
+4, 1847. N. Y. _Tribune_, Feb. 14, 1847. _No. American_, Dec. 24, 1846;
+Jan. 4, 1847. Polk, Diary, Jan. 22, 1847. _Nat. Intellig._, Jan. 14,
+1847 (if the government desires the cooperation of the Whigs, let it
+repeal the tariff and sub-treasury Acts). Note also the treatment of
+the important public land question (vol. ii, p. 261).
+
+34.30. _Cong. Globe_, 29, 1, pp. 1211-21. Greeley, Amer. Conflict, i,
+189. Smith, Annex. of Tex., 314, 351-2. Welles papers. McLaughlin,
+Cass, 229. Cole, Whig Party, 119, 122-4. Polk, Diary, Dec. 19, 23,
+1846; Jan. 4, 16, 22, 23, 1847. Benton, View, ii, 695. Wilson, Rise and
+Fall, ii, 15, 16. =13=Pakenham, no. 5, 1847. =108=Polk to Bancroft,
+Jan. 30, 1847, private. Meigs, Benton, 371. Amer. Hist. Assoc. Report,
+1911, i, 187-95 (C. E. Persinger). _Cong. Globe_, 29, 2, pp. 453-5,
+541-55. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 301, 306-7. Calhoun, Works, iv, 323.
+=137=Fisher to Calhoun, Aug. 22, 1847. Stephens, U. S., 391. Cutts,
+Questions, 154. Garrison, Extension, 254-68. Boston _Atlas_, Jan. 4,
+1847. Blaine, Twenty Years, i, 73. _So. Qtrly. Review_, Jan., 1851,
+p. 196. Wash. _Union_, July 3; Aug. 12, 1846; Jan. 16, 1847. N. Y.
+_Herald_, Jan. 16; Feb. 20, 1847. Merriam, Bowles, i, 48. =139=Gentry
+to Campbell, Apr. 18, 1848.
+
+The Proviso, offered as an amendment to the $2,000,000 and $3,000,000
+bills, was objected to because: 1, J. Q. Adams, Benton and others
+argued that any territory acquired from Mexico would come to us "free"
+by law, and slavery would not exist there unless subsequent legislation
+and also the natural conditions should be favorable to it; 2, the
+question would necessarily be settled when Congress should have to
+decide regarding the government of such territory, and present action
+would not bind a future Congress; 3, it did not relate to American
+territory, property or citizens--in short it related to nothing that
+existed; 4, the only way to reach the end aimed at by the Proviso
+would be through a treaty, and, should the treaty be violated, Mexico
+would have a right to interfere with our domestic affairs; 5, the
+President would have no right to sign such a treaty, for the subject
+belonged to Congress; 6, the American Senate would not ratify such
+a treaty, and hence the adoption of the Proviso would prevent peace
+and the acquisition of territory; 7, it was insulting to Mexico to
+legislate about territory belonging to her, would scandalize the world,
+and might prolong the war; 8, the Proviso stood in the way of needed
+war legislation, tended to alarm the South and lessen its interest
+in the war, incited to discord at a time when harmony was peculiarly
+desirable, promoted sectionalism, and, if adopted, might render the
+administration powerless to wage the war successfully. As is well
+known, Brinkerhoff of Ohio was the father of the Proviso, but for
+strategical reasons Wilmot was asked to introduce it. Wilmot himself
+did not insist upon the Proviso, when Polk explained to him some of
+the difficulties. For a convenient review of the later history of the
+Proviso principle see Lalor, Cyclopaedia, iii, 1115-7. The Proviso
+threatened Whig unity and success, of course, because the northern wing
+and the southern wing of the party could not agree regarding slavery.
+
+34.31. =137=Fisher to Calhoun, Aug. 22, 1847. (Committed) Richardson,
+Messages, iv, 536-41. =169=Rives to Crittenden, Feb. 5, 8, 1847.
+=330=J. P. to Z. Taylor, Sept. 8, 1847. Merriam, Bowles, i, 48.
+Curtis, Webster, i, 303-7, 324 5[missing hyphen of 324-5?F1]. Webster,
+Writings, ix, 257-9; xiii, 328. =13=Pakenham, no. 18, 1847. Lalor,
+Cyclopaedia, iii, 1105. _Amer. Review_, Oct., 1847, 345-6. Louisville
+_Journal_, Sept. 17, 1847. Cincinn. _Enquirer_, Nov. 15, 1847.
+_Cong. Globe_, 29, 2, pp. 555-6 (Webster); app., 296-302 (Berrien).
+=132=Donelson to Buchanan, Jan. 8, 1847. =132=Bancroft to _Id._, Oct.
+18, 1847. Boston _Courier_, Feb. 14, 1848. Corwin to F., Feb. 4, 1847:
+Ohio Phil. and Hist. Soc. Pubs., July-Sept., 1914. Benton, Abr. Debs.,
+xvi, 42 (Berrien). Wash. _Union_, Feb. 8, 25; Sept. 8, 13, 16; Oct.
+5, 1847. _Public Ledger_, Feb. 8, 17, 1847. Cole, Whig Party, 119-22.
+Pierce, Sumner, iii, 159. _Nat. Intellig._, Sept. 7, 1847.
+
+Berrien's words (Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 42): The war "ought not to
+be prosecuted ... with any view to the dismemberment of that republic,
+or to the acquisition by conquest of any part of her territory"; this
+government "will always be ready to enter into negotiations, with a
+view to terminate the present unhappy conflict on terms which shall
+... preserve inviolate the national honor ... of Mexico"; "it is
+especially desirable ... that the boundary of the State of Texas should
+be definitely settled, and that provision be made by the republic of
+Mexico for the prompt and equitable settlement of the just claims of
+our citizens." Naturally the Whigs endeavored to recommend the "No
+territory" idea by dwelling on other points (_e.g._ the country was
+already large enough; this plan would prevent a struggle between North
+and South over slavery; without it no treaty with Mexico could be
+ratified). How much merit these arguments possessed, it is unnecessary
+to point out; but no doubt there was more or less honest belief in
+them, especially among the rank and file. The people in general,
+however, were against giving up all the fruits of our victories, and
+even Calhoun admitted that we could not get out of the war with credit
+unless we made a large gain in territory.
+
+34.32. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Dec. 5, 12, 1846. =108=Appleton to
+Bancroft, Feb. 24, 1847. =108=Polk to Bancroft, Jan. 30, 1847, private.
+Welles papers. _Public Ledger_, Mar. 2, 1847. Boston _Atlas_, Jan. 18,
+21; Feb. 8; Mar. 3, 1847. Polk, Diary, Jan. 19, 1847. _Nat. Intellig._,
+Aug. 11, 1846; July 22, 1847. N. Y. _Journ. Comm._, Jan. 7, 1847. N. Y.
+_Express_, Sept. 4, 1847. N. Y. _Tribune_, Jan. 8, 1847; Jan. 27, 1848.
+Balt. _American_ in Wash. _Union_, Sept. 8, 1847. _No. American_, Dec.
+30, 1846; Oct. 6, 1847. Slidell to Buchanan, Nov. 5, 1846: "The fate
+of the administration depends on the successful conduct of the war"
+(Curtis, Buchanan, i, 601).
+
+34.33. (Elected) Smith, Annex. of Texas, 307-9. =169=Burnley to
+Crittenden, Dec. 12, 1847. =132=R. Taylor to Buchanan, Nov. 18, 1847,
+private. Seward, Seward at Washington, i, 57-8. Schurz, Clay, ii,
+290-2. Wash. _Union_, Nov. 16-18, 24 (Clay's speech in full, which
+Colton does not give complete), 27, 29; Dec. 1, 1847. N. Y. _Sun_,
+Nov. 16, 1847. N. Y. _Herald_, Nov. 17, 1847. Cincinn. _Enquirer_,
+Nov. 15, 1847. (Abhorrent) _Amer. Review_, Feb., 1848, 110. Lexington
+_Observer_, Nov. 17, 1847. Clay, Works (Colton, ed.), iii, 60-7. _No.
+American_, Dec. 4, 1847. Cole, Whig Party, 120. Shackford, Citizen's
+Appeal, 18. Hill, Lawrence, 76. (In Mexico) =256=J. Parrott to Marcy,
+Dec. 27, 1847, private. Webster, Writings, xiii, 328.
+
+34.34. =169=Rives to Crittenden, Feb. 8, 1847. =13=Pakenham, no. 132,
+1846. _Cong. Globe_, 29, 2, app., 211-8 (Corwin), 282-9 (Severance).
+Corwin to Follett, Feb. 4, 1847: Ohio Phil. and Hist. Soc. Pubs.,
+July-Sept., 1914. N. Y. _Tribune_, Jan. 25, 1847. _No. American_, May
+27, 1847. Sumner, Orations, ii, 143, 187. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 138,
+140. =253=Dowling to McLean, Dec. 7, 1847.
+
+34.35. Semmes, Service, 69. =253=Mower to McLean, Nov. 22; Dec. 13,
+1847. =345=Niles to Van Buren, Jan. 20, 1848. =137=Rhett to Calhoun,
+May 20, 1847. =169=Prunt to Crittenden, Dec. 5, 1847. London _Times_,
+Feb. 15, 1848. =13=Crampton, no. 42, 1847. Calhoun Corresp., 727-8
+(to D. G.), 737-9 (to W. T.). Sherman Letters, 38. Welles papers.
+=108=Polk to Bancroft, Jan. 30, 1847, private. _Nat. Intellig._, Aug.
+17; Dec. 27, 1847; Jan. 10, 1848. _Public Ledger_, Dec. 25, 1847; Jan.
+31; Feb. 11, 1848. Bourne, Essays, 227. _Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, pp. 93
+(withdrawal), 94 (vote), 95 (unconstitutional), 391-2 (Schenck), 396
+(Henley), 495, 530 (Webster), 566 (Hilliard). _Amer. Review_, vi, 331,
+342. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 289, 337. Amer. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1911,
+ii, 83 (Lamar). N. Y. _Journ. Comm._, Jan. 27, 1848. Cincinn. _Atlas_
+in Wash. _Union_, Aug. 25, 1847. Ohio _State Journal_: _ibid._, Aug.
+30. Wash. _Union_, Nov. 4; Dec. 16, 1847. =335=Dimond to Trist, Oct.
+27, 1847. =335=Buchanan to Trist, Oct. 7, 24, 1847, private. N. Y.
+_Tribune_, Nov. 5, 1847. N. Y. _Herald_, Dec. 4, 1847. =198=G. Davis to
+Gallatin, Mar. 6, 1848. =345=Law to Van Buren, Aug. 2, 1847.
+
+Public sentiment was well voiced by the governor of Virginia in a
+=42=Message to the Assembly, Dec. 6, 1847 (exec. letter book, no. 73,
+p. 325): "Shall the insolent Mexican go unpunished? Shall the glories
+of Palo Alto, Resaca de La Palma, Monterey, etc., pass away in a dream,
+leaving no solid memorials behind them of a skill, a gallantry, and a
+self-sacrificing devotion unsurpassed in the history of man? I regard
+this war as a practical question, and to be disposed of accordingly.
+That morbid sympathy that lives only for Mexico--that Mexico which
+murders the drunken soldier, and lances the wounded on the field of
+battle--I cannot approve, nor can I respect that closet philosophy that
+calls on us to surrender everything because we are victorious. No, my
+sympathies are for my country, for the gallant dead, for those whose
+mighty deeds have given a bolder and a broader light to our glorious
+constellation, for the widows and for their orphans.... I would be just
+to Mexico, but just also to my own country."
+
+The difficulty of reaching an agreement in Congress about the
+relation of slavery interests to the war was thought by the British
+representative to stand in the way of compelling the administration to
+stop hostilities (=13=Crampton, no. 71, Dec. 30, 1847), and no doubt
+had considerable effect. In the speakership contest 220 Representatives
+voted (_Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, p. 2). To hold that Congress had power to
+prescribe the objects of the war was virtually to declare Congress the
+supreme commander and treaty-making power. It was also to declare the
+nation impotent to wage the war, for, as the parties stood, it could
+not pass a bill over the President's veto.
+
+34.36. =345=Poinsett to Van Buren, June 4, 1847. =345=Blair to _Id._,
+Dec. 9, 1847. Webster, Writings, x, 262 (_re_ Ten Regiment bill: the
+war unnecessary and unconstitutional). =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 28,
+1848. _Public Ledger_, Dec. 15, 1847; Jan. 31; Feb. 2, 1848. Wash.
+_Union_, Mar. 24, 1848. _Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, pp. 57-8 (Goggin), 154-6
+(Lincoln), 267-9 (resolutions), 415-7 (Smith), 495-6, 530-5 (Webster),
+etc. (Direct taxes) N. Y. _Journ. Comm._, Dec. 25, 1847. (Chairman) N.
+Y. _Herald_, Feb. 13, 1848 (financial article). _Nat. Intellig._, Jan.
+17, 1848.
+
+The British charge at Washington, though that legation was strongly in
+sympathy with the Whigs, reported that the Whigs lost no opportunity
+to embarrass and discredit the administration (=13=Crampton, no. 19,
+Feb. 9, 1848). Slidell's instructions never having been acted upon,
+were practically a dead letter, and it was important not to make them
+public, lest the Mexicans, knowing on what terms the United States
+had been willing to restore friendly intercourse, should use the
+information to embarrass future negotiations; but the House, admitting
+this point by promising to keep them secret--which everybody knew
+could not be done--demanded them, and resented Polk's wise refusal to
+transmit them. The _National Intelligencer_ (Dec. 18, 1847) asserted
+that Slidell had been "ordered not to negotiate a settlement of the
+Boundary of Texas ... unless in complication with the cession to the U.
+S. of California," which was positively false. Polk, Diary, Jan. 5, 6,
+8, 10, 13, 17, 23; July 6, 1848. After peace was declared he sent them
+(Richardson, Messages, iv, 594-600).
+
+The Mexican tariff gave rise to some of the best declamation of the
+war period. The _National Intelligencer_ accused Polk of exercising
+"absolute monarchical power" in that matter (Apr. 3, 1847). The Albany
+_Statesman_ (Apr. 9) said, "This is surely the most flagrant usurpation
+and the most matchless piece of impudence with which any ruler in
+modern times has ever ventured to insult an intelligent people." In
+March, 1848, the subject came up in Congress, and Webster (Writings,
+x, 262) declared the President had no right to lay the duties, and
+that the duties were paid by Americans and neutrals; whereas in
+fact his military powers gave the President ample authority, and of
+course the duties were added to the prices of the goods. The _National
+Intelligencer_ went so far as to deny that the President had any
+military initiative whatever, and to assert that as commander-in-chief
+he was merely "a subordinate" of Congress (see Wash. _Union_, Aug. 21,
+1847).
+
+34.37. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Dec. 5, 1846. _Spirit of the Age_, Feb.
+3, 1848.
+
+34.38. Wash. _Union_, June 9, 1848. =157=Barclay to Cobb, Dec. 24,
+1847. _Nat. Intellig._, June 10, 1848. (Illegal) Delano's words,
+p. 277. (Advised) =370=To Davis, Apr. 18, 1848. (Mil. spirit)
+Wash. _Union_, May 22, 1847. Norfolk _Herald_, Apr. 12, 1847.
+Every Representative who had voted or said that Polk began the war
+unconstitutionally was bound to move for his impeachment.
+
+34.39. By "Hosea Biglow" the author means, of course, the ideas
+expressed by Lowell in his _Biglow Papers_.
+
+34.40. As early as Jan. 2, 1847, the N. Y. _Herald_, a non-partisan
+journal, said the course of the Whigs with reference to the war had
+almost ruined them in public estimation. Indeed that fact has been
+in a general way recognized (Pierce, Sumner, iii, 111; Schurz, Clay,
+ii, 289; Von Holst, U. S., iii, 252). Probably the reasons why the
+Democrats behaved better than the Whigs were that (1) circumstances
+did not involve them in such dilemmas, and (2) they had the
+responsibilities of conducting affairs.
+
+
+XXXV. THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE WAR
+
+35.1. It should be remembered that American newspapers and public
+men were saying unpleasant things about England at this period. The
+dislike was mutual as well as natural. She still entertained, no doubt,
+a smouldering resentment against this country for having dared to
+become independent, and she noted with a jealousy that is quite easily
+understood the rapid growth of her sometime colony in population,
+wealth and commercial importance.
+
+35.2. Polk said: "Even France, the country which had been our ancient
+ally, the country which has a common interest with us in maintaining
+the freedom of the seas, the country which, by the cession of
+Louisiana, first opened to us access to the Gulf of Mexico, the country
+with which we have been every year drawing more and more closely the
+bonds of successful commerce, most unexpectedly, and to our unfeigned
+regret, took part in an effort to prevent annexation and to impose on
+Texas, as a condition of the recognition of her independence by Mexico,
+that she would never join herself to the United States" (Richardson,
+Messages, iv, 387). For further information regarding the interference
+of England and France see J. H. Smith, The Annexation of Texas. Polk
+was treated alternately by the _Journal des Debats_ and by most of the
+English press as a nonentity and as a power for evil.
+
+35.3. _Standing of the United States abroad._ =108=Sumner to Bancroft.
+Feb. 1, 1846. (Hate) =297=McLane to Polk (received June 21, 1846).
+Bennett, Mems., 386. =52=Bancroft, no. 25, May 3, 1847. =77=Mangino,
+no. 10, Mar. 8, 1837; Jan. 29, 1846, res. Smith, Annex. of Texas,
+382. London _Morning Post_, Apr. 5, 1846. Jameson, Calhoun Corresp.,
+653, 698. N. Y. _Herald_, June 8, 1844. =77=Murphy, nos. 17, Nov. 1,
+1845, res.; 2, Jan. 1, 1846. _Nat. Intelligencer_, June 22, 1847.
+=132=Donelson to Buchanan, Jan. 8, 1847. =52=King, nos. 21, 25, 28,
+29, Jan. 1, 30; June 1, 30, 1846. _Constitutionnel_, Jan. 15, 1846.
+_National_, Nov. 28, 1844; Dec. 3, 1845; Jan. 22; May 16, 1846.
+=52=McLane, nos. 18, May 21, 1830; 5, Sept. 18, 1845; 54, 55, June 3,
+18, 1846. _Morning Chronicle_, Dec. 25, 1845; Jan. 17; July 27, 1846.
+_Britannia_, Jan. 10; Mar. 28; Apr. 18, 1846. _Spectator_, Feb. 7;
+Sept. 26, 1846. _Examiner_, Mar. 29, 1845. _Standard_, Nov. 25, 1844.
+Richardson, Messages, iv, 387. _Times_, Sept. 23; Dec. 27, 1845; Jan.
+26, 1846; Mar. 27, 1847. _Journal des Debats_, Jan. 22; May 15, 1846;
+Jan. 2-3, 1848.
+
+Martin, our charge at Paris, wrote (=52=no. 17, Aug. 15, 1845) that
+the skill, prudence, firmness and disregard of European interference
+exhibited by our government in dealing with the annexation of Texas had
+improved our position in Europe; and McLane expressed the opinion (no.
+5, Sept. 18, 1845) that our spirited preparations during the summer of
+1845 to fight Mexico had had a good effect; but these were matters to
+increase respect rather than favor. The London _Morning Chronicle_ of
+July 27, 1846, after we had shown our prowess, politely explained our
+occasional coarseness of manners and speech as due to the working out
+of the principle of political equality, and asserted that the English
+middle classes viewed the United States with admiration and pride as a
+"magnificent demonstration of the progressive energy and self-governing
+power of their own victorious race." Probably a similar feeling lurked
+in the upper and controlling classes. McLane's report to Polk, cited at
+the end of the paragraph, was made in June, 1846; but such a state of
+feeling could not have arisen in a few months.
+
+35.4. _Standing of Mexico abroad._ Duflot de Mofras, Exploration, i,
+32. (Odium) =13=Foreign Office to Bankhead, no. 53, Dec. 31, 1844.
+=13=Bankhead, no. 99, July 30, 1846. =52=McLane, nos. 18, May 21, 1830;
+69, Aug. 15, 1846. =77=Mangino, no. 10, Mar. 8, 1837. =77=Relaciones
+to ministers at London and Paris, July 30, 1845. Memoria de ...
+Relaciones, Dec, 1846. =77=Murphy, no. 5, Apr. 1, 1845. =77=Pena
+to Garro, no. 24, Oct. 28, 1845. =77=Cuevas to Garro, no. 15, July
+30, 1845, res. (Told) =73=Lozano, no. 3, Aug. 25, 1847, res. V.
+Cruz _Locomotor_, July 26, 1846. _Amer. Review_, Jan., 1846, p. 87.
+Dwinelle, Address, 11. London _Athenaeum_, Sept. 13, 1845. _Journal
+des Debats_, Feb. 18; July 9, 1845; July 8, 1846. _National_, Nov.
+19, 1844; Jan. 18, 1846. London _Morning Chronicle_, Sept. 15, 1846.
+Thompson, Recollections, 236. _Spectator_, Sept. 19, 1846. _Examiner_,
+Aug. 2, 1845. Smith, Annexation, 382, etc. London _Times_, Apr. 11;
+Aug. 25, 1846.
+
+Even during the war Mexico gave offence to England by her treatment of
+the offer to mediate (vol. ii, p. 368) and by her action regarding her
+debt. In the latter business Bankhead charged her with a "breach of
+publick faith" (=77=to Relaciones, May 18, 1847).
+
+35.5. Buchanan wished to give a pledge to take no Mexican territory,
+insisting that unless we should do so, if interrogated, it was "almost
+certain that both England and France would join with Mexico." Polk
+refused, however, to do this, adding that such an inquiry would be
+"insulting" and would not be answered, and adding also that he would
+like to obtain a proper territorial indemnity (Polk, Diary, May 13,
+1846). Doubtless Buchanan had an eye to his standing with the northern
+Democrats, who did not wish the area of slavery extended.
+
+35.6. See vol. i, p. 181 for the Message.
+
+35.7. For this paragraph. Buchanan, Works, vi, 484-5. =59=Confidential
+circular, May 14, 1846. See also Ho. Rep. 752; 29, 1, pp. 50-2.
+
+35.8. For commercial reasons Spain was particularly jealous of our
+blockade, and although treated with special indulgence, she complained
+more than any other power; but no real friction resulted. See chap.
+xxx, notes 30.7, 30.8.
+
+35.9. For these two paragraphs. =52=Martin, no. 13, May 15, 1847.
+Gutierrez de Estrada, Mexico en 1840, p. 32. _Gaceta de la Nueva
+Granada_, Aug. 16, 1846, etc. _Peruano, passim._ _Comercio, passim._
+=72=Span. govt. to capt. gen. Cuba, June 18, 1846 (including
+correspondence with the Spanish minister at Washington). Dix, Speeches,
+i, 214, note. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 207. _Heraldo_, Apr. 26, 1847. Ho.
+60; 30, 1, p. 1009. Buchanan, Works, vii, 290-2; viii, 282-3, 298-9.
+=52=Irving, July 18; Aug. 15; Oct. 8, 1846. =52=Saunders, nos. 1, Aug.
+6; 6, Nov. 16, 1846; 8, Feb. 13; 24, Nov. 6, 1847.
+
+R. M. Saunders, the American minister, mistakenly invited an offer of
+mediation from Spain, but she felt very much afraid that we should
+reject it, and also that it might give offence to England and France.
+No written communications on the subject passed between him and the
+Spanish government, however. _El Heraldo_ also remarked that the war
+would tend to unite the Spaniards of both Americas against the U.
+S., and that Spain, seizing the opportunity, should offer them her
+protection and tolerate no other influence. Such a suggestion was not
+likely to help Mexico.
+
+35.10. =108=Bancroft to Polk, June 3, 1847. =355=Wheaton, no. 287,
+June 23, 1846. =181=Donelson to Buchanan, July 7, 19; Sept. 18, 1846.
+=132=_Id._, Jan. 8; Feb. 21, private, 1847. =181=Canitz to Wheaton,
+June 25, 1846.
+
+Baron Gerolt, the Prussian minister at Washington, sympathized with and
+assisted our government (=181=Buchanan to Donelson, May 23, 1848).
+
+35.11. =297=McLane to Polk (received June 21, 1846). =13=To Bankhead,
+nos. 18, 34, May 31; Oct. 1, 1845; 15, June 1, 1846. =52=McLane, nos.
+5, Sept. 18, 1845; 50, 54, 55, 69, May 29; June 3, 18; Aug. 15, 1846.
+=77=Murphy, no. 2, Jan. 1, 1846. =52=King, no. 28, June 1, 1846.
+_Journal des Debats_, Feb. 4, 1845. =137=Saunders to Calhoun, June
+27, 1846. Gordon, Aberdeen, 183-4. London _Morning Post_, Jan. 17;
+Apr. 5, 1846. =335=McLane, May 29, 1846. _Morning Chronicle_, Feb. 3;
+May 30, 1846. _Morning Herald_, June 24, 1846. _Britannia_, May 3,
+1845. _Times_, Sept. 1, 1845; May 14; June 1, 11; Aug. 25, 31, 1846.
+=13=Bankhead, no. 94, Sept. 29, 1845. =52=Everett, no. 337, July 4,
+1845. Calhoun Correspondence, 698.
+
+35.12. McLane did not feel quite so confident. His private =297=letter
+of January 17, 1846, to Polk said that in case of war with England he
+was not sure popular sentiment would be able to restrain the French
+government; but the representative of Mexico at Paris believed that in
+such an event the government would probably be unable to "neutralize
+the effects of the innate hatred of the French toward their neighbors
+and rivals," the British (=77=Mangino, Jan. 29, 1846, res.).
+
+35.13. =77=Garro, May 30, 1845, res. =11=Mexique, xi, 215 (Deffaudis).
+=297=McLane to Polk, Jan. 17, 1846, private. Charleston _Mercury_,
+Sept. 8, 1846 (Paris letter). =52=King, nos. 25, 28, 29, Jan. 30;
+June 1, 30, 1846. _National_, June 27, 30, 1846. _Correspondant_, May
+1; Nov. 15, 1846; Jan. 15, 1817. _Morning Chronicle_, Feb. 3, 1846.
+_Journal des Debats_, Feb. 4; July 9, 1845.
+
+35.14. Aberdeen's intimation was construed in England as an offer of
+mediation, while the American government insisted that no such offer
+was made by him; but this difference of view did not lead to friction.
+Pakenham told Buchanan he had received no instructions on the subject,
+but knew that his government would be glad to bring about peace by
+interposing its good offices. Buchanan replied that he was afraid
+formal mediation would prove a vain and "entangling" affair for the
+mediating power. So thought Pakenham, for he believed the United States
+would make territorial demands which England would not be willing to
+countenance or advise Mexico to accept. Buchanan added that we should
+be glad to have England persuade Mexico to listen to reason, since our
+government was anxious to establish peace on just and even generous
+terms (=13=Pakenham, no. 82, June 28, 1846). Pakenham concluded that
+our government relied on "the anxiety which England must feel, for
+the sake of her trade with Mexico and the safety of British interests
+committed in so many ways in that country, to see peace reestablished
+between the two Republics" (=13=_Id._, no. 93, July 13, 1846). Senator
+Archer hinted to Polk that he (Archer) could bring about mediation
+through his friend Pakenham, but met of course with no encouragement
+(Polk, Diary, Sept. 4, 1846).
+
+35.15. This was described by Palmerston in Parliament as a definite
+offer of mediation (_Morning Chronicle_, Aug. 26). The settlement of
+the Oregon difficulty made such an offer more proper than it would have
+been at an earlier date.
+
+35.16. Buchanan was absent from Washington at this time (Pakenham, no.
+16). According to the New York correspondent of the London _Times_,
+the Americans feared that unsuccessful mediation might be construed as
+giving some color of right to authoritative interposition (_Times_,
+Oct. 15, 1846).
+
+35.17. _British mediation._ Polk, Diary, Sept. 4, 10, 11, 1846. =52=To
+McLane, no. 44, July 27. =52=McLane, nos. 55, 69, June 18; Aug. 15,
+1846. =52=Boyd, no. 3, Sept. 18. =13=To Pakenham, no. 10, Aug. 18,
+1846. =13=Pakenham, nos. 82, 93, 99, 107, 116, 119, 132, June 28; July
+13, 29; Aug. 13; Sept. 13, 28; Nov. 23, 1846; no. 56, Apr. 28, 1847.
+London _Times_ (Bentinck, Disraeli), Aug. 25; Oct. 15, 1846. =1=Ms.
+speech of Aug. 6, 1846. _Morning Chronicle_, Aug. 26, 1847. _Journal
+des Debats_, (fop) June 30; Aug. 27, 1846.
+
+Both of these British attempts to mediate were accompanied with similar
+offers to Mexico, which proved equally unfruitful (vol. ii, p. 368). At
+the end of October Bankhead was instructed to advise Mexico that, since
+the United States had rejected the British good offices, she should
+settle with us at once on the most favorable terms that she could
+obtain.
+
+35.18. For the benefit of the Mexican government, the Foreign Office
+wrote to Bankhead (=13=no. 15), June 1, 1846: "She [Great Britain]
+would find herself engaged in a war with a Nation with whom she would
+have no personal cause of quarrel, in behalf of a Nation and Government
+which she has repeatedly warned in the most friendly and urgent manner
+of their danger, and which, solely in consequence of their wilfull
+contempt of that warning, have at last plunged headlong down the
+precipice from which the British Government spared no efforts to save
+them"; and Bankhead was instructed to let Paredes know "the real state
+of the case without disguise." Aberdeen's thus declining to interfere
+on behalf of Mexico was particularly natural in view of the talk that
+had occurred with the Mexican minister at London while the Oregon issue
+was pending (vol. i, p. 115, and note 5.27 _infra_). As a step intended
+to settle that issue had now been taken, it appeared probable that
+there would be no longer any occasion to tow Mexico along, and, as
+Aberdeen was aware on June 1 that hostilities had occurred near the Rio
+Grande, it seemed important to disentangle himself completely, so as to
+be able to act with a free hand.
+
+35.19. July 26, 1846, the _Times_ asserted that a war with the United
+States "would be the very farthest from being unpopular" (denied the
+next day by the _Morning Chronicle_ so far as the mass of the Liberals
+were concerned), and on September 28 said there had been few modern
+cases in which England could have "imposed" her arbitration with
+greater reason than upon the United States and Mexico.
+
+35.20. For this paragraph. =13=To Bankhead, nos. 18, May 31; 34, Oct.
+1, 1845; 15, June 1, 1846. =77=Murphy, no. 17, Nov. 1, 1845, res.
+London _Globe_, Aug. 25, 1846. London _Spectator_, May 30; Sept. 26,
+1846. =13=Palmerston, memo. of reply to Bankhead's no. 46, Apr. 30,
+1847. =52=McLane, no. 54, June 3, 1846. London _Times_, July 26;
+Aug. 25, 26; Sept. 16, 1846. _Morning Chronicle_, July 27, 1846.
+_Britannia_, Mar. 9, 1844; Apr. 18, 1846; Jan. 9, 1847. _Examiner_, May
+30, 1846. _Morning Herald_, June 24, 1846.
+
+35.21. =77=Murphy, nos. 15, Oct. 1, 1845, muy res.; 17, Nov. 1,
+1845, res.; 19, Dec. 1, 1845, res.; 4, Feb. 1, 1846, res. =77=Pena y
+Pena to Murphy, no. 14, Dec. 27, 1845. _Diario_, Dec. 29, 31, 1846.
+Mora, Papeles Ineditos, 71-3. Gordon, Aberdeen, 183-4. =13=Mora to
+Palmerston, Dec. 15, 1847. =13=Palmerston, memo. in reply to Mora, Dec.
+25, 1847; Jan. 1, 1848, to Mora. =13=To Bankhead, nos. 18, May 31,
+1845; 15, June 1; 4, Aug. 15, 1846. London _Times_, Sept. 10, 1845;
+July 15, 1846. For the attitude of England in reference to California
+see chap. xvi, note 16.8.
+
+35.22. Aberdeen told Murphy about the first of August, 1845, that the
+course of England and France in the event of war between Mexico and
+the United States would very likely depend upon incidents that might
+occur, and gave Murphy the impression that he would like to have the
+war take place and prove favorable to Mexico (=77=Murphy, no. 9,
+August 1, 1845). Some friction arose between American authorities and
+French subjects in California. The United States justly attributed it
+to the latter, but took occasion to assure France that we would not
+"tolerate" any action on the part of American agents giving "just cause
+of complaint" to foreigners inhabiting regions occupied by our troops
+(Buchanan, Works, vii, 372).
+
+35.23. The London _Examiner_ of May 15, 1847, said: "Much of the
+British goods in depot at the West Indian Islands have been forced into
+Mexico through the medium of the new American custom house at Tampico;"
+the capture of Vera Cruz will facilitate this operation; "and thus,
+instead of quarreling with the Americans in behalf of Mexico, we, or at
+least our traders, are quietly sharing with the Americans the profits
+of Mexican subjugation." See, however, chap. xxxiii, p. 263.
+
+35.24. For this paragraph. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 951. (Broglie)
+=108=Bancroft to Polk, Oct. 18, 1847. Howe, Bancroft, ii, 10, 17.
+=297=McLane to Polk (received June 21, 1846). =52=_Id._, no. 69, Aug.
+15, 1846. =52=Bancroft, nos. 25, May 3; 46, Dec. 4, 1847. =13=Pakenham,
+nos. 102, Aug. 13; 111, Sept. 13, 1846. =13=Crampton, no. 21, July 29,
+1847. (Invariably) =13=Doyle, no. 5, Jan. 13, 1848. =132=Bancroft, Nov.
+3, 1846. Buchanan, Works, vii, 290-2, 366-8, 372-3. _National_, May 1,
+1847. _Correspondant_, May 1, 1846. =53=Buchanan to Pageot, July 21,
+1847. _Examiner_, May 15, 1847. =77=Murphy, no. 9, Aug. 1, 1845. See
+chap. xxx, note 30.8. The Mexicans expected that the injury done to
+neutral commerce by the war would lead foreign nations to help them
+(=13=Bankhead, no. 162, 1846). For privateering see vol. ii, pp. 191-3;
+for the low tariff, see vol. ii, pp. 261-3.
+
+35.25. Revolutionary movements broke out in Italy (January), France
+(February), Germany, and Austria (March). Louis Philippe lost his
+throne.
+
+35.26. For this paragraph. =108=Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 4; May 14, 1847.
+=108=_Id._ to Buchanan, Nov. 3, 1847. Howe, Bancroft, ii, 5. London
+_Globe_, Aug. 25, 1846. =52=Bancroft, no. 46, Dec. 4, 1847. _National_,
+Nov. 24, 1845. _Correspondant_, Feb. 1, 1846. =297=McLane to Polk, Aug.
+2, 1846. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 294, res., July 28, 1846. =13=To
+Bankhead, no. 15, June 1, 1846. =52=Martin, no. 13, May 15, 1847.
+=52=Boyd, no. 2, Sept. 3, 1846.
+
+Pena y Pena (Comunicacion Circular) said publicly and distinctly in
+1848 that foreign powers signified to Mexico that they regarded the
+annexation of Texas as an accomplished fact; and he added that the one
+most interested to prevent the aggrandizement of the United States felt
+that its economic interests required it to digest in silence its own
+grievances rather than compromise those interests by declaring war.
+
+35.27. Aberdeen said to Murphy that England did not wish to fight the
+United States _alone_, but added that "if France would join her, the
+case would be very different"; and he actually requested the French
+minister at London to sound Guizot on the subject (=77=Murphy, no. 15,
+Oct. 1, 1845, muy res.). After another talk Murphy reported to the same
+effect: "[Aberdeen] would not mind in the least having a war [with
+the United States] if he could drag France along behind him" [_Nada
+le importaria esa Guerra si pudiese arrastrar tras si a la Francia_]
+(=77=no. 17, Nov. 1, 1845, res.). It is of course possible that
+Murphy attached too much seriousness to Aberdeen's remarks; but the
+authorities at Mexico had to take his reports as they stood.
+
+35.28. Murphy, who seems to have been at this time in the most
+intimate relations with Aberdeen, reported (=77=no. 15, Oct. 1, 1845,
+muy res.): France, in accordance with her long-standing disposition
+and animosities, "would be capable not only of opposing the views of
+Great Britain, but even of going so far as to make common cause with
+the United States against her, forcing Louis Philippe to adopt this
+extreme course however repugnant it might be to him. It is therefore
+not strange that the British minister views with dread anything that
+might expose him to war with the United States without securing a
+perfect understanding in advance with France, not because he needs the
+aid of her physical strength in a conflict with those States, but to
+commit her in such a manner that her physical strength would not be
+added to that of the enemy, causing perhaps a general conflagration of
+incalculable consequences in the world."
+
+35.29. For this paragraph. =108=Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 19, 1847. Howe,
+Bancroft, ii, 5-6. =52=Boyd, no. 3, Sept. 18, 1846. =77=Murphy, nos.
+15, Oct. 1, muy res.; 17, Nov. 1, res., 1845. =132=Bancroft, Nov. 3,
+1846. =52=King, no. 29, June 30, 1846. _Journal des Debats_, July 9,
+1845; Oct. 6, 1846. =52=Martin, no. 11, Feb. 28, 1847. Dict. Nat. Biog.
+(article on Peel).
+
+Dec. 28, 1847, Charge Thornton was instructed (=13=no. 2) that, should
+Mexico propose British mediation, he was merely to say that he would
+transmit the proposal to London.
+
+35.30. =108=Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 19, 1847. =52=Martin, nos. 34,
+Aug. 31, 1846; 13, May 15, 1847. Dix, Speeches, i, 207. _Revue des
+Deux Mondes_, Aug. 1, 1847, 429-31. Washington _Union_, Oct. 6, 1846
+(Paris letter, Sept. 17). (_L'Epoque_) _Niles_, July 25, 1846, p. 336.
+=52=King, no. 29, June 30, 1846. _Courrier des Etats Unis_, July 20,
+1846 (resume of the French press). =77=Mangino, Jan. 29, 1846, res.
+
+35.31. =297=McLane to Polk (received June 21, 1846). =52=_Id._,
+nos. 50, May 29; 54, 55, June 3, 18, 1846. =132=Bancroft, May 18,
+1847. _Journal des Debats_, Sept. 19; Dec. 21, 1846. =13=Palmerston,
+memo. of reply to Bankhead's no. 46, Apr. 30, 1847; to Mora, May 31,
+1847. London _Times_, Sept. 16, 1846. =335=McLane, May 29, 1846.
+=108=Bancroft to Polk, May 14; June 3, 1847; to Greene, Nov. 3, 1847.
+Howe, Bancroft, ii, 18, 28. (Anderson) Lawton, Artillery Officer, 232.
+=52=Bancroft, no. 25, May 3, 1847. =52=King, nos. 28, 29, 31, June 1,
+30; July 20, 1846.
+
+J. F. Ramirez, who saw numerous letters from Europe, concluded by April
+3, 1847, that Mexico would receive no aid from that direction (Ramirez,
+Mexico, 224-5).
+
+35.32. (Credit) =297=McLane to Polk (received June 21, 1846).
+(Ranelagh) =76=Murphy, Oct. 1, 1845; Mora, Papeles Ineditos, 97.
+(Paredes) Buchanan, Works, vii, 411-3; Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 787, 789,
+791, 796, 798; =47=Perry to senior British naval officer at V. Cruz,
+Aug. 18, 1847, and reply, Aug. 21. _Britannia_, Oct. 17, 1846; Jan. 3,
+23; June 5, 1847.
+
+35.33. There are three reasons for presenting the newspaper quotations
+of this chapter: 1, They form a part of the history; 2, many indicate
+that the American task was not considered an easy one; and 3, many
+show how the Mexicans were encouraged by the European press. This
+encouragement stood constantly in the way of our making peace. It is
+well to remember that gibes, quite as offensive, against England could
+be found in American journals of that period.
+
+35.34. _Times_, Oct. 30; Nov. 9, 1846; Jan. 1; Feb. 18; Mar. 15; Apr.
+20, 26, 1847. _Britannia_, Feb. 20, 1847. _Examiner_, Dec. 22, 1846.
+
+35.35. _Times_, May 10, 12, 1847. _Amer. Review_, Mar., 1848, p. 249.
+
+35.36. =297=Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 28, 1848. _Journal des Debats_, Nov.
+4, 1846; Feb. 22, 1847. _Constitutionnel_, Dec. 18, 1846. _Times_, Aug.
+31, 1846; Jan. 1; May 10; Sept. 30; Nov. 13; Dec. 2, 1847; Jan. 4, 20,
+1848. _Chronicle_, Mar. 6; June 1; Sept. 30, 1847. _Britannia_, Oct. 9,
+30; Nov. 13, 1847.
+
+Some of the French papers also bore heavily upon the operations of
+1846. _Le Journal des Debats_ said they had been a failure; that no
+foresight, energy or skill had been displayed; that the war had proved
+costly and was likely to prove endless. _Le Constitutionnel_ thought
+our resources might not hold out. But the press of France made no
+such exhibition of conscious weakness and humiliation trying to hide
+themselves (=108=Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 28, 1848) as did that of
+England.
+
+35.37. =108=Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 4, 19; May 14; June 3; Nov. 18,
+1847; Jan. 28, 1848. =52=McLane, no. 50, May 29, 1846. =52=Boyd,
+no. 3, Sept. 18, 1846. =52=Bancroft, no. 25, May 3, 1847. _Journal
+des Debats_, Jan. 21; June 1-2, 1846; Oct. 5, 1847; Aug. 15, 1848.
+=132=Bancroft, May 18, 1847. =52=King, nos. 21, Jan. 1; 29, June 30,
+1846. _National_, June 18, 1846. 13To Thornton, no. 2, Dec. 28, 1847.
+=13=Mora to Palmerston, Apr. 22; May 26; Dec. 15, 1847; June 26, 1848.
+=13=Palmerston to Mora, May 31 (2); Oct. 7, 1847; June 30, 1848.
+_Britannia_, Nov. 13, 1847.
+
+Dr. J. M. L. Mora, beginning in April, 1847, endeavored to secure
+British aid in settling the terms and guaranteeing the permanence
+of peace, and did not give up until near the end of June, 1848; but
+Palmerston would not meddle, and cautioned the representative of
+England that, should a request for British mediation be presented to
+him, he should simply say the proposition would be transmitted to
+London. Dec. 28, 1847, the British Foreign Office wrote to Thornton
+(=13=no. 2) that Cuevas had asked England to guarantee the treaty of
+peace; that it was highly improbable the United States would join in
+making this request; that to guarantee the treaty without a joint
+application would be equivalent to a contingent alliance with Mexico
+against the United States; and that England was not likely to take that
+step in any event.
+
+
+XXXVI. CONCLUSION
+
+36.1. Webster in the Senate, June 24, 1846: "We certainly wished her
+[Mexico] success.... We wished her well; and I think now that the
+people of the United States have no desire, it would give them, I
+think, no pleasure, to do her an injury beyond what is necessary to
+maintain their own rights. The people of the United States cannot
+wish to crush the republic of Mexico; it cannot be their desire to
+break down a neighboring republic; it cannot be their wish to drive
+her back again to a monarchical form of government, and to render
+her a mere appanage to some one of the thrones of Europe" (Writings,
+ix, 158). Crittenden spoke as follows in the Senate, May 11, 1846:
+"From the first struggle for liberty in South America and Mexico, it
+was the cherished policy of this country to extend to them sympathy,
+comfort, and friendship.... They were regarded as a portion of that
+great system of republics which were to stand forth in proud contrast
+with the Governments of the Old World.... As the head of the republican
+system, our policy was to cheer and cherish them, and lead them in the
+way to that liberty we had established, and of which we had set the
+example ... it was our interest to cherish them, and cultivate their
+friendship" (_Cong. Globe_, 29, 1, p. 788). As it may be thought that
+these statements were made for public effect, the following passage
+is quoted from resolutions passed by the people of Bloomington (now
+Muscatine), Territory of Iowa, June 5, 1846: "Mexico, being a sister
+republic, has been looked to by citizens of the United States with
+the sincere hope that that country would become an enlightened, free
+and liberal nation ... and thereby, become another beacon (as the
+United States already is) to the monarchies of the world, to show
+them that men are capable of governing themselves, and let them see
+the advantages of a free, republican government" (Iowa and War, no.
+12). These statements were no doubt fundamentally true despite the
+resentment produced by the outrages perpetrated upon Texans and
+Americans, etc., which was mainly directed toward official Mexico.
+
+Senator Hannegan rebuked sentimentality (often feigned for political
+reasons) in these words: I cannot "participate in the sympathy which
+I have heard invoked in behalf of Mexico as a sister republic.
+In the first place the wrongs she has done us, and our citizens
+resident within her borders, show no very sisterly affection on her
+part; and in the next, I must confess my want of sympathy with any
+people where anarchy rules in the name of liberty. Her history is a
+libel upon republican government. When human sympathy shall follow
+insubordination, misrule, and bloodshed, then, but not till then, will
+it be properly invoked for Mexico" (_Cong. Globe_, 29, 2, p. 517, col.
+1). =354=Welles papers.
+
+35.2. London _Times_; Aug. 6, 1847. Webster to Thompson, Apr. 5, 1842:
+"Every nation, on being received, at her own request, into the circle
+of civilized Governments must understand that ... she binds herself
+also to the strict and faithful observance of all those principles,
+laws, and usages, which have obtained currency among civilized
+States.... No community can be allowed to enjoy the benefit of national
+character, in modern times, without submitting to all the duties which
+that character imposes" (Ho. 266; 27, 2, p. 32). Mex. Nat. Museum,
+Boletin i, no. 9. Ramirez, Mexico, 235. London _Spectator_, Dec. 9,
+1911: "When a country can not manage its own affairs, and can not keep
+order among its own people, it has already lost its independence."
+
+36.3. This and following paragraphs are of course a very incomplete
+summary, which the reader can fill in from the first chapters of this
+work. With reference to the annexation of Texas Cass justly said: "The
+peace [and prosperity] of the world cannot be put to hazard by the
+pertinacious obstinacy of any nation, which holds on to nominal claims,
+without the power or the disposition to maintain them" (_Cong. Globe_,
+30, 1, app., 425). It was the reasonable opinion of many that if Taylor
+had had a strong army, well placed [especially had he been a general
+capable of impressing the Mexicans] there would have been no war
+(_e.g._ =132=W. R. King, June 1, 1846; _So. Qrtly. Rev._, Nov., 1850,
+428).
+
+36.4. Grant, Mems., i, 168-9: "I have seen as brave stands made by some
+of these men [Mexican troops] as I have ever seen made by soldiers."
+=113=Beauregard: The Mexicans stood artillery and infantry fire "fully
+as well as our own troops," etc. _Picayune_, Oct. 4, 1846 (Haile):
+All admit that the Mexicans handle guns in battery as well as we
+could. =364=Worth to S., Nov. 2, 1846. The Americans won mostly with
+the bayonet. The Mexicans lacked the discipline and the confidence
+in themselves, one another and their officers which were necessary
+to sustain them against a charge. _Constitutionnel_, Aug. 17, 1847.
+Negrete, Invasion, iii, app., 443; 489 (Otero). S. Anna, Apelacion, 57.
+_Id._, Comunicacion Oficial. =76=To Ocampo, Dec. 18, 1847 (the chief
+cause of our ills is a want of military men possessing a political
+conscience). Richtofen, Zustaende, 59, 60. =76=Mora, Apr. 14, 23, 1847.
+Memoria de ... Relaciones, Jan., 1849. Consideraciones, 7, etc. Sen.
+52; 30, 1, p. 242. =76=Olaguibel to Relaciones, Aug. 15, 1847. Puebla
+_Nacional_, Jan. 19, 1848 (Payno). Mexico a traves, iv, 698-9. Pacheco,
+Exposicion. Ramirez, Mexico, 234-5.
+
+The Mexican newspapers did much to sap courage. From north to south
+there was a chorus of disheartening epithets for the adored _patria_:
+sad, unfortunate, lamentable, ill-starred, suffering, doomed.
+The whole diapason of misery filled the air. On all sides echoed
+confessions--on one another's account, of course--of mistakes, blunders
+and vices; egotism, cynicism, deceit, selfishness, hypocrisy, rancor,
+partisanship, dissension, indifference to the welfare of the nation,
+unscrupulous ambition, malfeasance in office, wholesale plundering,
+rascality favored by the authorities, personal degeneracy, social
+demoralization, military incompetency. Even the orthodox estimate of
+the Americans tended the same way. What had become of justice in heaven
+and hope on earth when our "infamous," "incompetent" generals could
+triumph again and again, with a handful of barbarians and adventurers,
+cowardly, ill-clad, ignorant, debased and undisciplined, over devout
+Catholics and valiant patriots? A particular fact tended to promote
+dissension. There were three groups of states--the north, the centre
+and the south; and the first and the third felt that their interests
+had always been sacrificed to those of the centre. This paragraph and
+most of the other paragraphs of the present chapter are of course to be
+read in the light of what has already been said. For this one may refer
+to the index.
+
+Some readers may feel that the author is inconsistent in saying (vol.
+i, p. 116) that Mexico wanted the war and here that she was not really
+in it; but (1) many persons desire things which they feel unwilling
+later to pay for, and (2) the course of the war was very different from
+that which Mexico had expected. The nation desired the uprising against
+Santa Anna, December, 1844, but was soon dissatisfied with the results
+of it.
+
+36.5. Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 150; Kenly, Md. Vol., 391; Encarnacion
+Prisoners, 69; Stevens, Stevens, 145.
+
+36.6. Balbontin, Invasion, 135-6. Scott, Mems., ii, 466. =13=Doyle, no.
+1, 1848. Memoria de ... Relaciones, Jan., 1849. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 242.
+=13=Bankhead, no. 86, 1847. Sierra, Evolution, i, 376. =76=Mora, Apr.
+28, 1847. _Monitor Repub._, Nov. 8, 1847. _Id._, Nov. 30, 1847 (Uraga).
+Apuntes, 347. Mexico a traves, iv, 698.
+
+Judging Santa Anna one must allow for the facts that his subordinates
+were incompetent, and that neither he nor they had known what real
+armies and real wars were. But this condition of things was far more
+due to him than to any other person. It should be remembered, too,
+that while the Americans had numbers against them, they possessed the
+advantage of the offensive. But this, again, was very largely the fault
+of Santa Anna.
+
+36.7. (Kendall) Wash. _Union_, Mar. 1, 1847. =257=C. to F. Markoe, Jan.
+3, 1847. Our commanders never had enough troops to garner the fruits
+of victory. =256=Scott to Marcy, Jan. 16, 1847, priv.: "For God's sake
+give me a reinforcement of 12,000 regulars, at the least, for a sure
+and uninterrupted march from Vera Cruz upon the city of Mexico." Upton,
+Military Policy, 215: If Scott had had 15,000 regulars after Cerro
+Gordo he could have taken Mexico City. If troops, vessels, etc. had
+been supplied promptly, there would have been no battle of Cerro Gordo
+(Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 908).
+
+36.8. Scribner, Campaign, 21.
+
+36.9. Polk's Diary contains ample evidence regarding the character
+of his administration; _e.g._ May 16, 19; June 23-4; Aug. 18; Sept.
+22, 24, 1846; Aug. 19, 23; Nov. 10-1, 1847; Jan. 24, 1848. (Period)
+Lalor, Cyclopaedia, iii, 864. As Taussig says (Tariff Hist., 122),
+our prosperity from 1846 to 1860 should not be attributed solely to
+the tariff of 1846. London _Examiner_, Jan. 2, 1847 ("Polk has been
+the greatest of American conquerors, the most successful of American
+diplomatists," and yet his recent Message does not boast). Curtis,
+Buchanan, ii, 72. Schouler, Hist. Briefs, 138 (Dallas said of Polk: "He
+left nothing unfinished; what he attempted he did").
+
+Our problem was hard. The report of the quartermaster general, Nov.
+24, 1847, said that our nearest depots were farther from the source of
+supply than Algiers from Marseilles, yet we had accomplished more in
+a few months at the beginning of the war than France had accomplished
+in Africa in seventeen years (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 549). Polk's relations
+with Pillow offer a curious problem in psychology and in morals; but
+one sees from his diary how deeply Buchanan's cleverness impressed his
+plodding mind, and a person like Polk, with more taste than talent for
+subtlety, was naturally fascinated by Pillow's readiness and cunning.
+Besides, he was much indebted to Pillow. His treatment of Scott is
+another problem. Perhaps he felt that as President he was above the
+ordinary requirements of fair dealing, and certainly he was intensely
+partisan.
+
+36.10. Jomini, Precis, i, 143. Grant, Mems., i, 100. Greene, Army Life,
+142 (Napoleon). =139=W. B. to D. Campbell, Nov. 2, 1846.
+
+36.11. _So. Qtrly. Rev._, Jan., 1851, p. 31. Polk, Diary, Nov. 21,
+1846; Mar. 28; May 6, 1847, etc. Garrison, Extension, 242. Henderson,
+Science of War, 14. =139=W. B. to D. Campbell, Mar. 20, 1847. _Amer.
+Hist. Review_, Apr., 1919, 446, 454-6, 462 (Marcy).
+
+36.12. =256=J. Parrott to Marcy, Apr. 19, 1847, private. Lawton,
+Artill. Officer, 246. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 187. Grone, Briefe, 80
+(punctuation modified). Semmes, Service, 378. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1255
+(Jesup). (Shackle) Hitchcock in _Mo. Republican_, Nov. 3, 1857.
+=113=Beauregard, remins. Hamley, Operations, 20. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 465
+(Lee).
+
+36.13. =335=Trist to Mrs. T., Oct. 18, 1847. =335=_Id._, Notes for
+letter to Ho. of Repres. Lawton, Artill. Off., 151, 246. Sen. 52; 30,
+1, pp. 190-1. =52=Trist, Aug. 14, 1847. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 465 (Lee).
+Hitchcock in semi-weekly N. Y. _Courier and Enquirer_, Mar. 1, 1847.
+_Id._ in _Republic_, Feb. 15, 1851 (_re_ a Mexican book). Ho. 60; 30,
+1, p. 1255 (Jesup). Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 635 (after Mexico was
+captured, Scott became "the most sincere and powerful of the friends of
+peace"). _So. Qtrly. Rev._, xviii, 428.
+
+36.14. Lawton, Artill. Off., 151. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 190. _Picayune_,
+Oct. 22, 1847. Grant, Mems., i, 139. =253=Harvey to McLean, June 13,
+1847.
+
+36.15. The earlier statements issued by our government were in many
+instances incorrect. The figures of the text are from the adj. gen.'s
+report of Dec. 3, 1849 (Ho. 24; 31, 1). They may be given more
+precisely as follows. I. REGULARS. Apr., 1846, 7224 in all. On the
+Texas frontier, May, 1846, 3554 present and absent. 27,470 (15,736
+of "the old establishment," 11,186 of the new regiments, and 548
+Marines), including recruits, joined the army in Mexico. The total in
+the service up to and including July 5, 1848, was about 31,024 (35,009
+were recruited from May 1, 1846, and 32,190 of these were put _en
+route_; but some died or were killed in Mexico before becoming attached
+to a regiment, and some cannot be accounted for). _Losses._ _A_: Old
+establishment. Discharged on expiration of term, 1561; for disability,
+1782; by order or by civil authority, 373; total, 3716. Killed in
+battle, 41 offs.--422 men; died of wounds, 22--307, respectively;
+ordinary deaths, 49--2574; accidental deaths, 5--134; total deaths,
+117--3437. Wounded in battle, 118--1685. Resignations, 37. Desertions,
+2247. _B_: New regiments. Discharged on expiration of term, 12; for
+disability, 767; by order or by civil authority, 114. Killed in
+battle, 5 offs.--62 men; died of wounds, 5--71; ordinary deaths,
+36--2055; accidental deaths, 0--30; total deaths, 46--2218. Wounded
+in battle, 36--236. Resignations, 92. Desertions, 602. _C_: Marines
+serving with the army. Killed in battle, 1--5; died of wounds, 0--3;
+ordinary deaths, 3--33; total, 4--41. II. VOLUNTEERS. Mustered in,
+May, 1846, and later (16,887 mounted; 1129 artillery; 55,244 infantry)
+73,260, including 3131 commissioned officers. Of this number 14,448
+(3-months and 6-months men; two regiments of 12-months men from Ohio
+and Missouri; one Iowa company) did not serve. Total serving, 58,812.
+Discharged before the end of their term, 9169, including 7200 for
+disability. Killed in battle and died of wounds, 607; ordinary deaths,
+6216; accidental, 192; total, 7015. Wounded, about 1340. Resignations,
+279. Desertions, 3876. The number of ordinary deaths and discharges for
+disability was probably still larger, for the returns were incomplete.
+Some "ordinary" deaths probably resulted from wounds. July, 1848, there
+were (officers included) 24,033 regulars and 23,117 volunteers. Nearly
+all official figures of casualties are approximate. (Discrepancies
+exist in the accounts)
+
+One may consult also: Ho. 42, 48; 29, 2. Sen. 36; 30, 1. _Ohio Arch.
+and Hist. Qtrly._, 1912, p. 280. Ill. State Hist. Soc. Trans., 1912, p.
+17 (W. E. Dodd). Lawton, Artill. Off., 317. Sen. 4; 29, 2. _Picayune_,
+Nov. 4, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1114. =117=R. Jones to Mayer, Feb. 8,
+1849. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 131, 292. Claiborne, Quitman, ii, app.,
+311. Semmes, Service, 472. =61=R. Jones to Cass, Mar. 9, 1848. _Cong.
+Globe_, 45, 3, pp. 1627-8 (Shields). _U. S. Army and Navy Journal_,
+Apr. 25, 1885, p. 787. =288=Naylor, Alphab. list of American prisoners
+(1063 in all). Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 56. Mich. Pioneer Soc. Colls., vi, 20.
+Rowland, Register, 412. =61=Wool to Jones, Jan. 7, 1848.
+
+One of the principal histories of the war gives the deaths resulting
+from battle as 5101, and the total number as "not less" than 25,000!
+Many men afflicted with chronic diseases enlisted in the hope of
+deriving benefit from the climate of Mexico, but died there. Many came
+home bringing the germs of disease or with enfeebled constitutions.
+
+36.16. (New regiments) =364=Worth to S., Sept. 5, 1846. (Invalids)
+=291=Smith to Pierce, Feb. 2, 1848; =254=McClellan, diary, Dec. 5,
+1846; Meade, Letters, i, 161-2. (Waste) Meade, Letters, i, 161-2.
+(Arms) =256=Scott to Marcy, Jan. 16, 1847, private. (Undisciplined)
+=221=Hill, diary; =95=report of comtee., Jan. 4, 1848; Ho. 60; 30,
+1, p. 336 (Taylor); =327=Sutherland to father, Aug. --, 1847; Scott,
+_supra._ (Close) Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 346; Olmsted, Journey, 463.
+(One) =280=Nunelee, diary. (Another) Oswandel, Notes, 476. (Officer)
+=146=Caswell, diary. (N. Car.) Greensborough (N. C.) _Morning Post_,
+Apr. 5, 1903. (Braver) Grant, Mems., i, 167-8. (Unreliable) Balbontin,
+Invasion, 75; Smith, To Mexico, 151. (Imperilled) Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp.
+336, 1178 (Taylor); 1049 (Scott); Scott, Mems., ii, 540. =256=Marcy to
+Wetmore, Jan. 6, 1847. (Stimulated) _Cong. Globe_, 35, 1, pp. 971-2
+(Quitman); Stevens, Campaigns, 12; =152=Claiborne, mems.
+
+To suppose, as many appear to do, that the only business in war is to
+fight, is as if one should think that in railroading the only work is
+to run the trains. The following from Scott's =256=letter to Marcy,
+Jan. 16, 1847, is pertinent: "A regiment of regulars, in fifteen
+minutes from the evening halt, will have tents pitched and trenched
+around, besides straw, leaves or bushes for dry sleeping; arms and
+ammunition well secured and in order for any night attack; fires made,
+kettles boiling, in order to wholesome cooking; all the men dried, or
+warmed, and at their comfortable supper, merry as crickets, before the
+end of the first hour.... Volunteers neglect all those points; eat
+their _salt_ meat raw (if they have saved any at all) or, worse than
+raw, _fried_--death to any Christian man the fifth day; lose or waste
+their clothing; lie down wet, or on wet ground--fatal to health, and,
+in a short time, to life; leave arms and ammunition exposed to rain and
+dews; hence both generally useless and soon lost, and certainly hardly
+ever worth a cent in battle," etc., etc. So in the field "the want
+of the _touch of the elbow_ (which cannot be acquired with the best
+instructors in many months); the want of the sure step in advancing,
+falling back and wheeling; ... the want of _military_ confidence in
+each other, and, above all, the want of reciprocal confidence between
+officers and men" cause frightful losses.
+
+McClellan wrote in his =254=diary: "I have seen more suffering since
+I came out here than I could have imagined to exist--it is really
+awful--I allude to the sufferings of the Volunteers. They literally die
+like dogs--were it all known in the States, ... all would be willing
+to have so large a regular army that we could dispense entirely with
+the Volunteer system." Trist stated in a =335=letter to the N. Y.
+_Tribune_, July 14, 1853, that the volunteer system was a debasing
+humbug, because the generals, aiming at political success, posed as
+great commanders with no basis except the courage of their men and
+the skill of their (regular) aides. Worth said that the intelligent
+volunteers ridiculed the system, except for home defence, more than the
+regulars did (=364=to Capt. S., Nov. 2, 1846).
+
+Webster said the advantage of the volunteer service was that it was
+generous and patriotic, entered into mostly to gain distinction, and
+because it gave men what they liked--an opportunity to bear arms
+under officers chosen by themselves (Webster, Letters, 347); but one
+sees at once that these views came far short of covering the case
+practically. That very ambition to win distinction, for example, made
+them dissatisfied and insubordinate when expected to do the ordinary
+work of soldiering (=169=Taylor to Crittenden, Jan. 26, 1847); and
+volunteer officers like Pillow did not compare with regulars like Scott
+and Taylor in kindness toward the men. The battle of Buena Vista was
+popularly supposed to have proved the efficiency of volunteers, but
+failed to do so (see chap. xx; =316=Bragg to Sherman, Mar. 1, 1848;
+=330=Taylor to brother, Mar. 27, 1847; Zirckel, Tagebuch, 9), though
+they had had a sufficiently long training (Upton, Military Policy,
+209). The Marquis de Radepont, who accompanied Scott's army to observe
+its operations, was particularly astonished that the General had so
+little control over the volunteers, a state of things that more than
+once endangered all, he said. Scott, Taylor, Worth, Twiggs, Wool,
+Quitman, Smith and Shields were not West Pointers, but the first five
+were professionals. Some of the volunteer officers, who had been in
+business, surpassed the regulars in such work as transportation.
+
+36.17. (Tilden) _Cong. Globe_, 29, 1, p. 543. (Aristocrats) N. Y.
+_Herald_, June 20, 1846. (Steadied vols.) Stevens, Camps., 12; Ruxton,
+Adventures (1847), 178; Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 346. (Reg. offs.)
+Grant, Mems., i, 168; =364=Worth to S., Sept. 5, 1846; =13=Crampton,
+no. 17, 1848; Collins, diary, Jan. 29, 1847; Lawton, Art. Off., 276.
+(Took care) =254=McClellan, diary, Dec. 5, 1846; =148=Chamberlain,
+recolls. (Science) Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 310; Cullum, Biog. Register,
+i, p. xi.
+
+36.18. Grone, Briefe, 83. _Commerc. Review of S. and W._, Dec, 1846,
+426-30 (Poinsett). Grant, Mems., i, 143. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 332
+(Smith). _Observador Zacatecano_, Dec. 27, 1846, supplem. (Requena).
+Owing probably to the exigencies of the case the engineers were given
+a somewhat exaggerated importance. Some of their officers were not
+experts; were perhaps hardly more than engineers by commission. And
+engineers were frequently employed to do reconnaissance work that was
+more properly the function of infantry patrols.
+
+36.19. _Commerc. Rev._: note 18. Grone, Briefe, 70, 81. _Revue des Deux
+Mondes_, Aug. 1, 1847, 385. =73=Bermudez de Castro, no. 517, 1847.
+
+36.20. (Immigrants) Ho. 38; 30, 2. =278=Niehenke, statement.
+=136=Butterfield, recolls. Grone, Briefe, 84. _Metrop. Mag._, Jan.,
+1908. (1000) Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 431. (600) Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 293.
+(6000) Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 384. (Miracle) =358=Williams to father, Oct.
+1, 1847. _Journal des Debats_, Aug. 15, 1848.
+
+36.21. (Legally) =250=Lieber to Ruggles, Apr. 23, 1847. Curtis,
+Buchanan, i, 609. _Cong. Globe_, 29, 2, app., 125. (Welfare) London
+_Athenaeum_, Sept. 13, 1845. (Right of way) Von Holst, U. S., iii, 272;
+London _Atlas_, May 18, 1844.
+
+We are now trying to outgrow the old view of war and the analogous view
+of commercial and industrial competition, but in 1846 these had not
+become practical issues. This paragraph is to be understood in a broad,
+large way, of course. The London _Chronicle_ said: In our colonies
+we fine owners who in a certain number of years do not develop their
+lands, and this fine is preparatory to ejectment; "The Americans have
+acted on this principle after a kind of public lynch-law" (Aug. 13,
+1845). (Its direct reference was to the annexation of Texas, but the
+principle applied to the war with Mexico.) Rives argues that the war
+was "begun for the purpose of acquiring territory" in payment of our
+claims, and that therefore its morality was questionable (U. S. and
+Mexico, ii, 657-8). But (1) the territory was wanted in payment of what
+was justly due us, and therefore we could rightfully collect, and that
+Mexico could pay us only in land was not our fault; (2) the war was not
+entered into by us for the purpose of obtaining territory; and (3) it
+was not "begun" by the United States.
+
+36.22. (Humboldt) =181=Donelson to Buchanan, Sept. 18, 1846. Royce,
+Calif., 51. Lieber: note 36.21. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 269-72. (Nation)
+Chap. vi, note 6.11; _Cong. Globe_, 29, 2, p. 387 (Giles); Polk, Diary,
+Dec. 19, 1846; Jan. 23, 1847; =1=Senator Allen in secret session, Aug.
+6, 1846; Curtis, Buchanan, i, 609; Howe, Bancroft, i, 286. _Public
+Ledger_, June 15, 1849 (Dallas). Welles, Study. (Bryce) This quotation
+is taken from a writer of good standing. The present author has not
+been able to find the passage, but presumes it was correctly quoted.
+Davis, Autobiog., 291-2.
+
+July 6, 1848, Polk informed Congress that we had more than 700 whaling
+ships in the Pacific, representing not less than $40,000,000, and
+employing fully 20,000 seamen, and that owing to the acquisition of
+California we were less than thirty days from Canton. These facts
+explain how important that acquisition was, and how serious it would
+have seemed to let a European power make it.
+
+36.23. Ramirez, Mexico, 319. Memoria de ... Relaciones, Jan., 1849,
+p. 8. (Obstacle) Vol. ii, p. 234. (Invited) Scott, Mems., ii, 581-2.
+(Trist) =335=Thornton to Trist, May 26, 1848. =52=Walsh, Nov. 10,
+1848. (Europe) J. H. Smith in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceeds., June, 1914,
+p. 462; Howe, Bancroft, ii, 5; =108=Bancroft to Greene, Nov. 3, 1847;
+=108=_Id._ to Polk, Jan. 19, 1847; Bennett, Mems., 386. (Harmony)
+Richardson, Messages, iv, 587, 631; =132=McLane to Buchanan, June 18,
+1846; Wash. _Union_, Nov. 3, 1846; N. Y. _Herald_, July 25, 1846;
+_Cong. Globe_, 29, 2, app., 125.
+
+The war helped to save Mexican nationality because (1) it was to some
+extent a national issue; (2) it cut off the parts most likely to set
+the example of secession; (3) contact with the Americans convinced
+the people of Tamaulipas, N. Leon, etc., that they could not hold
+their own in competition with our citizens; (4) the Mexicans received
+a stern lesson in political wisdom, which was taken to heart for a
+time, and had some permanent effect; and (5) the money that we paid
+strengthened the Mexican government. The war helped the liberals, for
+it demonstrated our superiority.
+
+36.24. Roa Barcena, Recuerdos, 635. Ceballos, Capitulos, 123. London
+_Times_, Nov. 13, 1847. Lee, Gen. Lee, 43. Parker, Sermon. _Cong.
+Globe_, 30, 1, p. 499. Webster, Writings, x, 9. For Scott's treatment
+of prisoners see, _e.g._, Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1055-9.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX--THE SOURCES
+
+
+A. MANUSCRIPT AND PERSONAL SOURCES
+
+As a number of the owners or holders of MSS. (whose names are preceded
+below by colons) did not desire to receive applications for the use of
+their papers, it has been thought best to omit all addresses.
+
+Some documents belonging to large collections are, for convenience of
+citation, listed separately. A few verbal statements (so described) are
+included.
+
+The numbers preceding collections, etc., correspond to numbers
+preceding citations of MS. documents in the notes.
+
+ Allen, William. =1=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Allred, R. N. =2=Recollections: R. R. Allred, Esq.
+
+ Alvarado, J. B. =3=Hist. de California: Bancroft Coll., Univ.
+ of California.
+
+ Amador, J. M. =4=Memorias sobre la Hist. de California:
+ Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Anaya, P. M. =5=Memoria: Sen. Lic. D. Genaro Garcia.
+
+ Anderson, Robert. =6=Papers: Mrs. James M. Lawton.
+
+ Anderson, W. E. =7=Document.
+
+ Anonymous. =8=Soldier's Diary sent anonymously to the author.
+
+ Antrim, Jay. =9=Sketches: Library of Congress.
+
+ Aram, Joseph. =10=Narrative: Mrs. Grace Aram.
+
+ Archives of France. =11=Dept. des Affaires Etrangeres, Paris.
+
+ Archives of Great Britain. =12=Admiralty Papers;
+ =13=Foreign Office Papers: Public Record Office, London.
+
+ Archives of States. =14=Alabama, =15=Arkansas,
+ =16=Connecticut, =17=Delaware, =18=Georgia,
+ =19=Florida, =20=Illinois, =21=Indiana,
+ =22=Iowa, =23=Kentucky, =24=Louisiana,
+ =25=Maine, =26=Maryland, =27=Massachusetts,
+ =28=Michigan, =29=Mississippi, =30=Missouri,
+ =31=New Hampshire, =32=New Jersey, =33=New
+ York, =34=North Carolina, =35=Ohio,
+ =36=Pennsylvania, =37=Rhode Island, =38=South
+ Carolina, =39=Tennessee, =40=Texas,
+ =41=Vermont, =42=Virginia, =43=Wisconsin.
+
+ Archives of the =44=U. S. Embassy at Mexico.
+
+ Archives of the =45=U. S. Legation in Texas: State Dept.,
+ Washington.
+
+ Archives of U. S. Navy Dept. =46=Captain's Letters;
+ =47=Squadron Letters; =48=Confidential Letter Books;
+ =49=Orders; =50=Executive Letters; =51=Marine
+ Corps.
+
+ Archives of U. S. State Dept. =52=Correspondence (and
+ enclosures) with diplomatic and consular agents in
+ Mexico, Great Britain, France, Spain, Prussia and Texas;
+ =53=Notes to and from the legations of those countries;
+ =54=Report Books; =55=Confidential Report
+ Books; =56=Special Missions and Correspondence with
+ confidential agents in Mexico, Texas and California;
+ =57=Domestic Letter Books; =58=Miscellaneous Letters
+ and Replies; =59=Circulars issued to diplomatic and
+ consular agents. See also Claims Commission.
+
+ Archives of U. S. War Dept. =60=Secretary of War's files;
+ =61=Adjutant General's files; =62=Quartermaster
+ General's files; =63=Military Book; =64=Adjutant
+ General, Miscellany; =65=Orders; =66=Engineer's
+ office; =67=Bureau of Topog. Engineers; =68=Judge
+ Advocate General's office, courts martial, courts of inquiry;
+ =69=Discontinued Commands, etc.
+
+ Archivo =69a=del Distrito Federal, Mexico.
+
+ Archivo =70=General y Publico (particularly "Guerra"), Mexico.
+
+ Archivo =71=Historico-Nacional, Madrid.
+
+ Archivo =72=Nacional de Cuba.
+
+ Archivo =73=Particular del Ministerio de Estado, Madrid.
+
+ Archivos (_National_) de =74=Fomento (Maps);
+ =75=Gobernacion (formerly called "Relaciones
+ Interiores"); =76a=Hacienda; =76=Guerra y Marina;
+ =77=Relaciones (i.e., Exteriores). At Mexico City.
+
+ Archivos (_State_) de =78=Coahuila, =79=Jalisco,
+ =80=Mexico, =81=Nuevo Leon, =82=Puebla,
+ =83=Queretaro, =84=San Luis Potosi,
+ =85=Tamaulipas, =86=Vera Cruz, =87=Zacatecas.
+ At the state capitals.
+
+ Archivos (_Municipal_) de =88=Cordoba, =89=Guadalajara,
+ =90=Jalapa, =91=Matamoros, =92=Mexico,
+ =93=Monterey, =94=Orizaba, =95=Puebla,
+ =96=Queretaro, =97=Saltillo, =98=San
+ Luis Potosi, =99=Tampico, =100=Vera Cruz,
+ =101=Victoria, =102=Zacatecas.
+
+ Avila, Juan. =103=Notas Californianas: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Ayer =104=Collection: Newberry Library, Chicago.
+
+ Baldridge, William. =105=The Days of 1846: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Bancroft =106=Collection: Univ. of California.
+
+ Bancroft =107=Papers: New York City Public Library.
+
+ Bancroft, George. =108=Papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.
+
+ Bandini, Juan. =109=Documentos para la Hist. de California:
+ Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Barbour, H. H. =110=Diary: Mrs. Barbour.
+
+ Beauregard, P. G. T. =111=Papers: C. S. Hook, Esq.
+
+ Beauregard, P. G. T. =112=Papers: Justin H. Smith.
+
+ Beauregard, P. G. T. =113=Reminiscences (done by him from
+ diary and notes): Claiborne papers, Mississippi Dept. of Hist.
+
+ Beeler, Louis F. =114=Recollections.
+
+ Belden, Josiah. =115=Statement: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Bell, A. N. =116=Document.
+
+ Benjamin, W. R. =117=Collection.
+
+ Berlandier, Luis. =118=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Bevan, William. =119=Statement.
+
+ Biddle, James. =120=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Biddle, Charles J. =121=Papers: Charles Biddle, Esq.
+
+ Bidwell, John. =122=California, 1841-8: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Bidwell, John. =123=Statement: Harvard Univ. Library.
+
+ Blocklenger, Benjamin. =124=Letter.
+
+ Bonham, Milledge L. =125=Letters: Dr. Milledge Lake Bonham,
+ III.
+
+ Botello, Narciso. =126=Anales del Sur de la California:
+ Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Boyle, John. =127=Letter: Miss Esmeralda Boyle.
+
+ Brackett, A. G. =128=Diary: Mrs. Brackett.
+
+ Breckenridge, Robert J. =129=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Brichta, A. C. =130=Letter: belonging to the family.
+
+ Brindle, William. =131=Statement: J. D. Parrish, Esq.
+
+ Buchanan, James. =132=Papers: Pennsylvania Hist. Soc.
+
+ Buck, Dr. Solon J. =133=Collection.
+
+ Burton, C. M. =134=Collection, Public Library, Detroit.
+
+ Butler, Anthony. =135=Papers: Univ. of Texas.
+
+ Butterfield, James. =136=Recollections.
+
+ Calhoun, John C. =137=Papers: Clemson Coll.
+
+ Calhoun, John C. =137a=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Campbell, William B. =138=Letters: John DeWitt, Esq.
+
+ Campbell, William B. (and David). =139=Papers: Lemuel R.
+ Campbell, Esq.; Mrs. James S. Pilcher.
+
+ Cantwell, John L. P. =140=Letter: Miss Jessica R. Smith.
+
+ Carson, J. C. =141=Statement: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Carson, J. H. =142=Gold Mines of 1848: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Cary, T. G. =143=California Papers: Boston Public Library.
+
+ Cassidy, P. A. =144=Recollections.
+
+ Castro, Manuel. =145=Documentos para la Hist. de California:
+ Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Caswell, William R. =146=Diary and Letters: Massachusetts
+ Hist. Soc.
+
+ Chamberlain, S. E. =147=Diary: loaned by the writer.
+
+ Chamberlain, S. E. =148=Recollections (verbal).
+
+ Chase, Salmon P. =149=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Cheatham, B. F. =150=Diary and Papers: Mrs. Telfair Hodgson.
+
+ Claiborne, J. F. H. =151=Papers: State of Mississippi, Dept.
+ of Hist.
+
+ Claiborne, Thomas. =152=Memoirs: belonging to the family.
+
+ Claims Commission of 1849. =153=Book of Awards; =154=Book
+ of Opinions; =155=Journal: U. S. State Dept.
+
+ Clay, Henry. =156=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Cobb, Howell. =157=Papers (printed later by the Amer. Hist.
+ Assoc.): Dr. U. B. Phillips.
+
+ Cobb, Howell. =158=Papers: Dr. R. P. Brooks.
+
+ Collins, Francis. =159=Papers (published later in the Qtrly.
+ Publication of the Hist. and Philos. Soc. of Ohio, 1915, Nos.
+ 2-3).
+
+ _Columbus._ =160=Record of Punishments, 1846-7: U. S. Naval
+ Academy Library.
+
+ _Congress._ =161=Journal of a Cruise, 1846: U. S. Naval
+ Academy Library.
+
+ Conner, David. =162=Papers: Hon. Franklin D. Roosevelt.
+
+ Conner, David. =163=Papers: P. F. Madigan, Esq.
+
+ Conner, David. =164=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Conner, David. =165=Papers: Navy Dept. Library.
+
+ Conner, David. =166=Papers: New York City Library.
+
+ Coutts. =167=Diary of a March to California: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Cralle, R. K. =168=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Crittenden, J. J. =169=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Crooker Family (of South Carolina). =170=Papers: Dr. E. M.
+ Shealy.
+
+ _Cyane._ =171=Journal of a Cruise; Abstract of Journal: U. S.
+ Naval Academy Library.
+
+ _Cyane._ =172=Log Book: Library, U. S. Navy Dept.
+
+ Davis, Jefferson. =173=Address: Library of Congress
+ (reading-room desk).
+
+ Davis, Jefferson. =174=Papers: Confederate Memorial, New
+ Orleans.
+
+ Davis, Jefferson. =175=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Davis, Jefferson. =176=Papers: State of Mississippi, Dept. of
+ Hist.
+
+ Davis, John W. =177=Statement of the Battle of San Pascual:
+ Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Davis, T. F. =178=Diary: belonging to the family.
+
+ Diario =179=Esactisimo de lo ocurrido en Mexico, etc.:
+ Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Dreer =180=Collection: Pennsylvania Hist. Soc.
+
+ Donelson, A. J. =181=Papers: Mrs. Wm. A. Donelson (now in the
+ Library of Congress).
+
+ Dormitzer, Walter. =182=Collection.
+
+ Drum, R. C. =183=Recollections (verbal).
+
+ Duke, Moses S. =184=Letters: Miss Winnie V. Lynch.
+
+ Duncan, James. =185=Papers: U. S. Military Academy.
+
+ Duncan, W. L. =186=Notes on Bishop's Journal: McLean County
+ (Ill.) Hist. Soc.
+
+ Eddy =187=Manuscripts: Charles Carroll, Esq.
+
+ Edwards, Marcellus B. =188=Diary: Missouri Hist. Soc.
+
+ Evans, Mrs. Lucy. =189=Letter: belonging to the family.
+
+ Ewing, J. C. =190=Diary: belonging to the family.
+
+ Fairfield, John. =191=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Ford =192=Collection: New York City Public Library.
+
+ Foster, R. C. =193=Letters: Mrs. Edward W. Foster.
+
+ Fourth (Mexican) Infantry. =194=Book of Accounts: New York
+ Hist. Soc.
+
+ Fowler, W. P. =195=Collection.
+
+ Fremont, John C. =196=Statement: Library of Harvard Univ.
+
+ Gaines, E. P. =197=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Gallatin, Albert. =198=Papers: New York Hist. Soc.
+
+ Garcia, Sen. Lic. D. Genaro. =199=Collection.
+
+ Gibbes, W. H. =200=Collection.
+
+ Gibson, George R. =201=Diary: Missouri Hist. Soc.
+
+ Gimenez, M. M. =202=Papers: Sen. Lic. D. Genaro Garcia.
+
+ Gleason, James. =203=Letter.
+
+ Gouverneur, S. L. =204=Diary: Mrs. Rose Gouverneur Hoes.
+
+ Graham, L. P. =205=Memorandum Book: E. W. McGlenen, Esq.
+
+ Graham, W. A. =206=Papers: A. W. Graham, Esq.
+
+ Griffin, John S. =207=Journal of 1846: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Guadalajara (Public library) =208=Collection.
+
+ Guitar, Aldon. =209=Letter.
+
+ Hammond, J. H. =210=Diary and Papers: library of Congress.
+
+ Hardie, James A. =211=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Hastings, D. H. =212=Diary: loaned by the writer.
+
+ Hatch, John P. =213=Letters: Library of Congress.
+
+ Hays, John C., and Caperton, John. =214=Life and Adventures of
+ John C. Hays: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Heald, Nathan. =215=Papers: Univ. of Wisconsin Library.
+
+ Heiman, A. =216=Services of the First Regt. of Tennessee:
+ Tennessee Hist. Soc.
+
+ Henshaw, J. C. =217=Papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.
+
+ Henshaw, J. C. =218=Narrative, prepared by Mrs. Henshaw from
+ his papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.
+
+ Heraldica =219=del Ejercito Mex., etc.: Biblioteca Nacional.
+
+ Higgins, H. H. =220=Plans and letters: Mrs. T. M. Coxe.
+
+ Hill, D. H. =221=Diary: Pres. D. H. Hill.
+
+ Hiney, E. F. =222=Diary.
+
+ Hirschorn, Jacob. =223=Recollections: Justin H. Smith.
+
+ Hitchcock, E. A. =224=Diary and Papers: Mrs. E. A. Hitchcock
+ (now in the Library of Congress).
+
+ Holt, Joseph. =225=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Hook, C. S. =226=Collection.
+
+ Hoyle, E. D. =227=Recollections.
+
+ Illinois University. =228=Collection.
+
+ Indiana State Library =229=Collection.
+
+ Iturbide, Agustin de. =230=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Jackson, Andrew. =231=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Jameson, J. Franklin. =232=Collection.
+
+ Janssens, Agustin. =233=Documentos para la Hist. de
+ California: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Johnson, Andrew. =234=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Jones, Roger. =235=Papers: W. R. Benjamin, Esq.
+
+ Judah, H. M. =236=Diary: Library of Congress.
+
+ Kearny, S. W. =237=Letter Book: Missouri Hist. Soc.
+
+ Keating, E. H. =238=Map of Monterey, Mex.: Monterey City Govt.
+
+ Kemper, Jackson. =239=Papers: Univ. of Wisconsin Library.
+
+ Kennerly, W. C. =240=Narrative.
+
+ Kent, James. =241=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Kingsbury, D. M. =242=Letters to his Mother.
+
+ Kribben, Christian. =243=Home Letters: B. D. Kribben, Esq.
+
+ Lakin, George W. =244=Papers: Univ. of Wisconsin Library.
+
+ Lamar, M. B. =245=Papers: Texas State Library.
+
+ Lane, Joseph. =246=Autobiography: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Larkin, T. O. =247=Papers: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Lasselle, Stanislaus. =248=Papers: Indiana State Library.
+
+ Leese, Jacob P. =249=Bear Flag Papers: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Lieber, Francis. =250=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Lowry, Robert. =251=Narrative.
+
+ Mackall, W. W. =252=Letters: belonging to the family.
+
+ McLean, John. =253=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ McClellan, Geo. B. =254=Diary and Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Mangum, W. P. =255=Papers: A. W. Graham, Esq.
+
+ Marcy, W. L. =256=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Markoe and Maxcy. =257=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Marshall, Henry. =258=Recollections: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Maryland Hist. Soc. =259=Collection.
+
+ Massachusetts Hist. Soc. =260=Collection.
+
+ Memoires. =261=I, Apparently prepared by the French agent in
+ Mexico; =261a=II, Sur les Revolutions du Mexique: Dept.
+ des Affaires Etrangeres, Paris.
+
+ Memorias. =262=Reports issued under this title by Depts. of
+ the Mexican government (see also "Memorias" under the head
+ of Books and Pamphlets. A number of the Memorias were not
+ published--unless in newspapers--but exist in MS. in the
+ library of the Sria. de Relaciones).
+
+ Mervine, William. =263=Letter Books and Papers: Navy Dept.
+ Library.
+
+ Mexican Hist. =264=Documents: Museo Nacional, Mexico.
+
+ Miller, N. C. =265=Letter.
+
+ Miller, W. D. =266=Papers: belonging to the family.
+
+ Mississippi Dept. of Hist. =267=Collections (Dr. Dunbar
+ Rowland, Director).
+
+ Missouri Hist. Soc. =268=Collection.
+
+ Molina, Sen. D. Ignacio. =269=Recollections (verbal).
+
+ Moore, H. Judge. =270=Diary.
+
+ Morales, J. B. =271=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Morgan, George. =272=Memoir of: Col. J. M. Morgan.
+
+ Mullan, James. =273=Diary: belonging to the family.
+
+ Neeld, Peter C. =274=Letter.
+
+ Nelson, T. B., Jr. =275=Letter: Mrs. Annie J. Holland.
+
+ Neville, Harvey. =276=Diary: Chicago Hist. Soc.
+
+ New York Hist. Soc. =277=Collection.
+
+ Niehenke, R. =278=Statement.
+
+ Notes. =279=Sur les Possessions Espagnoles en Amerique: Dept.
+ des Affaires Etrangeres, Paris.
+
+ Nunelee, S. F. =280=Diary: James Howell Nunelee, Esq.
+
+ O'Keefe, Michael. =281=Statement: Justin H. Smith.
+
+ Olivera, Agustin. =282=Documentos para la Hist. de California:
+ Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Orders (General and Special). =283=Army of the North under
+ Mejia, Ampudia and Arista: New York Hist. Soc.
+
+ Otero, M. =284=Comunicacion que sobre las Negoc. Diplom.,
+ etc.: Yale Univ. Library.
+
+ Paredes y Arrillaga, Mariano. =285=Papers: Sen. Lic. D. Genaro
+ Garcia.
+
+ Parker, James. =286=Statement.
+
+ Parrish, P. C. =287=Diary.
+
+ Pennsylvania Hist. Soc. =288=Collection.
+
+ Perez de Acal. =289=Papers: Guadalajara Public Library.
+
+ Pico, Pio (_Familia Pico_). =290=Documentos para la Hist. de
+ California: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Pierce, Franklin. =291=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Pillow, Gideon J. =292=Letters: W. R. Benjamin Collection.
+
+ Pillow, Gideon J. =293=Letters: Library of Congress.
+
+ Pillow, Gideon J. =294=Letters: Pennsylvania Hist. Soc.
+
+ Pinto, Rafael. =295=Apuntaciones para la Hist. de California:
+ Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Poinsett, Joel R. =296=Papers: Pennsylvania Hist. Soc.
+
+ Polk, James K. =297=Papers: Library of Congress (including the
+ Polk papers examined by the author at the Chicago Hist. Soc.).
+
+ Porter, Andrew. =298=Papers: Major John Biddle Porter.
+
+ Posey, Carnot. =299=Letters: Dr. Walter L. Fleming.
+
+ Pricket, John A. =300=Letters.
+
+ Primer Battn. Activo de Oaxaca. =301=Libro de Servicios: Rhode
+ Island Hist. Soc.
+
+ Puryear, J. F. =302=Document.
+
+ Quitman, John A. =303=Papers: in possession of the family.
+
+ Quitman, John A. =304=Papers in the Claiborne Papers.
+
+ Richardson, C. T. =305=Recollections: Justin H. Smith.
+
+ Riser, J. J. =306=Recollections (Mormon Battalion).
+
+ Roberts, B. S. =307=Diary and letters: Brigadier General B. K
+ Roberts.
+
+ Roberts, Charles. =308=Autograph Collection: Haverford Coll.
+
+ Roessler, Edward. =309=Diary: belonging to the family.
+
+ Roque, J. K. =310=Document.
+
+ Santa Anna, A. L. de. =311=Papers: Sen. Lic. D. Genaro Garcia.
+
+ Santa Anna, A. L. de. =312=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Saunders, J. L. =313=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Sawyer, Charles H. =314=Documents for the Hist. of the
+ Conquest of California: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Schouler, William. =315=Papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.
+
+ Sherman, W. T. =316=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Sibley, H. H. =317=Papers: Minnesota Hist. Soc.
+
+ Smith, C. B. =318=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Smith, George. =319=Diary: belonging to the family.
+
+ Smith, Persifor F. =320=Papers: State Normal School, West
+ Chester, Pa.
+
+ Smith, T. F. =321=Diary: belonging to the writer.
+
+ Smith, W. B. =322=Diary: belonging to the family.
+
+ Stevenson, J. D. =323=Letter Book; =324=General Order
+ Book; =325=Regimental Order Book: New York Hist. Soc.
+
+ Sumner, Charles. =326=Papers: Harvard Univ. Library.
+
+ Sutherland, D. H. =327=Letters: belonging to the family.
+
+ Sweet, G. N. =328=Statement.
+
+ Taliaferro, William B. =329=Papers: Miss L. S. Taliaferro.
+
+ Taylor, Zachary. =330=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Taylor, Zachary. =331=Papers: Henkels catalogue.
+
+ Tennery, Thomas D. =332=Diary: Rev. John S. Cook, D.D.
+
+ Tlacotalpam, Mex. =333=Judicial Archives.
+
+ Torres, Manuel. =334=Peripecias de la Vida California:
+ Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Trist, Nicholas P. =335=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Turner, C. B. =336=Letter: belonging to the family.
+
+ Turner, H. S. =337=Diary: Missouri Hist. Soc.
+
+ U. S. House of Representatives. =338=Files: Capitol,
+ Washington.
+
+ U. S. House of Representatives. =339=Papers: Library of
+ Congress.
+
+ U. S. Military Academy (West Point). =340=Collection.
+
+ U. S. Senate. =341=Files: Capitol, Washington.
+
+ University of Illinois. =342=Collection.
+
+ Vallejo, M. G. =343=Documentos para la Hist. de California:
+ Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Vallejo, M. G. =344=Recuerdos Hist. y Personales: Bancroft
+ Coll.
+
+ Van Buren, Martin. =345=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Wade, W. P. =346=Document: belonging to the family.
+
+ Washburne, Elihu B. =347=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Watterston, George. =348=Notes on U. S. History: Library of
+ Congress.
+
+ Watterston, George. =349=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Weber, Juan L. =350=Recollections (verbal).
+
+ Webster, Daniel. =351=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Weeks, J. W. =352=Reminiscences: Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Welles, Edgar T. =353=Collection: Connecticut Hist. Soc.
+
+ Welles, Gideon. =354=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Wheaton, Henry. =355=Papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.
+
+ Whitcomb, T. M. =356=Diary: T. J. Whitcomb, Esq.
+
+ Wilcox, C. M. =357=Diary (portions copied by him): Claiborne
+ papers, Mississippi Dept. of History.
+
+ Williams, Thomas. =358=Letters: Rt. Rev. G. Mott Williams.
+
+ Winthrop-Clifford. =359=Correspondence: Massachusetts Hist.
+ Soc.
+
+ Winthrop-Kennedy. =360=Correspondence: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.
+
+ Woods, William. =361=Recollections.
+
+ Worth, G. A. =362=Papers: Library of Congress.
+
+ Worth, W. J. =363=Papers: W. R. Benjamin Collection.
+
+ Worth, W. J. =364=Papers: Mrs. K. S. Hubbell.
+
+ Wyse, F. O. =365=Papers: Miss Mary Wyse.
+
+ Yale University. =366=Collection (University Library).
+
+ Yell, Archibald. =367=Papers: Mrs. R. H. Fitzgerald.
+
+ Map Division, Library of Congress. =369=Map of Palo Alto.
+
+ Taylor, Zachary. =370=Papers: Mrs. W. R. Stauffer.
+
+ Mitchell, W. I. =371=Statement.
+
+ Hyde, George. =372=Statement of Hist. Facts on California:
+ Bancroft Coll.
+
+ Evans, Joseph. =373=Narrative: Justin H. Smith.
+
+ Conner, David. =374=Letters: Henkels catalogue.
+
+ Madigan, P. F. =375=Collection.
+
+ Nicholson, A. S. =376=Recollections (verbal).
+
+ Willing, Wildurr. =377=Paper on Scott's operations (published
+ later).
+
+ Winthrop, R. C. =378=The Mexican War Bill (Massachusetts Hist.
+ Soc.).
+
+ De Witt, John. =379=Collection (see also No. 138). #/
+
+
+B. SERIALS
+
+As these titles, when occurring in the notes, are self-explanatory, it
+has been thought best to group them by themselves in order to give a
+comprehensive view of the sources of this class and make it a little
+easier to use the "list of books and pamphlets." Most of the volumes of
+serials here cited as having been examined contained nothing of value
+for the author's purpose.
+
+ Academy of Pacific Coast History, 1910-11.
+
+ Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, 1910-17.
+
+ Alabama Hist. Society. Transactions. Publications, 1899-1904.
+
+ American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings, 1849-1918. Transactions
+ and Collections, 1857-1911.
+
+ American Catholic Hist. Society. Records and Researches, 1887-1915.
+
+ American Economic Association. Publications, 1889-1905.
+
+ American Geog. Society. Bulletin I, pt. 1.
+
+ American Hist. Association. Papers, 1885, 1887, 1889-91. Reports,
+ 1889-1916.
+
+ American-Irish Hist. Society. Journal, 1898-1905. Record, 1901-02.
+
+ American-Jewish Hist. Society. Publications, 1893-1914.
+
+ Annals of Iowa. 3 series.
+
+ Buffalo Hist. Society. Publications, 1879-1914.
+
+ California Hist. Society. Papers.
+
+ Columbia (D. C.) Hist. Society. Record, 1895-1912.
+
+ Connecticut Hist. Society. Collections, 1860-1916.
+
+ Delaware Hist. Society. Papers, 1879-1913.
+
+ Essex Institute. Hist. Collections, 1859-1914.
+
+ Firelands Hist. Society. Pioneer, 1862-78.
+
+ German-American Hist. Society. Annals, 1901-11.
+
+ Hist. Society of Southern California. Publications, 1888-1916.
+
+ Illinois State Hist. Library. Collections, 1903-15. Governors'
+ Letter Books, 1840-53. Publications or Transactions, 1899-1917.
+
+ Illinois State Hist. Society. Journal, 1908-14. Transactions (see
+ Ill. State Hist. Lib.).
+
+ Indiana Hist. Society. Publications, 1897-1912.
+
+ Iowa, Hist. Dept. Annals, 1893-1914.
+
+ Iowa State Hist. Society. Annals, 1863-74. Historical Record,
+ 1885-1902. Messages and Proclamations of Governors. Iowa and
+ War, No. 12, 1918.
+
+ Kansas State Hist. Society. Transactions, i-x. Collections, 1909-12.
+
+ Kentucky State Hist. Society. Register, 1903-14.
+
+ Lancaster County Hist. Society. Papers, 1897-1913.
+
+ Long Island Hist. Society. Memoirs, 1867-89.
+
+ Louisiana Hist. Society. Publications, 1895-1912.
+
+ McClean County (Ill.) Hist. Society. Transactions, 1899-1903.
+
+ Maine Hist. Society. Collections, 1847-87. Collections and
+ Proceedings, 1890-99.
+
+ Maryland Hist. Society. Miscellaneous and "Fund" Publications,
+ 1846-81.
+
+ Massachusetts Hist. Society. Collections, 1846-1918. Proceedings,
+ 1859-1918.
+
+ Michigan Pioneer and Hist. Society. Collections, 1877-1912.
+
+ Minnesota Hist. Society. Collections, 1860-1915.
+
+ Mississippi Hist. Society. Publications, 1898-1909.
+
+ Mississippi Valley Hist. Society. Proceedings.
+
+ Missouri Hist. Society. Collections, 1880-1914.
+
+ Montana Hist. Society. Contributions, 1876-1910.
+
+ Nebraska State Hist. Society. Proceedings and Collections,
+ 1894-1913. Transactions and Reports, 1885-93.
+
+ Nevada Hist. Society. Biennial Reports, 1909-13.
+
+ New Hampshire Hist. Society. Collections, 1850-93. Proceedings,
+ 1872-1905.
+
+ New Jersey Hist. Society. Collections, 1846-1900. Proceedings,
+ 1845-1914.
+
+ New Mexico Hist. Society. Publications, 1881-1908.
+
+ New York Hist. Society. Proceedings, 1844-49. Collections,
+ 1868-1916. Miscellany.
+
+ New York State Hist. Association. Publications, 1901-13.
+
+ Ohio Hist. and Philos. Society. Publications, 1873-85, 1906-17.
+
+ Ohio State Archaeol. and Hist. Society. Publications, 1888-1915.
+
+ Old North West Geneal. Society. See "Periodicals."
+
+ Oregon Hist. Society. See "Periodicals."
+
+ Pennsylvania Hist. Society. Memoirs, 1850-95. Bulletin, 1845-47.
+ Magazine of Hist. and Biog., 1877-1917.
+
+ Rhode Island Hist. Society. Collections, 1867-1902. Publications,
+ 1893-1900. Proceedings, 1872-92, 1900-14.
+
+ Schuylkill County Hist. Society. Publications, 1907-13.
+
+ Societe de Geographie. Bulletin No. 51.
+
+ South Car. Hist. Society. Collections.
+
+ Southern Hist. Association. Publications, 1897-1906.
+
+ Tennessee Hist. Society. Quarterly, 1902-4.
+
+ Texas State Hist. Society. See "Periodicals."
+
+ Trinity College Hist. Society. Publications, 1897-1912.
+
+ U. S. Naval Institute. Proceedings.
+
+ University [of California]. Chronicle, I-XIV.
+
+ University of Pennsylvania. Publications.
+
+ Virginia Hist. Society. Collections, 1882-92. See also
+ "Periodicals."
+
+ West Virginia Hist. and Antiq. Society. See "Periodicals."
+
+ Western Reserve Hist. Society. Publications, 1870-1914.
+
+ Wisconsin State Hist. Society. Collections, 1855-1911. Proceedings,
+ 1891-1917.
+
+ Worcester Society of Antiquity. Proceedings, 1875-1909.
+
+ Wyoming Hist. and Geneal. Society. Proceedings and
+ Collections, 1858-1912.
+
+
+C. PERIODICALS
+
+This list includes the principal ones. The best collections are
+at the American Antiquarian Society, which has numerous Mexican
+broadsides also, the Library of Congress, the City Hall of New Orleans
+(southwestern journals), the Biblioteca Nacional and the Dept. of
+Hacienda Library at Mexico, and the British Museum. In a number
+of instances only scattered copies of a periodical were found or
+quotations in some other paper.
+
+ Advertiser. Boston.
+ Advertiser. Detroit.
+ Advertiser. Newark, N. J.
+ Aguila del Norte. Matamoros, Mex.
+ Aguila Mexicano. Matamoros, Mex.
+ Aguila Mexicano. Mexico.
+ American. Baltimore.
+ American. New York.
+ American. Portland, Me.
+ American Eagle. Vera Cruz.
+ American Economic Review.
+ American Flag. Matamoros, Mex.
+ American Flag. Vera Cruz, Mex.
+ American Historical Magazine. New York.
+ American Historical Record. Philadelphia.
+ American Historical Review. New York.
+ American Home Journal.
+ American Pioneer. Monterey, Mex.
+ American Political Science Review. Baltimore.
+ American [Whig] Review. New York.
+ American Sentinel. Philadelphia.
+ Americana. New York.
+ Amigo del Pueblo. Mexico.
+ Anglo-Saxon. Chihuahua, Mex.
+ Annals of the American Academy. Philadelphia.
+ Anteojo. Mexico.
+ Anzeiger des Westens. St. Louis.
+ Arco Iris. Veracruz.
+ Argonaut. San Francisco.
+ Army and Navy Journal. New York.
+ Athenaeum. London.
+ Atlantic Monthly. Boston.
+ Atlas. Albany, N. Y.
+ Atlas. Boston.
+ Atlas. Cincinnati.
+ Atleta. Mexico.
+ Autograph. New York.
+ Bankers' Magazine. Baltimore.
+ Bee. New Orleans.
+ Boletin de la Democracia. Mexico.
+ Boletin del Norte. Matamoros, Mex.
+ Boletin de Noticias. Puebla, Mex.
+ Boletin Militar. Mexico.
+ Boletin Oficial. San Luis Potosi, Mex.
+ Britannia. London.
+ Brownson's Quarterly Review. Boston and New York.
+ California Star. Monterey, Cal.
+ Californian. Monterey, Cal.
+ Catolico. Mexico.
+ Century Magazine. New York.
+ Chronicle. Cincinnati.
+ Church and State Gazette. London.
+ Clipper. Baltimore.
+ Collector. New York.
+ Columna de la Libertad. Queretaro, Mex.
+ Comercio. Lima, Peru.
+ Commercial. Wilmington, N. C.
+ Commercial Advertiser. New York.
+ Commercial Bulletin. New Orl.
+ Commercial Review of the South and West. New Orleans.
+ Commonwealth. Lexington, Ky.
+ Congressional Globe. Washington.
+ Constitutionalist. Augusta, Ga.
+ Constitutionnel. Paris.
+ Correo de la Federacion Mexicana. Mexico.
+ Correo Nacional. Queretaro, Mex.
+ Correspondant. Paris.
+ Correspondent. Port Gibson, Miss.
+ Cosmopolita. Mexico.
+ Courier. Boston.
+ Courier. Charleston, S. C.
+ Courier. New Orleans.
+ Courier and Enquirer. New York.
+ Courier and Journal. Natchez, Miss.
+ Courrier des Etats Unis. New York.
+ Courrier Francais. Mexico.
+ Courrier Francais. New York.
+ Crepusculo. Mexico.
+ Defensor de Tamaulipas. Victoria, Mex.
+ Delta. New Orleans.
+ Democrat. Columbus, Miss.
+ Democratic Review. Washington and New York.
+ Diario del Gobierno. Mexico.
+ Diario del Gobierno de la Republica Mexicana. Mexico.
+ Diario del Gobierno de los Estados Mexicanos. Mexico.
+ Diario del Gobierno Mexicano. Mexico.
+ Diario de Mexico. Mexico.
+ Diario Oficial del Gobierno Mexicano. Mexico.
+ Don Simplicio. Mexico.
+ Dwight's American Magazine. New York.
+ Eagle. Memphis, Tenn.
+ Eagle. Vera Cruz.
+ Echo de la Louisiane. New Orleans.
+ Eco. Tampico, Mex.
+ Eco del Comercio. Mexico.
+ Eco del Norte de Tamaulipas. Matamoros, Mex.
+ Economist. London.
+ Edinburgh Review. Edinburgh.
+ English Historical Review.
+ Enquirer. Cincinnati.
+ Enquirer. Richmond, Va.
+ Epoca. San Luis Potosi, Mex.
+ Epoque. Paris.
+ Espectador. Mexico.
+ Esperanza. Tampico, Mex.
+ Evening Post. New York.
+ Examiner. London.
+ Express. New York.
+ Federalista. Queretaro, Mex.
+ Federalista Puro. Mexico.
+ Fenix de la Federation. Toluca, Mex.
+ Flag of Freedom. Puebla, Mex.
+ Forum. New York.
+ Fraser's Magazine. London.
+ Fredonian.
+ Free American. Vera Cruz.
+ Free Press. Detroit.
+ Gaceta de Ciudad Victoria. Victoria, Mex.
+ Gaceta de la Nueva Granada. Bogota.
+ Gaceta del Gob. de Mexico. Mexico.
+ Gaceta del Gob. ... de Tamaulipas. Victoria, Mex.
+ Gazette. Alexandria, Va.
+ Gazette. Cincinnati.
+ Gazette. Corpus Christi, Tex.
+ Gazette. Holly Springs, Miss.
+ Gazette. Philadelphia.
+ Gazette de France. Paris.
+ Genius of Liberty. Vera Cruz.
+ Georgian. Savannah, Ga.
+ Globe. New York.
+ Globe. Washington, D. C.
+ Guard. Holly Springs, Miss.
+ Guard. Toluca, Mex.
+ Harper's Magazine. New York.
+ Herald. Cincinnati.
+ Herald. New York.
+ Herald and Tribune. Mobile, Ala.
+ Heraldo. Madrid, Spain.
+ Historical Magazine. Morrisania, etc.
+ History Teacher's Magazine. Philadelphia.
+ Ilustrador Catolico. Mexico.
+ Imparcial. Mexico.
+ Independiente. San Luis Potosi, Mex.
+ Indiana Magazine of History.
+ Indianapolis.
+ Indicador. Veracruz.
+ Infantry Journal. Washington.
+ International Military Digest. New York.
+ Iowa Journal of History and Politics.
+ Iowa City.
+ Iris Espanol. Mexico.
+
+ Jalisciense. Guadalajara, Mex.
+ Jeffersonian. New Orleans.
+ Journal. Louisville, Ky.
+ Journal. Lowell, Mass.
+ Journal. Providence, R. I.
+ Journal des Debats. Paris.
+ Journal of American History.
+ Journal of Commerce. London.
+ Journal of Commerce. New York.
+ Journal of Military Service Institution of U. S. Governor's Island, N. Y.
+ Journal of Political Economy. Chicago.
+ Journal of the U. S. Artillery. Fort Monroe.
+ Journal of U. S. Infantry Association.
+
+ Kennebec Journal. Augusta, Me.
+
+ Liberal. Zacatecas, Mex.
+ Liberal Moderado. Matamoros, Mex.
+ Liberator. Boston.
+ Lima de Vulcano. Mexico.
+ Littell's Living Age. Boston.
+ Locomotor. Veracruz.
+ Louisiana Advertiser. New Orleans.
+ Louisiana Courier. New Orleans.
+ Louisianais. New Orleans.
+
+ Madisonian. Washington.
+ Magazine of American History. New York.
+ Magazine of History. New York.
+ Maryland Historical Magazine. Baltimore.
+ Massachusetts Quarterly Review. Boston.
+ Memorial Historico. Mexico.
+ Mentor del Pueblo. Puebla, Mex.
+ Mercantile Journal. London.
+ Merchants' Magazine. New York.
+ Mercury. Charleston, S. C.
+ Metropolitan Magazine. New York.
+ Mexicano. Mexico.
+ Military Historian and Economist. Cambridge, Mass.
+ Military Service Institution Journal. New York.
+ Mississippi Valley Historical Review. Cedar Rapids.
+ Missouri Historical Review. Columbia.
+ Missouri Reporter. St. Louis.
+ Missouri Republican. St. Louis.
+ Monitor. Mexico.
+ Monitor Constitutional. Mexico.
+ Monitor del Pueblo. Puebla, Mex.
+ Monitor Republicano. Mexico.
+ Morning Advertiser. London.
+ Morning Chronicle. London.
+ Morning Herald. London.
+ Morning News. New London, Conn.
+ Morning News. New York.
+ Morning Post, Greensborough, N. C.
+ Morning Post. London.
+ Morning Star. Houston, Tex.
+ Mosquito Mexicano. Mexico.
+ Mountaineer. Greenville, S. C.
+ Mountaineer-Herald. Ebensburg, Pa.
+
+ Nacional. Puebla, Mex.
+ National. Paris.
+ National Anti-Slavery Standard. New York.
+ National Intelligencer. Washington, D. C.
+ National Register. Washington, Tex.
+ National Vindicator. Washington, Tex.
+ New England Historical Genealogical Society Register.
+ New Englander. New Haven.
+ News. Galveston, Tex.
+ News. London.
+ Niles' National Register. Baltimore.
+ North American. Mexico.
+ North American. Philadelphia.
+ North American Review. New York.
+ Noticioso. San Cristobal, Mex.
+ Nueva Era Constitucional de Oaxaca. Oaxaca, Mex.
+ Observador Judicial. Mexico.
+ Observador Zacatecano. Zacatecas, Mex.
+ Observer. Lexington, Ky.
+ Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. Columbus.
+ Ohio State Journal. Columbus.
+ Old and New. Boston.
+ Old North West Quarterly. Columbus, O.
+ Old School Democrat. St. Louis.
+ Opinion del Ejercito. San Luis Potosi, Mex.
+ Opinion Publica. Morelia, Mex.
+ Oposicion. Mexico.
+ Oregon Historical Society Quarterly. Portland.
+ Pabellon Nacional. Mexico.
+ Patria. New Orleans.
+ Patriot. Mobile, Ala.
+ Patriota Mexicano. Mexico.
+ Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Philadelphia.
+ Pennsylvanian. Philadelphia.
+ Pensador Mexicano. Mexico.
+ Peruano. Lima, Peru.
+ Picayune. New Orleans.
+ Picket Guard. Saltillo, Mex.
+ Political Science Quarterly. Boston.
+ Politician. Nashville, Tenn.
+ Politico. Mexico.
+ Porvenir. Toluca, Mex.
+ Post. Boston.
+ Potter's American Monthly.
+ Pregonero. Morelia, Mex.
+ Progreso. Queretaro, Mex.
+ Public Ledger. Philadelphia.
+ Puritano. Mexico.
+ Quarterly Journal of Economics. Boston.
+ Razonador. Mexico.
+ Reforma. Mexico.
+ Regenerador. Oaxaca, Mex.
+ Regenerador Republicano. Puebla, Mex.
+ Registro Oficial. Durango, Mex.
+ Republica de Rio Grande y Amigo de los Pueblos. Matamoros, Mex.
+ Republican. Jacksonville, Ala.
+ Republican. New Orleans.
+ Republican. St. Louis.
+ Republican. Santa Fe, N. Mex.
+ Republican. Savannah, Ga.
+ Republican Banner. Nashville, Tenn.
+ Republicano. Mexico.
+ Republicano Federado. Mexico.
+ Republicano Jalisciense. Guadalajara, Mex.
+ Reveille. Matamoros, Mex.
+ Reveille. St. Louis.
+ Revista Econ. y Comerc. de la Repub. Mexicana. Mexico.
+ Revue Britannique. Paris.
+ Revue de Paris. Brussels.
+ Revue des Deux Mondes. Paris.
+ Revue des Races Latines. Paris.
+ Revue Historique. Paris.
+ Revue Independante. Paris.
+ Saturday Review. London.
+ Scribner's Magazine. New York.
+ Scribner's Monthly. New York.
+ Seminario Politico. Monterey, Mex.
+ Sentido Comun. Morelia, Mex.
+ Sentinel. Tampico, Mex.
+ Sentinel. Vicksburg, Miss.
+ Siglo XIX. Mexico.
+ Sinaloense. Mazatlan, Mex.
+ Sol. Mexico.
+ Sol. Tampico, Mex.
+ Soldado de la Patria. San Luis Potosi, Mex.
+ Sonorense. Hermosillo, Mex.
+ South Atlantic Quarterly. Durham, N. C.
+ South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Charleston, S. C.
+ Southern Advocate. Huntsville, Ala.
+ Southern Literary Messenger. Richmond.
+ Southern Magazine. Baltimore.
+ Southern Quarterly Review. New Orleans.
+ Southwestern Historical Quarterly. Austin, Tex.
+ Spectateur Militaire. Paris.
+ Spectator. London.
+ Spectator. Washington, D. C.
+ Spirit of Jefferson. Charlestown,Va.
+ Spirit of the Age. Woodstock, Vt.
+ Spirit of the Times. New York.
+ Standard. London.
+ Star. Columbia, S. C.
+ Star. Raleigh, N. C.
+ State Sentinel. Indianapolis.
+ Statesman. Albany, N. Y.
+ Sun. New York.
+ Sun of Anahuac. Vera Cruz.
+ Telegrafo. Puebla, Mex.
+ Telegraph. Houston, Tex.
+ Telegraph. Washington, D. C.
+ Temistocles. San Juan Bautista, Mex.
+ Texas Democrat. Austin, Tex.
+ Texas Review. Austin, Tex.
+ Texas State Historical Society Quarterly. Austin, Tex.
+ Texian Democrat. Houston, Tex.
+ Tiempo. Mexico.
+ Times. London.
+ Tribune. New York.
+ Tropic. New Orleans.
+ Union. Nashville, Tenn.
+ Union. Washington, D. C.
+ Union Nacional. Oaxaca, Mex.
+ United Service. New York and Philadelphia.
+ United Service Magazine. London.
+ U. S. Army and Navy Journal. New York.
+ U. S. Cavalry Association Journal. Fort Leavenworth.
+ U. S. Magazine and Democratic Review. Washington and New York.
+ Vedette. Washington.
+ Veracruzano Libre. Veracruz.
+ Verdadero Liberal. Guanajuato, Mex.
+ Vigia del Pacifico. Mazatlan, Mex.
+ Virginia Historical Society Magazine of History and Biography.
+ Voz de Michoacan. Morelia, Mex.
+ Voz de la Patria. Mexico.
+ Voz del Pueblo. Mexico.
+ West Virginia Hist. and Antiq. Soc., Historical Mag. Charleston.
+ Western Monthly Magazine. Cincinnati.
+ Whig. Nashville, Tenn.
+ Whig. Richmond, Va.
+ Whig Review. _See_ American Review.
+ William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine.
+ Yale Review. New Haven.
+ Zacatecano. Zacatecas, Mex.
+ Zempoalteca. Jalapa, Mex.
+
+
+D. BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS (EXCEPT SERIALS)
+
+These were used primarily, like the other printed matter, on account
+of first-hand material contained in them, secondly for ancillary
+information on biography, topography, industries, customs, etc., and
+thirdly for suggestions, many of which were too general to cite. Some
+are mentioned simply to show that the author did not overlook them.
+Others were examined that did not seem worth noticing at all here. To
+have expanded this list into a bibliography would have been foreign to
+the author's aim and would have made it intolerably long. For these
+reasons titles have frequently been shortened. The main use of the
+list was to make it possible to give very brief titles in the notes.
+Numerous broadsides examined by the author are not mentioned.
+
+ iA las Armas, Mexicanos! Mex. 1846.
+
+ Acta. Mazatlan. 1847.
+
+ Acta Celebrada por el Ejercito de Reserva. Mex. 1829.
+
+ Acta Constitutiva y de Reformas, etc. Atlixco. 1847.
+
+ Acta del Pronunciamiento. Mex. 1829.
+
+ Adalberto de Cardona, S. Mex. y Sus Capitales. Mex. 1900.
+
+ Adams, E. D. British Interests and Activities in Texas. Balto. 1910.
+
+ Adams, Henry. Albert Gallatin. Phila. 1879. History of the United
+ States. 9 v. N. Y. 1889-91.
+
+ Adams, J. Q. Memoirs. 12 v. Phila. 1874-77.
+
+ Addey, Markinfield. "Little Mac." N. Y. 1864. "Stonewall Jackson."
+ N. Y. 1863.
+
+ "Adopted Citizen." Texas Question Reviewed. N. Y. 1844.
+
+ Aguilar y Lopez. Breve Impugnacion, etc. Mex. 1848.
+
+ Ah, Traidores Gachupines. Puebla. 1827.
+
+ Al Publico. Puebla. 1847.
+
+ Al Pueblo Mex.: Relacion de las Causas, etc. (Aug. 24, 1847).
+ Mex. 1847.
+
+ Alaman, Lucas. Defensa. Mex. 1834. Dissert. sobre la Hist. de
+ la Repub. Mexicana. 3 v. Mex. 1844-49. Hist. de Mexico. 5
+ v. Mexico. 1883-5. Liquid. General de la Deuda Exterior de
+ la Repub. Mex. Mex. 1845. Memoria [on Agriculture and the
+ Industries]. Mex. 1844.
+
+ Alcaraz, Ramon, _et al_. Apuntes para la Hist. de la Guerra entre
+ Mexico y los Estados Unidos. Mex. 1848.
+
+ Aldrich, M. A. U. S. Marine Corps. Boston. 1875.
+
+ Alexander, E. P. Amer. Civil War. London. 1908.
+
+ [Allen, George.] The Complaint of Mexico. Boston. 1843.
+
+ Allen, G. N. Mexican Treacheries and Cruelties. Boston and N. Y.
+ 1848.
+
+ Allen, H. W. Recollections (S. A. [Ellis] Dorsey, ed.). N. Y.
+ [1866.]
+
+ Allen, J. C. Roster of Soldiers, Sailors and Marines of the War of
+ 1812, etc. Lincoln, Neb. 1893.
+
+ Allen, L. L. Scenes upon the Rio Grande. N. Y. 1848.
+
+ Almonte, J. N. Noticia Estad. sobre Tejas. Mex. 1835.
+
+ Alocucion dirigida en Chacapa al General de las Fuerzas Amer.
+ Puebla. 1847.
+
+ Alvarez, Juan. Manifiesto. Mex. 1845.
+
+ Alvarez, V. S. Breve Noticia de Algunos Manuscritos. Mex. 1908.
+
+ "Amante de Su Patria." Causas para Declarar la Guerra a los EE. UU.
+ Mex. 1829.
+
+ Ambler, C. H. Thomas Ritchie. Richmond. 1913.
+
+ "American, An." _See_ Robinson, A.
+
+ American Gift Book. N. Y. 1848.
+
+ American State Papers. Class I, vol. vi. Wash.
+
+ Ampudia, Pedro de. To Fellow-citizens (July 10, 1846). [Mex. 1846.]
+ Manifiesto. Mex. 1847. El Ciud. P. de A. ante ... la Opin.
+ Publica. S. Luis Potosi. 1846.
+
+ Analasis del Manif. de la Legisl. de V. Cruz. Puebla. 1827.
+
+ Anderson, Robert. Diary ("An Artillery Officer in Mexico"), edited
+ by Mrs. Eba A. Lawton. N. Y. 1911.
+
+ Andrews, C. M. Guide to the Materials for Amer. Hist. to 1783, in
+ the Public Record Office of Great Britain. Wash. 1912.
+
+ Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the
+ Finances. Wash. 1918.
+
+ Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, Candidato. Mex. 1850.
+
+ Apelacion del Gen. I. Reyes al Buen Sentido de los Mexicanos.
+ Zacatecas. 1847.
+
+ Appleton. Biog. Dictionary (Article on Z. Taylor by Jefferson
+ Davis).
+
+ Apuntes para la Biog. del ... Alaman, etc. Mex. 1854.
+
+ Apuntes para la Hist. de la Guerra. _See_ Alcaraz.
+
+ Aranda, A. L. Exposicion. Morelia. 1847.
+
+ Arispe, Ramos de. Memorial. 1814.
+
+ Arista, Mariano. Resena Hist. de la Revol. ... 1833. Mex. 1835.
+
+ Arkansas History Commission. Bulletin No. 6 (June, 1913).
+
+ Arnold, T. J. Early Life and Letters of T. J. Jackson. N. Y. [1916.]
+
+ Arrangoiz, F. de P. de. Mexico desde 1808 hasta 1867. 4 v. Madrid,
+ 1871-72.
+
+ Arrillaga, J. B. Recopilacion. Mex. 1839.
+
+ Arroniz, J. Hist. de Orizaba. 1867.
+
+ Arroniz, Marcos. Manuel del Viajero en Mexico. Paris. 1858.
+
+ Articulos Selectos ... del Aguila Mex. Mex. 1828.
+
+ Atocha, A. J. Memorial. 1852. Statement. [Wash. 1845.]
+
+ Austin, G. L. Wendell Phillips. Boston. 1884.
+
+ Aviraneta e Ibargoyen, E. de. Mis Memorias Intimas, 1825-29. Mex.
+ 1906.
+
+ Aviso a los Estados. Mex. 1834.
+
+ Babcock, Elkanah. War Hist. of Sixth U. S. Infantry. Kansas City.
+ 1903.
+
+ [Babcock, J. F.] Fate of Fred D. Mills. [New Haven. 1848.]
+
+ Bache, R. M. Gen. G. G. Meade. Phila. 1897.
+
+ Baker, D. W. C. Texas Scrap-Book. N. Y. [1875.]
+
+ Balbontin, Manuel. Estado Militar de ... Mexico en 1846. Mex.
+ Invasion Americana. Mex. 1883.
+
+ [Ballentine, George.] Autobiog. of an English Soldier in the U. S.
+ Army. 2 v. London. 1853.
+
+ Banco de Avio. Informe. Mex. 1835.
+
+ Bancroft, H. H. Chronicles of the Builders of the Commonwealth.
+ 7 v. S.Francisco. 1891-92. Hist. of the Pacific States,
+ Mexico and Texas. 16 v. S. Francisco. 1883-90. Resources and
+ Development of Mexico. S. Francisco. 1893.
+
+ Bandini, H. E. Hist. of California. N. Y. [1908.]
+
+ Barcena, J. M. Roa. _See_ Roa Barcena.
+
+ Baril, V. L. Le Mexique. Douai. 1862.
+
+ Barker, E. C. (ed.). Johnson's Hist. of Texas and Texans. 5 v.
+ Chicago. 1914.
+
+ Barragan, M. Manifesto. Mex. 1830.
+
+ "Barrister, A." [Forbes]. Trip to Mexico. London. 1851.
+
+ Barrows, William. Oregon. 10 ed. Boston. 1898.
+
+ Bartlett, D. V. G. Franklin Pierce. Auburn. 1852.
+
+ Bassett, J. S. Andrew Jackson. 2 v. Garden City, N. Y. 1911.
+
+ Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 v. N. Y. [1887-89.]
+
+ Battles of Mexico. N. Y. 1848.
+
+ Bayley, R. A. National Loans of the U. S., 1776-1880. Wash. 1881.
+
+ Baylies, Francis. Wool's Campaign in Mexico. Albany. 1851.
+
+ Baz, Gustavo. Vida de Benito Juarez. Mex. 1864.
+
+ Beechey, F. W. Voyage to the Pacific and Beering's Strait. 2 v.
+ London. 1831.
+
+ Beltrami, J. C. [G. C.]. Le Mexique. 2 v. Paris. 1830.
+
+ Benet, S. V. Ordnance Dept. Reports, etc., ii. Wash. 1880.
+
+ [Benham, H. W.] Recollections of Mexico and the Battle of Buena
+ Vista. Boston. 1871.
+
+ Bennett, F. M. The Steam Navy of the U. S. Pittsburgh. 1896. The
+ Monitor and the Navy under Steam. Boston. 1900.
+
+ Bennett, J. G. _See_ "Journalist."
+
+ Benton, J. G. Ordnance and Gunnery. 2 ed. N. Y. 1862.
+
+ Benton, T. H. Thirty Years View. 2 v. N. Y. 1854, 1856.
+
+ Benton, T. H. (ed.). Abridgement of the Debates of Congress. 16 v.
+ N. Y. 1857-60.
+
+ Beristain y Souza, J. M. Biblioteca Hispano--Amer. Setent. 2 ed.
+ Amecameca. 1883.
+
+ Berlandier (L.) y Chovel (R.). Diario de Viage de la Comision de
+ Limites. Mex. 1850.
+
+ Berry, Philip. Review of the Mex. War. Columbia, S. C. 1849.
+
+ Berthet, A. Quatre Ans au Mexique. Paris. 1885.
+
+ Bertie-Marriott, Clement. Un Parisien au Mexique. Paris. 1886.
+
+ Bigelow, John. J. C. Fremont. N. Y. 1856. Samuel J. Tilden. 2 v. N.
+ Y. 1895.
+
+ [Billings, Mrs. Eliza (Allen).] Female Volunteer. [1851.]
+
+ Biografia de Alaman. Mex.
+
+ Biog. del Gen. Santa-Anna. Mex. 1847.
+
+ Biog. del Gen. Santa-Anna. Mex. 1857.
+
+ Biog. del Gral. Santa Anna. Mex. 1849.
+
+ Birkhimer, W. E. Hist. Sketch of ... the Artillery, U. S. Army.
+ Wash. 1884.
+
+ Bishop, W. H. Mex., California and Arizona. N. Y. 1889.
+
+ Bishop, W. W. Journal of the Twelve Months Campaign of Gen.
+ Shields's Brigade, compiled from notes of Lieuts. J. J. Adams
+ and H. C. Dunbar. St. Louis. 1847.
+
+ Bixby, W. K. [collector]. Letters of Zachary Taylor. Rochester.
+ 1908.
+
+ Blackmar, F. W. Spanish Institutions of the Southwest. Balto. 1891.
+
+ Blackwood, E. J. _See_ Smith, E. K.
+
+ Blaine, J. G. Twenty Years in Congress. 2 v. Norwich. 1884, 1886.
+
+ Blanchard (P.) et Dauzats (A.). S. Juan de Ulua. Paris. 1839.
+
+ Bluemer, Bodo von. El Corazon del Anahuac. (Plano Topografico.) Mex.
+ 1882.
+
+ Bocanegra, J. M. Disertacion Apologetica del Sist. Fed. Mex. 1825.
+ Memorias. 2 v. Mex. 1892.
+
+ Bolles, A. S. Financial History of the U. S., 1789-1860. N. Y. 1883.
+
+ Bolton, H. E. Guide to Materials for the Hist. of the U. S. in the
+ Principal Archives of Mexico. Wash. 1913. Texas in the Middle
+ XVIII Century. Berkeley. 1915.
+
+ Bonsal, Stephen. E. E. Beale. N. Y. 1912.
+
+ Bourne, E. G. Essays in Historical Criticism. N. Y. 1901.
+
+ Brackenridge, H. M. Mexican Letters. Wash. 1850.
+
+ Brackett, A. G. Hist. of the U. S. Cavalry. N. Y. 1865. Lane's
+ Brigade in Central Mexico. Cincin. 1854.
+
+ Bravo, Nicolas. Manifiesto. Mex. 1828.
+
+ Breve Exposicion que el Gen. M. Paredes y Arrillaga hace, etc. Mex.
+ 1847.
+
+ Breve Impugnacion a las Observaciones acerca, etc. Mex. 1848.
+
+ Breve Resena Historica. [Mex.]
+
+ Breve Resumen de lo Ocurrido en esta Diocesis, etc. Mex. 1846.
+
+ Brewer, W. Alabama. Montgomery. 1872.
+
+ Brooks, N. C. Complete Hist. of Mex. War. Phila. 1849.
+
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+
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+
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+
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+ los Principios Politicos del Ecsmo. Sr. J. R. Poinsett, etc.
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+
+ Zirckel, Otto. Tagebuch geschrieben waehrend der
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+ Halle. 1849.
+
+ Zurita, R. M. Esposicion. Mex. 1845.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+ Aberdeen, Earl of, and Oregon controversy and Mexico, =1.= 115;
+ and California, 321, =2.= 302;
+ counsel to Mexico, =1.= 434;
+ warning on annexation, =2.= 299, 508;
+ offers mediation, 301, 503;
+ and interposition, 302, 304, 504-6.
+
+ Abert, J. J., chief topographical engineer, =1.= 475.
+
+ Aburto, Juan, guerilla, =2.= 421.
+
+ Academy of Fine Arts, =1.= 14.
+
+ Acapulco, as port, =1.= 3;
+ not occupied, =2.= 207, 448.
+
+ Acordada, insurrection of the, =1.= 41;
+ building, 413.
+
+ Activo corps in Mexican army, =1.= 157.
+
+ Acuerdo, meaning of citation to, =2.= 346 _n._
+
+ Adams, J. Q., Texas speech, =1.= 70, 111;
+ and Oregon, 152;
+ on secession, =2.= 272;
+ effect of death on treaty of peace, 246.
+
+ _Aetna_, in attack on Tuxpan, =2.= 444;
+ in Home Squadron, 445, 446.
+
+ Agiotista, as term of reproach, =2.= 327.
+
+ Agriculture, Mexican products, =1.= 1-2;
+ farms, 5;
+ conditions, 16, 410.
+
+ Agua Nueva, Taylor's advance at, =1.= 374;
+ Santa Anna's advance, Taylor's retreat, 381-4, 554;
+ Santa Anna's retirement to, parley, 398, 561.
+
+ Aguascalientes battalion, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ Aguirre, J. M. de, and occupation of Saltillo, =1.= 266, 508;
+ and guerilla warfare, =2.= 170;
+ efforts to apprehend, 418.
+
+ Aiken, William, opposes war, =1.= 188.
+
+ Alabama troops, first enlistments, =1.= 195;
+ at Tampico, 282, 512;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 343;
+ in Alvarado expedition, 344;
+ leave Scott, 356;
+ call (1847), 364, 365;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417;
+ slow response to call, 431.
+
+ Alaman, Lucas, industrial scheme, =1.= 16;
+ appearance, 25;
+ as real ruler, character, 43;
+ and boundary negotiations, 60, 418-9;
+ and Butler, 62, 420;
+ and monarchy, 90, 214;
+ on judicial system, 409;
+ on Mexican character, 410;
+ and American troops, =2.= 230.
+
+ Alamo massacre, American indignation, =1.= 117.
+
+ _Albany_, and Vera Cruz expedition, =2.= 18;
+ in attack on Tuxpan, 444;
+ in Home Squadron, 445, 446.
+
+ Albany _Statesman_, on tariff for Mexican ports, =2.= 500.
+
+ Alcorta, L. J., and executive power (1847), =2.= 180;
+ and armistice, 394;
+ and war policy, 430.
+
+ Aleman, Lieutenant, at Chapultepec, =2.= 410.
+
+ Aliens, Mexican antipathy and treatment, =1.= 58, 74, 103, 416.
+ _See also_ Attitude towards United States.
+
+ Allen, G. W., at Palo Alto, =1.= 164.
+
+ Allen, James, and Mormon battalion, =1.= 290.
+
+ Allen, William, and war bill, =1.= 183;
+ and Democratic dissension, =2.= 496.
+
+ Alleye de Cyprey, Baron.
+ _See_ Cyprey.
+
+ Almonte, J. N., character, =1.= 26;
+ and annexation of Texas, 84, 87;
+ belittles American chances in war, 104, 105, 107, 110, 115;
+ excites fear, of Spanish America, 111;
+ and European protection, 122;
+ and outbreak of war, 201, 442;
+ treachery to Paredes, 215;
+ combination with Santa Anna, 216, 222;
+ return to Mexico with Santa Anna, 486;
+ Presidential candidacy (1846), =2.= 5, 82, 84;
+ arrested (1846), 84;
+ anti-peace attitude (1847), 235, 236, 466;
+ combination against Santa Anna, 134;
+ and privateering, 191, 192;
+ subsides, 242;
+ candidacy for Senate, 474.
+
+ Altata, blockaded, =2.= 448.
+
+ Alvarado, J. B., leader in California, =1.= 319;
+ and American occupation, 335.
+
+ Alvarado, expedition, =2.= 38, 344-5;
+ blockade, 194;
+ naval attacks, 197-9, 442;
+ map, 198.
+
+ Alvarez, Juan, at Acapulco, revolt (1846), =1.= 216, =2.= 448;
+ seizes California expedition, =1.= 522;
+ supports Santa Anna (1847), =2.= 86, 88;
+ character, 88;
+ in plan of defence of capital, 90;
+ and Scott's advance to San Agustin, 95, 97, 374;
+ and combination against Santa Anna, 134;
+ at Molino del Rey, 142, 146;
+ at siege
+ of Puebla, 174, 175, 425;
+ force (Oct. 1847), 182;
+ and Scott at Puebla, 363;
+ "pintos" in force, 369;
+ and Contreras, 380;
+ and Chapultepec, 408;
+ in the city, 414;
+ later movements, 425, 433;
+ and Santa Anna's surrender of command, 429.
+
+ Alvarez, Manuel, American consul at Santa Fe, and Armijo and Kearny's
+ expedition, =1.= 289.
+
+ _American Review_, on spirit of expansion and unrest, =1.= 123, 124;
+ on Slidell mission, 133;
+ on advance to Rio Grande, 459-61;
+ on British criticism of military operations, =2.= 307;
+ on peace negotiations (1847), 400.
+
+ _American Star_, accompanies Scott's army, =2.= 227.
+
+ _Amigo del Pueblo_, on Herrera's rule, =1.= 56;
+ on incitation to war, 87;
+ on Slidell mission, 436;
+ on California, 522.
+
+ Amnesty, for Mexican political offenders, =2.= 367.
+
+ Amozoc, Worth at, Santa Anna's attack, =2.= 69-70, 360.
+
+ Ampudia, Pedro de, cruel execution of Sentmanat, =1.= 117;
+ commands at Matamoros, 148;
+ and Taylor, 148, 149, 158, 455;
+ intention to attack, subordinated to Arista, 149, 455;
+ and guerillas, 153;
+ character and appearance, 158, 234;
+ propaganda among American troops, 160;
+ in advance, 162;
+ before Fort Brown, 164, 166, 176, 468;
+ at Palo Alto, 165;
+ and rumors of Arista's treachery, 168, 172;
+ at Resaca de la Palma, 174;
+ preparations and force at Monterey, 230-1, 234, 494;
+ position and policy in command at Monterey, 234;
+ "Culinary Knight," 241;
+ during attack on city, 241, 242, 248, 255, 258, 259, 501;
+ capitulation and retirement, 259, 502, 504;
+ and Pass of Rinconada, 265, 508;
+ at Buena Vista, 366, 388-91;
+ and Wool's march, 510;
+ force at San Luis Potosi, 550;
+ trial, 550;
+ hostility to Santa Anna, =2.= 82;
+ sent away, 84.
+
+ Amusements, Mexican, =1.= 19, 23, 24, 27.
+
+ Anaya, J. P., at Mazatlan, =2.= 448.
+
+ Anaya, P. M., substitute President, =2.= 15;
+ council to consider defence of capital, 79;
+ on effect of Cerro Gordo, 80;
+ and Santa Anna, 82, 92;
+ and Santa Anna's return to capital, 83;
+ at Churubusco, 110;
+ chosen interim President, 236;
+ suppresses war-party insurrection, 236;
+ term expires, 240;
+ appearance, at exchange of ratifications, 251;
+ brigade, 369;
+ in meeting of governors on peace, 464.
+
+ Anderson, Robert, military book, =1.= 451;
+ and volunteer officers, 481;
+ on American rule in Puebla, =2.= 225;
+ on effect of victories, 305;
+ on Cerro Gordo, 354;
+ on Worth, 360.
+
+ Andrade, Manuel, at Cedral, =1.= 553;
+ at Buena Vista, 557;
+ at Molino del Rey, =2.= 141, 146, 404.
+
+ Andrews, T. P., at Chapultepec, =2.= 154;
+ regiment, 363;
+ at Churubusco, 385.
+ _See also_ Voltigeurs.
+
+ Angeles.
+ _See_ Los Angeles.
+
+ Angostura, at Buena Vista, =1.= 383-6.
+
+ Annexations of Mexican War, Mexican desire for, effect on, of
+ occupation, =2.= 125, 215, 323;
+ as only guaranty of order, 234;
+ plan to absorb Mexico, 243-4, 309;
+ opposition to any, 274, 287-9, 492, 498, 502;
+ and Wilmot Proviso, 287-8, 498;
+ foreign opinion on, 297, 308;
+ Yucatan, 472;
+ Polk and policy, 502.
+ _See also_ California; Expansion; Peace; Texas.
+
+ Antigua, expedition, =2.= 38, 344.
+
+ Antislavery sentiment, as expected factor in war, =1.= 105, 107;
+ and Mexico, 119.
+ _See also_ Slavery.
+
+ Anton Lizardo, rendezvous of Vera Cruz expedition, =2.= 17, 332.
+
+ Apache Canyon, N. Mex., expected fight at, =1.= 293-5, 516.
+
+ Apodaca, Juan Ruiz de, and liberal constitution, =1.= 32.
+
+ Appropriations for American navy, =1.= 190, =2.= 189.
+ _See also_ Finances.
+
+ _Arab_, Santa Anna returns in, =1.= 486.
+
+ Arbitrary rule, tradition, =1.= 30.
+
+ Arbitration of claims on Mexico, =1.= 79-81, 429-31.
+
+ Archer, William S., and advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 152;
+ and war bill, 182;
+ and British mediation, =2.= 504.
+
+ Argueelles, D., at Belen garita, =2.= 159, 160.
+
+ Arista, Mariano, position, commands at Matamoros, =1.= 149;
+ orders troops to cross and attack, 149;
+ on beginning of war, 155;
+ force, 158;
+ propaganda among American troops, 160;
+ and outlook, 161;
+ advance on Taylor's communications, 162, 464;
+ battle of Palo Alto, 164-70, 465;
+ treachery rumored, 168, 172;
+ battle of Resaca de la Palma, 170-6, 467;
+ position after battle, 177;
+ retires from Matamoros, 177-8, 469;
+ relieved of command, 178;
+ pursuit, 204;
+ effect of defeat, 213;
+ rebuilds army, 225, 489;
+ and Fort Brown, 468;
+ hostility to Santa Anna, =2.= 82;
+ sent away, 84;
+ refuses command, 182.
+
+ Aristocracy, conditions, aspect, =1.= 5, 23-7;
+ fears American influence, 103.
+ _See also_ Oligarchy.
+
+ Arkansas troops, and Santa Anna's advance, =1.= 383, 554;
+ at Buena Vista, 386, 555, 558;
+ in Wool's march, 509;
+ call (1847), =2.= 365;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417.
+
+ Arlegui, J. M. de, and Doniphan's expedition, =1.= 521.
+
+ Armijo, Manuel, control of New Mexico, character, =1.= 285, =2.= 216;
+ and advance of Kearny's expedition, =1.= 289, 292-3, 516;
+ wavering and flight, 294-5, 516-7.
+
+ Armistice, Taylor's, at Monterey, =1.= 259, 501-6;
+ terminated, 263-4;
+ after Churubusco, =2.= 133;
+ Santa Anna's activity and position, 134;
+ peace negotiations during, 135-8, 396-400;
+ question of extension, 136, 398;
+ Santa Anna violates, 137;
+ terminated, 138, 399;
+ results, 138;
+ terms, 394;
+ wisdom, 394;
+ clashes during, 396;
+ opposing views on, 399;
+ question and renewed peace negotiations, 240, 242;
+ after signing of peace treaty, terms, 242, 471.
+
+ Arms, Mexican, =1.= 156-7, 462;
+ of American army, 450.
+
+ Army, American, character of official reports, =1.= ix, 404;
+ belittled by foreigners, 105;
+ condition, arms (1845), 139, 450-1;
+ war acts on regulars, 190, 191, 474;
+ attitude of regulars, 208, 481;
+ size before call for Vera Cruz expedition, 537;
+ regular force during war, recruiting, 537;
+ Ten Regiment Bill and amendment, =2.= 74-6, 363;
+ question of lieutenant generalcy and major generalcy commanding for
+ Benton, 75, 365;
+ character of new officers under Ten Regiment Bill, 76;
+ statistical facts, 318, 511, 512;
+ regulars and volunteers contrasted, 319-20, 512-3;
+ character of special arms, 320, 513;
+ general character and achievement, 321;
+ Voltigeurs, 363;
+ bounty, 364;
+ authorized regular (1847), 431;
+ supposed size (Nov. 1847), 432.
+ _See also_ Morale; Mounted Riflemen; Voltigeurs; Volunteers; and
+ officers and campaigns by name, regular regiments by number, and
+ volunteers by name of state.
+
+ Army, Mexican, position and character of officers, =1.= 8-10, 408;
+ of rank and file, 10;
+ cavalry and artillery, 11;
+ and Iturbide, 35;
+ power, 36;
+ supports Guerrero, 41;
+ and Bustamante, 43;
+ backs Santa Anna (1832), 45;
+ Farias' attempted reforms, 45;
+ makes Santa Anna dictator, 46;
+ and Seven Laws, 47;
+ and financial crisis, 48;
+ revolts against Santa Anna, 53;
+ and Herrera, 55;
+ foreign opinion, 106, 440;
+ Mexican opinion, 106;
+ organization and condition (1845), 156-7, 461-2;
+ size then, 157;
+ and Paredes, 214;
+ fragmentary character, 494;
+ condition and command after elimination of Santa Anna (1847),
+ =2.= 182, 429-30;
+ as fighters, 311;
+ and civil discouragement, 509.
+ _See also_ commanders and campaigns by name, especially Ampudia;
+ Arista; Santa Anna.
+
+ Army of the East, Mexican, =2.= 88, 369.
+
+ Army of the North, Mexican, =2.= 88, 369.
+ _See also_ Valencia.
+
+ Army of the South, Mexican, =2.= 88.
+ _See also_ Alvarez.
+
+ Arrangoiz, J., Mexican consul at New Orleans, on hope in
+ privateering, =1.= 109.
+
+ Arriero, =1.= 18.
+
+ Arroyo, Miguel, and douceur fund, =2.= 391.
+
+ Arroyo Colorado, Mejia's ruse at crossing, =1.= 147.
+
+ Art of war, =1.= 405.
+
+ Arteaga, M., at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 347, 352.
+
+ Artillery, Mexican, =1.= 11, 156, 461-2;
+ in Monterey campaign, =1.= 228;
+ field, of American army at outbreak of war, 450;
+ in Scott's army. =2.= 77, 365;
+ character of American, 320.
+ _See also_ regiments by number.
+
+ Artillery Battalion, in Monterey campaign, =1.= 241, 242, 244, 492,
+ 496, 501, 508;
+ at Resaca de la Palma, 467.
+ _See also_ Childs.
+
+ Ashburnham, Charles, British charge at Mexico, on Mexican relations,
+ =1.= 74;
+ on Mexican obduracy, 134.
+
+ Ashburton, Baron, and California, =1.= 524;
+ and control of Mexico, =2.= 309.
+
+ Ashmun, George, and advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 456.
+
+ Assessments, American, on Mexicans, =2.= 264-6, 485-8.
+
+ Atalaya, hill at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 45;
+ occupied by Americans, 50-3.
+
+ _Athenaeum_, and American absorption of Mexico, =2.= 297.
+
+ Atlixco, aspect, Rea at, =2.= 178;
+ Lane's attack, 179, 426.
+
+ Atocha, A. J., and Santa Anna, =1.= 202;
+ and peace negotiations, =2.= 123, 124, 126, 387.
+
+ Atristain, Miguel, peace commissioner, =2.= 135, 239.
+
+ Attitude toward Mexico, American, =1.= 58, 60, 61, 65, 76-8, 85,
+ 88-91, 95, 100, 101, 117-21, 125-7, 130-4, 323, 332, 422, 428,
+ 429, 434-6, 439, 443-5, 458-61, =2.= 121, 123, 310, 508.
+ _See also_ Conquered territory; Diplomatic intercourse; Outbreak;
+ Preparation.
+
+ Attitude toward the war, of Mexican people, =1.= 115-6, 442, =2.= 312,
+ 510.
+ _See also_ Opposition; Popularity; Preparation.
+
+ Attitude toward United States, Mexican, =1.= 28, 57-61, 63, 67, 70,
+ 77, 81, 83, 102-4, 109, 111, 116, 161, 375-6, 418, 423, 431,
+ 484, =2.= 124, 310.
+ _See also_ Diplomatic intercourse; Outbreak; Preparation.
+
+ Aulick, J. H., at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 238.
+
+ _Aurora de la Libertad_, excites fears of Spanish America, =1.= 112;
+ appeal to Europe, 114.
+
+ Avalos, F., and plans against Taylor, =2.= 165, 419.
+
+ Ayotla, Twiggs at, =2.= 94.
+
+ Ayuntamientos, in occupied territory, =2.= 229, 461.
+
+
+ Backus, Electus, at Monterey, =1.= 252, 500;
+ on mistakes there, 502.
+
+ Badillo, Colonel, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 44.
+
+ Bahia company, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ Baker, E. D., wounded, =1.= 207;
+ on war and expansion, 444;
+ and absorption of Mexico, =2.= 243;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 352.
+
+ Balderas, Lucas, killed at Molino del Rey, =2.= 145.
+
+ Baldwin, John, claim, =1.= 427.
+
+ Ballentine, George, on American infantry, =1.= 451;
+ on Tampico and American occupation, =2.= 461.
+
+ Baltimore _American_, on California, =1.= 325.
+
+ Baltimore troops.
+ _See_ Washington and Baltimore battalion.
+
+ Bancroft, George, on Polk and California, =1.= 127;
+ on Polk's reluctance to fight, 127, 133;
+ on Polk's ability, 129;
+ and war, 181;
+ instructions to Sloat, 530;
+ as secretary of the navy, =2.= 190;
+ and plan to attack Ulua, 201;
+ and Conner, 201;
+ and absorption of Mexico, 243;
+ on war finances, 260;
+ on victories and foreign relations, 305;
+ on British and war annexations, 309;
+ on influence abroad of war, 324.
+
+ Bancroft, H. H., on Castro's meeting, =1.= 526;
+ on Gillespie, 526;
+ on Sloat, 530, 531.
+
+ Baneneli, J., at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 55.
+
+ Bankhead, Charles, British minister at Mexico, and annexation of
+ Texas, =1.= 85;
+ and Mexican-American relations, 91-3, 435;
+ and Oregon and Mexican controversies, 114-5;
+ on Rio Grande campaign, 179, 180;
+ on Mexican abandonment of California, 319, 322;
+ on Mexican war enthusiasm, 442;
+ on Santa Anna and peace (1846), 487;
+ on factions of Federalists, =2.= 4;
+ on Mexican finances, 8, 328;
+ on Mexican attitude toward peace (1846), 122, 386;
+ and Trist mission, 129-31, 133, 390;
+ and privateering, 192;
+ and mediation, 368, 504;
+ on evacuation of city, 415.
+
+ Bankhead, James, occupation of Cordoba and Orizaba, =2.= 184-5, 222,
+ 433;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 335;
+ in command at Vera Cruz, 432, 457.
+
+ Banking, Mexican attempt, =1.= 17.
+ _See also_ Finances.
+
+ Baranda, Manuel, and return of Santa Anna, =1.= 221, =2.= 368;
+ and Trist mission, 132, 390.
+
+ Barbour, P. N. at Resaca de la Palma, =1.= 174.
+
+ Barker, E. C, acknowledgment to, =1.= 450.
+
+ Barnburners, and Polk, =2.= 270, 281.
+
+ Barrios, Colonel, at Belen garita, =2.= 159, 160.
+
+ Barron, E., British consul at Tepic, and California, =1.= 524.
+
+ Beach, Moses Y., in Mexico, intrigue, =2.= 11-4, 65;
+ escape, 14, 332;
+ and absorption of Mexico, 243;
+ on intrigue, 331.
+
+ Beale, E. F., and battle of San Pascual, =1.= 535.
+
+ Beale's grant, =1.= 449.
+
+ Bear Flag war, =1.= 331-3, 528-9, 531.
+
+ Beauregard, P. G. T., and landing at Vera Cruz, =2.= 23, 336;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 50, 350;
+ reconnoitres Contreras
+ route, 103;
+ on plan of attack of capital, 149;
+ at Belen garita, wounded, 160, 415;
+ engineer with Scott, 366;
+ at battle of Contreras, 379;
+ reconnoitres southern approach of capital, 408;
+ on Mexican soldiers, 509.
+
+ Bejar company, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ Belen garita and citadel, =2.= 147;
+ Quitman's attack, 158-60, 162, 412, 414-6.
+
+ Belknap, W. G., at Palo Alto, =1.= 164;
+ at Resaca de la Palma, 174.
+
+ Belknap, Camp, =1.= 206.
+
+ Belmont, August, and American funds in Mexico, =2.= 266, 488;
+ and war loans, 482.
+
+ Belton, F. M., at Tampico, =1.= 281, 512.
+
+ Benham, F. G., at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 338.
+
+ Benham, H. W., on Taylor's carelessness at Agua Nueva, =1.= 549.
+
+ Benjamin, Calvin, at Chapultepec, =2.= 156;
+ at Belen garita, killed; 160.
+
+ Benjamin, Park, on call to arms, =1.= 193.
+
+ Bentinck, Lord George, and interposition, =2.= 302.
+
+ Benton, T. H., on Polk and war, =1.= 130;
+ and war, 182, 183, 471;
+ on cause of war, 189;
+ and Scott, 197, 354;
+ welcome to Doniphan's force, 314;
+ war plan, 349, 351;
+ on advance to Rio Grande, 458;
+ and Doniphan's expedition, 517;
+ on Gillespie's mission to Fremont, 528;
+ and lieutenant generalcy, =2.= 75, 363;
+ and peace, 123;
+ opposes Slidell as peace commissioner, 126;
+ and treaty of peace, 247, 473, 475;
+ public land gradation policy, 261, 482;
+ and tariff for Mexican ports, 261;
+ character and leadership, 282, 291;
+ and major-generalcy, 365.
+
+ Bent's Fort, Kearny's expedition at, =1.= 288-9, 515.
+
+ Bermudez de Castro, Salvador, Spanish minister at Mexico, and Slidell
+ mission, =1.= 100;
+ on Mexican aggression, 455;
+ on Mexican finances, =2.= 8;
+ on difficulties of march to Mexico City, 37;
+ on Trist mission, 132;
+ and peace, 133;
+ and privateering, 192;
+ and war, 298;
+ on American army, 321;
+ on Scott's expedition, 357.
+
+ Berra, F., at Monterey, =1.= 248.
+
+ Berrien, J. M., and war bill, =1.= 183;
+ and treaty of peace, =2.= 247;
+ no-annexation plan, 287-8, 498.
+
+ Biddle, James, on Asia station, =2.= 189;
+ commands Pacific squadron, vessels, 206, 447.
+
+ Bidwell, John, and Bear Flag war, =1.= 529.
+
+ Bishop's Palace at Monterey, in battle, capture, =1.= 239, 245, 247-8.
+
+ Bissell, W. H., at Buena Vista, =1.= 390, 391, 394.
+
+ Black, John, American consul at Mexico, and restoration of
+ intercourse, =1.= 89, 91, 96;
+ and Slidell mission, 145, 453;
+ report on Santa Anna's attitude, 201;
+ expelled, =2.= 41;
+ and peace negotiations, 122.
+
+ Black, S. W., at siege of Puebla, =2.= 174, 424.
+
+ Black Pass.
+ _See_ Hoya.
+
+ Blair, F. P., Sr., warning on political effect of war, =1.= 353;
+ on Polk, =2.= 270;
+ on excesses in New Mexico, 453.
+
+ Blake, J. E., at Palo Alto, =1.= 165.
+
+ Blanchard, A. G., in Monterey campaign, =1.= 241, 245, 247, 492,
+ 496-8;
+ advance to Saltillo, 264.
+
+ Blanco, Colonel, and Wool's march, =1.= 273, 274, 510;
+ guerilla, 274, 283.
+
+ Blanco, S., at Buena Vista, =1.= 389.
+
+ Bliss, W. W. S., as Taylor's adjutant, =1.= 141, 261, 451, =2.= 318;
+ on Rio Grande campaign, =1.= 179;
+ parley after Buena Vista, 398;
+ at Palo Alto, 466.
+
+ Blockade, not feared by Mexico, =1.= 110;
+ expected European difficulty, 114;
+ policy, character, =2.= 193, 208, 303, 440;
+ physical difficulties, 194-5;
+ on Pacific coast, 205-6, 446, 448.
+
+ Bloomington (Muscatine), Iowa, on good will toward Mexico, =2.= 508.
+
+ Boca Chica, =1.= 205, 480.
+
+ Bocanegra, J. M., character, =1.= 25;
+ American correspondence, 68;
+ and decree expelling Americans, 73;
+ and Texas, 84, 85, 419, 433.
+
+ Bocas, force at, =1.= 553.
+
+ _Boletin Oficial_, on Mexican army, =1.= 106;
+ on Santa Anna, 487.
+
+ Bonham, M. L., regiment, =2.= 363;
+ leaves Mexico City, 476.
+
+ _Bonita_, captured, =1.= 511;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 238;
+ added to navy, 438;
+ in Home Squadron, 442, 446;
+ in attack at Tuxpan, 444.
+
+ Bonneville, B. L. E., and Wool, =1.= 509.
+
+ Borland, Solon, carelessness and capture, =1.= 370-1.
+ _See also_ Encarnacion prisoners.
+
+ _Boston_, wrecked, =2.= 449.
+
+ Boston _Atlas_, demand for war, =1.= 456;
+ on Polk's Cabinet, =2.= 270;
+ on Polk, 275, 276;
+ on outlook of war, 277;
+ encourages enemy, 280;
+ on tariff, 286;
+ on Polk's war policy, 288.
+
+ Botts, J. M., opposes war, =1.= 189.
+
+ Bouck, W. C., federal appointment, =2.= 271.
+
+ Boundaries, Mexican negotiation on Louisiana Purchase, =1.= 59-61,
+ 418;
+ Sabine River, 63;
+ offer of compensation for proper Texan, 84-5, 88, 91, 95, 436;
+ southern, of Texas, 138, 449, 457, 470;
+ Texan, in peace negotiations, =2.= 135-6, 238, 396, 399, 463, 464,
+ 469.
+ _See also_ Annexations.
+
+ Bounty in Ten Regiment Bill, =2.= 364, 490.
+
+ Bowles, W. A., at Buena Vista, =1.= 388, 390, 391, 555, 557.
+
+ Boyd, J. McH., American charge at London, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Bragg, Braxton, force in Texas, =1.= 146, 452;
+ at Fort Brown, 163;
+ at Monterey, 251, 254, 492, 496;
+ at Buena Vista, 388, 390-2, 395, 555, 557, 558;
+ on reports, 404;
+ field battery, 450;
+ in Harney's brigade, 541;
+ on Scott's order against the cabal, =2.= 436;
+ sent to New Mexico, 475.
+
+ Bravo, Nicolas, as partisan leader, =1.= 32;
+ revolt against Iturbide, 35;
+ Presidential candidacy, 37;
+ attempted revolt (1827), 38;
+ pardoned, 44;
+ acting President (1846), reforms, 217;
+ and revolt, 217;
+ incites against United States, 418;
+ and Santa Anna (1847), =2.= 82, 83;
+ retires, 84;
+ at Churubusco, 113, 117;
+ and desire for peace, 122;
+ at Chapultepec, surrenders, 153, 155, 157, 408, 411;
+ and guerilla warfare, 173.
+
+ Bravos battalion, formation, =2.= 3;
+ at Churubusco, 111.
+
+ Brazito affair, =1.= 301-2, 518.
+
+ Brazos Island, camp, =1.= 205.
+
+ Breckenridge, H. M., claims commissioner, =1.= 430.
+
+ Breese, Sidney, position in Senate, =2.= 496.
+
+ Bribery money in peace negotiations, =2.= 131-2, 390.
+
+ Bridgehead at Churubusco, =2.= 111;
+ maps, 112, 113;
+ attack and capture, 114-6, 383.
+
+ Briggs, G. N., on attitude toward war, =2.= 492.
+
+ Brinkerhoff, Jacob, and advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 456;
+ position in House, =2.= 496;
+ and Wilmot Proviso, 498.
+
+ Briscoe, W. F., guerilla attack on, =2.= 423.
+
+ _Britannia_, on American army, =1.= 105;
+ on military titles, =2.= 295;
+ on people, 295;
+ on Polk, 300;
+ on conquests in India, 302;
+ on guerilla warfare, 306;
+ criticism of military operations, 307, 308;
+ on absorption of Mexico, 309.
+
+ British in Mexico, merchants, =1.= 5, 17;
+ mining companies, 15.
+
+ Broglie, Duc de, and war, =2.= 303.
+
+ Brokers, in Mexican public finances, =2.= 327.
+
+ Brooke, G. M., and reinforcement of Tampico, =1.= 282, 512;
+ and alarm over Buena Vista, 400.
+
+ Brooks, W. T. H., at Contreras, =2.= 108.
+
+ Brough, C. H., in Lane's march to Puebla, =2.= 426.
+
+ Brown, ----, American agent to Santa Anna, =1.= 479.
+
+ Brown, Jacob, at Fort Brown, =1.= 163;
+ killed, 176, 468.
+
+ Brown, Milton, on advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 457.
+
+ Brown, Fort, construction, position, map, =1.= 148, 159, 463, 468;
+ attack on, and battle of Resaca de la Palma, 164, 176, 467-9;
+ former names, 454.
+
+ Bryce, James, on justice of expansion, =2.= 323.
+
+ Buchanan, James, and Almonte, =1.= 87;
+ and Slidell mission, instructions, 95, 100, 127, 436-7;
+ on war spirit, 126;
+ on peaceful policy, 131;
+ and monarchist plans in Mexico, 135, 448;
+ and southern boundary of Texas, 139;
+ and California, 327;
+ and defensive-line policy, 348;
+ and Patterson, 351;
+ and war programme, 351;
+ and Parrott, 434;
+ and Gillespie, 528;
+ desire for peace negotiations, =2.= 121;
+ overtures (1846), 122, 386;
+ and Trist, 127, 128;
+ appearance, 128;
+ and recall of Trist, 236, 237, 464;
+ and absorption of Mexico, 243, 244;
+ opposes treaty, 246, 471;
+ as Cabinet officer, 282;
+ and Dallas faction, 282;
+ circular and conciliation of European opinion, 297, 502;
+ and British offer of mediation, 301, 504;
+ and Beach, 331;
+ and Scott-Trist, 390;
+ does not expect peace, 391;
+ on Texas and Kearny's occupation of New Mexico, 497;
+ and annexation and slavery, 502;
+ and Polk, 510.
+
+ Buena Vista, later force at, =2.= 417, 418;
+ mutiny, 418.
+ _See also_ next title.
+
+ Buena Vista campaign, Taylor's insubordinate advance to Agua Nueva,
+ =1.= 368, 373-4, 547-8;
+ carelessness and capture of Wool's scouting parties, 370-1;
+ lessened morale of Wool's force, 371;
+ Taylor's unstrategic position and carelessness, 374, 549, 550;
+ assembling of Santa Anna's army, 374-9, 550;
+ plan to attack Taylor's weak and isolated force, 379, 543, 552;
+ Mexican advance for surprise, 380-8, 553, 554;
+ map of route between Mexico and Agua Nueva, 381;
+ Mexican force, 381, 552;
+ flight of Americans to Buena Vista, 382-3, 554;
+ map of roads between Monterey and El Encarnacion, 382;
+ Taylor's trips to Saltillo, 383, 388, 555, 556;
+ pursuit of Americans, 384, 555;
+ Santa Anna's failure to charge, 384;
+ his play for time, 385, 555;
+ field, 385;
+ American position and force, 386, 548, 555;
+ flank movement on American left, 386, 388;
+ map of field, 387;
+ condition of troops during night, 388;
+ second day: mass in Mexican army, 388;
+ continuation of flanking, 389, 390;
+ repulse of Blanco's frontal charge, 389;
+ Pacheco's advance on American left, 389-91, 557, 558;
+ repulse of flanking force, 391;
+ repulse of Pacheco, 391;
+ rout of flanking force, ruse to save it, 392-3, 558;
+ criticism of Santa Anna's tactics, 393, 558;
+ Hardin's charge and repulse, 393, 559;
+ repulse of Perez's charge on centre, 394-5;
+ Minon's repulse at Saltillo, 395, 555, 556, 559;
+ factors in American success, Taylor, 395-6, 559;
+ Mexican valor, 396;
+ losses and condition of American army, 396, 561;
+ Taylor's determination to hold ground, 397, 561;
+ condition of the Mexican army, 397;
+ Santa Anna's retirement to preserve organization, 397-8, 562;
+ parley, 398, 562;
+ horrors of Mexican retreat, 399;
+ Santa Anna credited with victory, 399;
+ Taylor's tardy advance, 399;
+ forays in his rear, 399, 562;
+ alarm in United States, reaction, 400;
+ Mexican batteries, 556;
+ question of Taylor's order to retreat, 558;
+ foreign comment, =2.= 307.
+
+ Bullion, export forbidden, =2.= 487.
+
+ Burke, Edmund, on arbitrary government, =1.= 52;
+ on political slavery, =2.= 311.
+
+ Burnett, E. C., acknowledgment to, =1.= 419.
+
+ Burnett, W. B., wounded at Churubusco, =2.= 117.
+
+ Burns, ----, paymaster, and Leonidas letter, =2.= 435, 437.
+
+ Burr, Aaron, and spirit of expansion, =1.= 123, 444.
+
+ Burrita, expedition, =1.= 177, 469;
+ camp, 206.
+
+ Burrough, Marmaduke, American consul at Vera Cruz, reports cited
+ _passim_.
+
+ Burton, H. S., in Lower California, =2.= 448, 449, 476.
+
+ Bustamante, Anastasio, Vice-President, revolt, =1.= 43;
+ as President, 43;
+ resigns, reelevates Pedraza, 45;
+ returns to power, Santa Anna undermines, 47-51;
+ and California, 319;
+ and chief command, =2.= 182.
+
+ Butler, Andrew P., position in Senate, =2.= 496.
+
+ Butler, Anthony, as minister at Mexico, =1.= 62, 419, 420;
+ and Sabine River boundary, 64;
+ and claims, 76, 427, 428;
+ and Scott, 476.
+
+ Butler, B. F., on Polk, =2.= 272.
+
+ Butler, P. M., killed, =2.= 117.
+ _See also_ Palmetto.
+
+ Butler, W. O., division in march to Monterey, =1.= 229, 492, 496;
+ in battle of Monterey, 252-4, 499;
+ command and force at Monterey (Dec. 1846), 283, 357;
+ and command of Vera Cruz expedition, 351;
+ and expected attack, 358;
+ Scott's instructions on troops for Vera Cruz, 362;
+ in command at Saltillo, 370, 549;
+ at Brazos, 476;
+ takes reinforcements to Scott, =2.= 184;
+ succeeds Scott, 188, 438;
+ evacuates Mexico City, 252, 476;
+ and Price's Rosales expedition, 419;
+ retained in service, 432;
+ division garrisoned at Molino del Rey, 461;
+ and peace commission, 464.
+
+
+ Cabinet, character of Polk's, =2.= 269, 282.
+
+ Cadereita, aspect, =1.= 357.
+
+ Cadwalader, George, reinforcements for Scott, =2.= 77;
+ brigade in Scott's army, 78, 363;
+ at Contreras, 105, 108, 379;
+ at Churubusco, 110;
+ advance after armistice, 142;
+ at Molino del Rey, 144-6, 402, 403;
+ at San Cosme garita, 161, 414;
+ and douceur, 391;
+ and plan of attack on capital, 408;
+ at Chapultepec, 410;
+ occupies Toluca, 433;
+ leaves Mexico, 438.
+
+ Cahuenga, capitulation of, =1.= 345.
+
+ Calderon de la Barca, J. M., Spanish minister at Washington, on
+ Mexican army, =1.= 106.
+
+ Calhoun, J. C., and annexation of Texas, =1.= 84, 86, 433;
+ opposition to war, 123, 182, 183, 185-7, 189, 443, 472;
+ desire to supplant, 123,=2.= 257;
+ on unrest, =1.= 124;
+ and defensive-line policy, 348, =2.= 183;
+ and advance to the Rio Grande, =1.= 457, 458;
+ and Oregon question, 458;
+ and lieutenant generalcy for Benton, =2.= 75;
+ and peace, 125;
+ and Polk's Cabinet, 269;
+ encourages enemy, 281;
+ followers and Polk, 281, 496;
+ character and leadership, 282, 291;
+ and Wilmot Proviso, 287;
+ on treaty of peace, 472;
+ and war annexations, 499.
+
+ California, Jones at Monterey, =1.= 69, 423;
+ abuse and expulsion of Americans, 71, 73, 423;
+ misgovernment and expulsion of Mexican officials, virtual
+ abdication, 87, 319-22, 522, 523;
+ European interference feared, American precautions against it, 90,
+ 95, 325-6, 530;
+ offer to purchase, 95, 436;
+ attitude of American government, 127, 324-5;
+ conditions under Mexican rule, 315;
+ population, 315;
+ character and life of Californians, 315-7;
+ map of coast, (1846), 316;
+ map of northern, 317;
+ foreign element, commerce, 317-9, 521;
+ question of future, American interest, 322-4, 444, 523;
+ Great Britain and, 323-5, 334, 336, 524, 527, 531, =2.= 302, 308,
+ 505;
+ France and, =1.= 324, 327, 523;
+ expected peaceful acquisition, 325;
+ and cause of Mexican War, 326, 526;
+ attitude of Californians toward foreign control, 327-9, 526;
+ factional war (1846), 329, 527;
+ Fremont and Castro, 331, 528;
+ Gillespie and Fremont's return, Bear Flag war, 331-3, 528-9, 531;
+ its results, 333;
+ Sloat's hesitation, 333-4, 530, 531;
+ possession taken at Monterey, 334-5, 531;
+ defensive union of factions, 335;
+ Stockton-Fremont union and address, 336, 532; first southern
+ campaign, 336-7, 532;
+ Stockton's rule, 337-8;
+ rising in south against Gillespie's rule, 338-9, 533-4;
+ second southern campaign, 339-46, 534-6;
+ Kearny, battle of San Pascual, 341, 534;
+ American force, 342, 535, =2.= 219, 432;
+ advance and recapture of Los Angeles, =1.= 342-4;
+ Fremont's conduct, his capitulation with insurgents, 345-6, 535-6,
+ =2.= 218;
+ results, =1.= 346, 536;
+ in peace negotiations and treaty, =2.= 135, 136, 238, 240, 248, 468,
+ 469;
+ under American rule, 217-20, 285, 454;
+ justice of acquisition, 322, 514;
+ friction between Kearny and Fremont, 454.
+
+ Callender, F. D., at Contreras, =2.= 104, 105.
+
+ Camargo, occupation, as camp, =1.= 210, 484;
+ camp broken up, 356;
+ troops left at, 493;
+ force at (Oct.), 506.
+
+ Cameron, J. A., American consul at Vera Cruz, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Campbell, J. A., opposes war, =1.= 189.
+
+ Campbell, R. B., American consul at Havana, and Santa Anna, =1.= 221;
+ on strength of Ulua, 536;
+ and spy for Scott, =2.= 332.
+
+ Campbell, W. B., in battle of Monterey, =1.= 249, 252;
+ on mistakes at Monterey, 502, 505;
+ on Taylor, 549, =2.= 316;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 56, 57, 353;
+ on attitude on reinlistment, 63;
+ on Pillow, 377, 435.
+
+ Campomanes (Campos), ----, intermediary between Scott and clergy,
+ =2.= 357.
+
+ Campos.
+ _See_ Campomanes.
+
+ Camps, Taylor's, at Corpus Christi, =1.= 143;
+ Texan, of Taylor's reinforcements, 205-7, 480;
+ Camargo, sickness, 211, 484, 493;
+ Cerralvo, 212, 229, 493;
+ Scott's, before Vera Cruz, =2.= 27;
+ Vergara, 222.
+
+ Campusano, Antonio, at Guaymas, =2.= 206, 209, 447.
+
+ Canales, Antonio, force at Matamoros, =1.= 158;
+ character, 158;
+ at Palo Alto, 165, 166;
+ at Resaca de la Palma, 171, 174;
+ and Fort Brown, 176;
+ leaves Taylor's advance unopposed, 226, 236, 495;
+ guerilla warfare, 479, =2.= 169-70.
+
+ Canalizo, Valentin, command below Perote, and preparations, =2.= 40,
+ 41, 47, 61, 347;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 45, 352;
+ in the battle, 52, 55;
+ and Santa Anna at Orizaba, 68;
+ and army at capital, 88;
+ in plan of its defence, 90;
+ fails, 95;
+ combination against Santa Anna, 134.
+
+ Canitz, Baron von, Prussian minister of foreign relations, and the
+ war, =2.= 298, 403.
+
+ Canning, George, on national responsibility, =1.= 76.
+
+ Cano, Juan, at La Hoya, =2.= 42;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 44.
+
+ Cardenas, J., protest to Taylor, =1.= 454.
+
+ _Carmelita_, captured, =2.= 191.
+
+ Carmen Island, occupied, =2.= 204.
+
+ Carnero Pass, Taylor and, =1.= 549.
+
+ Carpender, E. W., and loss of _Truxtun_, =2.= 445.
+
+ Carrasco, J. M., at Monterey, =1.= 252.
+
+ Carson, Kit, and battle of San Pascual, =1.= 535.
+
+ Casa Mata, defences, =2.= 140;
+ force, 142;
+ capture, 145, 146, 403;
+ blown up, 404.
+
+ Casey, Silas, at Chapultepec, =2.= 153, 156, 410;
+ wounded, 157.
+
+ Cass, Lewis, and Gaines's Texan expedition, =1.= 66;
+ and war bill, 183;
+ and Oregon, 200;
+ on defensive-line policy, 348;
+ and absorption of Mexico, =2.= 243;
+ and Barnburners, 281;
+ character and leadership, 282;
+ on annexation of Texas, 509.
+
+ Castillo, Pedro Fernandez del, as claims commissioner, =1.= 80,
+ 429-31.
+
+ Castillo y Lanzas, J. M. de, minister at Washington, =1.= 77;
+ minister of relations, and Slidell, 100, 120, 438, 439;
+ on approach of war, 104.
+
+ Castro, Jose, leader in California, =1.= 319;
+ comandante general, 319;
+ and foreign occupation, 328, 329, 526;
+ civil war with Pico, 329;
+ and Fremont, 331, 528;
+ and American occupation, 335-7, 530, 532;
+ leaves, 337, 533;
+ and Bear Flag war, 529;
+ returns, =2.= 219.
+
+ Caswell, W. R., on Pillow, =1.= 361.
+
+ Causes of the war, in general, =1.= 58-99, 102-16, 134-7, 148-50,
+ 153-5, 158, 179, 185, 432-3, 439, 442, 448, 457-61, 470-3;
+ special, 189-90, 471-3;
+ advance to Rio Grande not cause, 154-5.
+ _See also_ Outbreak; Preparation.
+
+ Cavalry, Mexican, =1.= 11, 19;
+ in Scott's advance on Mexico, =2.= 77;
+ call for American volunteer, 365.
+ _See also_ Dragoons.
+
+ Ceballos, Ramon de, on treatment by Americans, =2.= 324.
+
+ Cedral, force at, =1.= 553.
+
+ Centralists, oligarchy as, =1.= 37;
+ party resentment, 38-9;
+ Santa Anna supports, 46-7, 415;
+ rule, 47-8;
+ and Farias (1846), =2.= 9.
+ _See also_ Federalism; Oligarchy.
+
+ Cerralvo, as camp, =1.= 212, 229, 493;
+ occupied, 229, 562;
+ force at, =2.= 417.
+
+ Cerro Gordo, as defensive point, =2.= 40, 41;
+ map of contour lines near, 40;
+ selected as point to resist Scott's advance, 42;
+ field, defences, 42-5, 347, 348;
+ general map of battle, 43;
+ size and condition of Mexican force, 44-5, 347;
+ Twiggs's force and artillery, 45;
+ Twiggs's character, 48;
+ his blunder into, and retreat, 48;
+ question of precipitous assault, 48-9;
+ Scott on field, 49;
+ reconnaissance, 50, 349;
+ Scott's force, 50;
+ advance flanking Mexican left, 50-1, 53, 55, 350-2, 354;
+ map of central part of battle, 51;
+ capture of La Atalaya, 51;
+ attacks on and capture of Telegrafo, 52-5, 350, 352, 354;
+ flight of flanked Mexicans, 54, 58-9;
+ Pillow's mismanaged attack, 56-8, 352-3;
+ pursuit to Jalapa, 58, 59, 354;
+ spoils, losses, 58, 353;
+ character of Scott's report, 59, 354;
+ effect on Mexicans, 80.
+
+ Chachapa conference, =2.= 70, 360.
+
+ Chalco, Worth at, =2.= 94.
+
+ Chamberlain, S. E., on retreat to Buena Vista, =1.= 554.
+
+ Chapultepec, and battle of Molino del Rey, =2.= 143, 145, 402, 403;
+ and approach of Mexico City, 149;
+ decision to attack, 149, 408;
+ position and defences, 149-52, 405-6, 408;
+ maps, 150, 151;
+ American dispositions and bombardment, 152-3, 409;
+ plan for assault, 153;
+ misgivings, 153-4;
+ attack on grove and outworks, 154, 155;
+ problem of Santa Anna's support, 154-5, 410;
+ charge to the fosse, delay, 155-6, 409;
+ attack on gateway, 156, 158, 411;
+ capture of fort, 157, 410, 411;
+ view from, 158;
+ losses, 158, 411;
+ Worth's advance, 160, 410;
+ and armistice, 394;
+ Mexican force, 408;
+ wisdom of attack, 408;
+ threat to American rear during attack, 410.
+
+ Character, Mexican, =1.= 3-7, 15, 18-28, 53, 57, 115, 229, 266, 285,
+ 293, 295, 315-7, 320, 333, 339, 346, 396, 407-9, 416-8, 438,
+ 455, =2.= 1-2, 31, 32, 45, 63, 79-87, 91-2, 132, 136, 170, 228,
+ 230-1, 233-5, 251, 254, 297, 306, 310-2, 323, 327, 329, 346,
+ 367, 449, 450, 461, 509.
+ _See also_ Population; Social condition.
+
+ Charleston _Courier_, on war spirit, =1.= 132;
+ and the war, 473.
+
+ Charleston _Mercury_, on Polk's alarm, =1.= 476.
+
+ Charleston _Patriot_, and the war, =1.= 473.
+
+ Chase, Franklin, consul at Tampico, and occupation of city, =1.= 279,
+ 511.
+
+ Chase, Mrs. Franklin, and occupation of Tampico, =1.= 279, 511.
+
+ Cheatham, B. F., on mistakes at Monterey, =1.= 502.
+
+ Chew, Samuel, claim, =1.= 426.
+
+ Chihuahua, situation, =1.= 3;
+ plans for expedition against, 266;
+ gathering of Wool's force, 267-70;
+ his advance to Monclova, 270-3, 509;
+ his difficulties, 273-4, 509-10;
+ advance to Parras, 274-5, 510;
+ diversion of Wool's march, 275;
+ results of march, 276, 510;
+ and caravan trade, 286;
+ Doniphan's force against, 298-9, 519;
+ his march to El Paso, Brazito affair, 299-303, 518;
+ his advance to Sacramento River, 303-4, 519;
+ political affairs and preparations against Doniphan, Mexican force,
+ 304-6, 519;
+ battle of Sacramento, 306-13, 520;
+ occupied, 313, 520;
+ Doniphan's negotiations, 313;
+ his march to Saltillo, 313, 521;
+ occupied by Price, =2.= 166, 419;
+ under American rule, 454.
+
+ Chihuahua Rangers, in Doniphan's expedition, =1.= 303, 519.
+
+ Childs, Thomas, at Palo Alto, =1.= 164;
+ at Monterey, 241, 246;
+ at Jalapa, =2.= 361;
+ command at Puebla, besieged, =2.= 174-8, 424;
+ as governor, 226.
+
+ Chimalpa, Pillow at, =2.= 95.
+
+ China, Mexico, proposed attack on Texans at, =1.= 235.
+
+ Chiquihuite, as defensive point, =2.= 41.
+
+ Chronology of the war, =1.= xix-xxi.
+
+ Churchill, Sylvester, in Wool's march, =1.= 270, 273.
+
+ Churchill, W. H., at Palo Alto, =1.= 164, 167, 466.
+
+ Churubusco, defences, =2.= 98, 110-1, 382;
+ map of battle, 111;
+ maps of bridgehead, 112, 113;
+ capture of San Antonio, 112;
+ pursuit of Mexicans to bridgehead, 113;
+ Coyoacan as American point of concentration, 112, 382, 383;
+ attack and capture of convent, 113-4, 117, 382, 383, 385;
+ map of convent, 114;
+ attack and capture of bridgehead, 114-6, 383;
+ Shields-Pierce flank attack, 115-7, 384;
+ pursuit of Mexicans, 117;
+ Kearny's charge, 118;
+ losses, spoils, 118;
+ American elation, 118-9;
+ Scott's army after the battle, 120;
+ why not followed up, 120-1, 386, 393;
+ Scott's probable plan, 383;
+ as blunder, 383;
+ effect on morale, 384;
+ Mexican force, 385;
+ Pillow's troops in, 385;
+ fate of captured American deserters, 385.
+
+ Citadel at Mexico City, =2.= 159, 160, 413, 415.
+
+ Cities of Mexico, =1.= 2.
+
+ Civil service, Mexican, character, =1.= 11, 20.
+
+ Claiborne, J. F. H., on war spirit, =1.= 444.
+
+ Claims against Mexico, European, =1.= 74, 425;
+ American, and conduct of Americans, 74;
+ character and justice, 74-6, 424-7;
+ American patience and forbearance, 76, 427;
+ Jackson's Message (1837), 77-8, 428;
+ demand (1837), 78-9, 429;
+ arbitration, delays, 79-80, 429-31;
+ award (1841), convention on payments, cessation of payments, excuse,
+ 80, 431;
+ question in efforts for resumption of intercourse, 92-5, 97, 435;
+ Mexican attitude, 103;
+ and cause of war, 120, 132, 134, 190, 448, =2.= 279;
+ Polk's review, 49;
+ assumption in treaty of peace, 241, 468, 469;
+ necessity of enforcement, 311.
+
+ _Clamor de las Ovejas_, =2.= 346.
+
+ Clark, M. L., in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 288;
+ to hold Santa Fe, 298;
+ joins Doniphan, 299, 303, 519;
+ in battle of Sacramento, 310, 312.
+
+ Clarke, N. S., command at Matamoros, =1.= 493;
+ brigade in Scott's army, =2.= 77;
+ at Churubusco, 112, 113;
+ at Molino del Rey, 144, 145, 402, 403;
+ at Chapultepec, 157, 409;
+ at San Cosme garita, 161, 162;
+ occupies Cuernavaca, 433.
+
+ Classes, Mexican.
+ _See_ Population.
+
+ Clausewitz, Karl von, on simplicity of war, =1.= 508.
+
+ Clay, C. M., captured, =1.= 370-1.
+ _See also_ Encarnacion prisoners.
+
+ Clay, Henry [1], on cause of war, =1.= 189;
+ speech and resolution on war, =2.= 289;
+ war programme, 290;
+ results of policy, 314.
+
+ Clay, Henry [2], killed, =1.= 394.
+
+ Clayton, J. M., and war bill, =1.= 182;
+ defence of Taylor, 260;
+ and tariff of 1846, =2.= 257, 496;
+ position in Senate, 496.
+
+ Clergy.
+ _See_ Roman Catholic church.
+
+ Clifford, Nathan, and Scott's expedition, =1.= 540;
+ and tariff for Mexican ports, =2.= 261;
+ ratification commissioner, 249, 251, 474;
+ minister at Mexico, 475.
+
+ Climate of Mexico, =1.= 1.
+
+ Coahuila state, overrun,=2.= 418.
+
+ Coalition of Mexican states, and secession, =2.= 87, 234;
+ opposes peace, 131;
+ and opposition to Santa Anna, 134, 136;
+ and collapse of government, 428.
+
+ Cochelet, ----, French agent in Mexico, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Collins, John, messenger to Wool, =1.= 313.
+
+ Colombia.
+ _See_ New Granada.
+
+ Colonies, mercantile system, =1.= 29.
+
+ Colquitt, W. T., position in Senate, =2.= 496.
+
+ Colton, Walter, as alcalde, =1.= 338.
+
+ _Columbus_, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 447.
+
+ Comanche Indians, raids, =1.= 479, 521.
+
+ Comandu, and American occupation, =2.= 448.
+
+ Commander in the field, selection (1846), =1.= 196-8, 200, 477;
+ for Vera Cruz expedition, 351-4, 538-9;
+ proposed lieutenant generalcy, =2.= 75;
+ Scott removed, 188, 437.
+
+ Commerce, American, influence on demand for war, =1.= 122, 443.
+ _See also_ Santa Fe trail; Tariff.
+
+ Commerce, Mexican, mercantile class, =1.= 5, 17;
+ roads, inland transportation, 16, 18;
+ protective tariff and prohibition, 17;
+ smuggling, 17;
+ American negotiations, 61, 419;
+ over Santa Fe trail, 72;
+ general restriction on American, 73, 424;
+ of California, 317, 521;
+ foreign, in occupied Mexican ports, =2.= 262, 303, 484, 505, 506.
+
+ Commissaries, Mexican, =1.= 157.
+
+ Concepcion, Fort, at Vera Cruz, =2.= 19.
+
+ Congress, American, and advance to the Rio Grande, =1.= 151, 456-9,
+ =2.= 277;
+ war Message and war bill, =1.= 181-3, 470-3;
+ war preparations, 190;
+ and Oregon, 201;
+ the Ten Regiment Bill, =2.= 74-6;
+ and lieutenant generalcy, 75, 363, 365;
+ and two and three million funds, 123, 387;
+ and military government, 220;
+ and absorption of Mexico, 243-4;
+ tariff of 1846, warehouse system, sub-treasury, 257, 478-9;
+ treasury notes and loans, 258, 260, 264, 479, 485;
+ proposed impost on tea and coffee, 261, 285, 482;
+ proposed gradation of public lands, 261;
+ initial popularity of war, 268;
+ reaction, 269, 281;
+ Democratic dissensions, lack of leaders, 281-3, 496;
+ position of Whigs, leaders, 283, 496;
+ character of war-time speeches, 284;
+ attacks on war policy, 284-6;
+ Wilmot Proviso, 286-7, 498;
+ Whig no-territory plan, 287-8, 498;
+ Clay's speech and resolutions, 289;
+ demand for stoppage of supplies and recall of troops, 290-1, 500;
+ Whig control of House, programme, 290;
+ influence of success of war, 290;
+ continued baiting of Polk, 291, 500;
+ war-time character, 313-4;
+ act (1847) for volunteers, 431;
+ and Yucatan, 472;
+ other war-time financial legislation, 489.
+ _See also_ Senate.
+
+ Congress, Mexican, first under Iturbide, =1.= 35-6;
+ first republican, 36-7;
+ first constitutional (1825), 37;
+ and reelevation of Pedraza, 45;
+ and Farias' reforms, 46;
+ of Santa Anna's supporters (1835), 47;
+ Seven Laws (1835), 47;
+ and Santa Anna, 52-3;
+ character (1846), =2.= 5;
+ war-time Presidential elections, 5, 84, 236;
+ war measure against church property, 9-12, 14, 329;
+ new constitution (1847), 82;
+ in abeyance, 85;
+ and Trist mission, 130, 132;
+ supports peace party, 236;
+ ratifies treaty, 250-1, 474;
+ and British mediation, 368.
+
+ _Congress_, in Pacific squadron, =1.= 336, 337, 532, =2.= 189, 206,
+ 447;
+ at Guaymas, 206, 447.
+
+ Connelly, Henry, and Kearny, =1.= 516.
+
+ Conner, David, and resumption of intercourse (1845), =1.= 94, 436;
+ peaceful instructions to (1845), 131;
+ and policy of bold military attitude, 152;
+ and return of Santa Anna, 202, 478, 486, 487;
+ attitude toward attack on Tampico, 277;
+ occupies it, 279-81, 511-2;
+ and the plan to attack Vera Cruz, 349-51, 536;
+ and attack on Taylor, 466, =2.= 197;
+ and crossing of Rio Grande, =1.= 469;
+ and Vera Cruz expedition, =2.= 18, 23, 332, 335, 336, 338;
+ superseded by Perry, 30, 201;
+ squadron, distribution, 189, 197, 442;
+ and blockade, 193;
+ difficulties of shore operations, 196;
+ character as officer, 196, 444;
+ attacks on Alvarado, 197-9, 442;
+ Tabasco River expedition, 199-200;
+ Yucatan operations, 201;
+ and plans to attack Ulua, 201, 444.
+
+ Conner, P. E., at Buena Vista, =1.= 389, 556.
+
+ Conquered territory, policy of occupying territory, =1.= 262, 266-7,
+ 508, =2.= 273, 492;
+ civil government in New Mexico and California, =1.= 337-8, =2.= 217,
+ 218, 285, 453;
+ character of naval control, 208;
+ policy toward noncombatants, conciliation, 210-1, 449;
+ outrages by volunteers at Matamoros, 211, 450;
+ and at Monterey, 212-3, 450;
+ liquor and troubles, 212, 213, 224, 457;
+ regulations at Monterey, later security, 213, 450-1;
+ difficulty of convicting Mexican offenders, 213, 451;
+ rule in Saltillo, 213, 452;
+ police regulations, 213, 215, 229, 450, 452;
+ conditions in Tampico, 214, 452;
+ prosperity, 214-5, 219;
+ effect of occupation on Mexican desire for annexation, 215;
+ excesses in New Mexico, 216, 453;
+ Price's rule there, insurrection, 217;
+ successful rule in California, 217-20, 454;
+ use of local civil officers, 218, 229, 461;
+ Scott's orders for military government, 220, 455-7;
+ rule at Vera Cruz, 220-2, 457;
+ at Cordoba and Orizaba, 222;
+ affairs at Jalapa, 223-5, 458;
+ excesses elsewhere, 224, 225;
+ Mexican offences and exaggerations, 224;
+ rule at Puebla, 225, 459;
+ clemency toward Mexico City, 226, 459;
+ military discipline there, 226, 459-60;
+ life at capital during occupation, 226-8, 460;
+ Mexican courts, 229;
+ social relations, 230-1, 461-2;
+ general conclusions on conduct of occupation, 231-2;
+ tariff, 261-3, 484;
+ levies on Mexicans, 264-6, 485-8;
+ American opposition to occupation, 273, 492;
+ title by conquest, 285, 468, 497;
+ justice of conquest, 322, 514;
+ conditions at Chihuahua, 454.
+
+ Conspectus of events, =1.= xix-xxi.
+
+ Constitutions, Spanish liberal (1820), =1.= 32;
+ first Mexican (1824), 36-7, 412-3;
+ Seven Laws, 47;
+ Bases of Tacubaya, 51;
+ Organic Bases, 52;
+ revival of Organic Bases, 217;
+ renewal of constitution of 1824, 222, 488;
+ of 1847, =2.= 82.
+
+ Consuls in Mexico, cut off, =1.= 212, 484.
+
+ Contreras, battle of, field, =2.= 101;
+ Valencia's occupation of it, 102, 104;
+ American reconnaissance and advance, 103, 380;
+ Pillow's attack and Riley's flank movement, 104, 376, 378, 380;
+ support of Riley, 105, 107, 378-80;
+ Santa Anna's movements, 105, 110, 379, 380;
+ Valencia disobeys order to retire, 106;
+ map, 107;
+ American troops during night, 107;
+ American flank and rear attack, 108-10, 379, 380;
+ flight of Mexicans, 109;
+ losses, spoils, 110;
+ credit for victory, 376.
+
+ Convent at Churubusco, =2.= 111, 382;
+ attack and capture, 113-4, 117, 382, 383, 385;
+ map, 114.
+
+ Convoy.
+ _See_ Transportation.
+
+ Cooke, P. St. G., in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 290, 293;
+ in California, =2.= 218, 455.
+
+ Cordoba, Bankhead's expedition, aspect of route to, =2.= 184-5, 433;
+ under American rule, 222, 229;
+ Lane at, 427.
+
+ Corcoran, W. J., company raised by, =2.= 431.
+
+ Corpus Christi, Taylor's force at, =1.= 142, 452.
+
+ Corral Falso, as defensive point, =2.= 39, 41, 42.
+
+ Corruption, Mexican, in army, =1.= 9;
+ in civil service, 12;
+ extent and effect, 13, 57, 416-7;
+ question in peace negotiations, =2.= 123, 132, 390-1;
+ and war-time trade, 263;
+ and Mexican attitude on the war, 312.
+
+ Corwin, Thomas, on Scott, =1.= 197;
+ opposition to war, =2.= 126;
+ and treaty of peace, 247;
+ effect of "hospitable graves" speech, 278, 494;
+ demands recall of troops, 290.
+
+ Cos, M. P. de, at Tuxpan, =2.= 202, 445.
+
+ _Cossack_, claim, =1.= 426.
+
+ Cost of the war to United States, =2.= 266-7, 488.
+
+ Council Grove, trade rendezvous, =1.= 288.
+
+ Courtesy, Mexican, =1.= 26.
+
+ Couto, J. B., peace commissioner, =2.= 135, 239;
+ and Pena, 180;
+ on Trist, 323.
+
+ Cox, I. J., acknowledgment to, =1.= 450.
+
+ Cox, Nathaniel, claim, =1.= 426.
+
+ Coyoacan, force at, =2.= 101;
+ and battle of Churubusco, 112, 382-3.
+
+ Crampton, J. F. T., British charge at Washington, and levy on
+ Mexicans, =2.= 486;
+ on slavery and cessation of war, 500;
+ on Whig war policy, 500.
+
+ Crawford, J. T., British consul at Tampico, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Credit, lack of Mexican public, =2.= 7, 253;
+ American foreign, 256.
+ _See also_ Finances.
+
+ _Creole_, burned, =2=. 444.
+
+ Creoles, characteristics, =1.= 3, 407;
+ and Spanish-born, 29;
+ and independence, 30-1.
+
+ _Crepusculo_, on Santa Anna as dictator, =1.= 47;
+ on Santa Anna and Zacatecas, 550.
+
+ Crime and criminal law, Mexican, =1.= 13, 21.
+
+ Crittenden, J. J., and war bill, =1.= 183, 187, 473, =2.= 277;
+ defence of Taylor, =1.= 260;
+ and Taylor's candidacy, 368;
+ and tariff of 1846, =2.= 257, 496;
+ and plan to stop war, 290;
+ position in Senate, 496;
+ on American attitude toward Mexico, 508.
+
+ Cross, Trueman, killed, =1.= 160, 463;
+ on Taylor and transportation, 490.
+
+ Cuba, Mexico and, =1.= 417;
+ and Mexican privateering, =2.= 192, 193.
+
+ Cuernavaca, and Santa Anna's dictatorship, =1.= 46;
+ occupied, =2.= 184, 433.
+
+ Cuevas, L. G., on chances of expected war, =1.= 111;
+ and annexation of Texas, 434;
+ on resumption of intercourse, 435;
+ and Pena, =2.= 180;
+ peace commissioner, 239, 466;
+ on Trist, 323.
+
+ _Cumberland_, in Home Squadron, =2.= 197, 442;
+ damaged, 449.
+
+ Cumplido, I., Presidential candidacy, =2.= 236.
+
+ Curtis, S. R., and forays on Taylor's rear, =1.= 562.
+
+ Cushing, Caleb, sent to Scott, =2.= 184, 418;
+ brigade in Taylor's force, 417;
+ leaves Mexico, 438.
+
+ Customs, Mexican internal, =1.= 16, =2.= 253.
+ _See also_ Tariff.
+
+ Cuylti, Gavino, and Doniphan's advance, =1.= 301.
+
+ _Cyane_, at Monterey, =1.= 423;
+ in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189, 205, 206, 446, 447;
+ at La Paz and San Jose, 449.
+
+ Cyprey, Baron Alleye de, French minister at Mexico, on British
+ recognition of Texas, =1.= 432.
+
+
+ Dakin, J. H., recruiting advertisement, =1.= 445.
+
+ _Dale_, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189, 206, 447;
+ at Guaymas, 447.
+
+ Dallas, G. M., and Buchanan faction, =2.= 282;
+ on Polk, 510.
+
+ Dana, R. H., and public interest in California, =1.= 323.
+
+ Davidson, G. R., captured, =1.= 370-1.
+ _See also_ Encarnacion prisoners.
+
+ Davis, C. W., and outrages, =1.= 425.
+
+ Davis, G. T. M., on errors at Churubusco, =2=. 383;
+ on Belen operations, 412.
+
+ Davis, Jefferson, at Monterey, =1.= 249, 252, 500;
+ in negotiations, 502, 504, 505;
+ at Buena Vista, 555;
+ and peace negotiations, =2.= 464;
+ on glory of the war, 324.
+
+ Davis, John, and two million bill, =2.= 123.
+
+ Deas, Edward, battery in Taylor's later force, =2.= 418.
+
+ Deaths, in American army, =2.= 318, 511, 512.
+
+ _Decatur_, in attack on Tuxpan, =2.= 444;
+ in Home Squadron, 446.
+
+ Declaration of war.
+ _See_ Outbreak.
+
+ Defensive-line policy, Taylor's plan, =1.= 282-3, 461, 513, 514;
+ popularity, 347;
+ persistence, =2.= 183, 430.
+
+ Deffaudis, Baron. French minister at Mexico, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Delano, Columbus, and war bill, =1.= 472;
+ inconsistent war criticism, =2.= 277.
+
+ Delaware Indians, in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 288.
+
+ Delaware troops, =2.= 431.
+
+ Democracy, radical party in Mexico (1846), =2.= 2-4.
+ _See also_ Federalism; Puros.
+
+ Democratic party, and war, =1.= 184, 471;
+ early reaction, =2.= 269, 281;
+ and Polk, dissensions, 269-73, 281, 283;
+ leaders in Congress, 282, 496;
+ dissensions and Wilmot Proviso, 286;
+ dissensions protract war, 288.
+ _See also_ Congress; Polk.
+
+ _Democratic Review_, and absorption of Mexico, =2.= 243.
+
+ De Russey, L. G., wrecked, march to Tampico, =1.= 547;
+ attempt to rescue prisoners of war, =2.= 418.
+
+ Descriptions.
+ _See_ Physical aspect.
+
+ Desertion, in Taylor army at Rio Grande, =1.= 160, 463;
+ tendency after Monterey, 262;
+ amount, =2.= 318, 319;
+ fate of deserters captured at Churubusco, 385;
+ deserters and peace, 474.
+ _See also_ Irish; Propaganda.
+
+ Diablo, El, earthwork at Monterey, =1.= 249;
+ attack on, 253-4, 500;
+ evacuated, 255.
+
+ _Diario_, desires war, =1.= 105, 115;
+ on help from abroad, 112;
+ on the army, 408;
+ on United States and Texas, 423;
+ on start of final campaign, =2.= 92;
+ on Scott's predicament, 103;
+ on peace negotiations, 123, 130.
+
+ Diaz de la Vega, R.
+ _See_ La Vega.
+
+ Dickens, Charles, jibes at Americans, =2.= 294.
+
+ Dickinson, D. S., and expansion, =1.= 188;
+ and absorption of Mexico, =2.= 243;
+ position in Senate, 496.
+
+ Dictatorship, under first Mexican constitution, =1.= 37;
+ Victoria's, 39;
+ Guerrero's, 42;
+ Santa Anna's, 46, 51-3, 415;
+ his virtual, during the war, =2.= 81, 85;
+ invitation to Scott, 323.
+
+ Dimond, F. M., American consul at Vera Cruz, and restoration of
+ intercourse, =1.= 89;
+ report on Santa Anna's attitude, 201;
+ and war programme, 350;
+ on Mexico and American-British relations, 442;
+ and spy for Scott, =2.= 332.
+
+ Diplomatic intercourse, American-Mexican, Mexican characteristics,
+ =1.= 58, 416;
+ treatment of Poinsett, 58-9, 417;
+ Louisiana Purchase boundary, 59-61, 418;
+ treaty of amity and commerce, 61, 419;
+ recall of Poinsett demanded, 62;
+ Butler as minister, 62, 419, 420;
+ Ellis as charge, 63;
+ Sabine River boundary and Gaines's expedition, 63-6, 420-2;
+ departure of Gorostiza, 66, 77;
+ and recognition of Texas, 66, 422, 423;
+ Bocanegra's threat, 68;
+ Gorostiza's pamphlet, disavowal, 77-9;
+ rupture (1845), 87;
+ efforts to restore, 88-91, 133, 434, 447;
+ preparation to reopen, 91;
+ British efforts for renewal, 91, 435;
+ Mexico agrees to resume, claims question in agreement, 92-4, 97,
+ 435-6;
+ need of haste, 94;
+ instructions to Slidell, 95, 127, 436;
+ rejection of Slidell, 96-8, 100-1, 120, 127, 133, 135, 145, 437-9,
+ 447, 453;
+ policy of bold military attitude to encourage resumption, 152;
+ negotiations with Santa Anna (1846), 201-3, 471;
+ difficulties of contrasted national characteristics, =2.= 310, 508.
+ _See also_ Claims; Foreign relations; Peace.
+
+ Direct tax. American attitude toward, =2.= 258, 480.
+
+ Discipline.
+ _See_ Conquered territory; Morale.
+
+ Disraeli, Benjamin, on Mexico, =2.= 296;
+ and the war, 299;
+ and interposition, 302.
+
+ District of Columbia troops, call and response (1847), =2.= 364, 431;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417;
+ at Jalapa, 433.
+ _See also_ Washington and Baltimore battalion.
+
+ Dodd, W. E., on Calhoun's rivals and war, =1.= 444.
+
+ Dominguez, Manuel, as Scott's spy, =2.= 362.
+
+ _Don Simplicio_, on Santa Anna's efforts at San Luis Potosi, =1.= 376,
+ 377, 379;
+ on revolt of 1846, =2.= 1;
+ on political situation (1847), 16.
+
+ Donaldson, J. L., at Saltillo, =1.= 559.
+
+ Donelson, A. J., on Texas and European aid, =1.= 82;
+ peaceful instructions to (1845), 131;
+ on Mexico and slavery, 188;
+ and war, 445.
+
+ Doniphan, A. W., regiment in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 288;
+ reduces Indians, 298;
+ force for Chihuahua march, 98, 303, 519;
+ character and appearance, 299;
+ character of force, 299, 303;
+ caravan with, 298, 303, 519, 520;
+ crossing of Jornada del Muerto, 299, 518;
+ Clark's reinforcement, 299, 303;
+ preparations against at El Paso, 300-1, 518;
+ affair of Brazito, 301-2, 518;
+ at El Paso, 302-3;
+ advance to Sacramento River, 303-4, 519;
+ preparations against at Chihuahua, 304-6, 519;
+ map of march, 305;
+ battle of Sacramento, 306-13, 520;
+ at Chihuahua, 313, 520;
+ negotiations, 313;
+ march to Saltillo, 313, 521, 547, 548;
+ return to Missouri, reception, results of march, 314;
+ on and during the battle, 520;
+ later career, 521.
+
+ Dorsey, G., on Spanish American fear of aggression, =1.= 111.
+
+ Dosamantes, Senorita, as volunteer, =1.= 230, 494.
+
+ Dosamantes, J., captured at Chapultepec, =2.= 411.
+
+ Douglas, S. A., on cause of war, =1.= 189;
+ on policy of occupying territory, =2.= 492;
+ position in House, 496.
+
+ Doyle, P. W., British charge at Mexico, on British recognition of
+ Texas, =1.= 432;
+ on conduct of American soldiers, =2.= 226, 231, 460;
+ and renewal of peace negotiations, 238-40, 465;
+ and armistice, 242, 470;
+ on relaxed discipline after Scott's departure, 438.
+
+ Dragoons, force (1845), =1.= 139, 450;
+ at Churubusco, =2.= 110, 119, 385;
+ during armistice, 134;
+ at Molino del Rey, 144, 146, 403;
+ at Chapultepec, 161, 408, 410;
+ in Mexico City, 164;
+ with Scott, 356;
+ garrison at Jalapa and Perote, 361;
+ in California, 475.
+ _See also_ regiments by number.
+
+ Dress, Mexican, =1.= 18-9, 24;
+ Californian, 316.
+
+ Drink.
+ _See_ Liquor.
+
+ Dromgoole, G. C., position in House, =2.= 496.
+
+ Drum, S. H., company at Molino del Rey, =2.= 143, 145, 403;
+ at Chapultepec, 152, 156;
+ at Belen garita, 159, 160;
+ killed, 160;
+ light artillery, 366.
+
+ Ducoing, Theodore, claim, =1.= 427.
+
+ Duflot de Mofras, Eugene, on cause of war, =1.= 189;
+ and California, 324, 523.
+
+ Duncan, James, battery in Texas, =1.= 146;
+ at Palo Alto, 168, 169, 465;
+ at Monterey, 241, 243, 248, 258, 492, 496;
+ advance to Saltillo, 264;
+ field battery, 450;
+ at Resaca de la Palma, 467;
+ in advance of Perote, =2.= 61;
+ Amozoc affair, 70;
+ in Scott's army, 77;
+ at Churubusco, 115, 117;
+ at Molino del Rey, 143-6;
+ at Chapultepec, 161;
+ and uprising in the city, 167;
+ and cabal against Scott, 178, 435;
+ Scott's charges against, 188, 436;
+ Polk rescues, 188;
+ reconnaissance of Mexicaltzingo route, 372, 373;
+ and Quitman's advance to Belen garita, 414.
+
+ Du Petit Thouars, A. A., and California, =1.= 523.
+
+ Du Pont, S. F., cruise off western coast of Mexico, =2.= 205;
+ at La Paz and San Jose, 449.
+
+ Duran, Jose, and surrender of Ulua, =2.= 340, 342.
+
+ Durango state, and Santa Anna, =1.= 376;
+ and secession coalition, =2.= 86.
+
+
+ Echagaray, Domingo, at San Juan Bautista, =2.= 446.
+
+ Echeagaray, Lt. Col., at Molino del Rey, =2.= 145;
+ at San Cosme garita, 413.
+
+ Echols, R. M., regiment in Taylor's force, =2.= 417.
+
+ Eckford, Henry, claim, =1.= 426.
+
+ Edson, Alvin, at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 335.
+
+ Education, under Spanish rule, =1.= 13;
+ common, after independence, 14, 409;
+ higher, 14.
+
+ Eighth Cavalry, Mexican, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ Eighth Infantry, in Texas, =1.= 143;
+ at Palo Alto, 164, 168, 466;
+ at Resaca de la Palma, 174;
+ at Monterey, 246, 492, 496, 501;
+ advance to Saltillo, 264;
+ in Scott's army, =2.= 77;
+ at Churubusco, 112, 115, 116, 384;
+ at Chapultepec, 157;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343;
+ at Molino del Rey, 402.
+
+ Eighth Line Infantry, Mexican, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ El Carmen Island.
+ _See_ Carmen.
+
+ El Paso, aspect and people, =1.= 300, 302;
+ force against Doniphan Brazito affair, 300-2, 518;
+ Doniphan occupies, 302-3.
+
+ El Telegrafo.
+ _See_ Telegrafo.
+
+ Elections.
+ _See_ President.
+
+ Eleventh Infantry, in Scott's army, =2.= 77, 363, 422, 432;
+ at Chapultepec, 154, 410;
+ at Churubusco, 385;
+ at Molino del Rey, 402.
+
+ Eleventh Line Infantry, Mexican, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 52, 347;
+ at San Cosme garita, 162;
+ and Vera Cruz, 334.
+
+ Elkins, Samuel, claim, =1.= 426.
+
+ Elliot, Charles, British minister in Texas, on chances of expected
+ war, =1.= 105, 107;
+ on Texas as theatre of war, 107;
+ on policy of expansion, 123.
+
+ Ellis, Powhatan, American representative at Mexico, =1.= 63;
+ and claims, 76-7;
+ and California, 324;
+ on Tornel, 484.
+
+ Ellis, T. H., American charge at Mexico, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Empire of Iturbide, =1.= 35.
+
+ Encarnacion, Santa Anna's army at, =1.= 381;
+ map of district, 382.
+ _See also_ next title.
+
+ Encarnacion prisoners, capture, =1.= 370-1;
+ sent south, 562;
+ at Huejutla, attempt to release, =2.= 418.
+
+ Engineers, military, Mexican, =1.= 156, 461, =2.= 312;
+ American corps, =1.= 451;
+ in the war, =2.= 320, 513;
+ under Scott, 349, 356, 366.
+
+ England.
+ _See_ Great Britain.
+
+ _Erie_, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189, 447.
+
+ Escudero, J. A. de, and Farias, =2.= 5, 9.
+
+ _Espectador_, on the war, =1.= 442.
+
+ _Esperanza_, on Americans, =1.= 484.
+
+ Esteva, J. W., on Mexican character, =1.= 410.
+
+ Estrada, Gutierrez de.
+ _See_ Gutierrez de Estrada.
+
+ Europe, expected to aid Mexico, =1.= 112-5, 442.
+ _See also_ Foreign relations; Interposition; nations by name,
+ especially France; Great Britain; Spain.
+
+ Eutaw Indians, subdued, =1.= 298.
+
+ Evacuation of Mexican territory, =2.= 251-2, 475-6.
+
+ Evans, George, and war bill, =1=. 183.
+
+ Eventualists, and secession and peace, =2.= 234, 239, 465.
+ _See also_ Puros.
+
+ Execution of American citizens, =1.= 70.
+
+ Expansion, spirit and attitude toward Mexico, =1.= 123, 444;
+ London _Times_ on, =2.= 294;
+ justice, 322-3.
+ _See also_ Annexations.
+
+ Expulsion of American citizens, =1.= 71, 73, 423, 424.
+
+
+ Fairfield, John, on Scott, =1.= 197;
+ on speeches in Congress, =2.= 284.
+
+ _Falcon_, at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 338;
+ in Home Squadron, 445, 446.
+
+ _Falmouth_, scurvy, =2.= 195;
+ in Home Squadron, 197, 442.
+
+ Farias, Valentin Gomez, Vice President, character, =1.= 45;
+ as acting President, attempted reforms, 45;
+ flees, 47;
+ as Federalist leader, 48;
+ and the war, 201;
+ combination with Santa Anna, 216;
+ imprisoned, 216;
+ and revolt for Santa Anna (1846), 217, 221-3;
+ and Salas and Santa Anna, =2.= 1, 327;
+ as leader of radicals (Puros), 2;
+ shelved, 4;
+ election as Vice President and actual Executive (1846), 5;
+ war policy, 6;
+ financial problem and church property, 6, 9-14;
+ and Beach, 12;
+ superseded by Santa Anna, 14;
+ office abolished, unpopularity, 15, 332;
+ hostility to Santa Anna, 82;
+ and Olaguibel, 86;
+ opposes peace negotiations (1847), 136.
+
+ Farragut, D. G., and Ulua, =2.= 201.
+
+ _Federal Union_, and war, =1.= 473.
+
+ Federalism and Federalists, in first Mexican constitution, =1.= 36-7;
+ oligarchical plots and revolt against, 37-8;
+ party resentment, 38-9;
+ overthrow, 47;
+ pre-war factions, 48;
+ Bustamante's attempt to restore, 51;
+ and Herrera's rule, 55-6;
+ party and Poinsett, 59;
+ restoration (1846), 217, 222, 488;
+ war-time factions, =2.= 2-5;
+ in election of 1846, 5;
+ split on demands on church property, 11;
+ and Santa Anna as Executive, 15;
+ states defy Santa Anna, plan for new republic, 86-7, 234, 369;
+ state discussion on peace, 236, 464;
+ antagonistic state groups, 510.
+ _See also_ Constitutions; Government; Moderados; Puros.
+
+ Federation Ridge at Monterey, =1.= 239, 497;
+ capture, 244, 498.
+
+ Fernandez del Castillo, Pedro.
+ _See_ Castillo.
+
+ Ferry, Gabriel, on battle of Monterey, =1.= 503;
+ and interposition, =2.= 304;
+ on American army, 321.
+
+ Fifteenth Infantry, in Scott's army, =2.= 78, 363, 422, 432;
+ at Contreras, 105;
+ at Chapultepec, 154, 155, 157;
+ garrisons it, 159;
+ at Churubusco, 384;
+ advance after armistice, 400.
+
+ Fifth Cavalry, Mexican, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 347.
+
+ Fifth Infantry, in Texas, =1.= 143;
+ at Palo Alto, 164, 167;
+ at Resaca de la Palma, 174;
+ at Monterey, 245, 247, 259, 492, 496;
+ advance to Saltillo, 264;
+ in Scott's army, =2.= 77, 422;
+ at Churubusco, 112, 115, 116, 384;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343;
+ at Molino del Rey, 402, 403.
+
+ Fifth Line Infantry, Mexican, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 347.
+
+ Filisola, Vicente, and Doniphan's expedition, =1.= 521;
+ and plans against Taylor, =2.= 165, 419;
+ and later command, 182, 430.
+
+ Finances, American, naval appropriations, =1.= 190, =2.= 189;
+ unfavorable pre-war conditions, 255, 306;
+ problem of war loans, lack of credit abroad, 256, 478;
+ need of more income, 258, 260, 481;
+ tariff of 1846, warehouse system, and sub-treasury, 257, 478-9;
+ treasury notes, 258, 479, 480;
+ first loan, 259, 479, 481;
+ second loan, 260, 481;
+ proposed impost on tea and coffee, 261, 285, 482;
+ and gradation of public lands, 261;
+ tariff for Mexican ports, 261-3, 303, 484, 500, 505;
+ effect of prosperity due to European conditions, 263, 484;
+ third loan, 264, 485;
+ levies on Mexicans, 264-6, 485-8;
+ funds and expenditures in Mexico, 266, 488;
+ cost of the war, 266-7, 488;
+ political effects of Polk's policy, 273, 281;
+ money market during the war, 489;
+ other war-time Acts, 489.
+
+ Finances, Mexican, Iturbide's troubles, =1.= 34-5;
+ and expulsion of Gachupines, 39;
+ early republican difficulties, 39;
+ crisis (1837), 48;
+ under Santa Anna's dictatorship, 52;
+ Herrera's predicament, 55;
+ war preparations, 213-4, 223, 488;
+ Santa Anna's preparations at San Luis Potosi, 377;
+ forced loans, 410, 431, =2.= 254, 477;
+ general war-time character, 6, 327;
+ problems, 7;
+ demands on Church, law of Jan. 11, opposition, 8-11, 329;
+ Beach's intrigue and clerical revolt, 11-4, 330-2;
+ Santa Anna and Church property, 15, 329;
+ effect of war on normal income, 253;
+ taxation projects, 253;
+ state donations, 254;
+ clerical donations, 254, 477;
+ loans, 254, 477;
+ seizures and requisitions, 255;
+ state of treasury (1846), 328.
+
+ First Artillery, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 52, 54, 352;
+ in Scott's army, 77;
+ at Churubusco, 114, 382;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343;
+ garrison at Jalapa, 361;
+ at Belen garita, 413;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417.
+
+ First Cavalry, Mexican, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ First Dragoons, in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 286, 288, 515;
+ leave for California, 297;
+ in Wool's march, 509;
+ at Buena Vista, 554, 555;
+ in Scott's army, =2.= 77;
+ at Churubusco, 119;
+ in California, 219;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417.
+
+ First Infantry, at Burrita, =1.= 177;
+ at Monterey, 250, 252, 492, 496;
+ in Smith's brigade, 541;
+ garrisons Vera Cruz, =2.= 37;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343.
+
+ First Ligero, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 347.
+
+ First Line Infantry, Mexican, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ Fischer, Waldemar, company in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 288, 515.
+
+ Flagg, A. C., and Polk's Cabinet, =2.= 269, 271.
+
+ _Flirt_, in Home Squadron, =2.= 197, 442.
+
+ Flores, J. M., rising in California, =1.= 339, 533;
+ as provisional governor, 340;
+ and battle of San Pascual, 342;
+ and American advance on Los Angeles, 343-4, 535;
+ retires to Sonora, 345;
+ and Larkin, 536.
+
+ Florida troops, calls, =1.= 537, =2.= 364;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417;
+ at Puebla, 433.
+
+ Food and drink, Mexican, =1.= 2, 20-1.
+
+ Forbes, Alexander, British consul at Tepic, effect of his book on
+ California, =1.= 323.
+
+ Forbes, J. A., British vice consul in California, on California and
+ independence, =1.= 321;
+ on expected American annexation, 325;
+ and British control, 328, 329, 332.
+
+ Forced loans in Mexico, =1.= 410, =2.= 254, 477;
+ to pay claims, =1.= 431.
+
+ Ford, Lemuel, at siege of Puebla, =2.= 424;
+ in Lane's guerilla operations, 426.
+
+ Foreign relations, American, European attitude toward United States,
+ =2.= 294-6, 502;
+ and toward Mexico, 296, 502;
+ Buchanan's circular on origin and purpose of war, 297;
+ Spanish America and the war, 298;
+ attitude of Spain, 298;
+ of Prussia, 298;
+ England and outbreak of war, 299-300;
+ France and outbreak, 300, 503;
+ British offer of mediation, 301, 503-4;
+ question of British interposition, 301-4, 504-6;
+ and British-French relations, 304, 506;
+ France and interposition, 304;
+ effect of victories, 305;
+ foreign help of Mexico, 306;
+ criticism of war operations, 306-8, 507;
+ and treaty of peace, 308-9;
+ influence of war on, 323.
+ _See also_ Diplomatic intercourse; Preparation; nations by name,
+ especially France; Great Britain; Spain.
+
+ Foreigners.
+ _See_ Aliens.
+
+ Forsyth, John, and Gaines's expedition, =1.= 64, 66, 422;
+ and claims commission, 80, 429.
+
+ _Forward_, in attack on Alvarado, =2.= 199;
+ in Tabasco expedition, 200.
+
+ Foster, J. G., at Molino del Rey, wounded, =2.= 142, 144, 403;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 349;
+ engineer with Scott, 366.
+
+ Fourteenth Infantry, in Scott's army, =2.= 77, 363, 432;
+ at Chapultepec, 154;
+ at Churubusco, 385;
+ at Molino del Rey, 402.
+
+ Fourth Artillery, at Buena Vista, =1.= 555;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 53;
+ in Scott's army, 77;
+ at Molino del Rey, 143;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343;
+ left at Contreras, 382;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417, 418.
+
+ Fourth Infantry, at Fort Jesup, =1.= 140;
+ goes to Texas, 141-2, 452;
+ at Palo Alto 164, 167, 168;
+ at Monterey, 252, 256, 492, 496, 500-2, 506;
+ in Scott's army, =2.= 77, 422;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343;
+ at San Cosme garita, 414.
+
+ Fourth Ligero, at Monterey, =1.= 494;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 347.
+
+ Fourth Line Infantry, Mexican, at Palo Alto, =1.= 165, 168;
+ at Resaca de la Palma, 171, 174, 175;
+ at Monterey, 494;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 52, 53, 347.
+
+ _Fourth of July_, claim, =1.= 424.
+
+ France, attack on Mexico, =1.= 49, 74;
+ and Texas, 55, 67, 90, 432;
+ and expected war, 112;
+ and annexation of Texas, 113, =2.= 295, 501, 502;
+ and support of Mexico, interposition, =1.= 112-5, =2.= 304;
+ supposed manipulation of Mexico, =1.= 121;
+ and California, 324, 326, 327, 523, =2.= 505;
+ and Mexican privateering, 193;
+ and American tariff for Mexican ports, 262, 484;
+ attitude toward United States, 295;
+ attitude toward Mexico, 296-7;
+ and outbreak of war, 300, 503;
+ attitude and British relations, 304, 506;
+ and American victories, 305.
+
+ Franklin, W. B., reconnaissance in Wool's march, =1.= 271.
+
+ Freaner, J. L., and recall of Trist, =2.= 465;
+ takes treaty to Washington, 467.
+
+ Frederick William of Prussia, and the war, =2.= 299.
+
+ Fremont, J. C., expedition canceled (1845), =1.= 131, 447;
+ and Castro, retirement, 331, 528;
+ Gillespie and return, Bear Flag war, 331-3, 528-9, 531;
+ and Sloat, 335, 531;
+ joins Stockton, force and appearance, 336;
+ influences address, 336;
+ in first southern campaign, 336, 337;
+ command in north, 338;
+ and second southern campaign, 342, 345, 535-6;
+ treaty with insurgents, 345-6, =2.= 218;
+ as governor, 217;
+ and Kearny, 454.
+
+ French, S. G., on Taylor as fighter, =1.= 238.
+
+ French in Mexico, merchants, =1.= 5.
+
+ French revolution, influence in Mexico, =1.= 30.
+
+ Frontera, blockade, =2.= 194;
+ importance, 443.
+
+ Fugitive slaves, rendition in American-Mexican negotiations, =1.= 419.
+
+ Furber, G. C., work as source, =1.= 404.
+
+ Furlong, C., and Americans at Puebla, =2.= 225.
+
+
+ Gachupines, characteristics, =1.= 3;
+ expulsion, 39, 42, 413.
+ _See also_ Oligarchy.
+
+ Gahagan, Dennis, claim, =1.= 427.
+
+ Gaines, E. P., Nacogdoches expedition, =1.= 64-6, 420-2;
+ requisition for six-months men, 196, 205, 452, 476, =2.= 272, 511;
+ and Scott, =1.= 197;
+ Taylor's letter, 347, 507;
+ and command of Vera Cruz expedition, 353;
+ relieved, court of inquiry, 476.
+
+ Gaines, J. P., carelessness and capture, =1.= 370-1;
+ at Saltillo, 541;
+ of Scott's staff, =2.= 366.
+ _See also_ Encarnacion prisoners.
+
+ Gallatin, Albert, on annexation of Texas, =1.= 83;
+ pessimism on peace prospects, =2.= 235;
+ on treasury notes, 258;
+ and the war, 314.
+
+ Gambling, American, =1.= 144, 207, =2.= 214;
+ at Mexico City, =2.= 460.
+
+ Gamboa, Ramon, and Santa Anna, =2.= 134;
+ on evacuation of Mexico City, 415, 416.
+
+ Gaona, General, in preparations below Perote, =2.= 40;
+ abandons Perote, 61.
+
+ Garay, F. de, and De Russey's expedition, =2.= 418.
+
+ Garay, J. G. Perdigon.
+ _See_ Perdigon Garay.
+
+ Garcia, General, at Matamoros, character, =1.= 158, 462.
+
+ Garcia Conde, Pedro, and battle of Sacramento, =1.= 306, 309, 312,
+ 519, 520.
+
+ Gardner, J. L., command at Point Isabel, =1.= 493.
+
+ Garland, John, at Palo Alto, =1.= 164;
+ at Monterey, 250, 251, 253, 492, 496, 499, 500;
+ brigade in advance of Perote, =2.= 61;
+ in Scott's army, 77;
+ before San Antonio, Mex., 102;
+ at Churubusco, 113, 116;
+ at Molino del Rey, 143, 145;
+ at Chapultepec, 161;
+ at San Cosme garita, 162;
+ wounded in uprising, 167;
+ and Contreras, 381.
+
+ Garro, Maximo, Mexican charge at Paris, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Gates, William, at Tampico, =1.= 281, 282, 486, 512, 546, =2.= 484;
+ discipline, 215;
+ and prisoners at Huejutla, 418.
+
+ Gateways of Mexico City, =2.= 147.
+ _See also_ Belen; San Cosme.
+
+ Georgia troops, in Victoria march, =1.= 357;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 343;
+ in Alvarado expedition, 344;
+ leave Scott, 356;
+ calls (1847), 364, 365, 430;
+ for Scott, 423;
+ cavalry at Huamantla, 426.
+
+ "Germanicus," on volunteers, =1.= 474.
+
+ Germans in Mexico, merchants, =1.= 5;
+ mining companies, 15.
+
+ _Germantown_, in attack on Tuxpan, =2.= 444;
+ in Home Squadron, 445, 446.
+
+ Germany. =See= Prussia.
+
+ Gerolt, Baron, Prussian minister at Washington, and the war, =2.= 503.
+
+ Gibson, George, commissary general of subsistence, =1.= 475;
+ and Graham, 500.
+
+ Giddings, J. R., and secession, =2.= 272;
+ position in House, 496.
+
+ Giffard, F. L., British consul at Matamoros, on conduct of volunteers,
+ =2.= 211.
+
+ Giffard, T., British consul at Vera Cruz, on Vera Cruz expedition,
+ =2.= 22, 32, 33, 337, 341;
+ on American rule, 221;
+ on Scott and Jalapa, 362.
+
+ Gillespie, A. H., mission to California, =1.= 326, 329, 526, 530;
+ and return of Fremont, 331, 332, 528;
+ and Bear Flag war, 332, 529;
+ in southern campaign, 336;
+ rule at Los Angeles, 338;
+ rising against, surrender, 339, 533-4;
+ joins Kearny, 341;
+ in battle of San Pascual, 342;
+ in expedition to Los Angeles, 342.
+
+ Gillespie, R. A., at Monterey, =1.= 245;
+ march to Mier, 483.
+
+ Glass, J. W., British consul at Tampico, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Glasson, J. J., at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 338.
+
+ Goliad massacre, American indignation, =1.= 117.
+
+ Gomez, Gregorio, _Jefferson_ and _Natchez_ incidents, =1.= 424-5;
+ in preparations below Perote, =2.= 40;
+ flight from La Hoya, 58.
+
+ Gomez Farias.
+ _See_ Farias.
+
+ Gomez Pedraza.
+ _See_ Pedraza.
+
+ Gonzalez, ----, and Armijo, =1.= 293.
+
+ Gore, J. H., at San Cosme garita, =2.= 414.
+
+ Gorman, W. A., at Buena Vista, =1.= 386, 556;
+ at Huamantla, =2.= 426.
+
+ Gorostiza, M. E. de, as minister at Washington, =1.= 64;
+ and Gaines's expedition, 65-6, 420-2;
+ pamphlet, Mexican disavowal, 77-9;
+ and Texas, 432;
+ and Santa Anna, =2.= 92.
+
+ Government, Mexican, results of colonial system, =1.= 29-30;
+ causes of failure, 56-7, 416-7, 438, =2.= 310, 312;
+ difficulties in tracing political development, =1.= 411;
+ extempore, after loss of capital, =2.= 179-81, 427, 428;
+ results to, of the war, 514.
+ _See also_ Centralists; Congress, Mexican; Conquered territory;
+ Constitutions; Dictatorship; Federalism; Independence; Local
+ government; Monarchy; Oligarchy; President of Mexico;
+ Revolutions; Roman Catholic church.
+
+ Graham, G. M., and Garland at Monterey, =1.= 500;
+ messenger to Mexico, =2.= 473.
+
+ Graham, James, and Oregon, =1.= 200.
+
+ Grande, Rio.
+ _See_ Rio Grande.
+
+ Grant, U. S., at Monterey, =1.= 252, 256, 501;
+ on Worth, 498;
+ on magnifying of Taylor's victories, 549;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 49;
+ at San Cosme garita, 162, 414;
+ on departure from Mexico, 252;
+ on Cerro Gordo, 354;
+ on Churubusco, 383;
+ on battles before Mexico City, 408;
+ on Mexican soldiers, 509.
+
+ Gray, A. F. V., at San Pascual, =1.= 535.
+
+ Grayson, J. B., Scott's chief of subsistence, =2.= 366.
+
+ Great Britain, British loans to Mexico, =1.= 37;
+ and Texas, 55, 67, 86, 90, 419, 432, 449, =2.= 295, 303, 502, 506;
+ commercial treaty with Mexico, =1.= 61;
+ and California, 69, 319, 323-6, 328, 334, 336, 524, 527, 531, =2.=
+ 302, 308, 505;
+ Mexican relations and claims, =1.= 74, 135, 425, =2.= 296-7, 502;
+ and restoration of American-Mexican intercourse, =1.= 91, 435;
+ Oregon controversy, 90, 94, 114-5, 200, 478, =2.= 295, 299, 504;
+ question of interposition, =1.= 112-5, 442, =2.= 238, 301-4, 504-6;
+ supposed manipulation of Mexico, =1.= 121, 443;
+ and Mexican privateering, =2.= 192;
+ and blockade, 193, 303, 440;
+ and peace negotiations, 238, 465;
+ attitude toward United States, 294-5, 501;
+ and outbreak of the war, defeat of her policy, 299-300;
+ offer of mediation, 301, 368;
+ influence of French relations, 304, 506;
+ and American victories, 305;
+ volunteer officers for Mexico, 306;
+ and treaty of peace, 308-9, 508.
+ _See also_ Bankhead; Doyle; Pakenham; Thornton.
+
+ Green, B. E., and Mexican negotiations, =1.= 84-5, 433, 436;
+ on Tornel, 484.
+
+ Green, Duff, on Mexican finances, =2.= 8.
+
+ Green, P. C., claim, =1.= 426.
+
+ Greenhow, Robert, and claims on Mexico, =1.= 78, 429.
+
+ Grievances, American, =1.= 70-3, 423, 424.
+ _See also_ Claims; Diplomatic intercourse.
+
+ Griffin, W. P., at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 338.
+
+ Grijalva River.
+ _See_ Tabasco.
+
+ Grone, Karl von, on Scott, =2.= 316;
+ on American soldiers, 321.
+
+ Guadalajara, situation, =1.= 3.
+
+ _Guadalupe_, escape, =2.= 195.
+
+ Guadalupe Hidalgo, shrine, =1.= 223, 488, =2.= 141;
+ Valencia at, =2.= 88;
+ treaty signed at, 240, 467.
+
+ Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of.
+ _See_ Peace.
+
+ Guanajuato, powder-mill, =2.= 87.
+
+ Guanajuato cavalry battalion, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ Guanajuato state, in discussion on peace, =2.= 464.
+
+ Guatemala, and the war, =2.= 298.
+
+ Guaymas, as port, =1.= 3;
+ bombarded, =2.= 205, 446;
+ map, 206;
+ blockade, 206;
+ occupied, 206, 208, 447.
+
+ Guerilla warfare, in revolt against Spain, =1.= 31-2;
+ threat (1846), 153, 154;
+ Canales' force, 158, 226, 236, 479, 495;
+ Blanco's force, 273, 274, 283, 510;
+ in north after Buena Vista, suppression, 399-400, 562, =2.= 169-71,
+ 421, 422;
+ during battle of Buena Vista, =1.= 559;
+ operations on Scott's line, =2.= 77, 171, 365, 422, 423;
+ and Scott's advance, 98;
+ Mexican addiction to, 168;
+ adoption and sanction, 168-9, 421;
+ Vera Cruz state as chief home, leaders, 171, 421;
+ Scott's operations against, 172, 423;
+ lack of morale, attacks on Mexicans, 172-3;
+ operations and siege of Puebla, 173-4, 178, 424;
+ Lane's operations against, 178-9, 426-7;
+ British encouragement, 306;
+ Scott's warning on, 358;
+ failure, 423.
+
+ Guerillas of Vengeance, =2.= 169.
+
+ Guerrero, Vicente, as partisan leader, =1.= 32;
+ in Iturbide's revolt, 33;
+ revolt against Iturbide, 35;
+ and Montano's revolt, 38;
+ Presidential candidacy, 40-1;
+ proclaimed President, 41;
+ character, as President, 42;
+ overthrow, killed, 43;
+ warned by United States, 59, 418;
+ and Poinsett, 62.
+
+ Guexocingo, Lane at, =2.= 426.
+
+ Guizot, F. P. G., policy of balance of power in America, =1.= 90, =2.=
+ 304;
+ and expected war, =1.= 108, 112, 115;
+ and Texas, 295;
+ policy of neutrality, =2.= 300;
+ and United States, 301;
+ and Palmerston, 304.
+
+ Gutierrez, Captain, at Monterey, =1.= 254.
+
+ Gutierrez de Estrada, J. M., and monarchy, =1.= 90;
+ on conduct of American army, =2.= 232.
+
+ Gwynn, T. P., at siege of Puebla, =2.= 174.
+
+
+ Hacienda, =1.= 19.
+
+ Hacienda department.
+ _See_ Finances, Mexican.
+
+ Haddon, W. R., on Buena Vista, =1.= 557.
+
+ Hagner, P. V., at Chapultepec, =2.= 152;
+ ordnance officer with Scott, 366.
+
+ Haile, ----, on losses at Monterey, =1.= 505.
+
+ Hamer, T. L., as volunteer officer, =1.= 207, 481;
+ at Monterey, 253, 254, 492.
+
+ Hamilton, C. S., on mistakes at Monterey, =1.= 503;
+ on army life in Mexico, =2.= 321.
+
+ Hamilton, Schuyler, of Scott's staff, =2.= 366.
+
+ Hamley, E. B., on military strategy, =2.= 317.
+
+ Hammond, J. H., on war spirit, =1.= 127.
+
+ Hamtramck, John, command at Saltillo, =2.= 418.
+
+ Hancock, W. S., at Churubusco, =2.= 385.
+
+ _Hannah Elizabeth_, claim, =1.= 424.
+
+ Hannegan, E. A., and expansion, =1.= 188;
+ and absorption of Mexico, =2.= 243;
+ on Polk and Oregon, 271;
+ position in Senate, 496;
+ on responsibility of Mexico, 508.
+
+ Haralson, H. A., position in House, =2.= 496.
+
+ Hardcastle, E. L. F., topographical engineer with Scott, =2.= 366.
+
+ Hardee, W. J., captured, expected Mexican victory at Palo Alto,
+ =1.= 161.
+
+ Hardin, J. J., at Buena Vista, =1.= 383, 386, 390, 391;
+ charge, killed, 393-4, 556, 559.
+
+ Hargous, Louis, and Santa Anna, =1.= 487;
+ Scott's agent, =2.= 362, 396;
+ and navy, 444.
+
+ Harmony, Peter, claim, =1.= 426.
+
+ Harney, W. S., escapade, =1.= 268-70, 509;
+ insubordination and magnanimity of Scott, 364-5, 545, 546, =2.= 248;
+ and Wool, detached from Wool's march, =1.= 509;
+ brigade, 541;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 51, 53-6, 352, 354;
+ command in Scott's army, 77;
+ in advance from Puebla, 93, 94;
+ at San Agustin, 97, 381;
+ at Churubusco, 119;
+ in Mexico City, 164;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 335, 339;
+ La Antigua expedition, 344;
+ during Chapultepec, 408.
+
+ Haro y Tamariz, Antonio de, and Santa Anna, =2.= 4;
+ and financial chaos, 11.
+
+ Harrison, W. H., and control of occupied territory, =2.= 285, 497.
+
+ Haskell, W. T., at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 56, 57, 353.
+
+ Hawkins, E. S., commands Fort Brown, =1.= 468.
+
+ Hays, J. C., at Monterey, =1.= 238, 241, 255, 497, 498, 501;
+ and protection of Texas, 452;
+ operations against guerillas, =2.= 172, 423;
+ goes to Scott, 184, 418, 432;
+ character of Rangers, 423.
+
+ Haywood, W. H., Jr., and tariff, =2.= 479.
+
+ Heady, W. J., carelessness and capture, =1.= 371.
+ _See also_ Encarnacion prisoners.
+
+ Hebert, P. O., at Chapultepec, =2.= 410.
+
+ _Hecla_, in attack on Tuxpan, =2.= 444;
+ in Home Squadron, 445;
+ ashore, 446.
+
+ Heintzelman, S. P., at Huamantla, =2.= 426;
+ in Lane's operations, 426.
+
+ Henderson, G. F. R., on civilian judgment on military subjects,
+ =1.= x.
+
+ Henderson, J. P., command of Texan troops, =1.= 480;
+ division in Monterey campaign, 492, 496;
+ in Monterey negotiations, 502.
+
+ Henry, Thomas, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 55.
+
+ Henry, W. S., on Camargo camp, =1.= 212;
+ on mistakes at Monterey, 502;
+ on Taylor's force after battle, 507.
+
+ Heredia, J. A., command at Chihuahua, =1.= 305;
+ battle of Sacramento, 306-13;
+ negotiations, 313;
+ displaced, 521.
+
+ Hernandez, priest, and Butler, =1.= 62.
+
+ Herrera, J. J. de, head of government (1845), =1.= 55-6;
+ and resumption of American intercourse, 89, 92, 94, 435, 436;
+ administration totters, 95;
+ and Slidell mission, 96-8, 120, 437;
+ fall, 98-9, 438;
+ endorsed by many (1846), 216, 221;
+ and California, 329;
+ and Santa Anna (1847), =2.= 92;
+ peace commissioner, 135;
+ and evacuation of city, 167, 420;
+ and executive power (1847), 180;
+ supports Pena, 180;
+ force, resigns, 182, 429;
+ President (1848), and American evacuation, 252;
+ on restoration of cordiality, 323;
+ and riot during armistice, 396.
+
+ Hervey, L., British agent in Mexico, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Heywood, Charles, at San Jose, =2.= 449.
+
+ Hidalgo, Miguel, revolt, =1.= 31.
+
+ Hidalgo battalion, formation, =2.= 3-4;
+ at San Antonio, 112, 384;
+ at Chapultepec, 410.
+
+ Hill, D. H., on Monterey, =1.= 254, 505;
+ on Pillow, =2.= 377.
+
+ Hilliard, H. W., on advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 457.
+
+ Hitchcock, E. A., in Texas, on Taylor, =1.= 144, 145, 452;
+ leaves front, 158;
+ Scott's magnanimity, 545, =2.= 248;
+ on Worth's Chachapa agreement, 70;
+ on Churubusco, 118;
+ on Molino del Rey, 147;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 335;
+ on Worth, 361;
+ of Scott's staff, 366;
+ and plan of attack on Mexico City, 408.
+
+ Holmes, I. E., on war spirit, =1.= 444;
+ and war bill, 471, 472;
+ on Polk's alarm, 476.
+
+ Holst, H. E. von, on Polk and war, =1.= 472, 473;
+ on justice of acquiring California, =2.= 322.
+
+ Home Squadron during the war, vessels, distribution, men, =2.= 189,
+ 197, 442, 444-6.
+ _See also_ Conner; Perry.
+
+ Hooker, Joseph, at Monterey, =1.= 253.
+
+ Hopping, E. D., brigade in Taylor's force, =2.= 417.
+
+ Horn, Carlos, at Mazatlan, =2.= 448.
+
+ Horsemanship, Mexican, =1.= 24.
+
+ Houses, Mexican, =1.= 18-20, 23;
+ inns, 20.
+
+ Houston, Sam, European intrigue, =1.= 82;
+ and treaty of peace, =2.= 247.
+
+ Howard, Joshua, regiment, =2.= 363.
+
+ Hoya Pass, as defensive point, =2.= 39, 42;
+ abandoned, 58, 60.
+
+ Huamantla, battle, =2.= 176-8, 425-6.
+
+ Hudson, Charles, position in House, =2.= 496.
+
+ Hudson, T. B., in battle of Sacramento, =1.= 309, 311, 312.
+
+ Huejutla, prisoners of war at, =2.= 418.
+
+ Huger, Benjamin, at Molino del Rey, =2.= 143, 145, 146;
+ at Chapultepec, 149, 153, 409;
+ at San Cosme garita, 161, 162, 415;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 335;
+ ordnance officer with Scott, 356, 366.
+
+ Hughes, G. W., reconnaissance in Wool's march, =1.= 271;
+ on population of Mexico, 407;
+ on Wool's force, 509;
+ as governor of Jalapa, =2.= 224, 230.
+
+ Hull, J. B., off western coast of Mexico, =2.= 205.
+
+ Humboldt, Alexander von, on leperos, =1.= 6;
+ and the war, =2.= 299, 309;
+ on justice of acquisition of California, 322.
+
+ Hunt, H. J., at Chapultepec, =2.= 156;
+ at San Cosme garita, 162.
+
+ Hunt, W. E., in occupation of Tampico, =1.= 279.
+
+ Hunter, C. G., at Alvarado, =2.= 344.
+
+
+ Ibarra, D., removed, =2.= 66;
+ and Trist mission, 130, 390;
+ attack on, 367.
+
+ Iguala, Plan of, =1.= 33.
+
+ Illinois, hard times and unrest, =1.= 124.
+ _See also_ Illinois troops.
+
+ Illinois troops, at Buena Vista, =1.= 383, 386, 387, 389, 390, 556,
+ 559;
+ in Wool's march, 509;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 343;
+ leave Scott, 356;
+ call and response (1847), 364, 365, 430, 431;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417;
+ at Tampico, 418;
+ for Scott, 423.
+
+ Importance of the war, =1.= vii.
+
+ _Independence_, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189, 206, 446, 447.
+
+ Independence Hill at Monterey, =1.= 239, 497;
+ capture, 244-6, 499.
+
+ Independence of Mexico, incitation, =1.= 30-1;
+ Hidalgo's revolt, 31;
+ partisan warfare, 31-2;
+ education for, 32;
+ revolt of oligarchy and Iturbide, Plan of Iguala, 32-3;
+ Iturbide's rule, 33-5;
+ his overthrow, 35;
+ Congress, first republican constitution, 35-7, 412, 413;
+ Victoria's administration, 37-8;
+ expulsion of Gachupines, 39, 42, 413;
+ Spanish invasion (1829), 41.
+
+ Independencia battalion, formation, =2.= 3;
+ revolts, 13;
+ at Churubusco, 111, 382.
+
+ Indiana troops, at Buena Vista, =1.= 386, 388, 390, 391, 555, 557;
+ call (1847), =2.= 364, 431;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417;
+ sent to Scott, 418;
+ at Huamantla, 426;
+ in Lane's operations, 426, 427;
+ garrison at Puebla, 433.
+
+ Indianapolis, enlistments, =1.= 195.
+
+ Indianapolis _State Sentinel_, on Mexicans, =1.= 118.
+
+ Indians, characteristics and conditions of Mexican, =1.= 4, 18, 21;
+ Mexican, as soldiers, 10, 161, 463;
+ and independence, 31;
+ Mexico counts on help of American, 107;
+ in Kearny's expedition, 288;
+ war and raids, 269, 509;
+ submission in New Mexico, 298;
+ employment in war, 509;
+ raids on American expeditions, 515.
+
+ _Indicador_, on war lethargy, =1.= 214.
+
+ Industry, conditions of Mexican, =1.= 6, 15-7, 22.
+
+ Ingersoll, C. J., on Polk and war, =1.= 456;
+ on war bill, 472;
+ on lesson of the war, =2.= 324;
+ position in House, 496.
+
+ Ingersoll, J. R., position in House, =2.= 496.
+
+ Ingraham, D. N., at Tampico, =1.= 512.
+
+ Iniestra, Ignacio, and California, =1.= 522.
+
+ Inns, Mexican, =1.= 20.
+
+ Intellectual life, lack in Mexico, =1.= 20.
+
+ Intelligence arrangements and reconnaissance, Taylor's neglect, =1.=
+ 145, 161, 208, 226, 249, 374, 451, 464, 476, 478, 549;
+ Scott's, =2.= 72, 332, 362.
+
+ Internal improvements, and Democratic dissensions, =2.= 271, 281.
+
+ Interposition, Mexican hope of Spanish-American, =1.= 111;
+ and of European, 112-5, 122, 442;
+ question of British, =2.= 301-4, 504-6;
+ and of French, 304;
+ effect of American victories, 305.
+
+ Iowa troops, non-active, =2.= 511.
+
+ Ireland, famine, effect on American finances, =2.= 263, 484;
+ American relief and the war, 304.
+
+ Irish in American army, Mexican propaganda among, =1.= 507, =2.= 81, 358;
+ deserters in Santa Anna's army, 88, 385;
+ in Mexican hospital force, 347.
+ _See also_ San Patricio battalion.
+
+ Irregulars.
+ _See_ Guerilla warfare.
+
+ Irving, Washington, American minister at Madrid, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Irwin, J. R., Scott's chief quartermaster, =2.= 366.
+
+ Irwin, William, at Marin, =1.= 562.
+
+ Isunza, J. R., governor of Puebla, and Scott's advance, =2.= 66, 69, 95.
+
+ Iturbe, ----, finance minister, graft, =1.= 214, =2.= 328.
+
+ Iturbide, Agustin de, and war on insurgents, =1.= 31;
+ revolt, 33;
+ rule, 33-5;
+ overthrow, 35;
+ and Congress, 35;
+ execution, 37;
+ seizure by, 426;
+ and financial system, =2.= 6.
+
+ Iztaccihuatl, Mount, aspect, =2.= 93.
+
+ Izucar de Matamoros, Lane at, =2.= 179, 427.
+
+
+ Jackson, Andrew, and Texas, =1.= 62, 419, 428;
+ and Sabine River boundary, 64;
+ and claims on Mexico, 77-8, 428;
+ and war spirit, 124.
+
+ Jackson, T. J., at Chapultepec, =2.= 154, 160, 410;
+ at Contreras, 378;
+ at Molino del Rey, 403.
+
+ Jalapa, site, aspect, =1.= 2, =2.= 63, 223;
+ march of Scott's army for, 38, 45-8;
+ Mexican preparations on route, 39-42, 346;
+ defences at Cerro Gordo, 42-5, 347, 348;
+ battle of Cerro Gordo, 48-59;
+ occupied, 59, 354;
+ Scott at, his problems of advance, 61-5;
+ American garrison, 74, 361, 362, 433;
+ American rule, 223-5, 230, 231, 458;
+ Scott's fortification, 358.
+
+ Jalisco Lancers, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ Jalisco state, and Santa Anna, =1.= 376;
+ in discussion on peace, =2.= 464.
+
+ Jarauta, C. D. de, as guerilla, =2.= 171;
+ offers to join Americans, 421;
+ executed, 423.
+
+ Jarero, J. M., at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 44.
+
+ Jarnagin, Spencer, and tariff of 1846, =2.= 257, 496.
+
+ Jay, John, and War of 1812, =2.= 280.
+
+ _Jefferson_, Tampico incident, =1.= 425.
+
+ Jesup, T. S., and tents, =1.= 206;
+ and Wool's train, 274;
+ Taylor on, 352;
+ quartermaster general, 475;
+ and Taylor's inadequate preparations for Monterey campaign, 482, 491;
+ and preparations for Vera Cruz expedition, 545.
+
+ Jesup, Fort, troops at (1845), =1.= 140.
+
+ Jobson, S., on Ulua, =1.= 536.
+
+ _John Adams_, and Vera Cruz expedition, =2.= 18;
+ in Home Squadron, 197, 446;
+ in attack on Tuxpan, 444.
+
+ Johnson, Andrew, on cause of war, =1.= 189.
+
+ Johnson, Sir Thomas, Mexican partisan, =1.= 531.
+
+ Johnston, A. S., at Monterey, =1.= 253;
+ Texan regiment for Taylor, 480;
+ staff position, 492.
+
+ Johnston, J. E., at Chapultepec, =2.= 154, 155;
+ takes reinforcements to Scott, 184;
+ force at Puebla, 432.
+
+ Jomini, Baron de, on simplicity of war, =1.= x;
+ on generalship, =2.= 315.
+
+ Jones, Anson, on Polk and war, =1.= 445, 446.
+
+ Jones, Roger, adjutant general, =1.= 474.
+
+ Jones, T. A. C., occupation of Monterey, =1.= 69, 323, 327, 423;
+ commands Pacific squadron, =2.= 448.
+
+ Jones, W. D., American consul at Mexico, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Jornada del Muerto, Doniphan's march, =1.= 300, 518.
+
+ _Journal des Debats_, on sympathy with Mexico, =1.= 112-4;
+ on monarchist plan, 470;
+ attitude toward United States, =2.= 295;
+ on weakness of Mexico, 297;
+ on outbreak of war, 300;
+ on Palmerston, 301;
+ and interposition, 304;
+ on American victories, 305;
+ and terms of peace, 308, 309;
+ on Mexico expedition as achievement, 321;
+ criticism of military operations, 507.
+
+ Juarez, B. P., and demand on Church property, =2.= 10, 11.
+
+ Judiciary, Mexican, character, =1.= 12-3, 409, 427;
+ in occupied territory, =2.= 229.
+
+ _Juno_, at Santa Barbara, =1.= 527.
+
+ Justice of the war, =1.= ix, 66-7, 70-83, 98, 100-1, 116-22, 136-7,
+ 187, 190, 325-7, =2.= 310-1, 322-4, 514.
+
+ Juvera, J., at Venado, =1.= 553.
+
+
+ Kearny, Philip, in Scott's army, =2.= 77;
+ at Churubusco, 119.
+
+ Kearny, S. W., preparation for Santa Fe expedition, force, =1.= 286,
+ 288, 515;
+ map of route, 287;
+ march to Bent's Fort, 288-9, 515;
+ caravan with, 289;
+ Armijo's preparations, 289, 292-3;
+ Price's reinforcement, 290, 516;
+ Mormon battalion, 290, 516;
+ proclamation and letter to Armijo, 290, 516;
+ advance to San Miguel, 291;
+ assurances to inhabitants, 291-2, 516;
+ expected fight at Apache Canyon, condition of force, 292-3, 516;
+ resistance abandoned, 293-5, 516-7;
+ occupies Santa Fe, 295-6;
+ march to southern district, 297;
+ leaves for California, 297, 517;
+ reaches it, condition of force, 341;
+ battle of San Pascual, 341-2, 534;
+ in advance on Los Angeles, 342-3;
+ rule in New Mexico, =2.= 217;
+ rule in California, 217;
+ governor of Mexico City, 438;
+ and Fremont, 454;
+ governor of Vera Cruz, 457;
+ leaves Mexico City, 476.
+
+ Kendall, Amos, on peace, =2.= 314.
+
+ Kendall, G. W., in Santa Fe expedition, =1.= 72;
+ on losses at Monterey, 505.
+
+ Kendrick, H. L., at siege of Puebla, =2.= 424.
+
+ Kenly, J. R., on war enthusiasm of Mexicans, =1.= 442.
+
+ Kennedy, ----, and Rebolledo, =2.= 423.
+
+ Kent, William, on the war, =2.= 273.
+
+ Kentucky troops, enlistments, =1.= 195;
+ in Monterey campaign, 255, 492, 496;
+ at Buena Vista, 383, 386, 388, 554, 555, 558;
+ in Wool's march, 509;
+ at Saltillo, 541;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 343;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 352;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417;
+ call (1847), 431.
+
+ Kerr, Croghan, at Palo Alto, =1.= 164, 168;
+ at Resaca de la Palma, 172, 467.
+
+ Kilburn, C. L., at Buena Vista, =1.= 391, 558.
+
+ Kimball, E. A., at Chapultepec, =2.= 410.
+
+ King, Preston, position in House, =2.= 496.
+
+ King, W. R., American minister at Paris, on war and slavery, =1.= 189;
+ on French war sentiment, =2.= 300;
+ on importance of victories, 305.
+
+ Kingsbury, Private, on Mexican women, =2.= 230.
+
+ Kirby, Edmund, Scott's chief paymaster, =2.= 366.
+
+ Kribben, Christian, on Chihuahua Rangers, =1.= 519.
+
+
+ La Angostura.
+ _See_ Angostura.
+
+ La Antigua.
+ _See_ Antigua.
+
+ La Atalaya.
+ _See_ Atalaya.
+
+ La Bahia.
+ _See_ Bahia.
+
+ Laboring class in Mexico, =1.= 6.
+
+ Laclede Rangers, in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 288;
+ to hold Santa Fe, 298.
+
+ La Encarnacion.
+ _See_ Encarnacion.
+
+ Lafragua, J. M., and peace negotiations, =2.= 466.
+
+ Lagos coalition.
+ _See_ Coalition.
+
+ Laguna, occupation, =2.= 201, 204, 445.
+
+ La Hoya Pass.
+ _See_ Hoya.
+
+ Lally, F. T., guerilla attacks on, =2.= 171, 422;
+ takes reinforcements to Scott, 184;
+ rule at Jalapa, 224;
+ at Huamantla, 426;
+ in Lane's operations, 426.
+
+ Lampazos company, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ Lancers of the Poisoned Spear, =2.= 173.
+
+ Landero, J. J. de, and surrender of Vera Cruz, =2.= 33, 334, 340, 342.
+
+ Lane, Camp, =1.= 480.
+
+ Lane, Joseph, at Saltillo, =1.= 371;
+ at Buena Vista, 390, 555, 557;
+ march to relieve Puebla, =2.= 176, 425;
+ battle of Huamantla, 176-8, 426;
+ reaches Puebla, 178;
+ operations against guerillas, 179, 426-7;
+ conduct of soldiers, 225;
+ brigade in Taylor's force, 417;
+ career and character, 425;
+ retained in service, 432.
+
+ La Paz.
+ _See_ Paz.
+
+ La Pena redoubt.
+ _See_ Pena.
+
+ Laplace, C. P. T., and California, =1.= 523.
+
+ Laredo, occupation, =1.= 452.
+
+ Larkin, T. O., as trader in California, =1.= 317;
+ on American immigrants, 318;
+ on independence, 321;
+ American consul, 324;
+ on attitude of England, 325;
+ on peaceful absorption, 325;
+ instructions to, as confidential agent, 325, 329;
+ and taking possession at Monterey, 334, 335, 530;
+ in first southern campaign, 337;
+ captured, 536.
+
+ Larnard, C. H., on Taylor, =1.= 204, 470.
+
+ La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Duc de, on detail, =1.= ix;
+ on greatness, =2.= 314, 316.
+
+ La Rosa, Luis de.
+ _See_ Rosa.
+
+ Las Bocas.
+ _See_ Bocas.
+
+ Las Vegas, Kearny's expedition at, =1.= 291.
+
+ Las Vigas.
+ _See_ Vigas.
+
+ La Vaca.
+ _See_ Port La Vaca.
+
+ Lavallette, E. A. F., at Guaymas, =2.= 206, 447;
+ evacuates Mazatlan, 476.
+
+ La Vega, R. Diaz de, and Rio Grande campaign, =1.= 158, 179;
+ captured at Resaca de la Palma, 467;
+ in preparations below Perote, =2.= 40, 42, 346;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 44;
+ captured, not paroled, 354.
+
+ La Viga garita.
+ _See_ Viga.
+
+ Law of April 20, 1847, =2.= 81, 130, 135, 367, 389, 393.
+
+ Law of February 4, 1847, =2.= 12, 15.
+
+ Law of January 11, 1847, passage and conflict over, =2.= 8-15, 329-32.
+
+ _Lawrence_, in Home Squadron, =2.= 442.
+
+ Laws, chaos of Mexican, =1.= 12.
+
+ Lawson, Thomas, surgeon general, =1.= 366, 475.
+
+ Lay, G. W., of Scott's staff, =2.= 366.
+
+ Leavenworth, Fort, aspect, gathering of Kearny's expedition, =1.= 286.
+
+ Lee, R. E., in march to Victoria, =1.= 358;
+ and landing at Vera Cruz, =2.= 23, 336;
+ at siege, 30, 335;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 49-51, 53, 349;
+ reconnoitres Contreras, 103;
+ at battle, 108, 109, 378;
+ at Churubusco, 110, 383, 384;
+ on plan to attack Mexico City, 149, 408;
+ appearance, 149, 405;
+ on removal of Scott, 188;
+ on Scott as general, 317;
+ on victory and humanity, 324;
+ engineer with Scott, 366, 544;
+ reconnoitres southern approaches of capital, 408;
+ at Chapultepec, 409.
+
+ Leese, Jacob, as trader in California, =1.= 318.
+
+ Leggett, Aaron, claim, =1.= 427, 430.
+
+ Lendrum, J. H., at San Cosme garita, =2.= 414.
+
+ Leo XII, and Mexican church, =1.= 408.
+
+ Leon, Antonio de, brigade, =2.= 67, 369;
+ and revolt in Oaxaca, 369;
+ at Molino del Rey, killed, 142, 145.
+
+ Leon, Joaquin Velazquez de, as claims commissioner, =1.= 80, 429-31.
+
+ Leonidas letter, on Scott, =2.= 187, 435-7;
+ on Pillow at Contreras, 376.
+
+ Leperos, =1.= 6;
+ and American soldiers, =2.= 166, 459.
+
+ Lerdo de Tejada, M. M., on American rule. =2.= 221.
+
+ Lesson of the war to Mexico, =2.= 323-4, 514.
+
+ _Levant_, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189, 447.
+
+ Lewis, D. H., position in Senate, =2.= 496.
+
+ _Lexington_, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 447.
+
+ Lexington _Commonwealth_, on British intrigue in Mexico, =1.= 121.
+
+ Libertad redoubt at Monterey, =1.= 239, 248.
+
+ Liberty of the press.
+ _See_ Press.
+
+ Lieber, Francis, on justice of acquiring California, =2.= 322.
+
+ Lieutenant generalcy, plan for appointment of Benton, =2.= 75, 363,
+ 365.
+
+ Ligero cavalry, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ Lillers, Count, on attitude toward Mexico, =1.= 119.
+
+ Linares, aspect, =1.= 359.
+
+ Lincoln, Abraham, on Doniphan, =1.= 299;
+ war criticism, =2.= 277, 493.
+
+ Liquor, Mexican drinks, =1.= 2, 21;
+ and outrages by American troops, =2.= 211-3, 216, 224, 457;
+ regulation at Vera Cruz, 457.
+
+ Livermore, A. A., on slavery as cause of Mexican War, =1.= 473.
+
+ Liverpool _Mail_, sympathy with Mexico, =1.= 112.
+
+ Lizardi banking house, robs treasury, =1.= 432.
+
+ Llano, M. M., in Monterey negotiations, =1.= 502.
+
+ Loans, Mexican, =1.= 37, =2.= 254;
+ American, 258-60, 479, 481, 485.
+ _See also_ Finances.
+
+ Lobos Islands, rendezvous for Vera Cruz expedition, =1.= 367, =2.= 17.
+
+ Local government, in occupied territory, =1.= 338, =2.= 218, 229, 461.
+ _See also_ Police.
+
+ Loch, G. G., and Cerro Gordo, =2.= 348.
+
+ Locofocos, and Polk, =2.= 270, 281.
+
+ Loewenstern, Isidor, on Mexican abandonment of California, =1.= 319.
+
+ Lombardini, M. M., at Buena Vista, =1.= 389-91, 559;
+ character and command, =2.= 88;
+ retirement from Chapultepec, 412.
+
+ Lomita, Camp, =1.= 480.
+
+ London _Daily News_, on conduct of Americans in Mexico, =2.= 226.
+
+ London _Examiner_, on expected war, =1.= 134;
+ criticism of military operations, =2.= 307;
+ on trade through occupied ports, 505;
+ on Polk, 510.
+
+ London _Globe_, and peace, =2.= 125;
+ and interposition, 303.
+
+ London _Journal of Commerce_, on American aggression, =1.= 113.
+
+ London _Morning Chronicle_, on California, =1.= 322;
+ on outbreak of war, =2.= 300;
+ criticism of military operations, 307, 308;
+ on American people, 502;
+ on interposition, 505;
+ on the war and development, 514.
+
+ London _Morning Herald_, on chances of expected war, =1.= 108;
+ on annexation of Texas, 113.
+
+ London _Post_, on outbreak of war, =2.= 300.
+
+ London _Standard_, on chances of expected war, =1.= 109, 113.
+
+ London _Times_, on monarchy for Mexico, =1.= 95, 135;
+ on chances of expected war, 105, 106, 110, 113, 441, 442;
+ on Oregon and Mexico, 115;
+ on American hostility to England, 121;
+ on Taylor's force in Mexico, 142;
+ on Santa Anna, 216;
+ on California, 322, 524;
+ on Santa Anna at San Luis Potosi, 379;
+ on Slidell mission, 437;
+ on Mexican finances, =2.= 8;
+ attack on United States, 91;
+ and peace, 125, 235;
+ on American government, 294;
+ on military titles, 294;
+ on American people, 295;
+ on absorption of Mexico, 297;
+ on outbreak of the war, 300;
+ and interposition, 302, 306, 505;
+ criticism of military operations, 306-8;
+ on Mexican policy, 310;
+ on probable pillage, 324.
+
+ Longstreet, James, at Chapultepec, =2.= 157;
+ at Churubusco, 385.
+
+ Lopez de Santa Anna.
+ _See_ Santa Anna.
+
+ Lopez Uraga, J.
+ _See_ Uraga.
+
+ Loring, W. W., at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 350, 352.
+
+ Los Angeles, in 1846, =1.= 315;
+ occupied by Americans, 337;
+ Gillespie's rule, rising against it, 338-9, 533-4;
+ American advance and recapture, 342-4, 535;
+ map of engagement near, 344.
+
+ Louis Philippe, and Texas, =1.= 67, =2.= 304;
+ policy of neutrality, 300.
+ _See also_ France.
+
+ _Louisa_, claim, =1.= 426.
+
+ Louisiana Purchase, Mexican negotiations on boundary, =1.= 59-61;
+ and Texas, 138.
+
+ Louisiana troops, calls, =1.= 150, 480, 537, =2.= 364, 365, 430;
+ in Vera Cruz expedition, =1.= 368, =2.= 336, 343;
+ at Tampico, =1.= 546, 547;
+ with Scott, =2.= 422;
+ at Huamantla, 426.
+
+ Louisville Legion, at Monterey, =1.= 255.
+
+ Lowell, J. R., and secession, =2.= 272;
+ on slavery and the war, 274;
+ opposition to the war, 279.
+
+ Lower California, map of tip, =2.= 207;
+ naval occupation, counter-attacks, 207-8, 448-9, 454;
+ in peace negotiations, 469, 476.
+
+ Lozano, Ramon, Spanish charge at Mexico, and peace negotiations,
+ =2.= 135, 396, 467;
+ on Spain and Mexico, 297;
+ on Mexican force at time of evacuation, 416.
+
+ Lumpkin, Wilson, opposes war, =1.= 189.
+
+
+ McCall, G. A., at Resaca de la Palma, =1.= 170, 172.
+
+ McCall, J. G., American consul at Tampico, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ McClellan, G. B., on Brazos Island camp, =1.= 205;
+ engineer, 451;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 349, 353;
+ with Scott, 366;
+ at Contreras, 378;
+ on volunteers, 513.
+
+ McClellan, John, topographical engineer with Scott, =2.= 366.
+
+ McClung, A. K., at Monterey, =1.= 253.
+
+ McCulloch, Ben, on scout, =1.= 204;
+ rangers in advance on Monterey, 236;
+ at battle of Monterey, 243, 498;
+ and Santa Anna's advance, 382, 554;
+ at Buena Vista, 556.
+
+ McFaul, Eneas, Jr., American consul at Laguna, reports cited
+ _passim_.
+
+ McGillivray, Simon, claim, =1.= 427.
+
+ McIlvaine, A. R., on advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 456;
+ on cause of the war, =2.= 493.
+
+ McIntosh, J. S., in Texas, =1.= 143;
+ at Palo Alto, 164;
+ reinforcements for Scott, guerilla attacks, =2.= 76-7, 171, 422;
+ at Molino del Rey, wounded, 144, 145, 403.
+
+ Mackall, W. W., battery at Monterey, =1.= 241, 243, 248, 258, 492,
+ 496, 508;
+ and volunteer officers, 481;
+ on Pillow, =2.= 433.
+
+ McKay, J. J., position in the House, =2.= 496.
+
+ McKee, W. R., at Buena Vista, =1.= 388, 390, 391, 394, 555, 557;
+ killed, 394.
+
+ Mackenzie, A. S., and Santa Anna, =1.= 202-3, 479.
+
+ McKenzie, Samuel, at Chapultepec, =2.= 153, 157.
+
+ Mackintosh, E., British consul at Mexico, and California, =1.= 524,
+ =2.= 302;
+ and peace, 133, 467;
+ and Mexican finances, 254, 255, 477.
+
+ McLane, Louis, American minister at London, on England and the war,
+ =1.= 442;
+ on British dislike, =2.= 295;
+ on Europe and Texas, 502;
+ on Mexican sympathy in England, 300;
+ on attitude of France, 503;
+ on British interposition, 302, 303;
+ and vigorous war, 305;
+ and Aberdeen and warning on annexation, 308;
+ on influence abroad of the war, 324.
+
+ McLane, R. M., takes instructions to Taylor, =1.= 350.
+
+ _McLane_, in attack on Alvarado, =2.= 199;
+ in Tabasco expedition, 200.
+
+ McNamara, Eugene, California grant, =1.= 527;
+ and Mexican propaganda, =2.= 81.
+
+ McPherson, J. D., on Marcy, =1.= 475.
+
+ McReynolds, A. T., with Scott, =2.= 77.
+
+ Madrid _Heraldo_, on the war, =2.= 298, 503.
+
+ Magoffin, James, character, =1.= 293;
+ and Armijo, 293, 516.
+
+ Magruder, J. B., battery at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 55;
+ at Contreras, 104, 105, 378;
+ at Chapultepec, 154, 161;
+ light artillery, 366;
+ at Molino del Rey, 403.
+
+ Maguey, drink from, =1.= 508.
+
+ _Mahonese_, in Home Squadron, =2.= 446.
+
+ Maldonado, E., and brother, at San Juan Bautista, =2.= 446.
+
+ _Malek Adel_, captured, =2.= 205, 446;
+ added to navy, 447.
+
+ Mangino, R., Mexican charge at Paris, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Mangum, W. P., on Polk, =2.= 270;
+ position in Senate, 496.
+
+ Manifest destiny, and attitude toward Mexico, =1.= 123, 444, =2.= 322.
+ _See also_ Annexations.
+
+ Mansfield, J. K. F., at Monterey, =1.= 239, 250, 251, 500;
+ on Fort Brown, 468;
+ at Buena Vista, 555.
+
+ Manufactures, attempted promotion in Mexico, =1.= 16-7.
+
+ Manzanillo, occupied, =2.= 207.
+
+ Map of Mexico, =1.= xxii.
+
+ Marchante, Francisco, and evacuation of Tampico, =1.= 512.
+
+ Marcy, Fort, at Santa Fe, =1.= 296.
+
+ Marcy, W. L., and Taylor's occupation of Texas, =1.= 142, 452;
+ and advance to Rio Grande, instructions, 144, 453, 463, 490;
+ and raising of army, 191, 193;
+ clash with Scott, 190-1, 477;
+ appearance, 193;
+ and Scott's deliberateness, 199;
+ and occupation of Tamaulipas, 263, 360;
+ and Monterey armistice, 263;
+ and advance to Saltillo, 264;
+ and defensive-line policy, 283;
+ and Price's force, 290;
+ relations with Scott, 354;
+ throws responsibility of Vera Cruz plans on him, 355, 540;
+ as claims commissioner, 430;
+ character, 475;
+ on Polk's alarm, 476;
+ and volunteers, 480, =2.= 320;
+ and Wool's march, =1.= 510;
+ and further calls for volunteers, 537;
+ and Scott's preparations, 539, 544, 545;
+ and Taylor's Presidential ambition, 547;
+ and Ten Regiment Bill, =2.= 74;
+ and peace negotiations, 122;
+ and Trist-Scott quarrel, 128, 129, 389, 390;
+ and failure of negotiations (1847), 138;
+ recalls Price, 166;
+ and Scott and cabal, 188, 437;
+ on Conner, 202;
+ and Scott's order for military government, 220;
+ appointment to Cabinet, 271;
+ and Gaines's six-months men, 272;
+ on Democratic dissensions, 281;
+ political despair, 291;
+ on opposition, 292;
+ and Mexico expedition, 343, 346;
+ and Scott's release of time-expired men, 356;
+ on Scott at Puebla, 362;
+ does not expect peace, 391;
+ and douceur, 391;
+ on guerilla warfare, 423;
+ and war policy after capture of Mexico City, 430;
+ on number of volunteers, 431.
+
+ Marin, occupied, =1.= 562.
+
+ Marin, T., guerilla, =2.= 421.
+
+ Marines, in Scott's army, =2.= 78, 366, 432, 511;
+ at Chapultepec, 156, 410;
+ in Mexico City, 163, 164;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 335.
+
+ Markoe, C, on opposition to the war, =2.= 314, 510.
+
+ Marshall, Thomas, at Buena Vista, =1.= 386, 388, 390, 555, 558;
+ at Brazos, 476;
+ left at Camargo, 493;
+ brigade, =2.= 417;
+ retained in service, 432;
+ arrives at Mexico City, 432;
+ division leaves Mexico City, 476.
+
+ Martin, Alexandre, French agent in Mexico, on Mexican army, =1.= 408.
+
+ Martin, J. J. M., American charge at Paris, on France and tariff for
+ Mexican ports, =2.= 484;
+ on Europe and Texas, 502.
+
+ Martin, Judge, acknowledgment to, =1.= 444.
+
+ Martinez, F. P., Mexican minister at Washington, and claims, =1.= 78,
+ 79, 429.
+
+ Martinez, General, brigade, =2.= 369.
+
+ Martinez, J. A., guerilla, =2.= 421.
+
+ Maryland troops, calls (1847), =2.= 364, 431;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417;
+ at Jalapa, 433.
+ _See also_ Washington and Baltimore battalion.
+
+ Mason, J. L., reconnoitres San Antonio, =2.= 102;
+ and Molino del Rey, 142;
+ wounded, 144;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 349.
+
+ Mason, J. T., and Scott, =1.= 476.
+
+ Mason, J. Y., as secretary of the navy, =2.= 191, 196;
+ and offensive operations, 198, 200;
+ and Lower California, 207.
+
+ Mason, R. B., as governor of California, =2.= 218-20;
+ and occupation of western coast of Mexico, 448;
+ supposed force, 432.
+
+ Masons, in Mexican politics, =1.= 34, 38, 43, 413.
+
+ Massachusetts, and the war, =2.= 274, 493.
+ _See also_ Massachusetts troops.
+
+ _Massachusetts_, in Vera Cruz expedition, =2.= 18, 25, 26.
+
+ Massachusetts troops, call, =1.= 537;
+ in Taylor's later force, =2.= 417;
+ sent to Scott, 418.
+
+ Matamoros, Taylor's assurance of peaceful intentions, =1.= 146, 148,
+ 151, 454;
+ Taylor's force across river from, 148, 454;
+ Mexican force at, 158, 462;
+ fortification, 158;
+ map, 159;
+ Mexicans abandon, 177-8;
+ Taylor occupies, 178, 204, 480;
+ under American rule, 481, =2.= 211-2, 450;
+ troops left at, =1.= 493, =2.= 417;
+ American tariff, 484.
+
+ Matamoros de Morelia battalion, at Chapultepec, =2.= 408.
+
+ Matehuala, troops at, =1.= 550, 552.
+
+ Matson, H. S., and siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 33, 305, 337.
+
+ May, C. A., at Palo Alto, =1.= 164, 168;
+ at Resaca de la Palma, appearance and character, 174, 467;
+ advance to Saltillo, 264;
+ return to Monterey with Taylor, 368;
+ and Santa Anna's advance, 382, 554;
+ in march to Victoria, 541;
+ at Buena Vista, 555.
+
+ Mayer, Brantz, and advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 152.
+
+ Mayo, Isaac, at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 338.
+
+ Mazapil, occupied, =2.= 418.
+
+ Mazatlan, as port, =1.= 3;
+ revolt (1846), 485;
+ temporary blockades, =2.= 205, 446, 447;
+ aspect, 206;
+ under Tellez, 207, 447;
+ occupied, 207, 208, 448;
+ map, 207;
+ evacuated, 476.
+
+ Meade, G. G., at Resaca de la Palma, =1.= 173;
+ on Taylor's operations, 177, 179;
+ on raw volunteers, 207, 208;
+ at Monterey, 246, 251, 499;
+ on war blunders, 267;
+ on Taylor's defensive-line plan, 282;
+ on Taylor as general, 470;
+ on his lack of information, 490;
+ on organization of army in Monterey campaign, 493;
+ on Worth, 498.
+
+ Mediation, British offers, =2.= 301, 368, 503-4;
+ Spain and, 502.
+ _See also_ Interposition.
+
+ Medical corps, Mexican, =1.= 157.
+
+ Mejia, Francisco, ruse at Arroyo Colorado, =1.= 147;
+ and Taylor at Rio Grande, 148;
+ and irregulars in Texas, 153, 154;
+ on Taylor and his force, 158, 159;
+ propaganda among American troops, 160;
+ and advance against Taylor, 162, 464, 467;
+ succeeds Arista in command, 178;
+ restores morale, 225;
+ appearance, 226;
+ plan at Monterey, 226;
+ preparations to resist Taylor there, 230;
+ and holding of Monterey, 231, 494;
+ and brigade command, 462;
+ in battle of Monterey, 494, 500;
+ at Matehuala, 552;
+ in Army of the North, =2.= 369.
+
+ Mejia, J. A., revolt, =1.= 49;
+ Americans in revolt executed, 70.
+
+ Mejia, Vicente, attack on La Paz, =2.= 448.
+
+ _Memorial Historico_, on monarchist plans, =1.= 90.
+
+ Memphis, enlistments, =1.= 195.
+
+ Memphis _Daily Eagle_, on enlisting, =1.= 195.
+
+ Memphis _Enquirer_, on war spirit, =1.= 127.
+
+ Mendoza, F., guerilla, =2.= 421.
+
+ Mendoza, N., brigade in Monterey campaign, =1.= 494;
+ at Contreras, =2.= 109.
+
+ Mercantile class in Mexico, =1.= 5, 17;
+ favor peace, =2.= 130.
+ _See also_ Commerce.
+
+ Mercantile system, and Spanish colonies, =1.= 29.
+
+ Merritt, Ezekiel, at San Diego, =1.= 534.
+
+ Merryman _vs._ Bourne, title by conquest, =2.= 468.
+
+ Mervine, William, at Monterey, Cal., =1.= 335;
+ in second southern campaign, 340;
+ on Stockton, 534.
+
+ Mexicaltzingo, plan to advance by, =2.= 96, 372-3.
+
+ Mexican Spy Company, Scott's, =2.= 72, 362, 476.
+
+ Mexican War.
+ The analysis is carried out through the titles Army; Attitude;
+ Cause; Conquered territory; Cost; Diplomatic intercourse; Finances;
+ Foreign relations; Government; Guerilla; Importance; Justice; Navy;
+ Opposition; Outbreak; Peace; Politics; Popularity; Preparation;
+ Programme;
+ and the leaders and campaigns by name, especially Buena Vista;
+ California; Doniphan; Mexico expedition; Monterey; New Mexico;
+ Rio Grande; Santa Anna; Scott, Winfield; Taylor, Zachary; Vera Cruz;
+ Wool.
+
+ Mexico, Valley of, topography, =2.= 79;
+ map, 80;
+ aspect, 94, 119, 138;
+ view from Chapultepec, 158.
+
+ Mexico battalion, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ Mexico City, situation, =1.= 2;
+ profile of route from Vera Cruz, 2;
+ aspect and life, charm, 21-8, =2.= 228;
+ southern and western approaches, map, 141, 147;
+ clerical incitation against Americans, 142;
+ Quitman at Belen garita, 158-60, 162, 412, 414-6;
+ map of citadel, 159;
+ capture of San Cosme garita, 161-2, 413, 414, 416;
+ evacuated by Mexicans, release of criminals, 163, 415, 420;
+ Americans take possession, 163, 415;
+ Quitman first governor, 164, 460;
+ uprising against Americans, 166-8, 420;
+ clemency toward, 226, 459;
+ military discipline in, 226, 459-60;
+ resumption of ordinary life, attitude of clergy, 226;
+ invasion of Americanisms, 227;
+ social excesses, 227-8, 460;
+ local government, 229;
+ police, 229;
+ social relations with Americans, 230;
+ American evacuation, 252, 476;
+ riot during armistice, 396;
+ Kearny governor, 438;
+ location of troops during occupation, 461.
+ _See also_ Mexico expedition.
+
+ Mexico expedition, proposals, =1.= 349;
+ question of campaign left open, 351;
+ Taylor's attitude, 352-3, 362-3, 543;
+ influence of Scott's victories and treatment on Mexicans, =2.= 36,
+ 45, 65, 80, 81;
+ dangers stated, 37;
+ Scott's preparations at Vera Cruz, 37;
+ his proclamation before starting, 38, 344;
+ transportation problem, Antigua and Alvarado expeditions, 38, 344-5;
+ start, march to Cerro Gordo, 39, 45-8, 345, 348;
+ map of Vera Cruz to Perote, 39;
+ Santa Anna's plans and preparations below Perote, 39-42, 346;
+ maps of Cerro Gordo, 40, 43, 51;
+ and yellow fever, 42, 59, 64, 348;
+ defences and force at Cerro Gordo, 42-5, 347, 348;
+ battle of Cerro Gordo, 48-59, 349-55;
+ occupation of Jalapa, 59, 354;
+ pursuit to Perote, 60-1;
+ Scott at Jalapa, his problems: of supplies, 61-3, 355;
+ of Santa Anna's intentions, 62;
+ of time-expired men, 63-4, 356;
+ force after departure of time-expired men, 64, 356;
+ advance to Puebla, 64, 66, 69;
+ map of profile Vera Cruz to Mexico, 62;
+ secret arrangement with clergy for occupation of Puebla, 65-6, 357;
+ Scott's proclamation at Jalapa, May 11, 66, 357-8;
+ Santa Anna's preparations at Orizaba, 67-8, 359;
+ political influence on his movements, 68;
+ Santa Anna at Puebla, 69, 360;
+ Amozoc affair, 69-70, 360;
+ Worth's erroneous agreement with Puebla, 70;
+ occupation of Puebla, 71;
+ Worth's rule there, 71-2, 361;
+ Scott's intelligence system, 72, 332, 362;
+ condition of Scott's army in Puebla, 72-3, 362;
+ concentration, communications severed, and reinforcements awaited
+ there, 73, 357, 362, 363, 365;
+ Ten Regiment Bill to increase regulars, 74-6, 363;
+ proposed appointment of Benton as commanding general, 75, 363,
+ 365;
+ further call for volunteers, 76-7, 364;
+ arrival of reinforcements, 76, 365;
+ organization and size of Scott's force in final advance, 77, 93,
+ 365, 366;
+ condition of force then, 78;
+ situation of capital, 79, 94;
+ unfruitful plans for defence of capital, governmental chaos, 79-82,
+ 367;
+ map of the Valley, 80;
+ Santa Anna's return to capital, opposition to his control, 82-7;
+ his collection of materiel, 87;
+ his army organization, its character and officers, 87-9, 369;
+ his defensive plan, 89-90, 370;
+ defences, Old Penon, 90, 369;
+ bolstering morale of inhabitants, 91, 142;
+ their enthusiasm on start of final campaign, 91-2;
+ Scott's advance from Puebla to Lake Chalco, 92-5, 371;
+ failure of opposition to it, 95, 371;
+ choice of line of advance, 95-6, 372;
+ advance to San Agustin, 96-8, 374;
+ Santa Anna and Scott's march to southern front, 97-8, 374;
+ Mexican enthusiasm lost, 98;
+ Santa Anna's southern line, 99, 101, 374;
+ general map of southern line, 100;
+ field and Mexican occupation of Contreras, 101-2, 375;
+ American reconnaissances and problem, 102-3, 375;
+ battle of Contreras, 103-10, 376-80;
+ Santa Anna's arrangements after Contreras, 110-1, 382;
+ question of American advance to capital after the battle, 112;
+ battle of Churubusco, 111-9, 382-5;
+ Americans after Churubusco, 120;
+ why victory was not followed up, 120, 386, 393;
+ halt at Puebla and negotiations, 130;
+ armistice, 133, 137-8, 394-6, 398-9;
+ armies during armistice, 134, 138-9;
+ defences and force at Molino del Rey, 140-2, 400;
+ map of battles of Mexico City, 141;
+ Scott's preparations after armistice, 142, 400, 404;
+ battle of Molino del Rey, 143-7, 401-4;
+ southern and western approaches to city, 147;
+ Scott's plans and caution after Molino del Rey, 148, 404, 408;
+ American conference and problem, decision to attack western gates,
+ 148-9, 408;
+ defences of Chapultepec, 149-52, 405-6;
+ battle of Chapultepec, 152-8, 408-11;
+ Quitman at Belen garita, 158-60, 162, 412, 414-5;
+ capture of San Cosme garita, 161-2, 413-4, 416;
+ evacuation of the city, 163, 415;
+ possession taken by Americans, 163-4, 415-6;
+ American loss in final operations, 165, 411;
+ rising in city, 166-8, 420;
+ adoption of guerilla warfare against, 169;
+ guerilla warfare on line of communication, 171, 422-3;
+ operations against guerillas, 172, 178-9, 423, 426-7;
+ "siege" of Americans at Puebla, 173-5, 424-6;
+ extempore Mexican government, 179-81, 427, 428;
+ problem after capture of city, 183, 430;
+ further tardy reinforcements, 183;
+ size and condition of American force then, 184, 432;
+ plan of further campaign, 184, 432, 433;
+ American evacuation, 251-2, 475, 476;
+ effect on American foreign relations, 305;
+ foreign criticism, 307-8;
+ inadequate force and preparation, 314, 510;
+ achievement, spoils, 321, 416;
+ administration and authorization, 344;
+ Mexican force when it evacuated, 416;
+ supposed American force (Nov., 1847), 432;
+ size of army and posts (May, 1848), 438;
+ distribution of troops after occupying city, 461.
+ _See also_ Conquered territory; Scott, Winfield; Vera Cruz; and
+ battles by name for details.
+
+ Mexico state, and guerilla warfare, =2.= 169, 173;
+ and rehabilitation of army, 182;
+ war donation, 254;
+ American assessment, 265;
+ and collapse of federal government, 428.
+
+ Micheltorena, J. M., and Jones's occupation, =1.= 69, 423;
+ in California, 319.
+
+ Michigan troops, call, =2.= 431;
+ at Orizaba, 433.
+
+ Michoacan state, and Santa Anna, =1.= 376;
+ in discussion on peace, =2.= 464.
+
+ Middle class in Mexico, =1.= 5, 27.
+
+ Mier, occupied, =1.= 210;
+ as camp, 212;
+ force at, =2.= 417.
+
+ Mier y Teran, M. de, popularity, =1.= 44.
+
+ Miles, D. S., at Camargo, =1.= 210-2;
+ at Monterey, 245, 498;
+ guerilla attack on, =2.= 422, 433.
+
+ Military government.
+ _See_ Conquered territory.
+
+ Miller, Captain, at siege of Puebla, =2.= 424.
+
+ Miller, Sergeant, on camp life, =1.= 207.
+
+ Mina battalion, at Chapultepec, =2.= 408.
+
+ Mining, Mexican industry, =1.= 2, 15.
+
+ Minon, J. J., captures by, =1.= 371;
+ on eve of Buena Vista, 381, 383;
+ in the battle, 384, 386, 391, 395, 396, 556, 559;
+ brigade as screen at San Luis Potosi, 550.
+
+ Minor, George, at San Diego, =1.= 534.
+
+ Mints, Mexican, =1.= 16;
+ rented, =2.= 255.
+
+ _Mississippi_, in occupation of Tampico, =1.= 279, 281;
+ yellow fever, =2.= 195;
+ in Home Squadron, 197, 442, 446;
+ in attack on Alvarado, 198, 199;
+ in Tabasco expedition, 204;
+ in attack on Tuxpan, 444.
+
+ Mississippi troops, enlistments, =1.= 195;
+ at Monterey, 235, 492, 496;
+ in Victoria march, 357;
+ at Lobos Islands rendezvous, 368;
+ at Buena Vista, 388, 391, 392, 555, 557, 561;
+ in calls and response, 537, =2.= 431;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417.
+ _See also_ Davis, Jefferson.
+
+ Missouri troops, calls (1847), =2.= 364, 431;
+ non-active men, 511.
+ _See also_ Doniphan; Price.
+
+ Mitchell, D. D., and Chihuahua Rangers, =1.= 519.
+
+ Mixcoac, Americans at, =2.= 134.
+
+ Mobile _Herald and Tribune_, on war spirit, =1.= 126.
+
+ _Moctezuma_, escape, =2.= 195.
+
+ Moderados, and Puros, =2.= 2, 4;
+ Polkos, 3, 13;
+ and election of Farias, 5, 9;
+ and demands on church property, 11, 330;
+ and Santa Anna, 14, 15, 331;
+ incompetent, 82, 85.
+ _See also_ Federalism.
+
+ Mofras, Eugene Duflot de.
+ _See_ Duflot.
+
+ Molina, Ignacio, acknowledgment to, =2.= 411.
+
+ Molino del Rey, position, defences, =2.= 140, 400;
+ Mexican force, 142, 402;
+ Scott's preparation and plan, criticism, 142, 401-2, 404;
+ map, 143;
+ American disposition and force, 143, 402, 403;
+ Santa Anna's actions, 144, 402, 404;
+ attacks and capture of Mill, 144-5;
+ capture of Casa Mata, 145, 403;
+ cavalry fight, 146, 404;
+ a mistake, losses, results, 147, 403;
+ American garrison, 461.
+
+ Moltke, H. K. B. von, on strategy, =1.= x.
+
+ Monarchy in Mexico, feared (1845), =1.= 90, 95, 435;
+ plans and aid from Europe, 114;
+ American resentment, 122, 135, =2.= 304, 466;
+ collapse of plans, =1.= 180, 470;
+ Paredes deserts, 214, 485;
+ Santa Anna declares against, 219;
+ anti-peace activity of adherents, =2.= 234, 463;
+ adherents in Polko revolt, 330;
+ and clerical understanding with Scott, 358.
+ _See also_ Iturbide.
+
+ Monasterio, J. M. O., and claims, =1.= 77.
+
+ Monclova, Wool at, =1.= 273, 509;
+ aspect, 273.
+
+ Money, Mexican minting, =1.= 15;
+ American market during war, =2.= 489.
+
+ _Monitor Constitucional_, on expected foreign aid, =1.= 114.
+
+ _Monitor del Pueblo_, on Scott's advance, =2.= 66.
+
+ _Monitor Republicano_, on the war, =1.= 215;
+ on Texas and the war, 457;
+ on Santa Anna, 488, =2.= 84;
+ on church and war finances, 8, 9.
+
+ Monroe Doctrine, and European attitude on the war, =1.= 112, =2.= 296;
+ and monarchist plans in Mexico, =1.= 122, 135;
+ Mexico and, 417;
+ Polk's reassertion, =2.= 295.
+
+ Montano, M., revolt, =1.= 38.
+
+ Montemorelos, aspect, =1.= 357.
+
+ Monterde, J. M., captured, =2.= 411.
+
+ Monterey, Cal., Jones's occupation, =1.= 69, 423;
+ in 1846, as port, 315, 521;
+ Sloat takes possession at, 334-5, 531.
+
+ Monterey, Mexico, situation, aspect, =1.= 2, 257, =2.= 212;
+ considered vital, =1.= 225;
+ Taylor leaves for Victoria, 357;
+ Santa Anna's plan against (Dec.), 357, 541;
+ Taylor instructed to concentrate at, his insubordinate advance, 368;
+ excesses of volunteers at, =2.= 212-3. 450;
+ American regulations, 213, 230, 450;
+ later force at, 417, 418.
+ _See also_ Monterey campaign.
+
+ Monterey auxiliary battalion, at battle of Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ Monterey campaign, inadequate preparation, steamboats, =1.= 208,
+ 481-3;
+ advance up Rio Grande to Camargo, 209-11;
+ Taylor's force then, 211, 212, 483;
+ unfortunate placing of camp at Camargo, 211, 484, 493;
+ condition of Mexican forces, 225, 230, 489;
+ Mejia's plan for guerilla warfare, Canales frustrates it, 226, 236;
+ Taylor's inaction and lack of information, 226, 251, 489, 491, 499;
+ his transportation, 227, 490-1, 493;
+ Taylor and popular demand for action, he does not anticipate
+ resistance, 227, 491-3;
+ his neglect of artillery, 228, 250, 500;
+ route of advance, 228;
+ advance and camp at Cerralvo, organization of army, 228-30, 492,
+ 493;
+ Mexican force, 230, 494;
+ Mexican preparations at Monterey, 230-2, 494;
+ defences, 232-4, 239, 249, 495, 497;
+ general map of battle, 232;
+ Ampudia's position and policy, 234;
+ measures to stay American advance, 234-5, 237, 495;
+ McCulloch's Rangers, 236;
+ advance from Cerralvo, aspect of country, 236-7, 496;
+ arrival before Monterey, 237;
+ confidence and size of American force, 238, 496;
+ Worth's flanking movement to Saltillo road, 239-44, 497;
+ Ampudia during battle, 241, 242, 248, 255, 258, 259, 501;
+ detailed map of battle, 240;
+ Worth's capture of Federation Ridge, 244-6, 498;
+ of Independence Hill, 246-8, 499;
+ Taylor's display in force, 249;
+ fortifications in Taylor's front, 249-50;
+ his verbal instructions to Garland, 250-1, 500;
+ capture of Teneria redoubt, 251-3, 500;
+ futile attack on Diablo, 253-4;
+ Taylor's mistakes, 254, 260, 500-3;
+ Mexicans abandon outworks, 255;
+ advance toward plaza, retirement, 256, 500;
+ failure to concert action with Worth, 256-7, 501;
+ Worth's attack in city, 257-8;
+ condition of Mexican force, bombardment, 258, 501;
+ capitulation, armistice, 259, 501-2;
+ Taylor's acceptance considered, 260, 502-6;
+ evacuation by Mexicans, 260;
+ results, fame, 261, 506;
+ condition and size of Taylor's force after, 262, 506;
+ Polk and terms, armistice terminated, 263;
+ to be end of northern advance, 350;
+ losses, 505;
+ foreign comment, =2.= 306-7.
+
+ Montgomery, J. B., and British commander, =2.= 446;
+ at Guaymas, 447.
+
+ Montoya, J. M., Mexican charge at Washington, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Mora, J. M. L., minister at London, and England and California,
+ =2.= 303;
+ and British mediation, 508.
+
+ Mora y Villamil, Ignacio, on California, =1.= 322;
+ on Texas and the war, 457;
+ and defences of Vera Cruz, =2.= 19;
+ and preparations below Perote, 40;
+ peace commissioner, 135;
+ and guerilla warfare, 168, 422;
+ armistice negotiations, 242, 394;
+ and Contreras, 375.
+
+ Morale, of American troops at Corpus Christi, =1.= 144;
+ at Rio Grande, 147, 160, 164;
+ results of Rio Grande campaign, 177-9, 469;
+ of volunteers in first camps, 207, 481;
+ Wool's discipline, 268, 269, 273, 275, 276;
+ character of Doniphan's force, 299, 303;
+ of Wool's force before Buena Vista campaign, 371;
+ Taylor's influence, 372, 374;
+ of Scott's force at Puebla, =2.= 73;
+ at start of final campaign, 78;
+ lack, in guerillas, 172;
+ naval, 190, 438;
+ mutiny at Buena Vista, 418;
+ effect of newspapers on Mexican, 509.
+ _See also_ Army; Conquered territory; Deserters.
+
+ Morales, Juan, defence of Vera Cruz, =2.= 22, 31, 336, 337, 340-2.
+
+ Morehead, T. G., at siege of Puebla, =2.= 174.
+
+ Morelia, powder-mill, =2.= 87.
+
+ Morelia battalion, at Monterey, =1.= 494;
+ at Belen garita, =2.= 412.
+
+ Morelos, J. M., as partisan leader, =1.= 32.
+
+ Moreno, J. M., attack on La Paz, =2.= 449.
+
+ Morfit, H. M., American agent in Texas, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Morgan, G. W., at Cerralvo, =1.= 562;
+ and Fifteenth Infantry, =2.= 363;
+ at Contreras, 378.
+
+ Morier, J. J., British agent in Mexico, on Mexican character,
+ =1.= 410.
+
+ Mormon battalion, follows Kearny's expedition, =1.= 290, 516;
+ in California, =2.= 218, 219, 454, 455.
+
+ Morris, L. N., at Palo Alto, =1.= 164.
+
+ Mosquito fleet, =2.= 29, 338.
+
+ Mountain systems of Mexico, =1.= 1.
+
+ Mounted Riflemen, authorized, =1.= 190;
+ in Smith's brigade, 541;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 52, 54, 350, 352;
+ in Scott's army, 77;
+ at Contreras, 104;
+ at Churubusco, 110, 114, 382, 384;
+ at Belen garita, 159, 160;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343;
+ at Molino del Rey, 403;
+ at Chapultepec, 410;
+ in the guerilla operations, 427.
+
+ Mouth of the Rio Grande, camp, =1.= 205.
+
+ Muleje, and American occupation, =2.= 448.
+
+ Mules.
+ _See_ Transportation.
+
+ Munroe, John, artillery at Point Isabel, =1.= 146, 148.
+
+ Murphy, Tomas, Mexican agent at London, Aberdeen's suggestion to,
+ =1.= 434;
+ and interposition, =2.= 302, 304, 504-6;
+ and foreign officers, 306.
+
+ Muscatine, Iowa.
+ _See_ Bloomington.
+
+
+ Nacogdoches, Gaines's expedition, =1.= 64-6, 420-2.
+
+ Najera, Lieut. Col., at Monterey, falls, =1.= 243.
+
+ Napoleon I, on first quality of a soldier, =1.= 440;
+ on flank movement, 497;
+ on agent's responsibility, =2.= 398.
+
+ Nashville _Union_, on war spirit, =1.= 126.
+
+ _Natchez_, Vera Cruz incident, =1.= 424, 425.
+
+ National bridge.
+ _See_ Puente nacional.
+
+ National Guard, Mexican, and Federalists, =1.= 221, 222;
+ Brazito affair with Doniphan, 301-2;
+ attempt to centralize, 376, =2.= 346;
+ at Vera Cruz, 22, 343;
+ and siege of Puebla, 174, 425.
+
+ National highway, =1.= 16.
+ _See also_ Mexico expedition.
+
+ _National Intelligencer_, and peace, =2.= 125;
+ on Polk and his party, 269;
+ and tariff, 273;
+ on Polk, 275;
+ on outbreak of war, 277;
+ encourages enemy, 280, 281;
+ and tax on tea and coffee, 285;
+ and no-territory plan, 288;
+ and victorious war, 292;
+ on title by conquest, 497;
+ on tariff for Mexican ports, 500, 501.
+
+ Navajo Indians, conquered, =1.= 298.
+
+ Navy, American, foreign opinion, =1.= 106;
+ pacific instructions (1845), 131, 447;
+ war preparations, 190;
+ mosquito fleet at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 29, 338;
+ sailors and landed battery at siege, 30, 34, 338;
+ vessels at the beginning of the war, distribution, 189, 197, 438;
+ appropriation and increase, 189;
+ establishment, condition, 189, 438;
+ administration, 190-91;
+ and Mexican privateers, 192-3;
+ blockade, 193-5, 205, 206, 208, 446, 448;
+ scurvy and yellow fever, 194-5;
+ and Mexican navy, 195;
+ difficulties of shore operations, 196;
+ Alvarado expeditions, 197-9, 344;
+ operations on Mexican western coast, 205-8, 446-9;
+ character of service, 208, 449;
+ character of control of occupied territory, 208;
+ evacuation, 476.
+ _See also_ California; Conner, David; Jones, T. A. C.; Marines;
+ Perry; Sloat; Shubrick; Stockton.
+
+ Navy, Mexican, =2.= 195.
+
+ Negotiations.
+ _See_ Diplomatic intercourse; Peace.
+
+ _Neptune_, at Tampico, =1.= 281;
+ wrecked, 449.
+
+ Neutrality, American, and Texas, =1.= 63, 432;
+ and Sabine River boundary, 64;
+ and Gaines's expedition, 64-6;
+ and recognition of Texas, 66-7, 422-3;
+ Bocanegra-Webster correspondence, 68;
+ European, in the war, =2.= 300-5.
+ _See also_ Interposition; Mediation.
+
+ New Granada, and the war, =2.= 298.
+
+ New Helvetia, trading post, =1.= 318, 522.
+
+ New Jersey troops, call, =2.= 364;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417;
+ at Jalapa, 433.
+
+ New Mexico, Santa Fe trail trade, =1.= 72, 284, 514;
+ province, population, 284;
+ political situation, 284-6, =2.= 216;
+ American war policy toward, =1.= 286;
+ preparation of Kearny's expedition, force, 286, 288, 515;
+ map of his route, 287;
+ his march to Pent's Fort, 288-9, 515;
+ Armijo's attitude, preparations, and desertion, 289, 292-4, 516-7;
+ Price's reinforcement of Kearny, 290, 516;
+ Mormon battalion, 290, 516;
+ Kearny's proclamation and letter to Armijo, 290, 516;
+ advance to San Miguel, assurances to inhabitants, 291-2, 516;
+ expected fight at Apache Canyon, condition of expedition, 292-3,
+ 516;
+ resistance abandoned, 293-5;
+ occupation of Santa Fe, 295-6;
+ Fort Marcy, 296;
+ march to southern district, 297;
+ retaining force, 298;
+ reduction of Indians, 298;
+ Doniphan's march to El Paso, Brazito affair, 298-300, 517, 518;
+ condition of force at Santa Fe, 518;
+ in peace negotiations and treaty, 135, 136, 238, 240, 248, 396, 468,
+ 469;
+ character of population, 216;
+ excesses due to American occupation, 216, 453;
+ Price's rule, insurrection, 217, 453;
+ civil government as conquered territory, 285;
+ justice of acquisition, 322;
+ supposed force in (Nov., 1847), 432;
+ Texas and occupation, 497.
+
+ New Orleans, enlistments, =1.= 195;
+ as rival of New York, =2.= 274;
+ yellow fever (1847), 431.
+
+ New Orleans _Commercial Bulletin_, attacks policy of forbearance,
+ =1.= 121;
+ on easy victory over Mexico, 126.
+
+ New Orleans _Delta_, on Paredes revolt, =1.= 120;
+ demand for war, 443;
+ Leonidas letter, =2.= 187, 435;
+ on Taylor's force (1847), 417.
+
+ New Orleans _Jeffersonian Republican_, attacks policy of forbearance,
+ =1.= 120.
+
+ New Orleans _Picayune_, on monarchist plans in Mexico, =1.= 90, 122,
+ 135;
+ attacks on policy of forbearance, 119;
+ on rejection of Slidell, 120;
+ on war spirit, 126, 132;
+ demand for war, 443.
+
+ New Orleans _Tropic_, on policy of expansion, =1.= 123.
+
+ New York, and peace, =2.= 123;
+ Polk and factions, 270, 491.
+ _See also_ New York troops.
+
+ New York City, enlistments, =1.= 194.
+
+ New York _Courrier des Etats Unis_, on European protection of Mexico,
+ =1.= 121.
+
+ New York _Express_, and peace, =2.= 125.
+
+ New York _Herald_, on unrest, =1.= 124;
+ on war spirit, 124;
+ on war as peace movement, 184;
+ on war finances, =2.= 256;
+ on opposition to the war, 494.
+
+ New York _Journal of Commerce_, on war spirit, =1.= 124;
+ on war as peace movement, 184.
+
+ New York _Morning News_, on policy of expansion, =1.= 123;
+ on war spirit, 124-6.
+
+ New York _Sun_, and Worth, =2.= 186, 434;
+ favors absorbing Mexico, 243.
+
+ New York _Tribune_, on policy of expansion, =1.= 123;
+ on Polk and war, 184;
+ on the war and politics, =2.= 275;
+ on annexation of Texas and war, 276;
+ demands recall of troops, 290;
+ on Scott and the cabal, 436.
+
+ New York troops, in Vera Cruz expedition, =1.= 368, 537, =2.= 343;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 53, 58;
+ in march to Puebla, 69;
+ in Scott's army, 78;
+ at Churubusco, 117;
+ at Chapultepec, 157, 409;
+ in Mexico City, 163;
+ in California, 219, 454, 476;
+ in Lower California, 448.
+
+ Newspapers, Mexican, war-time lamentations, =2.= 509.
+ _See also_ Press.
+
+ Niles, J. M., and absorption of Mexico, =2.= 244;
+ position in Senate, 496.
+
+ _Niles' Register_, on Taylor's generalship, =1.= 503.
+
+ Nino Perdido garita, =2.= 148.
+
+ Ninth Cavalry, Mexican, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 347.
+
+ Ninth Infantry, in Scott's army, =2.= 78, 363, 432;
+ at Contreras, 109;
+ at Chapultepec, 154, 155, 157;
+ advance after armistice, 400;
+ at Huamantla, 426;
+ at Pachuca, 433.
+
+ _Nonata_, captured, =1.= 511.
+
+ Noncombatants, American policy toward, =2.= 210, 220, 229.
+ _See also_ Conquered territory.
+
+ Nopalucan, aspect, =2.= 69.
+
+ Noriega, General, at Palo Alto, =1.= 165, 168;
+ captured at Chapultepec, =2.= 411.
+
+ North Carolina troops, enlistments, =1.= 195;
+ calls, 537, =2.= 431;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417.
+
+ Norther, character, =1.= 541, =2.= 34.
+
+ Nuevo Leon, troops at Monterey, =1.= 494;
+ levy on, for guerilla warfare, =2.= 170, 422;
+ attitude toward United States, 215;
+ general occupation, 418.
+ _See also_ Monterey.
+
+
+ Oaxaca state, guerilla warfare, =2.= 173;
+ revolt and the war, 369.
+
+ Obregon, Pablo, Mexican minister at Washington, and boundary
+ negotiations, =1.= 60.
+
+ O'Brien, J. P. J., battery at Buena Vista, =1.= 388, 390-2, 394, 557.
+
+ Ocampo, M., and Santa Anna, =1.= 376.
+
+ Occupied territory.
+ _See_ Conquered territory.
+
+ O'Donnell, Leopoldo, and Mexican privateering, =2.= 193.
+
+ O'Donoju, Juan, treaty with Iturbide, =1.= 33.
+
+ Officers, character of volunteer, =1.= 192, 207, =2.= 215;
+ for the ten new regiments, 76;
+ value of West Point training, 320.
+ _See also_ Army; Volunteers.
+
+ _Ohio_, and attack on Tuxpan, =2.= 444;
+ in Pacific squadron, 447.
+
+ Ohio troops, enlistments, =1.= 195;
+ at Monterey, 253, 492, 496;
+ in Taylor's later force, =2.= 417;
+ with Scott, 418;
+ in Lane's march to Puebla, 426;
+ in his guerilla operations, 426, 427;
+ calls (1847), 364, 365, 431;
+ garrison at Puebla, 433;
+ non-active men, 511.
+
+ Ojo de Agua, aspect, =2.= 69;
+ American post, 433.
+
+ Olaguibel, F. M. de, warnings to Santa Anna (1846), =1.= 378, 379;
+ supports Farias, =2.= 82;
+ character, 86;
+ and opposition to Santa Anna, 86, 134, 136;
+ yields to Santa Anna's demands, 92;
+ supplies for Scott, 134;
+ in American rear, 148;
+ and evacuation of Mexico, 163;
+ supports Pena, 180, 428.
+
+ Old Penon, fortification, =2.= 90, 369, 373;
+ Mexican army at, 92;
+ Scott avoids, 96.
+
+ Oligarchy, of Spanish born, =1.= 29;
+ deposes viceroy, 30;
+ Hidalgo's revolt against, 31;
+ partisan warfare on, 31;
+ doomed, 32;
+ revolt against liberal constitution, 32;
+ plots against federal government, 37;
+ rules Victoria, 37;
+ attempted revolt (1823), 38;
+ expulsion of Gachupines, 39, 42, 413;
+ and Bustamante's revolt, 43;
+ and Santa Anna, 45;
+ and Farias' reforms, 46;
+ makes Santa Anna dictator, 46;
+ and Seven Laws, rule, 47;
+ factions, 48;
+ goes over to Santa Anna (1841), 50.
+ _See also_ Government; Monarchy; Roman Catholic church.
+
+ Olozaga, Salustiano de, on monarchy for Mexico, =1.= 448.
+
+ Opposition to the war, Mexico counts on, =1.= 105, 107, 119, 443;
+ objections to war bill, 182-3, 471;
+ basis, =2.= 273-5;
+ Whig troubles, 276-80, 283, 493, 494;
+ warning from opposition to War of 1812, 280;
+ encourages enemy, 280-1, 289, 495;
+ character of speeches in Congress, 284-6;
+ and Wilmot Proviso, 286-7, 498;
+ Whig no-territory plan, 287-8, 498;
+ protracts war, 288, 292;
+ demand for stoppage of supplies and recall of troops, 290-1, 500;
+ Whig House programme, 290;
+ effect on, of success of war, 290;
+ continued baiting of Polk, 291, 500;
+ results, 292, 314, 510;
+ historical results, 292-3, 501.
+
+ Oregon country, question and Mexican relations, =1.= 90, 94, 130, 137,
+ =2.= 299, 504;
+ and British aid of Mexico, =1.= 114;
+ and outbreak of the war, 200, 458, 478;
+ compromise settlement, 201;
+ effect on Polk, =2.= 271, 281;
+ settlement and Wilmot Proviso, 286;
+ danger in, 295.
+
+ Organic Bases, =1.= 52;
+ revival, 217.
+
+ Orizaba, situation, aspect, =1.= 2, =2.= 222;
+ Santa Anna's preparations at, 67-8;
+ Bankhead's expedition, aspect of route to, 184-5, 433;
+ American rule, 223;
+ Lane at, 427.
+
+ Orizaba, Mount, aspect, =2.= 18, 60, 223.
+
+ Ortega, J. M., in Monterey negotiations, =1.= 502.
+
+ Osgood, David, on War of 1812, =2.= 280, 494.
+
+ Oswandel, J. J., on Pillow, =2.= 377.
+
+ Otero, Mariano, on advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 155;
+ on income of the Church, 408;
+ on Texas and the war, 458;
+ and peace negotiations, =2.= 136, 236;
+ leader of Moderados, 327.
+
+ Outbreak of the war, Mexican policy to avoid formal declaration, =1.=
+ 88, 434;
+ protection of Texas and boundary question, 138, 153, 449, 457, 470;
+ Taylor's force occupies Corpus Christi, 141-3, 452;
+ original size of force, 142;
+ reinforcements, 143, 454;
+ condition of force, 143;
+ rank controversy, 144;
+ crossing of Rio Grande by Mexicans as invasion, 144, 453;
+ Taylor's advance to Rio Grande, 145-8, 454;
+ retaliatory orders, 148, 455;
+ Mexicans cross and attack Thornton, 149, 455;
+ de facto war, Taylor calls for more troops, 150, 455;
+ justification of advance to Rio Grande, 151-4, 456;
+ advance not cause of war, 154-5, 185, 457, 471;
+ war begun by Mexico, 155, 190, =2.= 311-2;
+ her grief for first battles, =1.= 179;
+ Polk's Message, 181, 470;
+ war bill in Congress, 182-3, 471-3;
+ quick peace expected, 184, 471;
+ political considerations, Benton, 184-5, 471;
+ Calhoun's opposition, 185-7, 472;
+ existence of legal war, 186-7, 472;
+ causes, 187-90, 326, 471, 473, 526, =2.= 284, 310-1, 508-9;
+ proclamation, =1.= 191, 474;
+ raising of army, 190-6, 445;
+ selection of commander, 196-8, 200;
+ Polk and Scott's plans, Scott's relegation, 198-200, 476-8;
+ and Oregon question, 200, 458, 478;
+ negotiations with Santa Anna, 201-3, 478-9;
+ Mexican preparations and declaration, 212, 222-3, 484, 488;
+ effect of Rio Grande campaign on Mexicans, 213;
+ overthrow of Paredes, 214-22, 485;
+ Santa Anna's policy to command army only, 222-4;
+ error of short-war policy, 347;
+ popularity, =2.= 268;
+ Whig inconsistency on, 276-7;
+ Webster on pretexts, 279, 494;
+ Buchanan's diplomatic circular on, 297;
+ British attitude, 299-300;
+ French attitude, 300, 503;
+ Polk's alleged inconsistencies on causes, 491;
+ as result of lack of preparedness, 509.
+ _See also_ Preparation; Rio Grande campaign.
+
+ Owens, S. C., in Doniphan's expedition, =1.= 303;
+ at battle of Sacramento, killed, 311.
+
+
+ Pacheco, F., at Buena Vista, =1.= 389-91.
+
+ Pacheco, J. R., and peace negotiations, =2.= 133, 137, 393, 396.
+
+ Pachuca, occupied, =2.= 184, 433;
+ under American rule, 460.
+
+ Pacific squadron, vessels during the war, =2.= 189, 447.
+ _See also_ Shubrick; Sloat; Stockton.
+
+ Padierna, battle of.
+ _See_ Contreras.
+
+ Pageot, A. J. Y., French minister at Washington, reports cited
+ _passim_.
+
+ Pakenham, Richard, British minister at Mexico and Washington, and
+ expulsion of Americans, =1.= 72, 423;
+ and American claims against Mexico, 79, 81, 431;
+ on chances of expected war, 107, 109;
+ warning against slavery expansion, 114;
+ on California, 320, 322;
+ on growing distaste for war, 347;
+ on Polk's dilemma, 349;
+ on plan against Vera Cruz, 350;
+ on Santa Anna's rule, 415;
+ on Mexican treatment of Poinsett, 417;
+ on Monterey armistice, 502;
+ on march to Mexico City, =2.= 37;
+ on desire for peace, 123, 126;
+ on American war finances, 260, 482;
+ and mediation, 301, 504.
+
+ Palmasola fort near Tuxpan, =2.= 202.
+
+ Palmerston, Viscount, and Mexican privateering, =2.= 192;
+ offers mediation, 301, 504;
+ and California, 302;
+ and Guizot, 304;
+ and American victories, 305;
+ and interposition, 306;
+ and absorption of Mexico, 309.
+
+ Palmetto Regiment, in Vera Cruz expedition, =1.= 368;
+ call, 537;
+ in march to Puebla, =2.= 69;
+ in Scott's army, 78, 343;
+ at Churubusco, 117, 384;
+ at Chapultepec, 157;
+ at Belen garita, 160, 412;
+ in Alvarado expedition, 344.
+
+ Palo Alto, battle of, American force, =1.= 163;
+ American line, 164;
+ map, 164;
+ Mexican advance and position, 164-5;
+ Mexican force, 165;
+ artillery, 165, 465;
+ Torrejon's attack and repulse, 166-7;
+ American movement on right, 167-8;
+ defeat of Mexican right, 168-9;
+ losses, 169, 466;
+ Mexican retreat, 169.
+ _See also_ Rio Grande campaign.
+
+ Palo Alto, Camp, =1.= 480.
+
+ Panuco expedition, =1.= 281.
+
+ Pareda, J. N., and privateering, =2.= 192.
+
+ Paredes y Arrillaga, Mariano, revolt (1841), =1.= 50;
+ revolt against Santa Anna (1844), 52, 53;
+ and Herrera's rule, 55, 56;
+ and monarchy, 90, 214;
+ revolt (1845), 95, 98-9, 438;
+ as temporary President, 100;
+ hostility toward United States, 100;
+ and Slidell, 100, 439;
+ and the war, 104, 155, 190, 452, =2.= 66;
+ revolt and American opinion, =1.= 120;
+ effect of Rio Grande campaign on, 180, 470;
+ on cause of the war, 189, 457, 474;
+ his policy, 212;
+ cuts off consuls, 212, 484;
+ elected President, 212;
+ war proclamation, 213;
+ and plans to take command, 214-5, 217;
+ difficulties, 214-6, 485;
+ combination against, 216;
+ overthrow, 217, 485;
+ and California, 329, 522-4, =2.= 302;
+ and artillery, =1.= 462;
+ exiled, 485;
+ supposed desire for peace, =2.= 122;
+ combination against Santa Anna (1847), 134, 137;
+ subsides, 242;
+ return, 306, 395.
+
+ Paredes, Fort, constructed, =1.= 158.
+
+ Paris _Constitutionnel_, on chances of expected war, =1.= 105, 110,
+ 113;
+ on California, 325;
+ on three-million fund, =2.= 126;
+ on clergy and repeal of law of Jan. 11, 332;
+ criticism of military operations, 507.
+
+ Paris _Correspondant_, sympathy with Mexico, =1.= 112;
+ on Mexican church, 408;
+ pessimism on peace prospects, =2.= 235;
+ on outbreak of war, 300.
+
+ Paris _Epoque_, and interposition, =2.= 304.
+
+ Paris _Globe_, on chances of expected war, =1.= 108.
+
+ Paris _National_, on Guizot's American policy, =2.= 296;
+ on outbreak of war, 300;
+ on England and war, 304.
+
+ Paris _Portefeuille_, and neutrality, =2.= 304.
+
+ Parish, Elijah, on War of 1812, =2.= 280, 494.
+
+ Parker, Theodore, on Taylor at Buena Vista, =1.= 559;
+ on conduct of the war, =2.= 324.
+
+ Parker, W. A., _Creole_ exploit, =2.= 444.
+
+ Parras, gathering of Wool's force at San Antonio, =1.= 267-70;
+ his advance to Parras, 270-5;
+ aspect, 275;
+ Comanche raid, 521;
+ American rule, =2.= 230;
+ outrages at, 450.
+
+ Parrodi, Anastasio, at Tampico, =1.= 278, 511;
+ at Tula, 553;
+ command in Army of the North, =2.= 369.
+
+ Parrott, John, American consul at Mazatlan, and T. A. C. Jones,
+ =1.= 69;
+ on California, 522;
+ on Scott, =2.= 316, 317;
+ and Sloat, 333;
+ and American funds in Mexico, 488.
+
+ Parrott, W. S., American consul and confidential agent in Mexico,
+ =1.= 88, 89, 93, 94, 133, 434, 435;
+ and advance to Rio Grande, 152;
+ and Sloat, 333;
+ claim, 426, 430;
+ on British control of Mexico, 443.
+
+ Parsons, M. M., in battle of Sacramento, =1.= 309, 311, 312.
+
+ Paso. _See_ El Paso.
+
+ Patria battalion, at Chapultepec, =2.= 408.
+
+ _Patriota Mexicano_, on Slidell mission, =1.= 436.
+
+ Patronage, as Polk's resource, =2.= 270.
+
+ Patten, G. W., on Scott at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 56.
+
+ Patterson, Robert, and Tamaulipas, =1.= 263;
+ and securing of Tampico, 281, 512;
+ and command of Vera Cruz expedition, 351;
+ march to Victoria, 360, 542, 543;
+ as general, 361;
+ and Pillow, 361;
+ march to Tampico, 365-6;
+ at Lobos Islands, 368;
+ command on Rio Grande, 493;
+ distribution of force (Oct.), 506;
+ career, 507;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 26, 343;
+ before Cerro Gordo, and plan to assault, 49;
+ and the battle, 58, 354;
+ takes time-expired men home, 64, 357;
+ return to Mexico, 184;
+ at Jalapa, 354;
+ and Jarauta, 421;
+ retained in service, 432;
+ division at San Angel, 461;
+ leaves Mexico City, 476;
+ on West Pointers, 513.
+
+ Patterson, Camp, =1.= 480.
+
+ Paul, G. R., at Chapultepec, =2.= 410.
+
+ Paulding, J. K., on Polk, =2.= 270.
+
+ Paz, occupied, counter attacks, =2.= 208, 448, 449.
+
+ Peace, speedy, expected, =1.= 184, 471;
+ Polk's suggested terms to Santa Anna (1846), 202, 471;
+ Santa Anna and, after return, 221, 487;
+ mistake in expecting speedy, 347;
+ Mexican law forbidding negotiations, =2.= 81, 130, 135, 367, 389,
+ 393;
+ Scott's halt after Churubusco, 121, 386, 393;
+ attitude of Polk and Buchanan, 121;
+ supposed favorable Mexican attitude (1846), 122;
+ rejection of Buchanan's advances (1846), 122, 386;
+ three million fund and bribery, 123, 126, 387;
+ general American desire, 123;
+ Atocha's mission, 123-4, 126, 387;
+ reasons for Mexican obstinacy, 124-6;
+ problem of ignoring Slidell, 126;
+ appointment of Trist, his character, 127;
+ his preconceived attitude toward Scott, 127;
+ Trist's papers, 128;
+ Trist-Scott misunderstanding and quarrel, 128-9, 389;
+ Bankhead as mediator for Trist, 129, 390;
+ controversy over receiving Buchanan's communication, 130-3, 390;
+ Scott-Trist reconciliation, 130, 392;
+ question of douceur, 131-2, 390-1;
+ Puebla negotiations, 132, 391, 393;
+ Scott's military proposal to facilitate, 133, 393;
+ Mexican overtures after Churubusco, 133;
+ armistice, 133, 394-6;
+ negotiations during armistice (1847): Santa Anna's attitude, 135;
+ his terms and instructions, neutral region east of Rio Grande, 135,
+ 396, 398;
+ Mexican commissioners, 135;
+ Trist's terms, deadlock, 135;
+ Santa Anna's dilemma, 136-7, 398;
+ counter-projet, failure, effect, 138-9, 399;
+ chronology of negotiations (1847), 396;
+ Santa Anna and foreign support, 397;
+ ---- Arguments against, after fall of capital, 233, 470;
+ attitude of Eventualists and other war factions, 234, 463;
+ and governmental chaos, 234;
+ American pessimism, 235, 463;
+ Pena's determination to negotiate, 235, 463;
+ Trist reopens negotiations by reply to counter-projet, 235, 463;
+ party success in Presidential election, 236;
+ state discussion, 236, 464;
+ abortive insurrection of war party, 236, 464;
+ support of Mexican Congress, 236;
+ recall of Trist, 236, 464;
+ intention to harden American terms, 237, 244, 464, 474;
+ Trist ignores recall, 237-8, 465, 467;
+ his boundary ultimatum, 238;
+ further retardation, 238, 465;
+ Mexican commissioners, 239;
+ secret meetings, propositions, 239, 460;
+ delays, need of haste, de facto truce, 239;
+ insurrection threatens disruption, Scott's promise of protection,
+ 240, 466;
+ treaty secretly signed, 240, 467;
+ terms, surrender of conquered territory to Mexico, 240, 467-70, 473;
+ map, 241;
+ armistice, 242, 471;
+ plan for absorption of Mexico, 243-4, 309;
+ Polk and treaty, his dilemma, 244-6, 471-2;
+ treaty in Senate, 246-7, 472-3;
+ amendment there, 247, 473;
+ ratification commissioners, 248-9, 473;
+ Mexican opposition to acceptance, 249, 250;
+ arguments in favor, 249-51, 474;
+ ratification by Mexican Congress, 250, 474;
+ exchange of ratifications, 251, 474;
+ misunderstandings, 251, 475;
+ evacuation of Mexican territory, 251-2, 475-6;
+ American opposition to annexations, 274;
+ British offer of mediation, 301, 368, 503-4;
+ reception of treaty in Europe, 308-9;
+ justice and liberality, 322-3;
+ Mexican cordiality, 323;
+ effect in Europe, 323;
+ explanatory protocol, 475;
+ Spain and mediation, 503;
+ Mexico and British guaranty of treaty, 508.
+
+ Pedraza, Manuel Gomez, character, elected President, =1.= 40;
+ overthrow, 41;
+ restored by Santa Anna, 44-5;
+ as Federalist leader, 48;
+ and Butler, 62;
+ Paredes courts, 215;
+ and Santa Anna (1846), 224;
+ as leader of Moderados, =2.= 2, 4;
+ and clerical revolt, 14, 330;
+ and peace negotiations, 132, 466.
+
+ Pedregal near Contreras, =2.= 101, 104.
+
+ Peel, Sir Robert, and California, =2.= 302.
+
+ Pena fort near Tuxpan, =2.= 202, 203.
+
+ Pena y Barragan, M. de la, and revolt, =2.= 12, 13;
+ at San Cosme garita, 161, 162.
+
+ Pena y Pena, Manuel de la, character, =1.= 26, =2.= 180, 427;
+ and renewal of American intercourse, =1.= 91-4, 435;
+ and Slidell mission, 96, 97, 437;
+ on Texas and war, 457;
+ as Executive (1847), =2.= 180, 427, 428;
+ eliminates Santa Anna, 181, 428;
+ determines to re-open peace negotiations, 235;
+ Congress upholds, 235;
+ and recall of Trist, 237, 465;
+ and renewal of negotiations, 238;
+ resumes administration, 240, 466;
+ and insurrection and negotiations, 240, 466;
+ and treaty before Congress, 250, 474;
+ at exchange of ratifications, 251;
+ on European interposition, 506.
+
+ Pennsylvania, and tariff of 1846, =2.= 273.
+ _See also_ next title.
+
+ Pennsylvania troops, in Vera Cruz expedition, =1.= 368, =2.= 343;
+ calls, =1.= 537, =2.= 364, 430;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 56, 57, 353;
+ in Scott's army, 78;
+ at Chapultepec, 157;
+ at Puebla, 174;
+ at Huamantla, 425, 426;
+ in Lane's guerilla operations, 426;
+ at Jalapa, 361, 433.
+
+ Penon Viejo.
+ _See_ Old Penon.
+
+ Pensions, Mexican War, =2.= 490.
+
+ Penunuri, F., at Churubusco, =2.= 382.
+
+ Peonage, not displaced by slavery, =1.= 188.
+
+ People.
+ _See_ Population.
+
+ Perdigon Garay, J. G., at Belen garita, =2.= 159, 160.
+
+ Perez, F., at Buena Vista, =1.= 393-5, 559;
+ at Coyoacan, =2.= 101;
+ at Contreras, 105, 379;
+ at Churubusco, 110;
+ at Casa Mata, 142, 145;
+ brigade, 369.
+
+ Perote, castle of, occupied by Worth, =2.= 61;
+ American garrison, 65, 74, 361, 362;
+ and relief of Puebla, 176, 425.
+
+ Perry, M. C., in occupation of Tampico, =1.= 280;
+ and reinforcements for it, 281, 512, 513;
+ Taylor on, 352;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 30, 36, 339, 340;
+ Tabasco expeditions, 199-200, 204-5, 443, 445;
+ Yucatan operations, 201, 204, 443;
+ supersedes Conner, 201-2;
+ character as officer, 202;
+ capture of Tuxpan, 202-3, 444;
+ operations at small ports, 203, 445;
+ Alvarado expedition, 344-5;
+ squadron, distribution, 442, 444-6;
+ and attack on Ulua, 444.
+
+ _Perry_, damaged, =2.= 449.
+
+ _Petrel_, in occupation of Tampico, =1.= 279, 281;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 388;
+ added to navy, 438;
+ in Home Squadron, 442, 446;
+ in attack on Tuxpan, 444.
+
+ _Petrita_, at Vera Cruz, =2.= 23, 336;
+ in Tabasco expedition, 199;
+ in Home Squadron, 446.
+
+ Philadelphia, enlistments, =1.= 195.
+
+ Philadelphia _North American_, on tariff of 1846, =2.= 257;
+ and the war, 268, 275;
+ on war and extension of slavery, 492.
+
+ Philadelphia _Public Ledger_, on speeches in Congress, =2.= 284.
+
+ Physical aspect, general, of Mexico, =1.= 1-3, 16;
+ of Corpus Christi, 143;
+ between there and Rio Grande, 146;
+ of camps near Rio Grande, 205-7;
+ of Camargo, 211;
+ of Cerralvo. 229;
+ beyond Cerralvo, 236, 496;
+ of Monterey, 257, =2.= 212;
+ between Monterey and Saltillo, =1.= 265;
+ between the Rio Grande and Monclova, 272;
+ of Monclova, 273;
+ of Parras, 275;
+ of Tampico, 276, 280, =2.= 214;
+ of Raton Pass, =1.= 291;
+ of Santa Fe, 296;
+ of Jornada del Muerto, 300;
+ of El Paso, 300, 302;
+ between El Paso and Chihuahua, 304;
+ at Sacramento River, 308;
+ of Monterey, Cal., 334;
+ between Monterey, Mex., and Victoria, 357-9;
+ between Matamoros and Victoria, 360;
+ between Victoria and Tampico, 366;
+ between Saltillo and Agua Nueva, 373;
+ between San Luis Potosi and Encarnacion, 380, 553;
+ of Buena Vista field, 385;
+ view on approaching Anton Lizardo, =2.= 18;
+ of Vera Cruz, 18-9, 34-5, 221-2;
+ along highway from Perote to puente nacional, 39;
+ of Cerro Gordo, 42-5, 347;
+ of national highway between Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo, 46-8;
+ of Jalapa, 59, 223;
+ between Jalapa and Perote, 60-1;
+ between Perote and Puebla, 69;
+ of Puebla, 71, 178;
+ between Puebla and Valley of Mexico, 92-3;
+ of the Valley, 94, 119, 138, 158;
+ of the routes across it, 95-7;
+ of Santa Anna's southern line, 99, 102, 374;
+ of Contreras field, 101, 103, 375;
+ of Churubusco, 111;
+ of Tacubaya, 138, 400;
+ of Molino del Rey, 140;
+ of western and southern approaches to Mexico City, 147;
+ of Chapultepec, 150-2, 405-6;
+ between Vera Cruz and Orizaba, 184-5;
+ coast storms, 194;
+ of San Juan Bautista, 200;
+ of Tuxpan, 202-3;
+ of Mazatlan, 206;
+ of Orizaba, 222;
+ of Mexico City, 228.
+
+ Pickett, G. E., at Chapultepec, =2.= 157.
+
+ Pico, Andres, battle of San Pascual, =1.= 341, 342, 534;
+ succeeds Flores, 345;
+ capitulation, 345.
+
+ Pico, Jesus, and Fremont, =1.= 345.
+
+ Pico, Pio, as governor of California, =1.= 319;
+ character, 328;
+ British partisan, 328, 333, 531;
+ civil war with Castro, 329;
+ and American occupation, 335, 337, 530.
+
+ Pierce, Franklin, on war enthusiasm, =1.= 442;
+ reinforcements for Scott, =2.= 77, 171;
+ brigade in Scott's army, 78, 363;
+ brigade at Contreras, 104, 378;
+ and at Churubusco, 115-7, 384;
+ and plan of attack on Mexico City, 149, 408;
+ armistice commissioner, 394;
+ and Molino del Rey, 403;
+ and battles before Mexico, 415;
+ leaves Mexico, 438.
+
+ Pillow, G. J., as political general, character, =1.= 208, 361, 367,
+ 543, 546, =2.= 185-6, 433;
+ and Polk, =1.= 367, =2.= 128, 186, 510;
+ joins Scott's headquarters, =1.= 367;
+ on Ripley's book, 405;
+ at Brazos, 476;
+ on Taylor's confidence, 492;
+ left at Camargo, 493;
+ on Taylor and Vera Cruz expedition, 536;
+ on Taylor and administration, 538;
+ brigade at Vera Cruz, =2.= 27;
+ before Cerro Gordo, 49;
+ in the battle, 56-8, 352-3;
+ censures on Scott to Polk, 74;
+ absence, return as major general, 77, 357;
+ division, 77;
+ in advance from Puebla, 93, 371;
+ at Contreras, 103-5, 376, 378, 380;
+ at Churubusco, 110, 385;
+ force after the battle, 120;
+ and armistice, 134, 395;
+ advance after armistice, 142, 400;
+ at Chapultepec, 152, 153, 156, 409;
+ misgivings there, 153;
+ division in advance on Belen garita, 159;
+ cabal against Scott, Leonidas letter, 187, 435;
+ Scott's charges against, and arrest, 188, 437;
+ Polk rescues, 188;
+ and the recalling of Trist, 236;
+ intrigue against Scott and Presidential ambition, 376;
+ opinion of good officers, 377;
+ ascendancy over Scott, 378;
+ and douceur, 391;
+ and plan of attack on Mexico City, 408;
+ leaves Mexico, 438.
+
+ Pineda, Manuel, attack on La Paz, =2.= 449.
+
+ Pino, Manuel, force to resist Kearny, =1.= 293, 294.
+
+ "Pintos," in Alvarez's force, =2.= 369.
+
+ Pinzon, Luis, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 44, 51.
+
+ Plan del Rio, as defensive point, =2.= 40, 42;
+ Scott's advance at, 48.
+
+ Plana mayor, Mexican, =1.= 156.
+
+ Plateau, central, of Mexico, =1.= 1-2.
+
+ _Plebeian_, on war and expansion, =1.= 444.
+
+ Poblana market girls, =2.= 71.
+
+ Poinsett, J. R., treatment as minister at Mexico, =1.= 58-9, 417;
+ boundary and Texas negotiations, 59-60, 418;
+ commercial negotiations, 61, 419;
+ recall demanded, 62;
+ on Mexican agriculture, 410;
+ on Mexican cavalry, 440;
+ on American army, 451;
+ on Trist mission, =2.= 390.
+
+ Point Isabel, occupied by Taylor, =1.= 146, 148;
+ as base, Taylor and line of communication, 160-1, 463;
+ Taylor's hurried march to, 163;
+ as camp, 205;
+ Mexican customhouse, 452;
+ navy at, 466, =2.= 197;
+ troops left at, =1.= 493.
+
+ Police, in occupied territory, =2.= 213, 215, 229, 450, 452.
+
+ Politics, in choice of a commander, =1.= 197, 199-200;
+ in Vera Cruz expedition, 356, 363, 368, 539, 544;
+ influence on war operations, 545.
+ _See also_ Congress; Democratic; Government, Mexican; Opposition;
+ Polk, J. K.; President of United States; Whig.
+
+ Polk, J. K., efforts to restore intercourse with Mexico, =1.= 88-91;
+ Slidell mission, 94-5, 98, 100, 133, 436, 447;
+ alleged desire for war, 127-8, 445-6, 478;
+ diary, 128;
+ character, 128-30, 447, =2.= 270-1, 314-5, 510;
+ disproof of desire for war, =1.= 130-4, 150, 326, 447, 526;
+ and Oregon, 130, 137, 200-1, 478;
+ and Scott, 130, 354, =2.= 75, 188, 436, 511;
+ intolerable conditions facing, =1.= 134-7;
+ peaceful intent and advance to Rio Grande, 151-5, 456-61;
+ war Message, 181, 470;
+ expects quick peace, 184, 471;
+ and slavery and the war, 188;
+ war proclamation, 191, 474;
+ and volunteering, 191, 193;
+ and selection of commanding officer, 196, 198, 200, 202, 476;
+ and Taylor, 196, 352-3, 507, 538, 544, 547;
+ alarm over Rio Grande conditions, 198, 476;
+ and Scott's war policy, clash, 199-200, 477;
+ negotiations with Santa Anna, 201-3, 471, 478-9, =2.= 491, 493;
+ and terms at Monterey, =1.= 260, 263, 505;
+ war programme, occupation of territory, 262, 266-7, 350-1, =2.= 273,
+ 492;
+ and Tampico, =1.= 278;
+ and defensive-line policy dilemma, 283, 348;
+ and New Mexico, 286;
+ and California, 325, 326, 332, 526, =2.= 514;
+ selection of commander for Vera Cruz expedition, =1.= 351-4;
+ and plans and responsibility for Scott's expedition, 356, 540, 541,
+ =2.= 343;
+ and insubordination of Harney, =1.= 365, 545;
+ Pillow's influence with, 367, 547, =2.= 128, 186, 510;
+ and Texan boundary, =1.= 449;
+ and Doniphan's expedition, 517;
+ and Ten Regiment Bill, =2.= 74, 76;
+ and commanding generalcy for Benton, 75, 365;
+ and seekers for army office, 76;
+ desire for peace negotiations, 121;
+ and rejection of overtures (1846), 123, 387;
+ three million fund, 123, 387;
+ effect of policy on Mexican obduracy, 126;
+ problem of ignoring Slidell, 126;
+ appointment of Trist as agent, 127;
+ and failure of negotiations (1847), 138, 399;
+ and cabal against Scott, 185-8, 438;
+ on privateering, 192;
+ and puppet government for Mexico, 235;
+ recalls Trist, 236, 237, 464;
+ and absorption of Mexico, 244;
+ and the treaty, dilemma, 244-6, 471;
+ appointment of ratification commissioners, 248-9, 473;
+ and tariff, 257;
+ and war loans, 259, 260, 264, 482;
+ and tariff for Mexican ports, 261, 262;
+ and levies on Mexicans, 264, 486;
+ public and party attitude toward, 269, 271, 282, 291;
+ Cabinet, 269, 282;
+ and patronage, 270, 283;
+ and New York politics, 270, 491;
+ effect of Oregon policy on, 271, 281;
+ and of river and harbor veto, 271, 281;
+ and of attitude toward Taylor and Scott, 272;
+ and of Texas, 272;
+ and of unfavorable war conditions, 272;
+ and of fiscal policy, 273, 281;
+ Whig jibes, 275-6;
+ inconsistency of Whig criticism, 276-80, 493;
+ and Whig encouragement of enemy, 281;
+ character of Congressional attacks on policy, 284-6, 289;
+ continuation of baiting, 291, 500;
+ hampering of policy, 292;
+ injustice of condemnation, 293;
+ reassertion of Monroe Doctrine, 295;
+ on France and Texas, 295, 501;
+ British on, 300;
+ and British mediation, 301, 504;
+ achievement, 314-5, 510;
+ and Trist-Scott quarrel, 389;
+ and douceur, 391;
+ and armistice, 393;
+ and mutiny at Buena Vista, 418;
+ and Hays's regiment, 423;
+ further call for volunteers, 431;
+ and trial of Fremont, 454;
+ and Yucatan, 472;
+ Message (1847) on pushing the war, 474;
+ and Lower California, 476;
+ alleged war inconsistencies, 491;
+ and policy of annexations, 502.
+
+ Polk, Fort, =1.= 205.
+
+ Polko revolt, =2.= 12-14, 330-2, 334.
+
+ Polko battalions, formation, =2.= 3, 13;
+ at Churubusco, 111.
+
+ Poll tax, question of Mexican, =2.= 328.
+
+ Pommares, ----, Conner's agent, =1.= 478.
+
+ Ponce de Leon, Antonio, Brazito affair, =1.= 301-2, 518;
+ in battle of Sacramento, 310.
+
+ Popocatepetl, Mount, aspect, =2.= 92, 93.
+
+ Popularity of the war in the United States, general American war spirit,
+ =1.= 124, 444;
+ why concentrated upon Mexico, 125, 444-5;
+ initial, =2.= 268;
+ reaction, 269, 281, 490;
+ restoration, 290, 499.
+ _See also_ Attitude; Opposition; Outbreak; Preparation.
+
+ Population of Mexico, in 1846, =1.= 3, 407;
+ characteristics of Spanish born, 3;
+ of Creoles, 3, 407;
+ of Indians, 4;
+ social and economic classes, 5-6;
+ clergy, 6-8;
+ army, 8-11;
+ civil officials, 11;
+ judges, 12-3;
+ criminals, 13;
+ need, 16;
+ picture of life and character, 18-28;
+ general state, types, 28, 445;
+ of New Mexico, 284;
+ of California, 315;
+ characteristics of Californians, 315-7;
+ popular American opinion of Mexican, 445;
+ of Santa Fe, 517;
+ characteristics of New Mexicans, =2.= 216;
+ British view of American character, 294-5, 502;
+ contrast of American and Mexican character, 310, 508;
+ attitude of Mexican, toward the war, 312, 510.
+ _See also_ Character; Conquered territory; Social conditions.
+
+ _Porpoise_, in Home Squadron, =2.= 197, 445.
+
+ Port La Vaca, as base, =1.= 267.
+
+ Porter, Andrew, at Contreras, =2.= 104.
+
+ Porter, D. D., and Ulua, =2.= 201;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 339.
+
+ Porter, J. D., acknowledgment to, =1.= 444.
+
+ Porter, T. H., skirmish, killed, =1.= 160.
+
+ _Portsmouth_, at San Francisco, =1.= 333;
+ in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189, 206, 446, 447;
+ off Mazatlan, 446, 447;
+ at Guaymas, 447.
+
+ Posada y Garduno, Manuel, and Santa Anna's dictatorship, =1.= 52;
+ chief monarchist, dies, 215.
+
+ Posey, Carnot, on soldiers and Taylor, =1.= 374.
+
+ _Potomac_, and Vera Cruz expedition, =2.= 18, 25;
+ scurvy, 195;
+ in Home Squadron, 197, 442;
+ and attack on Tuxpan, 444.
+
+ Pratt, H. C, in Lane's march to Puebla, =2.= 426.
+
+ _Preble_, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189, 206, 447.
+
+ Preparation for war, Mexican, on annexation of Texas, =1.= 87-8, 434;
+ Mexican hostile attitude toward Americans, 102-4, 484;
+ reasons for hope of Mexican success, 104-16;
+ United States deemed feeble, 104-5;
+ expected opposition in United States, 105, 107, 119, 443;
+ foreign opinion on relative military strength, 105-6;
+ Mexico's opinion of its own army, 106;
+ Texas as expected field, 107, 110;
+ successful invasion of Mexico deemed impossible, 107-8;
+ Mexican hope in privateering, 108;
+ and on financial burden on United States, 109, 130;
+ expected revitalization of Mexico, 110;
+ expected aid from Spanish America, 111;
+ and from Europe, 112-5, 441, 442;
+ importance of Oregon controversy, 114-5, 130, 137, 442;
+ Mexican desire for war, 115-6, 442, =2.= 312, 510;
+ American attitude, =1.= 117-37;
+ resentment of Mexican outrages, 117-9, 443;
+ patience with an inferior people, 119;
+ attacks on policy of forbearance, 119-21;
+ effect of claims controversy, 120, 132, 134, 448;
+ of rejection of Slidell, 120, 127, 145, 445;
+ supposed European manipulation of Mexico, 121-2, 443;
+ demand of the southwest, trade influences, 122, 443;
+ slaveholders fear, 123;
+ chance to overthrow Calhoun, 123;
+ and spirit of expansion, 123, 444;
+ unrest, war spirit and allurements of Mexico, 124-6, 444-5;
+ expected easy victory, 125;
+ annexation of Texas and war spirit, 126, 132;
+ Polk's alleged desire for war, disproof, 127-34, 150, 326, 445-8,
+ 478, 526;
+ intolerable conditions, force as only solution, 134-7;
+ and monarchy for Mexico, 135, 448;
+ bold attitude as argument for negotiations, 152.
+ _See also_ Diplomatic intercourse; Outbreak.
+
+ President of Mexico, powers under first constitution, =1.= 37;
+ election of Victoria, 37;
+ and of Pedraza, 40;
+ Guerrero, 41;
+ Bustamante, 43, 47;
+ Pedraza restored, 45;
+ election of Santa Anna (1832), 45;
+ Santa Anna temporary, 49;
+ Santa Anna's election (1844), 53;
+ Herrera, 55;
+ Paredes in power, 100, 212;
+ Santa Anna titular and Farias acting (1846), =2.= 5-6;
+ Farias eliminated, Anaya substitute, 14, 15;
+ Santa Anna resumes power (1847), 83;
+ election of 1847 deferred, 73, 84, 363;
+ Santa Anna resigns, Pena acting, 180, 240, 427, 428, 466;
+ Anaya elected ad interim (1847), 236;
+ Herrera (1848), 252.
+ _See also_ Dictatorship; Revolution.
+
+ President of United States, Scott's ambition, =1.= 130, =2.= 284,
+ 390-2;
+ Taylor's candidacy proposed, =1.= 179, 208;
+ his ambition and suspicions, 352, 363, 368, 538, 544, 547;
+ effect of Buena Vista on it, 400;
+ his letter to Gaines, 507;
+ effect on Taylor of Polk's attitude and own conduct, =2.= 272,
+ 278, 493;
+ Whigs and candidates, 284;
+ Webster's candidacy, 291;
+ Taylor's candidacy as vindication of the war, 292;
+ Pillow's ambition, 376.
+ _See also_ Polk.
+
+ Press, Mexican, conditions, =1.= 15;
+ Paredes's decrees on, 215;
+ during the war, =2.= 84, 85, 91.
+ _See also_ Newspapers.
+
+ Price, Sterling, to raise men, =1.= 290;
+ troops to reinforce Kearny, 290, 516;
+ to hold Santa Fe, 298, 517;
+ Chihuahua and Rosales expedition, =2.= 166, 419;
+ as governor of New Mexico, 217, 453;
+ supposed force (Nov., 1847), 432.
+
+ _Princeton_, in occupation of Tampico, =1.= 279;
+ at Vera Cruz, =2.= 26;
+ in Home Squadron, 197, 441;
+ in attack on Alvarado, 198.
+
+ Principles of war, =1.= 405.
+
+ Prisoners of war, Encarnacion, =1.= 370-1, 562, =2.= 418;
+ release after Monterey armistice, =1.= 507;
+ Scott's treatment, parole, =2.= 58, 340, 353, 515;
+ and armistice after Churubusco, 134, 394;
+ in treaty of peace, 468.
+
+ Prisons, Mexican, =1.= 13, 21.
+
+ Privateering, Mexican hope in, =1.= 108;
+ projects, failure, =2.= 191-3;
+ question of American, 192, 439.
+
+ Proclamations, war, =1.= 191, 213, 474;
+ Scott's, at Vera Cruz, =2.= 38;
+ of May 11, 66, 357-8.
+
+ Programme of war, Polk's rejection of Scott's policy, =1.= 198-200;
+ policy of occupying territory, 262, 266-7, 508, =2.= 273, 492;
+ defensive-line policy, =1.= 282-3, 461, 513, 514, =2.= 183, 430;
+ failure of quick peace programme, =1.= 347;
+ project of attack on Mexico City, 349;
+ question of attack on Vera Cruz, 349-50;
+ no further advance in north, 350;
+ attack on Vera Cruz adopted, 350-1;
+ advance to capital left open, 351, 540, =2.= 344;
+ Marcy shifts responsibility to Scott, =1.= 355, 540;
+ Taylor ignores programme, 368;
+ Mexican plan after fall of capital, =2.= 182, 430;
+ American problem after capture of capital, 183, 430;
+ hampered by opposition, 292;
+ effect of inadequate preparation, 314, 510.
+
+ _Progreso_, on American peace party, =2.= 495.
+
+ Pronunciation of Spanish, =1.= xxi.
+
+ Propaganda, Mexican, among Taylor's troops, =1.= 160;
+ among Irish soldiers, 507, =2.= 81, 358;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 337.
+ _See also_ Desertion.
+
+ Prospects of war.
+ _See_ Preparation.
+
+ Prosperity, of occupied territory, =2.= 214, 215, 219, 232;
+ American, in the war, 263, 484.
+
+ _Provisional_, on United States and Texas, =1.= 423.
+
+ Prussia, and the war, =1.= 403, =2.= 298-9.
+ _See also_ Canitz.
+
+ Public debt.
+ _See_ Finances; Loans.
+
+ Public lands, bounty to soldiers, =2.= 75, 490;
+ gradation policy, 261, 482.
+
+ Public opinion, lack in Mexico, =1.= 13.
+
+ Puebla, situation, aspect, =1.= 2, =2.= 71;
+ Scott's advance from Jalapa, 64, 66, 69;
+ clerical control and attitude toward Scott's advance, understanding,
+ 65-6, 357;
+ Santa Anna at, 69, 360;
+ he evacuates, 70;
+ Worth's conference, erroneous agreement, 70, 360;
+ occupation, 71;
+ character of Worth's rule, 71-2, 361;
+ Scott at, 72;
+ condition of army in, 72-3;
+ advance from, 78, 92, 371;
+ Scott at, and peace negotiations, 130, 391;
+ guerilla operations and beginning of siege, 173-4, 424;
+ American garrison and positions, 174, 424, 433;
+ Santa Anna's siege, 174-6;
+ Lane's march to relieve, 176, 425;
+ battle of Huamantla, 176-8, 425-6;
+ arrival of Lane, siege raised, 178;
+ losses in siege, 426;
+ American rule, 225, 229, 231.
+
+ Puebla state, guerilla warfare, =2.= 173;
+ in discussion on peace, 464.
+
+ Pueblo Indians, submit to Kearny, =1.= 296.
+
+ Puente nacional, as defensive point, =2.= 40, 348;
+ abandoned, 41-2;
+ aspect, 47;
+ American post, 432.
+
+ Pulque, =1.= 508.
+
+ Punta Aguda, occupied, =1.= 562.
+
+ Purisima bridge at Monterey, =1.= 249, 254.
+
+ Puros, rise, aims, opposition, =2.= 2-4;
+ demands and loss of prestige, 4-5;
+ and Presidential election (1846), 5;
+ abandon Farias, 12;
+ attitude toward Santa Anna, 15, 82, 83, 87;
+ and peace negotiations (1847), 136;
+ and local government under Scott, 229;
+ Eventualists, 234, 465;
+ oppose treaty, 250;
+ and British mediation, 368.
+ _See also_ Farias; Federalism.
+
+
+ Queretaro, situation, =1.= 3; revolt, =2.= 236.
+
+ Queretaro battalion, at Monterey, =1.= 494;
+ at Chapultepec, =2.= 408.
+ Queretaro state, in discussion on peace, =2.= 464.
+
+ Quijano, Benito, armistice commissioner, =2.= 242, 394.
+
+ Quitman, J. A., brigade at Monterey, =1.= 249, 252-6, 492;
+ Taylor on, 352;
+ march to Victoria, 357, 360;
+ march to Tampico, 365-6, 368;
+ at Brazos, 476;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 27;
+ at Jalapa, 62;
+ in advance to Puebla, 64, 69;
+ Amozoc affair, 70;
+ division in Scott's army, 78, 356, 365;
+ in advance from Puebla, 93, 94, 371;
+ at San Agustin, 103, 376, 380;
+ during armistice, commissioner, 134, 394;
+ advance after armistice, 142, 401;
+ at Chapultepec, 152, 153, 156, 157, 409-11;
+ at Belen garita, 158-60, 162, 412, 414-6;
+ takes possession of the city, 163, 416;
+ as governor of it, 164, 226, 460;
+ and Scott, 248;
+ Alvarado expedition, 344-5;
+ court of inquiry on Worth, 361;
+ and Contreras, 381;
+ and douceur, 391;
+ and plan of attack on capital, 408;
+ division broken up, 432;
+ leaves Mexico, 438;
+ not West Pointer, 513.
+
+
+ Radepont, Marquis de, on volunteers, =2.= 513.
+
+ Radicals, aim of Mexican (1846), =2.= 2-4.
+ _See also_ Puros.
+
+ Rainfall of Mexico, =1.= 1-2.
+
+ Ramirez, J. F., on Mexican responsibility for the war, =1.= 116;
+ on Santa Anna's manifesto, 219;
+ on the Church, 408;
+ on judicial system, 409;
+ on political situation (1847), =2.= 16, 83;
+ on guerilla warfare, 168;
+ on Mexican political character, 310;
+ on justice of the war, 323;
+ conference with Santa Anna, 368;
+ on armistice, 399.
+
+ Ramirez, Simeon, brigade at Monterey, =1.= 235, 494;
+ at Molino del Rey, =2.= 142;
+ flight, 145;
+ at Belen garita, 159, 160.
+
+ Ramiro, Jose, and Contreras, =2.= 106.
+
+ Ramsey, A. C., regiment, =2.= 363.
+
+ Ranchero, =1.= 19.
+
+ Ranelagh, Viscount, proffer to Mexico, =2.= 306.
+
+ Rangel, J., and preparations below Perote, =2.= 40, 346;
+ and Contreras, 110;
+ at Molino del Rey, 142;
+ at Chapultepec, 157, 161, 410, 411;
+ at San Cosme garita, wounded, 161, 162, 413;
+ brigade, 369.
+
+ Rank controversy in American army, =1.= 144.
+
+ Ransom, T. B., at Contreras, =2.= 109, 110, 378;
+ at Chapultepec, killed, 155;
+ regiment, 263.
+ _See also_ Ninth Infantry.
+
+ _Raritan_, and Vera Cruz expedition, =2.= 25;
+ scurvy, 195;
+ in Home Squadron, 197, 442, 446;
+ in attack on Tuxpan, 444.
+
+ Raton Pass, Kearny at, aspect, =1.= 291.
+
+ _Razonador_, peace organ, =2.= 82.
+
+ Rea, J., as guerilla, =2.= 173;
+ siege of Puebla, 174, 176;
+ retirement and overthrow, 178-9, 426-7.
+
+ Rebolledo, J. C., as guerilla, =2.= 171;
+ betrayed, 423.
+
+ Recognition of Texas, American, =1.= 66, 422, 423;
+ European, 432.
+
+ Red Comet, secret society, =1.= 376.
+
+ _Reefer_, captured, =1.= 511;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 238;
+ added to navy, 438;
+ in Home Squadron, 442, 445, 446;
+ in attack on Tuxpan, 444.
+
+ _Reforma_, desires war, =1.= 116.
+
+ Reforms, Farias' attempts, =1.= 45-6.
+
+ Regulars.
+ _See_ Army.
+
+ Reid, J. W., in battle of Sacramento, =1.= 309, 311;
+ pursuit of Comanches, 521.
+
+ Reid, Mayne, at battle of Chapultepec, wounded, =2.= 156, 157.
+
+ Rejon, M. C., and annexation of Texas, =1.= 86;
+ Santa Anna's manifesto (1846), 219;
+ and new government, 222;
+ return with Santa Anna, 486;
+ as leader of Puros, =2.= 2, 3;
+ demands and dismissal, 4;
+ and demand on Church property, 10, 329, 331;
+ rejects peace overtures (1846), 122;
+ and Atocha as peace agent, 124;
+ key of policy, 125;
+ corrupt, 131;
+ opposes peace negotiations (1847), 136;
+ and treaty of peace, 249;
+ and poll tax, 324;
+ and British offer of mediation, 368;
+ suspected intrigue with Scott, 390.
+
+ Religion.
+ _See_ Roman Catholic church.
+
+ Reno, J.L., at Contreras, =2.= 104;
+ at Chapultepec, 154.
+
+ Reports, character of American army, =1.= ix, 404, =2.= 59, 354.
+
+ _Republicano_, on financial chaos, =2.= 11;
+ on three-million fund, 126;
+ on Atocha, 386.
+
+ Repudiation, state, and American war finances, =2.= 256, 294, 478.
+
+ Requena, T., and defence of Monterey, =1.= 233, 489;
+ and Santa Anna, 377;
+ in Monterey negotiations, 502;
+ on Taylor's blunders, 503.
+
+ Resaca de Guerrero.
+ _See_ Resaca de la Palma.
+
+ Resaca de la Palma, battle of, map, =1.= 170;
+ Mexican position and conditions, 170-2, 467;
+ American advance, melee, 172-3;
+ flanking of Mexican left, 174;
+ panic of Mexican right, 174;
+ May's charge, 174, 467;
+ Arista's conduct, 175;
+ flight across Rio Grande, 175;
+ little pursuit, 175, 467;
+ losses, 176.
+ _See also_ Rio Grande campaign.
+
+ _Revista Economica y Comercial_, on Herrera administration, =1.= 438.
+
+ Revolutions in Mexico, as relief for ennui, =1.= 21;
+ Hidalgo's attempt (1810), 31;
+ Iturbide's (1821), 33;
+ overthrow of Iturbide (1823), 35;
+ Montano attempt (1827), 38;
+ Santa Anna's overthrow of Pedraza (1828), 40-1;
+ overthrow of Guerrero (1829), 43;
+ Santa Anna restores Pedraza (1832), 44-5;
+ attempt against Farias (1833), 46;
+ Mejia's attempt (1839), 49;
+ attempts of Paredes and Valencia (1841), 50;
+ Santa Anna's (1841), 51;
+ overthrow of Santa Anna (1844), 53-5;
+ attempted Federalist (1845), 56;
+ Paredes (1845), 98-9, 120, 438;
+ Alvarez (1846), 216;
+ overthrow of Paredes, 216-7, 485;
+ complexity of this, =2.= 1;
+ clerical (Polko), against Farias (1847), 12-4, 230-2.
+
+ Reyes, I., and the defence of northern states, =1.= 305;
+ and plans against Taylor, =2.= 165;
+ succeeds Santa Anna, 181, 429.
+
+ Reynolds, J. F., at Chapultepec, =2.= 156.
+
+ Reynosa, occupied, =1.= 204, 479.
+
+ Rhett, R. B., position in House, =2.= 496.
+
+ Rhode Island, and peace, =2.= 123.
+
+ Richmond _Enquirer_, on war spirit, =1.= 126;
+ on divided sentiment toward Mexico, 443.
+ _See also_ Ritchie, Thomas.
+
+ Richtofen, Freiherr von, Prussian minister at Mexico, on Bocanegra's
+ note, =1.= 69.
+
+ Ridgely, Randolph, battery at Resaca de la Palma, =1.= 172, 173, 467;
+ at Monterey, 254, 492, 496.
+
+ Riley, Bennet, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 53, 55, 352, 354;
+ brigade in Scott's army, 77;
+ at Contreras, 104, 108-10, 378-80;
+ at Churubusco, 114, 382;
+ and plan of attack on Mexico City, 149, 408;
+ at Chapultepec, 152;
+ advance after armistice, 401;
+ at Tacubaya, 461.
+
+ Rincon, Manuel, and Alvarez' revolt, =1.= 216;
+ at Churubusco, =2.= 110, 114, 117;
+ and high command, 182, 429;
+ and peace commission, 239, 466.
+
+ Rincon del Diablo.
+ _See_ Diablo.
+
+ Rinconada Pass, Mexicans to retire to line of, =1.= 259;
+ Taylor's force at, aspect, 265;
+ Wool's march and Mexican abandonment, 508.
+
+ Ringgold, Samuel, in advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 146, 147;
+ at Palo Alto, mortally wounded, 164, 167, 465, 466;
+ field battery, 450, 451;
+ and artillery arm, 451.
+
+ Rio, Senor del, and peace negotiations, =2.= 236.
+
+ Rio Frio, American post, =2.= 432.
+
+ Rio Grande campaign, river as boundary of Texas, =1.= 138;
+ Taylor's force as guard, 142;
+ crossing by Mexicans as invasion, 144, 453;
+ Taylor's advance to, 145-8, 454;
+ retaliatory orders, 148-9, 455;
+ Mexicans cross and attack, 149, 455;
+ de facto war, Taylor calls for more troops, 150, 205, 458, 480;
+ justification of advance to, 151-4, 456-61;
+ advance not cause of war, 154-5, 185, 457, 471, =2.= 276-7;
+ Mexican force, =1.= 158, 462;
+ Matamoros fortifications, 158;
+ condition and position of American force, Mexican opinion, 158-60,
+ 462, 463;
+ map of Matamoros and American position, 159;
+ minor mishaps, 160;
+ Mexican propaganda, 160;
+ Mexican impatience for combat, 161, 463;
+ Taylor and line of communication, 161, 464;
+ Mexican advance on line, 162, 464;
+ Taylor's march to Point Isabel, 163;
+ return march, train, 163;
+ size of American force, 163;
+ its morale, 164;
+ battle of Palo Alto, 164-9, 465;
+ attack on Fort Brown, 164, 176, 467-9;
+ pursuit of Mexicans, 169, 466;
+ battle of Resaca de la Palma, 170-6, 467;
+ Taylor's inaction, permits Mexicans to retire from Matamoros, 176-8,
+ 469;
+ Americans cross and occupy town, 178;
+ results of campaign, Taylor's conduct, 178-80, 469, 470;
+ effect on Mexicans, 179, 213;
+ original American force, =2.= 511.
+
+ Ripalda, Father, catechism, =1.= 13.
+
+ Ripley, R. S., value of his history, =1.= 404;
+ on Scott and Taylor, 490;
+ on Wool's march, 510;
+ on Scott's preparations, 539, 544;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 53, 58;
+ on Cerro Gordo, 348, 353, 354;
+ on Scott's delay at Puebla, 361;
+ on choice of routes, 373;
+ on Contreras, 380;
+ on Churubusco, 383;
+ on Scott and Trist, 392;
+ on armistice, 398, 399;
+ on Molino del Rey, 403;
+ on Scott's failure to prepare, 404;
+ on plan to attack city, 405;
+ on Chapultepec, 409;
+ on Belen garita, 412;
+ on San Cosme garita, 413;
+ on Scott's failure to occupy country, 433;
+ on excesses in Mexico City, 460;
+ on peace negotiations, 467.
+
+ Ritchie, Thomas, on southern opposition to the war, =1.= 189;
+ on attitude of Whigs, =2.= 276, 279.
+ _See also_ Richmond _Enquirer_.
+
+ River and harbor bill, Polk's veto, =2.= 271, 281.
+
+ Rives, W. C., plan to stop the war, =2.= 290.
+
+ Roa Barcena, J. M., on Mexican desire for war, =1=. 116;
+ value of his history, 404;
+ on Texan boundary, 449;
+ on American and Mexican armies, 469;
+ on Taylor and Scott as conquerors, =2.= 324, 511.
+
+ Roads, Mexican, =1.= 16.
+
+ Roberts, B. S., on charge at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 54;
+ at Contreras, 104;
+ at Chapultepec, 158, 410;
+ hoists flag in Mexico City, 164.
+
+ Roberts, W. B., at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 56, 57.
+
+ Robertson, J. B., on mistakes at Monterey, =1.= 503.
+
+ Robinson, J. A., American consul at Guaymas, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Robles, Manuel, and defences of Vera Cruz, =2.= 19, 334;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 42, 43, 45, 348.
+
+ Rockwell, J. A., on Walker, =2.= 480.
+
+ Rogers, R. C., captured, =2.= 444.
+
+ Roland, J. F., company of light artillery, =2.= 366.
+
+ Roman Catholic church in Mexico, religious qualities, =1.= 4, 7, 14,
+ 22, 26;
+ authority and character, wealth, 6-7, 408;
+ and education, 14;
+ Farias' attempted reforms, 45-6;
+ and Seven Laws, 47;
+ and Santa Anna's dictatorship, 52;
+ fears American influence, 103;
+ and war funds, 213-4, 223, =2.= 254, 346, 347, 477;
+ Santa Anna declares against ecclesiastical domination (1846), =1.=
+ 219;
+ and war demands on its property, law of Jan. 11, =2.= 8-11, 329;
+ Beach's intrigue and revolt, 11-4, 330-2, 334;
+ and Santa Anna after revolt, 15, 65, 85, 332;
+ arrangement with Scott, 65-7, 331, 357-8;
+ and peace, 125;
+ incitation of religious fervor against Americans, 142, 346;
+ American attitude toward, 211, 221, 324, 458, 459;
+ in treaty of peace, 248, 468.
+ _See also_ Government; Oligarchy.
+
+ Romero, Manuel, at Monterey, =1.= 243, 494;
+ and Taylor's march to Victoria, 542.
+
+ Rosa, Luis de la, opposes peace negotiations (1847), =2.= 136;
+ as Pena's minister, 181, 428;
+ at exchange of ratifications, appearance, 251;
+ and reopening of peace negotiations, 463;
+ minister at Washington, 475.
+
+ _Rosita_, Mexican privateer, =2.= 192, 193.
+
+ Rothschilds, and American funds in Mexico, =2.= 266, 488;
+ and war borrowings, 481.
+
+ Rowan, John, claims commissioner, =1.= 430.
+
+ Rowe, T. F., at siege of Puebla, =2.= 424.
+
+ Royce, Josiah, on justice of acquiring California, =2.= 322.
+
+ Ruiz de Apodaca. _See_ Apodaca.
+
+
+ Sabine River, as boundary, =1.= 63.
+
+ Sacramento, Cal., and Sutter's trading post, =1.= 318.
+
+ Sacramento River, battle of, Mexican force, =1.= 306, 519;
+ topography, Mexican defences, 306-8, 520;
+ map, 307;
+ Doniphan's formation, 308;
+ his crossing of Arroyo Seco and gaining of plateau, 309;
+ repulse of Mexican cavalry, 310;
+ artillery duel, 310;
+ capture of forts, 311-2, 520;
+ losses, 312.
+
+ St. Louis, enlistments, =1.= 195;
+ and Santa Fe trail trade, 286.
+
+ St. Louis _Missouri Reporter_, attacks policy of forbearance,
+ =1.= 121;
+ demand for war, 443.
+
+ St. Louis _Republican_, on rejection of Slidell, =1.= 120;
+ on war spirit, 132.
+
+ St. Louis _Reveille_, on war spirit, =1.= 126.
+
+ _St. Mary's_, in occupation of Tampico, =1.= 279, =2.= 197;
+ off Vera Cruz, =1.= 486;
+ in Home Squadron, =2.= 197, 442.
+
+ Salas, J. M., revolt in favor of Santa Anna, =1.= 217, 222, 485, 488;
+ on Santa Anna at San Luis Potosi, 379;
+ and Farias and Santa Anna, =2.= 1, 4;
+ and Polkos, 3;
+ supports Moderados, 4;
+ and rising against Farias, 13;
+ captured at Contreras, 110, 378;
+ and peace negotiations, 122;
+ and guerilla warfare, 169;
+ command in Army of the North, 369.
+
+ Saldana, General, captured at Chapultepec, =2.= 411.
+
+ Saltillo, road from Monterey, Worth's movement on it, =1.= 239-44,
+ 497;
+ Taylor's advance and occupation of town, 264-6;
+ Wool's expedition diverted to, 275, 358;
+ Doniphan joins Wool, 313, 521;
+ Santa Anna's plan against (Dec.), 357, 541;
+ and battle of Buena Vista, 383, 395, 555, 556, 559;
+ Valencia's plans against, =2.= 165;
+ under American rule, 213, 452;
+ Wool's later force, 417;
+ Hamtramck commands, 418.
+
+ San Agustin (Tlalpam), Scott's advance to, =2.= 96-8, 374, 381.
+
+ San Angel, Patterson's division at, =2.= 461.
+
+ San Antonio, Mex., fortification, =2.= 98;
+ American reconnaissance and advance, 102-3;
+ capture, 112, 382.
+
+ San Antonio, Texas, danger of Mexican attack (1846), =1.= 153;
+ gathering of Wool's force, 267;
+ aspect, 268.
+
+ San Antonio (Abad) garita, =2.= 147.
+
+ San Blas, as port, =1.= 3;
+ blockade, =2.= 206, 207, 448;
+ not occupied, 207, 448.
+
+ San Blas battalion, at Chapultepec, =2.= 410.
+
+ San Cosme garita, =2.= 147;
+ capture, 161-2, 413-4, 416.
+
+ San Diego, Cal., in the conquest, =1.= 336, 340, 534.
+
+ San Fernando de Presas, =1.= 259, 502.
+
+ San Fernando de Rosas, Wool at, aspect, =1.= 272.
+
+ San Francisco, Cal., importance of port, effort to acquire, =1.= 95,
+ 323-4, 436.
+
+ San Geronimo village, in battle of Contreras, =2.= 104, 105, 107, 379,
+ 380.
+
+ San Isidro, Harney at, =2.= 94.
+
+ San Jacinto, battle of, =1.= 47.
+
+ San Jose, Lower Cal., occupied, counter-attacks, =2.= 208, 448, 449.
+
+ San Juan, American post, =2.= 432.
+
+ San Juan Bautista, Perry's attacks, =2.= 199, 204-5, 443, 445.
+
+ San Juan de Ulua, fortress, captured by French, =1.= 49;
+ position and strength, 349, 536, =2.= 19, 21, 333;
+ plan, 21;
+ and the siege, 33;
+ surrender, occupation, 36, 340;
+ plan for naval attack, 201, 444.
+ _See also_ Vera Cruz expedition.
+
+ San Lucas, occupied, =2.= 208.
+
+ San Luis Potosi, situation, =1.= 3;
+ Santa Anna at, 375-80;
+ his march against Taylor, 380;
+ Scott's intention to occupy, =2.= 184, 432;
+ war-party insurrection, 240, 466.
+
+ San Luis Potosi battalion, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ San Luis Potosi cavalry, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ San Luis Potosi state, in discussion on peace, =2.= 464.
+
+ San Pascual, Cal., battle, =1.= 341-2;
+ map, 341.
+
+ San Patricio, Texas, Taylor's intended movement, =1.= 452.
+
+ San Patricio corps of Irish deserters, at Buena Vista, =1.= 391, 393,
+ 395;
+ origin, 494, 550;
+ at Churubusco, =2.= 111, 117, 385;
+ fate, 385.
+
+ Sanders, John, and artillery in Monterey campaign, =1.= 228;
+ in battle of Monterey, 246.
+
+ Sands, J. R., at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 338.
+
+ Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, and education, =1.= 14;
+ first appearance, 31;
+ in Iturbide's revolt, 33;
+ revolt against Iturbide, 35;
+ and overthrow of Pedraza (1828), 40, 41;
+ and Spanish invasion, 41;
+ appearance and character, 42, 54, 220, 414, 415, 487, =2.= 312-3,
+ 510;
+ in retirement, =1.= 44, 45, 47, 48, 52;
+ restores Pedraza (1832), 44-5;
+ elected President (1832), 45;
+ dictator with reactionary support, 46, 415;
+ plans, effect of Texan revolt, 47;
+ loses leg in attack on French, hero, 49;
+ undermines Bustamante, 49-50;
+ and Paredes revolt, 50;
+ seizes power (1841), dictatorship, 51-2;
+ constitutional President, 53;
+ overthrow, banished, 53-4;
+ and United States and Texas, 63, 66, 85-6, 433;
+ plans against Texas (1842-3), 67, 70;
+ closes New Mexican trade, 72;
+ and claims, 78;
+ hatred of United States, 103;
+ boasts power of army, 106;
+ invites a blockade, 110;
+ incites fears of Spanish America, 111;
+ on desire for war, 116;
+ "butcher," 117;
+ Polk's negotiations (1846), 201-3, 471, 478-9, =2.= 491, 493;
+ combination against Paredes, =1.= 215-7, 485;
+ Alvarez' revolt in favor of, 216;
+ return, 218, 486;
+ manifesto, 219;
+ position and caution, 219-22, 487;
+ policy and command of army only, 222-4;
+ reception at the capital, 222, 488;
+ sets out for front, 223;
+ and Monterey campaign, 230, 234, 494, 503;
+ and termination of Monterey armistice, 264;
+ and Tampico, 278, 511;
+ potential army, 283, 513;
+ policy toward northern frontier, 305;
+ and Doniphan's march, 306;
+ and California, 319;
+ plan to attack during Taylor's Victoria march, 357;
+ programme of one victory, 374-5;
+ at San Luis Potosi, incites patriotism, 375;
+ attitude of states toward, 376, 550;
+ and National Guard and officers, 376;
+ financial worries and operations, 377, =2.= 254-5, 477;
+ character of his northern army, =1.= 377, 379, 550;
+ rumors of his intended treachery and dictatorship, 378, 379, 551;
+ inaction condemned, 379;
+ plan to attack Taylor's weak and isolated force, 379, 543, 552;
+ march, force, 380-2, 552-4;
+ discovered by Americans, their flight to Buena Vista, 382-3, 554;
+ battle of Buena Vista, 384-97;
+ retires to preserve organized army, 397-8, 562;
+ retreat to San Luis Potosi, 398;
+ credited with victory, 399;
+ robs treasury (1844), 432;
+ and Texan boundary, 449;
+ and Salas and Farias, =2.= 1;
+ and Puros, 2-5;
+ and shelving of Farias, 4, 327;
+ and election (1846), 5;
+ and Church property, 9-12, 65, 329, 331;
+ and clerical revolt, supersedes Farias, 13-4, 331;
+ political position as Executive (1847), 14-5, 332;
+ and defence of Vera Cruz, 20, 334;
+ on surrender of Vera Cruz, 33, 341, 342;
+ preparations against Scott below Perote, 40-2, 346;
+ defences and force at Cerro Gordo, 42-5, 347, 348;
+ battle of Cerro Gordo, 48-59, 352;
+ flight, 55;
+ in retreat, 67, 358;
+ preparations at Orizaba, funds, 67, 359;
+ political influences on movements, at Puebla, 68-9, 360;
+ Amozoc affair, evacuates Puebla, 70, 360;
+ loss of prestige after Cerro Gordo, 80, 367;
+ as target for discontent, 82;
+ return to capital with army, breach of faith, 82-3, 368;
+ resumes executive power, opposition, 83-5;
+ defied by states, 86-7;
+ collection of materiel, 87;
+ organization of army, its character and officers, 87-9, 369;
+ plan of operation against Scott's advance, 89-90, 370;
+ defences, 90;
+ power and enthusiasm for, on start of final campaign, 91-2;
+ and Scott's march to San Agustin, 97-8, 374;
+ confidence in, again lost, 98;
+ southern line, 99-101, 374;
+ and Valencia's occupation of Contreras field, 102, 375;
+ and battle of Contreras, 105, 106, 110, 379, 380;
+ preparations at Churubusco, 110-1, 382;
+ battle of Churubusco, 112-9, 382-5;
+ attitude toward peace on his return (1846), 122, 124, 386;
+ and Trist mission, 130-2;
+ peace move after Churubusco, 133;
+ armistice, 133, 137-8, 394-6;
+ activity during it, combination against him, 134, 136, 398;
+ peace negotiations during armistice, 135-8, 396-400;
+ preparations at Molino del Rey, 142;
+ and the battle there, 144, 402, 404;
+ preparations against attack on city, 152;
+ and Chapultepec, 153-5, 410;
+ at Belen garita, 159, 160, 413;
+ at San Cosme garita, 161, 162;
+ evacuates the city, 163, 415;
+ and uprising in city, 167, 168, 420;
+ and guerilla warfare, 169;
+ siege of Puebla, 174-6;
+ battle of Huamantla, 176-8, 425, 426;
+ eliminated, 179-81, 427, 428;
+ yields command, 181, 429;
+ voluntary exile, 181, 242, 429;
+ and salary, 327;
+ capture of his wooden leg, 354;
+ Scott's proclamation on, 357;
+ and British offer of mediation, 368;
+ almost captured, 427.
+ _See also_ Mexico expedition.
+
+ Santa Barbara, Cal., Pico's convention, =1.= 329, 527;
+ occupied by Stockton, 337;
+ Fremont at, 345;
+ captured by insurgents, 534.
+
+ Santa Cruz de Rosales, capture, =2.= 166.
+
+ Santa Fe, Mex., powder-mill, =1.= 462, =2.= 87.
+
+ Santa Fe, N. Mex., Texan expedition, =1.= 72, 118;
+ occupied by Kearny, 296;
+ aspect, 296;
+ troops remaining at, 298;
+ population, 517;
+ condition of force at, 518.
+ _See also_ next title, and New Mexico.
+
+ Santa Fe trail, development and importance, =1.= 72, 284, 286, 514;
+ Kearny's expedition on, 288-9, 515.
+
+ Santa Rosa, Wool at, =1.= 272.
+
+ Santa Rosa Pass, skirmish, =1.= 541.
+
+ Santangelo, O. G. D. de A., claim, =1.= 427;
+ on outrages, 448.
+
+ Santiago, Fort, at Vera Cruz, =2.= 19.
+
+ _Saratoga_, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189;
+ yellow fever, 195;
+ in Home Squadron, 446.
+
+ Saunders, J. L., attack at Tampico, =2.= 197, 441.
+
+ Saunders, R. M., American minister at Madrid, and Spanish mediation,
+ =2.= 503.
+
+ _Savannah_, at Monterey, =1.= 335;
+ and Fremont, 345, 536;
+ in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189, 447.
+
+ Schatzel, I. P., American consul at Matamoros, =1.= 455.
+
+ School of Mines, Mexican, =1.= 14.
+
+ Scenery, Mexican.
+ _See_ Physical aspect.
+
+ _Scorpion_, in Home Squadron, =2.= 446.
+
+ Scott, H. L., at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 335;
+ of Scott's staff, 366.
+
+ Scott, Martin, at Monterey, =1.= 245, 498.
+
+ Scott, Winfield, political ambition and the war, =1.= 130, =2.= 284,
+ 390, 391;
+ relations with Polk, =1.= 130, 354, =2.= 75, 188, 436, 511;
+ and Taylor and Bliss, =1.= 141;
+ and Twiggs-Worth controversy, 144;
+ and advance to Rio Grande, 152-4;
+ and command in the field, 196, 198;
+ character, 197, 545, =2.= 248, 316-8;
+ war policy and clash with administration, relegated, =1.= 198-200,
+ 476-8;
+ and Taylor's intelligence system, 227;
+ on Monterey, 261, 505, 506;
+ and Taylor, 262, 352, 353, 363, 368, 544;
+ and defensive-line policy, 283;
+ and war programme, 350, 351;
+ selected to command Vera Cruz expedition, 351-4;
+ and earlier rebuff, 353, 539;
+ and Harney, 364-5, 545, 546;
+ attitude toward Pillow, 367, =2.= 186, 378;
+ character of reports, =1.= 404, =2.= 59, 354;
+ and flintlocks, =1.= 450;
+ on Polk's alarm at outbreak, 476;
+ and Taylor's advance from the Rio Grande, 490;
+ and Doniphan's expedition, 517;
+ and Taylor's insubordinate advance, 547;
+ on Twiggs, =2.= 48;
+ attitude of troops, 49;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 56;
+ at Contreras, 105, 106, 378, 379;
+ at Churubusco, 111, 118, 119, 383;
+ halt after Churubusco, on it, 121, 386;
+ quarrel with Trist, 128, 389;
+ reconciliation and harmony, 130, 392, 397;
+ and douceur, 131, 132, 390, 391;
+ and Mexican attitude toward Trist, 132, 133, 390, 393;
+ peace move after Churubusco, 133;
+ armistice then, 133, 137, 138, 394-6, 398-9;
+ and Molino del Rey, 143, 147, 401, 402;
+ decides to attack Chapultepec, 149, 408;
+ misgivings on it, 154;
+ at the battle, 158;
+ and advance after Chapultepec, 161, 412, 414-6;
+ in Mexico City, 164, 415-6;
+ cabal against, 185-8, 434-8;
+ and Worth, 186, 361;
+ removed, 188, 438;
+ orders for military government, 455-7;
+ and Catholic church, 221;
+ discipline in Mexico City, 226, 459-60;
+ and local government there, 229;
+ on conduct of his army, 231;
+ pessimism on war outlook, 235;
+ and recall of Trist, 238, 465;
+ and peace negotiations and de facto truce, 240, 242, 467;
+ promise to protect peace government, 240;
+ and armistice after signing of peace, 242, 471;
+ magnanimity, 248, 317;
+ and tariff for Mexican ports, 262;
+ and levies on Mexicans, 265, 486-7;
+ political effect of Polk's attitude, 272;
+ political effect of actions, 278;
+ and foreign interests, 303;
+ achievement, 316-8;
+ invited to be dictator, 323;
+ on plan at Cerro Gordo, 350;
+ rebuke of Worth at Puebla, 361;
+ and Semmes's mission, 389;
+ suspected Rejon intrigue, 390;
+ Scott not acting in politics, 390;
+ proposal to facilitate peace by halting before Mexico, 393;
+ at southern front, 408;
+ and Pena government, 428;
+ plea for adequate forces, 510;
+ contrasts regulars and volunteers, 512.
+ _See also_ Mexico expedition; Vera Cruz expedition.
+
+ _Scourge_, in attack on Tuxpan, =2.= 203, 444;
+ at Alvarado, 344;
+ in Home Squadron, 446.
+
+ Scouting.
+ _See_ Intelligence.
+
+ Scurvy, in navy, =2.= 194.
+
+ _Sea_, at Tampico, =1.= 281.
+
+ Secession, and Texan annexation, =2.= 272.
+ _See also_ Coalition.
+
+ Second Artillery, in Scott's army, =2.= 77;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343;
+ at Churubusco, 384;
+ in Lane's march to Puebla, 426;
+ garrison at Puebla, 433.
+
+ Second Dragoons, at Fort Jesup, =1.= 140;
+ go to Texas, 142-3;
+ advance to Saltillo, 264;
+ at Buena Vista, 388, 555;
+ in Monterey campaign, 492, 496;
+ at the battle, 497;
+ in Wool's march, 509;
+ in Harney's brigade, 541;
+ in Scott's army, =2.= 77;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343;
+ at Churubusco, 384;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417.
+
+ Second Infantry, in Victoria march, =1.= 357;
+ in Harney's brigade, 541;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 53;
+ in Scott's army, 77;
+ at Churubusco, 114, 382;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343.
+
+ Second Ligero, at Resaca de la Palma, =1.= 173, 174;
+ at Monterey, 494;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 52, 347.
+
+ Sedgwick, John, on Reynosa, =1.= 212;
+ on Scott and Pillow, =2.= 439.
+
+ Seiffart, ----, Prussian minister at Mexico, and peace negotiations,
+ =2.= 397.
+
+ Semmes, Raphael, at San Cosme garita, =2.= 162;
+ wrecked, 194;
+ on Worth at Puebla, 360;
+ bias of account, 373;
+ on Churubusco, 383;
+ and Scott, 389;
+ on Molino del Rey, 402, 403.
+
+ Senate, treaty of peace in, =2.= 246-8, 472-3.
+ _See also_ Congress, American.
+
+ Senobio, M., and siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 31;
+ in preparations below Perote, 40, 41;
+ guerilla, 421.
+
+ Sentmanat, Francisco, executed, =1.= 117, 241.
+
+ Serfdom in Mexico, =1.= 5.
+
+ Seven Laws, =1.= 47;
+ failure, 50.
+
+ Seventh Infantry, in Texas, =1.= 143;
+ Mexican propaganda in, 161;
+ at Fort Brown, 163;
+ march to Camargo, 209;
+ at Monterey, 245, 247, 492, 496, 501;
+ left there, 508;
+ in Smith's brigade, 541;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 51, 54, 55, 352;
+ in Scott's army, 77;
+ at Churubusco, 114, 382;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343.
+
+ Seventh Line Infantry, Mexican, at Sacramento, =1.= 307;
+ at Monterey, 494.
+
+ Severance, Luther, encourages enemy, =2.= 280;
+ position in House, 496.
+
+ Sevier, A. H., on Polk and peace, =2.= 245;
+ ratification commissioner, 249, 251, 474.
+
+ Seward, W. H., on expansion, =1.= 444.
+
+ Seymour, Sir George, and California, =1.= 334, 336, 531.
+
+ Seymour, T. H., at Chapultepec, =2.= 410.
+
+ Shannon, Wilson, American minister at Mexico, and annexation of Texas,
+ =1.= 86, 87.
+
+ _Shark_, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189.
+
+ Shaw, T. D., at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 338.
+
+ Shawnee Indians, in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 288.
+
+ Sherman, T. W., at Buena Vista, =1.= 390, 392, 395, 555;
+ in Smith's brigade, 541;
+ light artillery, =2.= 366.
+
+ Sherman, W. T., on California and independence, =1.= 321;
+ on treaty of peace, =2.= 246.
+
+ Shields, James, on enlistment, =1.= 195;
+ in Wool's march, 271, 509;
+ at Tampico, as governor, 282, =2.= 229, 418, 461;
+ Taylor on, =1.= 352;
+ in Vera Cruz expedition, 368, =2.= 27;
+ at Brazos, =1.= 476;
+ career, 509;
+ before Cerro Gordo, =2.= 49;
+ in the battle, 52, 53, 55;
+ wounded, 55, 352;
+ brigade in Scott's army, 78;
+ at Contreras, 105, 107, 108, 110, 379, 380;
+ at Churubusco, 115-7, 384;
+ force after that battle, 120;
+ wounded at Chapultepec, 157;
+ discipline, 215;
+ and douceur, 391;
+ and plan to attack Mexico City, 408;
+ retained in service, 432;
+ leaves Mexico, 438;
+ not West Pointer, 513.
+
+ Shiver, Captain, in Monterey campaign, =1.= 492, 496.
+
+ Shover, W. H., at Saltillo, =1.= 556, 559.
+
+ Shubrick, W. B., commands Pacific squadron, blockade order, =2.= 206,
+ 446;
+ operations, 206-8, 447-9;
+ and occupied territory, 208.
+
+ _Siglo XIX_, on Herrera's rule, =1.= 56;
+ on Americans, 103;
+ on corruption, 417;
+ on Paredes revolt, 438;
+ on Church property and war funds, =2.= 8.
+
+ Silva, Mariano, and surrender of Monterey, Cal., =1.= 334.
+
+ Simmons, S. G., in Lane's march to Puebla, =2.= 426.
+
+ Simms, W. G., and absorption of Mexico, =2.= 243;
+ on Vera Cruz expedition, 336.
+
+ Simpson, Sir George, on California, =1.= 321.
+
+ Sinaloa state, and secession, =2.= 86.
+
+ Sitgreaves, Lorenzo, reconnaissance in Wool's march, =1.= 271.
+
+ Six-months men, Gaines's requisition and service, =1.= 196, 205, 452,
+ 476, =2.= 272, 511.
+
+ Sixteenth Infantry, in Taylor's later force, =2.= 417, 418.
+
+ Sixth Infantry, in Wool's march, =1.= 509;
+ in Scott's army, =2.= 77;
+ at Churubusco, 112, 115, 116, 384;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343;
+ at Molino del Rey, 402;
+ at Belen garita, 412.
+
+ Sixth Line Infantry, Mexican, at Monterey, =1.= 494;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 44, 54, 347.
+
+ Size of Mexico, =1.= 1.
+
+ Slavery, Mexico counts on help of American slaves, =1.= 107;
+ European warning against expansion, 114;
+ interests and attitude toward Mexico, 123;
+ extension not cause of war, 187-9, 473;
+ and war annexations, =2.= 274, 289, 492, 502;
+ politics of Wilmot Proviso, 286-7;
+ and stopping of the war, 500.
+
+ Slidell, John, Mexican mission and rejection, =1.= 91, 95-8, 100-1,
+ 127, 145, 326, 436-9, 447, 453, 460;
+ on Oregon and Mexican controversies, 114, 115;
+ effect of rejection on American opinion, 120;
+ on failure of mission, 133, 135, 181;
+ and advance to Rio Grande, 152;
+ report on Santa Anna's attitude, 201;
+ and Patterson, 351;
+ and peace negotiations, =2.= 126, 387;
+ and Conner, 202;
+ House demand for instructions, 500.
+
+ Sloat, J. D., pacific instructions to (1845), =1.= 131, 447;
+ instructions on California, 326, 526, 530;
+ hesitation, final occupation of Monterey, 333-5, 530-1;
+ gives place to Stockton, 336;
+ squadron, =2.= 189.
+
+ Smith, A. J., and Mormon battalion, =1.= 290.
+
+ Smith, Ashbel, on Polk and war, =1.= 446.
+
+ Smith, C. F., at Resaca de la Palma, =1.= 172;
+ at Monterey, 242, 244, 498;
+ in march to San Agustin, =2.= 98;
+ at Churubusco, 112, 115, 116, 384;
+ battalion at Molino del Rey, 144, 145, 403;
+ and at Chapultepec, 161.
+
+ Smith, D. W., American consul at Matamoros, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Smith, Ephraim Kirby, mortally wounded at Molino del Rey, =2.= 403.
+
+ Smith, G. W., and Cerro Gordo, =2.= 349;
+ with Scott, 366.
+
+ Smith, Isaac, on mistakes at Monterey, =1.= 503.
+
+ Smith, J. L., engineer company with Scott, =2.= 349, 356, 366;
+ and plan of attack on Mexico City, 408.
+
+ Smith, J. M., at Churubusco, =2.= 117.
+
+ Smith, M. L., reconnoitres Old Penon, =2.= 369.
+
+ Smith, P. F., brigade in march to Monterey, =1.= 229, 492, 496;
+ in the battle, 245, 498;
+ commands at Monterey, 508;
+ brigade, 541;
+ and Cerro Gordo, =2.= 52;
+ brigade in Scott's army, 77;
+ at Contreras, 104-10, 376, 379;
+ at Churubusco, 114;
+ at Chapultepec, 156, 158, 408, 410;
+ in Mexico City, 163;
+ as governor there, 226;
+ armistice negotiations, 242, 394;
+ and evacuation, 252, 475;
+ on engineers, 320;
+ court of inquiry on Worth, 361;
+ credit for Contreras, 376;
+ career and character, 377;
+ not at conference on attack on capital, 408;
+ not West Pointer, 513.
+
+ Smith, Sidney, and American repudiation, =2.= 256.
+
+ Smith, William, on the war, =2.= 499.
+
+ Smuggling, Mexican, =1.= 17, 410.
+
+ Social conditions, in Mexico, idleness, =1.= 15, 22;
+ in country, 18;
+ in villages and towns, 19-21;
+ at the capital, 21-8;
+ character of ruling class, 25-7;
+ general conclusions, 28, 410;
+ Mexican statement on character, 411.
+ _See also_ Character; Population; Roman Catholic church.
+
+ Society, Mexican, conditions, =1.= 25;
+ intercourse in occupied territory, =2.= 230-1, 461-2.
+
+ Soldado, Fort, at Monterey, =1.= 241;
+ capture, 245, 498.
+
+ _Somers_, wrecked, =2.= 194;
+ in Home Squadron, 197, 442.
+
+ Sotepingo, captured, =2.= 113.
+
+ Soto, Juan, and defending of Vera Cruz, =2.= 22, 31, 341;
+ and preparations below Perote, 41;
+ and Santa Anna at Orizaba, 68.
+
+ South Carolina troops, call, =1.= 537;
+ in Taylor's later command, =2.= 417.
+ _See also_ Palmetto.
+
+ _Southampton_, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 447.
+
+ _Southern Quarterly Review_, on Worth, =2.= 360.
+
+ Spain, colonial policy, =1.= 29-30;
+ and Mexican-American relations (1846), 100;
+ and monarchy for Mexico, 448, 485, 486;
+ and Mexican privateering, =2.= 193;
+ attitude, 297, 298;
+ and blockade, 440, 449;
+ and mediation, 503.
+ _See also_ Bermudez de Castro; Lozano.
+
+ Spanish, as class in Mexico, =1.= 3;
+ merchants, 17.
+ _See also_ Gachupines.
+
+ Spanish America, and expected Mexican-American war, =1.= 111;
+ and the actual war, =2.= 298.
+
+ Spanish language, key of pronunciation, =1.= xxi.
+
+ _Spectator_, on misrule in Mexico, =2.= 509.
+
+ Speight, Jesse, position in Senate, =2.= 496.
+
+ _Spitfire_, in occupation of Tampico, =1.= 279, 281;
+ in attack on Tuxpan, =2.= 203, 444;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 338;
+ in Home Squadron, 446.
+
+ Spooner, ----, Mexican Spy Company, =2.= 362.
+
+ _Springfield Illinois State Register_, on war and expansion, =1.= 444.
+
+ Staff, Scott's, =2.= 306.
+
+ Staniford, Thomas, brigade in Monterey campaign, =1.= 492.
+
+ States, Mexican.
+ _See_ Federalism.
+
+ Stauffer, Mrs. W. R., acknowledgment to. =1.= 451;
+ on Bliss, 451.
+
+ Stearns, A. J., as trader in California, =1.= 318;
+ and American occupation, 337.
+
+ Stephens, A. H., on the war, =1.= 183.
+
+ Steptoe, E. J., battery in Scott's army, =2.= 77;
+ during Chapultepec, 152, 409;
+ in Mexico City, 163;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 348;
+ at Belen garita, 415.
+
+ Sterett, J. S., at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 338.
+
+ Stevens, I. I., on mistakes at Monterey, =1.= 502;
+ at Churubusco, =2.= 113, 383;
+ on Cerro Gordo, 350, 353;
+ engineer with Scott, 366;
+ reconnoitres Old Penon, 369;
+ on Molino del Rey, 402;
+ reconnoitres southern approach to capital, 408;
+ and plan of attack on capital, 408.
+
+ Stevenson, J. D., in California, =2.= 219.
+
+ Stewart, Andrew, on Walker, =2.= 480.
+
+ Stockton, R. F., pacific instructions to (1845), =1.= 131;
+ command in California, character, 336, 532;
+ and Fremont, address, 336, 532;
+ first southern campaign, 336-7, 532;
+ rule, 337-8;
+ plan against Mexico, 338;
+ second southern campaign, 339-44, 534-5;
+ sends aid to Kearny, 341;
+ and Fremont's capitulation, 346;
+ and blockade, =2.= 205;
+ relinquishes rule, 217.
+
+ Stone, C. P., ordnance officer with Scott, =2.= 366.
+
+ Storms, Mrs., in Mexico, =2.= 11;
+ and Scott, 39;
+ and absorption of Mexico, 243.
+
+ Storrs, Augustus, claim, =1.= 425.
+
+ _Stromboli_, in Home Squadron, =2.= 446.
+
+ Sub-treasury plan restored, =2.= 257, 479.
+
+ Sumner, Charles, on cause of war, =1.= 189;
+ attitude, 274;
+ demands recall of troops, 290.
+
+ Sumner, E. V., and Harney, =1.= 365;
+ at Cerro Gordo, disabled, =2.= 52, 350;
+ in Scott's army, 77;
+ at Molino del Rey, 144, 146, 403;
+ during and after Chapultepec, 161, 408, 410, 414.
+
+ Supplies.
+ _See_ Transportation.
+
+ Supreme Court, on title by conquest, =2.= 241, 468.
+
+ Surnames, Spanish, =1.= 44 _n._
+
+ Sutter, J. A., trading post, =1.= 318, 522.
+
+ Swift, A. J., and engineer corps, =1.= 451.
+
+
+ Tabasco River, Perry's expeditions, =2.= 199-200, 204-5, 443, 445;
+ map, 205.
+
+ Tacitus, on a Roman general, =2.= 313.
+
+ Tacubaya, Americans at, =2.= 134;
+ aspect, 138.
+
+ Tacubaya, Bases of, =1.= 51.
+
+ Talbot, Theodore, escape from Santa Barbara, =1.= 534.
+
+ Talcott, G. H., battery in Scott's army, =2.= 77;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 348.
+
+ Talcott, George, ordnance bureau, =1.= 474.
+
+ Tamaulipas cavalry, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ Tamaulipas state, plan to occupy, =1.= 263, 507;
+ authorities and Urrea, =2.= 166;
+ attitude toward United States, 215;
+ general occupation, 418;
+ and American tariff, 484.
+ _See also_ Tampico; Victoria.
+
+ Tampico, as port, =1.= 2;
+ situation, map, 276;
+ defences, 277;
+ reasons for occupation, 277, 511;
+ Conner's attitude, 277;
+ Mexicans evacuate, 278-9, 510;
+ American navy occupies, 279-81, 511-2;
+ securing, 281-2, 512, 546;
+ march of troops from Victoria to, 366, 546;
+ assemblage for Vera Cruz expedition, 367, 546;
+ plans for uprising, =2.= 165;
+ first naval attack, 197, 441;
+ under American rule, 214-5, 229, 230, 452, 461;
+ aspect, 214;
+ garrison, 418;
+ American tariff, 484.
+
+ _Tampico_, at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 338;
+ in Home Squadron, 445.
+
+ Tariff, Mexican protective, =1.= 17;
+ American, and the war, 105, 130, 186;
+ of 1846, political effect, opposition, =2.= 257, 273, 281, 286,
+ 478-9;
+ proposed, on tea and coffee, 261, 285, 482;
+ American, for Mexican ports, 261-3, 303, 484, 500, 505.
+
+ Tattnall, Josiah, in occupation of Tampico, =1.= 281, 512;
+ in attack on Tuxpan, wounded, =2.= 203;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 338, 339.
+
+ Taxation, Mexican, of mines, =1.= 15;
+ Mexican war, =2.= 253;
+ question of American war, 258, 480.
+ _See also_ Finances; Tariff.
+
+ Taylor, Francis, field battery, =1.= 450;
+ in Scott's army, =2.= 77;
+ at Churubusco, 114;
+ during Chapultepec, 152, 409;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 348.
+
+ Taylor, George, at Huamantla, =2.= 425, 426.
+
+ Taylor, William, American consul at Vera Cruz, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Taylor, Zachary, at Fort Jesup, =1.= 140;
+ career, 140;
+ character and ability, 140-1, 352, =2.= 315-6, 318;
+ Bliss as adjutant, =1.= 141, 451, =2.= 318;
+ takes force to Corpus Christi, =1.= 141-3;
+ its original size and first reinforcements, 142, 143, 454, =2.= 511;
+ condition of force, =1.= 143;
+ and Worth-Twiggs rank controversy, 144;
+ attitude of officers and men, 144, 362, 372, 374, 549;
+ Rio Grande campaign [_see_ this title];
+ neglects to acquire information, 145, 161, 208, 226, 249, 374, 451,
+ 464, 476, 478, 549;
+ fortifies the Mexicans, 158-61, 163, 177;
+ hero after Rio Grande campaign, 179;
+ Presidential ambition, personal effect, perverted judgments, 179,
+ 208, 352, 363, 368, 538, 547, =2.= 284;
+ and volunteers, =1.= 191, 474, =2.= 212, 450;
+ relations with Polk, mutual hostility, =1.= 196, 263, 352-3, 507,
+ 538, 544, 547;
+ continued in command, 200, 478;
+ feelings and problems at Matamoros, 204, 208, 481;
+ volunteer reinforcements, their camps and morale, 205-8, 480, 481;
+ Monterey campaign, [_see_ this title];
+ results of campaign to, 261, 506;
+ condition and size of force after it, 262, 506;
+ fears displacement, 262;
+ and Scott, 262, 352, 353, 363, 368, 544;
+ and Patterson's orders for Tamaulipas, 263, 507;
+ advance and occupation of Saltillo, 264-6;
+ and Wool's march, 275, 276, 509, 510;
+ entire force of department (Dec., 1846), 282, 355, 513, 537, 539;
+ defensive-line policy, 282-3, 347, =2.= 183;
+ insubordinate letter to Gaines, =1.= 347, 507;
+ on war programme, 349, 536;
+ instructed not to operate beyond Monterey, 350;
+ and command of Vera Cruz expedition, 351-3, 539;
+ and Scott's plans for expedition, 355-6, 363, 540, 543-4, 546, 552;
+ sets out for Victoria, 357-60, 541-2;
+ frustrates Scott's plan for conference, 356, 358, 541, 542;
+ temporary return to Monterey expecting attack, 357;
+ to Victoria, 362;
+ returns to Monterey, 365, 368;
+ insubordinate advance to Agua Nueva, 368, 373-4, 547;
+ Buena Vista campaign [_see_ this title];
+ belittles enemy, 374, 463;
+ visits to Saltillo during battle, 383, 388, 555, 556;
+ return to the field, 385, 391;
+ personal part in battle, 393, 395;
+ guerilla operations against, suppression of them, 399, =2.= 169-71,
+ 421, 422;
+ effect of battle on Presidential chances, =1.= 400;
+ on capture of Tampico, 511, 512;
+ force at time of Buena Vista battle, 548;
+ and further operations, =2.= 165, 417;
+ Valencia's plans against, 165, 419;
+ leaves front, 166;
+ ordered policy toward inhabitants, 210-1;
+ failure to preserve discipline at Matamoros, 211, 450;
+ and levies on Mexicans, 264;
+ political effect of Polk's attitude, 272;
+ and of own actions, 278, 493;
+ candidacy as vindication of the war, 292;
+ foreign criticism, 306-7, 507;
+ achievement, 315-6, 318;
+ later force, 417;
+ not West Pointer, 513.
+
+ Taylor, Fort.
+ _See_ Brown.
+
+ Tea and coffee, proposed American impost, =2.= 261, 285, 482.
+
+ Tecolote, Kearny's expedition at, =1.= 292.
+
+ Tehuacan, and Santa Anna, =2.= 429.
+
+ Tehuantepec, in peace negotiations, =2.= 466.
+
+ _Telegrafo_, on Santa Anna as hero, =1.= 485.
+
+ Telegrafo hill at Cerro Gordo, fortifications, =2.= 42, 44;
+ attacks on, capture, 52-5, 350, 352, 354.
+
+ Tellez, Rafael, and California expedition, =1.= 523, =2.= 447;
+ at Mazatlan, 207, 447.
+
+ Temascalitos.
+ _See_ Brazito.
+
+ Temple, R. E., regiment in Taylor's force, =2.= 417.
+
+ Ten Regiment Bill, passage and amendment, =2.= 74-5, 363-4.
+
+ Teneria redoubt at Monterey, =1.= 249-250;
+ capture, 251-3, 500;
+ after capture, 255.
+
+ Tennessee troops, enlistments, =1.= 195;
+ in Texas, 205;
+ at Camargo, 211;
+ in Victoria march, 357;
+ in Monterey campaign, 492, 496;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 56, 57, 352, 353;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343;
+ leave Scott, 356;
+ further call, 431.
+
+ Tenth Infantry in Taylor's force, =2.= 417, 418.
+
+ Tenth Line Infantry, Mexican, at Chapultepec, =2.= 408.
+
+ Terres, A., at Belen garita, =2.= 159, 160, 413;
+ brigade, 369.
+
+ Terrett, G. H., at Chapultepec, =2.= 410.
+
+ Tete de pont.
+ _See_ Bridgehead.
+
+ Texas, effect of revolt on Santa Anna, =1.= 47;
+ conditional recognition by Mexico, 55;
+ American efforts to purchase, 59, 62, 418, 419;
+ United States and revolt, recognition and neutrality, 63, 66,
+ 422-3, 432, =2.= 311;
+ neutrality and Gaines's expedition, =1.= 64-6, 420-2;
+ British designs, 67;
+ Santa Anna's threatened invasions (1842-43), 67, 70, 121;
+ Webster's protest (1842), 69;
+ antislavery opposition and Mexican relations, 70;
+ Santa Fe expedition, 72, 118;
+ annexation justified, 82-3, 432, =2.= 311, 322, 509;
+ and European aid, =1.= 82, 86;
+ Mexico and expected annexation, 83-6;
+ American offers of indirect payment to Mexico, 84-6, 88-9, 91, 95,
+ 433-6;
+ Mexican diplomatic rupture and war preparations on annexation, 87,
+ 126, 132, 434;
+ as expected theatre of war, 107, 110;
+ Europe and annexation, 113, =2.= 295, 303, 501, 502, 506;
+ American resentment of Mexican outrages, =1.= 117;
+ protection and question of southern boundary, 138, 153, 457, 470;
+ Taylor's force in, 142-3, 454;
+ annexation as cause of the war, 189, 445-6, 448, =2.= 276;
+ and Jackson's message on claims, =1.= 428;
+ British and French recognition of republic, 432;
+ in peace negotiations, =2.= 135, 136, 238, 396, 398, 399, 463, 464,
+ 469;
+ effect of annexation on Polk's position, 272;
+ justice of revolt, 311;
+ and Kearny's occupation of New Mexico, 497.
+ _See also_ Rio Grande; Texas troops.
+
+ Texas, Fort.
+ _See_ Brown.
+
+ Texas troops, rangers, =1.= 143, 236;
+ calls, 150, 480, 537;
+ in Monterey campaign, 237, 241-4, 256, 492, 496, 501;
+ and Santa Anna's advance, 382, 554;
+ at Buena Vista, 389, 556;
+ retaliation for guerillas, =2.= 169;
+ conduct, 212, 450;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417;
+ in Lane's operations, 427.
+ _See also_ Hays; Henderson, J. P.
+
+ Theatre, Mexican, =1.= 24.
+
+ Thiers, L. A., and United States, =2.= 296.
+
+ Third Artillery, in Twiggs's division, =1.= 541;
+ at Buena Vista, 555;
+ in Scott's army, =2.= 77;
+ in California, 219;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417;
+ at Huamantla, 425.
+
+ Third Cavalry, Mexican, at Monterey, =1.= 494.
+
+ Third Dragoons, in Scott's army, =2.= 77, 364, 432;
+ origin, 363;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417;
+ in Lane's operations, 426, 427.
+ _See also_ Dragoons.
+
+ Third Infantry, at Fort Jesup, =1.= 140;
+ goes to Texas, 141-2;
+ at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, 164, 167, 467;
+ at Monterey, 250, 256, 492, 496, 502;
+ in Harney's brigade, 541;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 54, 352;
+ in Scott's army, 77;
+ at Churubusco, 117;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 343;
+ at Chapultepec, 410.
+
+ Third Ligero, at Monterey, =1.= 494;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 347;
+ at Chapultepec, 410.
+
+ Third Line Infantry, Mexican, at Monterey, =1.= 494;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 44, 347.
+
+ Thirteenth Infantry, in Taylor's force, =2.= 417.
+
+ Thom, George, topographical engineer with Scott, =2.= 366.
+
+ Thomas, G. H., at Reynosa, =1.= 204;
+ at Buena Vista, 394.
+
+ Thompson, G. L., special mission to Mexico, =1.= 84, 85, 433.
+
+ Thompson, G. W., on Democratic dissensions, =2.= 282.
+
+ Thompson, Waddy, minister at Mexico, and decree expelling Americans,
+ =1.= 73-4;
+ and claims, 80, 426, 432;
+ and Bocanegra's threat, 84;
+ on Mexico and slavery, 188;
+ opposes war, 189;
+ encourages enemy, =2.= 280.
+
+ Thornton, Edward, of British legation at Mexico, and Trist mission,
+ =2.= 130, 131, 390;
+ and peace, 133;
+ and reopening of negotiations, 237-9, 463;
+ and mediation, 506.
+
+ Thornton, S. B., force captured, =1.= 149, 455.
+
+ Thucydides, on vigilance in campaign, =1.= 371;
+ on power and justice, =2.= 323.
+
+ Thurman, A. G., on Delano's inconsistency, =2.= 277;
+ position in House, 496.
+
+ Tibbatts, J. W., regiment in Taylor's force, =2.= 417.
+
+ _Tiempo_, monarchist organ, =1.= 214;
+ on Americans, 484.
+
+ Tilden, D. R., on regulars, =2.= 320.
+
+ Tlacotalpam, Hunter at, =2.= 344.
+
+ Tlalpam.
+ _See_ San Agustin.
+
+ Tlaxcala, Americans at, =2.= 427.
+
+ Tobacco monopoly, mismanagement, =2.= 328.
+
+ Todos Santos, skirmish, =2.= 449.
+
+ Toluca, seat of Pena's government, =2.= 180;
+ occupied, 184, 433.
+
+ Toluca, Valley of, Americans in, =2.= 134;
+ aspect, 180.
+
+ Toluca battalion, at Chapultepec, =2.= 408.
+
+ Toombs, Robert, on Polk and war, =1.= 130;
+ opposes war, 189.
+
+ _Topaz_, claim, =1.= 424.
+
+ Topo road at Monterey, Worth's advance, =1.= 239, 241-4, 497.
+
+ Topographical engineers with Scott, =2.= 366.
+
+ Topography of Mexico, =1.= 1.
+ _See also_ Physical aspect.
+
+ Tornel y Mendivil, J. M., appearance, =1.= 25;
+ character, 46;
+ and Santa Anna's interests, 46, 49, =2.= 83, 85;
+ and Herrera, =1.= 56;
+ and Butler, 62;
+ and expulsion of Americans, 73;
+ and Paredes, 99;
+ hatred of United States, 103;
+ on Texas as theatre of war, 107;
+ and hope in privateering, 109;
+ and the war, 213, 484;
+ and attack on Taylor, 456;
+ and overthrow of Paredes, 485;
+ opposes peace negotiations (1847), =2.= 137;
+ and clerical crusade against Americans, 142;
+ and uprising in city, 167;
+ and riot during armistice, 396;
+ and Molino del Rey, 404.
+
+ Torrejon, A., attacks Thornton, =1.= 149;
+ force at Matamoros, 158;
+ on Taylor's line of communication, 162;
+ at Palo Alto, 165, 167, 168;
+ at Resaca de la Palma, 171;
+ at Buena Vista, 390, 557;
+ brigade in Monterey campaign, 494;
+ at Las Bocas, 553;
+ at Contreras, =2.= 107, 110, 378.
+
+ Totten, J. G., chief engineer, =1.= 475;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 335, 336.
+
+ Tower, Z. B., at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 50, 56, 349;
+ reconnoitres San Antonio, 102;
+ at Contreras, 107, 379;
+ engineer with Scott, 366;
+ reconnoitres southern approach of capital, 408;
+ and plan of attack on capital, 408.
+
+ Towns, aspect of Mexican, =1.= 19-21.
+
+ Towson, Nathan, paymaster general, =1.= 475.
+
+ Traconis, J. B., at San Juan Bautista, =2.= 200.
+
+ Trade.
+ _See_ Commerce.
+
+ Traill, X. F., at Buena Vista, =1.= 389.
+
+ Transportation, in Mexico, =1.= 16, 18;
+ in Taylor's advance to Monterey, 209, 227, 482, 490, 491, 493;
+ in Wool's march, 274;
+ Taylor's and guerilla warfare, 399-400, =2.= 169-70;
+ Scott's problem and guerillas, 38, 62, 77, 171, 344, 355, 365, 422,
+ 423.
+
+ Treasury.
+ _See_ Finances.
+
+ Treasury notes, American war issues, =2.= 258, 260, 479-82.
+
+ Treaties and conventions, draft, of limits (1828), =1.= 60, 418;
+ of limits (1832), 61, 419;
+ of amity and commerce, 61, 419;
+ claims arbitration (1838, 1839), 79, 81, 431.
+ _See also_ Peace.
+
+ Trias, Angel, as governor of Chihuahua, =1.= 305-6;
+ battle of Sacramento, 306-13, 519, 520;
+ at Rosales, =2.= 166, 419.
+
+ Trigueros, Ignacio, conference with Santa Anna, =2.= 368.
+
+ Trist, N. P., on monks, =1.= 408;
+ and Texas boundary, 449;
+ appointment as Polk's agent, character, =2.= 127;
+ preconceived attitude toward Scott, 127;
+ papers, 128;
+ misunderstanding and quarrel with Scott, 128-9, 389;
+ British mediation with Mexicans, 129-30, 390;
+ reconciliation and harmony with Scott, 130, 392, 397;
+ and douceur, 131-2;
+ negotiations during armistice, 135-6, 138, 396-400;
+ on Pillow, 185;
+ reopens negotiations, 235, 463;
+ recall, 236, 464;
+ ignores it, 237-8, 465, 467;
+ boundary ultimatum, 238;
+ meetings and treaty, 239-40, 466;
+ criticism of Polk, Polk's hatred, 244;
+ ignored in ratification commission, 248, 473;
+ on Scott, 316, 317;
+ Mexican commissioners on, 323;
+ and plan of attack on Mexico City, 408;
+ on volunteers, 513.
+
+ _Triton_, blockader, =2.= 448.
+
+ Trollope, Frances E., jibes, =2.= 294.
+
+ Trousdale, William, at Chapultepec, =2.= 154, 160, 410;
+ regiment, 363.
+
+ _Truxtun_, wrecked, =2.= 202, 445;
+ in Home Squadron, 442.
+
+ Tucker, George, on Walker, =2.= 480.
+
+ Tula, force at, =1.= 550, 553.
+
+ Turnbull, William, topographical engineer with Scott, =2.= 366.
+
+ Tuxpan, naval capture, =2.= 202-3, 444.
+
+ Twelfth Infantry, in Scott's army =2.= 78, 363, 422, 432;
+ at Churubusco, 384;
+ during Chapultepec, 408.
+
+ Twiggs, D. E., in Texas, =1.= 143;
+ rank controversy, 144;
+ advances to Rio Grande, 146;
+ at Palo Alto, 164, 167;
+ in Monterey campaign, 250, 404, 492, 496;
+ division reorganized, 357, 541;
+ to Tampico, 357, 365-6;
+ at Lobos Islands, 368;
+ landing at Vera Cruz, =2.= 26;
+ at siege, 27, 30, 343;
+ march of division to Cerro Gordo, 39, 45-8, 345, 349;
+ force and artillery, 45;
+ appearance and character as general, 48;
+ blunders into Cerro Gordo defences and retreats, 48, 349;
+ question of assault, 49;
+ in the battle, 50-3, 350, 352, 354;
+ march to Puebla, 72;
+ division in Scott's army, 77, 356;
+ in advance from Puebla, 92, 94, 97, 371;
+ at Contreras, 103, 109, 380;
+ at Churubusco, 113, 383, 385;
+ force after the battle, 120;
+ during armistice, 134;
+ advance after armistice, 142, 401;
+ and plan of attack on Mexico City, 149, 408;
+ feint during Chapultepec, 152, 153, 409;
+ court of inquiry on Worth, 361;
+ on credit for Contreras, 376;
+ governor of Vera Cruz, 457;
+ and peace negotiations, 464.
+
+ Twiggs, Levi, at Chapultepec, killed, =2.= 156, 157;
+ commands Marines with Scott, 366.
+
+ Tyler, John, expects war with Mexico (1842), =1.= 69;
+ and California, 324.
+
+
+ Ugarte, M., and Kearny's march, =1.= 289, 294, 297.
+
+ Ulua.
+ _See_ San Juan de Ulua.
+
+ _Unico_, Mexican privateer, =2.= 191, 193.
+
+ Union battalion, at Chapultepec, =2.= 408.
+
+ _United States_, at Monterey, =1.= 423.
+
+ University, Mexican, =1.= 14.
+
+ Upham, William, and war bill, =1.= 183.
+
+ Upper class.
+ _See_ Aristocracy.
+
+ Upshur, A. P., and Mexican-Texan relations, =1.= 70;
+ protest against trade restrictions, 73;
+ and annexation of Texas, 84.
+
+ Upton, Emory, on inadequacy of Mexico expedition, =2.= 510.
+
+ Uraga, J. Lopez, at Palo Alto. =1.= 165;
+ at Resaca de la Palma, 173, 174;
+ at Monterey, 233, 494;
+ at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 53.
+
+ Urrea, Jose, forays, =1.= 400, 562;
+ at Tula, 550;
+ at Buena Vista, 553;
+ and plans against Taylor, =2.= 165;
+ removed, 166;
+ guerilla, 169.
+
+
+ Valencia, G., revolt, =1.= 50;
+ plots against Santa Anna, 52;
+ and Paredes, 99;
+ and Santa Anna (1846), 377, 550;
+ and Taylor's march to Victoria, 542;
+ at Tula, 550;
+ hostility to Santa Anna (1847), =2.= 82, 83;
+ sent north, 84;
+ brings northern army to capital, 88;
+ character, 88, 375;
+ in plan against Scott's advance, 90, 96;
+ fails, 95;
+ ordered to southern front, 98;
+ size of force, 101, 375;
+ appearance, 101;
+ occupation of Contreras field, 101, 102, 104, 375;
+ battle, 104-10, 377-80;
+ escapes, 110, 380;
+ and Trist mission, 131, 132;
+ in a combination against Santa Anna, 134, 136;
+ in Scott's rear, 148;
+ plans for movement against Taylor, 165, 419;
+ subordinates, 369;
+ captured, 429.
+
+ Vallejo, M. G., leader in California, =1.= 319;
+ American partisan, 328;
+ captured, 332.
+
+ Valverde, Doniphan at, =1.= 298-9.
+
+ Van Buren, Martin, and claims on Mexico, =1.= 78-9, 429;
+ on cause of war, 189;
+ and California, 324;
+ followers and Polk, =2.= 270, 281;
+ followers and Wilmot Proviso, 286.
+
+ _Vandalia_, at California, =1.= 339.
+
+ Vanderlinden, Pedro, at Buena Vista, =1.= 385.
+
+ Vattel, Emerich de, on self-preservation, =1.= 136;
+ on justification of war, 155;
+ on enemy goods, =2.= 261.
+
+ Vazquez, Ciriaco, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 52, 53;
+ killed, 54, 352.
+
+ Vazquez, F. P., bishop of Puebla, on law of Jan. 11, =2.= 329;
+ and battle of Cerro Gordo, 347;
+ complaint on American desecration, 459.
+
+ Vazquez, J. A., at Tula, =1.= 550.
+
+ Vazquez, J. M., guerilla, =2.= 421.
+
+ Vega, R. D. de la.
+ _See_ La Vega.
+
+ Vegas.
+ _See_ Las Vegas.
+
+ Velazquez de Leon, Joaquin.
+ _See_ Leon.
+
+ Venado, force at, =1.= 553.
+
+ Vera Cruz, as port, =1.= 2;
+ aspect, life, =2.= 18, 35, 221-2.
+ _See also_ next title.
+
+ Vera Cruz expedition, considered, risk, defences of city, =1.= 349-50,
+ 536, =2.= 18-20, 333;
+ adoption of project, =1.= 350-1;
+ new troops to be raised, 351, 537;
+ question of commander, 351-4;
+ Scott's plan and preparations, 354, 539-41;
+ and yellow fever, 354, =2.= 22, 23, 37, 59, 336, 339, 342, 344;
+ responsibility thrown on Scott, =1.= 355, 540;
+ troops from Taylor's command, his resentment, 356, 362-3, 365, 540,
+ 543, 544, 546, 552;
+ Scott at Brazos Island, 356;
+ Taylor frustrates Scott's plan for conference, 356, 358, 541, 542;
+ difficulties of assemblage at Brazos, 363-5, 544;
+ march from Victoria to Tampico, 365-6, 546;
+ assemblage at Tampico, Scott there, 367, 546;
+ rendezvous at Lobos Islands, 367, =2.= 17;
+ sailing to Anton Lizardo, 17-8, 332;
+ policy and preparations for defence, garrison, 20-22, 334;
+ and Polko revolt, 20, 331, 334;
+ problem and solution of attack, 22-3, 335-6;
+ landing of American force, 23-7, 336;
+ general map of siege, 24;
+ investment, 27;
+ Scott's warning to city, 27, 337;
+ establishment of first batteries, 27-9, 337;
+ map of American batteries, 28;
+ shortage of requisites for siege, 28, 29, 336, 338, 339;
+ initial bombardment, inadequacy, 29;
+ mosquito fleet, 29, 338;
+ dissatisfaction of officers, 30;
+ naval battery and later bombardment, 30, 338;
+ conditions within city, 30-2, 337, 339;
+ negotiations and surrender, 32-3, 340, 342;
+ justification of bombardment, casualties in city, 33, 339, 341;
+ condition of Scott's force, 34-5, 342;
+ occupation, 35-6, 343;
+ American garrison, 37;
+ plans for naval attack on Ulua, 201, 444;
+ American rule of city, 220-2, 457;
+ American evacuation, 252;
+ foreign comment, 307;
+ Scott's "cabinet," 335;
+ American force at siege, 336, 343;
+ American losses, 343;
+ American tariff, 484.
+ _See also_ Mexico expedition.
+
+ Vera Cruz state, guerilla warfare, leaders, =2.= 169, 171, 421;
+ American assessment on, 265;
+ appeal to Mexican factions, 334;
+ manifesto on Santa Anna, 359.
+ _See also_ Soto.
+
+ Veramendi, M. R., and uprising against Americans, =2.= 420.
+
+ Vergara Camp, =2.= 222.
+
+ Veronica causeway, =2.= 147, 161;
+ advance over, 161.
+
+ _Vesuvius_, in attack on Tuxpan, =2.= 444;
+ in Home Squadron, 445, 446.
+
+ Vice, prevalence in Mexico, =1.= 22, 23, 26, 27.
+ _See also_ Gambling; Liquor.
+
+ Vice Presidency, abolished in Mexico, =2.= 15.
+
+ Victoria, Guadalupe, as partisan leader, =1.= 32;
+ in Iturbide's revolt, 33;
+ revolt against Iturbide, 35;
+ as President, 37-40;
+ and Texas, 60, 418;
+ and commercial treaty, 61.
+
+ Victoria, Taylor's march, =1.= 357-60, 541-2;
+ Santa Anna's plan to attack, 357;
+ Patterson's march, 360-2, 542, 543;
+ map of his march, 360;
+ march from, to Tampico, 365-6, 546;
+ Taylor leaves, 368.
+
+ Victoria battalion, formation, =2.= 3;
+ at San Antonio, 112, 384.
+
+ Vidal, Luis, and Doniphan's advance, =1.= 301, 518.
+
+ Viga garita, =2.= 148.
+
+ Vigas, as defensive point, =2.= 39;
+ Worth at, 60.
+
+ Vigil y Alarid, J. B., receives Kearny at Santa Fe, =1.= 296.
+
+ Vigne, G. T., on American rule at Jalapa, =2.= 225.
+
+ Villages, aspect of Mexican, =1.= 19.
+
+ Villeveque, ----, French agent in Mexico, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Vinton, J. R., at Monterey, =1.= 246.
+
+ Vinton, S. F., position in House, =2.= 496.
+
+ Virginia, legislature on the war, =1.= 119.
+ _See also_ next title.
+
+ Virginia troops, calls, =1.= 537, =2.= 364;
+ in Taylor's later force, 417;
+ slow response to call, 431.
+
+ _Vixen_, in occupation of Tampico, =1.= 279;
+ in attack on Alvarado, =2.= 198, 199;
+ in Tabasco expedition, 200;
+ in attack on Tuxpan, 203, 444;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, 338;
+ in Home Squadron, 446.
+
+ Voltigeur regiment, in Scott's army, =2.= 78, 422, 432;
+ at Chapultepec, 154-7;
+ origin and status, 363;
+ at Churubusco, 385;
+ at Molino del Rey, 402, 403.
+
+ Volunteers, authorization, =1.= 182, 190;
+ errors in system, term, officers, their character, 191-2, 207, 474;
+ Taylor and, 191, 474, =2.= 212, 450;
+ first call and response, =1.= 192-5, 445, 475, 476;
+ mustering, New Orleans camp, and voyage to Texas, 195-6, 475;
+ Gaines's six-months men, 196, 205, 452, 476, =2.= 272, 511;
+ conditions in Texan camps, morale, =1.= 205-8, 480, 481;
+ further calls, 351, 537, =2.= 76, 364, 430, 431;
+ Wool on, =1.= 371;
+ term-expired men leave Scott, =2.= 63-4, 356;
+ infamous conduct at Matamoros, 211-2, 450;
+ excesses at Monterey, 212, 450;
+ and elsewhere, 213, 214, 224, 225;
+ officers and their men, 215;
+ statistics, 318;
+ contrast with regulars, 319-20, 512-3;
+ authorized size of army (1847), 431;
+ supposed number (Nov., 1847), 432.
+ _See also_ Army; names of states.
+
+ Von Holst, H. E.
+ _See_ Holst.
+
+ _Voz del Pueblo_, advocates war, =1.= 107, 434;
+ on chances of expected war, 110;
+ on Slidell mission, 436.
+
+
+ Wagons. _See_ Transportation.
+
+ Walker, Sir Baldwin, and American commander, =2.= 446.
+
+ Walker, R. J., and expansion, =1.= 188;
+ and the war, 471;
+ and absorption of Mexico, =2.= 243, 244;
+ opposes treaty of peace, 246;
+ pre-war financial estimates, 255;
+ tariff and political ambition, 257, 478;
+ and need of more revenue, 258, 260, 480;
+ loan negotiations, distrusted, 259, 260, 262, 480-2;
+ proposed tax on tea and coffee, 261, 482;
+ tariff for Mexican ports, 261-2;
+ and levies on Mexicans, 264-5, 487;
+ opposition to policy, 273, 281;
+ as leader, 282;
+ integrity, 488.
+
+ Walker, S. H., surprise, =1.= 160, 463;
+ bold trip to Fort Brown, 464;
+ at Monterey, 501;
+ operations against guerillas, =2.= 172, 423;
+ appearance, 177;
+ at Huamantla, killed, 177, 425, 426.
+
+ Wall, William, at Punta Aguda, =1.= 562.
+
+ Wallace, Lew, enlistment of company, =1.= 195.
+
+ Wallace, W. H. L., at Buena Vista, =1.= 561.
+
+ Walpole, Frederick, on California and independence, =1.= 321.
+
+ War, simplicity, =1.= x;
+ principles, 405.
+
+ War department, staff, =1.= 474.
+ _See also_ Marcy, W. L.
+
+ War of 1812, Federalist opposition, =2.= 280.
+
+ War spirit.
+ _See_ Attitude; Outbreak; Popularity.
+
+ Ward, H. G., British minister at Mexico, and Monroe Doctrine,
+ =1.= 112;
+ on Mexican character, 410;
+ and Texas, 419.
+
+ Warehouse bill of 1846, =2.= 257, 479;
+ success, 263;
+ opposition, 273.
+
+ Warren, W. B., at Saltillo, =1.= 556.
+
+ _Warren_, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189, 205, 447.
+
+ Washington, J. M., battery at Buena Vista, =1.= 384, 386, 389, 344,
+ 555, 558;
+ field battery, 450;
+ in Wool's march, 509.
+
+ Washington, Camp, before Vera Cruz, =2.= 27.
+
+ Washington and Baltimore battalion, at Monterey, =1.= 250, 251, 492,
+ 496;
+ in Quitman's brigade, 541;
+ garrison at Tampico, 546;
+ at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 343.
+
+ Washington _Globe_, on war spirit, =1.= 132.
+
+ Washington _National Intelligencer_.
+ _See_ _National Intelligencer_.
+
+ Washington _Union_, and Polk's alleged desire for war, =1.= 446;
+ on failure of peace negotiations, =2.= 138;
+ challenge to Polk's critics, 284;
+ and victorious war, 292.
+
+ Watson, S. E., brigade in Scott's army, =2.= 78, 366, 432.
+
+ Weatherford, William, at Buena Vista, =1.= 555.
+
+ Weber, J. L., on Mexican army, =1.= 408.
+
+ Webster, Daniel, Bocanegra correspondence, =1.= 68;
+ protests further war on Texas, 69;
+ on Mexican responsibility, 76, =2.= 508;
+ and annexation of Texas, =1.= 82, 433;
+ on Slidell mission, 98;
+ on claims controversy, 120;
+ and California, 127, 324;
+ on Polk and war, 130;
+ and war bill, 183, 472;
+ and employment of volunteers, 192;
+ and advance to Rio Grande, 458;
+ and peace, =2.= 123, 387;
+ opposition to the war, 126;
+ pessimism on peace prospects, 235;
+ and treaty of peace, 247, 472, 473;
+ on cost of the war, 267;
+ ineffective war criticism, 278-80, 494;
+ on control of occupied territory, 285;
+ on tariff, 286;
+ and no-territory plan, 288;
+ Presidential candidacy and success of war, 291;
+ results of opposition, 314;
+ and defensive-line policy, 430;
+ on war and slavery extension, 492;
+ and Corwin's speech, 494;
+ position in Senate, 496;
+ on tariff for Mexican ports, 500;
+ on American attitude toward Mexico, 508;
+ on volunteers, 513.
+
+ Webster, L. B., battery in Monterey campaign, =1.= 496;
+ at Saltillo, 556, 559.
+
+ Weed, Thurlow, and Taylor's Presidential candidacy, =1.= 179.
+
+ Weightman, R. H., battery in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 288, 515;
+ in battle of Sacramento, 310, 312.
+
+ Welles, Gideon, on Marcy, =1.= 475;
+ on tariff, =2.= 273.
+
+ Wellington, Duke of, on Scott's expedition, =2.= 89.
+
+ Wells, J. M., guerilla attack on, =2.= 172.
+
+ Weng hieri, Alonzo, arms for Mexican army, =2.= 346.
+
+ Wentworth, John, and tax on tea and coffee, =2.= 285.
+
+ West Point, value of training, =2.= 320.
+ _See also_ Army.
+
+ Westcott, J. D., Jr., position in Senate, =2.= 496.
+
+ Whale fishery, American, and occupation of California, =1.= 323, =2.=
+ 514;
+ and Mexican War, 205, 446, 447.
+
+ _Whig Almanac_, on Polk, =2.= 276.
+
+ Whig party, and outbreak of the war, inconsistencies, =1.= 185, 444,
+ 472, =2.= 267-7, 283;
+ encourage enemy, 126, 280-1, 289, 495;
+ and responsibility, 275;
+ jibes at Polk, 275-6;
+ and conduct of Whig generals, 277, 493;
+ effect of Corwin's speech, 278, 494;
+ character of Webster's war criticism, 278-80, 494;
+ ghosts of the opposition to War of 1812, 280;
+ position in war-time Congress, 283;
+ character of opposition there, 284-6;
+ and Wilmot Proviso, 286-7, 498;
+ no-territory plan, 287-8, 498;
+ protract war, 288;
+ Clay's speech and resolutions, 289;
+ control of House programme, 290;
+ effect on, of success of warm, 290-1;
+ about face, 292;
+ results of opposition, 292-3, 501;
+ and treaty of peace, 472;
+ proper attitude, 493;
+ leaders in Senate, 496;
+ _See also_ Opposition.
+
+ Whistler, William, in Texas, =1.= 143.
+
+ White, E. D., and Gaines' Nacogdoches expedition, =1.= 421.
+
+ Wickliffe, C. A., American confidential agent in Texas, reports cited
+ _passim_.
+
+ Wilcocks, J. S., American consul at Mexico, reports cited _passim_.
+
+ Wilcox, C. M., value of his history, =1.= 404;
+ on criticism at Monterey, 503.
+
+ Wilhelm, Thomas, on Taylor in Monterey campaign, =1.= 496.
+
+ Wilkes, Charles, on California and independence, =1.= 321.
+
+ Williams, Thomas, of Scott's staff, =2.= 366.
+
+ Willock, David, with Price, =1.= 516, 517.
+
+ Wilmot, David, and Wilmot Proviso, =2.= 286, 498;
+
+ Wilmot Proviso, politics, =2.= 286-7;
+ objections, 498.
+
+ Wilson, Benito, surrender, =1.= 339.
+
+ Wilson, Henry, at Reynosa, =1.= 204;
+ brigade in Monterey campaign, 492, 496;
+ governor of Vera Cruz, superseded, =2.= 432, 457.
+
+ Wilson, L. D., and Twelfth Infantry, =2.= 363.
+
+ Winthrop, R. C., on cause of the war, =1.= 189, =2.= 277;
+ on Slidell mission, =1.= 438;
+ and peace, =2.= 123;
+ position in the House, 496.
+
+ Women, Mexican, of upper class, =1.= 24, 25.
+
+ Wood, Allen, at Churubusco, =2.= 384;
+
+ Wood, W. M., and Sloat, =1.= 334.
+
+ Wool, J. E., as mustering officer, =1.= 195;
+ gathering of Chihuahua force at San Antonio, 267-8;
+ character of force, 268-9;
+ character and discipline, appearance, 268, 269, 273, 275, 276, 509;
+ and Harney's escapade, 269;
+ march to Monclova, 270-3, 509;
+ map of march, 271;
+ halt during Monterey armistice, 273, 509;
+ hardships and criticism of march, 273, 509-10;
+ wagon train, 274;
+ Parras route, 274, 510;
+ at Parras, 275;
+ diversion of expedition to near Saltillo, 275, 358;
+ results of march, 276, 510;
+ force (Dec., 1846), 283, 513;
+ and Doniphan's expedition, 313, 521;
+ command at Saltillo, carelessness of scouts, 370-1;
+ diminished morale of troops, 371;
+ on volunteers, 371;
+ asks aid from Taylor, 372;
+ in advance to Agua Nueva, 374;
+ and retreat, preparations at Buena Vista, 383-5, 534, 555;
+ in the battle, 393, 396, 558;
+ and retreat of Mexicans, 398;
+ march and Mexican abandonment of Rinconada Pass, 508;
+ succeeds Taylor in command, =2.= 166;
+ and suppression of guerilla warfare, 170;
+ levies on Mexicans, 265, 487;
+ and mutiny at Buena Vista, 418;
+ and force after succeeding Taylor, 417, 432;
+ and conduct of Texan volunteers, 450;
+ evacuates, 475;
+ not West Pointer, 513.
+
+ Wooster, C. F., at battle of Sacramento, =1.= 520.
+
+ Worth, W. J., in Texas, =1.= 143;
+ rank controversy, 144;
+ on Taylor, 144, 260, 501, 502;
+ and advance to Rio Grande, 147, 152, 454;
+ leaves front, 158;
+ return, at Camargo, 211;
+ in march on Monterey, 228, 229, 492, 496;
+ at battle of Monterey: movement to Saltillo road, 241-4, 497;
+ on Ampudia, 241;
+ appearance and character, 241, 498, =2.= 186, 360, 434;
+ capture of Federation Ridge, =1.= 244-6, 498;
+ and Independence Hill and Bishop's Palace, 246-8, 499;
+ Taylor neglects concerted action, 256-7;
+ attack in city, 257-8, 501;
+ and negotiations, 260, 501;
+ as real victor, 261;
+ in command at Saltillo, 264;
+ as commander there, force, 266, 282, 541;
+ Wool's force joins, 276;
+ and expected attack (Dec.), 357, 541;
+ and gathering of Vera Cruz expedition, 364, 365;
+ and Harney, 365;
+ embarks, 368;
+ on war spirit, 444;
+ and gathering of information, 490;
+ on Taylor's lack of transportation, 491;
+ on camp at Cerralvo, 493;
+ landing at Vera Cruz, =2.= 25-6;
+ and the siege, 30;
+ and negotiations, 33;
+ and surrender, 36;
+ at Cerro Gordo, 50, 351, 352;
+ pursuit to Perote, 60-1;
+ advance to Puebla, 65-6, 69;
+ Amozoc affair, 70;
+ conference on Puebla, 70, 361;
+ occupies it, 71;
+ mistakes as ruler, Scott's rebuke, 71-2, 361;
+ "scarecrows," 72;
+ division in Scott's army, 77, 343, 356;
+ in advance to Valley of Mexico, 93-4, 371;
+ at San Agustin, 97, 374;
+ reconnoitres San Antonio, 102-3;
+ captures it, 112, 382;
+ at Churubusco, 114-6, 383, 384;
+ force after the battle, 120;
+ during armistice, 134;
+ study of Molino del Rey, 143;
+ in the battle, 143-7, 402-4;
+ at Chapultepec, 153, 156, 157, 161, 409, 410;
+ misgivings there, 154;
+ advance and capture of San Cosme garita, 161-2, 413-4, 416;
+ in the city, 164, 416;
+ in uprising, 167;
+ cabal against Scott, arrest, 186-8, 434-6;
+ Polk rescues, 188;
+ discipline as governor of Saltillo, 213, 450;
+ on excesses of volunteers, 213;
+ armistice negotiations, 242;
+ and lead in Mexico expedition, 345;
+ in plan of attack by Mexicaltzingo, 372, 373;
+ and Contreras, 381;
+ and failure to advance after Churubusco, 386;
+ not at conference on attack on city, 408;
+ in command of Mexico expedition, 476;
+ on volunteers, 513;
+ not West Pointer, 513.
+
+ Wright, George, at Molino del Rey, wounded, =2.= 143, 144.
+
+ Wright, Silas, and Polk, =2.= 270.
+
+ Wynkoop, F. M., at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 56, 57, 353;
+ rule at Jalapa, 224;
+ and guerillas, 422;
+ at Huamantla, 425, 426;
+ in Lane's operations, 426.
+
+ Wyse, F. O., in De Russey's expedition, =2.= 418.
+
+
+ Yell, Archibald, and Santa Anna's advance, =1.= 383, 554;
+ and Wool, 509;
+ at Buena Vista, 555, 558.
+
+ Yellow fever, and Vera Cruz expedition, =1.= 354, =2.= 22, 23, 37, 59,
+ 336, 339, 342, 344;
+ and Mexico expedition, 42, 59, 64, 348;
+ in navy, 195;
+ in New Orleans, 431.
+
+ York rite of Masons.
+ _See_ Masons.
+
+ Yucatan, Santa Anna as commandant, =1.= 40;
+ naval operations, 201, 204;
+ attitude during the war, 203-4;
+ annexation question, 472.
+
+ Yulee, D. L., position in Senate, =2.= 496.
+
+
+ Zacatecas, situation, =1.= 3;
+ powder-mill, 462;
+ Scott's intention to occupy, 184, 432.
+
+ Zacatecas state, and Santa Anna, =1.= 47, 86, 376, 550;
+ unrest, =2.= 234;
+ Americans in, 418;
+ in discussion on peace, 464.
+
+ Zavala, Lorenzo de, and overthrow of Pedraza, =1.= 41.
+
+ Zerecero, Colonel, brigade, =2.= 369.
+
+ Zubieta, Pedro, on judicial system. =1.= 409.
+
+
+Printed in the United States of America.
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's Note
+
+In general, Spanish names, when used in English phrases, are printed
+without accents. The country is referred to as 'Mexico' when the
+language is Spanish, and 'Mexico', without the accent, when in English.
+On occasion, the printer fails to observe this distinction. These are
+considered as printer's errors, and have been corrected here.
+
+Where variants in spelling occur in quoted passages, they are always
+retained.
+
+The use of accents in Spanish proper nouns is not consistent. These
+have been corrected, where detected, to assist in searches.
+
+On p. 338, the reference to "37. Scott to Conner, Mar. 16" seems a
+corruption for "=164=Scott to Conner", which agrees with all other
+references to this source.
+
+On p. 486, a reference printed mere as "=6= Memoir on Mex.
+finances." most likely should be "=61=Memoir on Mex. finances.
+Sen. 19; 30, 1, pp. 2-4 (Scott).". There is a separate reference to
+that memoir in note 33.2, using =61=.
+
+Also on p. 486, the asterisk appearing in "_Amer. Review_, Jan., 1848,
+p. *2" is not explained.
+
+The references in the Index are for both Volumes I and II. The volume
+number is included in bold type when the entries shift from one to the
+other. On occasion these volume numbers were missed and have been added.
+
+On p. 570, the page references for California, following "in peace
+negotiations and treaty," are to be found in volume II. The volume
+number "=2.=" has been added. On p. 572, the volume reference for
+volume I for Chihuahua Rangers is missing and has been added. On
+p. 620, the references for W. J. Worth, beginning with "capture of
+Federation Ridge" are in volume I, and that volume number has been
+added.
+
+The ordered list of numbered resources is missing #368. Nor are there
+any `references to that number.
+
+The following table describes other textual issues, and the resolution
+of each. The [x/y] annotations mark the additions, deletions or
+substitutions made to the text. Minor inconsistencies of punctuation in
+the Notes have been silently corrected. On several occasions, letters
+or numbers have gone missing from the images used to prepare this text.
+Where the word intended is clear, these have been added silently.
+
+
+ p. 137 ass[s]embly Removed.
+
+ p. 185 boyant _sic._
+
+ p. 192 aga[ni/in]st Corrected.
+
+ p. 217 neccessary _sic._
+
+ p. 280 deser[ser]tion Removed.
+
+ p. 286 opposi[si]tion Removed.
+
+ mea[s]sure Removed.
+
+ p. 291 out-an-out _sic._
+
+ p. 348 a besieging force [c]ould Restored.
+
+ Roa B[a/a]rcena, Recuerdos, 197-8 Corrected.
+
+ p. 378 a[n/i]d he believed Corrected.
+
+ p. 383 not [to] be thrown away Added.
+
+ p. 401 Calderon / Calderon Accent
+ corrected.
+
+ p. 434 dou[tb/bt]less Corrected.
+
+ p. 449 American casu[a]lties Added.
+
+ p. 450 He[r/n]shaw Corrected.
+
+ p. 458 Col[l]eccion de Itinerarios. Removed.
+
+ p. 460 mutiliation _sic._
+
+ p. 480 Pennsyl[v]ania Added.
+
+ p. 485 deficienc[i]es Added.
+
+ p. 564 Sant[e/a] Fe Corrected.
+
+ p. 571 Teleegrafo / Telegrafo Accent
+ corrected.
+
+ p. 582 policy of neutrality, =[2].= 300; Volume added.
+
+ p. 588 Mansfield, J. K. F., at Monterey, Page =1.=
+ [259/239], 250, 251, 500; Corrected.
+
+ p. 601 intolerable conditions facing, =1.= 134-7; Volume added.
+
+ p. 617 conditions in Texan camps, morale, =1.=
+ 205-8, 480, 481; Volume added.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The War With Mexico, Volume II (of 2), by
+Justin H. Smith
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