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Smith: a Project Gutenberg eBook. + </title> + <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + +h1,h2,h3 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +b { + font-size: 90%; + } + +.xlarge {font-size: x-large; } +.smaller { font-size: 80%; } + +.sidenote { + width: 30%; + padding-bottom: .5em; + padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; + padding-right: .5em; + margin-left: .5em; + margin-right: .5em; + float: left; + clear: left; + text-align: left; + margin-top: .5em; + font-size: 90%; + color: black; + background: #eeeeee; + border: dashed 1px; +} + +div.adbox { margin: auto; + text-align: center; + padding-left: 3%; + padding-right: 3%; + padding-bottom: 3%; + width:60%; + border:2px solid black; } + + +a:link { text-decoration: none; } + +p { + margin-top: .51em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .49em; +} + +.subtitle { font-size:80%; } + +div.hang_source { padding-left: 0.5in; 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} +div.fig250 { width: 250px; } +div fig500 { width: 500px; } + +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +.figleft { + margin-right: 5%; + float: left; +} + +.figright { + margin-left: 5%; + float: right; +} + +/* Footnotes */ +.footnotes {border: dashed 1px; margin-bottom:5em; } + +.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + +.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + +.fnanchor { + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none; +} + +a[title].pagenum { position: absolute; right: 3%; } + +a[title].pagenum:after +{ + content: attr(title); + border: 1px solid silver; + display: inline; + font-size: x-small; + text-align: right; + color: #808080; + background-color: inherit; + font-style: normal; + padding: 1px 4px 1px 4px; + font-variant: normal; + font-weight: normal; + text-decoration: none; + text-indent: 0; + letter-spacing: 0; +} + +/* Transcriber's notes */ +.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; + color: black; + font-size:smaller; + padding:0.5em; + margin-bottom:5em; + font-family:sans-serif, serif; } + +/* Poetry */ +.poetry-container { text-align: center; } +.poetry { display: inline-block; text-align: left; } +.poetry .stanza { margin: 1em 0; } +.poetry .line { margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em; } +.poetry .indent1 { margin-left: 0.5em; } +.poetry .indent2 { margin-left: 1.0em; } + +.covernote {display: none;} +.notepub {display: inline;} +a.largerimage { display: inline; } + +@media handheld, print +{ + .covernote {display: inline;} + .notepub {display: none;} + a.largerimage { display: none; } + + hr.chap + { + width: 64%; + margin-left: 18%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + } + + hr.tb + { + width: 35%; + margin-left:32.5%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + +} + </style> + </head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44438 ***</div> + +<div class="transnote"> + +<h2>Transcriber’s Note</h2> + +<p>Please consult the <a href="#endnote">notes</a> at the end of this +text for a detailed discussion of the various footnotes, endnotes, and +navigation through this text.</p> + +<p class="sidenote">Topic descriptions</p> + +<p>Right-side page headers contained descriptions of the current topic +covered by the two open pages. These were retained and are placed as +marginal notes. The choice of that position is not always obvious and +should be regarded as approximate.</p> + +<p>Illustrations are placed at approximately the point where they were +printed. <span class="notepub">Since full page illustrations had page numbers, this means +that occasionally the pagination here will be briefly disrupted.</span> +Captions are usually printed on the maps themselves, but are repeated here +separately. Where there is no obvious title to the map, the caption has +been provided from the table of illustrations, in mixed case.</p> + +<div class="notepub"> + <p>Larger images of fulls-page maps are available by using the hyperlink + added to the caption. These may be opened in separate windows.</p> + + <p>This is the second of two volumes of <em>The War with Mexico</em>. The + Index refers to both volumes, and hyperlinks have been added to facilitate + navigation with this and its companion volume.</p> +</div> + +<div class="covernote"> + <p>The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is placed in + the public domain.</p> + + <p>This is the second of two volumes of <em>The War with Mexico</em>. The + Index refers to both volumes, however only those items in the present + text can be reached via hyperlinks.</p> +</div> + +<p>Volume I of can be found at Project Gutenberg with the following +address:</p> + +<p>http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8210</p> + +<p class="covernote">The cover image was created by the transcriber, and is placed in +the public domain.</p> + +</div> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h1>THE WAR WITH MEXICO</h1> + + + + +<div class="adbox"> + +<p class="titlepage">BY THE SAME AUTHOR</p> +<p class="titlepage">The<br />Annexation of Texas</p> +<p class="titlepage80"><em>Octavo ix + 496 pages</em><br /> + <em>By mail, postpaid, $3.00</em> +</p> +<hr class="tb" /> +<p>This is the only work attempting to +deal thoroughly with an affair that +was intrinsically far more important +than had previously been supposed, +and was also of no little significance +on account of its relation to the war +with Mexico.</p> + +<hr class="tb" /> +<p class="titlepage">THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br /> + <em>PUBLISHERS</em></p> + +</div> + + +<p class="titlepage">THE</p> +<p class="titlepage140">WAR WITH MEXICO</p> +<p class="titlepage80">BY</p> +<p class="titlepage">JUSTIN H. SMITH</p> +<p class="titlepage80">FORMERLY PROFESSOR OF MODERN HISTORY<br /> + AT DARTMOUTH COLLEGE<br /> + AUTHOR OF “THE ANNEXATION OF TEXAS,” “OUR<br /> + STRUGGLE FOR THE FOURTEENTH COLONY,”<br /> + “ARNOLD’S MARCH FROM<br /> + CAMBRIDGE TO QUEBEC,”<br /> + ETC. +</p> + + +<p class="p4 titlepage">VOLUME II</p> + + +<p class="p4 titlepage80">New York<br /> + THE MACMILLAN COMPANY<br /> + 1919</p> + +<p class="p2 titlepage60"><em>All rights reserved</em></p> + + +<p class="p4 titlepage60"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1919,</span><br /> + <span class="smcap">By</span> THE MACMILLAN COMPANY.<br /> + Set up and printed. Published December, 1919.</p> + +<p class="p4 titlepage60">Norwood Press<br /> + J. S. Cushing Co.–Berwick & Smith Co.<br /> + Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. +</p> + + + + +<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_v" title="v"></a>CONTENTS OF VOLUME II</h2> + + +<table width="80%" summary="toc"> + +<tr><td> </td><td> </td><td class="tdr"><span class="smaller">PAGE</span></td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Maps and Plans in Volume II</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_vii">vii</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Conspectus of Events</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_xi">xi</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Pronunciation of Spanish</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_xiii">xiii</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr"><span class="smaller">CHAPTER</span></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXI.</td><td><span class="smcap">Behind the Scenes at Mexico</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXII.</td><td><span class="smcap">Vera Cruz</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXIII.</td><td><span class="smcap">Cerro Gordo</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXIV.</td><td><span class="smcap">Puebla</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXV.</td><td><span class="smcap">On to the Capital</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXVI.</td><td><span class="smcap">Contreras and Churubusco</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXVII.</td><td><span class="smcap">Negotiations</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXVIII.</td><td><span class="smcap">Molino del Rey, Chapultepec and Mexico</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXIX.</td><td><span class="smcap">Final Military Operations</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXX.</td><td><span class="smcap">The Naval Operations</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_189">189</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXXI.</td><td><span class="smcap">The Americans as Conquerors</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXXII.</td><td><span class="smcap">Peace</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXXIII.</td><td><span class="smcap">The Finances of the War</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXXIV.</td><td><span class="smcap">The War in American Politics</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXXV.</td><td><span class="smcap">The Foreign Relations of the War</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_294">294</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">XXXVI.</td><td><span class="smcap">Conclusion</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_310">310</a></td></tr> + + +<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Notes on Volume II</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Appendix (Lists of Sources)</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_517">517</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="2"><span class="smcap">Index</span></td><td class="tdr"><a href="#Page_563">563</a></td></tr> + +</table> + + + +<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_vii" title="vii"></a>MAPS AND PLANS IN VOLUME TWO</h3> + +<p>As equally good sources disagree sometimes, a few inconsistencies are +unavoidable. Numerous errors have been corrected. An asterisk indicates +an unpublished source. Statements, cited in the notes, have also been +used.</p> + +<table width="80%" summary="maps"> +<tr><td class="tdr">1.</td><td>The Fortress of San Juan de Ulúa in 1854</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i002">21</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">From a *plan in the War Dept., Washington.</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">2.</td><td>Siege of Vera Cruz: General Plan</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i003">24</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">From a map drawn by McClellan from surveys done by six + American officers (N. Y. City Public Library); *a map + drawn by order of Lieut. Col. Henry Wilson (War Dept., + Washington).</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">3.</td><td>Siege of Vera Cruz: The American Works</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i004">28</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">From a map drawn by Lieut. Foster, based on surveys of + four American officers (War Dept., Washington).</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">4.</td><td>From Vera Cruz to Perote</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i005">39</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">Based on a map issued by Manouvrier and Snell, New Orleans, + 1847 (Papers of N. P. Trist).</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">5.</td><td>Contour Lines near Cerro Gordo</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i006">40</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">From a *drawing in the War College, Washington.</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">6.</td><td>Battle of Cerro Gordo: General Map</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i007">43</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">Based on a map drawn by Lieut. Coppée from the surveys of + Maj. Turnbull and Capt. McClellan (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 + Cong., 1 sess.); a map drawn by McClellan (Mass. Hist. + Society); a *sketch of a reconnaissance by Lieut. Tower + (War Dept., Washington); *Croquis de la Posición del campo + de Cerro Gordo, 1847 (War Dept., Washington); a plan by + I. A. de Soiecki (Vera Cruz City archives); and a *sketch + by Lieut. Thos. Williams (among his letters).</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">7.</td><td>Battle of Cerro Gordo: Central Portion</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i008">51</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">Based on the same sources as No. 6 <em>supra</em>.</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">8.</td><td>From Jalapa to Puebla</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i008a">61</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">Based on a Fomento Dept. map.</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">9.</td><td>Profile of the Route from Vera Cruz to Mexico</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i009">62</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">From a map published by Manouvrier and Snell, New Orleans, + 1847 (Papers of N. P. Trist).</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">10.</td><td>A Part of the Valley of Mexico</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i010">80</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">From a map surveyed and drawn by Lieut. M. L. Smith and + Bvt. Capt. Hardcastle (Sen. Ex. Doc. 11; 31 Cong., 1 + sess.); and a map by Balbontín (Invasión Americana).</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">11.</td><td>Battles of August 19 and 20, 1847: General Map</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i011">100</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">Based on a map drawn by Hardcastle from the surveys of + Maj. Turnbull, Capt. McClellan and Lieut. Hardcastle + (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1;<a class="pagenum" id="Page_viii" title="viii"></a> 30 Cong., 1 sess.); the Smith and + Hardcastle map (No. 10 <em>supra</em>); a *map drawn by + Capt. Barnard from the surveys of Capt. Mason and Lieuts. + Beauregard, McClellan, and Foster (War Dept., Washington); + a map drawn by Hardcastle from the surveys of Mason + and Hardcastle (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.); a map + in Apuntes; and a map drawn by McClellan (Mass. Hist. + Society).</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">12.</td><td>Battle of Contreras</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i012">108</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">Based on the Turnbull map (No. 11 <em>supra</em>); a *plan + of Capt. Gardner (Pierce Papers); *notes by Capt. Henshaw + on a map by Hardcastle (Mass. Hist. Society); a *sketch + by Lieut. Collins, 4th Artillery (Collins Papers); New + Orleans <cite>Picayune</cite>, Sept. 12, 1847; a plan by + Balbontín (Invasión Americana); and a map in Apuntes.</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">13.</td><td>Battle of Churubusco</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i013">111</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">Based on the Turnbull map (No. 11 <em>supra</em>); a map + drawn by Hardcastle from the surveys of Mason and + Hardcastle (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.); and a + sketch by Balbontín (“Invasión Americana”).</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">14.</td><td>The Tête de Pont, Churubusco</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i014">112</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">*Drawn by Lieuts. Beauregard and Tower from Beauregard’s + survey (War Dept., Washington).</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">15.</td><td>Profile of East Curtain, Tête de Pont, Churubusco</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i015">113</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">*Drawn by Beauregard from the surveys of Lieuts. McClellan, + Beauregard, and Foster (War Dept., Washington).</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">16.</td><td>The Fortifications of Churubusco Convent</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i017">114</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">*Drawn by Beauregard and Tower from Beauregard’s survey + (War Dept., Washington).</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">17.</td><td>Battles of Mexico: General Map</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i018">141</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">Based on a map drawn by Hardcastle from the surveys of + Turnbull, McClellan, and Hardcastle (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; + 30 Cong., 1 sess.); and a map drawn by McClellan and + Hardcastle (published by the government).</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">18.</td><td>Battle of Molino del Rey</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i019">143</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">Based on the maps specified under No. 17 <em>supra</em>;a + sketch by Hardcastle (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.); + and a sketch in New Orleans <cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 17, 1847.</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">19.</td><td>Battle of Chapultepec</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i019">150</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">Based upon the maps specified under No. 17 supra; + a *sketch drawn by Tower from surveys of Beauregard and + Tower (War Dept., Washington); a plan accompanying Gen. + Quitman report (Sen. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 1 sess.); + *recollections of Señor D. Ignacio Molina, Chief + Cartographer of the Fomento Dept., Mexico.</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">20.</td><td>Blindage at Chapultepec</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i020">151</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">21.</td><td>The Citadel, Mexico, in 1840 (War Dept. *plan, Washington)</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i022">159</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">22.</td><td>Alvarado, Mexico</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i022">198</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">A *plan by J. L. Mason (War Dept., Washington).</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">23.</td><td>A Part of Tabasco River</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i023">205</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">Based on a map in Ho. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 2 sess.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_ix" title="ix"></a></td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">24.</td><td>Guaymas, Mexico</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i024">206</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">From a plan in Ho. Ex. Doc. 1; 30 Cong., 2 sess.</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">25.</td><td>Mazatlan, Mexico</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i025a">207</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">From a *drawing by Commander Wouldridge of Brigantine + <em>Spy</em> (Admiralty Papers, Public Record Office, + London).</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">26.</td><td>The Tip of Lower California</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i025b">207</a></td></tr> + +<tr><td> </td><td class="descrip">Based on a map in Sen. Ex. Doc. 18; 31 Cong., 1 sess.</td><td> </td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">27.</td><td>Territory acquired from Mexico</td><td class="tdr"><a href="#i026">241</a></td></tr> + +</table> + + +<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_xi" title="xi"></a>CONSPECTUS OF EVENTS</h3> + +<table summary="conspectus"> + +<tr><td colspan="3" class="tdc"><b>1845</b></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="top" colspan="2">March.</td> <td class="timeline">The United States determines to annex Texas; W. S. Parrott sent to conciliate Mexico.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top" colspan="2">July.</td> <td class="timeline">Texas consents; Taylor proceeds to Corpus Christi.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Oct.</td><td class="tdr">17.</td> <td class="timeline">Larkin appointed a confidential agent in California.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Nov.</td><td class="tdr">10.</td> <td class="timeline">Slidell ordered to Mexico.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Dec.</td><td class="tdr">20.</td> <td class="timeline">Slidell rejected by Herrera.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" class="tdc"><b>1846</b></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="top">Jan.</td><td class="tdr">13.</td> <td class="timeline">Taylor ordered to the Rio Grande.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Mar.</td><td class="tdr">8.</td> <td class="timeline">Taylor marches from Corpus Christi.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">21.</td> <td class="timeline">Slidell finally rejected by Paredes.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">28.</td> <td class="timeline">Taylor reaches the Rio Grande.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Apr.</td><td class="tdr">25.</td> <td class="timeline">Thornton attacked.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">May</td><td class="tdr">8.</td> <td class="timeline">Battle of Palo Alto.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">9.</td> <td class="timeline">Battle of Resaca de la Palma.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">13.</td> <td class="timeline">The war bill becomes a law.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">June</td><td class="tdr">5.</td> <td class="timeline">Kearny’s march to Santa Fe begins.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">July</td><td class="tdr">7.</td> <td class="timeline">Monterey, California, occupied.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">14.</td> <td class="timeline">Camargo occupied.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Aug.</td><td class="tdr">4.</td> <td class="timeline">Paredes overthrown.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">7.</td> <td class="timeline">First attack on Alvarado.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">13.</td> <td class="timeline">Los Angeles, California, occupied.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">16.</td> <td class="timeline">Santa Anna lands at Vera Cruz.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">18.</td> <td class="timeline">Kearny takes Santa Fe.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">19.</td> <td class="timeline">Taylor advances from Camargo.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="top">Sept.</td><td class="tdr">14.</td> <td class="timeline">Santa Anna enters Mexico City.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">20–24.</td><td class="timeline">Operations at Monterey, Mex.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">22–23.</td><td class="timeline">Insurrection in California precipitated.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">23.</td><td class="timeline">Wool’s advance from San Antonio begins.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">25.</td><td class="timeline">Kearny leaves Santa Fe for California.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Oct.</td><td class="tdr">8.</td><td class="timeline">Santa Anna arrives at San Luis Potosí.<a class="pagenum" name="Page_xii" title="xii"></a></td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Oct.</td><td class="tdr">15.</td><td class="timeline">Second attack on Alvarado.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">24.</td><td class="timeline">San Juan Bautista captured by Perry.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">28.</td><td class="timeline">Tampico evacuated by Parrodi.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">29.</td><td class="timeline">Wool occupies Monclova.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Nov.</td><td class="tdr">15.</td><td class="timeline">Tampico captured by Conner.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">16.</td><td class="timeline">Saltillo occupied by Taylor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">18.</td><td class="timeline">Scott appointed to command the Vera Cruz expedition.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Dec.</td><td class="tdr">5.</td><td class="timeline">Wool occupies Parras.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">6.</td><td class="timeline">Kearny’s fight at San Pascual.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">25.</td><td class="timeline">Doniphan’s skirmish at El Brazito.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">27.</td><td class="timeline">Scott reaches Brazos Id.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">29.</td><td class="timeline">Victoria occupied.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" class="tdc"><b>1847</b></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="top">Jan.</td><td class="tdr">3.</td><td class="timeline">Scott orders troops from Taylor.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">8.</td><td class="timeline">Fight at the San Gabriel, Calif.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">9.</td><td class="timeline">Fight near Los Angeles, Calif.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">11.</td><td class="timeline">Mexican law regarding Church property.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">28.</td><td class="timeline">Santa Anna’s march against Taylor begins.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Feb.</td><td class="tdr">5.</td><td class="timeline">Taylor places himself at Agua Nueva.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">19.</td><td class="timeline">Scott reaches Tampico.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">22–23.</td><td class="timeline">Battle of Buena Vista.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">27.</td><td class="timeline">Insurrection at Mexico begins.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">28.</td><td class="timeline">Battle of Sacramento.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Mar.</td><td class="tdr">9.</td><td class="timeline">Scott lands near Vera Cruz.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">29.</td><td class="timeline">Vera Cruz occupied.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">30.</td><td class="timeline">Operations in Lower California opened.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Apr.</td><td class="tdr">8.</td><td class="timeline">Scott’s advance from Vera Cruz begins.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">18.</td><td class="timeline">Battle of Cerro Gordo; Tuxpán captured by Perry.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">19.</td><td class="timeline">Jalapa occupied.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">May</td><td class="tdr">15.</td><td class="timeline">Worth enters Puebla.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">June</td><td class="tdr">6.</td><td class="timeline">Trist opens negotiations through the British legation.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">16.</td><td class="timeline">San Juan Bautista again taken.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Aug.</td><td class="tdr">7.</td><td class="timeline">The advance from Puebla begins.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">20.</td><td class="timeline">Battles of Contreras and Churubusco.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top" colspan="3">Aug. 24–Sept. 7. Armistice.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Sept.</td><td class="tdr">8.</td><td class="timeline">Battle of Molino del Rey.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">13.</td><td class="timeline">Battle of Chapultepec; the “siege” of Puebla begins.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">14.</td><td class="timeline">Mexico City occupied.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">22.</td><td class="timeline">Peña y Peña assumes the Presidency.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Oct.</td><td class="tdr">9.</td><td class="timeline">Fight at Huamantla.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">20.</td><td class="timeline">Trist reopens negotiations.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Nov.</td><td class="tdr">11.</td><td class="timeline">Mazatlán occupied by Shubrick.</td></tr> + +<tr><td colspan="3" class="tdc"><a class="pagenum" name="Page_xiii" title="xiii"></a><b>1848</b></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="top">Feb.</td><td class="tdr">2.</td><td class="timeline">Treaty of peace signed.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">Mar.</td><td class="tdr">4–5.</td><td class="timeline">Armistice ratified.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">10.</td><td class="timeline">Treaty accepted by U. S. Senate.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">May</td><td class="tdr">19, 24.</td><td class="timeline">Treaty accepted by Mexican Congress.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top tdr" colspan="2">30.</td><td class="timeline">Ratifications of the treaty exchanged.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">June</td><td class="tdr">12.</td><td class="timeline">Mexico City evacuated.</td></tr> +<tr><td class="top">July</td><td class="tdr">4.</td><td class="timeline">Treaty proclaimed by President Polk.</td></tr> +</table> + +<hr class="tb" /> +<h3>THE PRONUNCIATION OF SPANISH</h3> + +<p>The niceties of the matter would be out of place here, but a few general +rules may prove helpful.</p> + +<p><em>A</em> as in English “ah”; <em>e</em>, at the end of a syllable, like <em>a</em> in +“fame,” otherwise like <em>e</em> in “let”; <em>i</em> like <em>i</em> in “machine”; <em>o</em>, at +the end of a syllable, like <em>o</em> in “go,” otherwise somewhat like <em>o</em> in +“lot”; <em>u</em> like <em>u</em> in “rude” (but, unless marked with two dots, silent +between <em>g</em> or <em>q</em> and <em>e</em> or <em>i</em>); <em>y</em> like <em>ee</em> in “feet.”</p> + +<p><em>C</em> like <em>k</em> (but, before <em>e</em> and <em>i</em>, like <a id="FNanchor_A" class="fnanchor" href="#Footnote_A">[A]</a><em>th</em> in “thin”); <em>ch</em> as +in “child”; <em>g</em> as in “go” (but, before <em>e</em> and <em>i</em>, like a harsh <em>h</em>); +<em>h</em> silent; <em>j</em> like a harsh <em>h</em>; <em>ll</em> like <a id="FNanchor_B" class="fnanchor" href="#Footnote_B">[B]</a><em>lli</em> in “million”; <em>ñ</em> +like <em>ni</em> in “onion”; <em>qu</em> like <em>k</em>; <em>r</em> is sounded with a vibration +(trill) of the tip of the tongue (<em>rr</em> a longer and more forcible sound +of the same kind); <em>s</em> as in “sun”; <em>x</em> like <em>x</em> in “box” (but, in +“México” and a few other names, like Spanish <em>j</em>); <em>z</em> like <a class="fnanchor" href="#Footnote_A">[A]</a> +“thin.”</p> + +<p>Words bearing no mark of accentuation are stressed on the last syllable +if they end in any consonant except <em>n</em> or <em>s</em>, but on the syllable next +to the last if they end in <em>n</em>, <em>s</em> or a vowel.</p> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv" title="xiv"></a> + <a id="i001" /> + <img src="images/i001.jpg" width="600" height="361" alt="XXX" /><br /> + <div class="caption">MEXICO IN 1919</div> + <div class="subcaption"><a class="largerimage" href="images/i001big.jpg">Larger image</a></div> + +</div> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<p class="titlepage xlarge"><a class="pagenum" name="Page_1" title="1"></a>THE WAR WITH MEXICO</p> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXI" /><span class="subtitle">XXI</span><br /> + BEHIND THE SCENES AT MEXICO<br /> + <span class="subtitle">September, 1846–March, 1847</span></h2> + +<p>The revolution of August 4, as already has been suggested, was a +complex and inconsistent affair, combining most heterogeneous elements: +the popular institutions of 1824 and the autocratic power of the +soldier upheld with bayonets; the army and the people, whose relations +had always been, and in Mexico always had to be, those of wolf and +lamb; the regular troops and the National Guards, who loved each other +as fire loves water; General Salas reluctantly taking orders from +Citizen Farías, and both of them doing obeisance to Liberator Santa +Anna, whom both distrusted; and all coöperating to revive a federal +constitution, which had been found in practice unworkable, and needed, +in the opinion of everybody, to be redrawn.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Such a state of things argued insincerity; and in fact many had taken +up the cry of Federalism at this time simply because the failure +of reactionary designs had made the word a popular appeal, and +because—nearly all the former leaders of that school having been +crushed by the Centralists—there seemed to be room for new aspirants; +while the state of things indicated also that more troubles were soon +to arrive, since evidently no final solution of the political problem +had been achieved, and such a welter of principles, traditions and +methods was a loud invitation to the demagogue and the schemer. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Don +Simplicio</cite> predicted that new stars were to flash out soon in the +political heavens, and then disappear before the astronomers would have +time to name them; and it added significantly, “The comets will be +found to be all tails.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" name="Page_2" title="2"></a>In particular the field was open for radical democracy. Calm judgment +is never listened to in a period of excitement, and the Mexicans, like +the French of 1792, instead of resorting to the practical Anglo-Saxon +rule of compromising differences, believed in carrying principles to +their logical end. Centralism and monarchical ideas had failed to +render the nation happy; democracy was therefore the panacea, and the +more of it the better. The demoralized condition of the people promoted +this dangerous policy. Referring to all those concerned with public +affairs, a thoughtful writer of the day characterized them as ignorant, +destitute of honor, patriotism, morality, good faith or principles of +any kind, and influenced exclusively by self-interest and ambition; +and naturally men of the opposite kind held aloof in disgust and +despair. For these reasons the conservative wing of the Federalists, +led by Pedraza and known as the Moderados (<em>Moderates</em>), found itself +distanced in the race for support; and the Puros—that is to say, pure +Federalists and democrats—gained the ascendency at once.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Their acknowledged leader, as we have seen, was the patriotic though +indiscreet Farías, but he was more honest than brilliant, and a +man stepped forward now who reversed that description. This man +was Rejón. A keen, subtle mind, a bold, unfaltering will, a ready, +plausible tongue and a tireless ambition quite indifferent about +means, characterized him chiefly, and for the present crisis these +were redoubtable qualifications. The Spanish minister once remarked, +after conversing with him, that it was impossible to trust a person who +possessed no principles except the transient interests of his ambition. +And Rejón had another qualification that was no less important. Though +unworthy of confidence and everywhere distrusted, Santa Anna counted as +an essential factor in all plans, a power that each party felt it must +have; and Rejón was believed at this time to represent Santa Anna.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">POLITICS AT MEXICO</p> + +<p>The aims and to some extent the methods of the radical faction were +borrowed from the United States, but without regard to differences +of race, experience and present circumstances. Government, they +maintained, should be completely democratic and completely secular; and +they dreamed of this consummation almost voluptuously, as a Mussulman +dreams of paradise. They held public meetings, where everybody<a class="pagenum" id="Page_3" title="3"></a> was +free to speak; and in these disorderly gatherings they discussed +religious freedom, the seizure of Church property, the reformation +of the clergy, the secularization of marriage and education, the +necessity of destroying military domination in politics, and the +capital punishment of all suspected monarchists. In short, from the +conservative point of view, they passed sentence of death on society. +Santa Anna did not sympathize with their programme. He wished society +to live—for him, and he was conducting now an equivocal correspondence +with men hostile to the Puros. But it probably suited his purpose to +have them succeed for a time, and to have the substantial citizens add +to their litany, “From Rejón deliver us, good Lord!” He himself had +played the part of the Lord before now, and was willing to do so again, +though he preferred the more terrestrial name of dictator.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Of course property felt the menace, and it had reason to do so. During +the latter part of September, 1846, an editorial in the official +journal, commonly attributed to Rejón, intimated that if the rich did +not contribute for the war, the people would know where to find their +wealth; and even foreign houses were threatened. The British minister +forced a prompt retraction of this language so far, at least, as his +fellow-countrymen were concerned; but within two weeks a number of +capitalists were invited to loan $200,000 with an intimation that, +unless they did so, the money would be taken. Every one understood that +the leopard, though now comparatively silent, had not changed his spots +and would not, and hence four élite militia corps, familiarly known as +the Polkos, were formed at Mexico to protect life and property. One +of these, called the Victoria battalion, was composed of merchants, +professional men and scions from wealthy families. Another, which +bore the name of Hidalgo, consisted of clerks; and the Bravos and +Independencia battalions, made up largely of artisans, represented the +industrial interests of the city. The ministry, who desired to exclude +such persons from the National Guard, opposed the recognition of these +corps; but, supported by Salas, the substantial citizens carried the +day.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>An equally natural reaction caused by radical violence was political. +In the hope of welding the Federalists into a harmonious party, the +council of government had been revived, and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_4" title="4"></a> members of both wings had +been appointed to it. Santa Anna, in order to establish his particular +friend Haro at the head of the treasury, next proposed to transfer +Farías from that office to the presidency of the council. This was +understood—correctly, no doubt--as a move to eliminate him virtually +from the government, and was fiercely denounced; but Santa Anna then +remarked that should Salas for any reason drop out, the president of +the council would take his place at the head of the government, and +Pedraza could have the post in case Farías preferred to remain as +he was.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.1">[1]</a> This put a new look on the matter, and the programme +was carried out; but the Puro attacks upon their rivals continued to +excite bitter resentment. When it was arranged that Farías and Pedraza +should publicly shake hands, and crowds gathered to witness the amazing +ceremony, it failed to occur. The Moderados belonging to the council +resigned; the body ceased to enjoy prestige and influence; and Farías +lost all official power. Naturally some of the blame for this result +was laid to the charge of the Pedrazists. Partisan rancor grew still +more savage. The fury of the French revolution was rivalled. “We must +finish with our enemies or die ourselves,” cried one factional organ; +“the scaffold must be raised; we must drink their hearts’ blood.” +Bankhead described the situation as one of “universal terror and +distrust.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>About the middle of October there came an explosion. Apparently +Rejón demanded that Salas initiate the Puro reforms, and the acting +Executive, who was not only weak and incompetent but obstinate, +resented the pressure, and turned his face toward the Moderados. To +the Puros this looked reactionary, and he was charged with a design to +prevent Congress from assembling. Next it was required of Salas that +he should give way to Farías as the representative of the new régime, +and probably there were threats at least of bringing this change +about, if necessary, through an insurrection of the populace.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.2">[2]</a> +Then Salas, with the Hidalgo battalion of which he was the commander, +took possession of the citadel. The people, alarmed by rumors that a +sack was contemplated, flew to arms; and Rejón found it necessary to +moderate his tone.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">AN EXPLOSION</p> + +<p>When the Executive, as was inevitable, dismissed him from office, he +submitted; and Santa Anna himself, though his<a class="pagenum" id="Page_5" title="5"></a> orders to Rejón had +been to hold the post whatever Salas might do, found public sentiment +at the capital too strong for him, and concluded to accept the change. +Rejón’s conduct had excited so much dissension and alarm, that his +removal gratified all sensible persons at Mexico. The rumors and the +disturbance were now attributed officially to agents of the United +States, and comparative quiet returned.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>The aims of Santa Anna and those of the Puros may have been exactly +contrary in these events; but both overshot the mark, and they suffered +a common loss of prestige. As one method of restoring it, they induced +the governors of San Luis Potosí and Querétaro to declare that within +their jurisdictions the Liberator would be recognized as head of the +nation until the assembling of Congress; but their principal scheme +was to carry the Presidential election. Congress, chosen on the first +day of November, was to elect, and it consisted chiefly of men termed +by well-to-do citizens “the dregs of society”—that is to say, poorly +educated radicals taken from the masses.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>This appeared to ensure a Puro triumph, yet there were serious +difficulties. Rejón had been discredited, and the former administration +of Farías had left painful memories. Besides, it was feared that his +election would offend Santa Anna, who of course was not on very cordial +terms now with the tribune of the people, and preferred to have a weak +man like Salas, with whom satisfactory relations had grown out of the +Rejón episode, continue in power. At one time Almonte seemed to be the +Puro favorite; but finally it was decided to cast the Presidential vote +for Santa Anna, who could not legally hold the chief political and the +chief military offices at the same time and would no doubt remain with +the army, and to elect Farías to the Vice Presidency as the actual +executive.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Even this combination, however, met with strong and unexpected +opposition. The conservatives and moderates were naturally against it; +certain states—for the voting was done by these quasi sovereignties as +units—could not forgive Santa Anna for past misdeeds, and the powerful +Church party looked upon Farías as Antichrist. Finally Escudero +of Chihuahua, whose delegation held the balance of power, opened<a class="pagenum" id="Page_6" title="6"></a> +negotiations with Farías, and that gentleman declared in writing his +willingness to “join loyally” with any one who desired “in good faith +the welfare of the country.” Holding this instrument—a weapon, should +there be need of it—in their hands, a number of the Moderados, who +realized his honesty, vigor and good intentions, and believed now that +he would give them a share in the administration, accepted the Puro +candidates, and on December 22 by a narrow majority these were elected. +The news produced a commotion; but without encountering serious +opposition Farías took up the reins of government at once.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>His primary aim was to support the war. This he intended to do because +he felt an ardent patriotism, but other reasons also lay in his mind. +Abominating the military class, he desired to have as many as possible +of the corrupt officers left on the field, and he designed to keep the +army so busy, that it would not be able to prevent the states, which +were generally Federalist and democratic in sentiment, from organizing +their strength, and making sure that no tyrannical central power would +ever raise its front again. But the first requirement for military +operations was money. Farías had, therefore, to take up immediately the +financial problem, and he found it most difficult.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Of all the fields of Mexican misgovernment the worst had been the +treasury, for it not only required a care and a good judgment that +were peculiarly foreign to the national temperament, but provided +opportunities for illegitimate gains that were most congenial. During +Spanish rule the needs of the country had been fully met, and about +nine millions a year, almost half of the revenues, left as a surplus. +Under Itúrbide a financial system which three centuries of able +administration had built up was despised, and with mines abandoned, +agriculture discouraged, commerce paralyzed, honesty relaxed, taxes +diminished for the sake of popularity, and expenses increased for the +sake of glory, the foundations of ruin were promptly laid. The logical +superstructure soon mounted high in the shape of two British loans, +which bound Mexico to pay about twenty-six million dollars in return +for about fifteen, a large part of which was practically thrown away by +her agents.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_7" title="7"></a></p> +<p class="sidenote">FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES</p> + +<p>The expulsion of the rich and thrifty Spaniards, the costs of civil +wars, in which the nation paid for both sides, unwise and unstable +fiscal systems, borrowing at such rates as four per cent a month, +incredibly bad management,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.4">[4]</a> and methods of accounting that made it +impossible for the minister of the treasury to know the actual state of +things, were enough to complete the edifice; but they were supplemented +with peculation, embezzlement, multiplication of offices, collusion +between importers and customhouses, and systematic smuggling winked at +by half-starved officials. Revenue after revenue was mortgaged, and by +1845 the government found itself entitled to only about thirteen per +cent of what entered the treasury.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>Since the beginning of hostilities our blockade, assisted by new +methods of wholesale smuggling, had greatly reduced the income from +duties, which had always been the principal reliance; the adoption of +the federal system had given the best part of the internal revenue +to the states; and the residue was almost wholly eaten up by the +officials. The foreign debt amounted now to more than fifty millions +and the domestic debt was nearly twice as great. Every known source of +income had been anticipated. Freewill offerings had proved illusory. +By ceasing to make payments on account of the debt in May, 1846, the +government had largely increased its income, of course, but it had +forfeited all title to financial sympathy; and the high officials, +who robbed the treasury still in this time of supreme distress, had +stripped it of all title to respect.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>The government, therefore, had no real credit. Men who made this kind +of gambling their business would now and then furnish a little money +for a brief term at an exorbitant rate. In February, 1846, for example, +a loan was placed at a total sacrifice of about thirty-seven per cent. +But when the treasury was authorized to borrow fifteen millions in a +regular way, nobody cared to furnish any part of the sum. New taxes +were equally vain. In October, 1846, the government imposed a special +war “contribution” in order to save the Mexicans, it explained, from +becoming foreigners in their own country, like the Spaniards of +Florida; and the chief result was to enrage a handful of persons, who +found they had been silly enough to pay while almost everybody else +had laughed. In<a class="pagenum" id="Page_8" title="8"></a> November a forced loan was demanded of the clergy, +but the project aroused such opposition that substantially it had to +be given up. The whole gamut of methods, even violence, has been tried +in vain, said the ministry in December. Business was dead, confidence +gone, capital in hiding or sojourning abroad; and if by good luck a bag +of silver dropped into the treasury, it seemed to evaporate instantly. +Financially, reported the Spanish minister, the situation of the +country was “truly frightful.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>To make it more, not less, frightful, there did exist one vast +accumulation of riches. This was the property belonging to the Church. +No one could seriously deny that the nation had authority to use, in +a time of dire need, funds that had been given to the organization in +days of plenty, for this was a principle of Spanish law, and the Crown +had exercised the right without so good an excuse. There was also +a particular reason in the present instance, for the wealth of the +Church, aside from articles used in worship, consisted mainly of land, +and, as virtually no land tax existed in Mexico, it was escaping the +common burden—a burden, too, that was peculiarly for its advantage, +since in the case of American conquest it was bound to lose its +exclusive privileges. Besides, there was the saying of its Founder, +“Freely ye have received, freely give.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE POLICY OF FARÍAS</p> + +<p>Very naturally, then, people had been casting their eyes for some time +at the riches of the Church. In June, 1844, <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">El Siglo XIX</em>, the most +thoughtful newspaper of Mexico, had suggested raising funds for the +Texas war by mortgaging some of its property; and a few months later +Duff Green, then on the ground, had expressed the opinion that Mexico +would have to choose between that resource and forced loans. In July, +1845, the correspondent of the London <cite>Times</cite> dropped a similar hint +in that journal, and in the course of the year it became a popular +idea, that the Church could perform a great public service, and at the +same time vastly strengthen its own position, by providing means for +the anticipated war against the United States. In October, 1846, the +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Republicano</cite> suggested once more a mortgage of ecclesiastical +property; and at one time the government actually decided upon the +measure. Bankhead admitted that he could see no other resource. These +hints were not, however, acted upon by the clergy; and after<a class="pagenum" id="Page_9" title="9"></a> many long +discussions they would only agree to advance $10,000 or $20,000 a month +for a limited period. This was to insult the nation, exclaimed the +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Republicano</cite>.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>Charged now with full responsibility, Farías met the issue squarely. +Not only was he determined to carry on the war, but the letters of +Santa Anna had been, and were, most urgent. November 7 the General +demanded that “no step” should be neglected, if it could “help to +prevent the name of Mexican from soon becoming the object of ridicule +and contempt for the whole world.” “Do not reply that the government +cannot obtain funds,” he wrote later; “This would be saying that the +nation has ceased to exist ... so rich a nation cannot lack money +enough to support its independence, nor can the government say that +it has no authority to look for the money.” These letters evidently +referred to ecclesiastical property, and they were followed up at New +Year’s with almost daily communications of the same tenor. Such fearful +urgency had a good excuse, for the government was now sending him no +funds.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>It had none. Although Farías kept faith with Escudero, the Moderados +as a party showed the radical chief no mercy; the Centralists loathed +the apostle of federalism; all conservatives detested the typical +democrat, and the clericals abominated the extinguisher of titles. All +the old ladies thought him worse than Luther, and many of every kind +and condition rebelled at his brusque and tactless ways. No person +of substance would lift a finger to support his measures. A cloud of +distrust, passion, hostility and mortal hatred—mostly an emanation +from the whole wretched past of the country—grew thicker about him +each day. Raise money he could not. Moreover he probably felt little +desire to do so by any of the ordinary methods. One of his cardinal +principles was the necessity of destroying the fuero, the political +strength and the intellectual domination of the Church by reducing its +wealth; and now the demand of Santa Anna, the army and the nation that +funds be provided for the war, appeared to make this policy opportune +and even irresistible.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>A committee of Congress reported against the plan of borrowing on +the security of Church property; but that signified little, for no +practical substitute was offered. There were fears that the army +would break up. There were fears that for self-<a class="pagenum" id="Page_10" title="10"></a>protection it would +proclaim a dictatorship or march upon the capital. Santa Anna’s +warning and threatening communications were shown to Congress. The +legislators tried to evade the issue, but they were told that all +the responsibility rested upon their shoulders; that it was for them +to choose between the salvation and the ruin of the fatherland; and +on January 7 they grappled with the problem. Behind them—tireless, +uncompromising, inexorable—the Executive insisted upon action; and +behind him stood Santa Anna, demanding the same thing and promising to +support it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>The session lasted virtually until January 11. The debates were hot, +and they were bitter. To make use of the Church lands, it was argued, +would invade the rights of property, lay upon one class of society the +general burden, and, should the lands be sold, involve a tremendous +loss of values, since there was little ready money in the country, +and few would have the means and inclination to purchase. The country +must be saved, answered Rejón, Juárez and their allies; is there any +other resource?—point it out. “If the Yankee triumphs,” cried one +speaker, “what ecclesiastical property or what religion will be left +us?” And upon these principal themes were played an infinite number +of variations in all the possible tones of Mexican eloquence and +fury.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Just before midnight on the ninth, however, the turmoil ceased; the +handsome chamber of the Deputies became still. High above the throne in +front glimmered pallidly the sword of Itúrbide; in letters of gold, on +the semi-circular wall at the rear, all the names of the Beneméritos +of Mexico reflected the subdued light; shadows filled the galleries; +exhausted members half-slumbered in their chairs, and others talked +wearily here and there in groups; but the stillness was momentous, +for the first article of a new law had been passed, authorizing the +Executive to raise fifteen millions, for the purposes of the war, +by pledging—if necessary, even selling—property vested in the +Church.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.7">[7]</a> Minor discussions followed. The religious, charitable and +educational work of the clergy was guarded completely; many provisions +designed to hamper the realization of the main purpose were accepted in +order to conciliate opposition; and at length, on January 11, the plan +became law.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_11" title="11"></a></p> +<p class="sidenote">A CRISIS AT MEXICO</p> + +<p>“The crisis is terrible,” wrote the minister of relations two days +later, and well he might. All the fierceness and intrigues of +partisan politics, all the cunning of high and low finance, all the +subtleties of priestcraft and all the terrors of a haughty Church came +into play.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.8">[8]</a> Freely we have received, but we will not give, and +anathema to him who takes, was in effect the dictum of the prelates. +For a time it looked as if no official would venture, at the peril +of excommunication, to promulgate the law; but Farías and Juárez +found a man, and he was appointed governor of the Federal District, +in which lay the capital, for that purpose. Then came protests from +the “venerable” clergy, complaints from state governments, mutinies +of troops, and civilian insurrections organized by priests. Cries of +“<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">Viva la religión!</em> Death to the government!” resounded in the streets +of the capital. Ministers of state were hard to find, and they soon +went out of office. Minor officials resigned so rapidly they could +hardly be counted. Santa Anna, after hailing the law as the salvation +of the country, turned against it. Moderados in Congress, encouraged by +the outcry, hurled epithets harder than stones at the Puros.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>On the other hand some of the Deputies, the regular troops at the +capital, who expected to profit by the law, the comandante general of +Mexico, the National Guards and the democratic masses rallied to the +support of the government; and Farías, his long head erect, and his +face, always thoughtful and sad, now anxious but set, appealed to the +patriotism of the nation, made the most of his authority as chief of +the state, and held to his course with inflexible energy and courage. +Not only was he determined to have the law respected, but he demanded +that it should be made effective. Chaos was the result. “When we +look for a ray of hope,” said <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">El Republicano</cite>, “we discover nothing +but alarms, anxieties and every probability of social dissolution.” +Furious anarchy,” was Haro’s description of the scene. There must soon +be a crash, he added; “the Devil is running away with us.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Peaceful interests were not, however, entirely forgotten amid this +turbulence. During the second week of January Moses Y. Beach, +proprietor and editor of the New York <cite>Sun</cite>, arrived at Vera Cruz +from Havana. He carried a British passport. Besides his wife Mrs. +Storms, a remarkably clever<a class="pagenum" id="Page_12" title="12"></a> newspaper woman, accompanied him. +Presumably she was to play the part of secretary, for Beach had large +financial enterprises in mind, and confidential clerical assistance +would certainly be necessary. For some reason letters were written +from Cuba to Santa Anna and the authorities at Vera Cruz denouncing +him as an American agent; and the party had to go through with a +tedious examination of three days, for the comandante general had been +expressly ordered to watch all suspicious foreigners hailing from the +United States. But the ordeal was passed satisfactorily, and on the +twenty-third or twenty-fourth of January Beach arrived at the capital. +Letters from Roman Catholic prelates of the United States and Cuba gave +him a confidential standing at once in the highest Church circles; +his project of a canal across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec excited the +lively interest of Santa Anna’s particular friends; and his plan for a +national bank brought him into friendly relations with Farías and the +other Puro leaders.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.10">[10]</a></p> + +<p>Still, the presence of this agent of civilization did not restore +tranquillity. On February 4 the government contrived by shrewd +management to put a law through Congress, which in effect gave it +autocratic power to raise five millions, and thus cut through the +complications and restrictions that had rendered the action of January +11 substantially inoperative. The wrath of the Church blazed afresh. At +all hazards Antichrist must be put down. Already they had concluded to +supply Santa Anna with money, in return of course for his aid against +Farías, and now they opened negotiations with the Moderados. This +party, however, thought it would be good tactics to divide the Puros +by supporting Farías, provided he would let them control his policy, +and they so proposed; but the impracticable fellow, who was battling +for principles and not place, declined the offer. Finally the Puros +themselves, realizing that all the other factions were against their +chief, decided that under his leadership they could not succeed, and +resolved to throw him overboard.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">INSURRECTION AT MEXICO</p> + +<p>While they were casting about for a method, a certain Person advised +the clericals to offer an organized resistance against the laws +of January 11 and February 4, and circumstances made that course +easy. General Peña y Barragán, suspected of conspiring against the +government, was placed under tem<a class="pagenum" id="Page_13" title="13"></a>porary arrest, and this made him eager +to head a revolution. Farías, understanding that the Independencia +battalion could not be trusted, ordered it to Vera Cruz, imagining that +it would not refuse to march against the enemy. But on various more +or less valid pretexts it did so; the other three élite battalions +joined with it; and on February 27 they declared that Farías and +Congress, having lost the confidence of the nation, had forfeited +their authority, demanding at the same time the annulment of the “anti-religious” laws.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.12">[12]</a> Amidst the ringing of bells and burning +of gunpowder, the city echoed with the cries, “Death to Gómez Farías! +Death to the Puros!” Cannon were soon at the street corners, and the +usual scenes of a Mexican insurrection, fatal chiefly to peaceful +residents, were presently on exhibition. The clergy, there is ample +reason to believe, paid the costs, and priests left the confessionals +to herald this new crusade in the streets.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p>After about nine days of indecisive skirmishing, however, the clericals +felt discouraged. The nation had not rallied to their cause as they +had expected. The sum of $40,000 was required for the next week of +fighting, and they hesitated. But again a certain Person urged them +on. The awkwardly drawn Plan was reduced to one article—Farías must +be deposed. On that almost all could agree. Monarchists, Centralists, +Santannistas, Clericals, Moderados, Puros were for once in happy +unison. Salas reappeared with some troops to take revenge on his old +enemy. And yet with epic heroism Farías, never faltering and never +compromising either his official dignity or his personal character, +held firmly on with his few soldiers and such of the populace as he +could arm. Again the battle raged, and again the innocent fell. But +who was it that directed this tempest? Who was the mysterious Person, +overwhelming the government of Mexico with darkness and confusion at +this critical hour? He was Moses Y. Beach, agent of the American state +department and adviser to the Mexican hierarchy. Permission had been +given him to bring about peace, if he could; and, unable to do this, he +seized the opportunity to help Scott.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p>The time had now arrived for the Saviour of Society to appear, since +all rational persons were desperately tired of the vain struggle; +and Peña y Barragán wrote to Santa Anna,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_14" title="14"></a> begging him to take +possession of the Presidential chair. Congress did nothing, for many +Deputies—fearing that it might act in a manner contrary to their +sentiments—remained away from the chamber, and a quorum could not be +assembled; but when Pedraza was arrested by the government, a large +group of Moderado members, feeling that Santa Anna’s “victory” at +Buena Vista had confirmed his power, addressed him to the same effect +as Peña; and the Liberator, giving his best corps barely four days +of repose, and explaining his departure from the north as one more +sacrifice on the altar of his country, set out with a substantial body +of troops for Mexico.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.14">[14]</a> Along his route women made wreaths and +threw them before his feet. Men of every faction acclaimed him; and +from Querétaro to the capital the road was filled with carriages, in +which all sorts of persons desiring to reach his ear strove to outdo +one another in despatch.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>On the first news of the insurrection Santa Anna’s impression had been +that its ulterior aim was hostile to him,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.15">[15]</a> for his partisans at +the capital supported the government; and, as a Puro envoy confirmed +this impression, he promised Farías military aid; but then appeared +Moderado agents with strong assurances and probably with stronger +financial arguments, and he went over, though not openly, to their side +of the controversy. Both parties were ordered by him to discontinue +hostilities, and both did so at once; for, as the clergy had now shut +their strong boxes, the insurgent officers were anxious to reëstablish +a connection with the national treasury, while the regulars of Farías +would not disobey Santa Anna. After the President’s arrival at +Guadalupe Hidalgo a <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">Te Deum</em> was celebrated there in honor of his +triumph over the Americans; and the next day, March 23, amidst real +demonstrations of joy, he formally superseded Farías, while a certain +Person<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.16">[16]</a>—diligently but vainly sought after by the police—was +hastily making his way through the mountains in the direction of +Tampico.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">SANTA ANNA TRIUMPHANT</p> + +<p>Apparently Santa Anna had experienced the luckiest of turns. Precisely +when the Americans had shattered his plans, and he found himself +buried in the northern deserts with a broken, starving army,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.17">[17]</a> +this insurrection gave him a splendid occasion for making a triumphal +march to the capital amid<a class="pagenum" id="Page_15" title="15"></a> plaudits of gratitude and admiration, and +he now found himself at the summit of prestige and power.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.18">[18]</a> In +reality, however, his situation was by no means entirely satisfactory. +Understanding that the Puros—who in reality had served him with +substantial good faith and therefore stood highest in his present +sympathy—had lost their dominant position, he allied himself with +their opponents; but the Moderados disliked and distrusted him still, +and he received at least one distinct notice that by taking their +side he was placing himself gratuitously in the hands of his enemies. +The Puros did not feel extremely grateful to him for merely avoiding +an open break with them; and, although it seemed wise to join in the +acclamations lest some worse thing befall them, they were already +sharpening their arrows against him. Indeed, they were believed to be +sharpening their daggers, and he took full precautions. The clergy had +trembled and recoiled on hearing that his arms had triumphed against +the Americans, and the Saviour of Society now appeared to lean toward +them—or toward their strong boxes; but they knew him well enough +to foresee, as they soon realized, that he intended to extort ample +compensation for all the favor shown them.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>Such was the inner state of things, and the external course of events +proved not less interesting. The effect of the insurrection upon the +progress of the war, as we shall presently see, was notable, and in +substance it produced a counter-revolution in domestic politics. +As Farías was no more willing to resign than to compromise, some +disposition of him seemed necessary, for Santa Anna would evidently +have to take the field again shortly, and it would not have been +expedient, whatever the rights of the case, to let the executive +power fall back into his control. It was therefore decided to abolish +the Vice Presidency; and in this way fell on April Fool’s Day the +noblest but most unpopular man in the country.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.19">[19]</a> At the positive +dictation of Santa Anna General P. M. Anaya, a Moderado, was then +elected substitute president, while the raging Puros raged in vain. The +clergy succeeded, by offering two millions of real money, in persuading +Santa Anna to annul the laws of January 11 and February 4; but the +day before he did this, Church property worth twenty millions was +placed by Congress—theoretically, at least—within the reach of the +government.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_16" title="16"></a>Not many weeks before this, <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Don Simplicio</cite> had announced, “There +will be presented an original tragi-comedy entitled ‘All is a farce +in our beloved Mexico,’” and now J. F. Ramírez, who had been minister +of relations when the hated law passed, exclaimed in bitterness of +heart: All of us, without an exception, have been acting in a way to +deserve the contempt and chastisement of cultivated nations; “we are +nothing, absolutely nothing, with the aggravating circumstance that our +insensate vanity makes us believe that we are everything.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N21.20">[20]</a></p> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXII" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_17" title="17"></a><span class="subtitle">XXII</span><br /> + VERA CRUZ<br /> + <span class="subtitle">February–March, 1847</span></h2> + + +<p>On the twenty-first of February, General Scott, who had sailed from +Tampico in a storm the day before, observed in the distance what seemed +to be greenish bubbles floating on the sea. These were the Lobos +Islands, and presently he found there on transports the First and +Second Pennsylvania, the South Carolina, and parts of the Louisiana, +Mississippi and New York regiments of new volunteers. Within a week +many more troops, including nearly all the regulars of the expedition, +arrived from Tampico or the Brazos, and the natural break-water that +protected the anchorage—a sandy coral island of about one hundred +acres, fringed with surf, covered with bushes and small trees woven +together with vines, and scented by the blossoms of wild oranges, +lemons and limes—veiled itself behind the spars and cordage of nearly +a hundred vessels.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Judicious measures prevented the smallpox from spreading. Drilling +began; and the drum, fife and bugle aroused a fighting spirit, while +visiting, social jollity and military discussion tended to create an +army solidarity. In the evening bands played martial airs, and the +watch fires on the coast gave an additional sharpness to the ardor +of the soldiers. Meanwhile the General, who still expected vigorous +opposition to his landing, waited impatiently for more surf-boats and +heavy ordnance, looked anxiously for the ten large transports<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.1">[1]</a> +in ballast requisitioned by him in November, elaborated his plans for +disembarking, and issued the corresponding orders.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>The next rendezvous was to be off Antón Lizardo, about a dozen miles +beyond Vera Cruz and some two hundred more from the Lobos anchorage, +where islands, reefs and the shore of the mainland combined to form +a deep and capacious harbor;<a class="pagenum" id="Page_18" title="18"></a> and about noon on the second of March +the steamer <em>Massachusetts</em> plowed through the fleet, dashing the +spray from her bows, and set off in that direction. A blue flag with a +red centre waving at her main-truck indicated that Scott was aboard, +and when the noble figure of the commander-in-chief, standing with +uncovered head on the deck, was observed, peal after peal of cheers +resounded from ship to ship. The clanking of anchor chains followed +them; the sailors broke into their hearty songs; the sails filled +gracefully; and the fleet stood away.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>For two days its progress was not fast, but then a norther set in. +Like a panorama, peak after peak on the lofty sky line passed rapidly +astern; and finally Orizaba, the “mountain of the star,” upreared its +head superbly more than three miles above sea level not far inland. +Then came Green Island, where the <em>Albany</em> and <em>Potomac</em> were on hand +to give any needful assistance,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.2">[2]</a> and the <em>John Adams</em> showed her +black teeth to lurking blockade-runners; while in the distance the +frowning bastions of Ulúa “castle” could be made out, and the sixteen +domes of Vera Cruz appeared to be promenading along her white wall. +Pitching and rolling on the huge billows of inky water, with foam +leaping high over their bows, the transports threaded their way swiftly +between the tumbling and roaring piles of surf that marked the reefs, +and finally, on March 5, the swallow-tail pennant of Commodore Conner +and the flags of the American squadron were seen off Antón Lizardo. +Cheers followed cheers as the transports dropped anchor one after +another; and when the sun went down in a blaze of glory behind Orizaba, +the spirits of the men, stimulated by so many novel, beautiful and +thrilling scenes, by the approach of combat and the expectation of +triumph, reached the very culmination of military enthusiasm. It was a +good beginning—except that Scott arrived a month late, and the yellow +fever usually came on time.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">VERA CRUZ</p> + +<p>“Heroic” Vera Cruz, the city of the “True Cross,” was in form an +irregular hexagon, with a perimeter some two miles in length, closely +packed with rather high buildings of soft, white-washed masonry. +Although famous as the charnel house of Europeans, it was a rather +pleasant place for those who could endure the climate. The little +alameda, across which many a dandy strutted every day in tight linen +trousers, a close blue jacket, gilt buttons and a red sash, and many a +pretty woman<a class="pagenum" id="Page_19" title="19"></a> tottered coquettishly in pink slippers, was charming. The +curtained balconies gave one a hint now and then of ladies making their +toilets and smoking their cigarettes just within; and the flat roofs, +equipped with observatories commanding the sea, were delightful resorts +in the cool of the day. Along the water front extended a massive wall, +supplemented at the northern end with Fort Concepción, at the southern +end with Fort Santiago—both of them solidly built—and, between the +two, with a mole of granite some two hundred yards in length. Landward +the defences were feeble, for it had long been assumed that any serious +attack would be made by water; but there were nine well-constructed, +though in most cases not large, bastions, and between them dilapidated +curtains of stone, brick and cement about fifteen feet high and two and +a half or three feet thick.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Behind the town extended a plain rather more than half a mile wide; +and beyond that rose hills of light sand—enlarged editions of the +dunes that ran along the shore north and south of Vera Cruz—which +gradually increased in height until some of them, two or three miles +inland, reached an elevation of perhaps three hundred feet. Then +came dense forests, cut here and there by a road and occasionally +diversified with oases of cultivated land, richly scented by tropical +fruits and flowers. To the southwest of the city lay a series of ponds +and marshes, drained by a small stream that passed near the wall; and +this creek, supplemented by cisterns and an underground aqueduct, +provided the town with water. In the opposite direction, on a reef +named the Gallega—distant nearly three quarters of a mile from Fort +Concepción—rose the fortress of Ulúa, built of soft coral stone, +faced with granite, in the most scientific manner, and large enough +to accommodate 2500 men.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.4">[4]</a> Water batteries lay wherever it seemed +possible to effect a landing, and tremendous walls, enfeebled by no +casemates, towered to a height of about sixty feet.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>At the beginning of March, 1846, Mora y Villamil, the highest engineer +officer in the Mexican army and at this time comandante general of +Vera Cruz, feared that on account of Slidell’s departure the Americans +might suddenly attack him. Aided by Lieutenant Colonel Manuel Robles, a +skilful and active subordinate, he drew up detailed plans for repairing +the crumbling fortifi<a class="pagenum" id="Page_20" title="20"></a>cations of the city and castle, and these were +approved by the government; but the lack of money prevented the full +execution of them. In October the captain of a British frigate warned +the new comandante general that an American attack was imminent; and +at about the same time Santa Anna, while bitterly reproaching the +government for its neglect of the town and pointing out what needed +to be done, charged him to make the “strong buildings” a second +and a third line of defence in case of attack, and then perish, if +necessary, under the ruins of the city; but again the want of funds +vetoed adequate preparations. On the other hand, unpaid soldiers paid +themselves by stealing powder and selling it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>About the middle of November it was learned at Mexico from a New +Orleans newspaper that an expedition against Vera Cruz had been +projected, and within two months the news was confirmed. Santa Anna +heard of it, and wrote that 6000 militia should be assembled there. He +was told in reply that his demand would be met early in February; and +assurances were given to Congress that everything requisite had been +done.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.5">[5]</a> By the fourth of March the comandante general, to whom the +information had been transmitted, was inditing urgent appeals for help, +and soon the appearance of Scott showed that a crisis had arrived. +In reliance on the promises of the general government, hopeful and +incessant work on the fortifications now began; but within four days +letters from the war department, conferring unlimited powers upon the +commander, admitted that on account of the Polko insurrection at the +capital no assistance could be given, and many of the people not only +left the city, but endeavored to draw their friends and relatives from +the National Guards.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>In point of fact military men had long known that Vera Cruz, as +a fortified town standing by itself, was indefensible. General +Mora admitted that it needed stronger exterior works than could be +constructed; and there was no squadron to keep Ulúa supplied with +provisions. The proper course for the comandante general was either +to strip the city of whatever Scott could use, and merely endeavor to +prevent him from advancing farther, as was privately argued by leading +members of Congress, or—for the moral effect of such an example—to +send all non-combatants away, and struggle until crushed;<a class="pagenum" id="Page_21" title="21"></a> but neither +public sentiment nor the government would have permitted the first of +these plans, and, while the comandante had the second in mind on the +fifth of March, it was too heroic for execution.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.9">[9]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a id="i002" /> + <img src="images/i002.jpg" width="500" height="435" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">SAN JUAN DE ULÚA</div> +</div> + +<p class="sidenote">A FIGHTING CHANCE</p> + +<p>Besides, there seemed to be a fighting chance. Ulúa was much stronger +than when the French, aided by fortune, had captured it, and the +anchorage occupied by them could now be shelled. Some of the guns had +been improperly mounted; some of the carriages were old; at some of +the embrasures balls of different calibres were mixed; pieces without +projectiles could be found, and projectiles without pieces; rust had +impaired the fit of many balls; but the city and the fortress together +had probably three hundred serviceable cannon and mortars,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.6">[6]</a> more +muskets than men, and plenty of ammunition. As an assault was expected, +the streets were defended with cannon and barricades, sand-bags +protected the doors and windows, loopholes without number were made in +the wall, the rather shallow but<a class="pagenum" id="Page_22" title="22"></a> wet ditch was cleared, and although +barbed cactus made the approach of an enemy to the bastions almost +impossible, thousands of pitfalls—each with a sword, bayonet or short +pike set erect at the bottom—were dug beyond the wall, so arranged +that no one marching straight forward could well avoid them.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Juan Soto, the governor of the state, was indefatigable, and as the +state militia numbered about 20,000, it seemed reasonable to count +upon succor. Giffard, the British consul, expected that substantial +help would come from that source. Other states were likely to furnish +aid; and the people, taught by the long inaction of the Americans off +the shore to despise them and encouraged by fictitious reports that +assistance would be rendered by the national government, felt united +and enthusiastic.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.7">[7]</a> The city council offered all its resources, +and the well-to-do raised funds for a hospital by giving a theatrical +performance. The garrison, led by the brave, active and popular though +not very able Morales, now comandante general, may be estimated as at +least 1200 in Ulúa and 3800 in the city.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.8">[8]</a> About half of them were +merely National Guards; but these, decorated with tricolored cockades +and red pompons, looked and felt extremely dangerous. “As God lives,” +cried one of their leaders, “either we will triumph, or all of us, +without a solitary exception, will be interred in the ruins.” The +civilians remaining in town may have numbered 3000.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Bearing in mind the necessity, not merely of taking Vera Cruz and Ulúa, +but of getting his army away from the coast before the advent of yellow +fever, and satisfied that Polk would show him no mercy in case of +ill-success, General Scott examined his problem with all possible care, +and consulted freely the officers he particularly trusted.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.10">[10]</a> He +could not very prudently have left, say, 5000 men to mask or possibly +reduce Vera Cruz, as some critics insisted he should have done, and +advanced with the rest, for the essential purpose of his expedition was +to capture that place, and such a course might have been viewed by the +government as insubordinate. Besides, that policy would probably have +been regarded by the Mexicans as a sign of weakness; the possession +of the harbor and shipping facilities would evidently aid all further +operations; by holding them it would be possible to deprive the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_23" title="23"></a> enemy +of war supplies and other necessaries; the arms, ammunition and cannon +of the Mexicans were highly valuable, especially to them; and the +American army would not have been an adequate aggressive force after +thus detaching nearly half its numbers. The obstacle before Scott had, +therefore, to be faced and overcome.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p>The best method, evidently, was to reduce the town before seriously +attacking Ulúa, because that success would greatly diminish the +enemy’s fire, make it possible to contract and so strengthen the +American line, and somewhat facilitate the transportation of supplies. +Such had been the General’s plan from the first. Officers eager for +distinction recommended an assault, and Scott well knew that a quick, +brilliant stroke would best win him fame and popularity.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.11">[11]</a> But he +understood equally well that an assault, necessarily made at night, +would entail a heavy loss of his best men—enough, perhaps, to prevent +his advancing farther and escaping the pestilence—besides involving a +great slaughter of both combatants and non-combatants in the town. On +the other hand, as the British consul and the British naval commander +agreed, there was not enough time before the yellow fever season to +warrant relying upon starvation alone.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.12">[12]</a> Siege and bombardment +were therefore indicated, and Scott promptly decided upon that plan as +combining, better than any other, humanity with effectiveness.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE DEBARKATION</p> + +<p>The initial step was to select a point for debarking; and Conner, whom +Scott had requested in December to study this problem, had already +fixed upon the beach of Mocambo Bay, two and a half or three miles +southeast of Vera Cruz, which was somewhat sheltered from northers and +could be swept by the guns of the fleet. Sacrificios Island, a strip +of sand representing a large reef, was just off shore, too, forming an +anchorage here. Accordingly Scott, with Conner, the principal generals, +Robert E. Lee, P. G. T. Beauregard and other officers, went up in the +little steamer <em>Petrita</em>, reconnoitred the spot, and then—probably to +deceive the Mexicans regarding his intentions—ran within a mile and +a half of Ulúa, where he was almost sunk by the gunners.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.14">[14]</a> His +judgment agreed with the Commodore’s, and orders were given to land +on the eighth. But when that morning came, signs of a norther showed +themselves. The glass fell. The heat became stifling. A southerly<a class="pagenum" id="Page_25" title="25"></a> +wind loaded with moisture blew, and the summit of Orizaba, clad in +the azure hue of the poet, stood sharply forth; hence the orders were +countermanded.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.17">[17]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a class="pagenum" id="Page_24" title="24"></a> + <a id="i003" /> + <img src="images/i003.jpg" width="600" height="327" alt="XXX" /><br /> + <div class="caption">SIEGE OF VERA CRUZ GENERAL PLAN</div> +</div> + +<p>The signs failed, however, and the extra day was available for the last +preparations. A detailed plan of debarkation had been drawn up and +announced while the army was at Lobos Islands, but certain difficulties +had not been anticipated. The ten large transports in ballast had not +come, and to land from a great number of small vessels at Sacrificios, +where there was little room and foreign warships occupied all the safe +anchorage, appeared imprudent. Conner, therefore, offered to transport +the army on larger, better and more ably handled vessels belonging to +the squadron, and Scott’s wise acceptance of the proposal involved +extensive readjustments.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>These, however, were skilfully arranged, and when the dawn of March +9 announced a perfect day, a scene of the greatest activity began. +Signals fluttered to mastheads. In clarion tones officers issued their +orders. Despatch boats dashed here and there. Sailors and soldiers +roared their favorite airs. Fully half of the 10,000 and more troops +were placed on the frigates <em>Raritan</em> and <em>Potomac</em>, and most of the +others on smaller vessels of the squadron. At about eleven o’clock the +order to sail was given. Amid thunderous cheers the <em>Massachusetts</em> +plunged through the fleet, and took its place in the lead with Conner’s +flagship. A gentle breeze from the southeast filled the sails; and the +war vessels and transports were off. After a smooth voyage they began +to arrive near Sacrificios at about one o’clock, and in close quarters, +but without mishaps or even the least confusion, each dropped anchor +in its allotted space.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.15">[15]</a> The yards and rigging of the foreign +war vessels were black with men, and ladies, armed with glasses and +parasols, gazed impatiently from the deck of the British packet.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Without the loss of a moment three signal flags rose to the main-truck +of the <em>Massachusetts</em>, and the work of landing Worth’s brigade of +regulars began. The double-shotted cannon of the squadron were brought +to bear on the shore. Seven gunboats drawing eight feet or less formed +a line within good grape range of the beach, and cleared for action. +About sixty-five surf-boats, which had been towed from Antón Lizardo +by<a class="pagenum" id="Page_26" title="26"></a> steamers, were rowed by naval crews to the vessels carrying +troops—each having a definite assignment—and after receiving from +fifty to eighty soldiers apiece, making up the whole of the brigade, +attached themselves in two long lines to the quarters of the steamer +<em>Princeton</em>, which had now anchored about 450 yards from the shore. +This process consumed several hours, and it was hardly ended when a +shell whizzed over them. “Now we shall catch it,” thought the soldiers, +for rumors of opposition had been heard, two or three hundred cavalry +could be seen, and artillery was supposed to be lurking behind the +dunes.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>The flash of a signal gun shot now from the <em>Massachusetts</em>; the +surf-boats cut loose, faced the shore abreast in the order of battle, +and struck out for land; and a cheer burst from every American throat. +Great Orizaba cast aside its veil of haze, and stood out against the +setting sun. Not a cloud flecked the sky; not a ripple marred the +burnished water. Ulúa and Vera Cruz thundered loudly, though in vain. +National airs rolled from our squadron. Shells from the gunboats +broke up the Mexican cavalry and searched the dunes. The oars of +the straining sailors flashed. Muskets—not loaded but with fixed +bayonets—glittered. Regimental colors floated at the stern of each +boat. Suddenly one of the boats darted ahead and grounded on a bar +about a hundred yards from the shore. Out leaped Worth; his officers +followed him; and the whole brigade were instantly in the breaking +ground-swell, holding aloft their muskets and cartridge-boxes.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Here was the chance of the enemy, for our vessels could not fire +without endangering Americans; but no enemy was to be seen.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.16">[16]</a> Led +by their color-bearers the regulars quickly splashed ashore, formed +in a moment, charged to the crest of the first dune, planted their +standards and burst into cheers; the men on the ships, tongue-tied for +some time by an excitement and anxiety that made their brains reel, +answered with huzza after huzza till they made the bay “seem peopled +with victorious armies,” wrote one of the soldiers, and the strains +of “Star-Spangled Banner” broke from the bands. Less formally, but +rapidly and in order, the boats went back for the troops of Patterson +and Twiggs; and by midnight, without having met with a single accident, +more than 10,000 men, duly guarded<a class="pagenum" id="Page_27" title="27"></a> by sentries, were eating their +biscuit and pork on the sand or preparing to bivouac.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">VERA CRUZ INVESTED</p> + +<p>During the night Mexicans in the rear did some shooting but without +effect, and the process of investment began. Diverting attention from +this by having a gunboat, sheltered about a mile from the city behind +Point Hornos, throw shot and shell into Vera Cruz for a couple of hours +the next forenoon, Scott had Pillow’s brigade capture the hill of +Malibrán behind Worth’s camp, and push on toward the rear of the city. +Quitman then passed it; Shields passed Quitman, and Twiggs passed him. +Wallowing up and down the slopes of deep sand in a sultry heat without +water to drink proved to be extremely hard work; and breaking through +the valleys, where a matted growth of chaparral—armed with thorns as +keen as needles and stiff as bayonets—resisted everything but sharp +steel, was harder yet. Day and night Mexican irregulars, both infantry +and horse, and cannon salutes from the city and the castle embarrassed +operations, and there were many brisk skirmishes. Moreover the landing +had scarcely been made when a norther set in, covering the men with +sand, blowing away old hilltops and building up new ones. But not long +after noon on March 13 Twiggs reached the Gulf north of the city. The +next morning a well-supported detachment from each brigade advanced as +far as it could find cover, driving the Mexican outposts before it; and +by night these detachments were only about seven hundred yards from the +town.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>The American position as a whole, known as Camp Washington, was now a +semi-circular line about seven miles long. There were gaps, but these +were rapidly closed with strong pickets. The railway and the roads were +all occupied; the visible water supply of the city was cut off; and +on March 16 Scott announced that nothing less than a small army could +break through. Meantime, whenever the weather permitted, artillery, +stores, horses and provisions were landed in the most systematic +manner. Safeguards were issued to the representatives of foreign powers +at Vera Cruz, and in a letter of March 13 to the Spanish consul<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.18">[18]</a> +Scott indicated plainly that “bombardment or cannonade, or assault, or +all” of these might be expected by the citizens.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>The time to plant artillery had now arrived, and the ideal<a class="pagenum" id="Page_28" title="28"></a> spot +was found on the sixteenth; but after a battery had been laid out +there, access to it proved to be dangerously exposed. Two days later, +however, a fairly good point was discovered, near the cemetery and +Worth’s position, about half a mile south of the town, which screened +it somewhat from the castle; and preparations to establish two mortar +batteries there, about one hundred yards apart, began the following +night. At the same time a deep road, wide enough to admit a six-mule +team, was under construction.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.21">[21]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter fig500"> + <a id="i004" /> + <img src="images/i004.jpg" width="500" height="364" alt="" /> + <div class="caption">SIEGE OF VERA CRUZ<br />AMERICAN BATTERIES</div> +</div> + +<p>Most of this labor had to be done at night, and the utmost possible +silence observed. As the transports lay a mile off shore, while the +only wharf was an open beach, and a norther blew violently from the +twelfth to the sixteenth, the work of landing ordnance and ordnance +stores proceeded slowly. Fortunately the work on the batteries was not +discovered; but the fire of Paixhan guns and heavy mortars from the +city and castle, though irregular and singularly unfruitful despite +the undeniable skill of the gunners,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.19">[19]</a> compelled the Americans +to adopt extreme precautions. Nor were these embarrassments the only +ones. Notwithstanding seasonable orders, only fifteen carts and about +a hundred draught horses had arrived. Not<a class="pagenum" id="Page_29" title="29"></a> more than one fifth of the +ordnance requisitioned by Scott about the middle of November and due +at the Brazos—he now reminded Marcy—by January 15, had yet appeared. +A great many artillery and cavalry horses had been drowned, injured or +delayed; and there was a shortage of almost every requisite for siege +operations.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.20">[20]</a> But the army and the navy coöperated zealously; +soldiers took the places of draught animals; and in spite of every +difficulty three batteries, mounting seven 10-inch mortars, were in +readiness by two o’clock on the afternoon of the twenty-second, and the +soldiers felt eager to hear what they called the “sweet music” of these +“faithful bull-dogs.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE BOMBARDMENT</p> + +<p>At this hour, therefore, Scott formally summoned the town, intimating +that both assault and bombardment were to be apprehended. The reply +was a refusal to surrender; and at a quarter past four, accompanied by +a deafening chorus of joyous, frantic shouts and yells, the American +batteries opened, while the “mosquito fleet” of two small steamers and +five gunboats,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.22">[22]</a> each armed with a single heavy cannon, stationed +themselves behind Point Hornos, and fired briskly.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.24">[24]</a></p> + +<p>Like “hungry lions in search of prey,” a soldier thought, the shells +from the mortars flew “howling” to their mark. With heavier metal and +vastly more of it, Vera Cruz and the castle replied. The city wall +blazed like a sheet of fire. Shot, shell and rockets came forth in a +deluge, it seemed to the men; and the two columns of smoke, rolling +and whirling, mounted high and collided as if striving to outflank and +conquer each other. Still more terrible was the scene at night. A spurt +of red fire; a fierce roar; a shell with an ignited fuse mounting high, +pausing, turning, and then—more and more swiftly—dropping; the crash +of a roof; a terrific explosion that shook the earth; screams, wailing +and yells—all this could be distinctly seen or heard from the American +lines. During the twenty-third and the following night the fire still +raged, but on the American side more slowly, for although ten mortars +were now at work, a norther interrupted the supply of ammunition.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.24">[24]</a></p> + +<p>But while the bombardment made an interesting spectacle, as a military +operation it was proving unsatisfactory. The ordnance thus far received +by Scott was inadequate for the reduction of the city—to say nothing +of Ulúa. With mortars, especially as the distances could not be +ascertained precisely,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_30" title="30"></a> it was impossible to be sure of hitting the +bastions and forts. Shells could be thrown into the town, but while the +houses suffered much, the fortifications and garrison escaped vital +damage, and there was no sign of yielding. Not a few in the American +army, who had supposed that a fortified city could be taken at sight +like a mint julep, grew impatient; the officers eager for assault +fumed; Worth, proud of his quick work at Monterey, sneered; Twiggs +grunted. As an army man Scott naturally desired that branch of the +service to reap all the glory of its campaign, but he now found himself +compelled to ask for naval guns heavy enough to breach the wall, and +make an assault practicable; and when Perry, who had taken Conner’s +place on the twenty-first, insisted that men from the squadron should +work them, he consented.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.24">[24]</a></p> + +<p>The new battery, constructed by Robert E. Lee and mounting three long +32’s for solid shot and three 68’s for shells, was planted just behind +the bushy crest of a slight eminence, only some 800 yards from the city +wall, where the enemy did not suppose that such an enterprise would be +ventured; and until the guns were about ready to be unmasked on the +morning of the twenty-fourth, its existence was not suspected.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.23">[23]</a> +Here were instruments of power and precision, and they told. The +Mexicans concentrated upon them a terrific fire, but with no serious +effect; and when on the next morning a battery consisting of four +24-pounders and two 8-inch howitzers joined the infernal chorus, the +fire, though hindered occasionally by the tardiness of ammunition, +was “awful,” said Scott and Lee, while the city appeared like one +dense thunder-cloud, red with flashes and quivering with incessant +roars.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.24">[24]</a></p> + +<p>That night the batteries played still more fiercely. Sometimes four or +five shells were sizzling through the air at once. The fire, said an +officer, was now “perfectly terrific”; and to heighten the wildness +of the scene, many vessels could be observed by the light of the +moon going ashore in the norther. About thirty were wrecked by this +one gale, and others had to cut away their masts. In the meantime +preparations for assaulting both by land and by water, should an +assault prove to be necessary, were actively pressed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.24">[24]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE SITUATION IN VERA CRUZ</p> + +<p>In town, during the early period of these operations, the enthusiasm +continued to run high, for the cautious and faint-<a class="pagenum" id="Page_31" title="31"></a>hearted had gone +away, and the reports of the irregulars, constantly skirmishing against +the Americans, were colored to suit the popular taste. Work on the +fortifications proceeded, and fresh cartridges for the artillery were +made with feverish haste. Bands played; the gunners amused themselves +by firing at small and far distant groups among the sand-hills; and at +night fireballs and rockets lighted up the plain in anticipation of the +hoped-for assault. When the investment was completed, when the American +outposts drew near the town, and especially when it became known that +preparations for a bombardment were under way, the people grew more +serious; but it was expected that forces from without would break the +line, or at least prevent the construction of batteries.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>A painful disappointment followed, however. Soto made great efforts to +collect the tax levied by the state; but the citizens, impoverished +by the long blockade, had no money, and without cash troops could not +be fed. In spite of many hopes the fluctuating bands under Colonel +Senobio, the chief leader of the irregulars in the vicinity, do not +seem to have risen at any time far above 1000, and perhaps never +reached that number. In vain Soto appealed for an able general and a +nucleus of regulars. They were not within reach, and the few pieces of +artillery could not be moved. The states of Puebla and Oaxaca tried to +help, but were tardy and inefficient.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>Men from the upper country dreaded the yellow fever; and those of +the coast, volatile by nature, ignorant of real warfare, without +organization, training or discipline, were astonished and confounded +when they struck the solid American line. They pecked at it +continually, but Morales himself could see that no skill, concert or +strength marked their efforts. Discouragement and wholesale desertion +followed. The city, therefore, could not obtain provisions by land; +and as most of the seamen alongshore fled to the mountains, and boat +communication became more and more difficult, it was realized that +supplies from the interior were out of the question. After March 20 the +troops could be given little or no meat; but soldiers were detailed to +fish the prolific waters under the guns of Ulúa, and no doubt beans and +tortillas, the staple food of the common people, continued to be fairly +plentiful.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_32" title="32"></a>The opening of the bombardment, however, precipitated a crisis, and as +our fire grew more and more intense, the consternation and suffering +increased. Crashing roofs; burning houses; flying pavements; doors, +windows and furniture blocking the streets; a pandemonium of confused +and frightful sounds; bells ringing without hands; awful explosions; +domes and steeples threatening to fall; the earth quaking; crowds of +screaming women, who rushed hither and thither; terrible wounds and +sudden deaths—all these were new and overwhelming scenes.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.25">[25]</a> +Only one bakery escaped destruction, as it happened, and the children +cried in vain for bread; the priests would not leave their shelter to +comfort and absolve; and finally the very instinct of self-preservation +was lost in a stupid despair more dreadful to witness than death +itself.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>The troops in the southwestern section, under our heaviest fire, became +terror-stricken. In other quarters men left the ranks to look after +families and friends; and when a murky dawn ended the terrible night +of the twenty-fifth, demoralization was rife. People wandered about +the streets crying for surrender. Always passionate, they now hated +their own government for deserting them. The consuls went out under a +flag of truce, but Scott refused to see them, sending them word—it +was reported—that any persons leaving the city would be fired upon, +and that unless it should surrender in the meantime, new as well as +the old batteries would open the next morning. This fact overwhelmed +the people; and the prospect of being exterminated at leisure by +an enemy who could not be injured, beat down their last thought of +resistance.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>Consul Giffard had predicted that any plausible excuse for surrender +would be turned to good account. Supplies were now said to be failing, +and in the course of this dreadful night an informal meeting of +officers agreed upon capitulation. Naturally the idea gave offence +to many, and there was talk of opening a way through the American +line with the sword. But a council of war soon decided to negotiate; +commissioners were appointed; and Scott, who was invited to take +similar action, did so. The six men came together on the afternoon of +the twenty-sixth, but could not agree; and the Mexicans returned to the +city, leaving behind them a proposition.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_33" title="33"></a></p> +<p class="sidenote">THE SURRENDER OF VERA CRUZ</p> + +<p>Worth, who was our chief representative, believed the negotiations +were simply a waste of time, and favored an immediate assault; but +Scott saw that the Mexicans, while trying to save appearances, really +meant surrender, and the next morning granted with certain vital +modifications their terms.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.27">[27]</a> His demands were accepted, and it was +thus agreed in substance that Landero, to whom the command had been +turned over, should march his army out with all the honors of war, +the troops be paroled, and the armament—so far as not destroyed in +the course of the war—be disposed of by the treaty of peace. It was +further agreed that all the Mexican sick should remain in town under +Mexican care, private property be respected, and religious rights be +held sacred.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p>It was a “shameful surrender,” declared Santa Anna, and from a military +point of view this could hardly be denied. Ulúa had practically not +been touched; it had a considerable supply of provisions, and there was +a chance of obtaining more from blockade-runners. Vera Cruz was in a +harder yet not in a desperate plight. Men of importance there, knowing +the city would be denounced for surrendering, naturally endeavored +to prove that it had suffered terribly and exhausted its resources +before yielding; and the principal neutrals—friendly toward them, +engaged mostly in trade, and more willing to have life sacrificed than +property—raised an outcry against the proceedings of Scott that became +a fierce indictment in Europe and the United States. But the British +naval commander, though not inclined to favor the General, reported +that the casualties in the city were only eighty soldiers killed or +wounded, about one hundred old men, women and children killed, and an +unknown number injured, and that its food supply, while no doubt less +delicate and varied than could have been desired, would have lasted +beyond the middle of April; and there is considerable evidence that his +figures were approximately correct.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.28">[28]</a> Ammunition did not fail, nor +did water.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p>The surrender was really due therefore to the moral effect of +Scott’s artillery. Even Giffard, who termed his operations cruel +and unnecessary, admitted this; and, bearing in mind the General’s +obligations to obey his government and save the lives of his men, the +inevitable horrors of an assault by night, and the serious danger that +a reliance upon starvation as the sole means<a class="pagenum" id="Page_34" title="34"></a> of reducing the city +would have given time for Santa Anna’s regulars and the yellow fever to +arrive, one concludes again and finally that Scott’s method was humane +and wise.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p>Owing to inequalities of the ground, the character of the soil, great +skill on the part of our engineers, incessant care and remarkable good +fortune, the total losses caused by 6267 Mexican shot, 8486 shells and +all the bullets of the irregulars were only about nineteen killed and +sixty-three wounded. The siege was not exactly a <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">fête champêtre</em>, +however. It was tiresome to be awakened at night so often by Mexican +skirmishers, disagreeable to be routed out by the diabolical screech of +a heavy shell, and quite annoying to have one of the “big dinner-pots,” +as the soldiers called them, explode close by. Saturating dews, +abominable drinking water, scanty and bad rations, howling wolves, +lizards in one’s boot, “jiggers” that made the feet itch incessantly, +fleas that even a sleeping-bag could not discourage, and sand-flies +nearly as voracious, were minor but real afflictions. When a norther +began, the whole aspect of nature seemed to change. The sky became +a pall, the atmosphere a winding-sheet, the wind a scourge; and the +roaring, chilling blast filled one’s ears, eyes, mouth and even pores +with biting grit, cut the tents into ribbons, and sometimes buried +their sleeping inmates.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.30">[30]</a> To escape from the Mexican shot sentries +often had to burrow in the sand, and under the tropical sun they +learned to appreciate the power of the old brick oven. When carrying +provisions or dragging cannon, amidst hills that blazed like the +mirrors of Archimedes at Syracuse, men often dropped.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.31">[31]</a></p> + +<p>On the other hand, besides the initial high spirits, which helped +immensely, and the excitement and comradeship that knocked off the +edge of hardships, there were special sources of cheer—particularly +the “blue-shirts,” as the seamen were called. When turning out in the +face of an icy sand-blast sharp enough to cut granite, it was something +to hear a salty voice give the order, “Form line of battle on the +starboard tack!” But sailors on shore leave, who burst from their long +confinement like birds let loose, and “cruised” in the environs with +perfect abandon, were better yet. Their sport with the wild monkeys +was truly edifying, and their delight over the burro would have set +Diogenes laughing. Sometimes they<a class="pagenum" id="Page_35" title="35"></a> rode him, and sometimes they carried +him. Planted in the Mexican style just forward of the creature’s +tail, they felt that at last they were riding the quarter-deck, and +commanding a snug vessel of their own. Above all they enjoyed “mooring +ship.” This congenial manoeuvre was achieved by taking aboard for +“anchor” a heavy block of wood, previously attached to the donkey’s +neck with a long rope, then racing at full speed, heaving the “anchor,” +paying out the cable, and bringing up in a heap on the sand—the donkey +on top, very likely.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.31">[31]</a></p> + +<p>Not less cheering and a little more military was the news, which +arrived by the fifteenth of March, that “Old Wooden-leg’s” army had +been “licked up like salt” at Buena Vista. And still another comfort +was to gaze from a safely remote hill at Vera Cruz, which looked—the +soldiers agreed—so oriental, with airy palm trees visible over the +white wall, hundreds of buzzards floating in wide circles far above, +the dark bulwarks of Ulúa set in waves of purple and gold on the left, +a forest of American spars and masts on the right, piercing the misty +splendor of the yellow beach, the bright sails of fishing boats in the +middle distance, and the vast, blue, cool Gulf beyond it all. How the +panting soldiers gloated on the prospect of taking possession!<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.31">[31]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">VERA CRUZ OCCUPIED</p> + +<p>And on March 29 they did so. The day was enchantingly summerlike; a +delightful southeast breeze came over the water; and the domes of Vera +Cruz were gilded with splendid sunshine. In a green meadow, shaded with +cocoanut palms, a little way south of the town, Worth’s brigade was +drawn up in a dingy line, and a dingy line of volunteers, about seventy +yards distant, faced it. At one end of the intervening space, near +the city wall, stood sailors and marines. The American dragoons and a +battery were opposite them, and a white flag waved at the centre. A +little before noon the Mexican troops, in their best uniforms of blue, +white and red, marched out of the gate, formed by company front with a +band at the head of each regiment, advanced to the flag, and stacked +arms. A few slammed or even broke their muskets; many kissed their +hands to the city; and a standard bearer, who had removed his flag from +the staff and secreted it in his bosom, wept for joy when permitted to +keep it. But most of the men seemed in<a class="pagenum" id="Page_36" title="36"></a> fairly good spirits, and as a +rule the much-decorated officers, who retained their swords, produced a +fine impression.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.32">[32]</a></p> + +<p>As the rear of the column left the gate, the Mexican banner on Fort +Santiago, after receiving a last salute from the guns of the city +and castle, was lowered; and then issued forth a crowd of men, women +and children, loaded with fiddles, guitars, parrots, monkeys, dogs, +game-cocks, toys and household utensils, that was enough to destroy any +funereal sentiments which otherwise might have been felt. Even by the +Mexican accounts, not a word or look of triumph, not even a note of +authority, was chargeable to the victors; and Worth, who received the +column, proffered a thousand courtesies. General Scott, the so-called +“vain-glorious,” remained in the background; but he sent a note +excusing from their parole about forty officers, whom he expected to +aid him at the capital as in effect advocates of peace.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.32">[32]</a></p> + +<p>Amid cheers and the waving of caps, American flags then rose on the +forts, greeted by hundreds of salutes from sea and shore. It seemed, +wrote a soldier, as if there were nothing in the world but cannon, and +all the cannon thundering; and the glory of the Stars and Stripes, +gleaming amidst the smoke, gave a new significance to the emblem of +patriotism. With his bands playing favorite American airs, Worth’s +brigade now marched into the town; and later Scott, with his staff and +a brilliant escort, followed it. Perry took formal possession of Ulúa; +and the disbanded Mexican troops that resided elsewhere scattered to +their homes, preparing the people for submission wherever they went by +tales of American invincibility, and teaching them by every sort of +outrage to welcome American rule.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N22.32">[32]</a></p> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<h2><a id="XXIII" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_37" title="37"></a><span class="subtitle">XXIII</span><br /> + CERRO GORDO<br /> + <span class="subtitle">April, 1847</span></h2> + + +<p>I believe it would be many months after the capture of Vera Cruz and +the fortress of Ulúa, said Minister Pakenham in substance at the end +of January, 1847, before an army strong enough to advance any distance +into the interior could be collected there, and meantime the climate +would be “frightfully destructive.” Heat, fatigue, differences in +food, and the yellow fever will cause heavy losses, wrote Bermúdez de +Castro, the Spanish minister at Mexico in March, and the road to the +capital passes so many centres of population and so many fine military +positions, that without great labor and preparations an invading force +can be destroyed. Two men better qualified to express opinions on the +matter could scarcely have been found; but without hesitation the +“scientific and visionary” Scott addressed himself to the task. Had the +requisitions duly made by him in November been complied with, he might +by this time, at a trifling cost in lives, have been standing on the +great plateau, and quite possibly within the capital; but now, with +only two thirds of the desired troops<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.1">[1]</a> and an insufficient supply +of many other essentials, he fearlessly girded up his loins.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>Stores were expeditiously landed. The First Infantry and two +independent volunteer companies received orders to garrison the town +and the fortress. It was arranged to minimize the danger of yellow +fever by keeping the Americans at the water-front as much as possible +and cleaning the city. The military department of Vera Cruz, extending +fifty miles inland, was created. Foreign merchants, under the threat +of a six per cent duty on exported gold and silver, supplied funds by +cashing official drafts on the United States at par. “One more appeal +... to the ninety-seven honorable men, against,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_38" title="38"></a> perhaps, the three +miscreants in every hundred,” urging them to coöperate actively in +preventing even trivial outrages, was issued; and the people of the +region were addressed<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.2">[2]</a> in a proclamation.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>“Mexicans,” said Scott, I am advancing at the head of a powerful army, +which is soon to be doubled, and another army of ours is advancing +in the north. “Americans are not your enemies,” however, but only +the enemies of those who misgoverned you, and brought about this +unnatural war. To the peaceable inhabitants and to your church, which +is respected by the government, laws and people in all parts of our +country, we are friends. Everything possible will be done to prevent +or punish outrages against you; and on the other hand any citizen, not +belonging to the regular forces, who undertakes to injure us will be +severely chastised. “Let, then, all good Mexicans remain at home, or +at their peaceful occupations.” Let them also furnish supplies, for +all who do so will be paid in cash and protected. If such a course +be followed, the war may soon end honorably for both sides; and the +Americans, “having converted enemies into friends,” will return +home.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>The problem of transportation, however, caused the General a great +deal of trouble. As early as the beginning of February notice of +his probable needs had been given by him to the quartermaster’s +department, and presumably steps had been taken to meet them; but the +loss of animals on board the ships during storms or by the wrecking +of transports had upset all calculations.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.3">[3]</a> For wagons especially +he was dependent upon the United States. At least eight hundred were +needed, and up to April 5 only one hundred and eighty had arrived, +though three hundred more were known to be on the way. Four or five +thousand mules were required for wagons, two or three thousand for +pack-saddles, and about four hundred mules or horses for the siege +train; and by the same date less than 1100 had been obtained. An +expedition to the village of La Antigua<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.4">[4]</a> on the north shore met +with little success in this regard, and a more important one, to the +rich country on the upper Alvarado River,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.4">[4]</a> which was supposed +to abound in horses and mules, produced but very disappointing +results.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>In the opinion of Scott, however, the district near Jalapa, a beautiful +city about seventy-four miles inland, was likely to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_39" title="39"></a> prove more +satisfactory. From Beach’s friend, Mrs. Storms, who had presented +herself to him on March 20, he seems to have learned that friendly +sentiments were entertained there. No serious opposition below that +point and even for some distance beyond it seemed to him probable; +and hence on April 8, although his means for equipping a road train +were but a quarter of what he desired, and only an inadequate siege +train could be moved, the second division of regulars, commanded by +Brigadier General Twiggs, marched for Jalapa, which was also the +first point where large quantities of subsistence and forage could be +obtained.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.5">[5]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a id="i005" /> + <img src="images/i005.jpg" width="500" height="352" alt="XXX" /><br /> + <div class="caption">VERA CRUZ TO PEROTE</div> +</div> + +<p class="sidenote">MEXICAN DEFENSIVE PLANS</p> + +<p>Measures to defend the route had been set on foot by Mexico in good +season.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.6">[6]</a> From the lofty plateau of the interior the national +highway—which it was evident that an American army would have to +follow on account of its artillery—wound through mountains to +sea level, presenting, according to the minister of war, “almost +insuperable obstacles against any audacious invader.” Not far above +Jalapa the village of Las Vigas marked a spot of military value, and +the narrow, rugged pass at La Hoya, though it could be turned without +much difficulty, afforded an excellent opportunity to stop a weak force +or delay a strong one, while below that city Corral Falso,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_40" title="40"></a> Cerro +Gordo, Plan del Río and the national bridge (<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">puente nacional</em>) were +fine points. As early as October 11, 1846, an order to fortify several +of these positions was issued. Some gangs of laborers assembled, a +little preparatory clearing of the ground was done, a few cannon were +moved about; but energy, money, supplies, appliances and engineering +skill fell indefinitely short of the requirements, and up to the +twentieth of March, 1847, nothing substantial was accomplished.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.9">[9]</a></p> + +<div class="figleft fig250"> + <a id="i006" /> + <img src="images/i006.jpg" width="250" height="152" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Contour Lines near Cerro Gordo.</span></div> + <div class="subcaption">The difference of elevation between two lines is fifty metres.</div> +</div> + +<p>That day Santa Anna arrived near the capital on his return from the +north, and, although he expected Vera Cruz to delay the Americans much +longer than it did, he seems to have taken the southern danger into +consideration at once. Disputes between the generals had sprung up. As +a result La Vega was given the district from Vera Cruz to Corral Falso, +General Gregorio Gómez that extending from Corral Falso to Las Vigas, +and General Gaona a jurisdiction above this; and each was ordered to +fortify his best points and raise as many troops as he could. Over all +of these officers was then placed General Canalizo, a little man with a +big tongue, as commander-in-chief of the eastern division. The forces +under Senobio and other chiefs were to be gathered, “regularized” and +trained. The troops—a cavalry brigade, two brigades of infantry and a +force of artillery—that had followed the President from La Angostura +were ordered to march toward Vera Cruz by the shortest route, a brigade +under Rangel to proceed from the capital in the same direction, and +2000 National Guards, from Puebla to join those corps; and General +Mora, who now commanded the Army of the North, was instructed to send +his bronze 16-pounders to Jalapa with all possible speed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.7">[7]</a> Every +effective engineer then at the capital received similar marching +orders, and attention was given to the need of ammunition, wagons, +mules and other necessaries. At the same time instructions were issued +to block the route <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">via</em><a class="pagenum" id="Page_41" title="41"></a> Orizaba at Chiquihuite, a naturally strong +position below that city.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Late on March 30 news that Vera Cruz had fallen reached the capital. +At once the government expelled Black, the American consul residing +at Mexico, and issued a circular calling upon all citizens to forget +rancor and dissension, offer their lives and fortunes, and stand +unitedly behind the President. “Mexicans,” exclaimed Santa Anna, “do +not hesitate between death and slavery.... Awake! A sepulchre opens at +your feet; let it at least be covered with laurels!” and he adjured +Canalizo in the name of the country to fortify Corral Falso and Cerro +Gordo, and above all to defend the national bridge “in all possible +ways and at all costs” in order to give time for troops to concentrate +above it. With Senobio’s forces and the militia—amounting, said +this letter, to more than 2000 men—and aided by the topography of +the ground, itself “equal in value to an army,” the enemy could be +detained, the President assured him; and he was authorized to shoot +every deserter and every coward. At the same time Governor Soto was +directed to proclaim martial law, call out all the fit men between the +ages of fifteen and fifty years, and aid Canalizo in every possible +way. Then, after transferring the executive power to General Anaya, the +substitute President, Santa Anna left the capital on April 2. As he +went down the steps of the palace to his waiting carriage, he and the +onlookers felt sad presentiments they could not hide. Even his enemies +had tears in their eyes, and it seemed to every one like a final +good-by.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">SANTA ANNA AT THE FRONT</p> + +<p>On the way gloomy reports met him. Soto wrote that while all in his +power had been done, the fate of Vera Cruz had smitten the people +with terror, and the resources of the state were far from adequate. +Canalizo wrote no more hopefully. Efforts had been made to rouse the +spirit of the public.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.8">[8]</a> Under penalty of death all intercourse +with the Americans had been prohibited, and under the same threat all +citizens had been ordered to place beyond the invader’s reach whatever +could be of service to him. But the outlook was dark. Although a good +engineer had been at the national bridge for a week, work on the +fortifications had scarcely begun; eight hundred out of a thousand men +had fled panic-stricken on learn<a class="pagenum" id="Page_42" title="42"></a>ing of Scott’s triumph at Vera Cruz, +there was little ammunition or money, and the bridge could not be held. +In view of Santa Anna’s adjuration Canalizo promised to make another +effort, but he soon ordered La Vega to abandon the position. The light +fortifications recently built were demolished, and as wagons to carry +the guns away could not be obtained, they were spiked and pitched into +a ravine.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Observing at La Hoya that virtually nothing had been done, Santa +Anna ordered Engineer Cano to fortify the pass, and then went on to +his great hacienda of El Encero, eight miles below Jalapa, where he +arrived on the fifth. Two days later, in company with Lieutenant +Colonel Robles, he passed Corral Falso, five miles farther down the +highway, and the hamlet of Cerro Gordo, nearly five miles beyond that, +and finally, making a steep and circuitous descent, he came to Plan +del Río, about five miles from the hamlet. Near the first of these +three positions the highway passed through a narrow, craggy defile, +that could not be turned; but Santa Anna decided to make a stand at +the second, because according to the country people and the traditions +of both the Spanish régime and the revolutionary war, it was equally +unassailable on the flanks, and holding it would force the Americans to +remain within reach of the yellow fever, which ceased to be terrible +just above Plan del Río.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">CERRO GORDO</p> + +<p>Very little work had been done at Cerro Gordo, but the position seemed +admirable. About half a mile below the hamlet the descending highway +entered a ravine, which rapidly deepened. On the left of this rose a +hill named El Telégrafo, which, though low and easily ascended from +the direction of the hamlet, was five or six hundred feet high on the +opposite side and extremely steep. To the right of the ravine the +grade of the hamlet continued for more than a mile, ending finally in +three tongues, just south of which the plateau was cut, approximately +east and west, by a precipitous canyon of rock more than five hundred +feet deep, the channel of a small stream called the Río del Plan. The +tongues, which may be designated from south to north as <em>A</em>, <em>B</em> and +<em>C</em>, were parallel to the highway and more or less fully commanded +it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.10">[10]</a> Near the head of the ravine, at a spot that may be called +<em>D</em>, a road branched off from the highway toward the tongues, and there +was a low eminence, <em>E</em>, in this vicinity.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.14">[14]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a class="pagenum" id="Page_43" title="43"></a> + <a id="i007" /> + <img src="images/i007.jpg" width="500" height="299" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">BATTLE OF CERRO GORDO GENERAL PLAN</div> + <div class="subcaption"><a class="largerimage" href="images/i007big.jpg">Larger image</a></div> +</div> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_44" title="44"></a>Believing that Scott could advance with artillery only by the highway, +Santa Anna gave his chief attention to this part of the terrain, and +recalling Cano and his men from La Hoya, he sent them to assist Robles +here. At the ends of the tongues parapets were laid out, which, though +not completed, served to indicate the correct positions; and in front +of each the bushes and trees were cut down and left on the ground, so +that an assailant should be impeded and should have no screen. On <em>A</em> +General Pinzón, a mulatto of considerable ability, was placed with +about six guns and some five hundred men. At <em>B</em>, where the highway had +formerly run, there were not less than eight guns and about a thousand +troops under General Jarero. <em>C</em> was held by Colonel Badillo with about +five pieces and nearly three hundred men.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.11">[11]</a> <em>E</em> was entrusted to +General La Vega with a reserve of some five hundred grenadiers; and +that officer had charge also of a six or seven gun battery at <em>D</em> and +of a neighboring breastwork, parallel to the highway—which was cut at +that point—and completely dominating it, where the Sixth Regiment, +counting nine hundred bayonets, was placed. In all some 3500 men, +including the artillery, occupied this wing.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>April 17 Santa Anna transferred Robles, Cano and their laborers to +the other side of the highway. On the summit of El Telégrafo, which +commanded the entire position, there was a level space of about an +acre, and in it stood a square stone tower. Here a breastwork, some +distance back from the crest and partly enclosing the tower, was +imperfectly constructed; four 4-pounders were planted; all the bushes, +cactus and small trees within musket range on the slope were cut down +and left on the ground; and the Third Infantry, consisting of about +one hundred men, took possession of the summit. To the left and rear +of this point ran a spur, which rose to a minor crest—a broken ledge +eighteen or twenty feet high—some thirty feet lower than the summit +and about a hundred yards from it. In the rear of all these points, +close to the hamlet, lay the main camp and strong reserves of troops +and guns. To Santa Anna the position seemed impregnable. He reported +to the government that it was completely fortified, well armed with +artillery and garrisoned with 12,000 men.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.12">[12]</a> News from the capital +that revolutionary movements were on foot and that some<a class="pagenum" id="Page_45" title="45"></a>thing must be +accomplished to prevent the idea of peace from gaining currency, no +longer troubled him. Confiding in his army and his position he gave +free rein to his vanity, his lordliness and his exultation. Here should +the proud invaders be rolled back or here under the saffron wing of the +plague should they rot. And then let domestic foes tremble!<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>But a number of circumstances undermined him. The narrow camp, too +much crowded with cottages, tents, huts and market booths, became +confused even while there were no hostilities. Insects kept the troops +restive. The supply of water, brought in barrels from the Río del Plan, +was insufficient,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.13">[13]</a> and many drank the crude sap of the maguey, +which made them ill. A sort of cholera set in, and exposure produced +lung troubles. Far worse, however, were the moral distempers. Some of +the troops had turned their backs to the Americans at Palo Alto, the +Resaca, Monterey and Buena Vista, while others had recently, to their +utter amazement, seen heroic Vera Cruz and mighty Ulúa, the pride of +Mexico, haul down their flags; and men of both classes represented +the enemy as invincible. Every deserter was ordered shot, and this +interference with a popular diversion gave offence.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>Looking at the shaggy hills and ravines on his left, Santa Anna +declared that a rabbit could not get through there. Perhaps not, +thought many a soldier, but the Americans are not rabbits. About seven +hundred yards in front of El Telégrafo stood a similar though somewhat +lower hill called La Atalaya, which commanded a wide expanse of the +rough country, and the engineers felt it should be fortified and +strongly held; but the President would merely station twenty-five men +there. Robles himself believed that Scott could turn the main position, +and wanted fortifications erected at the extreme left; but Santa Anna +would listen to no advice, and his cocksureness itself excited alarm. +In private, officers talked of a disaster, and even Canalizo foreboded +it. The tinder of a panic was ready.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">TWIGGS’S ADVANCE</p> + +<p>Meanwhile Twiggs with two field batteries,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.15">[15]</a> six 24-pounders, two +8-inch howitzers, four 10-inch mortars, and a squadron of dragoons—in +all some 2600 men—set out in the footsteps of Cortez.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.16">[16]</a> Most +fortunately the troops had a stock of enthusiasm, for the beginning +of the march was terrible. After<a class="pagenum" id="Page_46" title="46"></a> going three miles along the beach +they struck off at a right angle for six or eight on a deep, sandy +road, sometimes three or four feet below the level of the ground, +with a blazing sun overhead, not a breath of moving air, and Twiggs’s +horse for a pace-maker. Many threw away everything detachable, and the +greater part of the division—at least four fifths, it was said—fell +by the way. Some died, and many others did not rejoin the command for +days. Unbroken mules and drivers ignorant of their business added to +the difficulties. The meagre facilities for transportation did not +permit even officers to have tents, and some of the scanty supplies +were lost through the breaking down of wagons.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>The next day, happily, a change took place. The column set out before +sunrise, marched more slowly, and halted occasionally; and the national +highway, no longer buried in sand, proved to be a spacious, comfortably +graded cement avenue, carried over the streams by handsome bridges +of cut stone, and flanked on both sides by the estates of Santa +Anna.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.17">[17]</a> Now it penetrated a dark forest of palms, cactus, limes +and countless other trees festooned with vines, and now it crossed +rolling prairies. Here it was cut through solid rock; here it skirted +a beautiful hill, with a charming vista of leafy glades; and presently +it was clinging as if in terror to the face of a cliff. Bowers carpeted +with many soft hues and perfumed with heliotrope recalled ideas of +Eden, while marshes full of strange bloated growths, bluish-green pools +rimmed with flowers of a suspicious brilliancy, and thick clumps of +dagger plants tipped with crimson offered suggestions of a different +sort.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>Matted tangles of leafage spattered with gold, big tulipans gleaming in +the shadows like a red rose in the hair of a Spanish dancer, blossoms +like scarlet hornets that almost flew at one’s eyes, and blooms like +red-hot hair-brushes, the sight of which made the scalp tingle, were +balanced with big, close masses of white throats and purple mouths, and +with banks of the greenish-white cuatismilla, discharging invisible +clouds of a fragrance that seemed to be locust blended with lily of the +valley. Trees with tops like balloons, like corkscrews and like tables, +trees drained almost dry by starry parasites that swung from their +branches, trees covered with strawberry blossoms—or what appeared to +be strawberry blossoms<a class="pagenum" id="Page_47" title="47"></a>—that were to graduate into coffee beans, trees +bare of everything except great yellow suns, the Flower of God, that +fascinated one’s gaze—these and countless other surprises followed one +another; and then would come a whole grove netted over with morning +glories in full bloom. Amid scenes like these our exhausted troops +quickly regained their spirits.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>Toward the end of the march on the eleventh, when about thirty-seven +miles from Vera Cruz, the troops crossed a branch of the Antigua, and +soon came to the river itself. In the triangular space thus bounded +rose a hill crowned with an old fort.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.18">[18]</a> Here stood the national +bridge, a magnificent structure more than fifty feet high and nearly +a quarter of a mile in length, commanding romantic views of the rapid +stream winding through towering vistas of luxuriant vegetation. On +leaving the bridge the road made a sharp turn to the left at the foot +of a high and very steep bluff; and it seemed as if a battery planted +at the top of the bluff, as La Vega’s had been, might stop an army +until overpowered with siege guns. But Canalizo had been wiser than +his chief, for there were fords above and below and cross-roads in the +rear, that made it possible to turn the position. So amidst a wondrous +illumination from glow-worms and fireflies, the troops made their third +camp here in peace.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>Beyond this point the influence of Canalizo could be seen. The bamboo +huts thatched with palm-leaves were all vacant and empty. Scarcely one +living creature could be seen except flitting birds. These, however, +still abounded: parrots, macaws, hawks, eagles, orioles, humming-birds, +mocking-birds, cardinals brighter than cardinals, cranes larger than +cranes, talkative chachalacas, toucans as vociferous as their bills +were huge—every color from indigo to scarlet, and every note from the +scream to the warble; and the same ocean of green still rolled its vast +billows, warmed and brightened by the same golden sun.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>At the end of this march, about thirteen miles from the national +bridge, the highway narrowed and pitched down a long, steep, winding +descent, with overhanging trees and rocks on one side and a precipice +on the other, as if making for the centre of the globe. Then it crossed +Río del Plan, and came to a small, irregular opening, where a few +scattered huts could be<a class="pagenum" id="Page_48" title="48"></a> seen. This was Plan del Río. Views of superb +heights delighted the eye, but the hot breath of the coast could be +felt in the valley. Even the hollows between the sand-hills of Vera +Cruz were thought less pestilential. But the men lay down, and, as a +soldier wrote, covered themselves with the sky.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>In the midst of scenery like this, “Old Davy” Twiggs appeared like a +perfectly natural feature. His robust and capacious body, powerful +shoulders, bull-neck, heavy, cherry-red face, and nearly six feet +of erect stature represented physical energy at its maximum. With +bristling white hair and, when the regulations did not interfere, a +thick white beard, he seemed like a kind of snow-clad volcano, a human +Ætna, pouring forth a red-hot flood of orders and objurgations from +his crater of a mouth; and he was vastly enjoyed by the rough soldiers +even when, as they said, he “cursed them right out of their boots.” In +a more strictly human aspect he made an excellent disciplinarian, and +he could get more work out of the men than anybody else in the army; +but as a warrior, while he always looked thirsty for a fight, he was +thought over-anxious to fight another day—to be, in short, a hero of +the future instead of the past; and as a general, Scott had already +said that he was not qualified “to command an army—either in the +presence, or in the absence of an enemy.” His brains were, in fact, +merely what happened to be left over from the making of his spinal +cord, and the soldiers’ names for him—the “Horse” and the “Bengal +Tiger”—classed him fairly as regarded intellect.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>Twiggs had been warned by Scott that a substantial army, commanded by +Santa Anna, lay in his front; lancers were encountered on April 11; +and a reconnaissance of that afternoon, made because the enemy were +said to be in force just ahead, proved that guns commanded the pass of +Cerro Gordo; yet the next morning he advanced in the usual marching +order. Nothing saved his division but the eagerness of the Mexicans. +They opened fire before he was entirely within the jaws of death, and +he managed to retreat—extricating his train with difficulty, however. +The enemy have given up and withdrawn, boasted Santa Anna, while the +Americans felt ashamed. Further reconnoitring on that day gave a still +more impressive idea of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_49" title="49"></a> the problem ahead; but the General, as if +intoxicated by holding an independent command, ordered an assault made +at daybreak the next morning. The Volunteer Division, consisting at +present of two brigades, a field battery and a squadron of cavalry, +then arrived. Patterson, who led it, seemed, however, by no means +eager to accept the responsibility of command, and, as no confidence +whatever was felt in Pillow, the second in rank, he placed the entire +force under Twiggs on the ground of illness. Pillow and Shields, who +were thought no less willing than Twiggs to make a bid for glory at the +expense of their men, then demanded a day for rest and preparation; and +accordingly, about sunset on the thirteenth, orders for the attack were +issued.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">DISCOURAGEMENT</p> + +<p>But the officers and soldiers, distrusting alike the information and +the ability of their commander, now felt extremely depressed. The +situation appeared hopeless, thought even Lieutenant U. S. Grant; and +Captain Robert E. Lee described the Mexican position as an “unscalable” +precipice on one side and “impassable” ravines on the other. It seemed, +wrote a third man, like a Gibraltar; and the idea of assailing it with +Twiggs for leader inspired the deepest alarm. Everybody not selfishly +ambitious desired to wait for the commander-in-chief; and yet Polk, +in order to justify his depreciation of Scott, said with reference to +this very situation, that our forces would be victorious “if there +was not an officer among them.” Suddenly, however, the faces of the +men brooding round their bivouac fires lighted up, for news came that +Patterson, in order to veto the project of Twiggs, had assumed the +command, and ordered offensive operations to be suspended.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>Scott, whose ideas of an army differed radically from those prevalent +in Mexico, hardly believed that Santa Anna could place himself below +Jalapa at this time with as many as 4000 men, even though reports of +a larger number reached him; but he arranged to drop his work at Vera +Cruz on the first news of serious opposition, and letters from Twiggs +and Pillow, received late on April 11 led him to set out the next +day. Early on Wednesday afternoon, the 14th, he was at Plan del Río, +doffing his old straw hat as the soldiers, who doubtless realized that +in taking Vera Cruz by siege instead of assault he had<a class="pagenum" id="Page_50" title="50"></a> spared their +lives, cheered tumultuously. Instantly chaos became order, confidence +reigned, and the jealous clashes of the commanders ended. Now something +will be done, thought the officers; the soldiers began to laugh and +whistle; and what an officer called a “hum of satisfaction” pervaded +the camp. Already the battle was half gained.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.23">[23]</a></p> + +<p>Engineers Beauregard and Tower had by this time done some +reconnoitring, and, as indeed would have been fairly obvious to any +intelligent person, had concluded that a turning movement against the +Mexican left—toward which a trail had been found to lead—offered +the best hope. But an idea was not a plan. The reconnaissances were +far from complete, and reports upon the Mexican position and numbers +differed materially. Hence the commander-in-chief, who accepted +everything valuable done by his subordinates but never surrendered his +own judgment, decided to begin anew, and, in the hope of gaining the +highway in Santa Anna’s rear and cutting off his entire army, sent +Captain Lee at once to the ravines.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.21">[21]</a> Friday that indefatigable +engineer found himself in contact with the Mexican lines far to the +rear of El Telégrafo. Reconnoitring could go no farther, and the +highway toward Jalapa was not actually seen; but there were good +reasons for believing it near, and the construction of a “road” for +troops and artillery on the route discovered by Lee was pressed with +great energy. At about 9 o’clock on Friday evening all the facts and +conclusions were brought together in a plan by Major John L. Smith, +senior engineer on the ground, and in substance his plan was adopted. +Its essential point was, in accordance with Scott’s announced aim, to +gain the highway in the Mexican rear first of all, and then—not until +then—attack in the rear and perhaps also on the front.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.22">[22]</a> After +the adjournment of this conference the army was further cheered by +the arrival of Worth, 1600 picked men and a number of heavy guns. The +Mexican forces were estimated as 12–18,000, and Scott had only 8500; +but the bright stars of that night looked down on an army sleeping +soundly in full courage and confidence.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.23">[23]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">PRELIMINARY OPERATIONS</p> + +<p>At seven or eight o’clock the next morning Twiggs advanced. His +instructions were to avoid a collision, occupy La Atalaya, reach +the Mexican left, and rest on his arms near the highway<a class="pagenum" id="Page_51" title="51"></a> until the +remainder of the army should be in position, and the time for acting +decisively should arrive. Accordingly, after marching about three +miles along the highway he turned off to the right by the road already +cut, ordering the men to trail arms and preserve absolute silence. At +one point the road lay for twenty-five or thirty feet in view of the +enemy, and Lee proposed to screen it with brush. But this appeared to +Twiggs quite unnecessary, and hence the Mexicans could observe not +only the troops but four mountain howitzers, four 6-pounders, and +two 12-pounders gleaming in the sun. Pinzón and also the outpost on +La Atalaya notified Santa Anna of the American movement, and strong +reinforcements were therefore despatched to that hill.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.26">[26]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a id="i008" /> + <img src="images/i008.jpg" width="500" height="350" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">BATTLE OF CERRO GORDO<br />CENTRAL PART OF THE FIELD</div> +</div> + +<p>Twiggs advanced but slowly, for the road—hewed in the roughest way +through oaks, mesquite, chaparral, cactus and the like and over almost +impassable ground—could barely answer its purpose, but about noonday +the command found itself in the vicinity of La Atalaya. Lieutenant +Gardner of the Seventh Infantry was then directed to ascend a +neighboring hill with Company E, and take an observation of the enemy. +He was attacked; upon which Colonel Harney, now commanding Twiggs’s +first brigade in place of Persifor F.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_52" title="52"></a> Smith, who was ill, sent forces +to relieve him, pursued the Mexicans to La Atalaya with the Mounted +Rifles, First Artillery and other troops, and after a stiff combat +occupied that point.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>One of the captains—for on such ground independence of action was +unavoidable—inquired of Twiggs how far to charge the enemy. “Charge +’em to hell!” roared the Bengal Tiger; and naturally enough a small +American force rushed down the farther slope of La Atalaya and began +to ascend El Telégrafo. It was then in a desperate situation, exposed +to the cannon of the Mexicans and to overwhelming numbers. A party of +Americans under Major Sumner, which bravely hastened to its relief, +succeeded only in sharing its plight. But happily cover was found; +a howitzer discouraged the enemy; and later this group was able to +retire. La Atalaya remained in American hands despite attempts to +recover it; but the Mexicans had been fully warned, and our troops +were not lying on their arms near the Jalapa route. Meantime or soon +Shields’s brigade came to the support of Twiggs, who now had control +of nearly 5000 men. The casualties amounted to about ninety on our +side and more than two hundred on the other; but the Mexicans, whose +operations had been directed by Santa Anna himself, believed the +Americans had seriously attacked El Telégrafo, and exulted loudly with +shouts and music over what seemed to them a triumph.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>Santa Anna did not yet believe, or would not admit, that Scott’s main +drive would be aimed against his left, but he recognized the wisdom +of strengthening that wing. He therefore ordered a breastwork, which +was made of short palisades reinforced behind with stones and brush, +to be thrown up near the base of El Telégrafo, placed a couple of +12-pounders, the Second Ligero and the Fourth Line regiments on the +summit, selected brave Ciriaco Vázquez to command there, planted five +guns on a slight eminence near headquarters to guard the mouth of a +wooded ravine on the left, had the ground in front of this battery +partly cleared, and ordered the Eleventh regiment and Canalizo’s +cavalry to support the guns. The Americans were not less active. By +dint of extraordinary exertions General Shields’s brigade, assisted +by other troops, dragged a 24-pounder and two 24-pound howitzers with +ropes through<a class="pagenum" id="Page_53" title="53"></a> the woods and rocky gorges, pulled them up the steep +and bristling side of La Atalaya, mounted them, and constructed a +parapet for them and the rocket battery; and with perhaps even greater +difficulty four New York companies placed an 8-inch howitzer on the +farther side of Río del Plan over against the tongues, <em>A</em>, <em>B</em> and +<em>C</em>. Darkness and rain did not facilitate these operations.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE BATTLE OF CERRO GORDO</p> + +<p>Sunday morning the sky was clear, a gentle breeze from the Gulf just +fluttered the red, white and green flag on the stone tower, and the +Mexican trumpets blared in all directions. Soon the guns of La Atalaya +solemnly announced the battle, producing consternation at first on +the summit of El Telégrafo; but the pieces were badly aimed, and +accomplished little beyond encouraging the Americans and calling forth +a vigorous reply.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.24">[24]</a> The Second Infantry and Fourth Artillery +under Brevet Colonel Riley of Twiggs’s division now moved on toward +Santa Anna’s rear and the Jalapa route, supported by the brigade of +Shields, which included the New York regiment and the Third and Fourth +Illinois. Learning of this activity in the valley, General Vázquez +ordered Colonel Uraga with the Fourth Infantry and a 4-pounder to the +minor crest of El Telégrafo, and as Riley crossed the continuation +of the spur he was much annoyed by their fire. Four companies of the +Second Infantry were therefore detached as skirmishers, and before +long, in spite of Scott’s orders and the protest of Lee, who was +conducting Riley’s command, Twiggs, pawing the ground somewhere out of +range, ordered Riley’s whole brigade up the hill. Shields, however, +proceeded along the route discovered by Lee. The ground was rough and +precipitous, and the growth of trees and thorny chaparral dense; but +the General—a stout, soldier-like man with a heavy mustache, black +hair and brilliant dark eyes—had a great deal of energy, and in three +straggling files his men pushed on.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>During the artillery duel Harney’s command lay under cover on the +summit of La Atalaya, listening to the harsh, bitter shriek of the +Mexican grape, which tore the bushes into shreds; but at about 7 +o’clock a charge upon El Telégrafo was ordered.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.25">[25]</a> As the troops +measured the height, crowned with guns and fortifications and topped +off with a scornful banner, the attempt seemed almost impudent; but +that was the day’s work, and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_54" title="54"></a> it had to be done. First the “cursed +Riflemen,” as the Mexicans named them, were diverted to the left, +where the Mexican Sixth Infantry could be seen approaching; the bugles +sounded; and then the Third and the Seventh Infantry, supported by the +First Artillery, dashed down the slope of La Atalaya. Here and in the +valley they were swept by a deadly shower of bullets, canister and +grape, and the front melted like snowflakes; but, as fearless Captain +Roberts of the Rifles put it, “When dangers thickened and death talked +more familiarly face to face, the men seemed to rise above every +terror.” The contest at the palisade breastwork was hard, and the +Mexicans dared even to cross bayonets with Americans; but they finally +gave way. Here a little time was taken for rest, and then forward +pressed the troops, helping themselves up the slope, over craggy rocks +and loose stones, and through the chaparral by catching at bushes and +trees. The screen of woods and the steepness of the incline protected +them now.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>Very different proved the cleared part of the hill, where small trees, +bushes and thorny cactus lay spread with tops pointing down. Here +progress was slow and concealment impossible. But with deliberate +fearlessness the men plodded firmly on, firing at will, strong in that +mutual confidence which gives a charge its force. They “seem to despise +death,” cried the Mexicans in astonishment. Here and there one was +struck down; here and there, breathless and exhausted, one dropped; but +no flinching could be seen. Like the wave of fire in a burning prairie, +the line moved steadily up. “Charge, charge!” shouted the officers; and +the men yelled and cheered, yelled and cheered, yelled and cheered till +sometimes it seemed as if even the trees were cheering, till sometimes +the roar of the guns could not be heard; and Harney—red-headed, +tempestuous Harney of the steel-blue eyes—at last in his element, led +them as they deserved to be led. Superbly tall, his athletic figure +needed no plume; the sword in his long arm waved them on; like the keen +edge of a billow rushing upon the shore his calm, shrill voice rode the +tumult.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>Just below the crest a pause for breath; and then the blue stripe +was up and over. At the breastwork the fighting was sharp, for Santa +Anna had sent up two more regiments; but soon Vázquez fell; with +pistols, bayonets and clubbed muskets<a class="pagenum" id="Page_55" title="55"></a> the Mexicans were driven from +the summit; and in a moment big Sergeant Henry of the Seventh had +the Stars and Stripes flying from the tower. Riley’s men, pushing up +through dense thickets under a hot fire, had now taken possession of +the spur; and while some of them hurried on to join Harney, others shot +down the gunners of the battery on the summit. In a twinkling Captain +Magruder turned the pieces, and poured a storm of iron on the flying +Mexicans. General Baneneli, commanding the reserve just below, tried +hard to charge, but his men would not face the yelling Americans. The +Grenadiers and the Eleventh Infantry, hurried by Santa Anna in that +direction, were overwhelmed by the fugitives; Riley’s advance plunged +down the hill toward the Mexican camp; and an indescribable confusion +ensued.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>Just at this time, after a fearful march of perhaps two miles, Shields +with his foremost companies emerged from the chaparral on the Mexican +left, and hastily prepared to charge. Three guns of the headquarters +battery, one hundred and fifty or two hundred yards distant in their +front, had been turned upon Riley, but the other two let fly at them. +Shields fell and his men recoiled. It was no wonder. About three +hundred raw volunteers, without regulars and without artillery, +stood before cannon and an army! Some two thousand fresh horse under +Canalizo, guarding that very ravine, faced them just at the left of the +battery, and the cannon kept at work. But their mere emerging from the +close chaparral at this point, in a strength which the enemy could not +measure, was of itself a triumph.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>“The Yankees! They have come out to the road!” cried the Mexicans; +“Every one for himself!” Some of Riley’s men shot down or frightened +away the gunners of the battery, and in another moment seized three of +the pieces. At the same instant a section of Shields’s brigade, which +had now come up in more force, captured the other two, while a second +section, followed by the Seventh Infantry, struck for the highway. +Canalizo, afraid of being cut off, took flight, as many had already +done; and all the rest of the Mexicans who could, either followed him +or, like Santa Anna himself, rushed headlong down one or the other of +two paths, narrow and steep, that descended into the canyon of the Río +del Plan. Scott, who<a class="pagenum" id="Page_56" title="56"></a> had watched the charge “under a canopy of balls,” +as Major Patten said, was now on the scene. Harney, his old foe, he +greeted in the warmest and friendliest of terms; and, as he moved among +the victorious troops with tears rolling down his cheeks, he spoke to +them noble and touching words, as not merely their commander but their +elder brother in arms, fully sharing their pains, their pride and their +joy.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>While these brave scenes were enacted, the other flank witnessed a +burlesque of war. Naturally Scott planned to attack the Mexican right +in order to deceive Santa Anna regarding his intentions, prevent +the troops of that wing from going to the assistance of the other, +and perhaps accomplish something positive in that quarter.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.27">[27]</a> +This piece of work was assigned to Pillow’s brigade, and although +he objected to it as dangerous, a hint about discipline brought him +into line. As early as April 13, in view of Twiggs’s plan, he and +Lieutenant Tower of the engineers had reconnoitred the ground, and this +examination had been continued on the fifteenth and sixteenth; but the +General did not understand or did not remember what he saw. It was +clear, however, that a force attacking between <em>A</em> and the canyon would +have the enemy on but one side, and would be as far as possible from +the guns occupying <em>B</em> and <em>C</em>. With Scott’s approval this plan was +adopted, and the 8-inch howitzer was placed so as to command the flank +and rear of the battery at <em>A</em>.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p>Pillow’s orders were to set out on his march of about four miles at +6 o’clock on Sunday morning, yet he did not reach his position until +almost 9. One reason for the delay probably was, that in consequence of +a manoeuvre, executed by his order, the rear of the column missed the +proper route. Another reason also may be surmised. Aside from wanting +confidence in their general’s military capacity, his troops had long +disliked him; and his display of unfeeling harshness on the march from +Vera Cruz had given further offence. Under such circumstances things +never can go well.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p>During the march he announced that he had changed his mind, and would +have the First Pennsylvania (Wynkoop) supported by the First Tennessee +(Campbell) attack on the northern face of tongue <em>A</em>, and the Second +Tennessee (Haskell) supported by the Second Pennsylvania (Roberts) +attack on<a class="pagenum" id="Page_57" title="57"></a> the southern face of <em>B</em>, which was obviously sure—since it +guarded the old road—to be held more strongly than either of the other +tongues.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.28">[28]</a> This ingenious plan, moreover, divided the American +while tending to concentrate the Mexican strength. By mismanagement +he reversed both of his attacking regiments—a mistake that caused +embarrassment and loss of time; and then on leaving the highway, about +three miles from Plan del Río, and entering the narrow path leading to +the point of attack, he adopted this order: Wynkoop, Haskell, Campbell, +Roberts, which—since it was necessary to advance mostly in single +file—placed Campbell and Roberts a long distance from the troops that +each was to support, so that neither of them reached his position +before the fighting on this wing ended.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p>On arriving at the appointed spot, where the orders of Mexican officers +at <em>B</em> could be heard very distinctly, Haskell began to form his badly +scattered regiment. “Why the Hell don’t Colonel Wynkoop file to the +right?” shouted Pillow at the top of his voice. A bugle in the front +sounded instantly, and within three minutes the Mexicans opened a heavy +fire of grape and canister. Some of Haskell’s men, brave but not in +hand, bolted; others took shelter; and the rest, at Pillow’s order, +charged pell-mell. Emerging into the cleared space they received a +murderous fire from all of the tongues. In less than three minutes +about eighty, including every field officer except the colonel, were +either killed or wounded, and all able to move were in flight. Pillow +meanwhile, squatting in the bushes with his back to the enemy at a +distance of about 450 yards, was “shot all to pieces,” as he said, by a +canister bullet that slightly wounded his upper arm; and he retired at +a run, leaving Wynkoop without the promised instructions.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p>A state of general confusion ensued. Campbell and his men were anxious +to charge; Wynkoop felt no less eager when it was too late; the Second +Pennsylvania was demoralized; all were more or less under fire. +Campbell, however, to whom Pillow resigned the command, got the men +almost ready to charge upon tongue <em>A</em>; but then Pillow, venturing back +from the rear, withdrew his brigade so far into the woods that, until +notified by Scott, he did not know the Mexicans in his front, who found +their rear was occupied by the Americans, had<a class="pagenum" id="Page_58" title="58"></a> surrendered. As for the +8-inch howitzer, it fired seven ineffective shells; and then, at the +critical time, as Pillow had neglected to arrange a code of signals, +Ripley, who controlled it, suspended work. Evidently, as Polk said, +gallant Americans—and such Pillow’s men really were—did not require a +commander!<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p>A little before 10 o’clock the fighting was over and pursuit began. +Having little cavalry and no adequate subsistence train Scott’s powers +in this respect were limited; but every man had been expected to set +out in the morning with rations for two days, and substantially all +the troops except Pillow’s, accompanied by two incomplete batteries, +moved actively forward. Patterson once more became well enough to act, +and took charge of the advanced forces. Frequently bands of fugitives +were seen at a distance, looking in their cotton or linen jackets +like flocks of sheep. The artillery had some fair long shots, and +occasionally other troops also came within reach of the enemy. But the +Mexicans fled—even the cavalry—without stopping for ceremony, too +much cowed to face even a small party of Americans; and the results +were of little significance.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.31">[31]</a></p> + +<p>Heat and exhaustion checked the most advanced pursuers about four +miles from Jalapa, but nothing could stop the Mexicans. Like stampeded +cattle, the fugitives thought only of flying until worn out. No stand +was made at Jalapa. At La Hoya, the second line of defence, General +Gómez, hearing of the disaster, sent word to the rear, “All is lost +at Cerro Gordo, all, all!” and fled. In complete disorder, panting, +starving, falling by the way—the horses of the cavalry in a like +state—the men streamed on toward Puebla, plundering when they could. +Thousands also of those who surrendered managed to escape at one place +or another in the rough, wooded country, and, as Scott could with +difficulty feed his own army and thought future opposition could be +weakened by proving the friendly sentiments of his proclamation, the +remaining 3000 were released on parole.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.30">[30]</a> More than 4000 stand of +arms, old and not worth using, were destroyed; and about forty cannon, +which Scott had no means of transporting, were rendered unserviceable +and left at Cerro Gordo. The Mexican casualties were estimated at 1000 +or 1200, while the American<a class="pagenum" id="Page_59" title="59"></a> loss during the two days amounted to only +thirty officers and 387 men, of whom sixty-four were killed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.31">[31]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">JALAPA OCCUPIED</p> + +<p>Next morning the Americans advanced again. For the two last miles below +Jalapa the highway ran between continuous hedges loaded with blossoms +and vocal with the songs of birds, while bougainvillea flamed here and +there on a cabin or tree-top in a conflagration of purple, and the air +was laden with delicious perfumes; and when the town was descried from +an eminence, it seemed like a delicate mosaic set in a massive frame +of rich emerald. Friends had been left behind forever, but grief was +offset by the joy of surviving; and after dressing ranks the troops +began to enter Jalapa at about 9 o’clock with bayonets fixed, colors +flying and bands playing. Some of the girls could not help laughing at +the unkempt appearance and nondescript costumes of the terrible and +victorious Yankees; but the people, who lined the streets, appeared +neither hostile nor afraid, and the bells rang out a welcome.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.32">[32]</a> +The soldiers for their part soon felt they had reached Eden, and they +were none the less content on hearing of the dull saffron haze which +now hung over Vera Cruz—a visible token that “King Death in his Yellow +Robe” had once more set up his throne there; while Scott himself, +wishing to tranquillize the army and favorably impress the public, +proceeded to hide the errors of his subordinates with reports that +misled the public.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.33">[33]</a> As for the future he cheerfully announced, +“Mexico has no longer an army.” Apparently the United States had a very +substantial one; but surprises were soon to occur.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N23.34">[34]</a></p> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXIV" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_60" title="60"></a><span class="subtitle">XXIV</span><br /> + PUEBLA<br /> + <span class="subtitle">April-August, 1847</span></h2> + +<p class="sidenote">THE ADVANCE FROM JALAPA</p> + +<p>Wishing to take advantage of the Mexican panic, Scott hurried Worth’s +division after the fugitives. Down the steep hill on which Jalapa +lies poured the men in blue, passing the little plaza and the quaint +cathedral; and then without halt, leaving the city of flowers and its +groves of liquidambar, they set out on a long, gradual ascent. What a +march they now had! “The most beautiful country there is,” commented +an officer; and his remark was truer than he knew. Dominated by the +splendid snowy peak of Orizaba, there spread a vast expanse of hills +and gorges, mountains and valleys, here studded with white villages, +there gemmed with a silver cascade, yonder brightened with fresh fields +of corn and grain, always variegated with the shadows of lazy clouds, +and everywhere softly receding into a deeper and still deeper blue; and +as the column wound in and out through the clear, cool and fragrant +atmosphere, every turn revealed new beauties or displayed once more the +beauties already seen—only a little nearer each time, or a little more +remote.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p>Gradually the ascent grew sharper and the air cooler, and about a dozen +miles from Jalapa Worth came to the Black Pass—the “terrible pass,” +wrote Scott—of La Hoya, where for more than a mile the troops were +squeezed between two steep mountains, cleared to afford artillery a +fair sweep, and partly fortified; but the seven or eight guns lay on +the ground spiked, and not an enemy could be seen. Then after making a +sharp twist they kept on winding and ascending for about six miles till +they reached the log houses of Las Vigas, much like those of Russia +and Sweden. Vegetation was luxuriant still; but the trees on the steep +hills at the left were evergreens, and the flowers that brightened the +overtowering walls, buttresses and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_61" title="61"></a> spurting arches of black lava were +mostly dandelions and yellow jarilla, for the Americans now stood a +mile and a half above the sea and almost three quarters of a mile above +Jalapa. Here the winds bit; and now and then masses of thick vapor, +whirling up from an immense gorge and burying the column for a time in +wintry twilight, would sweep on ahead of it in rolling, shining volumes +of heaven-high clouds.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.1">[1]</a></p> + +<div class="figright"> + <a id="i008a" /> + <img src="images/i008a.jpg" width="250" height="189" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">JALAPA TO PUEBLA</div> +</div> + +<p>This was the final pass; and after marching some twelve miles farther, +one saw at the left edge of a sandy, gravelly plain, set with +occasional tufts of coarse grass, the dust-brown castle of Perote and, +seemingly just above it though in reality several miles distant, the +pine-clad mountain of that name. The castle was a superb specimen of +military architecture, capable of accommodating more than 2000 men; +but it had long served chiefly as a state prison, a refuge for troops, +an arsenal, and a dépôt for the rich convoys that went this way. The +American troops could have passed by on the other side of the plain, +had that been necessary; but it was not. With only twenty-three gunners +and scarcely any powder, General Gaona could not have defended the +place. Canalizo therefore ordered him to evacuate it on the nineteenth; +and at noon on the twenty-second Worth took possession of its elaborate +bastions, more than fifty cannon, more than 25,000 balls and shells and +even 500 muskets, which the terror-stricken Mexicans had not cared to +remove. Throwing Garland’s brigade and Duncan’s battery about fifteen +miles in advance to facilitate the gathering of subsistence, Worth now +halted in accordance with his orders.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">SCOTT’S DIFFICULTIES</p> + +<p>Scott meantime remained at Jalapa to study his problems and make his +preparations. The capital of Mexico, he believed, lay at his mercy, +and this opinion seems to have been correct; but unlike his critics, +who merely had to deal with legions of ink on areas of paper, he found +that much needed to be done before seizing it. The position of the +Americans depended vitally on military prestige, and it was therefore<a class="pagenum" id="Page_62" title="62"></a> +of the utmost importance to suffer no reverse. His first care was +to make sure of getting up in advance of the especially fatal rainy +season, which was expected to begin at the latest by the first week of +June, the needful clothing, equipments, ammunition, salt, medicines and +many other imported articles; and since the lack of cavalry and a due +regard for the health of the troops forbade trying to keep the road +below Cerro Gordo clear of Mexicans, this tedious work involved the +use of heavily escorted convoys,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.2">[2]</a> and the exercise of unceasing +vigilance, energy and skill.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.6">[6]</a></p> + +<div class="figleft fig175"> + <a id="i009" /> + <img src="images/i009.jpg" width="175" height="698" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">Profile of the Route from Vera Cruz to Mexico</div> +</div> + +<p>His next care was to gather provisions, determine whether supplies of +breadstuffs, meats, rice, beans, coffee, sugar and forage existed near +the proposed line of march, and arrange for obtaining them despite the +hatred of the people, which quite equalled their fear.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.3">[3]</a> A third +care was to divine what Santa Anna intended and was able to do, for +news came that he was now on our flank and rear, preparing to conduct +guerilla war against the American detachments and convoys. Contrary to +his expectation Scott found subsistence and forage scarce at Jalapa, +and as Quitman’s brigade came up without the extra rations it had been +ordered to bring, the situation proved embarrassing. A scarcity of +funds aggravated it alarmingly. An immediate advance upon the capital +was therefore out of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_63" title="63"></a> the question; but on April 30 Scott issued +preliminary instructions, enjoining kind treatment of the people in the +strongest possible terms, as absolutely necessary if the troops did +not wish to starve; and the volunteers were ordered to set out on the +fourth and fifth of May.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>But now a difficulty that had been feared by Scott rose directly in +his path. Seven regiments and two companies of volunteers were to be +free at various near dates, averaging about the middle of June. Polk, +believing that many would reënlist, had recommended that a bounty +should be offered as an inducement, and Congress had acted upon the +suggestion. April 26 General Scott received the law and promptly +circulated it; but he soon found that Polk’s expectations were to be +disappointed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>It would have been quite agreeable to linger at Jalapa, strolling +about this paradise of birds, gazing at the many-hued blossoms of a +perpetual springtime, feasting on the delicacies of semi-tropical +gardens, winning occasional glimpses of exotic luxury through doors +ajar, listening to ever-graceful señoritas—a few dazzling blondes as +well as many sparkling brunettes—who played the guitar hour after +hour in their grated windows, and catching glances now and then from +eyes of fire; but the soldiers had learned what campaigning really +meant. They had been allowed to go unpaid and unprovided for. They +had met with hardships and privations not counted upon at the time of +enlistment. Disease, battle, death, fearful toil and frightful marches +had been found realities. Besides, they had now “seen the elephant,” as +they said; they felt they had won glory enough; and, as even Colonel +Campbell admitted, they “sighed heavily” for home, family and friends. +In spite of their strong desire to see the Halls of the Montezumas, out +of about 3700 men only enough to make one company would reëngage, and +special inducements, offered by the General, to remain as teamsters +proved wholly ineffective.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>One course now open to Scott was to march on, trusting that new forces +would arrive seasonably to replace the soldiers discharged; but of +this he had no assurance. Another was to assume that even when legally +free the volunteers would not abandon him in the enemy’s capital; +but the evidence was all to the contrary. More than once American +troops had in<a class="pagenum" id="Page_64" title="64"></a>sisted upon their rights without considering the needs +of the country; and now five colonels declared in writing that “only +a very small proportion” of their men would “under any supposable +circumstances” remain in the service “for any time whatever” beyond +their term. Such was the sentiment of all these volunteers.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>Moreover, to advance, capture Mexico and so force the men to sail +from Vera Cruz in the midst of the pestilential season would have +been insubordinate as well as inhumane, for the government had +ordered most emphatically, with particular reference to the yellow +fever, that regard for their health must outweigh all military +considerations.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.4">[4]</a> The returning volunteers would also have been +exposed, under inexperienced commanders and without a proper complement +of artillery, to Santa Anna and the guerillas, and those remaining +behind at the capital would have been regarded by the Mexicans as +destined prey. On the other hand, should the entire army retreat after +capturing Mexico, the exultant people would have risen almost <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en +masse</em> to starve, harass and slaughter them; while even Worth doubted +whether Scott’s whole force, could it by any possibility be persuaded +to remain intact, would be strong enough to hold the capital. Finally, +as the sequel was to show and as any well-informed person could have +foreseen, merely capturing and retaining Mexico City was not sure by +any means to end the war. The seat of government could easily move, and +Scott was correctly informed that it proposed to do so. Santa Anna was +in the field with a growing army; his moral and physical resources had +not been exhausted; and more fighting needed to be done.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>Scott was called slow by some of his critics, but when the case +permitted he could make a quick decision; and on the sixth and seventh +of May the volunteers referred to—“with a joyous and pleasant +countenance upon every man,” as one of them wrote—set out for home +under Patterson.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.5">[5]</a> Their departure left the General with an army of +7113. As for early reinforcements, he had recommended on November 29 +the addition of twelve regiments to the regular establishment, and had +said that about the first of May they would be indispensable; but at +present he only knew that 960 recruits were on the way. None the less +he sent Quitman forward with three<a class="pagenum" id="Page_65" title="65"></a> regiments of November volunteers, +and on the sixth of May instructed Worth to advance with his division +and two of those regiments, led by Quitman, against Puebla, leaving the +third regiment with a sufficient number of artillerists at Perote.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">MEXICAN ASSISTANCE</p> + +<p>For the confidence with which less than 4000 men were thus advanced +beyond the reach of prompt assistance, to cope with a strong city +and the Mexican troops, there was a special reason. The heads of the +Roman Catholic Church in Mexico, who did not feel all the religious +intolerance which they deemed it proper to exhibit in public, cherished +no love toward Santa Anna. For many years his rapacity had given them +offence; and one of his first acts on landing at Vera Cruz in August, +1846, had been to strike at their power. They had therefore felt +disposed to favor the continuance of hostilities, hoping that he and +his myrmidons would be destroyed. But when Moses Y. Beach made it plain +to them on the one hand that resistance to the United States would be +dangerous, and on the other guaranteed the freedom and the property +of Church and citizens, they decided to support our efforts in behalf +of peace, work against Santa Anna as the chief obstacle, and arrange +secretly to have Jalapa, Perote, Puebla and Mexico City refrain from +opposing Scott.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>At “unconquered Puebla,” which was more fully under the domination +of the Church than any other Mexican town, circumstances favored the +clerical design. Terrible stories had been circulated there about the +Americans. They were barbarians, vandals, tigers; they had branded and +sent across the Gulf into slavery shiploads of Tampico people, and +stuck little children on their bayonets at Vera Cruz. But these tales +had now lost all credibility. Santa Anna had been found out. Buena +Vista no longer seemed a Mexican victory. The military caste was not +only hated but despised. News had come that wherever the Americans took +possession, odious taxes were abolished and trade became brisk. Scott’s +treatment of the people shone in comparison with Santa Anna’s, and +his soldiers looked angelic beside the guerillas. The defeat at Cerro +Gordo caused not only deep discouragement but even deeper disgust, for +the men and money of the state had been sacrificed to the incompetence +of the commanders. Besides, marvels were told of the Americans. They +could hew a man asunder<a class="pagenum" id="Page_66" title="66"></a> at one stroke; their horses were gigantic and +incredibly swift; their artillery was unspeakably terrible; and every +one of their bullets might split into fifty pieces, each of the pieces +fatal. Worth’s division included 5000 of these warriors, an American +deserter stated.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>With such popular support the clericals had Isunza, who was closely +connected with them, put in place of the vigorous Ibarra as governor, +and he not only took a stand for non-resistance, but answered the +appeals of the national government with sharp complaints. Instead of +preaching against the Americans, the churchmen led pious processions +about the streets, to show that prayer and not the arm of flesh +was to be relied upon. The arms and ammunition were sent away—for +safe-keeping. The governor would supply no funds for military purposes. +“Reason prohibits vain sacrifices,” he remarked. The comandante general +decided that the city could not be defended. The prefect ordered that +after the arrival of the Americans, not more than three citizens +were to meet in public, and that none should carry arms; while the +ayuntamiento announced that no unsigned placards would be tolerated. +“Men are not all called to play the rôle of heroes,” observed the +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor del Pueblo</cite>. We can only “await with resignation the terrible +blow with which Providence chooses to afflict us,” decided the city +authorities. All the arrangements are complete, Worth was notified +by headquarters on the tenth of May. The people are waiting for you, +reported foreigners from Puebla.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>Scott, for his part, agreed to protect the citizens and especially the +Church, and he put forth on the eleventh of May a proclamation called +by him “the crowning act of conciliation,” which was drawn up under his +direction by a representative of the bishop of Puebla, and embodied the +ideas and sentiments deemed by the leaders of the clerical party most +likely to be effective.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.7">[7]</a> The oppression under which the people +of Mexico lay crushed received in this proclamation brief but vivid +treatment, distrust regarding Santa Anna’s abilities, honor and aims +was excited, and the Americans were represented as true brethren of +the Mexicans. Paredes, an unpatriotic usurper, had forced us to take +up arms in behalf of republican institutions and the welfare of the +whole continent, as well as for<a class="pagenum" id="Page_67" title="67"></a> the maintenance of our proper dignity; +but we were anxious now as ever, to live in peace and friendship with +Mexico, even though determined, if the war must continue, to do the +work of the sword thoroughly.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">SANTA ANNA’S MEASURES</p> + +<p>On the other hand Santa Anna was not idle. His first thought on +quitting the terrible field of Cerro Gordo was that Canalizo’s horse +would stop at El Encero, and that he might rally the flying infantry +upon it; but on moving in that direction by the southern bank of Río +del Plan he found himself cut off by the American pursuit, and turned +abruptly to the left. Always profoundly depressed after a reverse, he +rode along grim and speechless, as if stunned; but the next day an +enthusiastic reception at a small town, aided perhaps by the marvellous +beauty of the district, lifted his head. In the early evening of +April 21 he reached Orizaba, and here the applause of the readily +excited townsfolk made him feel himself once more a general and a +President.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>His low intellectual plane did not permit him to understand his mental +inferiority or to perceive the real strength of the unpretentious and +apparently careless Americans.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.9">[9]</a> It was impossible for him, looking +abroad upon a vast and potentially rich country with all the vanity +of his people, to believe that a handful of poorly dressed Yankees, +imperfectly trained and seemingly not very martial, could overpower its +millions. He felt that sooner or later his groping finger would touch +the right spring, as it had done so many times before, and the nation +would rise up about him. Pride, self-will and blind passion, raging +in his heart, inflamed his courage; and his sense of a proprietary +claim to the country inspired him with a sort of patriotism. What +has been lost after all, he said, except a position and some cannon? +The nation is still mighty. Let it but join me, and I shall yet be +victorious.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>Within his reach lay the brigade of Antonio de León—a little more +than 1000 poorly armed men with two 6-pounders—just from Oaxaca, the +presence of which in this quarter had brought him to Orizaba, and also +the National Guards ordered before the battle to Chiquihuite. Larger +and smaller bodies of fugitives and irregulars, learning where he was, +came in. All the armed men of the vicinity, whatever their proper +function, he caught in his unsparing net, and he summoned<a class="pagenum" id="Page_68" title="68"></a> to the +colors every citizen from sixteen to forty years of age. Beyond the +sweep of his arm far less animation reigned. One disappointment more, +one hope less now, was the mildest frame of mind among the public. +Canalizo, a faithful dog that for the present had been kicked one time +too many, sharply resented Santa Anna’s complaints. The scattering +soldiers and officers, denouncing him bitterly as well as exaggerating +the power of the Americans, discouraged the people. A popular newspaper +demanded savagely that he should be court-martialled. The charge of +collusion with the invaders came back to life. Many of the Indians, +feeling that an American triumph would help them, became restive.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>But the government stood resolutely behind him, and he was invested +with plenary powers. Soto tried again to rouse the people of the state. +From a wider and wider circle fugitives and laboring men were gathered. +Small cannon and some artillerists came within his reach. The stocks of +horses and mules that Scott had tried in vain to get from the region +of the upper Alvarado River were turned to account. Considerable +money and supplies arrived from the government, and other funds and +necessaries were taken without formalities wherever they could be +discovered.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.10">[10]</a> By the first of May he pretended there were 4000 men +under his flag, and no doubt he did have 2500.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>By good fortune more than by design, too, he found himself in an +excellent position, within striking distance of Scott’s communications, +rear and base; and even though not richly imbued with the spirit of +Napoleonic warfare, he laid his plans accordingly. But—fortunately +for Scott, who might have been seriously embarrassed<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.11">[11]</a>—Santa +Anna was more politician than general. On May 15 the election of a +President was to occur, and the votes had to be counted at the seat +of government. His enemies and rivals were incessantly busy there. A +revolution had begun to brew, he understood. A suspicion had got abroad +that he intended to give up the fight and move into Guatemala; and news +reached him that Mexico City was to be surrendered. For these reasons +and to obtain additional supplies, all his forces were directed upon +Puebla; and at the head of a motley and miserable army numbering—he +boasted—4500 men he arrived there on May 11.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_69" title="69"></a>His reception was not flattering. Aside from the fact that everybody of +much account felt ready to see Scott, the town had suffered previously +through Santa Anna’s visiting it, accounts of his exactions had come +from Orizaba, his presence was thought likely to result in hostilities, +and the people feared that he would compel them to take up arms. Many +fled at his approach, and many more wished they were elsewhere. Not +without excuse under the circumstances, his conduct was arbitrary, +insulting and extortionate. He cashiered all the officers of the Vera +Cruz garrison, raved at the indifference of the authorities and people +at Puebla, seized the horses, made liberal demands for cash, and—it +was asserted—even took ornaments of gold from the churches. Some +funds, a quantity of ammunition and some cannon were finally obtained +here; but Isunza furnished him less than two hundred men, and perhaps +the indignation of the people quite offset his gains.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE AMERICANS MARCH ON</p> + +<p>Close behind him, too, came the Americans. Already a day’s march apart, +Worth’s two brigades maintained that interval for some time, followed +by Quitman with the New York and South Carolina regiments at an equal +distance. For six or eight miles from Perote the country was highly +cultivated and already brown with ripening wheat and barley; but then +came a sandy, arid region where steep, conical hills of bare limestone, +calcined like those of the Rhone valley, shot up from a wide, smooth +plain in extravagant confusion, and appeared to bar the way. Hacienda +buildings that were crenellated fortresses could be seen here and +there; but the only cheering sights were glimpses of silvery Orizaba, a +number of smaller mountains with Italian profiles, forked lightnings at +play sometimes in the black clouds, and mirages of gardens, lakes and +sylvan shores that deceived even the most experienced.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>At Ojo de Agua, about thirty-five miles from Perote, a spring of water +almost as large as the fountain of Vaucluse gave rise to a creek, +which watered palmettoes and extensive meadows. Eight or nine miles +farther on, the troops came to dark Nopalucan, which lay reclining on a +comfortable eminence and viewing complacently its fertile valley. Then +some twenty-five miles of romantic scenery brought them to Amozoc, a +manufacturing town of 2000 souls ten or eleven<a class="pagenum" id="Page_70" title="70"></a> miles from Puebla, and +here Worth, who had made easy marches for two days in order to lessen +the interval between him and Quitman, halted his now united brigades at +noon on the fourteenth to await that officer, and to give his own dusty +division time to “brush up.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>Santa Anna, after sending his infantry and artillery toward Mexico +early that morning, had moved off with some 2000 cavalry to surprise +Quitman, supposing that he would be at his usual distance behind Worth, +and that Worth had continued his march. The consequence was that his +troops, finding themselves at about eight o’clock within half a mile or +so of Duncan’s battery and under fire, scattered promptly up the hills +and into the woods. Divining correctly that he would reassemble them +to strike at Quitman, Worth despatched forces at once to the rear; but +Quitman, who had set out in the night, was now only two miles distant, +and, warned by the artillery fire, had prepared to meet the enemy. +Santa Anna therefore accomplished nothing more than to fatigue his men, +and give them a superfluous lesson in running away; and after returning +with them to Puebla for the night, he evacuated that city before +daybreak the next morning with one more failure to his account.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>While at Nopalucan, May 12, Worth had addressed the governor and the +municipality at Puebla, saying that in three days he should take +possession of the city, and that he desired to confer with the civil +authorities before doing so, in order to arrange for the maintenance of +order and worship. Owing to what was regarded as a lack of formality in +this proceeding and to Santa Anna’s insistence that Worth should have +addressed him, no reply was made. But when a second letter arrived in +the evening of the fourteenth, the ayuntamiento appointed a commission +to meet the American general, and the next morning a conference took +place at Chachapa, where our troops arrived at an early hour. Generous +pledges of civil and religious protection were then offered and +accepted; and the Pueblans, who adopted the usual jockeying tactics, +drew from Worth an agreement that Mexican law, to be administered by +Mexican authorities, should remain in force, although Scott’s General +Orders 20 had thrown the protection of military law round the American +troops.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.15">[15]</a> In short, said Hitchcock,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_71" title="71"></a> the inspector general of the +army, Worth—not Puebla—surrendered; and Scott found it necessary to +rectify the error.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">WORTH TAKES POSSESSION OF PUEBLA</p> + +<p>At a little before ten o’clock that day the American troops—who +had suffered badly from dust on the arid, stony hills, consoled +only by views of the great snow-clad volcanoes glittering behind +Puebla—approached the city. It was a proud moment for them when, as +their brilliant commander said, “with all the flush and glow of victory +in their hearts” they entered the second city of Mexico in importance +and the first in military fame. Almost the entire population of the +town looked on. Streets, sidewalks, windows and balconies were thronged +with holiday-makers. As usual, the appearance of the victorious +Americans fell sadly below expectation—perhaps only demigods in +luminous mail could have reached it; but the people showed an intense +curiosity to scrutinize them. Sometimes the troops had to work their +way through the crowd; but no ill temper was displayed on either side, +and finally, reaching the main plaza, our men stacked their arms and +lay down to sleep as if at home.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Puebla, a fine city laid out in the rectangular style and inhabited +by some 80,000 persons, was chiefly noted for piety, cotton mills, +dolls and sweetmeats. The principal feature was the cathedral with its +two dark towers—each of them capped with a yellowish, incrusted dome +bearing aloft a globe and cross, and each filled with numberless bells +of all sizes, which singly performed special offices, and three times a +day rang together in a celestial chorus. Eight or ten altars, refulgent +with sacred vessels of gold, silver and precious stones in amazing +profusion, lighted up the interior; and there was also a candelabra so +big—or was it so grimy?—that $4000 had been paid a few months earlier +for cleaning it. Near by, in the arcades of the plaza, could be found +the dolls and sweetmeats; and of course Poblana market girls, too, +were there: black eyes, black hair combed over the ears, huge silver +ear-rings, snowy chemisette partly hidden with a gray <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">rebosa</em> (scarf), +short red petticoat fastened round the waist with a silk band and +fringed with yellow, small shoes and large silver buckles.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>For almost a fortnight Worth now had an opportunity to show the real +breadth of his admired talents. With the eccle<a class="pagenum" id="Page_72" title="72"></a>siastical authorities, +for obvious reasons, no difficulties occurred. He and the bishop +exchanged calls promptly. Bells rang, churches opened, and in some +of them public rejoicings were celebrated. But between him and +the civil functionaries, mainly in consequence of his excessive +complaisance, there sprang up not a little friction. His troops felt +very much dissatisfied, for his nervous and restless temperament was +in continual excitement about Mexican attacks, and once he kept them +standing under arms needlessly all day. Such alarms came to be known +as “Worth’s scarecrows”; and as the natural consequence, had a real +danger presented itself, the men would have responded tardily and +half-heartedly.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Worse yet, on evidence for which he himself could not say much, he +warned his division a little later (June 16) by means of a circular, +that attempts to poison them were to be feared, adding gratuitously, +“Doubtless there are among those with whom we are situated many who +will not hesitate, as is the habit of cowards, to poison those from +whom they habitually fly in battle—a resource familiar in Spanish +history, legitimately inherited and willingly practised by Mexicans.” +Of course the circular was not likely to elude publicity, and its +indiscretion blazed. It gave the Pueblans a dangerous hint, insulted +all Mexicans, and reflected grossly upon Spain, whose continued +neutrality was highly desirable.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.16">[16]</a> Evidently, though quite able +to criticise, Worth did not possess all the qualifications of a +commander-in-chief.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE AMERICAN SITUATION AT PUEBLA</p> + +<p>Happily a wiser mind and steadier hand now took charge. Until May +20 General Scott had felt compelled to wait at Jalapa for a heavy +train, from which he expected much more than he received. Two days +later Twiggs set out, and on the twenty-eighth Scott—after leaving a +garrison at Jalapa and a smaller one at Perote—reached Puebla with +four troops of horse one day in advance of the division.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.18">[18]</a> As at +Plan del Río his arrival brought confidence and tranquillity. Needless +alarms ended. Rumors of hostile forces were investigated promptly by +his Mexican Spy Company<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.19">[19]</a> or other trustworthy persons, and the +General fixed his mind on greater work than trying to hunt down every +party of irregulars that raised a dust in the vicinity. The troops were +drilled each morning and, if the weather permitted, later each day, and +after about six<a class="pagenum" id="Page_73" title="73"></a> weeks of this made a brilliant showing, when reviewed +by divisions. The engineer soldiers received special training for the +work supposed to lie before them; careful maps of the district between +Puebla and the capital were prepared; and Scott frequently gathered +the engineers and the heads of the army at his quarters of an evening, +discussing military affairs or monologuing inimitably on the many +interesting persons and events familiar to him.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>The Mexican government ordered that nothing marketable should be taken +into the city, but the Pueblans replied unanswerably: There is no +power to enforce that policy; and if there were, the result would be +to starve us, not the Americans, for they could supply their needs by +the sword and we could not. The markets offered, therefore, all sorts +of articles and at moderate prices. Indeed they were too abundant, for +the soldiers gormandized on fruits and sugar-cane brandy, and these +indulgences, added to the want of salt meat, the change of climate and +water, the rare atmosphere, the chilling winds and the lack of suitable +clothing, caused a great amount of sickness—principally dysentery +and ague. On the fourth of June more than 1000 Americans were on the +invalid list, and that number largely increased.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>Sickness of mind prevailed no less. It depressed one to hear the dead +march almost every evening. Rumors of wholesale plots to assassinate +the officers and poison the men tried their nerves. Renewed efforts to +cause desertion excited alarm. Whig speeches condemning the war and +suggesting that bloody hands and hospitable graves ought rightfully +to be the welcome of our soldiers in Mexico undermined confidence and +courage. Poverty chilled their marrow. Men had served eight months +and been paid for two. At the time when shoes and other indispensable +clothing had to be obtained at an exorbitant cost, the army was already +in debt and credit was flickering.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.20">[20]</a> Through an intercepted letter +the Mexicans knew of Scott’s financial difficulties, and the Americans +knew that they knew. The expected revolution against Santa Anna did +not break out, and a pacific President was not elected on June 15, as +General Scott had almost expected.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>To crown all other discouragements, we had a ridiculously small army, +while news came repeatedly that Santa Anna’s<a class="pagenum" id="Page_74" title="74"></a> forces were growing +rapidly. With less than 5800 privates—not over 4000 of them available +for an advance—the General had to face, not only the Mexican army, +but a nation of seven million inflammable persons, who might at any +time be roused to fury by some untoward event. Even the 960 recruits +that had been counted upon did not arrive. June 3, therefore, deciding +to throw away the scabbard and meet all odds with the naked sword, he +reluctantly ordered up to Puebla the garrison of Jalapa<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.21">[21]</a> and a +part of the men left at Perote, cutting himself off in the heart of the +enemy’s country.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>Pillow, the great captain, wrote censures on this course to Polk, and +Polk, the consummate strategist, agreed with his agent; but Scott +understood that necessity is a supreme law and courage the soldier’s +first axiom. A farther advance was, however, impossible. To leave +Puebla without a garrison, allowing that strong city, reoccupied by +the enemy, to menace the rear and stand like a wall of stone across +the path of reinforcements and supplies, was out of the question; and +troops were also needed to protect helpers and overawe enemies among +the civil population. If reduced by these deductions the army would not +have constituted a striking force. Nothing could be done but stand at +guard, and await new troops.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE PROBLEM OF REINFORCEMENTS</p> + +<p>These, for a number of reasons, were delayed. Marcy’s report of +December 5, 1846, presented to Congress at the opening of the session, +admitted that the regular army stood nearly 7000 below full strength, +and it also recommended the addition of ten regiments; but the +administration, feeling at sea about its war policy, and not realizing +how far the men on the firing-line came short of their estimated +numbers or how much time would be required to place new troops there, +took no decided stand in the matter. On the twenty-ninth, however, a +bill authorizing the new regiments was presented in the House by the +military committee, and the President followed this up some days later +with a Message. A law offering a bounty of twelve dollars to encourage +enlisting, upon which the war department acted promptly, was the next +move; and on January 11, 1847, the House, excited by news that Worth +stood in great peril at Saltillo, voted the new regiments. The Senate, +on the other hand, procrastinated until Marcy was in despair, and Polk +twice decided to address the country. Without<a class="pagenum" id="Page_75" title="75"></a> much doubt partisan +scheming and personal aims were chiefly responsible for the delay; but +differences of opinion, more or less honest, regarding the comparative +utility of regulars and volunteers, the expediency and proper terms of +a land bounty, and the rights of the Senate in regard to the choice +of officers caused much discussion, in which every issue touching the +inception and conduct of the war had to run the gantlet of passionate +vociferation.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p>Progress was also hindered in another way. Although Polk had found it +necessary to appoint Scott and had given that officer to understand +that bygones were to be bygones, he liked him no better than +before, did not wish the Whigs and their possible candidate for the +Presidency to win more glory in the war, and realized the political +wisdom—particularly in view of Calhoun’s unfriendliness—of pleasing +the Van Buren Democrats. There were also objections to the existing +arrangement that could be stated publicly. The number of troops to be +employed in Mexico was said to require a chief of higher grade than a +major general, and Polk took the ground that the commander—especially +since he might be desired to handle the question of a treaty—should be +in full agreement and sympathy with the Executive.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p>For these combined reasons he offered to Benton the post of lieutenant +general, provided it could be established, before Scott left +Washington, and about the first of January requested Congress to +authorize the appointment of such an officer.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.23">[23]</a> This precipitated +a commotion. The Senator’s harsh, domineering ways had made him +unpopular, and grave doubts regarding his technical and temperamental +fitness for the place existed not only in Congress but in the Cabinet. +Calhoun and his friends detested the idea of letting Benton gain so +much prestige and with it very likely the Presidency; the partisans +of Taylor and Scott resented such treatment of their favorites; all +the Whigs, besides suspecting Polk of scheming to evade responsibility +and make Benton his grateful successor, rallied to the support of +their two most prominent men; and, after serving for some time as an +embarrassment, the plan was rejected.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p>Finally, then, after a conference committee had adjusted the +differences between the two Houses, the Ten Regiment Bill, though +defeated once in the Senate, passed that body on<a class="pagenum" id="Page_76" title="76"></a> February the tenth, +and received Polk’s approval the next day; and as a loan bill had +been worried through Congress at the end of January, something was +apparently to be done.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.24">[24]</a> Since, however, the officers were liable +to be discharged on the conclusion of peace, it was not believed that +many already in the service could be induced by a slight advance in +rank to enter the new establishment, and for this and probably other +reasons few of the more than five hundred places were offered to the +army. The field was therefore clear for civilian warriors, and their +campaign opened at once. Not limiting their operations to Capitol Hill, +applicants for commissions besieged and assaulted the White House. +“I have pushed them off and fought them with both hands like a man +fighting fire,” wrote Polk in his diary, but “it has all been in vain.” +“Loafers without merit” came, and equally meritorious Congressmen +supported them. Not one in ten of the appointees was known to the +President, and their degree of unfitness was precisely what might have +been expected. A considerable number of them had actually been run out +of the service—in some cases for bad conduct before the enemy—and +many were found less teachable than privates.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p>During February this beautiful exhibition continued, and such were the +only immediate fruits of the much debated law, for it empowered no one +to organize the new troops into brigades and divisions or to appoint +general officers, and the military appropriations had not yet been +made. Further Congressional exertions, therefore, had to be put forth; +but at last on the second and third of March, after a loss of almost +three months at this crisis of the war, the deficiencies were supplied, +and enlistment shortly began. Vigorous efforts were made by the +administration to set the new regulars in motion, company by company, +and even squad by squad; and finally on the nineteenth of April, since +little more could be expected from the November calls, requisitions +for six and a half new regiments of volunteer infantry and twelve +companies of horse—all to serve until the conclusion of peace—were +issued.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p>On the fourth of June, then, about six hundred new troops, commanded +by Brevet Colonel McIntosh, left Vera Cruz for the interior, escorting +a long train of loaded mules and wagons and two or three hundred +thousand dollars in specie. Mexican<a class="pagenum" id="Page_77" title="77"></a> irregulars, who knew the value +of the convoy, soon attacked and stopped it. Cadwalader, then waiting +for a part of his brigade, reinforced McIntosh on the eleventh with +about five hundred men and took command. Fighting his way along he +incorporated the garrison of Jalapa commanded by Colonel Childs, and on +the twenty-first reached Perote.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.27">[27]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile Pillow, now a major general by the grace of his former law +partner, arriving at Vera Cruz and finding there some 2000 of his men, +had advanced with most of them on June 18; and although Scott was in +the most urgent need of money, Pillow ordered Cadwalader to await his +arrival at Perote. Eventually, on July 3, the combined forces were in +motion, and five days later all of them—including the recruits long +since expected—passed the brown gate of Puebla. Of the rank and file +Scott now had 8061 effectives and 2215 sick. Next Brigadier General +Pierce with some 2500 men got away from the coast about the fifteenth +of July,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.26">[26]</a> and after similar fighting appeared at headquarters on +the sixth of August with a heavy siege battery, a long train of wagons +and $85,000 in unsalable drafts, but with none of the specie that had +been expected and regarded as indispensable.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.27">[27]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE AMERICAN ARMY</p> + +<p>Scott now had about 14,000 men, some 2500 of whom lay, however, in +the hospitals, while about six hundred were convalescents too feeble +for an ordinary day’s march. The cavalry, led by Colonel Harney, +included portions of the three dragoon regiments under Captain Kearny, +Major Sumner and Major McReynolds. For artillery, besides the siege +train, there were the field batteries of Duncan, Taylor, Steptoe +and others,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.28">[28]</a> and the howitzer and rocket battery of Talcott. +Brevet Major General Worth’s division of infantry, known as the First, +consisted of Brevet Colonel Garland’s brigade (Second and Third +Artillery, Fourth Infantry and a light battalion) and the brigade of +Colonel Clarke, which included the Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Infantry. +The Second Division, commanded by Brigadier General Twiggs, was +composed of the regiments under Brevet Brigadier General Persifor F. +Smith (Mounted Riflemen, First Artillery and Third Infantry) and Brevet +Colonel Riley (Fourth Artillery, Second and Seventh Infantry). Major +General Pillow, higher in rank than the brave, able and experienced +Worth, a professional soldier, had the Eleventh and Fourteenth<a class="pagenum" id="Page_78" title="78"></a> +Infantry and the Voltigeur regiment under Brigadier General Cadwalader, +a polished veteran of Chestnut Street parades, Philadelphia, and the +Ninth, Twelfth and Fifteenth Infantry under the gentlemanly Franklin +Pierce, a social and political hero of Concord, New Hampshire; while +General Shields’s brigade (New York and South Carolina volunteers) and +Lieutenant Colonel Watson’s, consisting of three hundred marines and a +detachment of the Second Pennsylvania, made up the division of Quitman, +an excellent person and politician, who had now reached the highest +military grade.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p>The troops that had been waiting at Puebla were by this time in fine +training; and the new men, besides receiving the soldier’s baptism on +the way up, had learned at least the value of discipline and skill. +The former had become to a large extent acclimated, and they felt an +entire confidence in their commander, which, fully accredited by his +victories, extended promptly to the reinforcements. The essential +clothing had been purchased or manufactured. Thanks to indefatigable +exertions a large stock of provisions had been accumulated, and at a +cost of 15 per cent funds for the march to the capital had been raised. +Although time had permitted the friendly sentiments and reasonable +arguments of Scott’s proclamation to leaven the people, and association +with the Americans had refuted the calumnies previously effective +against them, our officers and men expected hard fighting. Thoughts of +distant homes and of near perils were silvering many a fine head. There +were no good laughers in the army now. But in an equal degree hearts +were nerved. Mentally the cost of success, figured without discount, +was already paid. All felt eager to advance. And when, anticipating +Pierce’s arrival by one day, Scott gave the order, a soldier’s joy +lighted up their bronzed features.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N24.30">[30]</a></p> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXV" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_79" title="79"></a><span class="subtitle">XXV</span><br /> + ON TO THE CAPITAL<br /> + <span class="subtitle">April-August, 1847</span></h2> + + +<p>Almost immediately after Santa Anna left the seat of government for the +Cerro Gordo campaign, more than twenty generals and several members of +Congress were called together at the palace by Anaya to consider the +defence of the capital.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.1">[1]</a> Apparently the problem could be solved +without much difficulty. Mexico lies in a rather shallow basin—said +to be the crater of an ancient volcano—about thirty-two by forty-six +miles in diameter. In the time of Cortez the site had consisted of +islands barely rising above the water, but the spaces between these +had gradually been filled, and the water had subsided. Six lakes could +still be counted, however; almost everywhere else in the environs +there were marshes traversed by elevated roads or causeways; and the +rim of the basin, as well as the routes beyond it, seemed to offer +advantageous points for defence.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p>The sentiment of this council and of the city, though concealed under a +cloak of bellicose ardor, opposed resisting the Americans in earnest, +or at all events opposed inviting bombardment; and it was therefore +decided merely to take precautions against a raid, fortify certain +points on the roads, and bring out a host of irregulars to hang upon +the rear and flanks of the enemy. All men capable of bearing arms were +summoned to the colors. The states were called upon for aid. Hopes of +borrowing twenty millions imparted a sunny look to the situation; and +ecclesiastics, naturally passive in view of the agreement with Beach +to let Scott have the city, were deliberately forced into the streets +by the civil authorities to preach fanaticism and rouse the public +from their apathy. Except perhaps by this last method, however, little +was accomplished. “Let us unite, let us unite, and do you go and fight +against the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_80" title="80"></a> French,” some of the Spanish priests had said when their +country was invaded by Napoleon. So things went now in Mexico, and +every one assigned to himself the duty of exhorting. Fine ideas beamed +forth, but everything of practical utility was conspicuously wanting. +Still, as the American volunteers were considered “banditti, without +the slightest knowledge of military tactics, without any sort of +training, without confidence, and in general easily terrified,” no keen +sense of alarm was felt.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.2">[2]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a id="i010" /> + <img src="images/i010.jpg" width="500" height="371" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">VALLEY OF MEXICO</div> +</div> + +<p class="sidenote">POLITICAL CHAOS AT MEXICO</p> + +<p>The disaster of Cerro Gordo cast new and fearful shadows upon the +scene. That defeat, said Anaya, “simply means complete ruin for +the whole republic,” and even his gratification that Santa Anna’s +“interesting person” had not gone down in the wreck seemed rather +of an iridescent kind. Military confidence, which had revived after +earlier shocks, gave way entirely. The prestige derived by Santa +Anna from his alleged success at Buena Vista was now torn to shreds +by panting fugitives from the south. About a thousand pamphlets, for +which no language was too savage or too true, poured light upon his +character and achievements, and the military men as a class met with +similar treatment.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.3">[3]</a> To be sure, the government<a class="pagenum" id="Page_81" title="81"></a> promised boldly +to continue the war. April 20 Congress invested the Executive with +autocratic powers, and prohibited all steps toward peace.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.4">[4]</a> The +Federal District, in which lay the capital, was placed under martial +law. Urgent demands for troops were sent wherever soldiers could be +supposed to lurk. Once more the authorities called upon every citizen +of the proper age to take up arms. Quotas aggregating 32,000 men were +formally assigned to the states. Light fortifications, intended to +delay and perhaps block the Americans, were ordered to be thrown up +along the route; and the heads of the Church issued an appeal for +concord and morality.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>But all of these proceedings displayed more alarm than courage, more +desperation than intelligence. Many of the defensive points were +found valueless. Tools, funds, engineers and laborers fell short. The +meagre donations for continuing hostilities evinced a total want of +enthusiasm. The problem of obtaining enough troops, provisions and +artillery to defend the town seemed more and more insoluble, and the +danger not only of bombardment but of sack more and more terrible. +Grandees got out their old travelling coaches, and even plain citizens +began to emigrate. The government itself decided that against an army +represented by American deserters as more than 16,000 strong, fully +equipped, shortly to be reinforced, and soon to advance, the city could +not possibly be held; and the favorite plan of the administration, +the most promising that could be devised, was to buy up Scott’s +Irish soldiers through the priest McNamara, recently conspicuous in +California, and facilitate their desertion by having Santa Anna attack +Puebla. Should this fail, submission and peace appear to have been +deemed inevitable.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>With some exceptions rulers and people alike, wearied by decades of +dissensions, oppression, scheming, robbery and illusory promises, +discouraged by the passive opposition of the clergy and the wealthy +classes, overwhelmed by a series of military disasters, convinced +that incompetent and perhaps traitorous generals led the armies, and +powerless to discern any happy omens for the country, felt neither +hope nor spirit; and the kindness of the Americans, added to their +invincibility, had now overcome even the instinct of race.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>To heighten the confusion, a state of governmental chaos<a class="pagenum" id="Page_82" title="82"></a> reigned. +Anaya had at most but little prestige or influence, and friends of +Santa Anna, angry because excluded from office, created a friction +between the two that weakened both. The ministers could not coöperate +harmoniously. General Bravo was given command of all the troops in +the Federal District and the state of México, and Santa Anna did not +want him in that important position. Congress devoted itself, when not +harassing the administration, to wrangling over a new constitution, +substantially that of 1824, which finally was voted on the eighteenth +of May. In conscious impotence the Puros writhed and snarled; and their +enemies, the Moderados, after having triumphed and brought Santa Anna +to their side, now boldly paraded their dislike of him, and, by showing +no concern except about retaining their power, excited hostility and +contempt. Common sense was no less wanting than patriotism; and when +these two parties finally agreed to save the country, their plan +was—to supplement the constitution with two more articles.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>Of all the discontent, resentments and ambitions the now despised +Santa Anna became naturally the target. Almonte still plotted to be +President. Arista and Ampudia, joined now in disgrace as formerly in +misfortune, felt thoroughly dissatisfied. Gómez Farías could not forget +his betrayal, and Olaguíbel, governor of the most important state, +México, loyally supported him. Bravo reciprocated Santa Anna’s dislike. +Valencia aspired to the chief military command. All in favor of ending +the war—who now had an organ, <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">El Razonador</cite>—considered Santa Anna +a bar to peace and even to the faithful observance of a preliminary +armistice; and some of them, arguing that his extraordinary powers were +cancelled automatically by the adoption of a new organic law, advocated +placing him in the interior somewhere, ostensibly to wait for new +troops, and negotiating a treaty without his knowledge. The Puros were +expected to explode a revolution against him about the twentieth of +May, and for all sorts of personal or patriotic reasons a host of minor +individuals made ready to coöperate with it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">SANTA ANNA AT THE CAPITAL</p> + +<p>But all these busy folks were only mice, reckoning without the cat. On +leaving Puebla Santa Anna proceeded to San Martín, which lay on the +direct road to Mexico where it began<a class="pagenum" id="Page_83" title="83"></a> to ascend the rim of the Valley. +Works had been erected near, but it was found they could easily be +turned and not easily be provisioned; and a council of war decided to +occupy the capital, since only there could large resources be counted +upon. May 18, therefore, the wretched army of 3000 or 3500 men arrived +at Ayotla, fifteen miles from their destination. Learning of this +unexpected and undesired event, the hostile elements undertook to +“pronounce” at once, but could not set the movement off. Three leading +statesmen of the dominant party then hurried to meet the General, and +after arguing all day persuaded him to write that Anaya might remain in +office and even decide whether Mexico City should be defended, while +he himself would retain his military command, or, if dissatisfied with +Anaya’s decision, would resign.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>But presently cunning Tornel and one or two others convinced Santa +Anna that a mere handful of enemies had spread this net in order to +drag him from power, and eliminate his influence on the vital question +of peace. Jealousy and fears inspired by the favor that Valencia and +Bravo were apparently enjoying, added to the urgency of his officers, +did the rest; and on the nineteenth, in spite of the understanding just +agreed upon—indeed, only about an hour after his letter reached the +palace—his troops entered the city. Anaya’s rather sour and curdled +face flushed hot and bitter. He did not care to retain the Presidency, +for he believed a revolution would soon break out; but forcible +ejection, in disregard of a written promise, was another affair. He +found himself powerless, however; and the next day, after inducing +a council of generals to decide upon holding Mexico, Santa Anna +announced that he would sacrifice his wishes, and resume the executive +power.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>The state of things that ensued was indescribable. Nothing equal to it +has been known perhaps, and nothing imagined save the witches’ caldron. +One public man estimated the number of bubbling intrigues as twenty +millions. Nothing is left us except vanity and dissension, but those +we possess in the superlative degree, wrote Ramírez. Congress had no +prestige, no power, no capacity; and its factions could see nothing +except opportunities to stab one another. Santa Anna’s breach of faith +intensified the distrust and hatred of the Moderados without gratifying +the Puros. Hoping to win some pop<a class="pagenum" id="Page_84" title="84"></a>ularity, he restored the freedom of +the press, which had recently been curtailed; but his enemies merely +took advantage of it. “The man of La Angostura, of Cerro Gordo, of +Amozoc, weary of destroying Mexicans on the field of battle, comes +home tranquilly to find repose in the Presidential chair,” exclaimed +Almonte’s organ.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>A plausible and eloquent manifesto put out over Santa Anna’s name +dropped cold on the pavement. No basis of popular or political strength +for even a temporary footing could be discovered by his counsellors. +Santa Anna himself felt staggered by the opposition. His only chance +was to place the nation between the devil and the deep sea—between +bayonets and chaos—hoping it would again call upon him to save it; and +so on the twenty-eighth, declaring that schemers and revolutionists, +who found him in their way, paralyzed his efforts to serve the country, +he made another sacrifice, and resigned the Presidency.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>Unhappily for him it soon appeared likely that Congress would accept +the sacrifice, while on the other hand certain aspects of his outlook +brightened. Busy Tornel induced a fraction of the Puros, who realized +their helplessness, to adopt his cause. Valencia, though much to Santa +Anna’s repugnance, had been given for his present portion the chief +command at San Luis Potosí, and so disappeared from the capital. +Almonte found himself in prison under a charge of conspiracy. Arista +and Ampudia were banished from the vicinity. Bravo retired from his +command. At the same time promotions fell copiously on devotees; and +the happy recipients knew these might well cease to be valid, should +their patron fall. Almonte was said to have received a majority of +the votes for President, while Santa Anna had been supported by only +Chihuahua; but so much territory lay in American hands that a question +about the legality of the election arose, and Congress deferred the +matter. On the second of June, therefore, the arch-prestidigitator laid +himself once more upon the altar, and in order to save the country from +Scott and anarchy withdrew his resignation.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>“Mexicans, I shall be with you always—to the consummation of your +ruin,” so the <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Republicano</cite> paraphrased his announcement; and +then it added: “What a life of sacrifice<a class="pagenum" id="Page_85" title="85"></a> is the General’s; a sacrifice +to take the power, to resign, to resume; ultimate sacrifice; ultimate +final; ultimate more final; ultimate most final; ultimate the very +finalest. But let him cheer up. He is not alone in making sacrifices. +For twenty-five years the Mexican people have been sacrificing +themselves, all of them, in the hope that certain persons would do good +to the country.” But in spite of sarcasm and ridicule Santa Anna had +triumphed. Hated by many, disliked by most, distrusted by nearly all, +yet forging ahead because he was on the ground with troops, because his +combination of good luck, audacity and cunning could not be matched, +because the Moderado government had proved incompetent, because a +régime of dissension and anarchy could organize no solid opposition +against him, and because a group of selfish interests found in him +a sharp, tough bit of steel to fix at the head of their spear, he +triumphed once more.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">SANTA ANNA STILL SUPREME</p> + +<p>The victory threatened, however, to be fatal. In every direction +lurked pitfalls charged with gunpowder. In all the history of Mexico +dissensions had never been more bitter, nor political and social +chaos nearer. Congress annoyed him until at length, by failing week +after week to form a quorum lest one faction or another should +score an advantage, it fell into abeyance and left him virtually a +dictator.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.7">[7]</a> In the hope of obtaining funds from the Church, he gave +deeper offence than ever to the most prominent of the Moderados; but +the prelates, in alliance with leading monarchists, continued to plot +against him. Newspapers waged a bitter campaign until choked with an +iron hand. His persecution of the generals excited fierce resentment. A +Puro chief, entering the Cabinet and getting a glimpse of his ulterior +aims, resigned in six days.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>In short the administration had no political creed, and could find no +political support; and the assistance of that indispensable villain, +Tornel, who could be seen stealing to the palace at the hour when +the night-hawk begins to fly, covered it with discredit. Executive +authorities waged almost civil war upon one another. Rumors, not +without some basis, that a formal dictatorship was in view, could not +be stilled; and the general want of confidence in the President’s +character and aims rendered the most skilful appeals to patriotism +vain. Only by the utmost exertions could the fragile edifice of +government be kept balanced on the point of the bayonet.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_86" title="86"></a>Nor was the opposition against Santa Anna confined to his immediate +vicinity. The people of Mexico City had always despised the outlying +states; and not only was this disdain repaid, but the capital, source +of so many political and financial ills experienced by the rest of +the country, was looked upon by a great number of thoughtful men as +hopelessly corrupt—as a diseased part that required amputation. When +restoring the old federal system in August, 1846, in order to satisfy +his democratic allies and win popularity, Santa Anna apparently did +not foresee, as Consul Black did, that after realizing their power +and getting into touch with one another, the states would take a firm +position upon their prerogatives. In addition to such difficulties, it +was commonly felt that military men and the army stood mortally opposed +to democracy and federal institutions, that success in the field might +enable Santa Anna to overthrow this principle and these institutions, +and that a loud cry for patriotism and war, combined with a systematic +withholding of men and supplies, would compel him to fight and ensure +his ruin.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>By evasions, therefore, or in some cases positive refusals to obey +the commands of the general government, substantially all the states +withheld support, frequently alleging that under the régime of the +new constitution its extraordinary powers, conferred by the law of +April 20, did not exist, and that all National Guards, as well as all +revenues assigned to the states in September, 1846, were independent +of the national authorities. In this opposition Zacatecas naturally +played a leading part, but perhaps Olaguíbel, an impressive, honest and +able man, who had travelled in the United States and Europe and had +filled his library with busts of the leading American statesmen, was +its foremost representative; and the firm support of his constituents, +who felt intensely jealous of Santa Anna, as well as the coöperation +of Gómez Farías, rendered him a formidable person. Balked thus by +constitutional theories that not only flattered local interests and +pride but were noticeably economical, Santa Anna could obtain—aside +from the troops brought by General Juan Alvarez and a few others—very +little assistance outside of the Federal District.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>That was hard enough, but still greater difficulties lay behind it. +In the far northwest Sonora, Sinaloa and Durango enter<a class="pagenum" id="Page_87" title="87"></a>tained the +idea of uniting as a new republic, and six of the central states were +banded together in a Coalition. This extra-legal, if not illegal, +organization had been called into existence in January, 1847, by the +pronunciamiento of the Mazatlán garrison, which aimed at making Santa +Anna dictator. By the end of May it was in good shape, and had a plan +for troops of its own. Two weeks later the delegates, who made Lagos +their place of meeting, called themselves an Assembly, and were buying +arms; and by the fourth of July they felt bold enough to declare +null a decree of Santa Anna. Of course the ostensible purpose was to +protect independence, nationality and federal institutions; but, as the +correspondence of the state governors reveals, the real aims included +the establishment of a “new pact of alliance,” a new confederation, +in which Santa Anna and that Babylon, the city of Mexico, should have +no part. With this Coalition a large number of the Puros naturally +sympathized.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">SANTA ANNA PREPARES FOR BATTLE</p> + +<p>In the face of it all, however, the futile strategist of Cerro +Gordo, with a truly superb wilfulness and a more truly pitiful +self-confidence, snatched up once more the bloody dice. Cannon were +brought from distant points, cast by the government from bells and old +ordnance at Chapultepec and elsewhere, or manufactured by contractors. +New muskets, of which foreigners offered to deliver great stocks +at Mexican ports or by way of Guatemala, were purchased; old ones, +appropriated by deserters or stolen during revolutions, were hunted up; +and all citizens were ordered, though perhaps without great results, +to let the government have what arms they owned. Immense quantities +of powder were produced at Morelia, at Guanajuato, at Santa Fe near +Mexico, and at the capital; a great deal was imported overland from +British Honduras, and additional supplies came from New Orleans by the +way of Campeche. At various points mortars, bayonets, projectiles and +numberless other articles were turned out by government establishments +or private contractors. Forges clanged on all sides; and wherever the +President’s restless and unscrupulous mind could have its way, there +reigned a feverish activity, cooled only by a want of funds.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>At Mexico City, before his arrival, some 2000 regulars and 8000 +National Guards, besides the officers, were in garrison;<a class="pagenum" id="Page_88" title="88"></a> and these +with his army, five hundred from Querétaro, some two hundred Irish +deserters, an unknown number of able-bodied loafers impressed at the +capital, and larger or smaller accessions from other sources, made +up the Army of the East. The Army of the South under Juan Alvarez, +who commanded the line to Acapulco with headquarters near Mexico, had +on its roll at the end of June 2748 officers and men; and Canalizo, +comandante general of Puebla, who became reconciled to his chief in +June, was supposed to have a few thousands of National Guards and +irregulars. But as most of these forces were poorly paid and a large +part of them served unwillingly, desertion—in spite of the severest +rules—was common, and the numbers fluctuated incessantly.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>At San Luis Potosí, meantime, lay the Army of the North, which +contained the largest percentage of veterans. In May Valencia, so +long a rival of the President, had talked in a very lofty style, as +if already the military head of the nation, about marching south +and cutting Worth to pieces, and Santa Anna, though anxious to get +his troops, now wished him to remain at a distance; but in July, on +account of Scott’s approaching reinforcements, it seemed necessary to +bring down that army, and it arrived at Guadalupe Hidalgo, a few miles +north of Mexico, on the twenty-seventh, numbering more than 4000 men +with twenty-two guns. Just how many soldiers the President then had +cannot be stated, and in all probability no one could have stated at +the time; but, such as they were, there seem to have been fully 25,000 +men and probably, as reports and intercepted letters convinced many +of the Americans, 30,000, if not more.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.9">[9]</a> Some were well dressed, +well equipped and well trained; but from that pinnacle the army +descended to mere off-scourings, whose rags were as the President said, +“a disgrace to the nation,” and whose military efficiency doubtless +corresponded.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Of equally varied quality were the officers. The generals best known +to the country were nearly all out of the service now, being under +charges or at odds with the head of the government. Valencia was a +conspirator, a drunkard, a dolt and a volcano. Alvarez, an ignorant +mulatto from the wilds, understood only half-savage, partisan fighting. +Lombardini, a strutting lackey, who commanded the Army of the East<a class="pagenum" id="Page_89" title="89"></a> +except when Santa Anna took personal charge of it, strove to conceal +behind a swarthy face, a heavy mustache and goatee, and a ceaseless +volubility the poverty of his intellect; and the great mass of the +officers were—well, they had already shown their value. They were now +ordered to be intelligent and brave, to be zealous whether paid or not +paid, to do their full duty and something more, to cast behind them +every thought of accepting parole, and to say nothing against their +superiors; but it lay beyond the power of orders to make them what they +could not be, and the small number of excellent men were lost in the +crowd.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE MEXICAN PLANS</p> + +<p>Regarding the plan of operations a radical difference of opinion +existed. To not a few the idea that Scott was lying comfortably at +Puebla seemed almost unendurable. They longed to have him attacked +unceasingly; and they insisted that, should the arrogant invader dare +to march for the capital, every step of the route should be contested. +Santa Anna on the other hand still believed in concentration, and +though some regard was paid to the apprehensions of the ayuntamiento, +his views naturally prevailed. The plan adopted, then, after +considerable vacillation in regard to details, was to protect the +entire perimeter of the city with fortifications, inundate more or less +the surrounding meadows, and prevent Scott from seriously injuring +the town with his artillery by erecting a series of works at the most +advantageous points of the environs. These protected lines were to be +held by the less reliable corps—National Guards, for example—and the +troops belonging to the regular army were to be a mobile force ready to +defend the city at any threatened point.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>The plan was thus essentially defensive, and it has been said with +much force that a system of this kind promises merely negative results +in the case of success, and positive ruin in the case of defeat. But +the present situation was peculiar. Supplied with provisions for no +long period, and without hopes of early and strong reinforcements, the +Americans were bound to fail unless promptly and signally victorious, +and their entering the Valley would then have meant destruction. “Scott +is lost,” exclaimed the Duke of Wellington after the Americans crossed +the rim; “He cannot capture the city and he cannot fall back upon +his base.” Santa Anna’s plan, therefore, did not merit the criticism +bestowed upon it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_90" title="90"></a>Besides, Alvarez with nearly all the Mexican horse was to swing in +behind the advancing Americans, cut off their communication with +Puebla, follow, annoy and injure them in every possible way, conceal +his real strength so as to bring out and overwhelm their cavalry, +attack vigorously whenever Scott should become seriously engaged before +Mexican fortifications, and be ready to prevent his retreat. Canalizo +with his thousands was to support Alvarez; and Valencia also, advancing +from Guadalupe Hidalgo to the, village of Texcoco, east of Mexico, +was to coöperate with him, and especially to throw himself with all +his energy into the attack on the American rear or flank, whenever +Scott should assail the outer works. At the same time the people of +the neighboring towns and villages were to swarm about the invader +like hornets, and sting him day and night incessantly. In short the +plan was excellent—only Santa Anna overlooked, as usual, several +possibilities.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>As soon as he took up the reins of government the construction of +defences had begun, and now, under the technical direction of General +Mora, Manuel Robles and Juan Cano, it was pushed with all the energy +of an intense military despot who stuck at nothing. Villages were +depopulated, haciendas robbed of their laborers, jails emptied, and +the streets cleared of vagabonds. Enforce obedience, the governor of +the District was curtly told when he reported that his orders had no +effect. Sunset no longer promised repose, and the church bells no +longer meant worship. Informed on July 18 that Scott would leave Puebla +on the twenty-first, Santa Anna rose above his exemplar, Napoleon, and +took for model the Creator. Within eight days let all the works be +completed, he decreed. But engineers, laborers, tools, instruments, +timber, provisions, time and cash—much of which was embezzled by high +officers and officials even at this juncture—all fell short, and Santa +Anna’s serviceable cannon were not enough to equip even the works +constructed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Certain points, however, became quite formidable, and especially Old +Peñón, a lofty, precipitous hill of rock standing by itself, close +to the Puebla route, seven miles from the city.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.10">[10]</a> Stockades, +breastworks, parapets and guns bristled on summit and brow; works +at the base and in advance commanded all<a class="pagenum" id="Page_91" title="91"></a> dangerous approaches; a +trench full of water crossed the road; the meadows in front—cut with +ditches—were inundated; and the swampy edge of Lake Texcoco guarded +the opposite side of the road. To the Mexicans, who always measured +the strength of a chain by its heaviest link, this position seemed a +wonderful protection; and in general the people, if not the city, were +strongly fortified by the President’s labors.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE PEOPLE ENTHUSIASTIC</p> + +<p>For other reasons also the morale of the inhabitants improved. +Characteristic light-heartedness made them turn from past defeats to +future triumphs. They were told that at Cerro Gordo Scott had made his +troops fight by opening a battery upon them from the rear; that his +men, while they presumed to think they could make “vile slaves” of the +generous and valiant Mexicans, were few, sickly, poverty-stricken, +dissatisfied; and that Polk, embarrassed by the expense of the war, +could send him but scanty reinforcements. Greed, brutality and +sanguinary ambition were charged against us at this crisis by the +London <cite>Times</cite> in its usual contemptuous manner, and the <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite> +eagerly quoted it. The successes of the guerillas against American +convoys roused a lively enthusiasm. “Only a little, a very little” +effort is necessary to beat the hateful Anglo-Saxon, proclaimed the +government; and a review of the brilliant Eleventh Infantry, headed +by its band of twenty-five pieces, made that little seem easy and +agreeable.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>People who bore the names of saints as a matter of course easily +exploded Scott’s Address of May 11. How absurd, they cried, for +the American general to pretend he is a Christian: there is no St. +Winfield in the calendar! The only hope of the Americans lies in +Mexican dissension, therefore let us disappoint them, it was urged; +and to promote harmony all the newspapers except the official organ +were suspended on plausible grounds. Santa Anna’s activity and warlike +spirit had to be recognized by all. We must confide in him and gather +round him like a band of brothers, preached the <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>; and when +all political trials were ordered to end, and the President banqueted +at Valencia’s house, the fraternal era so long hoped for seemed at +hand.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Finally, on the ninth of August, at two o’clock in the afternoon, a +16-pounder boomed portentously from the citadel. The long roll was +beaten. Bands of music patrolled the city.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_92" title="92"></a> Hands clapped. Vivas echoed +through the streets. Rockets flashed rosettes in the sky. “Blinded by +pride the enemy have set out for the capital,” proclaimed Santa Anna; +“For this, Mexicans, I congratulate myself and you.” The government, +while savagely and contemptuously scoring the Americans, announced a +series of reforms to be effected by Santa Anna, not as a constitutional +magistrate, but as a Divine Providence; and the <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite> echoed back, +“Half a dozen of these measures would change the face of the Republic.” +The President assumed command of the army, and every citizen from +sixteen to fifty years of age took his place in the ranks. Amidst the +most fervid enthusiasm of crowds that filled the streets, balconies and +housetops, troops followed troops gaily toward Old Peñón, and two days +later the forces were reviewed there.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>Tents gleamed under a splendid sun. Bands played as if inspired. +The soldiers marched with a quick, impatient step. Anaya—recently +the chief magistrate, Gorostiza—the primate of Mexico’s literary +men, white-haired Herrera—the most honored of her political chiefs, +and countless other dignitaries did honor to the occasion. The rich +vestments of the clergy gave exquisite lustre and color, and their +pompous benedictions added a sense of more than human grandeur. All +were happy, radiant, brotherly. Every thought of peace, every thought +of opposing or even doubting Santa Anna appeared to be forgotten. In +all his previous career so refulgent a day had never been his. “<span lang="la" xml:lang="la">Ecce +Homo!</span>” cried the <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>; “Behold the illustrious champion of 1821, +the hero of 1829, the genius of 1838!” For him the hill became a Mount +of Transfiguration. Or rather, perhaps, it was Mt. Sinai, where Deity +appeared in thunders and lightnings. You <span class="fakesc">MUST</span>, was the command +to the governor of Zacatecas this day. Let the state of Mexico send +me her troops, rang the message to Olaguíbel. And Olaguíbel replied +meekly, They shall go to-morrow.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">SCOTT’S MARCH TO MEXICO</p> + +<p>Scott was in fact advancing. On the morning of Saturday, the seventh, +his camp was astir early. The base of Popocatepetl seemed black, and +the slopes a pale, silvery blue; but its top, almost 18,000 feet +above the sea, was a “Blazing Star,” as some of the Indians named the +mountain, and appeared like an omen of victory. The Second Division was +soon ready. Twiggs faced it, waved his hat round his white head, and +cried<a class="pagenum" id="Page_93" title="93"></a> in the voice of Ajax, “Now, my lads, give them a Cerro Gordo +shout!” A simultaneous hurrah from twenty-five hundred iron throats +was the response; and at six o’clock, preceded by the cavalry and the +engineer company and followed by the siege train—while his band, +mounted on splendid white horses, played our national airs—he began +the eventful march. One day apart, Quitman, Worth and Pillow followed +him. Though it was announced that no man unable to do three marches +could be permitted to go, hundreds of convalescents unequal to the +effort insisted upon trying, and, gradually falling out, rejoined the +garrison of Puebla. Feeble in numbers<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.13">[13]</a> for such an enterprise, +but confiding in their quality, their leader and their prestige, the +10,738 men and their officers pressed boldly forward.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>For a time the dust proved extremely annoying and the sun scorched; +but soon mountain air began to be felt, and the troops entered a wide, +blooming and scented valley, full of rich fields, grazing herds, noble +hacienda houses that were almost palaces, and trim white churches +that seemed like stragglers from the great host at Puebla. In the +rear shone Orizaba and the nearer pyramid of Malinchi. On the left +Popocatepetl and his consort, the Sleeping Woman (Iztaccihuatl), deeply +blanketed in fleecy white, looked hardly a stone’s throw distant; and +after the sun had set, the air grown cold, and the valley—now less +open—filled with shadows, their purple tops glowed like interplanetary +lighthouses.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>Soon after passing the ugly little town of San Martín, twenty miles +from Puebla, the troops began to ascend more rapidly. Eleven miles more +brought them to a mountain river, Tesmelucan, where the elegant aërial +bridge that spanned the abyss made them almost feel they were flying. +The scenery now became Alpine. Deep chasms, answered to peaks, and +lovely glens to precipices; and the cedar, the oak and the ash, as well +as pines of extraordinary height and straightness, reared themselves +on the slopes. At Río Frio, about thirty-six miles from both Puebla +and Mexico, where an icy stream dashed foaming down the rocks, the +mountains closed in on the left, and their crest, lined with deserted +parapets, almost overhung the road.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.14">[14]</a> Then a stiffer climb of +about five miles placed the troops on a narrow plateau which formed the +summit; and they were now 10,500 feet above the sea.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_94" title="94"></a>A few miles down the steep descent on the other side their prospect +opened, and below, girt round with singularly bold mountains—rough, +dark and purplish, but softened here and there with a wisp of shining +vapor—lay the Valley of Mexico, which the pellucid atmosphere, +transmitting colors and outlines undimmed, brought wondrously nigh. Ten +small volcanoes, that had been crumbling for ages untold, stood clothed +in luxuriant verdure nearly to the summit. Six broad lakes now laughed +under the brilliant sun and now brooded in the shadows of passing +clouds. Velvet champaigns—cut with ash-colored roads, gleaming canals +and straight lines of poplars, and studded with walled haciendas, +rambling towns and cozy-looking villages—were further variegated with +highly cultivated fields of many crops, with groves and orchards from +which peered steeples and bell-towers, with villa roofs of tiles, red +and cheery, and with whitewashed cottages that shone like silver. +Every possible hue of green and every possible tone of light and shade +blended into one harmonious effect. And in the midst of this wonderful +scene, as the climax of the stillness and beauty, the focus of all +eyes, the aim of all desires, untarnished by smoke, seemingly without +stain, bright with sunshine, begemmed with many a palace, park and +lofty church, slumbered the capital of Mexico, Venice-of-the-Mountains. +Not one of the fascinated soldiers but held his breath; and not one, +testified the commander-in-chief, but said to himself or his neighbor, +“That splendid city shall soon be ours!”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>Along this part of the route almost 13,000 trees had been cut down +for barricades, and some of them had been placed in the road; but the +Americans were not materially hindered, and in crossing the lower +slopes they found little to do except admire the wondrous variety and +profusion of the wild-flowers. On the eleventh, seeing Mexicans ahead +for the second time, Twiggs waited for Quitman; but a few hours later, +after passing a cross-road, he went on about four miles, and occupied +the adobe village of Ayotla, half-buried in olive trees, while Harney’s +cavalry took post at San Isidro, a mile and a half in advance, and +Quitman camped in the rear. The next day Worth’s division turned to the +left by the cross-road, marched three miles and a half to the squalid +little town of Chalco, simmering<a class="pagenum" id="Page_95" title="95"></a> at the margin of the shallow, marshy +lake bearing that name, and finally halted a little distance beyond; +and Pillow camped at Chimalpa, not far beyond Worth.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>But what had the enemy been doing? The people along the route, who were +to have stung the Americans day and night, recognized the difference +between them and the Mexican irregulars, welcomed them cordially, and +gave them all possible assistance. Canalizo—who seems to have been +cowed by the disaster of Cerro Gordo, and some time before this had +fled from San Martín, with six hundred men at his back, on seeing +an American officer, detailed to arrange an exchange of prisoners, +approach with a small escort—felt no desire to fight, besides which +most of his troops revolted or deserted; and Governor Isunza not only +failed to assist him with men and means, but flatly refused him a +particular corps, expressly demanded by the Executive at Mexico.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.16">[16]</a></p> + +<p>Alvarez, well-nigh a brigand, had always fought for his own advantage, +knew that all the other chief leaders were doing this now, and, in +addition to cherishing resentments against Santa Anna, probably felt no +craving to play a strictly inferior part. Though he did not have all +the men for whom he seems to have been drawing rations, his force was +important, and in three particulars he obeyed his orders. He stationed +himself at the designated point on the flank of San Martín, kept +beyond the reach of Scott’s artillery, and scrupulously refrained from +attacking the Americans on unfavorable terms; but while he made excuses +bravely, and proposed valiant operations that Santa Anna forbade as +inconsistent with his general plan, he retired some ten miles from the +route on the plea that his exhausted horses required pasturage. For +probably similar reasons Valencia quibbled and shirked; his train of +heavy guns—which, though needed in the fortifications, he would not +give up—impeded his movements; and so the only hostilities were a +trifling skirmish with irregulars, in which one American trooper fell a +victim to his own rashness. Thus ended, to his deep disgust, the first +chapter of Santa Anna’s hopes.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.16">[16]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE APPROACH TO MEXICO</p> + +<p>Four lines of advance now offered themselves to Scott. By taking the +cross-road to the right he could have skirted Lake Texcoco, passing the +village of that name, and approached the north or the northwest quarter +of Mexico. But the route would<a class="pagenum" id="Page_96" title="96"></a> have been long, deficient in water and +fuel, and circuitous; it was defended by Valencia with an ample supply +of artillery; a movement in that direction would have made surprise or +even sudden attack impossible for him; at a pass near Guadalupe Hidalgo +stood fortifications; and a march round these would have involved +another long circuit on exposed and unknown ground. This route, +therefore, was not seriously considered. On the other hand, after the +most thorough investigation, Scott had planned before leaving Puebla +to take the cross-road to the left, march along the southern shores of +Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco, and reach San Agustín, some ten miles to +the south of Mexico; and it was for this reason that he placed Worth, +who was to lead the movement while Twiggs was to menace Old Peñón, near +Chalco.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>On reaching the ground, however, unfavorable reports about this road +were given by Mexican spies; and the General, partly for that reason +and partly to mystify the enemy, reconnoitred the Peñón and also a +fourth route, which led to the village of Mexicaltzingo, about five +miles from the city. In regard to the Peñón his engineers—who pushed +their investigations with the utmost intrepidity, studied every foot +of the red ledges dripping with crimson gravel, and even penetrated +behind the hill—decided that it could be carried, but only at a +severe loss; while the evidence concerning the fourth possibility led +to a substantially similar conclusion, supported by the additional +objection, that apparently success would place the Americans on +difficult and unknown ground. At about the same time Scott obtained +further information regarding the Chalco route, which seemed to +justify the opinion formed at Puebla. Consequently the orders to +attack Mexicaltzingo—issued either because at the time Scott thought +he should march that way or because he desired to mislead the cunning +Mexican spies, who even gained the confidence of high American +officers—were suddenly rescinded in the night of the fourteenth, and +the next day, though Twiggs continued to threaten the Peñón until the +morning of the sixteenth, all the rest of the army, headed by the +cavalry and Worth’s division, set out for San Agustín, distant from +Chalco some twenty-five miles.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>For about half this distance the road was little more than a narrow +lane, with a lake—or more properly a watery marsh<a class="pagenum" id="Page_97" title="97"></a>—on the right and +bold foothills close on the left. Spaces of firm ground there were. +At one time venerable olive trees formed an arch over the road; once +the troops camped in a fine grove, and some ledgy, rocky spurs had to +be crossed. But for much of the way, although the weather had been +remarkably dry for the midst of the rainy season, the story, as Scott +had anticipated, was “mud, mud, mud.” Now and then a man would slip +and sink to his waist in a bog-hole; in places the track was quite +overflowed; the chilly, torrential rains of almost every afternoon +increased the difficulties; and the labor of getting several miles +of wagons and heavy guns along such a route was almost incredible. +Besides, the troops had to be ready at all hours for attack—frontal, +rear or flank. But early in the afternoon of the seventeenth Harney +and Worth’s advance reached San Agustín, a delightful place full of +handsome gardens and orchards; and the next day the rest of the troops +joined them—“ready,” as a soldier put it, “for anything except a +thrashing.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">TO SAN AGUSTÍN</p> + +<p>But again, where were the Mexicans? With so many works to construct, +Santa Anna could hardly be censured for leaving unfortified—especially +as both an inner and an outer line were made ready against any forces +using it—a route that seemed to be quite impracticable for an army +train; but he might have placed upon it a few light guns and a body +of skirmishers, who could have embarrassed the Americans greatly. +This, however, with his usual over-confidence and faulty judgment, +he neglected to do. Yet he was not idle. On the fourteenth he knew +the Americans were talking of a march to San Agustín; and though he +suspected this language might be a blind, he not only sent additional +forces to that quarter, but ordered Alvarez to follow Scott, should +such a movement occur, and be ready to fall upon him bravely should +he attack a fortified position; and when the movement actually began +on the following day, though Santa Anna misinterpreted its aim, he +promptly took further defensive steps on that line.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>One result was a slight brush between Alvarez and Twiggs after the +latter moved from Chalco on the sixteenth; but Alvarez soon found so +many difficulties in the road pursued by the Americans and so little +food or pasturage left in their rear, that he once more abandoned his +appointed field of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_98" title="98"></a> operations. Santa Anna would not break up his +general plan by sending strong detachments from the southern line; +and consequently Scott’s march was merely annoyed by a few hundred +irregulars, who fired at intervals, rolled great stones down the +slopes, and cut ditches in the road, but broke from cover and fled like +scared rabbits when C. F. Smith’s corps of light infantry ran leaping +and shouting across the hillsides. Thus ended the second chapter of +Santa Anna’s hopes.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>Meantime a precipitate rearrangement of the Mexican forces took place. +The President, after reconnoitring the American advance, hastened to +place himself between San Agustín and Mexico. Troops were despatched +from the Peñón to various points on the southern front, and Valencia +was ordered to proceed by the way of Guadalupe Hidalgo to the same +quarter. But the former status could no more be restored than one could +put back the smoke of an exploded shell. The strongest fortifications +had been turned and rendered useless; and any one could see that on the +side now threatened, where a number of causeways approached the city, +the defence of it would almost necessarily be weakened by a division +of the garrison. After such enthusiasm and such impatience to meet the +enemy, retirement unadorned with laurels or with even the stains of +combat produced a humiliating reaction in all hearts.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>At Mexico the returning soldiers found empty streets, untenanted +balconies and bolted windows; and the silent, sombre, fearsome aspect +of a besieged city enveloped and oppressed them. Doubts as to Santa +Anna’s competence or loyalty, which had slept but not died amidst +the recent glorification and his confident promises of “a splendid +triumph,” awoke. People recalled that precisely when the enemy were +moving against Vera Cruz, the Mexican army had been led off into the +northern deserts; and they hotly demanded why the engineers, the +laborers, the troops and the cannon had been massed at Old Peñón, +where Scott could nullify them all by a turn of the wrist. As if in +answer, it was publicly stated that an outpost had found a treasonable +communication addressed by the President of Mexico to the American +commander; and so ended Chapter III of Santa Anna’s hopes.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N25.19">[19]</a></p> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXVI" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_99" title="99"></a><span class="subtitle">XXVI</span><br /> + CONTRERAS, CHURUBUSCO<br /> + <span class="subtitle">August, 1847</span></h2> + + +<p>While grievously disappointed by the collapse of his efforts at Old +Peñón, Santa Anna felt by no means despondent regarding his new line. +Toward the south ran the great highway of Acapulco—along which +numberless cargoes of silks, teas and spices had approached—guarded at +about a mile from the city by the gateway or <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">garita</em> of San Antonio +Abad. Three miles and a half beyond that garita the highway crossed a +bridge over Churubusco River, here practically a drainage canal running +between high embankments planted with maguey, with Mexicaltzingo +about a mile and a half distant at the left. On the farther side of +the river, a fifth of a mile southwest of the bridge, stood a massive +convent and church, skirted by the rambling hamlet of Churubusco. +Passing the church at a distance of three hundred and fifty yards the +highway veered slightly toward the east, and some two and a quarter +miles from the river came to a great feudal hacienda named San Antonio, +adorned with trim silver poplars and Peruvian pepper trees along the +front of its buildings. A scant mile then brought one to the similar +but far less pretentious establishment of Cuapa; and two scant miles +more to San Agustín.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.1">[1]</a> At the Churubusco bridgehead and convent +and at San Antonio, where the erection of defences had begun some +time before, laborers could now be seen working—particularly at San +Antonio—like bees; and with all possible haste guns, as well as +troops, were brought over from the Peñón. Here, said the President, he +“desired to have the battle fought.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.4">[4]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a class="pagenum" id="Page_100" title="100"></a> + <a id="i011" /> + <img src="images/i011.jpg" width="500" height="322" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">BATTLES OF AUG. 20, 1847 GENERAL PLAN</div> + <div class="subcaption"><a class="largerimage" href="images/i011big.jpg">Larger image</a></div> +</div> + +<p>To increase his confidence, troops not only occupied Mexicaltzingo on +the left, but in even stronger force guarded the opposite flank. About +three miles toward the south from San Cosme, the western garita of +Mexico, the traveller, passing the fortified hill of Chapultepec on +the right, found himself at<a class="pagenum" id="Page_101" title="101"></a> the genial suburb of Tacubaya. Keeping +on in the same general direction for nearly six miles and traversing +Mixcoac at about half-way, one came to San Angel, a pretty but narrow +town of some importance on the skirt of the foothills. Two miles from +here toward the east at Coyoacán, a garden spot loved by Cortez and +Alvarado, the fine brigade of Pérez, which consisted of about 3500 +infantry, was now placed; and at San Angel itself a high military +officer, followed by some 5500 troops<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.2">[2]</a> from Guadalupe, drove up +in a coach about noon on Tuesday, the seventeenth of August. The man +was of average height but unusually broad, with a bull-neck deep in his +shoulders, as if some person had tried to force a good idea into his +head with a pile-driver, a hard, cruel, domineering look about his blue +eyes, small side-whiskers, and a heavy mustache. It was Valencia, whose +imputed schemes and intrigues had of late been keeping every tongue +busy.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">VALENCIA’S MOVEMENTS</p> + +<p>Valencia’s instructions were to block the way from Coyoacán to Tacubaya +with men and works; but he mounted at once, rode on south by the +turnpike, passed Ansaldo—a farmhouse buried in its orchard, two miles +and a half or so from San Angel—and a strong half-mile beyond it +paused. On his right, open ground sloped gradually back into a rounded +hill, some three or four hundred yards from the road; and below him on +the left flowed a small but lively stream at the bottom of a deep, wide +ravine, near the opposite side of which stood the adobe buildings of +Padierna farm.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>From this point a mule-path, barely practicable for horses, wriggled +off in the direction of San Agustín, here about four miles distant +in a straight line; and—covering the whole intermediate plain from +San Antonio and San Agustín on the one side to Padierna and San Angel +on the other, from Coyoacán on the north to the mountains on the +south—extended a <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">pedregal</em> or lava bed, which looked as if a raging +sea of molten rock had instantly congealed, had then been filled by the +storms of centuries with fissures, caves, jagged points and lurking +pitfalls, and finally had been decorated with occasional stunted +trees and clumps of bushes. After pursuing the mule-path for some +distance, ordering a camp and batteries established on the slope of +the rounded hill, and instructing experts to reconnoitre the ground +thoroughly, Valencia re<a class="pagenum" id="Page_102" title="102"></a>turned to his post; and in the evening, on +learning from the experts that four other paths—one of them available +for artillery—led from San Agustín to San Angel, he summarized the +reconnaissances in a letter to Santa Anna, complaining that he had +neither room to manoeuvre nor time to fortify where he was, asking +leave to change his position, and calling for 2000 more men.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>The next day, Wednesday, the eighteenth, Santa Anna, writing back +that Scott intended to attack San Antonio, ordered Valencia to place +his troops at Coyoacán, and send his artillery to Churubusco, a mile +farther east. Valencia, who by this time had placed a strong outpost +on the mule-path and sappers on the rounded hill, replied that Scott, +striking both at San Antonio and at San Angel, would push his thrust +in whichever direction he should find the easier, and that he could +not conscientiously leave the second point unguarded by obeying those +orders. Notes worthy of the most finished and effusive pirates were +then exchanged; and in the end Santa Anna, who longed to remove his +insubordinate general but dared not, authorized him to do as he pleased +and assume, of course, the attendant responsibility.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.3">[3]</a> Accordingly +on Thursday morning Valencia advanced with trumpets, drums and flags +to the rounded hill, and proceeded to array his forces. A long, low, +earthen parapet with an angle at the southern end already faced +Padierna, and five guns were in battery; but the summit of the hill was +neglected.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">SCOTT FEELS HIS WAY</p> + +<p>During this time the Americans were not inactive. Early on Wednesday +Scott directed Worth and Engineers Mason and Tower, supported by +Garland’s brigade of infantry and a body of dragoons, to reconnoitre +San Antonio.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.5">[5]</a> The task was accomplished boldly and thoroughly; and +they found the place heavily defended, not only in the vicinity of the +white castle which formed the headquarters of the hacienda, but for a +long distance eastward—where, moreover, the water-soaked ground almost +forbade approach—and saw countless laborers toiling hard upon the +works. The presence of at least one 24-pounder was demonstrated, and +other heavy cannon were believed to be there. In Worth’s opinion, the +cost of making a successful assault by the narrow, gun-swept causeway +with fascines and ladders would cripple the army.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_103" title="103"></a>Questioning peons through an interpreter, the officers learned of a +path which began at the highway near Cuapa, made a circuit on the +left through the pedregal, and apparently returned to the highway +some distance inside the works, and this received careful attention; +but the conclusion was, that while infantry could filter through +it, artillery could not pass; and to advance by such a route in the +presence of a strong, unshaken enemy, whose front and other flank could +not be attacked or seriously threatened, appeared worse than hazardous. +Even Scott felt rather depressed on hearing the reports, especially +as fortifications were said to exist north of the hacienda. The men, +wagons and guns, all covered with mud, that lay scattered about on the +wet ground, seemed little indeed like a conquering army. Except for +some cattle, the army had only four days’ provisions; the hard bread +was already musty, and the horses lacked forage.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>Later, however, Lee and Beauregard brought somewhat more promising +information. To the hacienda of Peña Pobre, a mile and a quarter from +San Agustín toward the west, they had found a good road; and then, +after proceeding about an equal distance by a mule-path to the top of +a sharp ridge, they had seen the path continue to Padierna and the +turnpike, which lay in full view nearly a mile and a half away, and +they believed it possible to make a road by that line. Their escort had +routed a hostile corps of observation, and some men had been seen at +work on a rounded hill beyond the turnpike, but no other Mexican forces +appeared to be near. Indeed, it seemed probable that much less adequate +defences had been provided here than on the great southern highway, +and in this direction Scott resolved to strike. “An enemy that halts, +vacillates, declines the battle offered him, makes a circuit, hunts for +a position and finds none to suit him is an enemy lost,” exulted the +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE BATTLE OF CONTRERAS</p> + +<p>The next morning, August 19, therefore—while Quitman unwillingly +remained at San Agustín to guard the base,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.7">[7]</a> and Worth, with his +engineers and troops, continued to reconnoitre and threaten on the San +Antonio side—Scott ordered a force of engineers to build a road in the +other direction. Pillow’s division was to furnish working-parties, and +Twiggs’s to clear away whatever Mexican detachments might undertake to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_104" title="104"></a> +hinder the operations; and the implied instructions were to gain and +hold the San Angel turnpike, so that San Antonio could be turned. Scott +did not expect or desire a general engagement at this time; but he +directed Pillow to take command and employ both divisions, if a battle +should be opened, promising that in such an event he would soon appear +on the field. Under these instructions the troops advanced cautiously +but rapidly the first mile and a quarter, constructed a road to the +summit of the ridge, pulled up the guns with drag-ropes, and looked +over. As the returning tide makes a sea in the Bay of Fundy, where only +bare ground had been visible a few hours earlier, Valencia’s army had +taken possession. It was now one o’clock, and evidently road-building +was over for a while.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Pillow, however, knew all about winning victories. From a central +hill, Zacatepec, where he stood, he could measure Valencia’s forces +to a nicety, and he decided to brush them away. By his order the +Mounted Rifles, particularly the advanced companies of Roberts and +Porter, deployed quickly, drove the Mexican skirmishers in a handsome +style from rocks and fissures, and finally occupied Padierna. At +the same time and under his instructions Magruder—tall, blonde and +intrepid—advanced his field battery nearly a mile without cover over +that almost impassable ground, which the enemy had now barred with +stone walls, planted it under the slight protection of a transverse +ledge, and not long after two o’clock opened a duel with Mexican siege +guns, 68-pound howitzers and many lighter pieces, more than twenty +in all, at a range of about 900 yards, while brave Callender fought +the howitzer battery beside him, dashing little Reno set off rockets, +and Smith’s and Pierce’s brigades, which were presently to attack +Valencia’s camp, furnished support. And Pillow knew also how to “bag” +a defeated enemy. So he ordered Riley’s brigade to the extreme right +to coöperate with the frontal attack by checking reinforcements and +cutting off Valencia’s retreat. Then he countermanded this order, but +not in season.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Zigzagging, scrambling, leaping, and sliding as best they could over +about a mile of pedregal, Riley’s brigade crossed the stream and the +turnpike, formed in the orchard of Ansaldo, routed small bodies of +lancers, passed through San Gerónimo—an Indian village lying amid +trees and ravines a quarter of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_105" title="105"></a> a mile west of Ansaldo and about three +times as far from Valencia—had a stiff but victorious brush with +Torrejón and three regiments of cavalry, defied Valencia’s cannon, some +of which now faced this way, found cover at length in broken ground +between the village and his camp, and waited for the Mexicans to be +routed. But the major general commanding failed in the prime essential +of his plan, for he did not induce Valencia to retreat. Badly crippled, +the American batteries became silent after an hour or so, the brigades +that had expected to charge saw clearly they could accomplish nothing, +and Riley found himself isolated. So ended wretchedly the first phase +of the battle of Contreras,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.8">[8]</a> Pillow’s phase.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>But by this time a second phase was taking shape. Pillow himself +perceived that Riley had been thrown into imminent peril, and sent +Cadwalader’s brigade, which was followed by the Fifteenth Infantry, +to his support. Smith, useless where he was and probably feeling +little confidence in Pillow or Twiggs, decided to regard himself as +the senior officer present, gathered his men, except those employed +in skirmishing, and, with a yell of endorsement from them, proceeded +in the direction that Riley had taken—not, however, primarily to +intercept Valencia’s retreat or reinforcements, but with a direct +view to attacking his left flank. At about the same time—probably +by half-past three o’clock—Scott himself joined Pillow and other +officers on Zacatepec, viewed with his usual battlefield equanimity +the desperate state of things, now spread before him like a map on a +table, studied Valencia’s batteries, the heavy ranks of supporting +infantry and the long lines of cavalry in the rear, and soon fixed upon +woody San Gerónimo—marked at a line distance of about a mile and three +quarters by its white steeple—as the key to the situation, since it +both flanked and isolated Valencia, and ordered Shields’s brigade also, +which had followed him from San Agustín, to that point.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Smith, arriving at San Gerónimo about an hour before sunset, found all +of the commands, except Shields’s, that had been ordered to go there; +and he also found that Santa Anna, after hurrying from San Antonio +through Coyoacán and San Angel, had placed himself with Pérez’s brigade +and seven or eight hundred cavalry and artillery on low hills about +one half or three quarters of a mile behind San Gerónimo, and—though<a class="pagenum" id="Page_106" title="106"></a> +checked by Cadwalader’s brigade—was making ready to attack. Smith +at once began preparing to dispose of him, while the Mexicans on the +hills, after four or five guns arrived, indulged in vivas, music and a +little harmless cannonading; but both commanders finally concluded that +the hour was now too late for a battle. Santa Anna also decided that an +impassable ravine separated him from the Americans, and that he could +not prudently expose his men and arms to the rain then imminent; and +therefore, leaving his cavalry and artillery behind, he put the rest of +his forces under cover at San Angel.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Night and a storm now set in, but behind the curtain of darkness four +striking scenes were presented. Scott, the general who seemed to have +lost half his army all at once without a battle, sat at headquarters +anxious and helpless. Seven times he despatched an officer to his +isolated right with orders, and seven times the officer failed to get +through. But still he waited—patient, considerate for those about him, +hopeful and alert, reflecting no doubt that brave men, skilful officers +and the natural strength of San Gerónimo would count. Valencia, on the +other hand, feeling that at last he had proved Santa Anna a blunderer, +and had forced him into the position of a mere assistant, was jubilant, +boastful and literally intoxicated. He reported grandly on his +“brilliant day,” and scattered promotions as if already head of the +state.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Santa Anna, devoured by passions and perplexities, now sent José Ramiro +to Valencia by a circuitous route with orders to retreat at once. Not +long afterwards two of Valencia’s aides reached San Angel, bringing +news that, instead of being exterminated, thousands of Americans were +established in the San Gerónimo woods. Don’t talk to me, Santa Anna +cried to the aides, who endeavored to excuse the situation; Valencia is +an ambitious, insubordinate sot; he deserves to have his brains blown +out, and I will not expose my men to the storm for him; let him spike +his guns, make the ammunition useless, and retreat. When Ramiro arrived +at the camp, Valencia would not listen to his message, and fiercely +demanded ammunition and men; but when his aides reported, he saw his +doom.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.9">[9]</a> “Traitor, he has sold us!” he cried, storming like a madman +in the midst of his troops. Soldiers heard and echoed the cry. Women +shrieked. Frightened horses broke<a class="pagenum" id="Page_107" title="107"></a> loose and galloped into the night. +Americans with lights are creeping in behind us, reported Torrejón. The +army understood. Scouts were feeling the way. The price had been paid +to Santa Anna. Their blood would soon be claimed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.11">[11]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a id="i012" /> + <img src="images/i012.jpg" width="500" height="587" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">BATTLE OF CONTRERAS</div> +</div> + +<p>In ignorance of all these outside events the Americans at San Gerónimo, +too exhausted to eat, bore the torrents of chilling, beating rain +without fires and in darkness as best they could. Some found huts, +but most of them lay in the mud or stood up under trees. Smith’s and +Riley’s men occupied the lanes, and Shields’s brigade, which stumbled +in at about midnight, put up in the road and an orchard. Officers fared +like<a class="pagenum" id="Page_108" title="108"></a> privates. In such a plight, the troops listened for hours to the +music and vivas of the enemy, and for their own part could only reflect +on the painful and fruitless exertions of the day and on the prospects +of the morrow. Without cavalry, without cannon, without reserves of +provisions or ammunition, without hope of quarter, they felt that +with some 4200 men they might have to face 25,000 exultant Mexicans +and any amount of artillery at daybreak. But everybody believed in +General Smith.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.10">[10]</a> “Here he is!” “Now we’ll have them!” Riley’s +soldiers had cried on seeing Smith arrive; and the confidence was not +misplaced.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>During the afternoon a ravine leading toward Valencia’s rear had been +found. Smith seized upon the hint at once, and proposed to attack by +that route before daybreak with bayonets only; a conference of officers +agreed to his plan; it was decided to notify Scott, and suggest that +a diversion be made on Valencia’s front at the proper time; Lee +undertook the almost impossible feat of carrying this message across +the pedregal; and Officers Tower and Brooks, whose lights—probably +occasional matches—Torrejón had reported, were sent off to study +the ravine, and prepare to be the guides. As Santa Anna was expected +to attack early, Shields accepted the charge of building fires in +the morning as if no Americans had left the ground, and holding San +Gerónimo.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Two hours after midnight the troops were roused, and at three o’clock +Riley began to move. But it was tedious work to marshal the scattered +corps in the darkness and rain by touch and whisper, and morning +broke before the last were out of the village. The ravine branched +deceptively; it was full of rocks, too; and the watery clay, a soldier +said, slipped like “soft soap.” Finally, however, the units closed up +at about a mile from San Gerónimo, and, partially hidden in a fog, +scrambled up to firm ground behind a low hill. As it was now light, +the firearms were put in order; and with quick adaptation to the +topography, the present arrangement of the Mexicans and their probable +movements, General Smith marshalled and instructed the troops.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Riley’s brigade, about 1300 strong, was to be the storming party. +Cadwalader’s in halves formed a wing on each side to keep off cavalry. +A part of Smith’s, together with the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_109" title="109"></a> engineer company, was directed to +slip along behind elevated ground, and fall upon the flank or rear of +a Mexican force posted in advance; and the rest of it, marching by the +left, was ordered to strike the camp and a large body of lancers on the +flank. Even the possibility of a rear attack from Santa Anna, supposed +to be still where he had been seen the evening before, was provided +against. Meanwhile the troops that had remained in the pedregal, +assembled as well as possible by Twiggs and Lee during the latter part +of the night, in accordance with orders from Scott, watched and waited +near Padierna under Colonel Ransom of the Ninth Infantry.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Finally a slightly round-shouldered man, with blue eyes, a sandy +mustache and sandy hair, walked slowly to the front and looked at his +watch. It was about six o’clock. “Are you ready?” he asked in a cheery +voice. “Ready!” the troops answered with a meaning smile. He gave them +a keen glance. “Men, forward!” he then ordered, for it was General +Smith. “Forward, forward!” flew the command through the ranks, and +ahead they went.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Struck on front and rear General Mendoza’s advanced corps fired without +aiming, turned and bolted; but Ransom’s men, darting across the ravine, +gave Valencia something else—something he fancied more serious than +Smith’s approach—to think about. Only a pair of 6-pounders bore on +Riley, and they fired high. Soon the Mexicans at the breastwork, +exchanging shots wildly with Ransom, found that bullets were coming +from behind, leaped over the parapet and fled. Attacked by Smith’s +men, the lancers gave way and upset the rest of the infantry; and +Riley’s column, deployed as well as time and the ground would allow, +bore down like a flood. All was now confusion in the camp: infantry, +horse, artillery, mules, women, laborers in a mob. Some of the gunners +remained at their pieces—chained to them, it was said—but, like the +infantry, they aimed little; and almost in a moment, like a bag turned +upside down, the camp was empty of all the Mexicans who could get away. +Again General Smith drew out his watch. “It has taken just seventeen +minutes,” he remarked.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Riley’s brigade halted to secure the prisoners and the spoils, among +which—to the frantic delight of the soldiers—were<a class="pagenum" id="Page_110" title="110"></a> the two cannon +lost so nobly at Buena Vista; but the rest of the victorious troops +pursued the enemy to San Angel; and the Mexicans fleeing by the +turnpike toward Ansaldo, cannonaded from their own camp and running the +gantlet of Smith, Ransom and even Shields, who had moved down toward +the road, fared badly. Others, including Torrejón and a large part of +the cavalry, managed by taking rough paths to reach San Gerónimo and +the hills. Valencia also escaped; but Salas, who tried to check the +flight, was captured. Seven hundred Mexicans fell, it was estimated; +over eight hundred were made prisoners; the captured cannon, including +the best that Santa Anna had, and the captured ammunition proved +invaluable; and the cost, as reported by Scott, was not over sixty +Americans killed and wounded.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">AFTER THE BATTLE OF CONTRERAS</p> + +<p>Nor were such the only consequences of this lightning-stroke. Santa +Anna, having at length decided to rescue Valencia and raised his forces +to at least 7000 by drawing Rangel’s reserve brigade from the city, +had set out at daybreak for his position of the night before; but +when in sight of Valencia’s camp he learned from flying soldiers that +all was over, and that his outer line of defences had failed. Angrily +striking at fugitives with his whip he turned back, and waited near San +Angel for a while, unable to decide anything. Then he sent Rangel to +guard the southwest section of Mexico, despatched orders to evacuate +San Antonio and Mexicaltzingo, and marched with the rest of his +forces to Churubusco. Here priceless time was spent in raving against +Valencia—whom he ordered shot at sight—in a passion that almost +crazed him. His dominant idea now, so far as he could think at all, was +to make the capital a second Troy; and, probably with that in view, he +set Pérez’s brigade in motion toward the city.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>After a time, however, reason gained the better of desperation, and +seeing the necessity of protecting the retreat of the San Antonio +garrison, he ordered General Rincón, who was ably seconded by Anaya, +to hold the Churubusco convent as long as possible, garrisoned the +bridgehead with one of Pérez’s regiments, extended two others far +down behind the embankment of the river eastwardly, used a part of +the remaining two as a line from the bridgehead to the convent, and +stationed the rest on the highway behind.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_111" title="111"></a>The convent position included, besides the building proper, a strong +church with a parapeted roof, a high stone enclosure provided on the +inside with scaffolds for troops, a broad, wet ditch, two outside +bastions facing Coyoacán, unfinished but strong breastworks on the +west and south, two detached adobe huts pierced with embrasures on +their southwest sides, four 8-pounders, three smaller guns, and for +garrison some 1500 or 1800 men, consisting of the Mexico battalions +named Independencia and Bravos, the San Patricio contingent of American +deserters or most of it, and some detachments of other corps; while the +bridgehead, a powerful, scientifically constructed work, with four feet +of water in the ditch and three heavy cannon, appeared to defy attack. +Surveying this excellent position Santa Anna recovered some of his +courage, and began work actively to complete the fortifications near +the bridge. The untried militia at the convent were almost in despair +when they found themselves in the forefront, but he promised to aid +them at the critical time.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.12">[12]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter fig500"> + <a id="i013" /> + <img src="images/i013.jpg" width="500" height="347" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">BATTLE OF CHURUBUSCO</div> +</div> + +<p>Scott, for his part, left San Agustín before he knew how Smith’s plan +had worked out, met the news on the pedregal, kept on to San Angel, and +near that place, amid tumultuous cheering, took command of Pillow’s +and Twiggs’s divisions.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_112" title="112"></a><a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.13">[13]</a> The road to Mexico by way of Tacubaya +lay open, but he could not move now in that direction and leave Worth, +Quitman, the artillery, the baggage, the stores and the sick to join +him as best they could, exposed—as it was believed—to some 25,000 +Mexicans. The first needful step was to capture San Antonio and reunite +his army. Worth had already been directed, after the rout of Valencia +became known, to attack and also turn that position whenever he should +learn that Pillow and Twiggs had gained its rear; and as a cross-road +led from San Antonio to Coyoacán, Coyoacán was the proper point of +concentration. Scott therefore went there with his troops, and sent +Lee, strongly escorted by dragoons and Mounted Rifles, to reconnoitre +the enemy and give the preconcerted signal for Worth’s advance. Further +to assist that general, Pillow with Cadwalader’s brigade was now +ordered down the cross-road.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.14">[14]</a></p> + +<div class="figleft"> + <a id="i014" /> + <img src="images/i014.jpg" width="250" height="244" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">The Tête de Pont, Churubusco</div> +</div> + +<p class="sidenote">THE BATTLE OF CHURUBUSCO</p> + +<p>Worth did not, however, wait for assistance. At about eleven o’clock +he sent Colonel Clarke’s brigade—the Fifth, Sixth and Eighth +Infantry—and Brevet Colonel C. F. Smith’s battalion from Cuapa to +turn San Antonio by the path on the left hand and cut off retreat, +and placed Garland, accompanied by Duncan’s battery, in a somewhat +sheltered spot, as near as possible to the fortifications, with orders +to advance on hearing the other brigade at work. Clarke’s tortuous +path seemed to be three miles long, and as it lay for two thirds +of the distance in the pedregal, where the troops had to slide and +scramble in single file, two hours were occupied in the march. The +Mexicans, therefore, warned by seeing this movement—which they vainly +attempted to check—as well as ordered by Santa Anna to retire, made +the utmost efforts, after spiking some of their guns, to escape with +the rest of them. But the garrison of San Antonio and the neighboring +fortifications, which consisted of the Hidalgo and Victoria battalions +of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_113" title="113"></a> Mexico and some other militia, were wholly unfitted to execute a +difficult retreat in the face of the enemy. Not far from its middle +Clarke struck their column; and while the first part, led by General +Bravo, kept on toward Churubusco bridge, the second broke up and +scattered.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>By this time Garland, having found by pushing a company forward that +San Antonio had been evacuated, hastened on to unite with Clarke. The +enemy were quickly driven from fortifications of a minor importance at +Sotepingo, and the division then rushed forward after Bravo, while the +Mexicans—a mass of cavalry, infantry and artillery, wagons, mules, +women, servants, carriages and camp-followers—made all possible speed. +Owing to the effects of the rains, two Mexican guns and a number of +wagons were mired on the way; and near the Churubusco bridge Pérez’s +brigade, hard pressed by the Americans from San Angel, crowded in upon +the stream of fugitives.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.15">[15]</a></p> + +<div class="figright"> + <a id="i015" /> + <img src="images/i015.jpg" width="250" height="129" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Tête de Pont.</span></div> + <div class="subcaption">Profile of east curtain.</div> +</div> + +<p>So it happened that when Engineer Stevens climbed the church tower of +Coyoacán at about noon to reconnoitre, he observed a large body of +Mexican troops pouring along the highway from San Antonio. Apparently +Santa Anna was drawing all his forces to the city. Dense fields of corn +six feet high or more almost hid the works at the convent. Perceiving, +however, the nose of a bastion, Stevens concluded there might be one +gun at that point, which he thought could be rushed; and a prisoner +mentioned only two guns. The entire American army, reacting from the +gloom of the previous evening, exultant over Smith’s victory, and +almost intoxicated by the change from storm to splendid sunshine, was +now feeling invincible, eager and over-confident. Stevens merely shared +the contagion; his report—precipitate and misleading, as he fully +admitted later—signified that without loss of a moment the San Antonio +garrison ought by all means to be intercepted; and so Scott did what we +know it had not been his intention to do: ordered Twiggs immediately +to the convent and high<a class="pagenum" id="Page_114" title="114"></a>way by the direct road. “Make haste, my sons,” +he called to the troops, “or they will be gone before you reach +them!”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.16">[16]</a></p> + +<p>At his instance and by way of precaution, engineers were sent on to +make investigations; but, as the case appeared simple and urgent, the +investigating and the fighting began hastily together. In a haphazard +way the Mounted Rifles, or at least a part of them, became engaged; +then the First Artillery advanced; and soon the rest of Smith’s +brigade—the Third Infantry—besides the engineer company and Taylor’s +battery were thrown in. Rincón, a gray-haired Spanish veteran, deceived +our generals, for he desired to save ammunition, and therefore did +not open his artillery fire till the Americans had come within musket +range. To pause after the conflict began would have chilled the ardor +of the troops and encouraged the enemy. Victory or defeat were the only +alternatives, and a defeat could not be thought of.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.16">[16]</a></p> + +<div class="figleft fig250"> + <a id="i016" /> + <img src="images/i016.jpg" width="250" height="173" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">The Fortifications of Churubusco Convent</div> +</div> + +<p>Victory did not arrive, however; so now the Second and the Seventh +Infantry, led by Riley, attacked the Mexican right. Amidst the corn +the American infantry became scattered, yet in the same haphazard +way fought on; and Taylor, placed in a very exposed position before +the state of things was understood, fired at short musket range with +beautiful precision and rapidity. But the Mexicans, inspired by good +leaders and by the example of the American deserters, who aimed the +cannon, stood their ground. From parapets and bastions poured sheets +of unceasing flame, sally followed sally, and guns at the bridgehead +coöperated. In an hour and a half Taylor drove the enemy from the +walls and from the roof of the church, but he lost twenty-four men and +fourteen horses killed and wounded. The battery had to be withdrawn, +and victory seemed almost beyond reach.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.16">[16]</a></p> + +<p>Worth had now been attacking the bridgehead for half an hour or more. +Hurrying the troops along, without giving them definite instructions, +at a speed limited only by their wind and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_115" title="115"></a> the obstacles in their +way, he had left the Sixth Infantry on the highway, placed the Fifth +and the Eighth at the right of it, and sent the rest of his infantry +obliquely against the Mexican left; and then, without a reconnaissance +of the bridgehead, the Sixth was ordered to charge whatever lay in its +front.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>Probably the army contained no better corps, but it recoiled twice +in confusion under a terrific storm of iron and lead. Valor was not +lacking, but the men were dumfounded to come “butt-end first,” as +a soldier put it, upon such a fort so strongly held, when they had +supposed they were chasing a parcel of rabbits; and their numbers were +unequal to the task. Officers as well as men showed every sign of +panic. The regiment could not be kept on the highway; and the troops +in the tall corn on the right accomplished no more. The ground was +soft there; and it was cut up with dikes and with deep, wide ditches +containing about three feet of water. The men fought, but they fought +in general disorder. C. F. Smith found himself with not more than +twenty of his battalion at hand. Even the artillery, the backbone of +the army, failed now, for Duncan’s light pieces could not challenge +the bridgehead squarely on the highway, and the ground beside it was +unsuitable for them; while occasional fire from the convent and the +explosion of an ammunition wagon abandoned by the Mexicans added to the +difficulties.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>At the same time, besides these two combats which Scott had not +expected, one planned by him was taking place. A few minutes after +sending Twiggs toward Churubusco he ordered Pierce—and presently +Shields also—to follow a road leading north from Coyoacán, cross +Churubusco River, and move toward Santa Anna’s rear, so as to protect +the American flank and rear, favor the attack on the convent, and cut +off the retreat of the Mexicans. The route adopted by the troops after +leaving the road took them for a mile and a half through cornfields +and marshes, and placed them near the highway, about three quarters +of a mile north of the bridgehead, not far from the hacienda of Los +Portales. To parry the blow Santa Anna at once moved in that direction +with the Fourth Ligero, the Tulancingo regiment and most of the +Eleventh Line, his finest corps, extending his men—perhaps 2200 in +all—until they almost overlapped the Americans;<a class="pagenum" id="Page_116" title="116"></a> while some 1500 or +2000 cavalry, probably consisting of the horse that had followed him +to San Angel reinforced by that which had escaped from Contreras, +menaced—though afraid to attack—Shields’s left.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Precisely what occurred now cannot be stated, for apparently most of +the reporting officers were more anxious to conceal than to disclose +facts; but it seems clear that Shields handled the men clumsily, that +his own regiments fell into disorder when charging and shrank from +the devouring Mexican fire, and that Pierce’s brigade, composed of +excellent material but officered to a large extent with political +favorites, actually skulked. The Mexicans, on the other hand, finding +two ditches along the highway to protect them from the dreaded bayonet +and an embankment to screen them somewhat from bullets, fought stiffly. +Shields was therefore unable, with his six hundred good men and two +small howitzers, to make any impression, and after a time his troops +huddled wherever they could in the shelter of some buildings.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>But finally, between three and four o’clock, the spell broke. Worth’s +men, though astonished and for a time dismayed, had no thought +of giving up. “Victory or death” was not a phrase to them, but a +conviction. Though dikes, ditches, bad ground, corn higher than their +heads, and the Mexican artillery fire broke up their organization, +personal courage and personal leadership survived. In smaller or larger +groups they fought on. Santa Anna, by taking the Fourth Ligero from +Pérez to defend the rear, deducted half the strength of his left wing, +and no doubt Shields’s operations, very suggestive of the American +methods used in previous battles, tended to make the troops at the +bridgehead nervous. Gradually a part of the unlucky Sixth and men of C. +F. Smith’s and Garland’s commands, working toward the extreme American +right, out-reached the enemy, crossed the river, turned the Mexican +line, and moved on toward the highway. This created great alarm. The +fate of Valencia was recalled. Many of the officers wilted. Ammunition +seems partially to have failed; and at length, under a still galling +fire, some of the Eighth Infantry, followed by more of the Fifth, waded +the ditch of the bridgehead—twenty feet broad it was—climbed over the +parapet or pushed through the embrasures, and settled the question hand +to hand.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_117" title="117"></a>At once Duncan planted two of his guns on the highway near the +convent, and for ten or fifteen minutes, aided by a piece or two +at the bridgehead, he fired with a judgment, rapidity and accuracy +that delighted the on-lookers. By this time two of Rincón’s guns +at the right of the convent and one of the other pieces had become +unserviceable; the ammunition, so lavishly expended, had failed the +infantry; and the loss of the bridgehead, which stood on higher and +commanding ground, was recognized as a most serious blow. The artillery +commandant began to move a cannon from the front side to the right. +Only two guns were in play on the front; and our Third Infantry, noting +the slackened fire, dashed over the parapet at the left of the convent. +Still the American deserters would not permit a white flag to be shown, +and the garrison retired sullenly to the interior of the building. But +Captain J. M. Smith, seeing that active resistance was over, now put up +a white handkerchief himself to prevent further bloodshed. The signal +of surrender stopped Duncan’s work, too; and the Mexicans, astonished +by the consideration shown them, laid down their arms.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>Pérez and Bravo with a large part of the troops were now on the way to +Mexico <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">via</em> Mexicaltzingo and Old Peñón, and others were taking flight +along the highway, pursued by Worth’s division. Shields perceived what +was occurring, and harangued his brigade. “The South Carolinians will +follow you to the death,” answered the “Tigers,” as they were called +by Scott. Many, if not all, of the New Yorkers joined them; Pierce’s +officers mustered pluck enough to guard the left; and once more a +charge was made. It proved no easy work, though, even now. First and +last more than a third of Shields’s brigade were killed or wounded. +Brave, handsome Butler, commanding the Tigers, and his lieutenant +colonel went down, and Colonel Burnett of the New Yorkers fell. But at +last Shields carried the day, captured nearly four hundred Mexicans, +and met Worth’s cheering van on the highway.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>All joined then in the pursuit, supported with a captured 6-pounder +and a howitzer, and took liberal toll as they went, until, after +charging nearly two miles, they were halted by Worth. Orders from the +commander-in-chief to the same effect soon arrived. Four companies of +dragoons under<a class="pagenum" id="Page_118" title="118"></a> Harney were permitted, however, to keep on, and when +the sight of a battery led him to pull up, Captain Kearny of the First +resolved to charge the guns, and galloped ahead.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>“Oh, what a glorious sight it was to see Phil Kearny riding into them!” +wrote a soldier. His own troop were picked men; they rode picked +horses—all iron-gray—that now seemed endowed with supernatural +strength; and his other troop were fit comrades. Standing quite upright +in the stirrups they looked like centaurs. Little by little the rear +fours, hearing the trumpet sound the recall, dropped off; but the +leader and about a dozen others kept on like a swift vessel, dashing +the billows of humanity right and left. The battery, which stood at the +garita, fired upon friend and foe alike. Still the little group arrived +there, leaped from their horses to carry it, and found—that they were +alone. The panic of the enemy, however, saved them. Tearing loose and +springing into the saddle, they got away. But a grape-shot was faster +than Kearny; and so, losing an arm but winning a brevet, he finished +valiantly the battle of Churubusco.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">AFTER THE BATTLE OF CHURUBUSCO</p> + +<p>Santa Anna’s total loss for the day—the killed, the wounded and +especially the missing—may be roughly estimated as 10,000. He +admitted that he lost more than a third of his men. After he was able +to find where he stood (August 30) the Army of the East contained +11,381 privates. Alvarez had 2447 privates (August 26); and, besides +remnants of Valencia’s troops, there were doubtless many small bodies +of militia. Scott estimated the Mexicans killed and wounded as 4297, +and 2637 prisoners, including eight generals, were reported; while +the American ordnance was more than trebled, and the scanty stock +of ammunition enormously increased. Out of 8497 engaged in the two +battles, we lost fourteen officers and 119 privates killed, sixty and +805 respectively wounded, and some forty of the rank and file missing, +who probably lost their lives.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>The high moral qualities displayed by our troops made the day glorious, +as Hitchcock said, “in the highest degree”; and the army, naturally +overestimating the numbers of the enemy, felt exceedingly proud. Scott, +riding about the field, gray and massive, was hailed by the troops as +the very genius of power and command.</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <a class="pagenum" id="Page_119" title="119"></a> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="line">“Never did mightier man or horse</div> + <div class="line">Stem a tempestuous torrent’s course,”</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>they felt; and when he addressed them with the eloquence of a soldier’s +heart, it seemed as if the cheers that followed must have shaken the +“Halls.” Nature, however, appeared to view the situation differently. +The mountains above Padierna wrinkled their foreheads with still +deeper furrows, or knit them with still darker scowls. Dense black +clouds, preceded by gleaming heralds, rushed suddenly across the sky. +Lightning flashed in sheets. Thunders rolled until the earth seemed to +tremble. Torrents of rain deluged the ground; and in a little while, +almost like something heavy and solid, night swiftly and prematurely +descended.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N26.21">[21]</a></p> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXVII" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_120" title="120"></a><span class="subtitle">XXVII</span><br /> + NEGOTIATIONS<br /> + <span class="subtitle">May, 1846-September, 1847</span></h2> + + +<p>After fighting ceased, the Americans found temporary quarters wherever +they could. Most of Shields’s command occupied Los Portales “in a +most deplorable condition,” and Worth’s division remained at the same +point or in Churubusco. Some of Pillow’s men retired to San Antonio, +and there passed the night without rations, blankets, fires or lights, +while others moved across to Mixcoac. A part of Twiggs’s lay in a muddy +field without shelter, while the rest made their way to Coyoacán or +San Angel. Some of the troops, covered with sticky mud, slept in a +barn on straw, and acquired an extremely curious appearance. For all +it was a hard night, and perhaps hardest for the officer on guard. The +hours crawled. Thoughts of the battle, the morrow and the distant home +barely stirred his leaden brain. Every instant, drowsiness threatened +to become stupor. Now and then a sentry’s challenge, the snort of a +horse, the blast of a bugle roused him with a start. At last came a +streak in the east. He called the drummer, and ordered him to “beat +off.” Instantly the sharp roll was taken up by others. The bustle of +men awoke; and the troops were alive again. Joy and pride welled up +in their hearts, but the sadness of bereavement also and a sense of +disappointment. They seemed to have won the race but lost the prize. +Why had they not slept in the city?<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p>There were adequate military reasons for this. It was believed that +Santa Anna still had some 20,000 men, and what fortifications defended +the interior of Mexico no one pretended to say. Three surprises had +met the Americans during the past forty-eight hours. They had sick and +wounded, prisoners, wagons and captured material to look after. They +were<a class="pagenum" id="Page_121" title="121"></a> scattered, unmunitioned, spent. Not a few had become ill. In +spite of Scott’s precise orders to carry rations a large number had +gone hungry for about a day, and many had fasted longer. The stock of +provisions had practically been exhausted. If repulsed, the troops +would have faced starvation; if successful, they would have been a +disorganized mass of ravenous, infuriated soldiers in a hostile city. +Almost all, even officers, were eager for a revel in the “Halls”; +they would largely have scattered for something to eat and something +to drink; many would soon have been intoxicated; and fearful scenes, +costly alike to them and the inhabitants, would have disgraced the +victory and imperilled the army.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">AMERICAN EFFORTS TO MAKE PEACE</p> + +<p>Besides, the aim of the United States was peace; it appeared certain +that in view of the battle just won the Mexicans would be disposed to +offer acceptable terms; and resident Americans as well as neutrals had +assured Scott that by taking the city, breaking up the government, +dispersing the sensible and substantial men who desired a settlement, +and perhaps rousing the people to desperation, he would be defeating +his own government. On the other hand, as the General had reckoned +before leaving Puebla, the presence of a victorious American army +waiting at the gate seemed likely to excite intense fears of slaughter +and sack, and prove a most effective argument for negotiation. +Consequently, though sure he could break his way in, Scott deliberately +sacrificed military glory, and halted. The wish to end hostilities was +the dominant consideration; and, fully to understand this, we must now +place ourselves at Washington, and then return to our present point by +a singularly winding route.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p>Both in his war Message of May 11, 1846, and later, Polk announced +that he would be ready to negotiate whenever Mexico would make or even +hear propositions; and he sought a listening ear with a persistence +due to several causes: a real desire to end the war, a naïve ignorance +of Mexican psychology, the exigencies of home politics and foreign +relations, a natural predilection on his own part and on Buchanan’s +for schemes and tactics, and behind all a sincere wish, in accordance +with our long-standing sentiment and policy, for the prosperity and +friendship of the sister republic. Taylor was therefore instructed +to place himself on confidential terms, if possible,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_122" title="122"></a> at the Mexican +headquarters with a view to bringing about negotiations; and in line +with this policy Worth, while at Saltillo, offered pleasant sentiments +to Santa Anna on the subject of peace.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p>The battles on the Rio Grande and the unwelcome effects of the blockade +tended to sober Mexico, as did the aloofness of Great Britain; and +Marcy counted not a little on the settlement of the Oregon question. +Intimations were received from Consul Black in June and July, 1846, +that not only all thoughtful citizens but Paredes himself desired to +reach an agreement. Bravo and his Cabinet, who temporarily assumed the +reins of government, felt more strongly in the same way, and were more +free to act; other signs also pointed in that direction; and it was +hoped that Santa Anna, should he regain power, would favor peace. The +American administration, on the other hand, felt much embarrassed by +the unexpected seriousness of the problems involved in the conflict. +So on the twenty-seventh of July Buchanan addressed the Mexican +minister of relations, waiving as undesirable all discussion upon the +causes of the war, and inviting negotiations in the most conciliatory +manner.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>But the government of Salas, which received this overture, had attacked +Paredes for slackness in prosecuting the hostilities; and he now +counted upon this issue for maintaining the power it had given him. +Besides, wrote Bankhead, the Mexicans were still confident they could +hold their own against the United States; and the war spirit ran so +strongly that Santa Anna, returning from exile to treat, remained +to fight.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.3">[3]</a> Rejón, therefore, answering Buchanan in a lofty and +cutting strain, refused to ignore the causes of the war, and only +promised that Congress, on meeting in December, would take the matter +up. In other words, as an American newspaper observed, he said in +effect: We are sorry that you feel so tired of the campaign; as for +ourselves, we are quite comfortable. The reply was not one to fire the +popular heart of the United States; and without committing Mexico to +anything, it required our Executive to prepare for a long and arduous +contest. Nor was Salas reassuring when he laid the subject before +Congress. “If Mexico fights with constancy and courage, hers will be +the triumph,” he proclaimed, and therefore the government<a class="pagenum" id="Page_123" title="123"></a> has not +desired to hear proposals of peace. Polk answered Rejón by ordering +the hostilities to be conducted more harshly, and by announcing in his +Message at the beginning of December that an indemnity covering the +costs of the war, as well as our claims, would be required; but the +Mexican Congress did nothing.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>About a week after Buchanan addressed the minister of relations in +July, Polk recommended to Congress a naïve measure admirably fitted to +embarrass peace negotiations as much as it was intended to facilitate +them. This was an appropriation of $2,000,000 to be used in that +business for “extraordinary expenses.” Probably the measure, vigorously +though confidentially pressed by the Executive, would have passed; but +Senator Davis killed it by speaking against time. In the following +session a similar proposition granting three millions came up about +the middle of January, 1847, and on March 3, after every Congressman +with a voice had talked himself out, it was carried. The natural result +followed. Even at our Capitol there were open though false charges that +bribery was contemplated, and to the Mexican that design seemed of +course transparently plain. No public man who cares for his reputation +can vote for peace now, said the <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>The sentiment in favor of offering to treat with our weak and +unfortunate neighbor—as illustrated by formal action in Rhode Island +and New York, for example—was in fact strong. Even the British +minister at Washington recognized that the feeling in the Senate was +“entirely in favor of generous and pacific measures towards Mexico.” +Such Whigs as Webster and Winthrop demanded that a commission be sent; +Benton favored that idea; and about the middle of January, 1847, it +was powerfully supported by Atocha, who presented himself at the +capital. This cunning and perfectly unscrupulous intriguer, who had +been expelled by Santa Anna’s enemies in 1845 because he represented +the dictator’s corrupt financial methods and then by Santa Anna himself +in September, 1846, because he knew too much about the Liberator’s +dealings with Mackenzie, readily proved his intimacy with leading +Mexicans, created the belief that he was the government’s peace agent, +induced our administration to propose on January 18 a meeting of +American and Mexican commissioners at<a class="pagenum" id="Page_124" title="124"></a> Jalapa or Havana, and was made +the bearer of Buchanan’s despatch to the minister of relations.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>Undoubtedly, though invested with no diplomatic functions, Atocha was +expected to do much personally; but in this he totally failed. At Vera +Cruz the people attempted to murder him. At Mexico he was ordered to +leave almost immediately, and was prevented from talking with any +person of influence; and such use as he contrived to make of the pen, +in suggesting terms of peace to Rejón, proved utterly fruitless. In +short, the American messenger was handled with tongs, and he was back +at Washington about the twentieth of March with an offensively worded +note, refusing to treat until all Mexican lands and waters should be +evacuated by our forces. Clearly this was a most unhappy overture.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">WHY MEXICO WOULD NOT TREAT</p> + +<p>Many circumstances combined to inspire such boldness on the part +of our antagonist. Aside from the personal interest of many public +men in continuing the war, and the belief, prompted by vanity and +encouraged by specious arguments, both domestic and European, that +natural defences, latent resources and the military ardor of brave +citizens fighting for their homes would enable her to beat untrained +money-grubbers and “cowardly adventurers,” operating far from their +base—aside from all this, hatred of “the rapacious invader,” a fear +that peace would only lead to fresh demands and fresh encroachments, +and the fine theory that no people struggling for their independence +could be vanquished exerted a strong influence.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>The fact that an actual occupation of California would have to be +reckoned with could hardly be faced. To make peace without first +gaining a victory seemed humiliating, sure to be disadvantageous, and +likely to make dispirited Mexico the sport and prey of the whole world; +and Santa Anna in particular felt strongly on this point, because +his personal future as well as the cause of the nation required some +show of success. No peace is possible now except the peace of the +grave—national and racial extinction—it was insisted. Many reasoned +that Polk, to satisfy the United States, would have to demand, as +matters stood, a huge indemnity. Why regret a war that is bringing +so much gold into the country; a war that will overthrow Santa Anna, +the corruptionists, the in<a class="pagenum" id="Page_125" title="125"></a>triguers, the military men and the sham +patriots; a war that will put an end to extortion and finally unite +all the good elements of the nation, demanded not a few; and why make +sacrifices to stop it, when peace will bring civil wars, which are +worse?<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>Better subjugation than surrender, cried some in desperation; while +others believed that an American conquest and annexation would +extinguish privilege and monopoly, set up a pure democracy, ensure +stability and order, bring in a flood of enterprising northerners, and +make the country prosper. The clergy in particular, anxious to preserve +their property and their ease, felt rather more than willing to accept +such a dénouement. On the other hand, many believed that our people +neither would nor could bear for any length of time the expense of the +contest. This was the key to Rejón’s policy, as he told the Spanish +minister. It was, therefore, only necessary to protract the war a +little—meanwhile allowing the wrath of Heaven time to pass away—in +order to reach the very pinnacle of glory.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>European journals offered much encouragement. Mexico need only be +obstinate, advised the London <cite>Times</cite>, and it seemed a most agreeable +prescription. The United States cannot long maintain the necessary +troops, predicted the <cite>Globe</cite>. The Americans are tired of the war, need +peace more than Mexico, have no disciplined soldiers, cannot follow +up their successes, and with good reason dread British interference, +remarked some of the French papers. Even more significant were +expressions coming from the United States. Hold fast, and you can +make “a brilliant treaty,” said a letter. All are disgusted with the +hostilities, and in four years this country will kneel and pray for +peace, declared others. Persistent American denunciations of the war +as dishonorable made the idea of submission look shameful to our +enemies. No nation as brave and numerous as the Mexicans have ever been +conquered, announced the New York <cite>Express</cite>. The American treasury +will soon be empty, predicted the <cite>National Intelligencer</cite>; and that +influential paper endorsed the view that our antagonist could wear us +out. Calhoun used all his powers to show that it would be “folly” to +push the war, and ruin to push it successfully. Still more encouraging +were the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_126" title="126"></a> Whig orators. In the voice of doom Webster threatened the +President with impeachment; and Corwin exclaimed, “Call home your army; +I will feed and clothe it no longer.” Reports of a Whig revolution +circulated at Mexico; and the belief, accepted by many in Europe also, +that at any rate the Whigs would soon come into power and reverse the +policy of the American government, was confidently entertained by our +foes.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>But nothing proved so comforting, so cheering, as the conduct of our +government. The call for 12-months volunteers appeared to indicate the +limit of our endurance, and invited procrastination. Polk’s assurances, +following so many earlier assurances from American Presidents, that for +our own sake we desired Mexico to be strong, prosperous and friendly, +implied that we did not intend to crowd her far. Our conciliatory +language and repeated efforts to negotiate were noted as clear signs of +weakness. The employment of an agent like Atocha seemed a confession of +impotence; and the appropriation of three millions for secret expenses +in order to obtain peace, as <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">El Republicano</cite> put it, looked like +throwing up the sponge. Polk wishes to exchange a bad war for a good +bargain, sneered <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Constitutionnel</cite> of Paris. An extension of our +boundary was believed to be one aim of the negotiations we urged; and +the Mexicans felt, said Pakenham, that we should not think of buying +territory, if able to take it by force. The idea of selling it under +such circumstances was viewed as doubly degrading.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>Happily saved by his ignorance of Mexican character and sentiment from +the mortification of knowing all this, fully conscious that the war was +unpopular even with his own party, and hopeful that Buena Vista and the +capture of Vera Cruz had affected Mexico, Polk favored the idea of a +commission. Benton, however, would not have Slidell on the board; the +President could not well ignore Slidell unless a higher official—the +secretary of state himself—should be made sole representative; and no +first-class man could go to Mexico and dance attendance on the whims, +delays and insults of a government that scornfully held off. Indeed, +the nation could not afford to place the head of our state department +or a commission of leading public figures in such a predicament.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_127" title="127"></a></p> +<p class="sidenote">TRIST APPOINTED PEACE COMMISSIONER</p> + +<p>At length, however, Buchanan’s resourceful mind thought of sending +Nicholas P. Trist, a protégé of his own and now chief clerk of the +state department. Trist’s dignity, it was doubtless thought, would not +be too delicate; his action, it seemed evident, could be controlled; +and the glory of success, if a treaty should be made, would belong to +the administration—particularly the secretary of state—and not exalt +the agent in any dangerous political sense. Besides, the chief clerk +was a man of agreeable and impressive appearance, admitted talents, +unusual industry and the highest character; he had studied at West +Point; he knew diplomatic business; as consul at Havana for a term of +years, he had become acquainted with Spanish-American traits; and he +spoke the language of Mexico fluently. He was therefore immediately +appointed as Polk’s agent—though officially styled “Commissioner +Plenipotentiary”—to be paid, not as a diplomatic representative, +but from the appropriation for the contingent expenses of foreign +intercourse.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>The appointment was not, however, entirely felicitous. Trist, +associated with Jefferson as law-student and as grandson by marriage +and associated with Jackson as private secretary, had sojourned on +Olympus and tasted the ambrosia of the gods; but he did not possess +their divine constitution, and ambrosia disagreed with him. It gave him +queer feelings in the head that were not exactly growing pains, and +produced a state of mind that was neither of heaven nor of earth. The +Declaration of Independence was always resounding in his thoughts, and +mentally he was always walking up the stairs of the White House arm in +arm with a hero, sage and prophet; but he overlooked the foundation of +downright common sense on which great men build, and lacked the humor +that might at least have kept him near the ground.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>Aspiring, as he said, to influence the course of the world by drawing +supernal truths from the region of abstract speculation, he resembled +the gazing astronomer who walked into the ditch; and a deep, sticky +ditch lay just before him. Cordial coöperation with Scott was almost +indispensable for the proper execution of his work; but he thought +he disliked the man, he knew that Polk and the Cabinet disliked him, +and his chiefs—probably afraid that he might be overpowered by the +Whig<a class="pagenum" id="Page_128" title="128"></a> general—took superabundant pains to brace him. Polk urged +him to consort with Pillow, whom he represented as a Cincinnatus +compounded with a Scipio Africanus; and Buchanan, uprearing his big +person impressively, expanding in his courtly, diplomatic style, and +beaming upon the artless, ethereal chief clerk with his uncommunicative +blue eyes, intimated that by faithfully carrying out the wishes of +the government he might become the next Democratic nominee for the +Presidency!<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">NEGOTIATIONS OPENED</p> + +<p>Trist was equipped with a commission, credentials, letters from the +secretaries of the war and the navy departments to Scott and Perry, a +draft or <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">projet</em> of a treaty, instructions directing him to inform our +military and naval commanders, if Mexico should make and ratify the +treaty, and a sealed despatch to the minister of relations, in which +Buchanan pointed out that an evacuation of Mexican territory would be a +surrender of all our costly gains, but announced that a commissioner, +ranking second in our state department, would attend the army, and +be ready at all times to negotiate. Ostensibly a mere bearer of +despatches, the chief clerk hastened incognito to New Orleans, reached +Vera Cruz on May 6, fell very sick there, and forwarded to Scott both +Marcy’s letter and Buchanan’s despatch, which was to be placed at once +in the hands of the Mexican commander. He was authorized—not ordered, +as he should have been—to let the General see his own instructions and +his copy of the sealed despatch, which would have explained the plans +of the government; but instead of doing this he merely wrote a letter +of his own.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>What that letter said was never disclosed; but we know that it +proceeded from a truly amiable but high-strung, “top-lofty” man, who +felt expressly Called by Destiny to perform a Great National Act and +incidentally to put Winfield Scott where he belonged.</p> + +<p>The General’s reply, on the other hand, is extant, and can readily +be understood. He was already in a state of mind regarding the +administration. Friends had warned him against it since his departure +from the United States, and the warnings had seemed to be coming +true. After Polk had promised him confidence and coöperation, and +after he as a grateful return had assisted Polk with the Whigs, the +President<a class="pagenum" id="Page_129" title="129"></a> had immediately branded him before the world as unfit, and +outraged his natural pride as a military man, by trying to have a +civilian placed over him. Polk had infringed upon his rightful power to +discipline unruly subordinates; his requisitions for vessels, troops +and supplies had not been met; and now, though general-in-chief, he +was required to transmit a despatch, doubtless bearing seriously upon +the war, without knowing its contents or using a proper discretion as +to its opportuneness—a requirement that Marcy did not undertake to +defend; and he read in the Secretary’s letter these words: “Mr. Trist +is clothed with such diplomatic powers as will authorize him to enter +into arrangements with the government of Mexico for the suspension of +hostilities.” This looked mysterious and, in view of Polk’s course +toward him, alarming. He believed that in a highly important respect +the management of the campaign had been taken from him, and he felt +that he was to be degraded before his army, the Mexicans and the public +at large by a clerk from the state department, of whom he had known at +Washington just enough to believe he disliked him.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>It seemed unjust and insulting; and being an irascible, overworked, +over-worried soldier and master of language, seven of whose regiments +had just gone home unexpectedly, he answered as might have been +foreseen. Trist, angry, ill, conscious to his pen’s point of every +convolution, involution, evolution, ramification and complication of +his mental processes, and unaware of Marcy’s blundering phraseology, +replied at a length and in a tone that were enough to drive Scott +wild; and when he finally reached headquarters on May 14, though +Scott provided amply for his dignity and comfort, the two were not +on speaking terms, and further epistolary exchanges only widened the +breach. I fear Scott and Trist have got to writing, groaned Marcy, +who knew them both; if so, all is over. As for the sealed despatch, +on the grounds that it was doubtful whether the present circumstances +warranted its presentation, and that anyhow a proper escort for +protection against guerillas could not then be afforded, it was +returned to the commissioner.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>On the sixth of June, therefore, Trist wrote a letter to Bankhead, +explaining the character of Buchanan’s despatch, asking him to make +known the existence of the despatch and Trist’s presence with the army, +and inquiring whether at a proper<a class="pagenum" id="Page_130" title="130"></a> time that minister would transmit +the paper to the Mexican government. Bankhead, as we know, strongly +desired peace. The interests of the British merchants at Puebla and the +capital and of consul-general Mackintosh, who not only was in business +but had made large advances to Santa Anna, lay in the same direction; +and hence Edward Thornton, a member of the British legation, called on +Trist at Puebla five days later.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.10">[10]</a> Trist’s verbal explanations +of his government’s aims proved satisfactory, and soon the despatch +arrived at its destination.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>The law of April 20 had forbidden, however, all negotiations with +the United States. Ibarra, the minister of relations, therefore, +replied to Buchanan that his communication would be laid before +Congress, and Santa Anna promised Bankhead that he would use his +best efforts to have it considered promptly and favorably. Meantime +the public disputed fiercely whether an American proposition should +be heard. Many of course denounced the idea, but others said it +would place Mexico in a better position to listen, than to reject a +proffer of peace without knowing its terms. The <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>—that is to +say, the President—advocated this opinion, and the peace feeling, +represented by the most sober and intelligent citizens, especially of +the mercantile class, and supported by the sensible arguments of <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">El +Razonador</cite>, showed no little strength.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>June 24 Thornton visited Puebla again, delivered Ibarra’s reply to +Buchanan, stated that Santa Anna had openly declared in favor of +negotiations, and added that Santa Anna felt—as did Bankhead—that +an immediate attack upon the capital would be most unfortunate for +the cause of peace. Trist, therefore, perhaps having had pains in +the head for some time that were growing pains, addressed Scott on +the subject, and sent him the official documents that explained his +mission. The General replied in a friendly and high-minded style. +The two met. Each discovered that his impression of the other had +been radically incorrect. When Trist became very ill again, as he +soon did, Scott anxiously went through his personal stores for guava +marmalade; and they became intimate and mutually admiring friends. The +commander-in-chief cordially proposed to disregard for the sake of his +country every thought of personal glory, and he was ready to assume all +needful responsibility.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_131" title="131"></a></p> +<p class="sidenote">SANTA ANNA’S EMBARRASSMENTS</p> + +<p>In Mexico, however, a lubricant almost always had to be applied in +government affairs, and that lubricant was gold. Knowing that the +United States eagerly desired peace and had already appropriated +millions to gain it, not a few Mexicans would have felt they sinned +against nature and custom had they been willing to oblige us for +nothing. Santa Anna’s greed overtopped the mountains. Rejón was well +understood to be corrupt. Valencia, one of the loudest declaimers +against peace, had a large family, was old and was poor; and in Santa +Anna’s opinion he desired to be a little more comfortable. Numerous +minor figures, more or less prominent in Congress, also appreciated +comfort. The British merchants, with whom “arrangements” were a regular +feature of dealings with the government, believed the Americans would +have to apply the lubricant. Such was Bankhead’s opinion, and on his +second visit Thornton intimated as much. Scott, though he would not +have attempted to corrupt an honest person, considered it no worse to +employ a “statesman” than a spy, if the statesman desired to serve him; +and he believed that without the use of money a year of bloodshed would +not force Mexico to sign an acceptable treaty. He offered, therefore, +to provide the requisite funds for carrying out Thornton’s idea, and +Trist welcomed his assistance.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>Santa Anna doubtless felt eager to obtain peace provided he could +remain in authority, and that proviso was natural, for otherwise he +would have lost a position he loved, and exile or death would have +been his early portion; but it was not easy to calculate the chances. +Buchanan’s despatch seemed to many a fresh sign of weakness. Scott had +less than half the numbers that Marcy had promised, and many inferred +that no more good troops could be sent. For a nation to succumb before +less than 10,000 isolated men, poorly trained and poorly supplied, +seemed ridiculous and even irrational. Trist’s lack of prestige was +another offence to Mexican pride. The charge of collusion, supported by +the known fact that an American officer had visited Santa Anna in Cuba, +manacled him; his countless enemies were awake and implacable; and he +found it necessary to deny that he thought of treating.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>The Coalition opposed all thoughts of peace. Fearful of responsibility +and paralyzed by personal and factional intrigues,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_132" title="132"></a> Congress would not +assemble. Nobody of influence had the courage to advocate what all +knew to be necessary. Each party held back, hoping the other would +make a tactical blunder of that sort. The law of April 20 towered +squarely in the way. A caricature represented Polk amputating Santa +Anna’s remaining leg, and the ether sponges were labelled “3,000,000 +pesos.” As the President and his friends could see no way out of the +predicament, he decided—so the Spanish minister reported—to smash his +army against Scott’s, hoping that a treaty would then be acceptable to +the nation. But the loss of his troops would have left him powerless; +and he confined himself now to advising, as did the British, that Scott +should alarm the capital by advancing toward it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>At length, however, an arrangement for a meeting of Congress was made +by the factions, and on July 13 that august body convened; but it +referred Buchanan’s letter back to the administration as executive +business, declaring at the same time against an “ignominious” treaty, +and leaving untouched the law of April 20; and then practically, though +not in form, it broke up. Santa Anna was now inclined to hold that +Congress had abandoned him, negotiate a treaty of peace as a military +act, and carry it through by means of the American lubricant. Three +days later, therefore, after discussing the matter with Pillow and +the commander-in-chief, Trist formally asked the coöperation of Scott +in providing $10,000 at once and promising to hand over a million +whenever a treaty should be ratified by Mexico; and Scott not only +assented,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.11">[11]</a> but paid the smaller sum that day, as bread upon the +waters, out of his fund for secret expenses.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>The outlook seemed favorable. Pedraza and Baranda, both of them +in favor of a settlement, were virtually decided upon as the +Mexican commissioners, and July 27 Santa Anna called his generals +together—presumably to bring them round. But Valencia arrived that +day from San Luis Potosí with his army, loudly declaiming for war +and closely watching for a slip on Santa Anna’s part; Scott’s delay +about advancing weakened the plan; and so the council of generals +did nothing. Santa Anna now hesitated more and more. Both he and his +officers became encouraged by the accumulation of troops and war +material. Finally they concluded that a triumph<a class="pagenum" id="Page_133" title="133"></a> lay within their +reach, and the idea of making peace lost its attractiveness. Scott for +his part allowed the negotiations to have no influence on his military +plans. He doubtless hoped that a white flag and an offer to treat would +meet him on the way to Mexico; but as they did not come, those plans +were unflinchingly executed, and our arms triumphed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>Soon after the battle of Churubusco ended, he returned to San +Agustín, and as the initial step toward peace negotiations wrote a +note summoning Mexico City to surrender. But Santa Anna did not wait +for it. The town was in a dreadful state of confusion and panic. +Wounded or demoralized soldiers could be seen everywhere. Many roamed +about the streets, crying out at the slightest alarm, “Here come the +Yankees!” Astounded by the American victories and utterly disheartened +by the incompetence, cowardice and quarrels of their leaders, many +felt that God had pronounced the doom of Belshazzar against “this +accursed Babylon.” Hence, though Santa Anna rallied troops as well as +possible, he felt that an assault could not be repulsed, and at about +midnight had Pacheco, then minister of relations, address a despatch +to Buchanan proposing the negotiations requested so many times by +the American government.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.13">[13]</a> The purpose of the despatch, which +Bankhead transmitted open to Trist with an appeal from himself to +heed it, was to prevent the Americans from entering the city; and the +Spanish minister, who was consulted with reference to it, agreed that +in view of Polk’s repeated assurances it could not fail to have that +effect.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">AN ARMISTICE</p> + +<p>Thornton and Mackintosh also brought their influence to bear; and +the next morning, while Scott was preparing to take up battering or +assaulting positions to warrant the summons, General Mora met him at +Coyoacán with a proposal for a truce. The terms of this proposal were +not satisfactory; but Scott sent back by him an overture for a short +armistice. This was accepted by Santa Anna as a gift from heaven. +Commissioners to arrange the terms were appointed the next day, and on +the twenty-fourth ratifications of their agreement settled the matter. +The army, though its entire confidence in Scott prevented all trouble, +felt profoundly dissatisfied; but with a total disregard of personal +considerations the General took what reasonably seemed to him the wise +course.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_134" title="134"></a>Scott, who was now at Tacubaya with Trist, held his troops at +command—Worth and the dragoons at Tacubaya, Pillow at Mixcoac, Twiggs +about four miles farther out, and Quitman at San Agustín—in such a +manner as to be fairly safe himself, and to threaten the western and +southern approaches of the city. The well men cleaned their clothes +and arms, and the sick and wounded soon found themselves comfortable +and cheerful. Several Mexican Congressmen among the prisoners were +set free. About half a million of needed specie was obtained from +the city—principally and perhaps entirely by cashing drafts on the +United States government. A large quantity of provisions, contracted +for while the Americans lay at Puebla, was brought out, and a train of +wagons proceeded for the same purpose to the valley of Toluca, where +Olaguíbel, ostensibly the implacable enemy of the Americans, helped +them to obtain supplies. Apples, pears and peaches of an indifferent +quality were now ripe, and the soldiers lived fairly well.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>Santa Anna was even busier than Scott. Measures were taken to collect +all missing soldiers, reorganize and rearrange the corps, maintain a +state of defence, and revive morale by removing disaffected officers as +well as by punishing conspicuous delinquents. All American prisoners in +the city were freely given up. Gamboa, a politician of México state, +caused some trouble by critically reviewing Santa Anna’s course during +the war, and formally charging him with treason. Far more serious +was the combination of Valencia—who was still regarded by many as a +martyr, had gathered a small army, and had pronounced against Santa +Anna—with Olaguíbel, who stood on confidential terms with Alvarez; +and to make this combination still more threatening, it seemed to be +supported by Paredes, now at the head of a small force, by Almonte +and by Canalizo. All possible care was taken to guard against the +movement. Every officer known to have been associated with Valencia +was imprisoned or at least cashiered; every hint of intrigue excited +attention; and the government heard with deep concern that somebody on +a sorrel horse had carried letters from Toluca to Querétaro. Naturally +Santa Anna did not fail to assemble the generals, and offer his place +to any one who would take it; and of course none of them had the bad<a class="pagenum" id="Page_135" title="135"></a> +taste—not to say imprudence—to come forward. Moreover behind all the +military disaffection, rejoicing over it as a threat against Santa +Anna, though unwilling to join forces with the army in any cause, +towered the Coalition, justly regarded as even more dangerous.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">NEGOTIATIONS</p> + +<p>But obviously the chief business of the government was the negotiation +with Trist. Here Santa Anna acted sincerely—as sincerely as the +drowning man who clutches at a plank, no matter how great a rascal he +has been. On this point we have a superabundant amount of evidence, and +in particular the full reports of Lozano, chargé d’affaires of Spain, +with whom Santa Anna talked explicitly and at great length. Texas and +upper California could be given up, the General thought, as territory +already lost. The region between the Rio Grande and the Nueces, it +was hastily inferred from a vague remark dropped by Trist at Puebla, +could be made neutral, perhaps under a European guaranty; and with that +barrier established against smuggling and the dreaded encroachments +of the United States, and with millions of shining American dollars +pouring into the treasury for the benefit of those supporting him and +the treaty, Santa Anna felt he could meet all opponents. In his own +mind, though he intended to get still better terms if possible, the +bargain was as good as made. He therefore placed on the commission +superior men, disposed to effect an amicable settlement, and not mere +partisans of his own: ex-President Herrera, J. B. Couto, a man of +the highest integrity and leader of the Mexican bar, General Ignacio +Mora, chief of the military engineers, and Miguel Atristain, a lawyer +supposed to represent British commercial interests; and he put forth +a manifesto entirely satisfactory from the American point of view, in +which he declared openly for peace, and, holding that Congress on being +duly consulted had referred the subject back to the Executive, brushed +aside the law of April 20.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Trist, for his part, stated promptly the full demands of the United +States, which required that Mexico should not only accept the Rio +Grande line but cede New Mexico and upper California; and three or four +days later, in the hope of removing difficulties, he decided to inform +Santa Anna confidentially that he would pay the highest sum authorized +by his instruc<a class="pagenum" id="Page_136" title="136"></a>tions. This course was proper for the representative of +a country that had always loved frank diplomacy, and felt no need of +jockeying in the present negotiations; and it was also prudent, for in +tedious haggling and crafty special pleading no Anglo-Saxon could rival +the Mexicans. September 1 and 2 the terms were fully discussed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.16">[16]</a> +Regarding certain minor points that might have entered into an +agreement a mutual disposition to be conciliatory showed itself, but on +the essentials Trist held firmly. Much to his surprise, the pecuniary +consideration appeared to count for little in comparison with the +alienating of territory and its population, and the Mexicans proved +obdurate. At last, therefore, to save the only hope of peace, Trist +proposed that the armistice be extended forty or forty-five days, and +the decision of Washington be obtained as to excluding nationality and +population from the Nueces-Rio Grande district.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>The proposed extension of time Santa Anna, angry at what he thought +had been a deception on Trist’s part with reference to this district, +rejected at once as a scheme to get provisions and reinforcements, and +so he found himself confronted squarely by unexpected and unpalatable +terms. Nor were these his only difficulties. With light-hearted vanity +the people still ignored their long series of defeats. An intense fear +prevailed that Santa Anna, with what military forces remained and the +money coming from Washington, would sweep away republican institutions, +establish himself as autocrat for life, and wreak vengeance on his +enemies. All the standard objections against ending the war marshalled +themselves anew. Arguments, protests and threats, official as well as +unofficial, poured in.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Any sale of territory, wrote the governor of Querétaro, would authorize +a general secession. Negotiations not shared in by Congress are +treasonable, proclaimed Farías, Otero, Rosa and other statesmen in +concert. Rejón, who probably wished the Americans to capture Mexico, +install the Puros in authority and make a treaty with them, added his +loud voice to the chorus. The Coalition and the Valencia-Olaguíbel +conspiracy loomed up darker than before. States and citizens who +refused to support the war denounced Santa Anna for proposing to end +it. Many who longed for a treaty would not think of a treaty signed +by him. The friends of peace lacked organiza<a class="pagenum" id="Page_137" title="137"></a>tion and the courage +necessary to dominate the situation. The members of Congress would +not gather, and it seemed evident that no popular assembly would ever +ratify the “sale” of loyal fellow-citizens, which the New Mexicans were +believed to be.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">FAILURE OF THE NEGOTIATIONS</p> + +<p>Apparently Santa Anna’s one chance was to declare himself dictator +immediately, and, if he cared to make so distasteful a bargain, +ratify it himself; but there were signs that his army—with Valencia +and Paredes, long favorites of the military caste, bidding against +him—would not support his authority against such opposition in such +a cause. Rascally but keen Tornel, who called himself the Rainbow +because he shone in stormy times, but was likened by others to the bat, +poured self-interested counsels against peace into his ear; and from +similar motives Pacheco assisted Tornel. Santa Anna’s nerve weakened. +Besides, an alternative offered itself. Had not Scott lost a good part +of his little army in the recent fighting, and made the armistice in +the desperate hope of receiving fresh troops? Might not fickle fortune +change in the next battle? Whatever its result, could the Americans +venture to demand more than was now demanded? Why not have another +throw of the dice, and then make the treaty, if it could not be +avoided?<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>As soon as Trist’s persistence in our demands was made known to him, +therefore, although he still felt some hope they would be modified, +Santa Anna began to prepare a line of retreat. Warlike instead of +pacific reasons for agreeing to the armistice made their appearance in +public. Every thought of negotiating a treaty was denied, and papers +were drawn up representing him as a bold and indignant champion of +Mexican rights. At first his orders had been to keep the agreement +with Scott inviolably; but on finding that no acceptable modification +of Trist’s demands was in sight, he proceeded to break it—especially +by preventing money and supplies from leaving the city, and by having +work done on the fortifications of Chapultepec—and appeals for troops, +funds and materials were issued. Scott, on the other hand, there is +good reason to believe, adhered to his pledges; but he was alert, +and his paid agents in the city watched Santa Anna’s proceedings. On +September 2 he relinquished all real expectation of peace, yet he still +clung to hope.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_138" title="138"></a>The Mexican leader also shrank from drawing the sword. But on the +afternoon of the 6th his commissioners, arriving late and agitated at +the rendezvous, presented Trist with a counter-projet, which they knew +he would reject, and an argumentative note intended for the Mexican +public. No discussion took place. Evidently the time for words had +passed. Scott then sent a letter charging that Santa Anna had violated +the armistice, and announcing that unless complete satisfaction +should be made before noon the following day, hostilities would be +resumed. Santa Anna’s ingenious reply was mainly a counter-blast of +accusations designed to rouse what he called “the first city of the +American continent”; and again it was war.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.18">[18]</a> Yet something had +been accomplished. The word “peace” had been uttered and seriously +considered; it was Trist’s firm belief that not only the commissioners +but most of the Cabinet were for accepting the American terms; in a +measure this attitude on the part of leading Moderados committed their +party; and the Mexican plenipotentiaries retired from the meetings +filled with cordiality and even admiration for Trist.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>In the United States great disappointment was felt over the issue of +these negotiations. The general view of the armistice was the easy, +superficial one that all Mexicans were rascals, and that Santa Anna +had shamelessly tricked our good faith. Marcy, not seeing that the +counter-projet was a political ruse, gravely pronounced it “extravagant +and inadmissible.” Polk, whose knowledge of the Mexicans was revealed +by his quaint idea that an extension of the American ægis over New +Mexico might be welcomed by them, condemned the armistice as if peace +had not been his avowed aim; and the administration organ, besides +representing Scott and Trist as dupes, described it as contrary to the +intentions of the government, when in fact a commissioner had attended +the army for the express purpose of negotiating at the earliest +possible moment. Mexico rejects peace, proclaimed the <cite>Union</cite>; let +us give her war. “Burn the olive branch and whet the sword,” was the +popular cry; let her be humbled in dust and ashes!<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE AMERICAN VIEW</p> + +<p>To the army the respite of a fortnight proved a physical, mental and +moral blessing. San Agustín, buried in orchards, umbrageous Coyoacán, +cozy San Angel and lively Mixcoac had each its charms; and Tacubaya, +where the palace, em<a class="pagenum" id="Page_139" title="139"></a>bowered in blossoms and fragrance, crowned a hill +gently—even pensively—shaded by silvery old olives, was lovelier +yet, and afforded the noblest views. Here the brilliant sunrise, first +lighting up the distant white volcanoes that propped the sky, and then +stooping to brighten the near-by villas of the city merchants, ushered +in gorgeously the perfect day. After noon black, jagged clouds could be +seen gathering quickly in the soft and luminous blue; the edge of one +would melt into a slender gray shadow, dripping to the earth; and in +a few moments the grandest artillery of the heavens would be at work. +Then sometimes a rainbow followed; the sunset was fair; the moon rose +clear and full; and the white houses, massive towers and brilliant +porcelain domes of the city appeared to be afloat in a magical radiance +toned with slumber and with dreams. “Heaven help those at home,” wrote +a soldier, “who think they know what moonlight is!”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>Amid experiences like these it seemed hard, almost impossible, to +contemplate war and bloodshed. But the troops felt thoroughly angered +by what they looked upon as Mexican treachery—first in pretending to +negotiate, and then in violating the armistice; and they quickly nerved +themselves, not without satisfaction, for the coming struggle. All +realized that only triumph could save them now from destruction.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N27.21">[21]</a></p> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXVIII" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_140" title="140"></a><span class="subtitle">XXVIII</span><br /> + MOLINO DEL REY, CHAPULTEPEC, MEXICO<br /> + <span class="subtitle">September, 1847</span></h2> + + +<p>Rather more than half a mile west of Chapultepec and still farther +north of Tacubaya stood a complicated range of low stone buildings +known as El Molino del Rey (The King’s Mill). They extended in a +rambling fashion approximately north and south more than 300 yards, +and consisted essentially of a flour mill and a foundry for bronze +cannon. The heavy walls and the parapets of the flat roofs, reinforced +with sand-bags, made these buildings almost a fort. Nearly half a mile +from them toward the northwest lay a very solid stone edifice, at one +time a powder magazine, called the Casa Mata, protected now with a +small, dry fosse and light, incomplete breastworks. Along the west +front of El Molino extended a somewhat irregular drainage ditch, or +series of ditches, at this critical time free from water, which then +made a bend, passed some twenty-five yards from the south face of Casa +Mata, continued in the same direction nearly one fourth of a mile, and +finally joined a deep, wide ravine, that ran for a long way northeast +and southwest, and could not easily be crossed except (at X) near this +junction. For military uses the ditch gained strength from dirt thrown +up in front of it and a line of maguey growing some thirty yards back. +From it an easy slope, clear of trees but somewhat obstructed with +cornfields near the bend, rose toward the southwest for about 600 yards +and culminated in a ridge, which overlooked Tacubaya; while west of the +ravine and a mile or so from Casa Mata stood the hacienda buildings of +Los Morales.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.1">[1]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a class="pagenum" id="Page_141" title="141"></a> + <a id="i017" /> + <img src="images/i017.jpg" width="400" height="614" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">BATTLES OF MEXICO</div> + <div class="subcaption"><a class="largerimage" href="images/i017big.jpg">Larger image</a></div> +</div> + +<p class="sidenote">SCOTT’S PREPARATIONS</p> + +<p>Inferring from supposed signs of American activity, and also from +Scott’s peremptory letter, that on the afternoon of September 7 a +determined effort would be made to seize Chapul<a class="pagenum" id="Page_142" title="142"></a>tepec and attack the +defences of the city, which had not become very strong in this quarter, +Santa Anna made special efforts during the sixth to place his most +serviceable troops on the terrain just described; and the next day, +taking command there in person, he posted and instructed them with +particular care. León’s and Rangel’s brigades were stationed in El +Molino; the best of Pérez’s brigade garrisoned the Casa Mata; Ramírez’s +occupied the intermediate space; four guns were placed a little +in front of the bend; 3000 or 4000 horse under Alvarez—the first +division commanded by him and the second by Manuel Andrade—proceeded +to Los Morales; reserves of infantry and artillery lay in the rear, +and the cannon of Chapultepec were made ready to sweep the ridge and +slope.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p>At the same time pains were taken to rouse Mexico City. Suspicion of +Santa Anna persisted, but his credit had been improved not a little by +Valencia’s conduct, and the public felt inclined to believe in him once +more. The image of the Virgin of Guadalupe, the Patroness of Mexico, +now passed through the streets. Under orders from Tornel the clergy +preached a crusade against the heretical invaders. Tales of alleged +American atrocities supplemented their exhortations. People were +ordered to sharpen their daggers, and make ready to throw paving-stones +from the azoteas. That Scott’s handful—only some 8000 available men +and supposed to number even less—could beat 18,000 or 20,000 valiant +Mexicans, protected by strong defences, and capture a city still +occupied by perhaps 200,000 persons, appeared incredible. Citizens as +well as troops grew confident. When the bells began to ring at about +half-past nine on the morning of the seventh, all welcomed the alarm; +and when Santa Anna visited the chosen terrain during the afternoon to +issue his orders for battle, he was received with applause.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">BATTLE OF MOLINO DEL REY</p> + +<p>Scott also prepared. September 7 the engineer company and Cadwalader’s +brigade advanced from Mixcoac to Tacubaya, the rest of Pillow’s +division and one of Twiggs’s brigades moved toward the city as a +feint, and Twiggs’s other brigade and Quitman’s division were ordered +to concentrate at Mixcoac. Captain Mason and Lieutenant Foster of +the engineers daringly reconnoitred the Mexican position, and, +although Casa Mata—standing on low ground and partially masked by its +earthworks<a class="pagenum" id="Page_143" title="143"></a> and the maguey—was not adequately made out, they analyzed +the situation correctly otherwise. Then, to prevent errors, Brevet +Lieutenant Colonel Duncan and two engineers did the work a second time; +and Scott and Worth also made observations. Information that he deemed +thoroughly safe led the commander-in-chief to believe that guns needed +for the defence of the city were now under construction at El Molino, +and he desired Worth to have a party destroy the works and material +during the coming night—in his opinion an easy task—and immediately +retire. At Worth’s request, however, a daybreak attack and, as the +natural consequence, a broader plan were decided upon.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.4">[4]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a id="i018" /> + <img src="images/i018.jpg" width="500" height="329" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">BATTLE OF EL MOLINO</div> +</div> + +<p>Accordingly, the first gray light of September 8 found the Americans +waiting to assault the position. One cannon guarded the road from +Mexico to Tacubaya. Brevet Colonel Garland’s brigade and Captain Drum +of the Fourth Artillery with his two Buena Vista 6-pounders were +directly south of El Molino, at a distance of about 400 yards from it, +to ward off a flank attack from Chapultepec, threaten the mill, and +be ready to assist as might be necessary. On the ridge, not far to +their left, stood Captain Huger with two 24-pound siege guns, Brevet +Major Wright’s party of stormers—twelve officers with five companies +of 100 men each, drawn during the night from the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_144" title="144"></a> six regiments of +Worth’s division—and a supporting body composed of Brevet Lieutenant +Colonel C. F. Smith’s light battalion. Some 500 yards farther to the +left and higher up the ridge the guns of Duncan, who had charge of all +the artillery, bore upon the Mexicans near Casa Mata, about 700 yards +distant, with Colonel Clarke’s brigade—now commanded, on account of +Clarke’s illness, by Brevet Colonel McIntosh—on the left of the pieces +and General Cadwalader’s brigade, acting as a reserve, at their right +and rear. And finally, near the ravine, Major Sumner of the Second +Dragoons with some 270 mounted men occupied our extreme left under +orders to hold the Mexican cavalry in check and coöperate wherever he +could. In all there were 3447 officers and men.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>Apparently Worth’s dispositions had been wisely planned, and a scrutiny +of the Mexican position, could it have been made, would have confirmed +the expectations of a quick victory. Deceived by Scott’s feint against +the southern front of the capital, Santa Anna had broken up his army +during the night, and now, with a considerable part of it and some of +the guns, he was fully two hours distant. No one officer commanded the +troops before Worth. Only a sharp, strong thrust was required.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>As soon as Huger could make out the low, white walls of El Molino, +about a third of a mile distant, he opened fire; and at the same time +Engineers Mason and Foster advanced some 350 yards. All was perfectly +still in front. Both of them believed the position had been abandoned, +and Mason sent Foster back to have Wright’s party—now deployed in +line—advance. Consequently, instead of waiting, as had been the plan, +until the 24-pounders had perceptibly shaken the mill, the stormers +advanced and masked those guns when some ten rounds had been fired. +The Mexican pieces, which had been moved nearer the mill during the +night, at once opened furiously with canister from an unexpected +quarter, and soon a terrific fusillade burst from the parapeted azoteas +of El Molino. In spite of it all, three of the pieces were taken, +however.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>But the American spearhead—Wright’s party—was merely glued fragments +of steel, not a forged blade. A large part of the men were separated +from the comrades and officers whom they knew and relied upon, and all +from the colors they adored. Mason, Foster, Wright and eight other +officers out of fourteen<a class="pagenum" id="Page_145" title="145"></a> went down. The column broke. Nearly a third +of the men, whose comrades fought later in the engagement, under their +proper colors and officers, like heroes, absolutely bolted. The enemy +saw that only a handful were persisting, and promptly rallied. Without +orders brave Lieutenant Colonel Echeagaray brought from Chapultepec the +Third Ligero. “At them!” he cried; and instantly a counter-attack was +launched. The guns were recaptured. The Americans had to retreat. And +the pursuing Mexicans butchered and robbed our wounded.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>Smith’s battalion rapidly advanced, however, though possibly not quite +soon enough. Drum directed a quick, accurate fire upon the Mexican +battery. Garland moved up by a road that sheltered his command until +it came within some 200 yards of the mill. Drum followed him, stopping +at intervals to deliver canister. Cadwalader sent aid. Tall, swarthy +León crumpled suddenly with a bullet in his side; valiant Balderas +fell over into the arms of his son; and for these ardent leaders the +Mexicans had no substitutes. Ramírez took flight. The Mexican reserves +would not budge. The Americans captured the enemy’s guns, penetrated +into the buildings, and forced their way to the azoteas. Close fighting +then settled the issue; and before very long, under the fire of their +own pieces, as well as Drum’s and one from Huger, the Mexican left wing +and the troops coming to its aid from Chapultepec were in precipitate +retreat.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>Casa Mata, still held by the excellent men under Pérez but wholly +destitute of artillery and feebly protected by its earthen enclosure, +might have been cleared of defenders by a vigorous application +of artillery. Duncan began work. But Worth believed in brilliant +operations, and ordered McIntosh to assault the position. With a +smile that beautified his rugged face, the old warrior set out; and +soon, bleeding from two wounds, he was lying on the slope. The second +and the third in command fell. Officer after officer was struck +down. The men toppled over by the wholesale. Wild with enthusiasm +some of the Mexicans leaped over the defences and came to meet their +assailants.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>In spite of their well-aimed and murderous volleys, however, they were +soon punished and driven back. But what more could be done? The walls +of Casa Mata had not been breached,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_146" title="146"></a> and there were no ladders. So +the Americans lay down behind the embankment of the ditch, and coolly +picked off Mexicans at Casa Mata and behind the maguey. After a time +their muskets became foul. Their ammunition began to give out. Somehow +an order to retire got started; and finally the shattered remnants of +the brigade fell back to the rear, followed by miscreants who glutted +their fury on our wounded. But Duncan, whose guns had been masked by +McIntosh’s advance, now resumed his work upon Casa Mata, and in a short +while the Mexicans were in flight, pursued by the unerring missiles of +the battery.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>Yet there were still 3000 or 4000 horse at Los Morales. These troops +had been expected by Santa Anna to sweep the field, and he had +personally given their commander his instructions. But a mere partisan +fighter like Alvarez did not know what to do with two divisions of +cavalry, an arm that it requires distinctive qualifications and +much experience to handle well. Besides, his division included no +artillery, and he probably felt no more anxious than before to help the +President at his own expense. He followed but carelessly Santa Anna’s +instructions. His orders to Andrade were more or less confused and +impracticable; and that officer, who was at odds with his commander and +felt that Santa Anna had overlooked his achievements at Buena Vista, +concluded to keep himself and his men out of danger.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>At length, however, while McIntosh was charging, Alvarez advanced in +brilliant array with his own division. Sumner at once dashed hotly +across the ravine and at them, passing the Mexican infantry within +pistol range and losing forty-four men and 104 horses in perhaps ten +seconds. Duncan turned his now unemployed guns in the same direction. +One of Alvarez’s brigades, made up of untrained guerillas, broke +immediately under the cannon fire; and the whole division soon +retreated in disorder upon Andrade’s men, fiercely pursued by the +riderless horses of Sumner’s command, as if to get revenge for the loss +of their masters. Later some of the cavalry undertook, or so pretended, +to cross the ravine at another point. But Sumner dashed at them again, +a part of Cadwalader’s brigade was now in that quarter, and both Duncan +and Huger—the latter being at present near the American centre with +one gun<a class="pagenum" id="Page_147" title="147"></a>— sent their compliments; the Mexicans retreated; and at about +seven o’clock the battle ended.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>“A sad mistake,” said Hitchcock, and he was right. A few cannon +moulds were found. The partial destruction of El Molino and Casa Mata +cancelled the military value of the position, and facilitated later +American operations; but such operations were not contemplated at +this time. A few small cannon and a quantity of more or less valuable +ammunition fell into our hands, and a heavy gun at Chapultepec became +disabled. Probably 2000 Mexicans were killed or wounded, and perhaps an +equal number deserted. Nearly 700 prisoners were taken. The loss of two +excellent officers meant still more, perhaps. Intrenching implements +needed at Chapultepec were lost. The want of coöperation among the +Mexican generals and especially the total failure of the cavalry to +meet expectations disheartened the capital. But the casualties in +the little American army amounted to 124 killed and 582 wounded. The +confidence of the officers, if not the men, in their leaders faltered +at the evident mistakes of Scott and Worth. Each of those generals +blamed the other, and the discord between them, which reached down to +the private soldier, became worse than ever. No American could find +satisfaction in a barren victory gained with such difficulty and at +such a cost; and the Mexicans, believing we had aimed to accomplish far +more, exulted over their imaginary triumph. Scott faced the situation +with unshaken fortitude, but those who knew him intimately saw that he +felt anxious.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE GREAT PROBLEM</p> + +<p>However, the great problem before them soon occupied the minds of all. +Mexico, lying on a very slight elevation or swell, could be entered on +its western side by the garita of San Cosme and at the southwest by the +garita of Belén, to each of which led a causeway from the fortified +hill of Chapultepec, about a mile and a half southwest of Belén. From +this garita a second causeway ran south about an equal distance to the +picturesque chapel of La Piedad, where it was crossed by one extending +eastwardly from Tacubaya to the San Antonio or Acapulco highway, +which—it will be recalled—led south to Churubusco and San Agustín. +Not far north of the latter junction and about a mile from the city +proper stood the garita of San Antonio; while, intermediate between the +San Antonio<a class="pagenum" id="Page_148" title="148"></a> and the Piedad routes, the Niño Perdido causeway, coming +from San Angel, connected with Niño Perdido garita, which stood at the +edge of the city. Finally, a road leading nearly east from San Antonio +gateway conducted one to La Viga garita and La Viga canal, a deep and +broad waterway, which, since it could not well be bridged in the face +of the enemy, practically bounded Scott’s field of operations. There +were thus four garitas—Belén, Niño Perdido, San Antonio and La Viga in +this order from west to east—each guarding an approach to the capital +from the south.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>Scott’s expectation was to break the south front, and after the +armistice ended, his engineers, assisted to some extent by himself +and a Mexican officer in his pay, reconnoitred it actively and boldly +except on the forenoon of the eighth. Had it been feasible to strike +immediately on the resumption of hostilities, the enemy’s lines would +have been found poorly fortified and armed. But this could not well +be done with Santa Anna’s principal forces menacing our flank; the +American army was not yet in position; and Scott desired first of +all to destroy El Molino. After the battle of the eighth half of his +troops imperatively required a breathing space. The wounded had to be +given attention. The army still needed to be placed. It was necessary +to protect hospitals, baggage and stores—especially since Governor +Olaguíbel and about 700 militia, supposed by Americans to be Alvarez +with his two divisions, were approaching the rear, and according to +reports Valencia had 8000 men in that vicinity. Moreover Scott’s +information was not complete. The eighth of September, following the +twentieth of August, had proved the danger of rashness; and the fresh +losses made extreme caution absolutely necessary. Finally, Scott felt +a suspicion that the Mexicans expected and wished him to attack their +apparently unfinished works covering the south front.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>On the morning of the eleventh he inspected these once more, and then +had a conference of generals and engineers at La Piedad. It was a +solemn gathering. Before them lay the fortified capital of Mexico, a +hopeful army of perhaps 15,000, a good equipment of artillery, nearly +700 trained gunners, and a large population, somewhat disillusioned, +but excited and vengeful; and in view of the American situation it was +essential,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_149" title="149"></a> as the commander-in-chief clearly indicated, to strike a +vital blow at once.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>But where? Point by point Scott fully and fairly stated the case: at +the southwest the mighty porphyritic hill of Chapultepec to carry, but +a clear problem, hard ground, excellent places for batteries, Huger’s +opinion that in one day the fortified college on the top of the hill +could be demolished, in the event of success a position from which to +operate freely, and at least a possibility that, after losing what was +commonly deemed its key, Mexico would listen to terms; on the southern +front marshes, inundations, large ditches full of water everywhere, +causeways already cut by the enemy, bridges destroyed, a topography +that made rear and flank attacks impossible, an extensive series of +well-planned and well-armed fortifications crossing their fires and +commanding one another, and an enemy apparently eager to have the +attack made here. Scott, while disclaiming any wish to influence the +judgment of others, pronounced frankly for Chapultepec.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Then one of the engineers—a tall, handsome young man, with a positive +chin, a strong nose, a dark, closely trimmed mustache, dark hair +clustering above his ears, and a fresh, clear color in his face—stood +up and reported crisply on the work of reconnoitring. His name was +Robert E. Lee, and he recommended approaching by the southern front. +Three other engineers concurred with him. Four generals, doubtless +influenced by these experts, took the same view. Twiggs and Riley +inclined the other way. The fifth engineer present was then called +upon, and he—Beauregard—in a long, technical statement argued for +the Chapultepec route. Pierce changed his opinion. A silence followed; +and then Scott, drawing up his magnificent figure to its full height, +announced in his grand way: “Gentlemen, we will attack by the western +gates. The general officers present here will remain for further +orders—the meeting is dissolved.” And so the die was cast.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.10">[10]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">CHAPULTEPEC</p> + +<p>The preparation of Chapultepec for defence had begun in May, and +Santa Anna had insisted upon it as of the “highest importance”; but +want of money hindered and at times checked operations. During the +armistice a little progress was made, and September 9, under the +direction of a competent engineer and of the President himself, the +work began in earnest.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_150" title="150"></a> But alterations in plan, a lack of implements, +a shortage of materials, the general confusion and the want of time +naturally made thoroughness impossible. Chapultepec was therefore +a fort but not really a fortress. It stood alone, too, without the +supporting positions that a fortress must have; and shot and shell +could penetrate the defences of the college on the summit of the hill +almost everywhere. Even the parapets were not ready; and instead of +the 2000 men required for an adequate garrison of the buildings and +works, only a few hundreds occupied them. Their elevation merely +hindered approach—not assault—and artillery could largely offset that +advantage. To hold the grove was essential, for without it the garrison +above could not obtain supplies or even water; and here the want of +adequate defences had a still worse effect, since large forces could +not be protected against artillery.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.11">[11]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a id="i019" /> + <img src="images/i019.jpg" width="500" height="518" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">BATTLE OF CHAPULTEPEC</div> +</div> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_151" title="151"></a>Yet for 7180 available Americans including those required to make a +feint against the southern front—an “army” that had to contemplate +still harder work beyond, and could not afford severe losses +here—Chapultepec meant a great deal. In general the position formed an +approximate rectangle about three fourths of a mile in length by one +fourth of a mile in width, bounded at its western end by El Molino and +on the other sides with high stone walls. In the south wall, at about +its middle point, there was an opening covered on the outside by a +sand-bag redan (B), unarmed. From the main gateway in the eastern end +the causeway of Belén struck off toward the city, another road—guarded +here by a cut and by two batteries—ran toward Tacubaya, and a third, +after running westwardly into the rectangle and a little way up the +slope until it arrived at a 4-pounder in a circular redoubt (C), +flanked with an infantry entrenchment (D), turned sharply toward the +northeast, and finally climbed to the summit.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.12">[12]</a></p> + +<div class="figright"> + <a id="i020" /> + <img src="images/i020.jpg" width="150" height="148" alt="" /> + <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">Blindage at Chapultepec.</span></div> +</div> + +<p>Here on a rectangular level space or terre-plein, supported at the +eastern end by an almost vertical precipice and on the other sides +by high, parapeted walls, rose the masonry buildings of the military +college, skilfully though incompletely reinforced with sand-bags and +screens of timber (blindage), supplemented with parapeted azoteas, and +surrounded with ten effective guns, heavy and light. A deep, broad +fosse at the base of the western wall, mines below that, and finally, +half-way down the slope, a redan (E) strengthened this end, where +the incline was gentlest. In swamps at the western foot of the hill +stood a large grove of huge cypresses—extending also toward the main +gateway—through which ran an east and west road commanded by this +redan (E) and also by the wall of the fort. Beyond the grove came a +north-and-south ditch, intended for drainage, with a redan-breastwork +(A)—looking westward—at its northern end; and finally, after +traversing level and open fields for about a quarter of a mile toward +the west, one arrived at El Molino. Placed so conspicuously in view, +150 or 200 feet in height, Chapultepec seemed to deserve its popular +reputation of impregnability, and the American soldiers<a class="pagenum" id="Page_152" title="152"></a> gazed at the +white walls on the summit, transfigured in the sunlight, with dread if +not with consternation.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>Late in the afternoon, September 11, Quitman’s division ostentatiously +presented itself at La Piedad, but after dark both his and Pillow’s +moved to Tacubaya, leaving Twiggs with Brevet Colonel Riley’s brigade +and Steptoe’s and Taylor’s field pieces behind. During the night two +16’s and an eight-inch howitzer under Drum were placed behind bushes on +the road from Tacubaya to Mexico, about 1000 yards from Chapultepec, +and a similar howitzer with a 24-pounder, masked in the same way, south +of El Molino under Hagner; and these batteries (Nos. 1 and 2) opened +fire the next morning (September 12). Later in the day a 16-pound siege +gun and an eight-inch howitzer (Battery No. 3) and a ten-inch mortar +(No. 4), planted nearer the mill, joined in the work. Chapultepec +replied; and, as usual, the Mexican artillerymen—of whom there was +a full complement—did well, occasionally knocking sand-bags from +the American parapets, while our own gunners, warned by the burst of +smoke, took shelter at each discharge. Meantime Steptoe, in the hope +of deceiving the Mexicans as to Scott’s purpose, made as much noise as +possible opposite the San Antonio garita.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p>During these preparations the Mexicans passed their days in a state +of fever. Reports that our army had only half-rations cheered them, +and Scott’s deceptive manoeuvres were attributed by many to indecision +or timidity. On the eleventh a review and a valiant proclamation from +the President recalled his “victory” of 1829 over the Spaniards. But +a sense of weakness and confusion, the loss of friends, the continual +alarms, the marchings and countermarchings, and the ominous clang +of the bells kept them sad and anxious. Santa Anna, for his part, +displayed as usual a remarkable activity and a remarkable want of +judgment and method. During the night of September 9 he set perhaps +2000 men at work—one hour each—on the southern fortifications, +and the parapets rose as if by enchantment. Not knowing where Scott +would strike, he broke his army into a number of detachments, and +shifted troops and guns frequently according to his notion of the +probabilities, while always maintaining a reserve. But he lost himself +in a maze of details; and on the eleventh, deceived by<a class="pagenum" id="Page_153" title="153"></a> the rather weak +American feint, he unwisely drew men and cannon from Chapultepec and +Belén.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">SEPTEMBER 12</p> + +<p>Early the next morning, however, the reports of spies and the roar of +Scott’s heavy guns enlightened him. Troops were hurried to the real +point of danger. With all speed he went there himself, ordered his best +engineers to work on the fortifications near the main gateway of the +Chapultepec enclosure, and posted troops close by. But there was little +he could do. More and more accurately the American batteries fired and +kept on firing. Two of the best cannon in the fort were disabled. The +buildings of the college suffered, the garrison suffered more, and +their morale suffered most of all, for except the engineers and gunners +the men felt utterly helpless. When Santa Anna entered the rectangle +unattended to reconnoitre, a shell burst near him and covered his red +pony with dirt. Toward evening General Bravo, the commander of the +position, came down, reported to him that the garrison were cowed, and +demanded fresh troops; but Santa Anna could see no use of sending them +forward to be destroyed on the way or else demoralized after arriving. +They should be provided, he said, at the critical moment.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>Scott saw, however, as the day waned, that Huger’s expectations would +not be realized—that an assault would be necessary. For this last +resort preparations had in fact been made. The troops and the ladders +were now ready. Fearing the Mexicans would repair the damages under +cover of night he thought at first of delivering the blow at once; but +he concluded that it was now too late in the day, that his guns could +soon dispose of repairs and reinforcements, and that a morning attack +would give many hours for pursuing the advantages gained. Engineers +proceeded to mend and improve our own batteries, and the generals met +for a conference. Here the plans were finally decided upon. Quitman’s +division and a forlorn hope of about 265 selected officers and men from +Twiggs’s division, under Captain Casey of the Second Infantry, were to +advance by the Tacubaya road; and Pillow’s, preceded by a similar party +from Worth’s division, led by Captain McKenzie of the Second Artillery, +was to attack by way of El Molino and the grove. Then every one betook +himself to his post. But Pillow felt discontented. “We shall be +defeated,”<a class="pagenum" id="Page_154" title="154"></a> said Worth privately; and even Scott admitted to Hitchcock, +“I have my misgivings.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.16">[16]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">BATTLE OF CHAPULTEPEC</p> + +<p>At daybreak—about half-past five—the next morning a signal gun broke +the stillness, and then our batteries opened. For two hours or so they +hurled shot and shells at the fort, and then for some thirty minutes +grape, canister and shells were poured into the grove. At about eight +o’clock, as if by common consent, they stopped—but only to burst forth +again with new fury.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>That one momentary pause was the command to attack. Colonel Trousdale, +with the Eleventh and Fourteenth Infantry and a section of Magruder’s +field battery under the “Stonewall” Jackson of our civil war, moved +some distance eastward from near El Molino by the Anzures causeway +along the northern side of the rectangle, to prevent reinforcement +and embarrass escape in that quarter. Lieutenant Colonel Johnston +with four companies of the gray Voltigeurs advanced outside the south +wall, drove the Mexicans from the redan (B) and from the wall, behind +which they had been standing on platforms, passed through the opening, +captured the circular redoubt (C) and the breastwork near it (D), and +opened fire on the southern parapet of the fort. Reno’s howitzers, +taken from El Molino eastward into the fields, poured shells upon the +grove and the Mexican entrenchments (A and E). Four other Voltigeur +companies under Colonel Andrews, after crossing those open fields, +rushed with loud cheers into the swamp; and the Ninth and the Fifteenth +Infantry, deploying into line, followed them closely. Decorated with +long, hanging moss, the venerable cypresses, dear alike to Cortez +and to Montezuma, seemed like the fit guardians of some mystical and +melancholy religion; but now hurrahs and sharp flashes and the terrible +crash of cannon-balls amidst the branches broke their shadowy silence, +and the Americans, wallowing through the mire, drove the Mexican +skirmishers from tree to tree, from the grove, and at last from the +battle.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Clearly it was time for Santa Anna to support the garrison. Attempts +had been made to repair the fort during the night, but no adequate +materials could be found there. A cannon had burst. The dead and +wounded lay about. There were no surgeons, no medical supplies. The +expected reinforcements<a class="pagenum" id="Page_155" title="155"></a> did not appear. Most of the students, gallant +lads in gray uniforms and gaily tasselled blue caps, withdrew by +command. Bravo—thickset and erect, with deep eyes and a powerful +chin—though he was cold and unenterprising, had flawless courage, +and he stood with folded arms or marched calmly from post to post. +But the infantry of the garrison—hungry, exhausted, stunned, +hopeless—cowered behind the parapets. Many had to be driven to their +places, and some had to be fired on. Even the engineers and gunners +felt despondent.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>But Santa Anna could not see what to do. No doubt the hill was to be +attacked from the grove, but the enemy seemed likely to assault by the +Tacubaya causeway also, and Trousdale, he fancied, might come round +by a road that skirted the eastern end of the rectangle to strike his +rear. Besides, the officers and men showed no desire to challenge +the American artillery by marching up the hill, and he understood +well enough himself how few of them could probably reach the fort. At +length, however, he strengthened the forces on the Tacubaya road, and +sent most of the San Blas Activo battalion to Bravo. At the circular +redoubt this corps met the Americans, and not many of them lived to go +farther.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>East of the grove, Andrews with his Voltigeurs and Reno with his +howitzers turned a little to the right and united with Johnston. This +left the Ninth a clear front. Colonel Ransom had promised, the day +before, that he and his men would go into the fort or die. Proudly +erect, sword in hand, the beau-ideal of a soldier, he strode in front +up the steepest part of the slope, while the Fifteenth marched on his +left. The breastwork (E) was captured; and then, coming in view of the +fort—its buildings almost hidden in smoke, its parapets a sheet of +flame, the air filled with the hiss and shriek and roar of missiles—he +waved his sword, shouted, “Forward, the Ninth!” and fell dead with a +bullet in his forehead. A terrible cry rose from his men: “Ransom has +fallen—the Colonel is shot!” Wild for revenge they all charged on, and +a part of them reached the fosse.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>But there had been some mistake. The ladders had been entrusted to +raw men, it was said; perhaps they had not been started off in time; +apparently some of the bearers had left their places and hurried on; +some had been killed and others<a class="pagenum" id="Page_156" title="156"></a> frightened. Anyhow the ladders did +not arrive. Like the Voltigeurs on their right, the Ninth and the +Fifteenth sought shelter behind rocks and stumps and fired at the +parapet; and the tardy storming party, which was to have passed through +them, feeling no desire to get between the two lines of fire and really +unable to do anything without ladders, halted.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>The men were fairly safe. Their muskets taught most of the enemy to +keep down behind the parapet. The rest of the Mexicans fired very +badly, and the Americans near the wall could not be reached by the +cannon. But the attack was making no progress. Time passed—five, ten, +fifteen dreadful minutes, and still no ladders could even be seen. +The American batteries, which had been firing over the heads of our +troops, could no longer do it safely. The ardor of battle was cooling. +Low mounds that looked like graves, but in reality were the mines, lay +under our men, and a Mexican lieutenant of engineers had orders to +fire them at the right moment. Santa Anna with perhaps 4000 or even +5000 reserves so near—might he not come round the hill? Scott’s whole +gazing army, back even to Lieutenant Mayne Reid at Battery No. 2, was +seized with a horrible fear. Pillow, lying at the foot of the hill +painfully hurt in the ankle, sent for the whole of Worth’s division, +which was supporting him as a reserve, and begged Worth to make “great +haste” or it would be “too late.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>There was, however, a nearer source of help. When the signal for attack +was given, Quitman’s division—preceded by forty pioneers under Captain +Reynolds of the Marines, Casey’s forlorn hope, and 120 stormers from +the volunteer division led by Major Twiggs of the Marines—advanced on +the Tacubaya causeway until about 200 yards from the gateway batteries. +To support it, repel a body of Mexicans on its right, ward off any +force that might approach from the city, perhaps turn those batteries, +and if possible gain the Mexican rear, General Smith struck off into +the meadows and pushed on despite the ditches; and Captain Drum and +Lieutenant Benjamin, each with a single gun, and Lieutenant Hunt with +two of Duncan’s pieces advanced by the road, firing on those batteries +or at the hill and fort as opportunities offered.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>On each side of the causeway ran a ditch that was almost a canal and +cramped the troops not a little; and a terrible fire<a class="pagenum" id="Page_157" title="157"></a> of artillery and +musketry from the meadows, the front, the wall of the rectangle and the +fort on the hill-top greeted them. Quitman had reconnoitred here the +day before, and thought he understood the problem; but the Mexicans had +made further preparations afterwards, and when he ordered a charge, it +was checked, and Twiggs and Casey fell. Ahead of him, partly enfilading +the road, blazed at least five guns, and some of the best soldiers +in the Mexican army—commanded by General Rangel—occupied the stone +buildings near them, while others fired from behind the wall near +the gateway. Under this concentrated and awful storm the Americans +recoiled, and sheltered themselves near a bend in the road by lying +down, getting into the ditches or occupying some houses. Here, too, the +offensive was blocked; the attack failed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>But “the issue of battle lies in the hearts of men,” and the will of +every American heart was Victory. Lieutenant Reid, hurrying over from +the battery with two companies, dropped on the slope, but his men went +forward. By Quitman’s order the New York and the Second Pennsylvania +regiments left the Tacubaya causeway, under a heavy fire waded the +ditches on the left and rear to the redan (B), and charged through the +opening, while the Palmettoes, finding a break in the same wall, made +a little farther east by an American cannon, enlarged it with their +bayonets and squeezed through. Shields and the commanders of the New +York and Pennsylvania regiments were wounded, but the troops kept on. +Clarke’s brigade, sent forward by Worth, hastened up the western slope, +and when Lieutenant Longstreet of the Eighth fell, Lieutenant Pickett +seized the colors. For some reason the mines failed to explode; and at +last the ladders came up.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Shouting and yelling, the Voltigeurs, the Ninth and Fifteenth, some of +McKenzie’s and the foremost of Quitman’s men, all closely intermingled, +and brilliant with flags and the sparkle of arms, crowded to the fosse. +The first ladders, with all the bold fellows upon them, were thrown +down, but in a moment so many more were placed, side by side, that +fifty could go up abreast. The blue Voltigeur flag, now full of holes, +was planted on the parapet. A tide of brave Americans overflowed the +fort. Resistance was vain. A little before half-past nine Bravo gave +up his diamond-hilted sword, and the tricolor, that<a class="pagenum" id="Page_158" title="158"></a> had been waving +placidly amidst the uproar, came down with a jerk.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Fire was opened then upon the Mexicans at the gateway below, and +fearless Captain Roberts of Casey’s storming party, at the head of all +the troops on the causeway and supported by General Smith’s brigade, +carried the gateway batteries. Many from Quitman’s and Smith’s commands +rushed to the summit, dealing with flying enemies as they went. Scott +himself came up—the hero of Chippewa and Lundy’s Lane. The men pressed +round him. He told them how glad he was, and how proud of them; and how +proud their country, their wives, their sisters and their sweethearts +would be; and it seemed as if such cheering had never been heard, +anywhere in the world, before.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Exultant but weary, the soldiers now looked about them as they took +breath. From this eyrie the whole wonderful Valley of Mexico could be +surveyed. All round the west the great wall of rugged mountains closed +it in, and two vast, snowy peaks guarded its portal on the east. As if +reluctantly the mountains gradually subsided into verdant hills and a +wide plain, enamelled in a thousand soft hues. The broad, smooth lakes +gleamed like molten silver. The gold of ripening grain, penciled lines +of pale-green maguey, cottages radiant in the sun like the sails of +distant ships, country-houses and villas half hiding in foliage, and +many straight, converging avenues, lined with trees, delighted the +eye. In the midst, clear-cut as a medallion, lay the city of Mexico, +the capital, its roofs and towers black with people; and there, just +yonder, stood the Halls of the Montezumas, the Jerusalem of these +ardent young crusaders. Unfortunately breastworks, redoubts, cannon and +a Mexican army were still to be reckoned with. Santa Anna had probably +lost not more than 1800 killed, wounded and missing this day, and +apparently Scott’s loss had been about one fourth as great.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">QUITMAN’S OPERATIONS</p> + +<p>But the Americans quickly prepared to advance—first of all, Quitman. +Naturally a certain discretion had been given to the commanding +generals, and he intended to make the most of it. Looking from the +hill along the Belén causeway, he saw a wide avenue divided through +the middle by a stone aqueduct some eight feet wide and fifteen feet +high, resting<a class="pagenum" id="Page_159" title="159"></a> on heavy arches and pillars of masonry. Owing to fine +weather the road was unusually firm. A small number of troops, fleeing +in the utmost confusion, could be seen upon it, but at only one point +fortifications. Borrowing all of Pillow’s troops except the Fifteenth +Infantry, which remained to hold Chapultepec and guard the prisoners, +he quietly gave orders that his men should assemble near the main +gateway. At once the inspiring words began to circulate, “Quitman’s +division to the city!” and as soon as possible the Rifles, in their +crimson sashes, were leading the march forward. About a mile on, a +two-gun battery, with a field redan at its right on the marsh, blocked +the way. For an hour or so Drum used a small gun upon it. Then the +Rifles, after creeping along the aqueduct from arch to arch, took it +by assault, and the march continued toward the fortifications at the +garita.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.19">[19]</a></p> + +<div class="figright"> + <a id="i021" /> + <img src="images/i021.jpg" width="150" height="259" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption"><span class="smcap">The Citadel in 1840.</span></div> +</div> + +<p>As at the other garitas, no gates existed here, but a ditch and a +parapet blocked one half of the causeway and a zigzag redoubt the +other. Just at the north was the stone house intended for guards and +customs officials, beyond which lay the wide <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">Paseo</em> (Promenade). +South, on the Piedad road, were artillery and infantry that could fire +through the arches. Inside the garita, buildings extending toward the +east offered shelter, and in open ground a little more toward the +north and about 300 yards distant, the extensive edifice called the +citadel, protected with a wall and a wet ditch, constituted a serious +obstacle.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>Santa Anna, after acting like a madman when Chapultepec fell, came to +this garita. General Terrés, a brave old Spaniard, commanded here with +about 180 infantry and some artillerymen. Santa Anna gave him three +guns of medium power, and stationed General Ramírez in the Paseo, +Brevet General Argüelles on the opposite side, and General Perdigón +Garay and Colonel Barrios in the rear with substantial reserves.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>On approaching this formidable position, Quitman encountered a +withering storm of bullets, grape and solid shot from both sides and +the front, and suffered rather severely.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_160" title="160"></a> But Drum and Benjamin, iron +men, bringing up as soon as possible a long 18-pounder and a 24-pound +howitzer on the opposite sides of the aqueduct, dampened the ardor of +the Mexicans not a little, and splinters from the masonry did havoc +among the sheltered artillerymen at the garita. Some troops already +beaten at Chapultepec and at the intermediate battery soon became +demoralized. At about one o’clock rumors crept in that Americans from +the southern front were turning the position. Ramírez, Garay, Argüelles +and Barrios retired without the formality of saying good-by; and +Terrés, whose cannon ammunition had failed, withdrew prudently to the +citadel with two of the guns and about seventy panicky men, the remnant +of his garrison. The Rifles now dashed over the parapet; and at exactly +twenty minutes past one a tall, slender man with short, bristling, +grayish hair stood on it, smoking a cigar and waving a red handkerchief +tied to a rifle. It was Quitman, self-possessed but exultant; and +in a few moments the Palmetto colors and the green banner of the +Rifles, with its blazing gold eagle, were flying at the portal of the +city.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>The advance then continued for some little distance, and, as the +ammunition of our two heavy guns had been exhausted, the captured +Mexican 8-pounder was made to do good service. But Santa Anna, who +had thought the position safe and gone on to San Cosme, soon arrived +with ordnance and troops. The citadel was reinforced, and infantry and +cannon were placed at other points. Quitman’s last artillery cartridges +were used, and under the enemy’s fire no more could be brought up. +Solid shot cut down both Drum and Benjamin. Our infantry had to retire +to the vicinity of the garita. Attempts were then made to strengthen +the position; but they did not accomplish very much. Ammunition gave +out entirely, and firing ceased. The enemy grew bolder. Again and +again they charged, and though repulsed they did not appear to be +discouraged. By this time every member of Quitman’s staff, Beauregard, +his engineer officer, and all his artillery officers had been killed or +wounded, and he longed anxiously for night.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile, events had occurred on Scott’s other wing. Trousdale’s +command, supplemented with Jackson’s guns, pushed along the road +and aqueduct on the north side of the rectangle, and the latter +distinguished himself by fearlessly<a class="pagenum" id="Page_161" title="161"></a> attacking a one-gun redoubt, +which, supported by infantry and by fire from the summit of the hill, +barred the way. To check Mexican reinforcements and threaten the +enemy—particularly the troops in Quitman’s front—Scott now had Worth, +Garland’s brigade, C. F. Smith’s battalion, Duncan’s battery, the rest +of Magruder’s battery and Sumner’s dragoons pursue the same route. The +one-gun redoubt was flanked and occupied; and Worth’s forces arrived at +the northeast corner of the rectangle in time to annoy the retreat of +Rangel and other departing Mexicans.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE SAN COSME APPROACH</p> + +<p>Here began the broad, straight Verónica causeway—closely similar to +that of Belén—which extended almost north for nearly two miles (3530 +yards) to the English cemetery, and there joined the San Cosme highway +at approximately a right angle. Understanding the difficulties of the +Belén approach, Scott intended to make only a feint in that quarter, +and let his left wing break into the city. He therefore sent the +brigades of Clarke and Cadwalader and also Huger with siege guns to +Worth. To organize the attacking column, replenish the ammunition, make +other needed preparations, and sweep away the resistance encountered at +several minor fortifications, especially near the cemetery, required +time; but at about four o’clock Worth found himself on the straight +highway about half a mile from the San Cosme garita.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>This entrance to the city had been included in the general scheme of +defence, but on account of its remoteness from pressing danger few +workmen had been employed here; and when Chapultepec fell, it lay +entirely open except for a small parapet without a ditch extending +partly across the highway some 250 yards to the west. General Peña, +however, coming this way from Chapultepec, stopped at the parapet, and +Rangel placed at the garita such troops as he could assemble. Santa +Anna, who displayed on this occasion reckless valor and an almost +fiendish activity, sent three available cannon and brought additional +troops. The roofs of buildings in the vicinity were occupied. A redoubt +with embrasures was hastily erected at the garita, the near arches of +the aqueduct were stopped up with sand-bags, and some guns in the Paseo +were prepared to coöperate.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>On attempting to advance, therefore, Worth found the high<a class="pagenum" id="Page_162" title="162"></a>way swept +with bullets, canister, grape and shells. Garland, however, was ordered +to creep forward under the protection of the arches, and endeavor to +reach the south flank of the garita, and Clarke to burrow through the +continuous line of buildings on the other side, and strike the northern +flank. Lieutenant U. S. Grant, who was reported as acquitting himself +at this time “most nobly,” waded some ditches with a party of men and a +mountain howitzer, and planted the gun on the roof of a church at the +right; and Lieutenant Raphael Semmes of the navy performed a similar +exploit on the left. Artillery fire compelled Peña, who—reinforced by +Santa Anna with two companies of the Eleventh Infantry—was fighting +gallantly, to leave the parapet; and Hunt, of Duncan’s battery, though +he lost more than half his men in dashing 150 yards at full speed, +landed a gun at that point, where he could load in safety and then fire +from the one embrasure.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>By five o’clock these preparations were complete. On the other +hand Rangel had been severely wounded, and his principal gun, a +24-pound howitzer, had become unserviceable. Suddenly, to his utter +astonishment, Americans appeared on the top of a three-story house +that commanded the interior of his redoubt, and with a single volley +disposed of almost every gunner and artillery mule. Then some of them +hurried down to the front door of the house, burst it open, and rushed +into the redoubt, where they met Americans just arrived by a flanking +movement from the other side of the highway. In a panic the Mexicans +fled, literally sweeping away Santa Anna and a body of troops, who had +come at all speed from Belén to support the position. Many of them +scattered, but with no little difficulty others were conducted to the +citadel. By six o’clock Worth entered Mexico. Near the garita his +forces were safely housed, and by way of “good-night” and good advice, +Huger dropped a few shells in the vicinity of the palace.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>The end, however, was not yet in view. Santa Anna had some 5000 +infantry and fifteen cannon at the citadel, with probably about 7000 +more troops not far away, and the Americans, besides having lost many +in the day’s fighting, were now fearfully divided. Not only Worth but +Quitman, who planted three heavy guns in battery during the night, +intended<a class="pagenum" id="Page_163" title="163"></a> to advance in the morning, and apparently a day of carnage +was to ensue.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>But Santa Anna probably began to feel the reaction that always followed +his great efforts. Funds and provisions were scanty. The army was +demoralized, and the mass of the people felt disheartened. Within the +town there were no fortifications, and it looked as if another battle +under these conditions might scatter the troops, and involve the loss +of nearly all the war material. Besides, leading persons in the city +had always been strenuously anxious to prevent bombardment and assault; +and the President was urged now, as four months previously, to spare +it. Early in the evening, therefore, he briefly discussed the situation +with Olaguíbel, the minister of war and three generals. The Governor +was for acting deliberately; but Santa Anna, declaring that honor +had been satisfied and the city could not be defended successfully, +ordered immediate evacuation; and by one o’clock the troops retired +in a somewhat orderly fashion to Guadalupe Hidalgo. About three hours +later a commission of the city council (<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">ayuntamiento</em>) offered terms +of capitulation at the American headquarters in Tacubaya. These were +of course rejected, for the town lay at our mercy; but Scott gave +informally the usual assurances of good treatment.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE AMERICANS CAPTURE MEXICO</p> + +<p>So when the first thin streak of dawn glimmered forth behind the gray +volcanoes, and our cannon at Belén garita were on the point of opening +fire, a white flag and an invitation to enter the capital reached +Quitman. First making sure there was no deception, he advanced; and +after stopping about half an hour at the citadel he moved forward under +a splendid sun to the grand plaza, which fronted the palace and the +cathedral, with Smith’s brigade, the Marines, the New York volunteers +and Steptoe’s battery. As a triumphal procession the command looked +rather strange. Quitman and Smith marched at its head on foot—the +former with only one shoe; and behind them came troops decorated +with mud, the red stains of battle and rough bandages, carrying arms +at quite haphazard angles. Not less astonishing looked the city, +for sidewalks, windows, balconies and housetops were crowded with +people. Except for the silence, the countless white handkerchiefs and +the foreign flags, it might have been thought a holiday. Before the +palace, which filled the east side of the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_164" title="164"></a> plaza, the troops formed +in line of battle. Officers took their places at the front, and when +Captain Roberts hoisted a battle-scarred American flag on the staff +of the palace at seven o’clock, arms were presented and the officers +saluted.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>Soon loud cheering was heard. A few squares away the +commander-in-chief, escorted by cavalry with drawn swords, had reached +Worth’s command, which had stopped at six o’clock by orders opposite +the high ash trees of the Alameda. A clatter of galloping hoofs +followed; and in another moment, amidst the involuntary applause of +the Mexicans, General Scott, dressed in full uniform and mounted on a +tall, heavy bay charger, dashed with his staff and Harney’s dragoons +into the grand plaza—his noble figure, gold epaulets and snowy plumes, +resplendent under the brilliant sun, fitly typifying the invisible +glory of his unkempt and limping army. Uncovering, he rode slowly along +the line of battle to the music of our national airs; the troops, +presenting arms again, cheered and hurrahed till it seemed as if the +earthquake-proof cathedral must be shaking, and the cavalry escort +waved high their flashing blades.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>In stentorian tones the commander-in-chief appointed Quitman governor +of the city; and then, dismounting in the courtyard, he clanked up +the broad stairway of the palace, to indite congratulations on the +“many glorious victories” of his army. Presently cross-belted American +Marines were calmly patrolling the Halls of the Montezumas as if they +owned them, while the rest of the troops gazed with profound exultation +at the long pinkish façade and the endless balconies of the upper +story, and the people gazed silently at the troops. “They are all and +each of them heroes,” commented a foreigner present, and others in the +world thought the same.</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="line">“Light up your homes, O fathers,</div> + <div class="line">For those young hero bands,</div> + <div class="line">Whose march is still through vanquished towns</div> + <div class="line">And over conquered lands,</div> + <div class="line">Whose valor, wild, impetuous</div> + <div class="line">In all its fiery glow,</div> + <div class="line">Pours onward like a lava-tide,</div> + <div class="line">And sweeps away the foe!”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N28.22">[22]</a></div> + </div> +</div> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXIX" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_165" title="165"></a><span class="subtitle">XXIX</span><br /> + FINAL MILITARY OPERATIONS<br /> + <span class="subtitle">January, 1847–April, 1848</span></h2> + + +<p>At the north, after the Buena Vista campaign and the embarrassments +growing out of it came to an end, Taylor probably wished, in what an +officer calledto advance as far as San +Luis Potosí, and retained troops urgently needed by Scott; but by the +middle of June, 1847, he doubtless realized that effective operations +on so long a line, especially through hostile and much of the way +through barren territory, were impracticable, and advised that Scott’s +column alone should act on the offensive. A month later orders of a +corresponding tenor were issued at Washington, and then some 3000 +surplus troops of the northern army proceeded toward the capital, +though too late, of course, to assist in the decisive struggle.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p>Valencia, during his brief stay at San Luis Potosí in the early summer +of 1847, not only requested permission to move against Saltillo, but +planned that General Filisola, aided by a brigade under Avalos, then +lying at Matehuala, by Reyes, the comandante general of Zacatecas, and +by Urrea—who still commanded theand could +easily pass across the Sierra Madre from Tula—should threaten, if not +attack, Saltillo and Monterey, and at least keep the Americans on the +defensive. Some disquieting movements of these troops resulted; but +Valencia was soon called to Mexico, and various difficulties, chiefly a +lack of means resulting from the American occupation, proved fatal to +this ambitious enterprise, besides hindering the Mexican preparations +to receive Taylor at San Luis Potosí.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p>During the winter of 1846–47 and to some extent later, the garrison +of Tampico was menaced by plans for an uprising,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_166" title="166"></a> to be assisted by +outside forces, and sometimes it was feared that a move to capture the +city would be launched from Tula in the hope of embarrassing Scott’s +communications; but the Americans, though not strong in numbers +there, were vigilant and well protected by fortifications. Besides, +the authorities of Tamaulipas, now living on fairly good terms with +the invaders, had little wish to take part in active hostilities. +They quarrelled bitterly with Urrea, who naturally attempted to draw +supplies and money from the region, and in November, 1847, with a view +to bringing about harmony, that officer was removed. Scott’s victories +and especially the fall of Mexico had no little effect in this quarter; +the prospect of serious operations entirely disappeared; and early in +November, 1847, General Taylor, who had reached the conclusion some +time before that his country wanted him for President, and had laid +aside his old brown coat in favor of checked shirt sleeves, set out +for home on a leave of absence, which actually continued until the +close of the war. Wool took his place; but nothing occurred in this +region except guerilla affairs, of which a due account will be given +presently.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p>In the northwest, meantime, Price, who commanded in New Mexico and +was disturbed by rumors of danger from the south, decided on his own +responsibility, ignoring instructions to do otherwise, that he must +assume the aggressive. Early in March, 1848, the city of Chihuahua +was therefore reoccupied; and on the sixteenth of that month, after a +little brisk fighting, the town of Rosales, about sixty miles to the +southeast, which Angel Trias held with some 800 men, chiefly National +Guards, was captured by assault with a trifling loss. But this campaign +had no general effect on the war—indeed, the treaty of peace had +already been signed—and Price was ordered by Marcy to retire.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">FIGHTING IN THE CAPITAL</p> + +<p>In Scott’s department the final military operations began very +promptly. Immediately after the Americans took possession of the +grand plaza at Mexico on the morning of September 14, a multitude of +blanketed léperos crowded closely upon them. Already these miscreants +had tasted the disorder they loved, for the palace had been left +unguarded, and they had sacked it; and now they showed signs of +turbulence. The plaza was cleared, however, and no further trouble +seemed<a class="pagenum" id="Page_167" title="167"></a> likely. But when our troops began to march away to their +quarters, a shot was heard. A bullet probably intended for Worth struck +Garland, and almost instantly firing from street corners, windows and +the tops of houses became general, though not systematic. Thousands +of convicts from the jail supported the populace, and in one way or +another not a few of the better class coöperated. By Tornel’s order +paving stones had been taken to many of the azoteas with a view to +resisting the invader step by step, and these, like every other sort of +weapon, were now used.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p>Though surprised, the Americans promptly accepted the challenge. +Skirmishers drove back the mobs. Grape and canister swept the streets. +As a rule, every house from which a shot flew became a target for +our heavy cannon, which seemed to shake the very foundations of the +city, and when breached was immediately sacked; and sharpshooters +worked effectively on towers and roofs. Scott threatened even sterner +measures; and the city authorities not only put up notices, embodying +his threats and imploring the people to desist from a vain and +imprudent contest, but interceded personally with them in the streets. +By about noon the Americans held all the points of vantage, and as +evening approached, the firing died away. A fearful night ensued. It +was dark and cold. No lights relieved the gloom. Wild mobs ran shouting +through the streets, and the hoof-beats of American patrols resounded +from square to square.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p>Santa Anna, finding it impossible on the morning of the fourteenth +to subsist his army at Guadalupe, had ordered the infantry and heavy +guns to Querétaro under General Herrera, and proceeded with four small +pieces and the cavalry to San Cristóbal, a point about fourteen miles +northeast of the capital. After seeing the people of Mexico view with +indifference his efforts of the previous day, he expected nothing of +them; but on learning of the outbreak he marched back to Guadalupe, and +at a late hour sent into Mexico a small force of cavalry and infantry +to investigate and assist. This met Duncan’s battery and retreated; but +Santa Anna, assured that on the next day there would be a rising <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en +masse</em>, erected a breastwork at the Peralvillo garita on the north side +of the town, and waited.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_168" title="168"></a>As soon as day broke, gloomy and wet, the shooting was in fact +resumed, at least in the northern quarters. But he soon perceived that +no general movement was taking place, and again marched away. This +disheartened the people still more; the efforts of the authorities +influenced them greatly; and by the end of the afternoon, realizing +that much was to be suffered and nothing gained, they generally +abandoned hope. During the next day or two scattering shots could be +heard, but real fighting was over. Extravagant hopes of destroying the +small American army were still entertained by lightheaded men.wrote one of these, and attempts were made by military officers +to organize a real conspiracy; but lack of courage, means, confidence +and mutual trust—as well as the watchfulness of the Americans—made +success impossible. Scott repeatedly warned his troops to be vigilant +and orderly, to keep together, and to refrain from drinking. As the +danger grew less menacing, however, they became less careful, and for +probably a month assassinations were frequent. From first to last +several hundred Americans perished in the hostilities, and no doubt +far more of the enemy. But by the middle of October the city was +tranquil.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p>The concluding field operations in Scott’s department resembled for the +most part the fighting just described, for they had to do chiefly with +guerillas. That style of warfare suited the national character. It had +figured prominently in the Spanish struggle against Napoleon and in the +Mexican war of independence; and when the public began to see clearly +that battles could not stop the Americans, it was invoked—even though +by universal military practice in Europe those who robbed and fought at +will, while pretending to be inoffensive, were considered brigands and +assassins—as the one hope.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Thoughtful persons like J. F. Ramírez and General Mora pointed out +serious dangers: the impossibility of discipline, the relaxation of +morale, the destruction of all standards, and the certainty that a +spirit of violence and rapine would grow by what it fed upon; and they +recognized the improbability that such methods could prevail against +the strength, equipment, compactness and skill of the Americans. But +the obvious<a class="pagenum" id="Page_169" title="169"></a> advantages of the guerilla system, which it required far +less intelligence to perceive and appreciate, counted powerfully on the +other side. How much the Spanish themselves had suffered from their +irregulars during the hostilities against Napoleon was not understood, +and patriotic pride in the war of independence had tended to draw a +veil over its horrors.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>The dagger, said the official newspaper, was the favorite weapon of the +people. Unarmed men could burn wagons and intercept communications, +it was pointed out. Even women and children could help. A thorough +knowledge of the country, its mountains and its by-paths, would +evidently constitute an enormous advantage. Light corps of the +abstemious rancheros, embarrassed with no baggage, could travel quickly +day and night, concentrate in large numbers against an American +detachment, strike, vanish, and then, when least expected, reappear, +making the most of all neglects, all mistakes, nullifying superior +strength by avoiding it, and nullifying discipline by fighting in a +style that had no need of discipline. Situated even more favorably than +Spain for such warfare, the Mexicans were to outdo her example.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>This is what will save us, proclaimed in effect the legislature of +México state.exclaimed the congress of Vera Cruz. Santa Anna endorsed the +plan. Salas organized thewhich were to make” “in every manner imaginable”; and in April, 1847, +the government, pinning its faith to the system, set it on foot in +earnest. Scott, thewas to be routed after all.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE GUERILLAS OF THE NORTHEAST</p> + +<p>In the north February, 1847, was the golden month of the irregulars, +for the approach of the Mexican army under Santa Anna encouraged the +rancheros to lay aside the habits of peace. Canales boasted of 161 +Americans killed that month, and Urrea with his combined force of +regulars and guerillas, besides engaging in other operations, captured +a train of wagons at Agua Negra, and horribly slaughtered a large +number of guards and teamsters. To avenge this butchery a party of +Rangers, teamsters and other civilians murdered twenty-four men in a +village not far distant. Upon this Canales declared what he called +martial law, announcing that every American, armed and unarmed, and +every Mexican living peaceably would be<a class="pagenum" id="Page_170" title="170"></a> shot; and many were led by +fear or a lust for plunder to take up arms.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>The American trains in particular seemed likely to be easy prey. +As they commonly stretched out for some two miles and were guarded +only—for so the character of the road usually dictated—at the ends, +the Mexicans, trained to charge at full speed through an ordinary +thicket, could readily attack them from ambush at about the middle +point, create a stampede, and do a great deal of mischief. Infantry +could not pursue the guerillas with success, and the number of our +mounted men was always comparatively small, for every Mexican ranchero +had at least one smart pony. In September, 1847, a band even attacked +Mier. Governor Aguirre of Coahuila exerted himself particularly to +organize forces of this character, and not only alcaldes but priests +aided the cause.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>The American leaders, however, pursuing a course that was now +conciliatory, now severe, and in many instances technically unjust, +succeeded in coping with a system that was itself unjust. Taylor levied +on the people of Nuevo Léon a tax of $96,000, the estimated value of +the goods destroyed at Agua Negra, but suspended it indefinitely, +when representative authorities proved the substantial innocence of +the population and begged for mercy. Cavalry patrols and detachments +pursuing culprits fairly wore out their horses. Villages, if even +suspected of harboring thewere burned. Contributions were +imposed wherever connivance appeared probable. By April, 1847, Canales +was in despair.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>Then Wool determined to stamp out the evil, and announced in July that +any guerillas caught by him would be executed. In December, 1847, he +issued his famous Order 11, which not only made the Mexican authorities +and their towns responsible for all damages done, but required them to +hunt down theAguirre attempted to retaliate, but in vain. +The Americans had power enough to carry out threats, whereas he had +not; and he admitted his failure. Besides, the mass of the population +were indolent in mind as well as body, and looked upon submission as +preferable to danger. In February, 1848, finding the guilty rancheros +were anxious to give up the business, Wool enabled them to resume +peaceful occupations by declaring an amnesty, and in the following May +he stated<a class="pagenum" id="Page_171" title="171"></a> that the country had never before been so free from highway +robbery.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">GUERILLAS IN VERA CRUZ STATE</p> + +<p>In the south, Vera Cruz, a state of mountains, gorges, thickets and +forests threaded with blind paths, was the chief home of the guerilla, +and it looked as if Scott’s line of communication might be virtually +destroyed. Not only many hardy, hot-blooded and unscrupulous natives, +but a great many desperadoes hailing from Cuba were ready to enlist. +After the fall of Vera Cruz, and still more after the battle of Cerro +Gordo, a large number of regular officers, to say nothing of privates, +could scarcely find bread, and some men, like the ex-divinity student, +ex-Carlist, Jarauta—whose small, close beard, fierce black eyes, +braided jacket, graceful cloak and gold-laced sombrero gave him a +romantic air—had acquired in Spain a taste for this adventurous, +reckless life; but a vastly greater number were prosaic felons, +liberated from prison under a pledge to rob and murder. Nominally J. +C. Rebolledo, a fine looking man of rather humane instincts, was the +chief in this district, but the 800 or so persons belonging to many +small bands, while occasionally acting more or less in concert, were +mainly independent. The decree under which all goods coming from points +occupied by the Americans were lawful booty opened possibilities of +large gains, and Rebolledo’s capture of ten loaded wagons in April, +1847, set the people aflame with cupidity.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>Brevet Colonel McIntosh and his inexperienced officers, who left Vera +Cruz for the interior—it will be recalled—about the first of June, +1847, with a well-advertised convoy including a large amount of specie, +dependent on wild mustangs under raw, half-mutinous drivers largely +ignorant of English, received the full benefit of this ambitious +feeling. Near Tolomé and at Paso de Ovejas he lost men, wagons and +pack-mules; and at the national bridge there was a genuine skirmish, in +which a number of Americans were killed or wounded. Out of about 130 +wagons twenty-four had to be abandoned in the low country; and a little +way above Jalapa, though strongly reinforced, the troops had to fight +again. General Pierce, who left Vera Cruz about six weeks later than +McIntosh, had similar experiences. Early in August Major Lally set out +from the coast with a few more than 1000 soldiers,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_172" title="172"></a> two 6-pounders and +sixty-four wagons. He lost no merchandise, but his four fights cost +him nearly 100 men killed, wounded and missing; and Captain Wells, +who followed Lally with some 200 recruits and additional ammunition, +lost forty and had to retreat. These and other affairs proved that +irregulars, favored by the geography of the region, were capable of +doing substantial harm.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>But in Vera Cruz, as in every other quarter where they operated, +though perhaps nowhere else in so marked a degree, the lack of morale, +which enabled the guerilla system to exist, proved the cause of its +failure. Poor arms, poor ammunition, poor marksmanship, and the want of +artillery might have been remedied, or at least might have been offset +by the counter-balancing advantages; but this defect was fatal. The +Mexican guerillas were very different from what the guerillas of Spain +had been. They fought like savages without the excuse of savages, for +they knew better. Infuriated by their treacheries and cruelties, the +Americans were persistent and unsparing in severity. Patrols who seemed +never to sleep hunted out their nests in the mountains. On the march, +flanking parties would force their way through the woods five miles +or more from the road to catch them between two fires. The torch was +applied with much liberality on suspicion, and sometimes on general +principles, to huts and villages; and in the end a black swath of +devastation, leagues in width, marked the route.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>Scott ordered that in every case of outrage the nearest alcalde, if he +failed to deliver up the guilty, should be fined at least $300 for a +murder or the value of the stolen property for a robbery, and that any +robber or murderer and any person belonging to a known party of such +miscreants might, when caught, be summarily tried by three officers, +and either flogged or executed. This plan, however, did not quite +satisfy those on the ground—especially the Texas troops. Captain +Walker, on his cream-colored horse, and Colonel Hays, in his blue +roundabout, black trousers and black leather cap, impressed themselves +on the Mexican imagination as the agents of diabolical wrath; and in +general it was a tale of merciless atrocities followed by merciless +reprisals.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>At the same time this lack of morale deprived the guerillas<a class="pagenum" id="Page_173" title="173"></a> of +Mexican support. By taking bribes for letting merchandise pass up +to the interior and sometimes even guarding it, they violated the +laws on which their existence rested. Mostly they were brave only +where they felt safe. When laden with booty they would scatter to +their homes, no matter how important the business in hand. Rivalries +and even hostilities between parties operating in the same district +arose. Cooperation could seldom be reckoned upon, and hardly any would +face the climate far above Jalapa. Soon learning that it was more +wholesome to waylay Mexicans than Americans, they plundered their +fellow-countrymen without ceremony; and they would rob even old women +or young children of their needful clothing. Sheafs of complaints +against them piled up in the state and national archives. People +organized to fight them, and sometimes appealed to the Americans +against the very men who were to have been their champions.said an American officer.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">GUERILLAS OF THE CENTRE</p> + +<p>In the states of Puebla, México and Oaxaca also guerillas were +organized, and in Puebla all these parties could find an opportunity. +General Rea, a pupil of Morelos and the Mexican revolution, had the +discredit of the chief command, though Bravo, who stood at the summit +of the social scale, was mainly responsible for their iniquities, since +during his brief term as comandante general of Puebla he issued a great +number of patents to unfit leaders. What Rea did particularly in this +regard was to combine individuals and small groups, and place them +under some kind of supervision. He loved to answer critics by saying +that his guerillas were in the field because honorable men were not; +and that, had not the government condoned their crimes, they would have +served the Americans as counter-guerillas. After a time his officers +adopted a set of rules which aimed to regulate operations, but even +this measure seems to have accomplished little. The guerillas robbed +the people, seized funds belonging to the state, and pillaged even +churches. Some gangs were large enough to attack haciendas. One party +called themselves the “Lancers of the Poisoned Spear.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.10">[10]</a></p> + +<p>Soon after Scott left Puebla for Mexico early in August, 1847, these +banditti and every individual ruffian of that vicinity<a class="pagenum" id="Page_174" title="174"></a> hurried to the +city. Mexicans and even foreign residents were robbed and outraged, and +about the first of September, in the hope of more booty, the Americans +also were attacked. Two thousand soldiers were needed for a garrison, +and Colonel Childs, the civil and military governor, actually had 2193; +but 1800 of these were in hospitals. His effectives consisted of about +fifty cavalry, 100 artillery, 250 of the First Pennsylvania volunteers, +and a small spy company of Mexicans.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Headquarters, Lieutenant Colonel Black of Pennsylvania and the main +body of troops occupied thea large rectangular +building on the eastern side of the town, which had a plaza of its own +opening toward a public promenade called the Tivoli. To this position +five howitzers were allotted, and within a hundred and fifty yards of +it all the sick were placed. Half a mile or so from the town on a hill +stood Loreto fort, a stone affair equipped with two 12-pound field +guns and a 10-inch mortar, where Major Gwynn of the Sixth Infantry +commanded; and not far distant, on a higher point of the same hill, was +Guadalupe church, now protected with mountain howitzers, a ditch and an +earthen wall, under Captain Morehead of the Pennsylvania regiment. But +the chief element of the defence was the large, robust, finely-featured +Childs, a skilful and veteran officer, cold in manner, clear in +judgment, and inflexible in courage. September 13 thebegan in +earnest, and from that day on there was a continual small-arm attack, +particularly at night, upon San José, which replied with a musket and +howitzer fire that kept the assailants at a respectful distance. What +was more serious than guerilla shooting, all supplies were now cut off. +Such was the state of things at the second city of Mexico when Santa +Anna retired from the first.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THEOF PUEBLA</p> + +<p>Santa Anna’s real intention was probably to seek an asylum in +Guatemala. But many of his friends urged that he could make himself +dictator as the sole hope of the country, and it was clear that, if +he should recover Puebla and cut off Scott, he would still be able to +boast of a triumph. His cavalry, though greatly reduced by desertion, +included some 2000 men backed with four light guns. Alvarez, who was +ordered to Puebla, still had about 600 foot and horse. Rea, Santa Anna +understood, commanded 600 irregulars; 2500 National Guards<a class="pagenum" id="Page_175" title="175"></a> lay near +him with two field pieces, it was reported; and the Pueblans were +described as eager to fight. Six thousand men and six guns appeared +quite enough to dispose ofas Mexicans +described the garrison; and he therefore presented himself at Puebla on +September 21. Two days later Alvarez arrived there. But between these +two events Childs appeared at a second-story balcony, as a soldier expressed it, and announced +that Scott had taken the capital. Evidently, therefore, the Mexican +President was not greatly to be feared.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>After looking about, Santa Anna concluded that it would not be easy +to capture the American positions by assault, and appealed to the +minister of war—wherever that official might be—for 1000 infantry, +a 16-pounder, a 12-pounder, ammunition and supplies. He now had +ten cannon, but all of them were light; owing to desertion his +force included only some 4000 men; and the citizens had no arms, he +reported. Probably, too, the annoyances and outrages inflicted upon +them by him and his troops, and his appointing the guerilla chief +military commandant of the city dampened whatever ardor they had +possessed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>On September 23 and 24 unsuccessful attempts were made at Guadalupe, +and the next day Santa Anna summoned Childs, describing his army as +8000 strong, and graciously announcing thatthe Americans might retirewith the honors of +war. Childs replied as was proper, and then, riding to the posts, gave +notice amid cheers that no surrender need be expected. To add the touch +of humor that soldiers love, an American flag was manufactured out of +an old Mexican uniform, and raised aloft; and the garrison settled +down to severe duty, stern discipline, short rations and incessant +watchfulness at all hours. The Mexicans tried to approach San José by +throwing up successive breastworks at night in the streets leading that +way, but shot, shell and rockets from Loreto kept them back. September +30 Santa Anna learned that no ammunition could be provided for the +heavy cannon demanded of the minister, and resolved apparently to +make a bold effort. With two 6-pounders he fired all day on the weak, +plaza face of San José. But Childs, anticipating such a manoeuvre, had +brought<a class="pagenum" id="Page_176" title="176"></a> a 12-pounder from Loreto the night before; and this, protected +with bags of tobacco, made an assault impracticable.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>A new factor now entered the military situation. About the middle +of September GeneralLane, one of Taylor’s chief officers at +Buena Vista, arrived at Vera Cruz from the Rio Grande, and on the +nineteenth his brigade set out for the interior. Aware of the situation +at Puebla but not aware what was to be encountered on the route, the +General had not made adequate preparations, and on meeting guerillas +at the national bridge he was obliged to send back for ammunition and +supplies. By October 1, however, he managed to leave Jalapa.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p>It was a hard march that ensued. Torrents of rain deluged the troops. +Sometimes the road lay deep under water. For dinner they had a thin +slice of beef, a couple ofand some coffee; for supper, +after darkness fell upon them with tropical abruptness, the same +without the beef; and perhaps mud for a couch. But Lane, a hearty +westerner with a stout frame and unbounded vigor, led on unshrinkingly +in his black hat and old blue overcoat, and the rest followed him +eagerly. October 5, after incorporating additional troops at Perote, he +left that place with a force of about 3300 and seven guns, and marched +on across hot plains, where water sold for five dollars a drink, and +men died of sheer fatigue.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p>Santa Anna, informed by spies that 1000 Americans were approaching, and +anxious, not only to prevent them from joining Childs, but still more +to win the glory of routing them, had set out from Puebla four days +earlier with perhaps 3500 men, leaving Rea to continue the fighting. +Desertion played havoc with his command, especially when the strength +of Lane’s force was ascertained; but, after sending back a large part +of the faithful in order to keep control of them, he took possession +of El Pinal, where the national highway passed between a precipitous +mountain and a ravine, with about 1000 cavalry and six guns, and made +preparations to ambush Lane’s rear. This done, he moved to Huamantla, a +sizable town eight miles distant, and waited.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE FIGHT AT HUAMANTLA</p> + +<p>Early on October 9 the drums and bugles awoke Lane’s troops at the +hacienda of San Antonio Tamaris, approximately ten miles from Huamantla +and twelve from El Pinal; and the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_177" title="177"></a> men, leaping from the damp grass and +buckling their muddy belts, found the white walls of the hacienda, the +church towers of neighboring villages, the dark woods on the hillsides, +and the distant, snowy peaks all aglow under a splendid sun. Never, +perhaps, did soldiers feel more like having an adventure. Santa Anna +had just marched from Huamantla to conceal his force at El Pinal, +leaving behind him with no scouts or outposts his six guns, a very +small guard for them and a party of irregulars; but a spy reported to +the Americans that he was at Huamantla, and Lane moved off to attack +him. First rode four mounted companies, and at their head a rather +short, slender, spare, slouchy man, with reddish hair, a small reddish +beard, mild blue eyes and a quiet, kindly manner, whom nobody would +have picked out as a fearless, indomitable fighter, the scourge of the +guerillas, but in fact he was Captain Walker; and then marched Lane +with five guns and some 1800 men.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>When about three miles from their destination, Walker and his 200 +cavalry, seeing a party of Mexican horse approach the town, dashed +ahead. Entering Huamantla they formed in fours, and then with a yell, a +flash of sabres and a thunder of hoofs they swept through to the plaza. +The Mexicans had time to get four of the guns away, but the others were +captured, and most of the American troopers, concluding their work +had been finished, scattered to drink, loot or hunt for cannon and +ammunition. But now Santa Anna, who had observed Lane’s movement from a +church tower near El Pinal, appeared with his full command. They were +a beautiful sight—galloping horses, red and green uniforms, brilliant +pennons and a billowy sea of flashing lance points; but they were +enemies, and the Americans accepted their challenge.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>“Take it cool, my boys, but run like the devil!” cried Lane. Every +nerve was taxed. Blood gushed from nostrils. The Mexicans, lashing +their steeds into foam, reached the goal first, however, and the +American troopers found themselves attacked on all sides. Walker was +shot from a house, and soon expired; but he lived long enough to give a +final order: “Don't surrender boys; the infantry will soon be here.” And +so they were—“with a shout and a bound,” said one of them. The +tide was quickly turned, and giving up the town, as the +soldiers loved to call Santa Anna, passed<a class="pagenum" id="Page_178" title="178"></a> the night some distance +away. So ended the Tale of Huamantla or The Biter Bitten, which +received no little applause at the time.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>While these events were taking place, the garrison of Puebla continued +to be hemmed in, starved and harassed. Their casualties numbered in all +only fifty-two, but they felt severely the effect of so long a strain. +Though a number of sorties were made, and their persecutors had to +retire from several annoying positions, the Americans were not strong +enough to do more. Their day of deliverance was approaching, however. +October 10 Lane moved forward, dogged and somewhat annoyed by Santa +Anna. Two days later his men saw the spires of Puebla, dominated by the +sombre towers of the cathedral, and set off by white volcanoes veiled +with clouds. And now and again the numberless bells of the city, great +and small, pealed forth harmonious tones of many colors, that seemed to +blend and interweave in rich and varied tapestries of sound, hung out +in the mediaeval style to honor their triumphal approach.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>At about one o’clock, announced by the bells of Guadalupe, they entered +the suburbs—not a few of them at a run. One column then advanced by +the main street, while another flanked the town by the left. For two +hours there was considerable firing from houses, though Rea’s guerillas +had begun to leave their posts the night before; but at length Lane +extended histo Childs, with a sunny smile on his rather +hard features, and the garrison joyously welcomed their deliverers. In +the main plaza a bugler playedand all sang +the chorus:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="line">“The star-spangled banner, Oh, long may it wave</div> + <div class="line">O’er the land of the free and the home of the brave!”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.15">[15]</a></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>Now followed the punishment of Rea. Some twenty-five miles from Puebla +toward the southwest lay beautiful Atlixco, a defensible point that +not only reconciled the climates of the temperate and the cold zones +of Mexico, and controlled a region fertile in grains, flocks and +herds, but, while fairly remote from the Americans, gave convenient +access to important roads. Here, in the midst of flowers, fruits and +snowy mountains, the government of Puebla had found a refuge, when the +Americans under Worth approached the state capital; and to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_179" title="179"></a> this asylum +Rea now withdrew. <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">De facto</em>, at least, the guerilla chief was the most +important person on the ground. The authorities did not relish his +prominence; they detested his men and his methods; and on October 18, +tired of spending money fruitlessly on the National Guards for Rea to +command, they dissolved the corps. But many of the irregulars proposed +to make the best of what appeared to be a good situation, in which they +could live on plunder, if not paid.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.16">[16]</a></p> + +<p>October 18 Lane, who apparently never slept nor expected his followers +to sleep, ordered them to be ready in the morning for an expedition. +Many of the soldiers were barefoot, but they borrowed shoes; and at +about nine o’clock, cheered by the fife and the drum, some 1500 men +set out round the base of Popocatepetl under a hot sun. At about four +in the afternoon, after making twenty miles or so, they came in sight +of the enemy, and a running fight began. Blistered feet and parching +tongues were now forgotten. The Mexicans, holding some good position +and protected by chaparral, could make a stand against cavalry, but +when the infantry came up they always fled. Shortly after sunset Lane +reached Atlixco, which stood on the slope of a lofty hill. As it was +unsafe to risk a street fight in an unknown town at night, he ordered +the artillery to open. The moon was full. Marks were easily selected. +By their burning fuses the shells could be traced until they fell +amidst the shadows; and then a burst of red fire, the crash of roofs +and walls, and the cries of the people told the rest.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>After about an hour of cannonading, the troops advanced into the +town—which surrendered at once—and there slept as best they could. +Rea, with two guns and the disordered remnants of his force, retreated +to Izucar de Matamoros, about thirty miles farther down the valley; but +from that point he was routed a month later. These and other exploits +of Lane’s discouraged as well as dispersed the chief guerilla forces of +the plateau, and in February, 1848, Rea asked permission of the Mexican +authorities to leave the country.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">POLITICAL CHAOS IN MEXICO</p> + +<p>Neither in these affairs nor in any other military operations did +Santa Anna figure at this time, and there was a good reason for his +inactivity. Officially he no longer existed. As General Scott had +feared, our entering the capital had resulted in the destruction of the +Mexican government. September 16 Santa<a class="pagenum" id="Page_180" title="180"></a> Anna resigned, explaining that +it was advisable to preserve the chief magistracy from the hazards of +war, and fix it near the centre of wealth and population, whereas he +proposed to continue the hostilities wherever that should be possible. +The same proclamation or decree assigned the executive power to a +triumvirate: the president of the supreme court, General Herrera and +General Alcorta, and Santa Anna then ceased actually to exercise any +civil authority.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>But as Congress was not in session to accept his resignation, some +doubted whether it became effective; the presidency of the supreme +court was vacant on account of the incumbent’s death; the appointment +of Herrera and Alcorta needed to be made, or at least confirmed, by +the council of government, a body no longer acting; and it was denied +broadly that Santa Anna had the power to issue such a decree. Peña y +Peña, to be sure, was regarded as a member of the court, and, if he +was, he could claim by right of seniority to act as the chief justice; +but the legality of his membership was questioned, and the presidency +of that body was really an elective office. Peña was old, feeble +and even timid; his ill-success as Herrera’s minister of relations +doubtless weighed heavily upon him; and he was now living, almost as a +recluse, in the country. Indeed there was really no organic law even, +for the amended constitution of 1824, though formally adopted, had +not come into effect. In short, chaos reigned, and the states were +officially “resuming” their individual sovereignty.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>But a number of good and able men, particularly Cuevas and Couto, +determined to ward off ruin, and awakened others. Peña, drawn from +his retirement, consented for patriotic reasons to override all the +technical difficulties; and on September 22 he announced formally that, +in order to give the nation a head, he would act as the Executive until +an interim President could somehow be chosen. At the small city of +Toluca, capital of the state of México, just outside the Valley, this +fiction of a government pitched its tent; and perhaps it gained some +feeling of security from the vast bastioned, battlemented ridge between +it and the Americans, from snowy Mt. Miguel towering above the city, +and from the peacefully shining lagoons of the intervening meadows. +What was more important, Herrera, Olaguíbel and many others of the best +men rallied to the sup<a class="pagenum" id="Page_181" title="181"></a>port of Peña, the representatives of neutral +governments recognized him, and the states began to concur. Early in +October, however, he removed to Querétaro, a safer yet central place, +and with Luis de la Rosa as sole minister addressed himself to his +task.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">SANTA ANNA ELIMINATED</p> + +<p>The programme that he announced was honorable and straightforward. +My tenure of office will be extremely brief, he said in effect, for +Congress will be assembled as soon as possible; I will usurp no powers, +but will not be turned from the path of duty by insurrections; the +closest economy will be practised, the necessary taxes laid fairly, +and all interests respected; union and harmony will be the watchwords, +and the national rights will be maintained. His most urgent problem, +of course, was to deal with Santa Anna, who not only held the chief +military command, but insisted that he could resume the Presidential +authority by simply withdrawing his resignation; and in this matter the +government showed a decision that earned it no little prestige. All +Santa Anna’s protests against political effacement were disregarded, +and on October 7 he was instructed both to give up his troops and +to submit, as did other unsuccessful commanders, to a military +trial.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>At about the time this order overtook him, the Huamantla affair +occurred. From a military point of view he was now prostrate. He +saw it himself, and knew that the country would see it. Evidently +his countless political enemies would make the most of his complete +failure, and he was doubtless aware that his military reports had +offended many officers. His chief executive merits—decision and +activity—had led only to a useless expenditure of life and money, +it was now pointed out, and his ostensible patriotism was attributed +to passion and obstinacy. Even his confidence in himself broke down. +Unable to understand why failure had attended all his efforts, he fell +into a sombre depression, and without a struggle he placed his troops +at the orders of General Reyes, who joined him on October 11 with +about 1000 men. His part in the war was over; and in the following +January, realizing that nothing could be gained through intrigue or +conspiracy and fearing the Americans would make him a prisoner, he +asked for permission to leave the country. Both his own government and +our authorities consented. And after giving a dinner at El Encero<a class="pagenum" id="Page_182" title="182"></a> +to the American officers of that vicinity, who had treated him with +distinguished consideration, he sailed once more, about the first of +April, from what he regarded as an ungrateful country.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>Santa Anna being now eliminated, the government had to face its +military difficulties without his assistance. In general the problem +was to make bricks with neither straw nor clay. Almost every good +cannon had been taken by the Americans, and the muskets had nearly +all been captured, thrown away or sold. Ammunition was almost wholly +wanting. The engineering material had been lost or destroyed. Vast sums +of money were needed to provide fortifications as well as replace all +this equipment, and the government could hardly obtain enough, day by +day, to cover its minimum expenses. Even officers had to sell their +shoes for bread.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>As for an army, Santa Anna and Alvarez together had some 2000 troops +the first week of October, Reyes had about 1000, about 3000 from Mexico +City concentrated at Querétaro under Herrera, about 1000 from Jalisco +were on their way to the same point, and small detachments existed +at various other places. But nearly all of these men were utterly +demoralized. “Almost useless,” they were officially termed; and the +army as a whole felt the crushing weight of general contempt. Herrera, +the commander-in-chief, became so disgusted over the uncontrolled +excesses of the troops that he resigned. Rincón declined on the ground +of ill-health to serve. Arista, when summoned to Querétaro, declared he +would not command a soldier until exonerated for his conduct on the Rio +Grande. No officers of high distinction, indeed, were available except +the aged, torpid and infirm Bustamante and “the old woman,” Filisola, +as Bancroft described him.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>Attempts were made to lay plans of campaign, but an expert summed up +one of them by saying it appeared excellent—only it was based upon +things as they should have been, not as they were; and all the others +had the same defect. Schemes were devised to reform, reorganize and +build up the forces, and quotas amounting to 16,000 were assigned to +the states; but México, which had been expected to furnish nearly a +quarter of these men, promptly answered that she could not, and other +states did not even reply. In fact, the regular forces decreased +instead<a class="pagenum" id="Page_183" title="183"></a> of multiplying, for sometimes a general could not feed his +troops, and frequently, when soldiers were let out of the barracks on +service, they vanished; and the people, instead of helping to support +the Mexican troops, even dreaded to see them approach, for their coming +was liable to draw an American attack, and more than liable to mean +extortion, outrage and robbery. Nowhere on the military horizon could a +glimmer of light be seen.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE AMERICAN POLICY</p> + +<p>Over against this pitiful government stood the United States—wealth +against poverty, strength against weakness; and the antithesis was +complete, for while the Mexicans could only plan, that was the hardest +thing for us to do. The idea of retiring to a defensive line still +persisted. Taylor himself adhered to it. But in addition to the other +overwhelming objections to this project, it seemed improbable that a +majority in Congress could agree where to draw the line. Even Calhoun, +though qualified to make a better argument for an untenable proposition +than any other man in the country, was unable to present this policy +in such a manner as to satisfy either the friends or the opponents of +the war. Some advised holding, in addition to the territory thus to be +cut off, the chief ports of Mexico; and some advocated retaining the +capital also, and the line to Vera Cruz. Others favored the occupation +of still more cities; and many were for subjugating and holding the +entire country.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.23">[23]</a></p> + +<p>To this last plan, however, even had it been practicable to levy all +the costs upon Mexico, there were tremendous objections. It would +have involved keeping under arms 80,000 or possibly 100,000 young +men, seriously needed at home for the most part, in order to be sure +of having effectives enough at the front. The troops in Mexico would +have become corrupted both physically and morally; and the commanders +would have acquired the ideas and vices of proconsuls. It seemed to +be almost an insoluble problem. No final decision was made. But the +government determined to occupy the capital, hold the line to Vera +Cruz, retain the chief ports, and extend our holdings according to +circumstances.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.23">[23]</a></p> + +<p>To Scott, however, the lack of a definitive plan signified little. +Not one reinforcement entered the capital until after the first of +November, and even at the end of that month he<a class="pagenum" id="Page_184" title="184"></a> was barely able to +garrison Mexico and Chapultepec. December 4 his army included only +about 8000 privates, of whom a quarter were sick. During the next three +weeks Generals Patterson, Butler and Cushing, Colonel Hays, Lieutenant +Colonel Johnston and Major Lally, each with troops, arrived; and the +forces then numbered about 11,000 effectives and 3000 sick.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.24">[24]</a></p> + +<p>Scott therefore announced, with no doubt a strategic purpose as well as +a rhetorical flourish, that our army was “about to spread itself over +and to occupy the Republic of Mexico.” What he really intended was to +take possession successively of the principal mining regions—those +of Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí—and the capitals of such important +states as lay within easy reach. Even for the former purpose, however, +two columns of some 5000 effectives each were needed, and the men as +well as clothing for them could not be provided. The only immediate +operations, therefore, aside from the establishment of new posts on the +road to Vera Cruz, were the peaceful occupation of Pachuca, a mining +town about fifty miles northeast of Mexico, Toluca, about thirty-eight +miles distant in the opposite direction, and Cuernavaca, the key to the +Acapulco region, a little farther away toward the southwest.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.24">[24]</a></p> + +<p>February 6, 1848, an expedition of more consequence marched, by Scott’s +orders, from Vera Cruz. Most of the guerillas who infested the road to +the interior lived and found a market at or near Córdoba, a city about +sixty-five miles to the southwest, and Orizaba, sixteen or eighteen +miles beyond it in the same direction; and Bankhead was instructed +to occupy those towns. Very different from Lane’s rough trips on the +plateau was this march. Near Córdoba flourished such genuine tropical +wonders as the bread tree, the butter tree, the milk tree, and a kind +of palm called “the traveller’s friend,” which covered the wayfarer’s +head with a tent, and quenched his thirst with abundant sap. Going on, +one found enormous masses of vegetation—thick, matted, boundlessly +prolific—moulded into astonishing yet harmonious forms by the bays +and promontories of the rapidly mounting foothills; terraces of +luxuriant foliage piled on sheer cliffs, castles on the terraces, and +cathedrals on the castles; verdure,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_185" title="185"></a> verdure everywhere, dripping, +flowing, spurting, tumbling in every hue and shade of green, with a +dark, velvety mist in the gorges that became clear sapphire when the +sun touched it, and here and there a cascade letting fall its crystal +thread from a mossy crag.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p>Then came the rich Orizaba valley, hemmed in with jungles, and winding +off between sombre, precipitous mountains until lost in the dreamy +distance; and above it the sparkling snows of the vast peak sent down +a torrent of gray glacier water, that leaped into mid-air, and then, +gathering itself below, wound on through splendid, odorous trees full +of parrots, canaries and mocking-birds, hurried past fragrant orange +groves and still more fragrant blossoms, poured through the arches of a +noble old bridge, and buried itself in the woods. But the Americans did +not forget their orders. Both cities were occupied without resistance, +and both were garrisoned; and the guerillas now found their proceedings +considerably hampered.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE REMOVAL OF SCOTT</p> + +<p>The final military operations of Scott seemed thus rather tame, as +was natural; but Polk executed one that could be termed startling, if +not exactly brilliant. His principal assistants were Pillow, Worth +and Duncan; and in different ways each had excellent qualifications +for the work. Pillow was not “The Lie Incarnate,” as Trist believed, +nor even “a perfect ass,” as many thought; but vanity, ambition, lack +of probity, and a gift for dark and cunning methods characterized +him. His instincts and talents, indeed, were those of the criminal +lawyer who minds nothing about his case except the verdict. When the +President’s brother shot a man down in the street at Nashville, Pillow +got him off. With reference to his work in helping bring about Polk’s +nomination at Baltimore he wrote, “The fatal blow was given, but it +was not seen nor known what produced such a result—nor where the blow +came from.” “I feel as boyant as the air,” he said in December, 1846, +when great dissatisfaction with Taylor prevailed at Washington, because +I know “that <em>I have done the work</em>.... I have paid him in full” for +his treatment of me. And one could seldom get a finger on Pillow’s +back, when he was not wriggling actively toward some object of selfish +desire.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>Without a particle of real military ability or success to his credit, +he now stood second in our army, and hence logically<a class="pagenum" id="Page_186" title="186"></a> enough saw no +reason why he might not, by some devious path, arrive at the first +position and even at the Presidency. “Modesty,” said Burke, “does +not long survive innocence.” To plant such a person, with urgent +recommendations, at open, big-hearted Scott’s right hand, to win his +confidence, to spy upon, criticise and undermine him, and inevitably to +scheme for his place, was indecent; but Polk did it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>Very unlike Pillow was the courtly and fascinating Worth; but his mind +was intense, narrow and self-centred. After the battle of Monterey +he exclaimed, “I am satisfied with myself. The most vindictive foes +crouch at my feet, and my friends choke with joy and delight.” And +there is one sin of which even angels are capable, we have been told. +All his military recognition he owed to Scott, but probably the debt +weighed heavily on his proud and restive nature; and, while apparently +reciprocating the genuine affection of his chief, he had inwardly +rejected Scott’s principles and methods nearly thirty years before +the Mexican war. Regarding his friend, fellow New Yorker and brother +Democrat, Marcy, an adroit politician, he felt very differently. “I +would not give an ounce” of his wisdom, he wrote in June, 1846, for all +Scott’s glory; Scott “is determined to sink and draw his friends down +with him.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.27">[27]</a></p> + +<p>At Vera Cruz the commander-in-chief, relying on their long intimacy, +told Worth frankly that he believed the administration intended to ruin +him, and the subordinate officer evidently determined not to be drawn +down. At the same place a brother officer suggested to Worth a higher +position than was even the highest in the army. The suggestion appears +to have struck root. All military men believed the next President +would be one of them, and what commander had acquired a more brilliant +reputation? The New York <cite>Sun</cite> recommended him for the place; and the +idea of his candidacy was favorably received by many. This prospect +naturally turned him still more against his old friend, for either +Scott or Taylor seemed almost certain to be the Whig nominee. Through a +series of clashes, for which little—if any—justification can be seen, +and in spite of Scott’s efforts to conciliate him, Worth proceeded then +to gain emancipation from his burden of gratitude, and place himself in +open antagonism to his former patron.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.28">[28]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_187" title="187"></a></p> +<p class="sidenote">THE REMOVAL OF SCOTT</p> + +<p>Duncan’s motives were different again. He was intimate with Worth; +and Pillow, who offered to marry the Colonel to a rich and handsome +widow, doubtless promised him the post of inspector general. At any +rate he urged Polk to make the appointment, hinting at other reasons +than mere qualifications, and it was made; and we know that Duncan gave +himself much trouble to assist Pillow as a partisan supporter. The +power of such a combination, headed by the President himself, to gather +adherents from the many ambitious officers hardly needs to be pointed +out; and finally there were, of course, jealous and envious men. “Since +we cannot attain to greatness, let us revenge ourselves by railing at +it,” said Montaigne for the benefit of such persons; and many of the +officers knew that greatness was beyond their powers. None of them +could monologue as Scott did; none could look in a cocked hat as he +looked; none had won the Mexican war; and, moreover, he was the sole +general-in-chief.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p>The result was a powerful movement against the prestige and authority +properly belonging to Scott. Pillow’s reports on the battles of +Contreras and Chapultepec tended to represent the General as a +nonentity; and Worth not only did somewhat the same, but referred to +the Commander in terms of ridicule and contempt. A letter, doubtless +written directly or indirectly by Pillow over the signature of +“Leonidas,” extolling Pillow shamelessly and belittling Scott, was +trickily worked into the New Orleans <cite>Delta</cite> of September 10, 1847; and +another letter, containing a passage intended to show that Worth and +Duncan had saved Scott from choosing the wrong approach to the capital, +appeared in the United States, then in a Tampico newspaper and finally +at Mexico City. Both letters were grossly improper, especially since +the army lay in the enemy’s country; and Scott found it necessary to +act. As he well said, “The general-in-chief who once submits to an +outrage from a junior, must lay his account to suffer the like from +all the vicious under him,” and “even the great mass of the spirited, +intelligent, and well affected, among his brothers in arms, would soon +reduce such commander to utter imbecility, by holding him in just scorn +and contempt” for his recreancy to himself and the country.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.30">[30]</a></p> + +<p>On November 12, therefore, he issued his General Orders<a class="pagenum" id="Page_188" title="188"></a> 349, which +aimed to stigmatize these offences in such a way as to prevent a +recurrence of them. Duncan then assumed in a plainly defiant manner the +paternity of the Tampico letter, although in fact the offensive passage +had not been written by him. His primary object in doing this was +evidently to give Worth a handle, and the handle was promptly seized. +One thing led to another; and in the end formal charges were brought by +the commander-in-chief against Pillow, Worth and Duncan, and by the two +generals against him; appeals—insulting to Scott—were made by Pillow +and Worth to the government; and the technical “arrest” of the three +officers followed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.31">[31]</a></p> + +<p>The government then stepped in. Scott had no doubt given it offence +during the campaign, for his letters had plainly enough revealed a +conviction that Polk had broken faith with him, and purposely thrown +difficulties and annoyances across his path; but the circumstances +had appeared to warrant his complaints, and Marcy had at least “got +even” by administering liberal censures in reply. The balance in +fact—aside, perhaps, from a mere acerbity of language—was against +the administration. Besides, having served the country well and saved +the government from disaster, Scott was entitled to some indulgence +for irritation caused by the peculiarly trying circumstances that +surrounded him. He was a large man, had done a large work and merited +large treatment. But there was nothing large about the administration. +The confines of mediocrity hemmed it in. Pillow and Duncan were +therefore by its orders relieved of arrest; Worth was not only +released, but assigned to duty according to his highest brevet rank; +and “in view of the present state of things in the army,” chiefly or +entirely caused by Polk’s agent and Marcy’s friend, Scott was deposed. +He had performed his task, said Robert E. Lee, and now was “turned +out as an old horse to die.” April 22, 1848, amidst the lamentations, +cheers and blessings of the army as a whole—trembling himself with +emotion—he took his leave, and Major General Butler, who was a +Democrat and looked well on a horse, bore sway at headquarters.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N29.32">[32]</a></p> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXX" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_189" title="189"></a><span class="subtitle">XXX</span><br /> + THE NAVAL OPERATIONS OF THE WAR<br /> + <span class="subtitle">1845–1848</span></h2> + + +<p>In January, 1846, the United States had available for naval +hostilities one ship-of-the-line, seven frigates and razees, fifteen +sloops-of-war, six brigs, one schooner and three steamers—that is to +say, thirty-three war craft. As ships-of-the-line carried more than +seventy guns, frigates about forty-four to fifty, sloops twenty, brigs +ten and other vessels in proportion, this fleet had 1155 cannon. Two +of the vessels, under Commodore James Biddle, were on the coast of +Asia; several occupied the Brazil station; and five cruised in African +waters to check the trade in slaves. The Pacific squadron, commanded +by Commodore John D. Sloat, comprised on July 1, 1846, the frigate +<em>Savannah</em>, the sloops <em>Portsmouth</em>, <em>Levant</em>, <em>Warren</em> and <em>Cyane</em>, +the schooner <em>Shark</em> and the storeship <em>Erie</em>, to which the frigate +<em>Congress</em>, the razee <em>Independence</em> and the sloops <em>Dale</em>, <em>Saratoga</em> +and <em>Preble</em> were added later in the year, while the <em>Levant</em> went +home; and substantially all the rest of the fleet, known as the Home +Squadron, attended to the West Indies and Gulf service, under Commodore +David Conner.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p>The appropriation for the year ending with June, 1846, was a little +less than ten millions, but only about six and a half millions were +expended. The war bill of May 13 permitted the completion of all +vessels then building and the purchase of others; and by November, +1847, after suffering a number of losses, the navy had in commission +five ships-of-the-line, one razee, four frigates, thirteen sloops, six +brigs, eleven schooners, four bomb-vessels, twelve steamers and six +storeships.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p>The peace establishment created by Congress in 1844 provided for 7500 +petty officers, seamen, landsmen and boys, and in<a class="pagenum" id="Page_190" title="190"></a> August, 1846, this +number was raised to 10,000 for the period of the war; but owing to +the remarkable activity of the merchant marine and the consequently +high wages, men could not easily be obtained. During the most important +year—November, 1846, to November, 1847—not over 8000 were in the +fleet at any one time. The whole number of seamen employed in the +course of the war did not exceed 7000; and hence plans to strengthen +our forces in the Gulf and the Pacific had to be curtailed. The +service, too, did not enjoy unqualified popularity. In the sailor’s +decalogue appeared this commandment:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="line">“Six days shalt thou work</div> + <div class="line">And do all thou art able,</div> + <div class="line">On the seventh thou shalt holystone</div> + <div class="line">The deck and scrape the cable”;</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>and the cannon had to be rubbed with fragrant “sea pitch” from the +bottom of the ocean until they shone like Japanese lacquer. Discipline, +therefore, not reinforced by the enthusiasm and the necessities of war, +fell considerably below its reputation, and the crews were eager to be +free when their time expired. The officers, even, had become lax after +thirty years of peace, and in too many instances their standards of +conduct had given way.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p>In the administration of the navy, also, the effects of a long peace +could be seen. The control of matters had fallen, though not by +accident, into the hands of shrewd officers deeply interested in +themselves and their friends. Supernumeraries abounded. Those who drew +the most pay often rendered the least service. The pet ambition was +for a safe, quiet and easy position. Shore billets were too numerous. +No field officer of the Marines had cruised since his promotion, and +one of them had been in the service more than a generation without +going to sea. Secretary Bancroft, eager for distinction, undertook to +eliminate the abuses, but only succeeded in eliminating himself. He had +taught Greek, and was ridiculed by the naval men as undertaking to play +the pedagogue over them. Having no dominating force of character nor +even a commanding presence, he could not stand against the governing +clique. The requirements of the war, which might have assisted an +abler administrator to win the day, only increased<a class="pagenum" id="Page_191" title="191"></a> his difficulties. +The Senate refused to confirm some of his appointees; and early in +September, 1846, he became our minister to England.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>J. Y. Mason, who succeeded him, was a fat, easy, agreeable man, quite +innocent of the desire to achieve reforms. Nobody disliked him, but +nobody felt obliged to obey him; and as late as the twentieth of +February, 1847, suddenly discovering that Scott had mentioned certain +designs of the army against Vera Cruz, he awoke to the fact that his +department had failed to give the anticipated assistance. Just what +could be expected of the navy under all these prejudicial conditions +was, therefore, in some minds, a little uncertain.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">PRIVATEERING</p> + +<p>One of the most serious duties imposed upon it was to guard against +privateering, for not only our commerce but the supplies required by +our troops depended upon free lanes. About the middle of 1845 the +government issued orders that any activity of such a kind on the +part of Mexico should be considered the signal for war; and as a +deterrent it was announced by the newspapers, though incorrectly, that +privateersmen were to be regarded as pirates. Crews not predominantly +composed of Mexicans, it was often asserted, could legally be “strung +up to the yard-arm,” since we were understood to have treaties that +sanctioned this principle with most countries.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>After the war actually began, a great deal of danger was apprehended. +Desperate characters were believed to be waiting at New Orleans, and +“piratical gangs” in the ports of Cuba, where Almonte seemed to be at +work. News arrived early in August, 1846, that privateering regulations +had been issued by Mexico, and suspicious craft soon appeared off Key +West. In December the Mexican minister of war openly avowed that great +hopes of injuring the United States in this manner were entertained. +Blank certificates and commissions reached Washington; information +regarding efforts to set vessels at work in various quarters arrived +there; and finally the <em>Carmelita</em> of Bangor, Maine, was captured near +Gibraltar by a felucca named <em>El Unico</em>, fitted out at Oran, Algeria, +and run by Spanish desperadoes.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>Mexico had not in reality, after studying the subject with deep +interest, much expectation of accomplishing any large<a class="pagenum" id="Page_192" title="192"></a> results by +issuing letters of marque, and the regulations of July, 1846, were +intended principally or wholly to annoy this country; but in September +and October she took the matter up rather seriously. A new law +provided that any foreigner entering her naval service might become a +Mexican at once, and blank naturalization papers as well as thousands +of privateering commissions, duly signed but not filled out, were +carried by agents to the West Indies, Great Britain, France and Spain. +Almonte did his best at Havana. J. N. Pareda, appointed Mexican chargé +d’affaires at Madrid, appears to have circulated the documents actively +in the Peninsular ports; and another privateer, a Spanish steamer named +<em>La Rosita</em>, put out from Oran.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>On the other hand, the representatives of the United States insisted +upon our treaties and the obligations of neutrality. Polk’s annual +Message of December, 1846, denounced the Mexican plan as inviting +“all the freebooters upon earth,” who felt like paying for the +privilege, to cruise against American commerce, announced that our +own courts would say whether such papers could protect them from the +pirate’s doom, recommended that Congress provide at once for the +trial of Spanish subjects caught in such business, and suggested +American privateers—intended mainly to recapture vessels taken under +Mexican letters. An American force hastened to the Mediterranean, +and our squadrons were expected to seize all the rovers putting +out, as well as intercept all prizes on their way to the enemy’s +ports. These precautions looked rather discouraging to enterprising +desperadoes.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>In England there was a feeling, as will appear later, that Mexico +should be allowed the utmost license against us, and the Mexican +minister at London received many applications for letters; but Great +Britain did not really wish her supplies of cotton to be endangered, +and all the seas to be filled with corsairs preying upon the trade of +the world; and in October, 1845, her minister to Mexico was instructed +to prevent that country, if he could, from issuing letters of marque +indiscriminately. Bankhead protested also, as did the Spanish minister, +against important features of the regulations. Palmerston himself, +though he acted in a languid fashion, and gave notice at Washington +that British subjects, found on<a class="pagenum" id="Page_193" title="193"></a> Mexican privateers, could not be +treated as pirates, announced that his government would faithfully do +its duty.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>France was prompt and active in responding to our demands. Spain, +placed under stringent obligations by the treaty of October, 1795, +promised full compliance with its requirements, captured <em>El Unico</em>, +punished its crew, pursued <em>La Rosita</em>, and ordered O’Donnell, the +captain general of Cuba, to act as her obligations required; but she +accepted Pareda, the colporteur of what was piracy under her agreement, +as consul of Mexico; and the captain general, while he convinced +the American representative of his good-will and in fact would not +permit an open violation of the treaty, suggested to the Mexicans +ways—fortunately impracticable—of evading his own rules. But the +risks of privateering under so many embarrassments and the virtual +impossibility of converting a prize into cash, prevented all attempts +except the feeble ones already mentioned. In this field, consequently, +our navy, though incessantly watchful, could acquire no laurels.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE BLOCKADE</p> + +<p>Another aspect of the situation concerned it more seriously. On the +day Congress passed the war bill (May 13, 1846) orders were issued +to blockade the ports of Mexico. Several definite aims prompted this +action. Primarily, of course, it was desired to prevent supplies of +all kinds from reaching the enemy, and to deprive them of the almost +indispensable revenues obtained in peace by taxing imports; but there +were also hopes that loss of business would induce Great Britain and +France, which had a profitable trade in that quarter, to urge upon +Mexico the acceptance of our terms. The blockade was therefore to be +enforced vigorously. At the same time neutrals were to be treated +with all reasonable indulgence. Theoretically only their war vessels +had the right of entering closed ports, but practically the intention +was to broaden that narrow door considerably. Toward itself, however, +the United States determined to be strictly faithful in observing its +declared principles. Merely those ports where the order could become +effective were in view. The announcement of blockade was to be made as +public as it could be; and in particular the government required that a +full warning should be given to neutral ships.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>For the work thus imposed upon him Conner had ample<a class="pagenum" id="Page_194" title="194"></a> time to prepare. +As early as August, 1845, he was directed to blockade the Gulf ports +in case of war; early in 1846 he knew of Mexico’s attitude regarding +Slidell; before the end of March his vessels occupied convenient +positions; and promptly on the outbreak of hostilities a blockade +was announced at the chief harbors. By July, with some assistance +from the revenue service, it extended from the Rio Grande to the +Goatzacoalcos.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>But the difficulty of making it continuously effective proved to be +extraordinary. There were not vessels enough of the proper kind; +occasionally a more or less complete concentration became necessary; +and accidents of many sorts occurred. Uncharted shoals and rocks, +currents of unknown direction and force, the frequent haze, and the +darkening of the lighthouses made extreme caution imperative. The +suddenness and violence of the storms almost surpassed belief. At +Vera Cruz the <em>Somers</em> was blown over and sunk before Semmes, her +able commander, could take steps to avert the disaster. Even at the +anchorages one would suddenly hear on a calm afternoon the clarion +orders of the speaking trumpet; the ship would quiver and reverberate +as the cable of the heaviest anchor ran swiftly out; in a moment the +storm would burst; and for days it might be a question almost hourly of +going ashore. At such times all sailing vessels on patrol duty had to +make instantly for the open sea, and before they could return to their +stations a lurking blockade runner could perhaps enter the port. Owing +to such difficulties Alvarado and Frontera, for instance, could not be +watched continuously.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Embarrassments also of a minor yet serious character had to be +encountered. Our vessels, unlike those of England, were designed +exclusively for war, and long confinement impaired the efficiency of +the men. The government supplies of eatables needed to be eked out from +New Orleans huckster boats and European merchant ships. Water could +not be obtained readily from a hostile shore. At the Antigua River, in +July, 1846, the boats going up with casks were fired upon, and such +affairs had to be expected. Vessels were despatched long distances +occasionally to obtain fresh provisions, but even then scurvy of a most +serious nature broke out in the summer of 1846, disabling some of the +largest and most efficient ships for<a class="pagenum" id="Page_195" title="195"></a> several months. The <em>Raritan</em> +had more than 200 cases. Nearly all on the <em>Potomac</em> suffered. The +<em>Falmouth</em> had to go as far north as Boston to throw it off. Swampy +shores and kelp rotting under the torrid sun produced myriads of +poisonous as well as otherwise annoying insects. During a brief stay in +the river off Tampico nearly all the officers and men contracted ague, +and the yellow fever scourged a number of the vessels. More than two +thirds of those on the <em>Saratoga</em> had the latter disease. In August, +1847, the <em>Mississippi</em> left her station with some 200 men suffering +from it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.10">[10]</a></p> + +<p>Being strangers and enemies, the Americans labored under peculiar +disadvantages. The people gladly assisted blockade runners in every +possible way. Spanish captains in particular, having friends on shore +and pilots thoroughly familiar with the coast, could not be prevented +from reaching harbor at night or in thick weather by way of the shoals. +Sometimes it looked, for one or another of these many reasons, as +if our officers were careless or incompetent. Army observers, not +well informed regarding the conditions, felt disposed now and then +to pronounce the blockade a humbug, and naturally some foreigners +did so. This opinion had neither truth nor probability in its favor. +But naturally, in view of all the circumstances, it proved more +satisfactory to occupy the ports, and open them to commerce on the +basis of a reasonable contributory tariff.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">OFFENSIVE NAVAL OPERATIONS</p> + +<p>Besides cruising to watch for privateers and hovering off the chief +harbors to maintain a blockade, our fleet was expected to share in +the general offensive. For one thing Bancroft ordered Conner to seize +all the Mexican war vessels that he could reach. But here a singular +difficulty arose: none of that sort existed. The navy of Mexico, aside +from small craft in the Pacific, included nine vessels amounting to +about 3200 tons. The most important were the steamers <em>Guadalupe</em> and +<em>Moctezuma</em>, built in England, which made up nearly two thirds of +this meagre total; but as these had never been paid for, they were +easily transferred to a British firm, and in consequence of a calm +succeeded in escaping to Havana. The rest of the vessels—a small brig, +which changed its name too often to have one, and six even smaller +craft—took refuge early in the Alvarado River. The commander sank +three of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_196" title="196"></a> them to obstruct the channel, and when Hunter took Alvarado +in April, 1847, the rest were burned.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>Conner’s only chance for offensive work, therefore, aside from +capturing a merchant vessel occasionally, was to engage in shore +operations; and while the officers and men felt eager to get a +nearer view of the scenery, as they said, and rival the glories of +the army, they found themselves embarrassed by the same difficulties +that attended blockading and by others also. The want of tenders +and storeships proved especially serious when hostilities were in +view. Each vessel had to obtain supplies at the Pensacola navy yard; +the round trip cost a month or so; and that base lacked the needed +equipment. Once it spent about four weeks in supplying the <em>Potomac</em> +with bread for a three-months cruise, and in July, 1846, the yellow +fever broke out there. A point of capital importance was to reach the +small harbors and cut off all trade; but until the last of September, +1846, Conner had not a vessel that could cross the bars, tow boats +over, and operate in the rivers; and the first load of coal reached him +two weeks later. A shortage of officers and men hampered operations; +and Mason, besides failing to anticipate such a case, failed to be +awake when it occurred. By December, 1846, the Home Squadron included +a substantial flotilla of small craft, mounting from one to four guns +each; but the difficulty of obtaining supplies and making repairs on a +hostile coast in a season of storms almost paralyzed it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p>Another embarrassment existed. Conner was a brave, able, accomplished, +excellent man, but for a generation his business had been that of +a navigator. His duty had been to go his rounds in safety, and he +did it well. Nobody could handle a frigate better in a storm. He +looked carefully after the health of his men, too. In thoughtfulness, +prudence, judgment and fidelity he left nothing to be desired. But +his constitution had never been robust, and the effects of an old +wound, thirty years of service in a southern climate and the torture +of neuralgia had now made him a confirmed invalid, worn and wasted, +and subject at intervals to almost maddening pain. His powers both of +thought and of execution were impaired. Naturally such a man did not +wish to risk either men or ships; and, lacking the vigor for quick +decisions and powerful action, he<a class="pagenum" id="Page_197" title="197"></a> could not wisely involve himself in +dangerous complications. On the outbreak of war he should have retired; +but he knew that he stood high in favor at Washington, Bancroft had +assured him that he could retain the command indefinitely, and no doubt +he failed to realize the situation. More or less well, however, shore +operations were carried on, and our next business will be to trace them +from the beginning.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE HOME SQUADRON</p> + +<p>Owing to the state of our relations with Mexico the Home Squadron +concentrated at Vera Cruz in February, 1846, and later, in accordance +with instructions to coöperate with Taylor, Conner presented himself +at Point Isabel in time to safeguard that position during the battles +on the Rio Grande, and assist in occupying Burrita. When the war bill +passed, his forces consisted of the steamer <em>Mississippi</em>, which could +tow a number of small craft at full speed, the steamer <em>Princeton</em>, a +swift vessel designed by the celebrated Ericsson, the handsome frigate +<em>Raritan</em>, which flew the broad blue pennant of the Commodore at the +main, the frigates <em>Cumberland</em> and <em>Potomac</em>, the sloops <em>Falmouth</em>, +<em>John Adams</em> and <em>St. Mary’s</em>, the brigs <em>Porpoise</em> and <em>Somers</em> and +the schooner <em>Flirt</em>, with probably some 2700 men. Leaving the Brazos +about the twentieth of May Conner sailed with a part of the squadron +for Pensacola, while other vessels did blockade work or scouted along +the coast as far as Yucatan. In June Captain Saunders of the <em>St. +Mary’s</em>, lying off Tampico bar, opened fire twice on the Mexicans, +who seemed to be erecting works, and made a bold, well-planned effort +against three gunboats anchored inside the mouth of the Pánuco, which +only circumstances defeated. By August the composition of the squadron +and its distribution changed somewhat; three small schooner-gunboats +had arrived; but there was no material difference in strength.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile Conner had in mind the small, handy Mexican vessels then +lying in Alvarado River, which did nobody any good there, and were +capable of assisting in his work materially. It seemed very proper to +seize or at least destroy them. From residents of Alvarado, who traded +with the Americans, useful information was doubtless obtained; and the +master of a captured launch, well fed and well frightened, gave correct +details regarding the bar, channel and shipping. A redoubt stood near +the beach, but it contained no large guns; and,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_198" title="198"></a> although warned by the +questioning of the launch’s master, the Mexicans gathered no forces +except some 200 militia in the town and about as many more several +hours distant up the river. The situation invited a bold stroke.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.16">[16]</a></p> + +<p>Accordingly the <em>Mississippi</em> and <em>Princeton</em>, two frigates and the +schooner-gunboats—each of these mounting one piece—dropped anchor +in line opposite the fort at eleven o’clock in the morning, August +7, 1846, and the steamers opened a fire, to which the lightness of +the Mexican ordnance permitted no reply. The bombardment continued +more or less actively for about six hours, but without effect. Owing +to the swift current of the river, swollen by heavy rains, it seemed +hardly possible to row up to the town, and finally the gunboats were +placed within musket range of the shore some distance north of the +fort. Apparently the intention was to land under the protection of +our artillery. The Mexicans therefore opened a small-arms fire from +the sand-hills, to which our cannon and the muskets on the gunboats +replied; but in about half an hour darkness put an end to the +operations. Bad weather came on immediately; the open roadstead was +unsafe; and after nightfall, although it had been proposed to resume +the attack the next day, Conner withdrew with his disgusted men to +Antón Lizardo.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.16">[16]</a></p> + +<div class="figleft"> + <a id="i022" /> + <img src="images/i022.jpg" width="250" height="131" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">Alvarado, Mexico</div> +</div> + +<p>The following month one of the bureau chiefs gave him to understand +that the administration wished something done for the newspapers to +make a “noise” about, and another attempt upon the same position was +planned. By this time the enemy had improved the defences, and mounted +a heavy pivot gun on a high knoll; and a letter from one of our +sailors, picked up on the beach, gave them ample notice of the attack. +These facts did not signify materially, however, for the Americans +realized they must positively win a victory this time, and braced +themselves for whatever might occur. A little after sunrise, October +15, the <em>Mississippi</em>, the <em>Vixen</em> (a small steamer carrying three +guns which had recently joined the squadron),<a class="pagenum" id="Page_199" title="199"></a> the <em>McLane</em> (a steamer +loaned by the revenue service), the three gunboats, the <em>Nonata</em> (a +prize schooner mounting four guns), and a revenue schooner named the +<em>Forward</em> arrived off the bar. The plan was to have the <em>Mississippi</em> +cannonade with shells, and the other steamers, towing the gunboats, +ascend the river.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Everything went wrong, however. The <em>Mississippi</em> produced no effect. +Owing to the strength of the current it seemed necessary to have wind, +and Conner waited in vain until about 2 o’clock for the usual sea +breeze. The bar stood higher than it ordinarily did; and although he, +aboard the <em>Vixen</em>, crossed with two gunboats, the <em>McLane</em> grounded, +and her section—the larger section—of the force was thrown into the +utmost disorder amidst the breakers. Not only did the Mexican fire +prove serious, for a shot struck near the wheelhouse of the <em>Vixen</em>, +but up the river could be seen another fort, and also Mexican vessels +carrying more metal than Conner now had available. He therefore retired +across the bar, touching twice; and when at length his other section +found itself ready to try once more, he deemed the hour too late. +Besides, he now believed the <em>McLane</em> would be unable to go up the +river with even one gunboat in tow. Again bad weather came on, and +again the expedition withdrew. Officers and men were angry this time +as well as disgusted; and although the Mexicans on the ground realized +that accidents had saved them, a shout of triumph and encouragement +rang through their country.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">OPERATIONS AT THE SOUTHEAST</p> + +<p>The <em>Mississippi</em> now bore the red pennant of Matthew C. Perry, who was +to have command of the squadron on Conner’s retirement, and meantime, +feeling anxious to serve, contented himself with the dignity of a vice +commodore and acted as a captain; and since not only the <em>Vixen</em> but +coal to make her effective were at last on hand, Conner despatched his +energetic lieutenant southeastward, on the next day after the second +Alvarado fiasco, with all the vessels employed in that affair except +one of the gunboats. After seizing on the way an American barque, +found in communication with Mexicans, Perry entered Tabasco River on +the twenty-third, took possession of the town (Frontera), and the next +day—transferring men from his flagship, which drew too much water for +the bar, to the captured <em>Petrita</em>, a small but swift American-built +steamer<a class="pagenum" id="Page_200" title="200"></a>—he proceeded about seventy-five miles up the rapid and +winding stream through heavy and splendid forests, disabling the guns +of a small, deserted fort on the way, and reached San Juan Bautista, +capital of the state of Tabasco, and seat of an active commerce in +munitions and other goods, that reached as far as Mexico City. Here +five merchant vessels fell into his possession. But now, unfamiliar +with Mexican tactics, Perry blundered into peremptorily summoning the +town, which J. B. Traconis, the comandante general, refused to give +up.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>San Juan Bautista was a small, dull city of broad streets and one-story +brick houses, lying in a wide plain. In spite of scandalous desertion +Traconis probably had about 400 men supported by two small guns. These +forces he broke into a number of parties and placed in the outskirts. +Perry opened fire on the town with cannon, and after a time sent a +party ashore. A skirmish followed, but nothing decisive could be +accomplished, and after sunset, fearing the sailors would be shot down +in the streets during the night, he recalled them.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>On the following day the foreigners protested against the bombardment. +Negotiations were then tried; but the Comandante General, who cared +much for his dignity and nothing for the people, insisted on playing +out his rôle of the fearless patriot. Since it was impracticable to +garrison the town, Perry decided to retire. But as one of the prizes +grounded near the shore and a party of the Mexicans—although a white +flag could be seen on the <em>Vixen</em> and other vessels—fired on the +Americans who were aboard, causing the death of one and injuring +two more, he resumed the cannonade. Of course the enemy gracefully +withdrew; and then Perry did the same, leaving Traconis to magnify his +triumph. The <em>McLane</em> and <em>Forward</em> were left at Frontera to blockade +the river and protect neutrals; and after burning four vessels and +capturing one more on the way, Perry rejoined Conner on the last day +of the month with nine prizes. In its real aim the expedition had +succeeded; but the affair at San Juan Bautista had been so indecisive +and murderous that even American soldiers, eager to claim credit and +inured to the chances of war, felt humiliated.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>The fortnight of activity and excitement cheered the men of the +squadron a great deal, however, and then followed the capture of +Tampico, which delighted Secretary Mason beyond<a class="pagenum" id="Page_201" title="201"></a> measure, and gave the +newspapers genuine material for a “noise.” When this affair, including +the trip up the Pánuco, ended, Conner despatched his lieutenant +southeastward in the <em>Vixen</em>, accompanied by two gunboats. December +21, at the town of Laguna on El Carmen Island, Yucatan, Perry seized a +couple of small forts, garrisoned by a few timid soldiers, and disabled +the guns; and after reinforcing the blockade of Tabasco River, looking +into the coastal waters, and making two prizes on his return voyage, +he joined the squadron two days after Christmas. A visit of Conner’s +to the same point the following month ended important operations in +this quarter for some time. The occupation of Laguna checked a thriving +illicit commerce by the river that entered the Gulf here.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>All this while the haughty, outstanding challenge—the scalp-lock, so +to speak—of Mexico, the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa in Vera Cruz +harbor, remained secure. The capture of it, many of our citizens felt, +would wrap the Gulf in a blaze of American glory; and young Porter, +young Farragut and other possible Decaturs had plans of attack ready. +But older men thought the enterprise impracticable for the navy alone. +At the beginning of the war Bancroft expressly notified Conner that his +forces were not deemed adequate for such an undertaking. Not only had +the fortress been strongly and shrewdly constructed, but the channel +that led to it was narrow and winding, so that a mishap would have +endangered all of the attacking vessels. The French had taken it in +1838, but only by good luck and a sort of treachery, and since that +year it had been greatly strengthened. Conner and Scott agreed that +it could not be captured by the fleet. But in March, 1847, misfortune +overtook Ulúa, for Scott, supported brilliantly by the naval forces, +laid siege to Vera Cruz.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">PERRY SUCCEEDS CONNER</p> + +<p>To the Home Squadron and its commander as well as to the “castle” +this event signified a great deal. In fact it brought Conner both to +the climax and to the tragedy of his professional career. It enabled +him to display in the debarkation his real abilities; and then +precipitated him on the eve of a triumph into oblivion. His regular +term as commander had expired in November, 1846, and Perry notified him +that a successor was ready. But Conner held Bancroft’s promise of an +indefinite continuance in his position; he doubtless felt that after<a class="pagenum" id="Page_202" title="202"></a> +long withholding needed means, the department owed him a chance to do +something worth while; and when he found that Scott was to move against +Vera Cruz, he saw his opportunity. Unfortunately for him the change of +secretaries, the complaints and bold proposals of young officers, and +the clamor of the public, ignorant both of what had been possible and +of what had been accomplished, had undermined his position.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>In January, 1847, Slidell informed the government that Conner had +lost not only his physical and mental vigor but the confidence of +his men. The following month Perry, whose ship had gone to Norfolk +for repairs, visited Washington frequently; and how that ambitious, +coarse-grained, wilful man talked, one can readily imagine. Besides, +while Perry’s outfit of Christian graces was noticeably defective, it +could not be denied that he possessed energy and a fighting temper. The +government therefore decided that Conner had not “shown himself equal +to the crisis.” March 3 a change of commanders was ordered; and when +the dénouement of the operations at Vera Cruz approached, instead of +gracefully permitting Conner to finish what he had begun, “Old Bruin,” +as the sailors called Perry, insisted upon his rights. March 21, +therefore, his broad blue pennant went up on the <em>Mississippi</em>, and in +a few days his name shone forth in the capitulation of Vera Cruz and +Ulúa. “Poor Commodore Conner,” said Marcy.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>Only one important fortified place on the Gulf, Tuxpán, now flew +the tricolor, and it was a point of pride to capture the town, for +guns from the <em>Truxtun</em>—our finest brig, wrecked on the bar—had +been mounted there, and the strength of the position challenged our +squadron. The city stood on the left bank of a river bearing the same +name and about six miles from its mouth. On the lower edge of it rose +a steep eminence, Hospital Hill, with a 9-pounder not far from its +base and a 32-pound carronade pivoted at its top, both of them bearing +upon the river. Nearly a mile and a half below, at the junction of a +tributary, stood a water battery of two 18’s called Palmasola; and +some distance farther down, on a bluff about sixty feet high jutting +into the stream, two 32-pound carronades and a long nine in La Peña +redoubt commanded the stream for perhaps two miles. In and near these +forts were stationed some three or four hundred Mexicans under General +Cos.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">TUXPÁN CAPTURED</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_203" title="203"></a>Early on April 17 a large American force, including the “Two Pollies,” +as forecastle wit or experience had christened the <em>Spitfire</em> and +<em>Vixen</em>, concentrated off the mouth of the river. Perry had the channel +of the bar sounded and marked with buoys, and the small steamers +lightened. The next morning at high tide—near ten o’clock—in spite of +serious misgivings the flotilla got through the surf into the placid +river. The <em>Spitfire</em>, commanded by Tattnall and carrying Perry, the +<em>Vixen</em> and another small steamer named the <em>Scourge</em>, then took in tow +three armed schooners and some thirty rowboats, which contained four +light guns and almost 1600 men; and this fine procession, adorned with +brilliant pennants and ensigns, wound upward in admirable order between +the low and verdant banks.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>Perhaps two miles below La Peña the river, here two or three hundred +yards in width, straightened, the current became swifter, and the banks +rose into thickly wooded hills. When the flotilla reached this point, +a curl of smoke burst from the redoubt. “Go ahead fast!” signalled the +Commodore. The steamers dropped their tows. The sails of the schooners +filled, and hundreds of oars flashed in the now declining sun.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>It was a race, but more than a race. The shore artillery spoke loudly +and well. The <em>Spitfire</em> suffered repeatedly. Tattnall was wounded. +With boom after boom steamers and gunboats replied. As the Americans +approached it, La Peña’s fire died out. “Land and storm!” ordered +Perry. “Ay, ay, Sir,” was the response. Amidst the thunder of cheers it +was done, but the Mexicans did not wait for their visitors. Dropping +rammers and sponges they ran, and the Stars and Stripes flew up. A +fire from the woods was quickly silenced. No less promptly yielded +the other forts; and “at a gallop” the town was captured. In all, the +casualties numbered only fourteen. A few prizes fell into Perry’s net +above Tuxpán; the forts were demolished; the <em>Truxtun’s</em> guns were +shipped off, and leaving two vessels to blockade the river, he sailed +away.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>After this Perry and his officers cruised for prizes, and invited a +number of small ports to raise our flag—an invitation always accepted +with alacrity if not enthusiasm—but his attention was chiefly fixed on +the southeast. Yucatan and to a certain extent her neighbor, Tabasco, +endeavored to carry water on both shoulders. The former province, +which was more<a class="pagenum" id="Page_204" title="204"></a> industrious and prosperous than any other part of +Mexico, had always demanded and usually been accorded under both +Spanish and Mexican rule a position of semi-independence. In recent +years difficulties had arisen between her and the government, but her +sympathies were entirely against the United States. Both from policy +and from a sense of humanity, our desire was to see her remain neutral +and to spare her the rigors of war; but Yucatan, without appreciating +either our wish or our conduct, aimed simply to preserve her export +commerce, her no less valued business of importing American flour, and +her trade—especially in foodstuffs and munitions—with Mexico, escape +all the burdens and losses of the conflict, and run no risk of later +Mexican vengeance.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.23">[23]</a></p> + +<p>To accomplish so difficult a task her cunning and unscrupulous +politicians veered and turned, put out statements, and organized +revolutions according to the exigencies of the moment. Her two chief +cities, Mérida and Campeche, now joined hands and now seemed or were +antagonistic. Local rivalries complicated the situation further; and +on our side, owing to the distance between Washington and the Home +Squadron, there could not be perfect cöoperation. The blockade was +therefore imposed and lifted, imposed and lifted by turns. At length, +in May, 1847, Perry took possession of Laguna and El Carmen Island, +appointed a naval officer as governor, and authorized commerce under +the contributory tariff; but at the same time our efforts to prevent +all contraband trade, both there and by Tabasco River, continued.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.23">[23]</a></p> + +<p>In June Perry decided to attack San Juan Bautista again. On the +thirteenth he reached the bar at Frontera in the <em>Mississippi</em>, and +the next day he proceeded up the river, with a flotilla of one brig, +one schooner, four small steamers, three bomb-vessels and a fleet of +rowboats. After easily silencing the fire of two breastworks on the +way, he found obstructions in the river opposite a third, and fearing +the steamers might not be able to pass them without delay, landed +quickly with ten guns and more than 1100 men, and under an almost +insupportable heat routed a hostile party. The steamers, however, +passed on, driving the enemy from the breastwork, and by the sixteenth +San Juan Bautista once more became ours. The fortifications were +destroyed, and the guns put aboard.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.24">[24]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_205" title="205"></a></p> +<p class="sidenote">OPERATIONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST</p> + +<p>Perry decided to hold the place, and on retiring left there nearly two +hundred men besides four small vessels and their complements. But this +proved another mistake. The Mexicans were driven from the vicinity, +but when our force went back to the town, they immediately returned +to blockade it; and on July 22, after the climate had laid low more +than a third of the Americans, our garrison abandoned the place. +From this time on, Perry found occupation enough in watching Tuxpán +River, protecting against Mexican irregulars the ports where American +customhouses existed, and patrolling the coast.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.24">[24]</a></p> + +<div class="figright fig250"> + <a id="i023" /> + <img src="images/i023.jpg" width="250" height="400" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">A PART OF TABASCO RIVER</div> + <div class="subcaption">From Devil’s Bend to S. Juan +Bautista Showing the Landing and March of Com. Perry’s Forces June 16, +1847</div> +</div> + +<p>During these operations of the Home Squadron significant events had +been taking place also on the other coast of Mexico. Its enormous +length made a strict blockade practically impossible; but on the +nineteenth of August, 1846, the magnificent Stockton covered it +completely—with a proclamation. It was not that he intended to declare +a paper blockade, but only that he did not, like finite creatures, +realize the necessity of adequate means. About three days later Du Pont +in the <em>Cyane</em> and Hull in the <em>Warren</em> left California for the south. +During their cruise fourteen or fifteen prizes were taken—including +the <em>Malek Adel</em>, an armed brig—and so all probability that our +commerce and whalers in the Pacific would be molested happily vanished. +Guaymas was cannonaded a little (October 6), and Mazatlán<a class="pagenum" id="Page_206" title="206"></a> suffered a +rather nominal blockade of about four weeks. That period ended on the +eighth of November, and for almost three months no American vessel +appeared there.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.25">[25]</a></p> + +<div class="figleft fig250"> + <a id="i024" /> + <img src="images/i024.jpg" width="250" height="100" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">Guaymas, Mexico</div> +</div> + +<p>In February and March, 1847, the <em>Portsmouth</em> watched the port for +about five weeks, but then it was left wide open again. England +refused to recognize such a blockade. The United States admitted its +illegality; and on the sixth of March, 1847, Commodore Biddle, now +commanding the squadron, cancelled Stockton’s proclamation. During +the spring of 1847 Mazatlán, which had almost a monopoly of the +commerce, was again blockaded for a time, and after May the summer +hurricanes interdicted commerce. Since Mexico had no armed vessel +of any importance in the Pacific, naval operations then became +unnecessary.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p>In July, 1847, Shubrick succeeded Biddle. As the blockade of Mazatlán +had been raised, he issued on August 6 a fresh notice, covering that +port, Guaymas and San Blas, and about the middle of October sailed +from Monterey, California, in the <em>Independence</em>, accompanied by +the <em>Cyane</em>. The rest of his active squadron—which had preceded +him southward or was to join him in that quarter—consisted of the +<em>Congress</em>, <em>Portsmouth</em>, <em>Preble</em>, <em>Dale</em> and two storeships. On the +twenty-ninth near Cape San Lucas he met Lavallette in the <em>Congress</em>, +and learned that after an hour’s cannonading—caused by the disobliging +refusal of General Campusano to surrender—Guaymas had been occupied +nine days before. November 10 mountains lighted by a declining sun and +canopied by a turquoise sky rose from the Gulf of California before +him on the east; and soon, approaching a long, curving line of white +beach, he dropped anchor near the lioness-hill of Crestón Island, which +crouched, grandly recumbent, with her fore paws extended, watching over +two islet cubs that slept in front of her. Here, on the mainland, was +Mazatlán.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">OPERATIONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST</p> + +<p>For nearly eighteen months the port, second only to Vera Cruz in the +value of its commerce, had been controlled by<a class="pagenum" id="Page_207" title="207"></a> Colonel Rafael Téllez, +a happy-go-lucky insurgent of convivial tastes, oriental convictions +on the subject of seraglios, and aboriginal ideas touching honor. +In finance he succeeded, for it was only necessary to put his fist, +whenever it felt empty, into the till at the customhouse; but as a +warrior he proved hardly equal to the crisis. In short, he retired +promptly and contented himself with partially blocking the port, +which our forces occupied on the eleventh. November 20 an attempt of +the Americans to cut off an annoying Mexican party some ten miles +from the city failed; but the town was presently fortified in such a +way that it stood in no danger. Early in January, 1848, San Blas was +blockaded. Manzanillo’s turn came on the seventeenth of that month; and +numerous expeditions, which scoured the coast and went short distances +inland, seized light craft, destroyed fortifications, and captured +ordnance.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.27">[27]</a></p> + +<div class="figright"> + <a id="i025a" /> + <img src="images/i025a.jpg" width="300" height="295" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">PLAN OF MAZATLÁN</div> +</div> + +<p>In tracing all these operations in the Pacific one receives a certain +impression of tardiness and inefficiency. Acapulco, a point of slight +commercial importance but one distinctly in the view of our naval +commanders, escaped entirely; and other ports, especially San Blas, +were apparently neglected. But the American vessels had no base near at +hand. Few safe harbors could be found. Long voyages were necessary to +obtain provisions and to send or pick up despatches. The sailors often +found themselves compelled to do the work of soldiers ashore; and in +particular vexatious duties had to be performed by the navy in Lower +California.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.28">[28]</a></p> + +<div class="figleft fig175"> + <a id="i025b" /> + <img src="images/i025b.jpg" width="175" height="257" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">LOWER CALIFORNIA</div> +</div> + +<p>January 11, 1847, J. Y. Mason informed Stockton that both Californias +were to be retained; and in the course of fifteen<a class="pagenum" id="Page_208" title="208"></a> days, beginning +with March 30, La Paz, San Lucas and San José, the chief towns of the +peninsula, were occupied by our squadron. The authorities readily +submitted, and the people seemed to concur. An intensely hostile spirit +showed itself before long, however, and, with the aid of leaders +and resources drawn from the mainland, bitter attacks—heroically +resisted—were made upon our feeble posts at San José and La Paz +during the fall and winter. Some American troops from upper California +rendered great assistance; but Shubrick’s watchful coöperation was +constantly requisite, and the spirit of resistance could not be +exorcised until the end of March, 1848.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.28">[28]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">REVIEW OF THE NAVAL OPERATIONS</p> + +<p>The naval operations on both coasts failed to win loud applause, but +there were obvious reasons. The high expectations of the public, based +upon the war of 1812, could not possibly be satisfied, for our navy +met with no enemy on its proper element. Its work had to be plodding +and monotonous. Due preparations for that had not been made, and +even the best informed landsmen understood but very imperfectly the +difficulties that were encountered. Under such circumstances to conduct +the blockade with as much efficiency as was actually shown, depriving +Mexico of revenues and to a large extent of munitions, giving general +satisfaction meanwhile to foreign interests more than willing to +complain, was no slight achievement; and to play at the same time so +effective a part on land, especially in the conquest of California, +merited far higher encomiums than were bestowed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p>The conduct of naval men in occupied territory crowned their +services. At Mazatlán, for example, Shubrick announced that he +would exert himself to benefit, not injure, the people. Religious +freedom, the protection of person and property, firm support of the +city authorities, a low tariff and unrestricted commerce—except in +munitions and with Mexican ports—were granted. Vexatious taxes that +burdened the poor disappeared, and a wise, economical fiscal system +took their place. The sale of ardent spirits to men in our service was +prohibited. The Americans mingled freely with the people and, as the +local historian admitted, “behaved like gentlemen.” After six weeks of +this régime Shubrick was formally requested by the merchants to stay +there. At Guaymas a similar policy<a class="pagenum" id="Page_209" title="209"></a> produced similar results, and the +people felt anxious to have Campusano’s forces leave the vicinity. +Laguna became under our authority more prosperous than ever before. The +naval balls and parties were extremely popular; and even after peace +came, the Commodore was “most earnestly” requested by the people to let +our forces remain for a while.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N30.30">[30]</a></p> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXXI" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_210" title="210"></a><span class="subtitle">XXXI</span><br /> + THE AMERICANS AS CONQUERORS<br /> + <span class="subtitle">1846–1848</span></h2> + + +<p>For a considerable time large parts of Mexico were occupied by our +troops, and it is quite worth while to know something of their life and +behavior there. Conquering soldiers in a foreign land, especially when +the enemy is deemed cowardly, treacherous and cruel, are not likely to +be angels; and we may count upon meeting here with disagreeable as well +as complimentary facts. But we must face these as brave and honest men +who love the truth, believe in our country, and are not foolish enough +to expect perfection of human nature. It will be some consolation to +recall Napoleon’s maxim, “The conduct of a general in a conquered +country is beset with difficulties,” and to remember that no nation, if +well acquainted with its history, will think of pointing the finger at +us.</p> + +<p>The purpose of the United States was to treat non-combatants as +friends, and protect them in all their rights of person, property +and religion.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.1">[1]</a> Civilization prescribed this course, and policy +emphasized it. Both for immediate military success and for the +restoration, after the war, of mutually profitable relations, it seemed +highly desirable to strike only at the government and the army of +Mexico, and to avoid angering the great body of the citizens.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p>Accordingly Taylor was promptly supplied with a proclamation, to be +distributed in both English and Spanish, which threw upon Paredes the +odium of the conflict, assured the Mexican people that a government of +“usurpers and tyrants” had involved them in its losses and miseries, +and promised that no one behaving as a neutral would be molested; the +General was instructed that his “utmost endeavors” must be put forth to +make good the pledge; and an active policy of conciliation<a class="pagenum" id="Page_211" title="211"></a> was urged +upon him. As will be seen later, the course of the war and the attitude +of Mexico eventually suggested a programme considerably sterner in +certain respects; but such was the real desire of our government, and +it went so far that in order to prove we had no intention of attacking +the religion of the Mexicans, Roman Catholic priests were engaged to +accompany our army.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p>Taylor, besides resting under a strict obligation to obey his orders, +doubtless concurred fully in this view of the matter, and for a time +good conduct on the part of our troops prevailed. The authorities of +Matamoros were respected; the people felt contented, and viewed the +war with indifference; persons of the upper classes began to show +themselves; and the town seemed on the way to being a smart little New +Orleans. But the arrival of the volunteers in force gave the situation +a new aspect.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.3">[3]</a> Even men of unblemished reputations appeared to +feel that becoming soldiers exempted them from every law, both civil +and moral.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">DISORDERS AT MATAMOROS</p> + +<p>When in camp below New Orleans the troops were guilty of some +“sky-larking”—that is to say, plundering; and when they entered the +enemy’s country they became, said a regular officer, “the living +embodiment of a moral pestilence. Crime followed in their footsteps, +and wherever they trod, they left indelible traces of infamy.” To meet +their wishes, disorderly establishments of every kind sprang up,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.4">[4]</a> +and the streets were constantly filled with drunken, brawling, insolent +officers and men carrying arms. One of them drew a pistol on the +British consul because his cane was black; many depredations were +committed; and before the tenth of July at least five or six harmless +persons were shot down for amusement.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>Although it would seem as if Taylor, with some 2500 regulars at his +back, might have enforced order, he declared that he could not, +and soon gave up the effort. Unwilling to bring offenders before a +military court, he endeavored to have the Mexican judges act in some +cases, but of course they dared not; and he shipped a few of the +malefactors to New Orleans, where they could not be held a moment for +crimes perpetrated abroad. The result was practical impunity—“perfect +impunity,” wrote the British consul—for the worst of crimes. At the +beginning of August, however, the General prohibited the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_212" title="212"></a> importation +of liquor by the Rio Grande; and as the army was then moving on, +Matamoros became comparatively quiet.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>Later commanders undertook with considerable success to keep it so; +but even in January, 1847, robbery and violence were not unknown +there, and the non-commissioned officers as well as the soldiers were +forbidden to leave their quarters with arms unless on duty. Discharged +volunteers on their way down the river did great harm,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.5">[5]</a> and Taylor +wrote in June, 1847, “There is scarcely a form of crime that has not +been reported to me as committed by them.” Above Matamoros determined +efforts were made with partial success to keep liquor from the troops, +and the conditions were better. Here and there Americans would “muster +in” some fruit or fowls. “Soldiers who have to fight their enemy in the +enemy’s country will never go hungry as long as there are any chickens +about,” wrote one of them; and in fact, said an officer, it was a +patriotic duty for Uncle Sam’s men to keep their souls and their bodies +together. But the rule in such cases was to compensate the owners, and +probably no serious resentment lingered.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>During the battles of Monterey there was enough shooting to satisfy +any reasonable person, and the quiet beauty of the scene should soon +have banished thoughts of carnage. The tranquil mountains that stood +about the town on three sides, receding as the clouds enveloped them +in shadow or approaching as the splendor of the sun brightened every +point, the statuesque aguacates clothed in foliage like dark green +velvet, the fan-like palmettoes, the feathery date palms, the delicious +oranges and pomegranates, the murmuring streams, and the lilies that +brightened many a pool invited to repose; yet no sooner was battle over +than murder began.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.10">[10]</a></p> + +<p>The chief criminals were the Texans,<a id="FNanchor_C" class="fnanchor" href="#Footnote_C">[C]</a> who felt that barbarities +committed by the Mexican on their soil during the revolution warranted +the crudest retaliation. At Matamoros they had been the fiercest of +the volunteers, and now—stationed for a while at the town—they found +a still better opportunity.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.7">[7]</a> Other volunteers aided them. To say +nothing of robberies<a class="pagenum" id="Page_213" title="213"></a> and minor outrages perpetrated “in the broad +light of day,” it was thought, noted a regular officer in his diary, +that not less than one hundred Mexicans were slain in cold blood, and +out of about 7000 still in town, 5000, more or less, fled. A citizen +cannot take his hat off, wrote a Mexican, without some American’s +saying, “That is mine”; and if the owner denies it, he gets a bullet. +Strict regulations<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.8">[8]</a> were soon framed, however, and under Worth’s +command the volunteer learned what they meant.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.10">[10]</a></p> + +<p>To a large extent, if we leave the Texans out of the account, the +Mexicans themselves were responsible for the worst outrages of Monterey +and the vicinity. They sold liquor to the troops persistently, and +retaliated indiscriminately for the excesses that resulted. The +Americans then took vengeance, and in the end some ghastly deeds +on rather a large scale occurred. Singularly enough, too, the +punctiliousness of our officers contributed to the same end. They +would not convict a Mexican without legal proof of his guilt, and when +soldiers saw a man, who was almost certainly the murderer of their +comrade, let off because a drove of Mexicans testified to an alibi, +they were likely to steal out after him or make some one else pay +his forfeit.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.9">[9]</a> Still, the many injunctions to be fair and kindly +toward the people were not without effect. One soldier used to sit +cross-legged in the square of Monterey, and play his rickety accordion +for the benefit of the populace.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.10">[10]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">AFFAIRS AT SALTILLO</p> + +<p>At Saltillo strict police regulations were made. As had now become the +general rule, to provide soldiers with intoxicating beverages, except +by special permission, was forbidden, and fifty lashes were made the +penalty for disobedience. The troops had to seek their quarters at +retreat, and the Mexicans go home when the ten o’clock bell rang. But +in spite of every precaution the “lawless volunteers,” as Worth called +them, were guilty of many offences, and—with the perhaps excessive +emphasis of a high-minded regular officer—he wrote to his daughter, +“The innocent blood that has been basely, cowardly and barbarously +shed in cold blood, aside from other and deeper crimes, will appeal to +Heaven for, and, I trust, receive, just retribution.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>Here, as at Monterey, Worth made an admirable governor, sitting four +hours a day to hear complaints, and administering<a class="pagenum" id="Page_214" title="214"></a> substantial justice +without reference to legal technicalities; and his successors were +much like him.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.11">[11]</a> A sergeant was discharged for treating a Mexican +unjustly. An American “doctor” was expelled for disorderly conduct. +Soldiers were not allowed to endanger the people by riding fast in the +streets. Property stolen or destroyed was paid for by the army, and +this rule was made to work the other way also. The town prospered; and +although some of the soldiers would now and then help themselves to +fruit or snatch a piece of candy from a stand, and cases of outrage +on the one hand or assassination on the other occurred at intervals, +the people—notably hostile at first—became friendly, the windows +were always full of laughing girls, and the women in their rebosas, +red petticoats and blue cloth slippers went every evening to the +fountain in the plaza with their tall earthen jars, unmolested and +unafraid.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>Tampico, to say nothing of the drills and parades, offered enough +interesting sights and amusements to keep the soldiers out of mischief, +one might have thought. The many strange and beautiful trees; the +mullard and sea-trout, schools of yellow jackfish, huge, pearly tarpon, +and many other denizens of the rivers and lagoons; the buzzards +coasting on air, the grunting ravens, and forty other kinds of birds; +the long, slender pirogues of red cedar constantly bringing luscious +fruits to the market; the many vessels coming and going: these were +only a few of the attractions. But in reality the town was a hard +problem, for its nearness to the United States and its commercial +relations made the exclusion of all undesirable visitors impossible. +So-called restaurants bearing popular American names flourished, and, +in spite of the prohibition against importing liquor, strong drink +was about all they offered except hard beef; while the existence of +gambling houses was proved by the severe and repeated orders against +them. Almost every volunteer, said a regular officer, celebrated his +arrival with a “frolic,”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.13">[13]</a> and according to the Mexican accounts, +threats, insults and small depredations were not infrequent.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">AFFAIRS AT TAMPICO</p> + +<p>But in Tampico as elsewhere, the people had much less to suffer, in all +probability, than from the Mexican troops who formerly had garrisoned +the town, and the big United States<a class="pagenum" id="Page_215" title="215"></a> flag set up in the plaza near the +Pánuco represented substantial benefits. Many new kinds of manufactured +articles made their appearance, and all such things were sold at low +prices. Business became active. According to tradition the paving of +the city dates from this time. A theatre was built. Preparations were +made and presumably carried out for the extension of the mole. An +American newspaper appeared. Mexican visitors had to give an account +of themselves, and there were no riots and no dirks. Patrols marched +up and down the broad streets; sentries with fixed bayonets were on +hand at every gathering, even balls; and the very happiest of frolics +were pretty sure to end before morning with a nap on the guard house +floor.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>Some of the Mexicans thought our volunteer officers were afraid of +their men, but Gates, Shields and the other commanders do not seem +to have been. The assistance of the leading Mexicans in maintaining +order was invited; many of the citizens fraternized with our men; and +in general a high rate of mortality was probably the only serious +consequence of reckless tendencies. The residents thought the American +volunteers careless, badly dressed and poorly drilled; but some of them +admitted they had never felt so safe before.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>Clearly our troops improved in conduct as time went on, but none +the less their early excesses had serious consequences. For a long +while there had been a tendency in the northeastern parts of Mexico +to secede. The primary scheme had been to join Texas; and after our +absorption of Texas ended it, the idea of an independent republic, +with American protection or annexation to this country in view, gained +much support. Early in 1846 the authors of this project were in +communication with Taylor and the American government. Whether such +a plan could have been executed or not, there were reasons for our +wishing to have the people cherish it. In such a mood they were bound +to be our friends instead of enemies, and the paralyzing influence of +their temper would have extended into other provinces.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>Accordingly Taylor was instructed to favor the idea. But reports of +the outrages committed by our volunteers penetrated to all quarters; +the Mexican authorities, who understood the popular tendencies, were +doubtless active in spreading the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_216" title="216"></a> reports; and the disposition to view +us with cordiality received a shock from which it never recovered. +“People near Matamoros, previously inclined to favor the Americans,” +declared the comandante general of Nuevo León in a broadside, “have +written these weighty words: ‘The domination of the Grand Turk is +kinder than that of the Americans. Their motto is deceit. Their love +is like the robber’s. Their goodness is usurpation; and their boasted +liberty is the grossest despotism, iniquity and insolence, disguised +under the most consummate hypocrisy.’” As an offset, the bad conduct +of Mexican officers and troops did not signify. That was a family +affair.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>The blackest shadow in the picture, however, was New Mexico. Armijo +had compensated the people for his tyranny and robbery by permitting +them every sort of license in their social relations. Virtue was +little known and less valued. Even women fought duels with dirks or +butcher-knives. Dances, at which all classes mingled in the revelry, +were the chief amusements; the church bells announced them; and at +mass one heard the same music, played by the same musicians. Gambling +and cock-fighting stood next in esteem, perhaps; and then came other +vices that seemed more precisely necessities than ornaments of +existence.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>To throw into a small and isolated community of that sort, without +books or society or proper diversions, a large number of young and +reckless frontiersmen greatly above the average in physical vigor, +was to make it a seething caldron of gross passions. The soldiers +were not willing to do what little work there was, and they scorned +regulations. “The dirtiest, rowdiest crew I have ever seen collected +together,” was a responsible British traveller’s description of the +American forces; and a soldier wrote in his diary, “A more drunken and +depraved set, I am sure, can never be found.” To be liked, an officer +had to be lax, and to be unpopular was liable to mean—as good officers +learned—a pistol or a sabre in one’s face. Half the captains, a letter +said, could be found every night in bad places. The disorder of the +governor’s Christmas dinner party disturbed the whole town. There was +probably no deliberate oppression. Gross outrages appear to have been +few. But the drunken, brawling, overbearing volunteers despised the men +about them and showed it; and the latter,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_217" title="217"></a> flouted at every turn, and +in particular robbed of their women, scowled and brooded with all the +ferocity of an indolent but passionate, jealous race, and plied the +knife when they dared.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>Kearny might perhaps have ridden the tempest, but a local politician +like Price could only be swept away. A few of the better Americans +got up a prayer-meeting, but that was just a dewdrop in Tartarus. One +began to be ashamed of one’s nation, wrote a good officer. To enhance +dissatisfaction, the Indians continued their depredations as if no +treaties had been made. A well-meant code of laws was drawn up, but it +contained certain troublesome provisions about land titles; and some +taxation had to be imposed. The people took fright. “We have come for +your good; yes, for all your goods,” began to be their interpretation +of Kearny’s assurances.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>Naturally an insurrection occurred. Price now showed energy, and the +troops courage. In a brief campaign, January and February, 1847, +the malcontents were put down. But the people, though cowed, loved +the victors none the better, and the victors trusted and respected +the people none the more. The conditions became perhaps worse than +ever.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.16">[16]</a> Supplies were uncertain. Discipline became lax again, and +the Indians were now more rapacious than for twenty years. Dissipation +resulted in much sickness and many deaths. Moreover the people felt +wronged because political privileges bestowed by Kearny in excess of +his authority had to be withdrawn. For most, if not all, of the time +it was impossible to obtain the money required for the administration +of civil affairs, and the civil authorities clashed with the +military.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.17">[17]</a> Undoubtedly serious difficulties were inherent in the +situation, but nothing could excuse our government for permitting such +a state of things to continue for so long a time.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">AMERICAN RULE IN CALIFORNIA</p> + +<p>Very different was the scene in California. Soon after the treaty +of Cahuenga was made Stockton returned to his naval duties, and +Frémont, appointed by him under the law of nations, assumed the +governorship.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.19">[19]</a> In February, 1847, however, orders that had been +issued at Washington early in November, directing that the chief +military officer should take command, reached San Francisco, and about +the first of March Kearny became the executive. In general he was +inclined to be less indulgent than Frémont or Sloat, but he intended +to be fair and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_218" title="218"></a> kind. “The Americans and Californians,” he proclaimed +with the same exaggeration of his authority as at Santa Fe, “are now +but one people; let us cherish one wish, one hope, and let that be for +the peace and quiet of our country. Let us as a band of brothers unite +and emulate each other in our efforts to benefit and improve this our +beautiful, and which soon must be our happy and prosperous home.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>At the end of May, 1847, he returned to the east, and Colonel R. B. +Mason of the First Dragoons, whom the government had sent out for +the purpose, became governor and commander-in-chief. Mason was an +excellent executive, able, experienced, sensible, strong and faithful. +Some thought his character hard, but probably all clear-headed persons +realized that it was just. He believed in firm though kind methods, +avoided entanglements, and bore sway successfully till the close of the +war.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>The restless faction of the Los Angeles district, free from the +restraint of a large American element, still existed, and at intervals +caused considerable anxiety. Indeed it is clear from Mexican sources +that a hope of troops from the south was fondly cherished there for a +long time. The approach of the Mormon battalion, which—after suffering +many hardships on the route from Santa Fe—arrived at San Diego under +Captain Cooke in January, 1847, excited the people, for that sect was +loathed in California. A great deal of trouble about land titles arose, +for the surveying had been poorly done, the boundaries overlapped in +many instances, and few had the proper documents. Frémont’s volunteers, +expecting large pay, refused to be mustered into the service under +the law of May 13, 1846, and were discharged in a very angry frame +of mind, April, 1847, with no pay at all; and very little was done +toward compensating the people for the spoliations committed by the +volunteers.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>The government, though tempered by the maintenance of the alcalde +system, was necessarily a military one; the old alcaldes, familiar +with the customs of the land, would not serve; the new ones, though +generally good men, could not always give satisfaction; and the growing +American element, disgusted with so unsystematic a system, demanded +self-government and written laws. No funds could legally be had for +the ex<a class="pagenum" id="Page_219" title="219"></a>penses of war and civil administration except those derived +from the customhouses, and the Americans were so deeply committed +by their promise of low duties that Mason felt compelled to reduce +the tariff explicitly ordered by the government. There were jealous +differences of opinion on many points between the Californians and +the Americans, between the various nationalities of the foreigners, +and between the old and the new immigrants; and finally the people +were disturbed by serious quarrels between the Stockton-Frémont party +and the Kearny-Mason party, and by the old fear that eventually the +Americans would sail away, leaving them to settle with Mexico as best +they could.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>For troops, besides Company C of the First Dragoons, Kearny’s escort +from Santa Fe, there were Company F of the Third Artillery, which +arrived in February, 1847, the Mormon battalion, and a regiment of +New York volunteers under Colonel J. D. Stevenson, who came in March, +1847, and were expected to remain in California as settlers after the +close of the war.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.20">[20]</a> Apparently the Mormons were to be a source +of weakness rather than strength, and the antecedents of the New York +regiment inspired little confidence. Stevenson’s men did in fact begin +promptly to “sow wild oats.” They were not disposed to work on the +fortifications, and they were insubordinate. But under Mason’s control +they soon learned to do well, and he reported that at the close of the +war “one common cry of regret arose [from the Californians] at the +order for their disbandment; [and] the little petty causes of complaint +were forgotten in the remembrance of the more substantial advantages +they had enjoyed under the protection of the military.” The conduct +of the Mormons was always exemplary and they won the esteem of the +people.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>Imported articles became cheap. Real estate and all the products of the +soil, particularly at the north, increased in value. Commerce trebled +in a year. All damages caused by men recognized as in the service +of the United States were repaired, and the offenders punished. The +return of José Castro without means or hopes at the beginning of 1848 +produced an excellent effect. Gold-digging became more attractive +than conspiracies. And although a certain number of irreconcilables +cherished regrets and grievances, the official<a class="pagenum" id="Page_220" title="220"></a> news of peace and +absorption in the United States—which came on the evening of August 6, +1848—greeted a busy and hopeful community.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>So much for the north, and we pass now to the régime of Scott. +After learning of the atrocities perpetrated on the Rio Grande, +that “scientific and visionary” officer drafted and laid before the +secretary of war a martial-law order, to be enforced in Mexico until +action should be taken by Congress. But the idea of putting constraint +on the free American voter probably struck Marcy with terror. He +started at the title, said nothing, and after a while returned the +paper without comment. Scott then sent it on to Taylor, and was +informed that the General threw it aside almost instantly, calling it +“another of Scott’s lessons.” The crying need of some adequate method +for punishing American soldiers in foreign parts compelled Marcy in +December to recommend that Congress authorize a military tribunal; but +that body also doubtless had an eye to votes, and took no action.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">SCOTT’S POLICY</p> + +<p>Scott, however, though an aspirant for the Presidency, did not shrink +from his duty, and on arriving in Tampico he issued General Orders 20, +which threw the pale of martial law round all United States forces +operating in Mexico, and provided for the punishment, through “military +commissions,” of offences committed by, in or upon them.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.22">[22]</a> Orders +20, republished at Vera Cruz, Puebla and the capital and widely +circulated in Spanish, were supplemented by issuing safeguards, under +which one or more soldiers, bearing a proper document signed by a +corps or division commander, could be quartered at any place which +it was especially for the interest of the army to protect.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.23">[23]</a> In +occupying towns the rule was to billet no officer or man, without +consent, upon any inhabitant, and to quarter the troops in barracks +and other public buildings already used for the purpose by the Mexican +government.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.24">[24]</a> These arrangements, the practice of paying for +everything used by the army, the principle of treating non-combatant +Mexicans as fellow-citizens, and a strenuous endeavor to enlist the +coöperation of all the decent men of the army in the suppression of +outrages constituted the system of Scott.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p>At Vera Cruz misdeeds were perpetrated, of course, but the culprits +who could be detected paid a price for their sport that<a class="pagenum" id="Page_221" title="221"></a> put the fear +of the Lord—or at least of Scott—into the hearts of others. One +tipsy fellow, who nearly killed a Mexican woman with kicks and blows, +was strapped over a wagon, given twelve good lashes, and then placed +at labor in a fort with a ball-and-chain for the rest of the war. A +second ruffian, for a worse offence against a woman, was promptly and +publicly hanged.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.26">[26]</a> On the other hand preventive regulations<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.27">[27]</a> +concerning liquor, gambling, roaming about the city and the like soon +went into force.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.30">[30]</a></p> + +<p>But the American measures were not simply negative. Worth, who became +governor as soon as the town surrendered, distributed free rations +among the people, and prevented extortion by establishing a fair +scale of prices for eatables. A large force of laborers was employed +at liberal wages to clean the streets and the Augean castle of Ulúa. +Assured of protection the shops reopened promptly. In ten days the +general effects of the bombardment appeared hardly noticeable. Freed +from the exactions of their officials and military chiefs and rapidly +gaining confidence in our intentions, the people seemed like new men. +Commerce, favored by the low American duties, took on fresh life. +Although anti-Catholic sentiment was raging in the United States, Scott +and some of his principal officers attended mass and even marched in +the processions; and the soldiers were bidden to salute not only the +tasselled cane of the magistrate but the cassock of the priest.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.30">[30]</a></p> + +<p>Worth soon moved on with Scott’s army; but his successor was described +by the British consul as deserving “all praise.” Those who followed him +did perhaps equally well;<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.28">[28]</a> all branches of the public service +were maintained; the good-will of the citizens was acquired and held; +and Lerdo de Tejada, one of the best statesmen and historians of +Mexico, has declared that Vera Cruz had to suffer scarcely anything +from the American occupation except the humiliation of foreign rule, +while profiting substantially in several respects.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.30">[30]</a></p> + +<p>These results were achieved, too, under serious and almost crippling +embarrassments. In some regards the city was highly agreeable. Fish +more resplendent than gems lay always in the market. A long list of +delicious fruits and vegetables graced each its proper season. Often a +duet of the military band and the mocking-birds enchanted the ear. To<a class="pagenum" id="Page_222" title="222"></a> +sip a sherbet at noonday—all the curtains drooping over the balconies, +the blue sky gray with excess of light, the blackbirds panting with +beaks wide open and wings partly spread, the lépero drunk with sleep +in the shadow of a wall, a hush over the docks, a stillness in the +market—had an exotic fascination; and an evening stroll round the +plaza or along the beach at Vergara, where the principal camp lay, +with the soft, languid, lingering breeze of the Gulf on one’s face +and every star asking to be counted, was a delight one could not soon +forget.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.30">[30]</a></p> + +<p>This region, however, was a favorite hunting-ground, not only of the +yellow fever, but of diseases even more fatal.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.29">[29]</a> A few slices of +the fragrant Córdoba pineapple, washed down with a glass of the almost +irresistible brandy, left one hardly time to make a will. Through the +long day a huge ball of fire called the sun poured down an intense +heat, and at night the mosquitos were numberless. The story of the +invalids was long and sad; and sadder yet the tale of many a gallant +soldier-boy, full of thoughts of the loved ones, who breathed his last +sigh in the crowded wards of a hospital—<em>alone</em>.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.30">[30]</a></p> + +<p>At Córdoba, where the lanes blazed with small red roses, the sentiment +was intensely Mexican, and the authorities ordered that on the approach +of the American forces as many of the inhabitants as possible should +leave town with everything belonging to the state that could be of +service. But the people were mostly satisfied with shutting themselves +up during the brief stay of General Bankhead, and the merchants did +not go so far as that. The legitimate rights of the conqueror were +asserted, but the American commander perhaps made full compensation +for this by requiring the city council to reduce the expenses of +administration. Care was taken to provide for the punishment of all +disorders, and in particular for all interference with religious +observances. After Bankhead left, hearing that some of the garrison +were plundering, he threatened to send an entire battalion, if +necessary, to apprehend the culprits.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.31">[31]</a></p> + +<p>On higher ground farther west lay Orizaba, sombre yet beautiful amidst +its orchards, gardens, palm groves, orange trees and rich fields of +tobacco and sugar-cane, like a proud Spanish dowager surrounded by +her grandchildren. Here the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_223" title="223"></a> troops helped themselves occasionally to +fruit and cane, injured trees and committed some graver offences. The +consequence was that soldiers were forbidden to leave the town except +on service and the officers commanding guards in the outskirts had +to arrest every man guilty of such acts or pay for the damages, and +in either case were held responsible for disobedience and neglect of +duty.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.32">[32]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE STATE OF THINGS AT JALAPA</p> + +<p>Of all the places occupied by American troops in Mexico the most +delightful was Jalapa. In fact, probably a more delightful place is +nowhere to be found. For natural attractiveness it surpasses even +Taormina, Kandy and Nikko, the beauty-spots of Sicily, Ceylon, Japan. +The abundant water was excellent, which could rarely be said of +Mexican towns, and ice from Orizaba Mountain could be had to cool the +abundant refreshments. The mercury never stood high and never low. +Spring was almost the only season. The foliage always looked new and +exuberant, and blossoms were constantly opening as if with ever fresh +surprise.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.34">[34]</a></p> + +<p>From the plaza one gazed into a broad valley tapestried with +many-hued verdure. Here palms, live-oaks, magnolias, tamarinds and +aguacates—often enmeshed with beautiful and sometimes with aromatic +vines—gracefully sheltered the azalea, the verbena, the poppy, the +jasmine and countless varieties of geraniums and roses. Here such +exquisite plants as the vanilla, heliotrope and tree-lily exhaled +with unceasing generosity their delightful odors. Here, amid ancient +forests, gorges curtained with exotic ferns and orchids extended to +mysterious depths teeming with all manner of strange, fascinating +growths. And when, after long surveying this Eden, or descending to +wander far in its mazy paths, one’s eye rose to a broad belt of pines +and firs clothing jagged sierras, and at last, above their rich green, +beheld a slender but enormous pyramid of snow, the peak of Orizaba, +heaven-high and resplendent against the deep, tropical blue, it seemed +as if nature had lavished on this chosen spot the whole diapason of +her beauty. Music hath charms to soothe; and such loveliness, grace, +perfume and grandeur, combined, were splendidly suited to still the +passions of war.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.34">[34]</a></p> + +<p>Scott and the first American troops proved worthy of this paradise. +Nobody was molested. The officers lodged only<a class="pagenum" id="Page_224" title="224"></a> in vacated houses. +The soldiers tried to make friends among the townsfolk. Our generals +attended the funeral of a worthy Mexican officer killed at Cerro Gordo. +Gold and silver flowed in streams—brighter than “Abana and Pharpar, +rivers of Damascus”—that reached the humblest cottage. Many of the +people wept when Scott marched away.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.34">[34]</a></p> + +<p>But some later commands, untamed volunteers who stopped there for a +brief time, left a different impression. Lally’s men seem to have been +a scourge, and Wynkoop’s proved so lawless that even Lally’s were glad +to see the last of them. During their stay the shops were closed, and +all business came to an end. Seven officers left their accounts unpaid +at the hotels, and some of them carried away towels or the shirts of +brother officers. In a word they were natural thieves. Other misdeeds +could be traced to the lack, for some time, of pay. But the main cause +of trouble was liquor. Against this evil, as against gambling and the +rest, adequate regulations were issued; but sometimes commissioned +officers, anxious to be popular, would force hotel keepers to let +their men have drink. At the bottom of everything lay the selling of +liquor by wholly unauthorized persons. “Let the municipal authorities +unite with me to put a stop to that <em>infamous traffic</em>,” wrote one +American governor of the city to the first alcalde, “and I will answer +for it that there will be no disturbances or outrages committed by the +soldiers.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.34">[34]</a></p> + +<p>Another feature also of the American occupation came out with +especial clearness at Jalapa. Not only were offences, extending to +robbery and murder, committed against our troops, but it was found +on scrupulous investigation that often definite stories of misdeeds +charged to our men were plausible only till the other side came out, +and that many claims for damages were deliberately invented or grossly +exaggerated.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.34">[34]</a></p> + +<p>Against all real offenders the successive governors—particularly +Colonel George W. Hughes, who remained in office a considerable +time—were as a rule severe. Stern orders, biting rebukes, earnest +appeals to represent our country worthily, precautions like patrols +and frequent roll-calls, and at need exemplary punishments were +not lacking. One day four soldiers received thirty lashes each, +had their heads shaved, and were drummed out of camp, with the +word “<span class="smcap">Robber</span>”<a class="pagenum" id="Page_225" title="225"></a> pasted on their backs, for breaking into a +house.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.33">[33]</a> But at the same time careful measures had to be taken for +the protection of our men and our government. Happily the people in +general seem to have understood that some pilfering and occasionally +other misdemeanors were unavoidable, and to have appreciated our +efforts to defend, conciliate and please them, to maintain—in +coöperation with the town officials—the municipal service, to provide +for the charities of the city, and to ensure respect for woman, +religion and civil authority. Vigne, a French traveller, says the +Americans were much liked at Jalapa, and probably they were nowhere +treated more pleasantly.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.34">[34]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE AMERICANS AT PUEBLA</p> + +<p>At Puebla, August 1, 1847, the Robert Anderson of Fort Sumter wrote: +“We have been now in this large City since May 15th, with a soldiery +gathered from many Nations, many of them undisciplined, and yet, I will +venture the assertion, without fear of contradiction, that, in no City +of the same size, either in our own blessed Country or in any other, +is private property, or are private rights, more secure and better +guarded than here.... Not an instance, I am certain, has been elicited, +or brought to light, of one of our soldiers killing a Mexican.... ’Tis +truly Wonderful, I cannot understand it.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.35">[35]</a> The people are all +contented, said a letter to <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">El Republicano</cite>, for business is good and +taxes are low; and, he might have added, an American band plays for +us in the park. It is “almost incredible,” admitted a writer in <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">El +Nacional</cite>, a newspaper of the state, how well the American soldiers +treat our priests and women. How are they able to wear the mask so +long? The common people, not seeing through the trick, accept their +conduct in good faith.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.37">[37]</a></p> + +<p>After the siege ended, some of our men were arrested for plundering +houses from which they had been fired upon, and there was a little +pilfering at the fruit stands; but Fúrlong, the Mexican prefect, urged +the people to give the war no further thought, and friendly relations +very soon returned. Street lanterns were still punctured occasionally +by tipsy and facetious Americans with their bayonets, but they were +paid for. When Lane’s brigade of volunteers arrived, complaints began +in earnest, and a committee laid the situation before Scott; but there +was no case of such importance that amends or even<a class="pagenum" id="Page_226" title="226"></a> investigation was +demanded.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.36">[36]</a> The city council stated to the prefect that Childs +had saved its authority, improved the condition of the town, aided +the Mexican officials, and given them willing audience in order to +concert measures for the public good. One measure in particular was the +re-establishment of the chamber of commerce, destroyed by the state +government; and, as the bishop admitted, Childs did all in his power to +prevent and remedy abuses.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.37">[37]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">AMERICAN RULE AT THE CAPITAL</p> + +<p>At Mexico City there were “some outrages naturally,” reported Doyle, +chargé d’affaires of England; and emphasis can fairly be placed on +his last word, for the troops, entering the town excited by desperate +fighting and crowned with victory, were fired upon by the populace, +and found themselves hunted at every turn by robbers, assassins and +their confederates.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.38">[38]</a> Doyle added that “even from the beginning +a great deal of forbearance” was displayed by the Americans; and the +correspondent of the London <cite>Daily News</cite> wrote, “On the whole I must +confess that General Scott and his troops have acted with unexpected +moderation.” Indeed, they “have shown an exemplary clemency,” admitted +a Mexican letter printed by a Mexican paper.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.43">[43]</a></p> + +<p>The restaurant-keeper who furnished a meal and got rather less than +he expected or the janitor who tried to keep soldiers out of their +assigned quarters and got rather more, had little reason to complain. +Indeed, both had reason to be content, for in a city full of léperos +and escaped felons property and life depended upon our protection. “We +must endure the presence of the Americans or suffer worse things,” said +a Mexican. No allowances were made by Scott, however.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.39">[39]</a> “Revelling +in the halls of Montezuma” means now, a soldier wrote home, that if the +patrol finds you in the street after eight o’clock in the evening you +are taken to the guardhouse, and if noisy, you are handcuffed; and for +more serious offences the punishments were extremely severe. Quitman, +the first governor of the city,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.40">[40]</a> and P. F. Smith, who succeeded +him, ably seconded the commander-in-chief.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.43">[43]</a></p> + +<p>Under such auspices the shops began to open within a week after the +capital surrendered, and business was soon brisker than ever. The +clergy were somewhat refractory, and on September 19 all the churches +were found closed; but Quit<a class="pagenum" id="Page_227" title="227"></a>man immediately sent word that should they +remain closed, the United States flags would be removed from their +towers as a sign that our army had withdrawn its protection. No further +hint was needed, for millions in gold, silver and gems lay within their +dark walls; and soon the relations between army and church became +entirely satisfactory.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.43">[43]</a></p> + +<p>The troops then felt at liberty to make themselves at home. The +<cite>American Star</cite>, “a neat and saucy little sheet,” whose proprietors and +editors had followed the troops from Vera Cruz, and set up their press +wherever Scott made a stay, appeared on September 20, and later was +followed by the <cite>North American</cite>.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.41">[41]</a> The cafés and eating places +took on strange names: New York Restaurant Eagle Hotel, Old Kentucky +House and the like. “American Dry Goods,” read one sign; “Mince Pies +for sale Here,” another; “Mush and Milk at All Hours,” a third. +Officers formed an association called the Aztec Club. An agitation +for an American railroad to Vera Cruz began. An American sermon was +preached at the palace in the splendid Ambassadors’ Hall, on the text: +“Only fear the Lord, and serve Him in truth with all your heart; for +consider how great things he hath done for you”; and other sermons +followed. American citizens, temporarily soldiers, made all the shows +prosperous, and a complimentary benefit was given to Señora Canete +at the National Theatre by “The Chiefs and Officers of the American +Army.” As cold weather came on, stoves, chimneys and smoke made their +appearance to the intense astonishment of the natives, total strangers +to such abominations; and finally that proud Spanish institution, the +bull-fight, succumbed in this manner:<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.43">[43]</a></p> + +<div class="quote"> + <p>“The Publid are respectfull informed thoh the <em>secind Bull Fihk</em> + nill take place, <em>this Evening, Wsdnesday</em>,10te instant, cohen + nill bi introduced á variez of new performanas, by the Compay of + Bull Fighk, and fa which occasia has been obtaind. Some of the + mest fusian Bulls in the Countri.</p> + <p class="center"><span class="smcap">This Wsdnesday. Night 10 Novembre 1847.</span>”</p> +</div> + +<p>Unfortunately, under such names as “Contreras,” “Churubusco” and “Old +Chapultepec,” American drinks of established fame arrived. Music halls +and dance houses, familiarly known as the Hells of Montezuma, were +crowded. Relieved now from the anxiety and tension of the campaign, the +gallant volunteers could not be still a moment. Generally they were +rather<a class="pagenum" id="Page_228" title="228"></a> brusque and rowdyish, and to the polite Mexicans they appeared +even more so than they really were. They loved to present themselves +at a show with trousers tucked into their boots, drape their legs over +the backs of the seats, and yell for American patriotic airs; and they +seemed to be always eating except when busy with a glass.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.43">[43]</a></p> + +<p>Gambling became a rage, and in its temples were other priestesses +besides those of Chance. Of <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">La Bella Unión</em>, the chief resort, it +was said, What is unknown “is as well as what is known.” Eager for +popularity and advancement many officers would not interfere, and in +fact some of them sank almost as low as their men. One consequence +of such dissipation was illness,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.42">[42]</a> and another was robberies, +quarrels and fights. The arrival of reinforcements—fresh volunteers +and recruits—quickened all riotous tendencies. So far as personal +morals went the conditions of Santa Fe were approached by not a few, +and to crown all two volunteer officers, involved in what seems to have +been a gambling-house fracas, were convicted of murder. Conqueror as +well as conquered must pay his penalty.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.43">[43]</a></p> + +<p>Most, however, shrank from such a life, and many tried to render the +American stay a fine experience for themselves and for others. It was +not in vain. Their nobler tastes found congenial soil. The turquoise +sky, the pictured façades of the houses, the handsome gray old palaces +curiously and lavishly sculptured, and embellished with precious tiles +in blue and white, the Alameda with its grand trees and its fountain, +the amazing richness of the churches and their wondrous gilded +carvings, the embroidered gold vestments of the priests, the perfume +here and there of an ancient garden stealing out through a broken wall, +the red conflagration of sunrise behind snowy mountains, the distant, +mellow clang of a convent bell as evening shadows gathered, the +brilliant round moon turning the peaks into gigantic veiled watchmen +and setting massive domes and spires a-quiver with a mystical sort of +life—these things helped introduce our finer spirits to the heart +of the land, and fill them with sympathy and good-will. Mexico has +never been without strangers to love her, and she found such among her +conquerors.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.43">[43]</a></p> + +<p>Here our survey of the ground ends, but a few vertical<a class="pagenum" id="Page_229" title="229"></a> sections will +be instructive. While always having it understood that our authority +was paramount, the American local governors desired to let the alcaldes +and ayuntamientos (city councils) look after municipal affairs, and +were disposed to coöperate in a liberal fashion with them for the +good order, the efficient and economical administration and even the +improvement of the towns.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.46">[46]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">AMERICAN METHODS</p> + +<p>Naturally enough those officials, exposed to the criticism of both +sides, found their positions irksome. Usually, though not always, they +were permitted to resign if they chose to do so, and new officials +were then elected by the people or appointed by the governor. Shields +extinguished the ayuntamiento of Tampico for incompetence and +malfeasance in office, and selected their successors. At Mexico a +refractory council was dissolved by Scott, and a Puro body, friendly +to the Americans and anxious to make the city government democratic +through our aid, was chosen in a somewhat irregular way. When +provisions, mules and other such things were needed, it was usual to +call upon the town authorities to furnish them at liberal prices. A +threat that otherwise the needed supplies would be taken by force and +nothing paid, often accompanied the request; but this was in most cases +only designed to justify the authorities, in the view of the people, +for complying.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.46">[46]</a></p> + +<p>Attention was paid by the governors to the care and lighting of the +streets, proper sanitation, the maintenance of schools, hospitals, +prisons and public works, and especially to the police. At Córdoba the +city guards were allowed to carry only clubs, but such a restriction +was not usual. Worth had regulars for policemen at one time. At Puebla +after the siege a guard of 100 volunteers patrolled the streets all +night. General Smith enlisted at Mexico a picked body of four hundred +American soldiers. Shields, while governor of Tampico, placed an +officer of the regulars at the head of this department. The police were +firmly supported by the governor, if they proved reliable; if not, a +change occurred. The Americans held that peaceable citizens lost none +of their political rights during our occupation, and on election days +our troops were kept in their quarters or marched out of town.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.44">[44]</a> +So, too, Mexican tribunals were entirely free in dealing with Mexican +affairs, though no one connected with our army could be tried by them;<a class="pagenum" id="Page_230" title="230"></a> +and their decisions were enforced by our commanders.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.45">[45]</a> When +Mexicans were placed before an American military commission they were +permitted to bring counsel, but occasionally somewhat unusual methods +had to be employed, because men ready to make any sort of an oath in +defence of a fellow-countryman could always be found. Our protection +extended, of course, to the subjects of foreign powers.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.46">[46]</a></p> + +<p>Social relations between the Mexicans and our armies were hindered by +the old impression that Americans were haughty, taciturn and insolent, +by the fear of receiving actual insults and injuries from our soldiery, +and, when this fear wore off, by a dread that any association with +Americans would later be punished by fellow-citizens—as proved to be +the result at Victoria, for example. The relations of Scott and his +officers with churchmen were generally good, but as a rule the educated +and wealthy moved away on our approach or shut themselves up. In the +case of Tampico,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.47">[47]</a> however, officers were able to secure the +presence of Mexican ladies at a steamboat excursion and a ball.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.50">[50]</a></p> + +<p>As a rule, Parras was hospitable throughout the war. At Jalapa the two +nationalities mixed somewhat freely. Governor Hughes became intimate +with the leading clergymen, and he stated that on account of the +general cordiality shown by the Franciscans the head of that order was +banished from the capital. A handsome ball was given there to Childs +when he left the city. It was at Mexico, however, that social relations +were best established.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.48">[48]</a> Society decided rather promptly to appear +in public as usual. Even common soldiers were often able to make +friends of respectable persons, and officers became intimate in many +families. What was more surprising, a figure in public affairs like +Alamán opened his door.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.50">[50]</a></p> + +<p>The women, usually so ardent in their patriotism, were noticeably +cordial. The Mexican men were as a rule essentially feminine, and the +downright virility of the northern breed made itself deeply and quickly +felt. Less than three weeks after the capture of Monterey Private +Kingsbury naïvely wrote, “The women are very kind.... I enjoy myself +much in company with the fair Señoras.” Conversation was probably +somewhat limited; but a great many soldiers made a dash at Spanish, and +while some concluded the people did not<a class="pagenum" id="Page_231" title="231"></a> understand their own language, +others achieved results that were at least interesting.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.49">[49]</a> Our +officers, it hardly need be said, never lagged behind their men.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.50">[50]</a></p> + +<p>A fandango on hard ground beside a winding river with mandolins and +guitars softly singing and moonlight sifting down through gently waving +palms, was not despised, and to go from leaky canvas to a gilded +ball-room for a whirl with a black-eyed beauty who could waltz with a +full glass of water on her head, was a strong argument for treating +Mexicans kindly. The dark señoritas of Jalapa in particular, and still +more their celestial cousins of the golden hair and blue eyes, loved +to dance, chat and intrigue, and now their wit and their fans had the +opportunity of a lifetime; at Puebla, the full name of which meant +The City of Angels, “bewitching glances” often made our officers feel +“aguish,” said one of them; and the capital stood first in this as in +all other respects. Romance never had a more brilliant or a deadlier +course. Many a brave heart was thrilled by a mysterious invitation that +meant perhaps a kiss and perhaps a stab, and many a fearless gallant +made a wild ride into the night. That woman’s subtle power, added +to the influence of our gentlemanly and highly educated officers in +social intercourse, had important effects on public sentiment cannot +be doubted. Still, fear of their own countrymen prevented people from +associating openly with Americans to any great extent.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.50">[50]</a></p> + +<p>In short, as this phase of the subject is reviewed, one finds, much +that was deplorable and in the case of a foreign war should always be +guarded against. But that is not strange. War is ugly business; and +since all of us begin conscious existence as savages, and many rise +little above that stage, we should not be surprised if some of our +soldiers, deprived to such an extent of uplifting influences, reverted +more or less toward it. Besides, a grain or two of lawlessness is after +all a normal and useful ingredient in human nature.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.52">[52]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">AMERICAN RULE BENEFICENT</p> + +<p>On the whole there was a vast deal to admire and praise. Scott, a man +well versed in the history of campaigns, asserted that his troops +displayed “the highest moral deportment and discipline ever known in +an invading army.” Doyle, after making careful inquiries all the way +from Vera Cruz to the capital and viewing the case as a practical man, +reported with<a class="pagenum" id="Page_232" title="232"></a> reference to our troops that “Even from the account of +the Mexicans themselves they seem to have behaved very well.” Gutiérrez +de Estrada, a Mexican of high standing, said to his people that the +Americans occupying their country ensured them security of person +and possessions and all proper satisfactions better than their own +governments had ever done.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.52">[52]</a></p> + +<p>And when one considers also the relative fewness of serious outrages +and the comparatively small number of individuals affected, the great +sums of money paid for supplies and labor,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.51">[51]</a> the reduced prices +of almost all manufactured articles, the prevention of brigandage, +insurrections, and civil as well as military extortions, tyranny and +excesses in the territory that we held, the promotion of commerce and +trade, the good ideas of municipal administration frequently exhibited +by the governors of towns, and the fine examples of subordination to +authority, both military and civil, exhibited by all grades of our +troops from the private up to General Scott himself—when these things +are considered, one may well feel that our occupation was a blessing to +the people. Yet—they would rather have had Mexican abuse than American +benefits.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N31.52">[52]</a></p> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXXII" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_233" title="233"></a><span class="subtitle">XXXII</span><br /> + PEACE<br /> + <span class="subtitle">October, 1847-July, 1848</span></h2> + + +<p>In the end peace came, for sooner or later it had to come; but nobody +could have imagined the extraordinary course of events that was to +bring it about, and for a long while it seemed impossible.</p> + +<p>All the men of sense in Mexico recognized that she had neither physical +nor moral strength enough to continue the struggle, but the majority +of the nation were not sensible. The old influences operated still. +Some could not forgive the outrages perpetrated by our volunteers; some +wished so lucrative a war to continue; some dreaded the demoralizing +effect of the millions coming from the United States, of which every +politician and every military chief were sure to want as much as +possible. Incorrigible vanity still ignored failures and offered +iridescent hopes. Pride revolted against making terms while the +invader’s foot pressed the sacred earth of the fatherland, and against +the inevitable surrender of territory. At least, said not a few, we +must wait until we make ourselves look formidable, so as to command +respect; and this meant indefinite postponement.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p>Our army still appeared insignificant; many of our troops were +deserting, and some of the generals hated one another. Most of the +people saw an American soldier or heard a word of English seldom, if at +all. Almost everything went on as before. The people confessed their +sins to the same priests, answered for their misdemeanors in the same +courts, bribed the same officials, paid taxes to the same embezzlers, +and were bullied by the same policemen in the same uniform. Evidently +the Americans dared not use their advantage. On the other hand they +were eager for peace. Doubtless they knew the war had few apologists in +the United States, thought<a class="pagenum" id="Page_234" title="234"></a> many, and realized that soon a change of +administration would end it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p>A large section of the Puro party—a section which may be called for +the present purpose Eventualists—felt, even though Santa Anna’s fall +had removed one great objection to peace, that it was highly desirable +to have the war continue until the old army should be virtually +exterminated, or desired that at least we should hold the country until +the military, clerical, political and social reforms desired by the +Puros could be effected and public tranquillity be ensured. A larger +number than ever craved annexation to the United States as the only +guaranty of order and prosperity; and still others dared not advocate +peace, lest they should be charged with lacking patriotism or touching +“foreign gold.” Besides, had not the government, since the fall of the +capital, announced that all damages resulting from hostilities would +have to be made good by the United States? That did not seem like +throwing up the sponge.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p>In addition to these embarrassments many facts appeared to show that +sensible, concerted action, even if generally desired, would be +impossible. Political organization seemed to be dissolving. News of +riots and insurrections came on every wind. Even the governor of México +state was made a prisoner by malcontents. Many believed with reason +that, like the Texas war, the present conflict had been used as a +pretext for official extortion, and refused to pay taxes. The central +government was regarded not infrequently as a common enemy. Unruly, +vicious, greedy men—especially the unpaid army officers—plotted +incessantly. Signs pointed to Indian uprisings, which the presence of +the Americans encouraged. State decrees against an ignominious peace, +and state governments that had not experienced the ills of invasion, +barred the way of negotiation.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p>Secessions looked highly probable. The Coalition of Lagos agitated +constantly. The legally obliterated state of Aguas Calientes threatened +to take up arms. Zacatecas made trouble about internal affairs. The +Eventualists, or a large part of them, felt ready to smash the federal +union into bits. The monarchists labored, not without success, to +prove that a European king and European troops could save the nation. +The Santannistas hoped to make the Prince of Spoilers dictator.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_235" title="235"></a> +Many of the Puros felt ready to join them in order to regain a share +of the power, and a dull, subterranean rumbling satisfied not a few +that Santa Anna would soon be supreme. Almonte, the implacable foe of +peace, though now regarded by nearly every one as a cunning, selfish +adventurer, seemed to many a useful tool; and his Presidential hopes +found strong support.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p>Among the Americans officers pessimism reigned. In point of time, wrote +the commanding general, we may not be half through the war. Bankhead +could observe no sign of peace. “Mexico is an ugly enemy. She will +not fight—and will not treat,” said Webster. The venerable Albert +Gallatin, scanning the horizon from his watchtower, discovered “hardly +any hope” that peace would be concluded by Polk’s administration. With +the capture of Mexico City the real difficulties of the Americans +begin, thought <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Correspondant</cite> of Paris; and the London <cite>Times</cite> +declared that we should have to drop the war or annex a country that +would cost us more than its value.</p> + +<p class="sidenote">PEACE NEGOTIATIONS REOPENED</p> + +<p>The conditions threatened a long, expensive, demoralizing occupation +of Mexico, leading almost inevitably to either our absorbing millions +of undesirable aliens or our becoming involved in a general state +of irritation and hostility liable to end in a national outburst of +hatred and fury against us. To avoid these deplorable alternatives +Polk thought of practically setting up a government with which to make +peace. But such an organization—even if really feasible, which Polk +himself doubted—would have required protection for a length of time +that no one could forecast, would very likely have ended in the same +dilemma as undisguised occupation, and, if at all successful, might +have given the world a pretext for saddling Mexico’s future upon us. +How to escape from the predicament Polk and his advisers discussed +anxiously but without success.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>President Peña y Peña, however, supported by his Cabinet, by a group of +true, honest patriots and by the Moderado party in general, determined +to end the war; and Trist, who understood their sentiments, reopened +the subject on the twentieth of October. Within a fortnight he was +informed that Mexico desired peace, and would appoint commissioners in +a few days. November 2 Congress met. Letters in favor of concluding +the hostilities poured in upon the members and had their effect. The +Puro-Santannista league attacked the government promptly<a class="pagenum" id="Page_236" title="236"></a> on the ground +of remissness in conducting the war, but a resolution calling upon the +ministry to state what military steps it had taken failed by more than +two to one. Senator Otero offered a motion, forbidding the authorities +to consider the cession of any territory held without question by +Mexico before the war; but this was rejected, to the surprise of all, +by a vote of 46 to 29. Señor del Rio then summoned the administration +to state whether negotiations with Trist had been resumed, and he also +went down.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>On the eleventh came the election of an interim President, and again +the peace party triumphed. The opposition—which had found Almonte +too unpopular, especially among the Santannistas—gave their votes +to Cumplido, on the basis of an understanding that Santa Anna should +neither be reinstated nor be put on trial, but Anaya was chosen by 42 +against 31. About a week later the representatives of seven states met +at Querétaro by invitation of the government, and after a desultory but +illuminating discussion of nearly ten days agreed, with the exception +of San Luis Potosí, to support a movement for peace. Even the war party +felt the strength of the current.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>Some action in that sense looked almost sure; and, as a new Congress +was expected to assemble at the beginning of the year, the present +members, partly in consequence of intrigues and partly from a fear +of responsibility, slipped away in such numbers as to conclude the +session, leaving the government a free field. The opposition then +came to a head in an insurrection at Querétaro. But Anaya brought +out artillery and some reliable troops, particularly 200 American +deserters, and announced that he would not only fight in deadly earnest +but make examples of the chief rebels. To the insurgents these ideas +were novel and shocking, and they declined to play the game out. The +road to peace then seemed to be open.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">TRIST RECALLED</p> + +<p>But the marplot had been at work. Finding he could not control Scott’s +policy with reference to the armistice and probably wishing to +undermine the general-in-chief, Pillow had written to the President. +Exactly what he said cannot be stated, but probably he described the +armistice as a gross blunder, and accused our peace commissioner of +acting as a tool of Scott for the injury of Polk’s friends—especially +Pillow; and on October 4 Polk ordered the recall of Trist. In his +despatch Buchanan in<a class="pagenum" id="Page_237" title="237"></a>timated that our envoy’s presence might encourage +the Mexicans to insist upon insulting terms, like those tendered +by them on September 6, and—probably with a view to hardening our +conditions—announced that Mexico must sue for peace at Washington. +By the twenty-first came news that Scott had entered the capital, and +that Trist had fallen short of obedience by intimating that possibly +we might not insist upon the Rio Grande line. Polk’s feelings grew hot +as he reflected, and on the twenty-fifth a special messenger set out +with a reprimand and a repetition of the order to leave Mexico. Both +despatches reached their destination on the same day, November 16.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>On receiving them Trist decided to inform the Mexican authorities of +his recall and go home at the first opportunity. Indeed it seemed to +him the best policy to return and lay before his government some of the +information it lacked. But a special escort could not be spared, and, +as no train was to go down until December 4, he could be deliberate. +By Thornton, therefore, who was temporarily in charge of the British +legation and set out for Querétaro the next day, he sent merely an +informal notice of what had occurred, with a request that some proposal +be sent on to Polk. By the day Thornton arrived (November 21) Mexican +peace commissioners had been appointed; and Peña, minister of relations +under the interim government, listened to his news with signs of +emotion painful to witness. No Mexican felt ready to sue for peace at +Washington, and Polk’s demand signified the failure and political ruin +of the peace men.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>Peña took the ground that Trist’s proposal to reopen the negotiations +bound his government, and implored the chargé to urge upon him the +sincerity and the difficulties of the Mexican authorities. He also +begged Thornton for an intimation, to be used against the war party, +that England could not be counted upon for assistance; and the chargé +complied promptly with both requests. Fortified also by the action of +Congress and the sentiment of the governors, and believing that in view +of Mexico’s present attitude the United States would shortly cancel its +orders of recall, Peña then officially notified Trist that negotiators +had been appointed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>Our commissioner now found himself in a most extraordinary position. +Buchanan’s letters of recall proved that peace was desired and the +situation misunderstood by our Executive, but<a class="pagenum" id="Page_238" title="238"></a> these facts could not +obliterate certain others. Trist was not merely a private citizen but +a discharged official under the frown of his government. Dealings with +Peña could be described as traitorous. A warning against confidence in +Mexican pretences and a notice that harder terms would now be exacted +by the United States had been served upon him; and what those terms +would be he could only imagine. Yet he fully believed in the sincerity +of Peña and his associates. Thornton confirmed this opinion, and +adjured him to improve the opportunity. No one on the ground could see +any other way to peace. General Scott favored negotiating and probably +expressed the opinion to Trist, as to Mexicans, that, should he make +a treaty, it would be accepted by the United States. But on him, +Nicholas P. Trist alone, it depended to say whether two nations were to +be miserable or happy, to keep on cutting at each other’s throats or +enjoy the blessings of peace; and on him it rested to assume, should +he take humanity and patriotism for guides, a most arduous task at the +gravest personal risk and with no substantial profit in view. At noon +on December 4 he decided aright, and it was a truly noble act.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>Trist now had it intimated to the Mexican commissioners, that if they +were disposed to accept a boundary line traced up the Rio Grande to +thirty-two degrees of latitude and thence west, he would meet them +privately to make further arrangements. The outcome was a strong +recommendation from the Mexican commissioners, presented and urged by +Thornton, that Peña consent. Peña did so; but he pointed out that it +would be necessary to defer action until the new Senate should confirm +the nomination of the commissioners. Encouraged, however, by advices +from Thornton, Trist revoked his official notice that Polk had recalled +him, and waited, with feelings that can be imagined, for the waters to +move.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE PEACE NEGOTIATIONS</p> + +<p>The negotiations stood in fact at a graver crisis than he thought. +News that leading Whigs talked of settling with Mexico on terms far +easier than Trist proposed caused hesitation at Querétaro, and fresh +hopes of English assistance had a still greater effect. But fortunately +Doyle arrived at this juncture to take charge of the British legation, +and promptly directed Thornton to state that nothing more than good +offices could be expected of his government. The support of these<a class="pagenum" id="Page_239" title="239"></a> +British diplomats, one at the capital and the other at Querétaro, +proved most helpful; but then came Polk’s Message, which encouraged +the Eventualists by saying that, should Mexico continue the war, our +protection might be given to any party able and willing to set up a +republican government and make peace. Trist grew more and more anxious, +and on the day after Christmas expressed his desire to proceed. +In consequence of Doyle’s attitude all Mexican scruples about the +confirmation of the commissioners vanished. On January 1 their full +“powers” reached the capital; and, beginning on the second, Couto, +Cuevas and Atristain met there secretly with Trist almost every day. +Rincón, the other member of the board, did not serve.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Trist was prepared to stimulate his colleagues with news that a +sentiment in favor of pushing the war through without delay had now +become pronounced in the United States. At the same time his letter +of September 7 provided them with a most convenient position, for it +maintained that all the districts now held by American troops were ours +by right of conquest, and that by accepting our terms Mexico, instead +of selling lands and population, would recover a large amount of both. +He gave them, too, an agreeable surprise by proposing substantially the +same terms as during the armistice.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.10">[10]</a></p> + +<p>They for their part knew California and all of Texas were lost; +but their instructions were exacting, and they struggled for all +conceivable advantages. Foreign arbitration and a European guaranty of +the boundary were promptly demanded, and were as promptly refused. It +was proposed that on the signing of the treaty all American forces in +the country should retire to within fifty leagues of the coast; but +this and other unreasonable conditions met the same fate. Anticipating +sharp and captious criticism from opposing lawyers in Congress, the +Mexicans devoted the most wearisome care to phraseology. Cordiality +prevailed, however. Trist’s good-will, self-sacrifice and courtesy +received full recognition, and he seems to have been rather intimate +with Couto, the ablest of his colleagues. Doyle and Thornton, though +always respecting the line of strict neutrality, assisted materially in +removing difficulties.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.10">[10]</a></p> + +<p>Trist felt intensely anxious to save time, and for good reasons. +Orders might arrive any day—and eventually did arrive—making it +absolutely impossible for him to act as an American<a class="pagenum" id="Page_240" title="240"></a> representative. +Scott was placed by his orders under a military obligation to drive the +government from Querétaro, and though he granted a <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">de facto</em> truce, +thinly disguised by occupying a few places and intimating a desire for +new instructions, a positive despatch might at any hour end that state +of things.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Yet day after day passed. The Mexican government and commissioners +felt obliged to stick at everything and to confer often by letter. +January 8 Anaya’s term expired by limitation; and, as Congress had not +assembled, his predecessor became once more the provisional executive. +Four days later an abortive insurrection at San Luis Potosí frightened +the timid Peña nearly out of his wits, for it seemed like the prologue +of a revolution, and he demanded that before signing a treaty he should +have sufficient American funds to provide adequate support against +malcontents; but at length his commissioners, insisting that such a +proposal would be indecorous, eliminated this difficulty. Finally the +government stopped short at the financial consideration. It asked for +thirty millions, and our commissioner, in view of the expenses already +caused by the protraction of the war, would give but fifteen. On the +twenty-ninth of January, therefore, Trist, in very considerate but very +positive language, officially declared the negotiation ended.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">A TREATY SIGNED</p> + +<p>By arrangement, however, Doyle informed the Mexican commissioners that +enough time to communicate once more with Querétaro would be given. +Through the same channel they received a hint from Scott, that he +would protect the authorities against the dreaded revolution, should a +treaty be signed, but would otherwise have to dislodge the government, +and thenceforth hunt it like a deer on the mountain. Doyle talked with +British directness and good sense. The commissioners brought all this +pressure to bear on their government. It yielded; and, on the second +of February, at the suburb of Guadalupe Hidalgo, seat of the most +venerated shrine in Mexico, in the profound secrecy that had shrouded +all these negotiations, the treaty was at last signed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>By its terms Mexico appeared to sacrifice, independently of Texas, +an immense area; but she really suffered little, for she had no +grip—and deserved to have none—upon California and New Mexico. +Indeed she had found those distant regions merely embarrassing. Nor +did she really cede any territory.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_241" title="241"></a> As Trist contended and our Supreme +Court has in effect decided, the only cession was that made by the +United States in surrendering districts then in our hands. Our real +title was conquest—conquest from those who had taken the country by +conquest from its conquerors. What Mexico granted us was peace and an +acknowledgement of our title. In return we gave her not only peace, +which meant vastly more to Mexico than to us, but extensive lands, the +renunciation of all American claims antedating the treaty, and fifteen +million dollars in money—a wealth of gold that her treasury had never +seen before. On both sides the treaty conferred benefits; on our part +it was magnanimous; and to settle the matter in this way gave the +United States a feeling of satisfaction worth all it cost.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.13">[13]</a></p> + +<div class="figcenter"> + <a id="i026" /> + <img src="images/i026.jpg" width="500" height="404" alt="XXX" /> + <div class="caption">TERRITORY ACQUIRED FROM MEXICO</div> +</div> + +<p>The wish of the Mexican government had been to open the peace +negotiations by making an armistice. To the Americans this could offer +little advantage, for the only enemies they now had to fear were +guerillas, and these recognized no laws. To Peña, on the other hand, it +meant security from hostile expeditions, larger revenues, diminished +expenses, Congressional elec<a class="pagenum" id="Page_242" title="242"></a>tions in the territory under American +control, and hence the political support of those who felt the burdens +of war. But Scott, while ready to grant a virtual immunity from attack +during the negotiations, was neither authorized nor willing to sign an +armistice at that stage; and to have done so, indicating that peace was +contemplated, would have endangered the plans of the Mexican government +itself. In order, however, to bring about the execution of the treaty +our commissioner had to demand of Scott a pledge that he would send out +no more expeditions until new instructions, issued after the arrival +of the treaty at Washington, should reach him. In short, he requested +the General to disregard the orders of a government eager to put him +in the wrong; and Scott, placing the public weal above all personal +considerations, promptly consented.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>The second article of the treaty provided expressly for a suspension +of hostilities, and in view of its previous anxiety to obtain that +concession, the Mexican government was expected to act in the matter +at once; but it procrastinated so much as to excite suspicions of +bad faith at the American headquarters. This conduct, however, was +merely owing to its constitutional apathy; and on the twenty-second +of February, 1848, Generals Mora and Quijano opened negotiations with +Worth and Smith at the capital. True to the Mexican practice, followed +on almost every occasion since the first of our dealings with Mexico, +they began with what Doyle fairly characterized as “exorbitant” +demands. For example, they asked for the evacuation of the capital, +Puebla, Jalapa and Vera Cruz, and for concessions incompatible with the +treaty of peace itself.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>But Worth and Smith, assuming promptly a just and firm attitude, as +our civil officials ought to have done from the beginning, refused to +consider such demands, and the Mexicans then withdrew them. Everything +within reason, however, was granted. Doyle called the armistice, +indeed, “very favourable” to the weaker side, and the ratification of +it on March 4 and 5 by the Mexican and American commanders-in-chief +supplemented happily the treaty of peace. Not only that, but it +stopped for the time being every attempt at revolt, for under one +of the articles insurgents were to be opposed by the armies of both +nations. Paredes and Almonte found it wise to be quiet, and—as we have +observed—Santa Anna sailed away.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_243" title="243"></a></p> +<p class="sidenote">AMERICAN IDEAS ABOUT MEXICO</p> + +<p>The treaty, conveyed with extraordinary speed, reached the White +House on February the nineteenth, but whether it did well to arrive +so soon—or even to arrive at all—appeared extremely doubtful. As we +have learned, a strong appetite for territory had existed in the United +States before the war, and Mexico had looked inviting. In January, +1846, Baker of Illinois suggested in Congress the absorption of that +country. By the following July a somewhat organized annexation party +existed at New York, and later Senator Dickinson became its champion. +The wish to acquire soon became strong. Perhaps Moses Y. Beach visited +Mexico in this cause. Certainly Mrs. Storms, who accompanied him, +worked actively for it, and his paper ardently recommended annexation +as not only advantageous for the United States but sure to benefit +Mexico.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>Other papers warmly took up this idea, arguing that Providence called +upon us to regenerate her decadent population. “The Spanish have ceased +to rule in Mexico,” announced the <cite>Democratic Review</cite> as its watchword +in February, 1847. Secessionists like Simms of South Carolina thought +the proposed confederacy would need that country to give it bulk; and +by a different route Senator Hannegan of Indiana, representing the +strong expansionist sentiment of the West, arrived at the same point of +view in regard to annexing Mexico.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>The recall of Trist, which seemed to give the United States a free +hand, and also the plan to extend our occupation of her territory, +which logically pointed that way, strongly promoted the idea, for +besides the obvious tendency of these measures they were supposed to +mean that Polk had that end in view. The attitude of men high in the +administration circle produced a similar effect. Bancroft held that we +should “rescue a large part of Mexico from anarchy.” Cass used language +that suggested rescuing the whole, and followers of his talked that way +explicitly. Apparently he thought he could win the next Presidential +election on this issue; and the war party at his back offered Mexico +as a reward for supporting its views. Buchanan, at first opposed to +the acquisition of any territory, trimmed his sails to the rising +breeze, and wrote that if Mexico did not conclude the war, it would be +necessary for us to “fulfill the destiny” assigned to us by Providence. +Walker, who knew<a class="pagenum" id="Page_244" title="244"></a> more about the far southwest than any other man at +Washington, favored annexation strongly, and even tried to drag the +subject into his annual report. Indeed, the financial editor of the New +York <cite>Herald</cite> saw in him the regenerator of Mexico; and very likely he +himself, as head of the treasury, dreamed of winning immense economic +triumphs in that field.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.16">[16]</a></p> + +<p>Soon after 1848 came in, the annexation cause began to put on a bold +front. Naturally the younger element in the party and the country +felt inclined to take it up. Crocodile tears were shed over the “poor +foundling”—though a future heiress—placed by Divine Providence at our +threshold. The danger that England or France might ravish it away from +us came to the fore. Conquest was pronounced in the Senate a legitimate +method of expansion. Orators in both Houses pointed more plainly toward +an extension at the cost of Mexico. Declarations in the contrary +sense indicated the force of the current. Senator Niles believed that +substantially all of the Democrats among his colleagues would fall in +with the plan. Enthusiastic citizens acclaimed it. Speculators fancied +it would help their schemes in various ways. Capitalists believed that +by stimulating enterprise it would enlarge and continue the demand for +money. Manufacturers and high tariff men argued that it would increase +the national expenses and therefore the duties. Army officers could +see a wide field for them; and the opponents of slavery, led by the +<cite>National Era</cite>, felt that Mexican plantations would draw away the +negroes—now understood to be unprofitable—of Kentucky, Tennessee and +Virginia. Public meetings became excited on the subject. The country is +going mad for Mexico, inferred Buchanan; and Walker believed that only +a systematic newspaper agitation was needed to ensure success.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE QUESTION BEFORE POLK</p> + +<p>Polk moved in the same direction. In September, 1847, he concluded +that, should the war continue, he might demand Tamaulipas and the +line of thirty-one degrees, and reduce the compensation to fifteen +millions; and before the end of January, 1848, he felt inclined to +throw aside entirely the terms offered through Trist. Besides, he +loathed the treaty on account of the man who made it and the man who +gave assistance. After his recall, considering himself a private +citizen, Trist reported with a free hand, criticising the President’s +recent Message as<a class="pagenum" id="Page_245" title="245"></a> encouraging the Eventualists, and expressing his +opinions on the business without much reserve. Naturally Polk the +Mediocre, guided by Pillow the Cunning, totally misconceived the spirit +of Trist and Scott. In his eyes they had contrived a wicked political +“conspiracy” against Him, His administration, His party and His Pillow. +Both had proved “utterly unworthy,” and on January 25 the “arrogant, +impudent” and “very base” Trist was ordered to leave headquarters. To +accept, approve, endorse, recommend and support the work of such a +scoundrel seemed impossible.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>But Polk had professed to be considerate and forbearing toward our +erring sister, and to seek only redress, indemnity, security and +peace. His terms had been officially stated; and while his Message of +December, 1847, had suggested that a continuance of the war might be +expected to modify them, no real fighting had occurred since then, +and—although Polk had known for about six weeks that negotiations +on virtually the old basis were afoot—no modification of them had +been announced. That Message had expressly disclaimed all thought of +making “a permanent conquest” of Mexico; and on the fourth of this +very February Sevier, chairman of the committee on foreign relations, +had stated in the Senate that Polk was anxious for peace, desired only +indemnity, and wanted to preserve Mexican nationality.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>Trist had substantially embodied Polk’s terms in the treaty, and had +even anticipated his thought of reducing the compensation. Congress +had voted men and money on the basis of Polk’s professions and terms; +and, should he now raise his demands, all his enemies would say their +charges of greed, falsehood, injustice, o’ervaulting ambition and +bloodthirsty wickedness had been proved. Hostilities might continue, +the Whigs might carry the election, the war might end in disaster and +ignominy, and all the gains now embodied in the treaty might be lost. +Even should these perils be avoided, it seemed extremely doubtful +whether Mexico would ever accept by treaty a more encroaching boundary, +and quite possible that an endeavor to obtain it would open a long +vista of expenses, guerilla warfare, foreign complications and Heaven +only knew what. Extension toward the south was liable to kindle the +fires of an anti-slavery agitation and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_246" title="246"></a> perhaps disrupt the Union. The +treaty and the victories that it consummated meant enough glory for any +President. Finally, Polk, now moving about with dragging steps, dry, +brown face, gray hair and sunken eyes, perhaps felt weary of battling +both abroad and at home; and at the very least, should he endorse +this paper and lay it before the Senate, his responsibility would +cease.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>Buchanan and Walker opposed the treaty; but the former, as well as +Polk himself, recognized that any personal misconduct of Trist, a mere +agent of the Executive, had no proper bearing on the question. The rest +of the Secretaries favored placing the document before the Senate. +On February 22, after full debates in the Cabinet, Polk did this, +recommending by implication the acceptance of it; and so a paper which +had been simply a memorandum drawn up by a private American citizen +and several Mexicans holding official positions, became a real treaty, +merely awaiting confirmation.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>Among the Senators the treaty met with jeers and scowls. “Great +Jehovah!” exclaimed Lieutenant W. T. Sherman on learning its terms; it +is “just such a one as Mexico would have imposed on us had she been +the conqueror”; and so thought a number of the Senators. It is a mere +piece of waste paper, cried many; the impudent, perhaps traitorous, +work of a discredited agent, whom the President had ordered out of +Mexico; and it would be undignified, ridiculous, degrading, to accept +such a thing. The war party opposed it. The annexationists opposed it. +The no-territory men opposed it. The Little Unionists, who thought +the country too big already, opposed it. Not a few hated to think of +letting Polk elude them so easily.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>But suddenly the head of John Quincy Adams, as he sat in the House, +dropped. He was borne to the Speaker’s room. “This is the last of +earth; I am content,” murmured the venerable statesman. For two days +he lingered, unconscious; and then he passed away. This tragic event +had a deep effect. There fell a hush, as when snow descends upon the +city pavement. The sessions of Congress were suspended. Senators were +prevented from announcing their positions hastily. And when discussion +began once more, it was resumed with a new feeling of seriousness, a +new sense of responsibility.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE TREATY BEFORE THE SENATE</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_247" title="247"></a>If the President could put up with Trist and his work, surely the +Senate could, one began to think; and in every way Polk’s virtual +endorsement gave the paper enough respectability. Politics played a +leading rôle in almost every mind, but after a little it seemed like +bad strategy to vote against the glory and the territory ensured by its +terms. The committee on foreign relations, which decided to throw the +treaty aside and send an “imposing” commission to do the work over, +dropped the scheme when Polk told them bluntly this would be “worse +than an idle ceremony.” Benton, thoroughly angry at the administration +because Frémont, his son-in-law, had been condemned for insubordination +in California; Berrien, wedded to his “no-territory” idea; Corwin, +anxious perhaps to have more Americans find hospitable graves in +Mexico; Webster, who asserted that California and New Mexico were “not +worth a dollar”; and certain other Senators, committed for this or that +reason, were beyond argument; but all their hopes failed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>The deep current set against them. “What better can we do?” became an +unanswerable argument for the treaty. The people wanted peace. They +desired no more bloodshed, no more costs. One could not be sure of +obtaining another treaty from chaotic Mexico, or sure that any treaty +differing from the present one could have as good a chance in the +American Senate. To reject the work of Trist was understood more and +more clearly to involve, perhaps, not only interminable fighting, but +a train of moral, political, industrial, commercial and financial ills +of which no one could see the end. Already enough generals had built up +reputations, thought many of the politicians. It would be of priceless +advantage, urged some of the finer men, to supplement our military +triumphs with a great act of magnanimity. By March 7 ratification, +which had been for a time extremely doubtful, appeared probable. +Houston of Texas, a leading opponent, concluded to visit New Hampshire. +And on the tenth by 38 against 14—a narrow margin, since a majority of +two-thirds was requisite—the treaty won. A transfer of four votes from +the affirmative to the negative would have defeated it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>There were a few amendments. Article X, which might have revived +extinct Mexican claims to lands in Texas now occupied by <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">bona fide</em> +settlers, went overboard at once. The<a class="pagenum" id="Page_248" title="248"></a> provision of security for the +Roman Catholic church in the acquired territory (Art. IX) fell out as +unnecessary, as reflecting on the good faith of the United States, +as suggesting government interference with religious affairs in this +country, and as tending to confirm the Mexican pretence that we +entertained hostile feelings toward that communion. The Senate refused +to agree that California and New Mexico should be made into states +“as soon as possible” (Art. IX), regarding that as a step to be taken +with deliberation, and only when, in the judgment of Congress, all the +prerequisites of statehood should exist. Instead of allowing Mexico +to choose between payment by instalments and payment in securities +convertible at once into cash (Art. XII) it was decided to offer +only the former method, as a veiled hint that an infraction of the +treaty would cause a suspension of the instalments. Another amendment +permitted the Indians to have firearms, which, as they lived by the +chase, had to be done. A further modification, intended to hasten +the conclusion of peace, authorized the exchange of ratifications at +Querétaro whenever Mexico should accept the amended treaty; and it was +also provided by the Senate that evacuation could then begin. Finally a +secret article, which permitted Mexico to consummate the ratification +of the agreement at any time within eight months, instead of the four +months of Article XXIII, was cancelled, because it seemed to encourage +procrastination, and allow her time to escape from the treaty, while +compelling us to bear great expenses. But none of these changes touched +the essentials.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.23">[23]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE TREATY IN MEXICO</p> + +<p>It now became necessary to have some one explain the amended treaty to +Mexico, bring about her acceptance of it, and, should it be confirmed, +exchange the ratifications. This gave Polk a chance to prove himself a +large man. Scott, though not without serious grounds of offence against +Hitchcock, Harney and Quitman, had forgiven and honored them, because +they deserved well of the country. Trist, the bringer of peace, the +negotiator of its terms, high in the favor of the Mexican government, +and able to exert much influence on the Mexican Congress, deserved +the appointment. If the treaty represented a great national service +and had merit enough to be accepted, its maker had merit enough to be +recognized. But the President was only Polk the Mediocre after all. +His plumage had<a class="pagenum" id="Page_249" title="249"></a> been ruffled; and instead of giving Trist this high +and lucrative post, he relegated the peacemaker to a dishonorable +oblivion, and would not even pay him for the time actually spent in the +negotiations. To think that a President of the United States could be +so small!<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.24">[24]</a></p> + +<p>Aside from this petty meanness and spite, however, Polk selected a +man worthy, both personally and officially, of the position. This was +Sevier, chairman of the Senate committee of foreign relations and +leading champion of the treaty in that body. Then, as Sevier became +suddenly though temporarily ill and no delay could be risked, Clifford, +the attorney general, was appointed associate commissioner with +equal powers; and eventually the two—both arriving at Mexico by the +fifteenth of April—acted in concert.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.24">[24]</a></p> + +<p>Mexico now became the scene of action again. February 6 the government +announced what had been done about peace. Knowing how loud an outcry +had been raised against even considering a treaty, one can imagine what +occurred, now that a treaty had been made. The old objections were +reiterated. Trist’s lack of authority was dwelt upon. Secret, despotic, +illegal, treasonable, shameful, ruinous, were a few of the everyday +epithets that bombarded the government. It had no power to alienate +Mexican territory. It should have waited for the American friends of +peace to act. Even “the sepulchral comfort” of temporary subjugation +was described as preferable to such a peace. “Approval of the treaty,” +exclaimed Rejón, “is the political death of the Republic.” Another +insurrection broke out at San Luis Potosí, and all the comandantes +general were notified to expect revolts.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p>The peace men, however, stood firm. Honor has been saved, they +insisted. The United States has recognized Mexico as an independent +nation. There has been no suing for terms at Washington. Territory has +been regained, not sold. To speak properly, indeed, this is a “treaty +of restitution”; fifteen millions are to be paid for injuries done +us; the territory acquired by the United States costs her more dearly +than Louisiana; and full rights have been secured for all Mexicans +adopted by another government. Whatever harshness can be found in the +conditions is due to the circumstances, not the government. War has +no respect for justice. Besides, in case of need a nation,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_250" title="250"></a> like an +individual, may find amputation expedient, and be the stronger for it. +Above all, the administration has merely done its duty in treating +according to its best judgment. It has determined nothing, settled +nothing. The facts of the case will be laid before Congress, and the +representatives of the people shall decide.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p>Here, then, came the real crisis: would Congress ratify the treaty? At +Washington, in spite of some encouraging reports, the impression gained +ground that it would not. The amendments appeared to cause little +excitement, but they were not the real issues. Opponents of peace had +the speeches of American statesmen printed, and hawked them about the +streets. Prudent Mexicans demanded an end of the uncertainty, disorder +and chaos that was paralyzing the country; but so had they always +demanded it. The government exhibited little activity, while the Puros +and the friends of Santa Anna did not sleep. The especially important +elections in the occupied territory did not end until April 23, and +by that date one could see that something else was to be feared even +more than opposition. As on every other occasion demanding a patriotic +stand, most of the decent men felt afraid to assume responsibility. +Another difficulty was that money for their travelling expenses had +customarily been advanced to the members by the government, and now +it had no money for the purpose. Finally, however, said an American +who did not precisely understand the affair, merchants at the capital +subscribed a large sum to hunt up the Congress and feed it long +enough to ratify the treaty; severer measures also were taken to +ensure attendance; and early in May a quorum of shaking legislators +convened.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>In opening Congress Peña stated the grand question ably. Honor, union, +independence and the hope of national prosperity and felicity have been +saved, he pointed out; the United States made the proposals, and Mexico +has obtained all the advantages possible under the circumstances; we +have given up some territory, but the foremost nations of the world +have done the same at one time or another; every one sees that we +should have adjusted our difficulties in 1845, but it is now possible +once more to settle them, and the opportunity to do so should not +again be lost. The ministers of war and finance presented statements +proving the impossibility of continuing the war successfully,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_251" title="251"></a> and the +peace commissioners justified the terms of the treaty. The prospect +of recovering the Mexican customhouses and receiving the American +millions looked highly attractive. No less telling, doubtless, were +the preparations of the United States to resume hostilities with fresh +energy, and to tax Mexico rigorously. The most efficient American army +that had yet been seen in the country awaited Butler’s orders, and +large reinforcements had been voted by Congress. No responsible men in +their senses could resist such arguments. The treaty, as amended by +the American Senate, was promptly ratified, and by June 9 Washington +had the news. With all speed it ran from city to city, from town to +town, from vale to vale; and everywhere it was greeted with quiet but +heartfelt rejoicings.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.27">[27]</a></p> + +<p>By an arrangement already made, Sevier and Clifford, after learning +what had been done by the Mexican Congress, proceeded to the seat of +government. It was a tiresome journey of about 145 miles; but at last, +from the summit of a high ridge, they saw domes and spires two miles +or so distant, glittering on a low eminence in a fine valley, which +was enclosed by parallel ranges of mountains. The town was Querétaro; +and on May the twenty-sixth, in the President’s rather plain reception +room, dignified with crimson curtains and with chairs of state, +Clifford presented their credentials.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.28">[28]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE TREATY RATIFIED BY MEXICO</p> + +<p>Peña, tall and benign though sadly worn, Rosa, the minister of +relations, rather short and swarthy but with large, thoughtful eyes +lighting up his countenance, and Anaya, the minister of war, tall and +gaunt, with high cheek bones and a face of Indian stolidity, received +them with all due courtesy. “Sister republics, may the two countries +ever maintain the most friendly relations,” was the American greeting; +and Peña replied, “As the head of this nation, I desire nothing more +ardently than that our treaty may prove the immutable basis of that +constant harmony and good understanding which should prevail sincerely +between the two republics.” Conversations and formalities ensued, and +on May 30 an exchange of the ratifications concluded this momentous +business.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.28">[28]</a></p> + +<p>In the execution of the treaty a few misunderstandings arose, but none +of serious importance; and the minister of relations attested the +good faith of the United States.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.29">[29]</a> Orders for the evacuation of +Mexican territory were promptly given to our<a class="pagenum" id="Page_252" title="252"></a> commanders in the various +fields of operation, and were promptly obeyed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.30">[30]</a> Even before the +last formalities occurred, in fact, Butler called in his outposts, and +as the sun rose on the twelfth of June it shone upon the arms of his +rejoicing troops, drawn up—facing the palace—in the grand plaza of +the capital. Housetops, balconies and the near streets were full, but +perfect order and stillness prevailed except for the sharp commands of +our officers. Thirty guns saluted the American banner on the palace, +and then it was lowered. The Mexican flag took its place on the staff +and received the same honors. An American band struck up gaily. The +unconquered ranks wheeled, marched and left the city. Herrera, the new +President, returned to the chair from which Paredes had ejected him, +and the proud capital rejoiced to be free once more. But it rejoiced +soberly. “I question,” said U. S. Grant, “whether the great majority +of the Mexican people did not regret our departure as much as they had +regretted our coming.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.31">[31]</a></p> + +<p>The plan of evacuation was to let the troops wait near Jalapa until +transports could be provided and their baggage go aboard, and then +march to the unhealthy coast and sail away as quickly as possible. For +some time General Smith had now been making preparations at Vera Cruz +with his characteristic efficiency; and soon the army, the sick, the +wounded and the many who attended to their needs, took ship rapidly +for New Orleans. By the twelfth of July more than 25,000 embarked, and +on the last day of the month all the fortifications of Vera Cruz and +frowning Ulúa, the symbol of Mexican pride, were given up. Stirred by +feelings deep and strong, the departing soldiers looked round them +with a farewell gaze—at the low white walls, at the exotic vegetation +that had now come to be familiar, and at the gleaming, snowy peak of +Orizaba, towering above its belt of dark evergreens. They had trodden +the soil of that wonderful country with the stern, proud foot of the +conqueror, but they now left it full of sympathy and good wishes; and +one of the number put his feelings into terse and soldierlike rhymes:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="line">“The stranger parting from the shore,</div> + <div class="line">Thy glories to behold no more,</div> + <div class="line">Bids thee farewell with swelling heart</div> + <div class="line">As his swift bark leaps o’er the sea,</div> + <div class="line">And, as the truant tear-drops start,</div> + <div class="line">Prays God that thou mayst yet be free.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N32.32">[32]</a></div> + </div> +</div> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXXIII" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_253" title="253"></a><span class="subtitle">XXXIII</span><br /> + THE FINANCES OF THE WAR<br /> + <span class="subtitle">1846–1848</span></h2> + + +<p>Mexico, as we have learned, entered upon the contest with neither money +nor revenues nor credit. From nothing, nothing comes; and many supposed +she was too poor to fight. But she did fight—or at least men fought in +her name—and one cannot help asking how they contrived to do so. In +full the question cannot be answered, but some of the facts lie within +our view, and these are not only valuable in themselves but highly +suggestive.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p>Aside from loans, the income of the government in 1844 was figured +roughly as follows: import duties, seven million dollars; duties on +commerce in the interior, four and a quarter millions; profits from +the monopolies of the mints, tobacco, stamped paper, playing cards, +national lottery, post-office, etc., two and a quarter millions; +miscellaneous taxes and revenues, three millions; total, sixteen and +a half millions net. But the American blockade cut off nearly fifty +per cent of this income at one stroke; and not only our progressive +occupation of territory, but the dislike of the people for national +taxes, their growing dissatisfaction with Santa Anna’s régime, +and their increasing destitution caused a rapid shrinkage of the +residue.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p>It was proposed to contrive a general plan of taxation for the +emergency; but probably the interests principally threatened put a stop +to it, and at all events it mysteriously disappeared. The government +was given ample authority, but could do nothing. A war tax was laid on +house-rents, for example; but it could not be collected everywhere, and +probably its net proceeds amounted to little. In November, 1846, it was +decided to issue drafts for two millions, to be accepted by the clergy +and then purchased by designated citizens; but<a class="pagenum" id="Page_254" title="254"></a> the scheme, though +actually decreed, proved a failure, and the famous laws of January 11 +and February 4, 1847, were no more successful. June 17, 1847, a special +tax of one million was assessed upon the entire population; but only a +small fraction of this appears to have been paid. In November, 1847, +the government offered to deduct one half of the pending national taxes +levied before May 1, 1846, if citizens would pay them by February +1, 1848; and this indicates clearly how the people had been acting. +A few of the states, besides maintaining National Guards, erecting +fortifications and manufacturing cannon, remitted some cash to the +central government; but when we find the richest of them all, Mexico, +boasting that she had sent the insignificant sum of about $160,000, +we have reason to place a rather slight value upon this kind of +assistance. Moreover, accepted drafts on that state, payable in one, +two and three months, could not be sold—even at a discount.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>The clergy gave nominally a million and a half, but they appear to have +taken up indirectly, at a discount of forty per cent, the drafts of +which this donation consisted. Citizens provided a large part of the +new ordnance, but aside from this we hear of few substantial gifts. +Just after the battle of Molino del Rey, in order to obtain bread for +the army, the government requested the bakers of the capital to meet, +but only a part of them came. A “positive supreme order” then brought +them together, and they promised contributions; yet the promises were +not kept.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>Every possible effort was made to borrow. Once the treasury offered +a national loan of two and a half millions, but it fell flat in the +states that might have paid the most. Just before the battle of Cerro +Gordo there was a door-to-door canvass at Mexico; but only small sums +can have been picked up. About three months later the government +imposed a forced loan, of which more than $280,000 were assigned to +the capital; but the Mexicans had learned to evade such extortions, +and it proved hard to collect the allotted amounts. In July, 1847, +the British consul general, Mackintosh, loaned $600,000 in exchange +for the ratification of an arrangement negotiated with the British +bondholders. In four loans the clergy furnished some three millions, +all told. The President raised money, it was reported, on public and +private securities, sold bonds freely at very low<a class="pagenum" id="Page_255" title="255"></a> rates, and borrowed +in effect by giving contracts on terms favorable enough to make the +transactions worth while as gambling propositions. The principal mint, +for example, was turned over to the British consul general for a period +of ten years in February, 1847, in exchange for some $200,000 in cash +and a promise to pay one per cent on the amount coined; and on similar +principles arms and other necessaries were sometimes obtained.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>All of these financial operations were at least ostensibly lawful, but +Santa Anna did not pause here. Wherever money could be found, he seems +to have taken it, holding that the exigency outweighed all rights and +all pledges. Funds belonging to the tobacco revenue were illegally +seized, for instance; and a large sum due the Academy of Fine Arts +fell into this voracious maw. Not only cash but everything needed +for the army went the same way. At Jalapa early in April, 1847, for +example, all the owners of horses received orders to bring them in. +Grain, forage, lead, lumber, arms, ammunition, tools, cattle, mules and +laborers were taken by force; and sometimes military officers exhibited +the burglar’s predilection for a midnight hour. Here was a kind of +finance that saved the expenses of accounting, and without it even the +low cost of the Mexican soldier would not explain Santa Anna’s holding +out so long.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE AMERICAN FINANCIAL OUTLOOK</p> + +<p>The United States, happily, stood far above this level, but not so far +that probably mere good luck did not save us from grave trouble; and it +was easy to foresee many dangers—all the worse because they naturally +made capital timid—when the hostilities began. The total receipts of +the treasury for the fiscal year ending with June 30, 1845, were nearly +thirty millions and the ordinary expenditures $22,935,828. It was +estimated that during the next year the receipts would fall about three +millions, and Walker—allowing the munificent amounts of something more +than two and a half millions for the army and something less than five +for the navy—expected to reduce the total disbursements a little, +anticipating for the period ending with June, 1847, a further saving of +more than four millions. The receipts for July-September, 1845, proved +to be more than two millions below those of the corresponding months of +1844, and the customs income for the fiscal<a class="pagenum" id="Page_256" title="256"></a> year 1845–46 was $815,445 +less than for the preceding twelve-month. In a word, shrinking revenues +and curtailed outlays were the prospect.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>In this condition of things, not only had the unpredictable costs +and embarrassments of war to be faced, but those of war in a distant +land. Money was to be sent out of the country, never to return, and +the bills for supplies to be increased by the burdens of marine +transportation, insurance and losses; while risks from privateers and +European complication could be seen. Before such an outlook business +men shrank from large enterprises. People with money felt disposed to +keep it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>Where, then, were funds to come from? The currency had been inflated +by the paper issues of many banks. Stocks were selling far below the +prices of twelve months before. Even the business men who did not +endorse the tariff of 1842 had adjusted their affairs to it, and now +everybody understood that a new scale of duties, based upon free-trade +ideas, lay on the treasury anvil. Calls for the government funds held +and used by state depositories and for the specie of all the banks +were feared. The banks cannot support a loan, and even in peace our +capitalists have never done so, remarked the financial editor of the +New York <cite>Herald</cite>, probably the best newspaper authority.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>The government must look abroad, concluded the editor, and in Europe +no light could be seen. By 1842 our state debts, mostly held there, +had amounted to nearly $200,000,000. Mississippi, Michigan, Arkansas +and Florida sank in the mire of repudiation. Pennsylvania, Maryland, +Indiana, Illinois and Louisiana became delinquent. The bonds of South +Carolina fell below par. Missouri passed a stay law. Sidney Smith, when +he met a Pennsylvanian at dinner, felt like dividing the man’s raiment +among the British guests, most of whom, if not all, had probably +suffered by the “dishonor” of the state. Indeed, the bondholders were +disposed to throw off half of the interest rate, if our national +treasury would assume the debts; but a proposition to do this failed in +Congress.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>As early as 1841 even our six per cent national bonds would not sell in +Europe, though money commanded less than half as large a return there. +“Who will lend on American securities?” asked the London <cite>Spectator</cite> +the very month we began war upon Mexico. Our credit then grew worse +instead of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_257" title="257"></a> better. The war bill precipitated a panic in Wall Street, +and soon business in the west and south was described as prostrate. +Bad as such a financial outlook was in itself, too, it involved a +consequent ill. Evidently the administration would have to pinch; and, +as Madame de Sévigné once remarked, “There is nothing so expensive as +want of money.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>The Democrats, however, were committed against the protective tariff of +1842, now in force, and Polk as a party man felt that something must +be done about it. Walker no doubt shared this opinion; and, having +gained immense prestige in the south by his brilliant advocacy of the +annexation of Texas, he very likely hoped that by now carrying into +effect the fiscal ideas prevalent in that section, he might supplant +Calhoun. Probably, too, he sincerely believed in these ideas. To him +the existing scale of duties appeared to be the cause of the shrinking +revenues; and he stated boldly that war, which had been recognized for +some time as a possibility, “would create an increased necessity for +reducing our present high duties in order to obtain sufficient revenue +to meet increased expenditures.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">NEW FISCAL LAWS</p> + +<p>Soon after hostilities began, therefore, a tariff bill came before +Congress. It was bitterly and stubbornly fought. In the Senate its +defeat appeared sure; but Crittenden and Clayton, believing it could +only prove a discreditable failure, had a Whig support it in order +to gain party advantage at the expense of the nation, and by this +unworthy trick and the casting vote of the presiding officer it +passed. In company with it went a warehouse bill and the restoration +of the sub-treasury system, which divorced the government from the +banks, and required the treasury to accept and pay out only specie. +About the first of August, 1846, this entire system became law. “Our +administration seems enamoured of ruin, and woos calamity for itself,” +exclaimed the Whig <cite>North American</cite>; our credit is threatened by the +sub-treasury plan; our industries are deprived of protection; “while +an expensive war is eating out our vitals, our revenue is to be +diminished”; and a direct tax will have to be laid.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>The new tariff became effective on the first of December, 1846. As of +course importers waited for it, a lean period preceded that event, and +the heavy receipts that followed it,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_258" title="258"></a> providing Walker with an apt +retort, did not prevent the total for the year ending with June, 1847, +from coming short of his estimate by more than four millions. Without +waiting to acquire this unwelcome fact, however, the government found +itself compelled in June, 1846, to revise at a sharp angle upward its +predictions of the expenditures. Over and above their calculations +of the previous December the war and navy departments now called for +$23,952,904, which Polk informed Congress was “the largest amount +which any state of the service” would require up to July 1, 1847. +The secretary of the treasury had expected to find on July 1, 1847, +a surplus (virtually that estimated for the previous year minus half +a million) of at least $4,332,441, and had confidently hoped for a +substantial gain in revenue; but he admitted that it was now requisite, +since a working capital of four millions for the treasury and the +mints had to be kept on hand, to provide $12,586,406 of additional +income.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.10">[10]</a></p> + +<p>The proper method of handling our war finances was, in the first place, +to increase the existing taxes—not only to obtain funds promptly, +but as a firm support for the nation’s credit and a basis for those +temporary loans which are a wise expedient at the beginning of a war; +and Walker expected the proposed tariff to answer this purpose. But +the question how to raise these twelve and a half millions remained. +Excise and direct taxes, the administration believed, would not be +prompt enough, and would not seem to the public warranted by the +circumstances. It was therefore recommended to Congress that both +treasury notes and a loan should be resorted to; and on July 22, 1846, +without much debate, the issue of ten millions in such obligations, to +be sold at not less than par, was authorized.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Treasury notes could not really serve the government’s purpose well, +for they were soon to be paid, the expense of handling them fell upon +the treasury, and, as they were receivable for duties, they were +sure to pour into the customhouses instead of real money whenever +they should be cheaper than specie. The treasury, bound by law to +pay out only the latter, would then have to buy coin at the market +price—presumably, as Gallatin said, with depreciated notes. These +would then fall still more, and so the process appeared certain to +continue.</p> + +<p class="sidenote">BONDS ISSUED</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_259" title="259"></a>But notes were the most convenient and readiest, if not the only way +of quickly anticipating revenue; they were particularly suited to the +nature of the government’s expenditures; they provided an easy method +of transmitting the large sums that would be needed in the south on +the war account; and financial critics at New York approved of them. +Not all were of that opinion, however. About the middle of September +the appearance of notes for half a million was announced by one +journal under the heading, “Extensive Paper Money Manufactory”; but +the government persisted, and by the ninth of December, 1846, nearly +four millions of them were out. This with the balance—more than nine +millions—handed over by the previous fiscal year, made up for the lean +customs receipts of this period.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>Meanwhile attention was given to the more substantial resource of a +loan. At the end of September the secretary of the treasury disappeared +mysteriously from his accustomed haunts, and to Polk’s acute distress +of mind wandered for more than two weeks in the perilous jungle of +Wall Street. His experiences there were in fact rather hard. The +capitalists looked with favor on the project of a loan and had plenty +of money, but—believing the government would require a large amount, +and therefore that a loan made now would be likely to depreciate, as +well as actuated by their characteristic spirit of thrift—they stood +out for six per cent. The New York and Boston banks, it was thought at +the White House, were in league against the administration. Besides, +the public had little information about the way money was being spent, +and felt apprehensive of extravagance and a huge debt. Many believed +the war had cost half a million each day. Not a few distrusted Walker. +He had engineered Mississippi into bankruptcy, and had become insolvent +personally. In the Senate his reputation had been that of a needy +adventurer, intensely ambitious, clever in debate and intrigue, but not +of solid ability, and especially not a financier. At present nobody +denied his real talents or his extreme devotion to work, but he was +charged with inaccuracy and with sophistical reasoning.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p>Apparently five and two fifths per cent was all he felt ready to +offer, and special reasons could be given for halting there, since +it was feared that issuing a six per cent loan at par would<a class="pagenum" id="Page_260" title="260"></a> injure +the United States sixes, now held at 106, and also the credit of the +government. But finally, with the approval of the President and the +Cabinet, he advertised, October 30, for bids on a five million loan for +ten years at six per cent. November 12 the tenders were opened. For a +small fraction of the amount a slight premium was offered, and for the +rest par. No doubt the rate, in comparison with European standards, +had to be regarded as high, but on the other hand this was our first +specie loan, and was said to be the only war loan ever taken without a +discount.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p>Plainly, however, more needed to be done. It was already +extraordinarily difficult to pay the comparatively small expenses +of the war, wrote the British minister at this time. Congress had +not fully provided for even the minimum needs recognized by the +sanguine, if not sophistical, Walker; and early in December, 1846, his +annual report intimated that on July 1, 1848, with a due allowance +for the working capital of the treasury, there would be a deficit +of twenty-three millions. Apparently a loan was requisite, and he +advised making the term twenty years. Then, with no little anxiety, +the administration waited. At the end of December Bancroft wrote +privately, “If we can raise the ways and means,” we can surmount the +other difficulties. On the eleventh of January, 1847, a bill virtually +embodying Walker’s recommendations was thrown into the House, and a +long, acrimonious debate ensued. The treasury “languishes,” announced +the organ of the government; needed volunteers could not be called +out; but the legislators had irrepressible things to say. At length, +however, on January 28 the bill providing $23,000,000 became a law. +Though it primarily contemplated treasury notes, it permitted the +Executive liberty of action; and a large amount of six per cent bonds +were sold.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>But Polk was by no means out of trouble now. Walker’s estimate made +no mention of great outstanding purchases, for which the contractors +had not yet sent in their accounts. Not only the customs duties but +the sales of public lands were coming far short of his expectations. +No allowance appeared to be made for the effect of bounty land scrip +that was likely to reduce them still more. The Vera Cruz expedition +and a possible march to the enemy’s capital were in view. Indeed,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_261" title="261"></a> the +real war had only begun. Besides, the temper of Congress had already +threatened trouble and made it. Not only to ensure additional revenue +in general, but in particular—it would seem—to strengthen the credit +of the government by showing how the interest on its obligations would +be taken care of, the Secretary brought up again the suggestion of his +annual report, that a duty of twenty-five per cent should be placed +on tea and coffee, which—although the free list had been restricted +in the tariff of 1846—had been left untaxed. In fact it had been +intimated by him at New York, even if not actually promised, that +such a step would be taken; and a few days before Christmas, 1846, he +notified the committee on ways and means that probably without this +assistance a satisfactory loan could not be made. Yet Congress rejected +the proposition by a great majority.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>A plan of Benton’s also—to grade the public lands on the basis of +their attractiveness, and reduce prices accordingly—which would have +increased the income of the government, failed to pass, though endorsed +by Polk, Walker and the general land commissioner. Pessimists were +happy. With Polk, the war, the weather, the sub-treasuries “and perhaps +the Devil” to struggle against, wrote a correspondent of Martin Van +Buren, soon not an ingot would be “left standing,” and there was “no +calculating, no prophesying” what would become of the nation.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">A TARIFF FOR MEXICAN PORTS</p> + +<p>Apparently to offset the failure of the tea and coffee tax, Walker’s +active brain produced another scheme, designed not only to bring in +revenue and reassure the capitalists, but also to please the shipping +men of the United States and neutral countries. This was to open the +Mexican ports controlled by us, and permit merchandise to enter there +under a moderate scale of duties. During March, 1847, assisted by +Senator Benton and the attorney general, Polk satisfied himself that +under his powers as commander-in-chief he could impose and collect +the duties as military contributions, for by the right of conquest +he could either exclude commerce or admit it on his own terms, and +contributions were legitimate under the laws of war. Said Vattel, “A +nation [at war] on every opportunity lays its hands on the enemy’s +goods, appropriates them to itself, and thereby, besides weakening +the adversary, strengthens<a class="pagenum" id="Page_262" title="262"></a> itself, and at least in part, procures an +indemnification, an equivalent, either for the very cause of the war, +or for the expences and losses resulting from it”; and a low scale of +duties was an extremely mild application of this principle.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.16">[16]</a></p> + +<p>Moreover, it was quite as legitimate under our Constitution also, +though not expressly mentioned, as to blockade or bombard Vera Cruz, +respecting which the organic law was equally silent. Indeed, to have +left the ports wide open or allowed the high Mexican tariff to remain +in force would, in addition to being harmful to us, have required +as great an exercise of authority. Finally, Scott and some of our +naval commanders, moved by the evident proprieties of the situation, +fixed duties and used the proceeds at their discretion, and it was +manifestly better to arrange the business in a uniform, well-considered +manner.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.16">[16]</a></p> + +<p>It might have been expected that substantially either our own or the +Mexican tariff would be applied, but neither would have answered. +Mexican imports were very different from ours; specific, not <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">ad +valorem</em>, duties had been customary there; and competent appraisers +could not be found. On the other hand the unreasonable Mexican duties, +besides preventing commerce to a large extent, encouraged fraud and +smuggling. In March, 1847, therefore, a special tariff was prepared by +Walker, lowering the Mexican duties on imports more than one half, and +substituting for all port dues and charges a uniform tax of one dollar +per ton; and on March 31 Polk ordered the system to be put in force. +Mexico retorted that goods paying the American duties—especially goods +prohibited by her laws—would be confiscated, and this attitude caused +some uneasiness in France; but it seemed fairly evident that the United +States would protect neutrals accepting our policy, and not only the +foreign merchants in Mexico but the neutral governments felt highly +pleased with our course.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>The authorities at Washington, however, did not rejoice as much. The +real difficulty lay, not in landing merchandise at the ports, but in +placing it before Mexican customers, and comparatively few of the +latter could be reached. Persevering efforts were made to solve the +problem on both coasts. Sometimes, for reasons not fully understood, +the Mexican government issued licenses for the passage of goods to the +interior,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_263" title="263"></a> and for a consideration local authorities in the northeast +did the same; but even these documents were not always valid against +officials and military men whose “patriotism” had not been “sweetened.” +European merchants could see this difficulty. Up to October 20, 1847, +only one small cargo from that direction entered the harbor of Vera +Cruz, and Walker admitted privately that a very small part of the few +imports was disposed of for consumption beyond the coast. In a word, +this vaunted plan gave no substantial help on the problem of supporting +the war.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">GOOD FORTUNE HELPS US</p> + +<p>But by this time the good luck which has been supposed to keep an +eye on the United States of America had intervened. In 1846 came the +great Irish famine. British provision laws were suspended. Faced with +starvation people cared little what they paid, if they could obtain +food. Our agricultural products, which had fallen heavily in market +value since October 1, 1845, rose with astonishing buoyancy. Western +grain that had scarcely been worth transporting—frequently not worth +it—became precious. A ship could earn thirty per cent of her cost in +one round trip, yet hardly enough vessels could be found. So abrupt +was the turn that a financial editor who had predicted on December 17, +1846, a speedy return to the distress of 1837, declared on January +30, 1847, “We are on the high road to an unprecedented prosperity.” +The abolition of the British corn laws ensured our farmers not only +temporary relief but a permanent market. Cotton, too, and even cotton +goods were in active demand abroad; and a famine in Germany gave us +additional support.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>Every vessel from the other side brought more of the specie that had +been expected to disappear from circulation here. Between the first +of January and the middle of July, 1847, approximately twenty-four +millions came in, besides about five millions in the pockets of +immigrants. Everybody who did anything or had anything shared in the +general increase of wealth. Hoarding went out of fashion. All were +spenders. In particular, a craze for dress demanded great quantities of +European fabrics. The warehousing plan also stimulated importation. For +the quarter ending with September, 1847, the customs duties amounted +to more than eleven millions—almost half the total of the preceding +year—and for the week<a class="pagenum" id="Page_264" title="264"></a> ending with October 1 they were nearly double +those of the corresponding week in 1846. In a word, gold rained upon +us; the languishing treasury revived; and the credit of the government +revived with it. Later, in the autumn of 1847, to be sure, the +financial downpour abated, but it had already done its work. The ship +of state rode now beyond the bar.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>Yet Polk still had to cope with difficulties. Early in December, +1847, when Congress assembled, he found it necessary to present large +estimates and to admit that a deficit of nearly sixteen millions was to +be expected by July 1, 1848; and there seemed to be little hope that +Congress would provide additional revenue. Borrowing was inevitable, +and Walker’s report of December 8 proposed a loan of $18,500,000. +Nothing was done, however. The banks of New York and Boston endeavored +to force upon the government a fiscal policy more acceptable to them, +and a strong element in Congress, of which more will be heard in +the next chapter, not only entertained a similar desire, but seemed +willing to impair the credit of the administration. At length, on the +nineteenth of January, 1848, a bill was introduced, and after a further +delay another long debate opened. “How is the loan bill getting on, +Sir?” inquired a newspaper correspondent of a Representative of the +People after it had been on the tapis for about a month. “Oh, they are +spouting away, spouting away, Sir,” was the careless reply. But on the +last day of March a six per cent loan of $16,000,000 was authorized on +substantially the same basis as the previous loans. The treaty of peace +had been signed on February 2, and the new bonds brought a premium +rising in some instances to $4.05 on a hundred.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE MEXICANS TAXED</p> + +<p>In the same report (December, 1847) Walker announced, though evidently +a little chastened in spirit, that relief would soon come from +Mexico. What he chiefly counted upon at this time, however, was not +customs duties. As early as the nineteenth of September, 1846, Polk, +justly offended by the enemy’s disdainful treatment of our olive +branch, decided that instead of endeavoring longer to conciliate +the Mexicans by paying liberally for supplies, we should bring them +to terms by levying contributions or taking needed articles without +compensation, and this course was promptly recommended to General +Taylor; but he replied, as we have seen, that such a<a class="pagenum" id="Page_265" title="265"></a> policy was +impracticable. Shortly after the capture of Vera Cruz General Scott +received instructions of the same tenor, and he made a similar reply. +Early in the autumn of 1847, however, as Mexico had again rejected the +olive branch, this change of system was pressed upon Scott with fresh +urgency, and before long explicit orders to make all the revenues and +resources of Mexico available, as far as they could be, followed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>Scott, however, knowing the laws of war and the wishes of his +government, began operations without waiting for these later +instructions. Almost immediately after entering the capital he laid +upon it an assessment of $150,000, and set on foot an examination +into the general question of drawing revenues from the country, which +eventually showed that nearly twenty-three millions a year could +theoretically be collected, should we take possession of the whole +territory. November 25, he directed that no rent should be paid +for houses and quarters except so far as contracts existed. About +three weeks later, notice was given that in the districts held by +the Americans all the taxes and dues previously paid to the Mexican +government would be required of the authorities for the support of our +army; and at the end of December an assessment equal to four times the +direct taxes paid in 1843 was laid upon the states. Scott’s action +was of course taken by Wool, now commanding in the northeast, as a +pattern.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>But again Walker’s hopes were disappointed. The most important of +the monopolies, tobacco, had to be given up because the American +product could not be excluded, and for administrative reasons the +other monopolies also were surrendered. Owing to the dangers of waste, +corruption, extortion and resentment, the business of collecting taxes +had to be entrusted to the state authorities, and they possessed +wonderful dexterity in the arts of evasion. State assessments were +actually made on México and Vera Cruz only. The owners of occupied +buildings were in many cases friends, and could not well be deprived +of their rents. Contracts or agreements that stood in the way had to +be respected. Gold and silver were clandestinely exported. Smuggling +across the northern border could not be stopped. Brigands exacted +their toll. The time required for investigation and planning, and in +certain instances for<a class="pagenum" id="Page_266" title="266"></a> correspondence with our government, militated +against prompt action. We strongly desired to settle with Mexico +and evacuate the country, and hence—especially after the peace +negotiations began—it would not have been wise to run the risk of +exasperating the nation for the sake of a few dollars. In short the net +proceeds, including $106,928 turned in by naval officers, were only +$3,935,676.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.23">[23]</a></p> + +<p>Some of this money went directly to supply needs of the army and navy, +but by far the greater part of those needs had to be met in other ways. +During the first nine months of 1847, it was figured that the United +States exported more than $12,000,000 in specie to Mexico. Many drafts +on the principal American cities were sold there, and those on the +quartermasters at New Orleans, Philadelphia, Washington and New York +amounted to nearly $8,000,000 before December, 1847. Payments were also +made in the United States on the certificates of officers acting in the +field; and about the first of August, 1847, Belmont, the New York agent +of the Rothschilds, arranged with our administration to place funds in +the hands of any paymaster or quartermaster named by Scott. In general +the large financial operations made necessary by the transfers of money +were skilfully, honestly and safely conducted. Some $24,000,000 were +distributed by the pay department through its thirty-five officers, +for instance, and nothing was lost by accident, robbery, theft or +capture.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.24">[24]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE COST OF THE WAR</p> + +<p>The total money cost of the war on the American side has been given +at very low and at very high amounts, and none of the estimates +inspires much confidence. The excess expenditures of the army and navy +appear to have been $63,605,621; of which $49,000,000 were raised by +selling bonds and treasury notes, and were substantially added to the +national debt. But these figures by no means answer the question. To +the apparent cost we must add twelve millions paid later to Mexico, +the American claims of which we relieved her, the war expenses of the +treasury department, bounty lands, pensions, valid claims for damages, +and other liabilities of many kinds gradually discharged after peace +returned; and from the total must be subtracted the bonds and treasury +notes then available for issue and the actual worth of ships, ordnance +and other materials required for the war and left over. Evidently it is +not feasible<a class="pagenum" id="Page_267" title="267"></a> to reach a satisfactory conclusion, but as a very bold +guess one may suggest a hundred millions.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p>Even were that a close estimate, however, it would mean little. On the +one hand lives, physical and mental sufferings, personal losses of +every description, much national obloquy and a thousand minor factors +would need to be considered, and on the other our gain in territory, +in recognized power, in military and naval efficiency, in national +self-consciousness and in particulars not so obvious. One thing, +however, is clear. The war cost far less money than its opponents had +expected. Webster solemnly predicted in December, 1846, that should +it end the following spring, our debt would be a hundred millions, +but on the first of July, 1848, the debt was less than sixty-six +millions.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N33.26">[26]</a></p> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXXIV" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_268" title="268"></a><span class="subtitle">XXXIV</span><br /> + THE WAR IN AMERICAN POLITICS<br /> + <span class="subtitle">1846–1848</span></h2> + + +<p>In Mexico the war had far more intimate relations with politics than +it had in our own country. Here invading troops did not scatter our +civil authorities, Presidents did not rise and fall, cabinets did +not organize and melt away, revolutions and revolts did not hover +continually at the door. Every part of the country contributed to the +result. Supplies were voted, and troops assembled according to law. +We have therefore studied Mexican politics in connection with events +as these occurred, and reserved American politics to be surveyed more +comprehensively; but this does not imply any lack of significance in +the second topic.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p>At first the war seemed extremely popular. The rush to volunteer +showed that. A tone of opposition prevailed in New England, but it was +quiet—hardly perceptible. May 21, 50,000 people gathered in front of +the city hall at New York and called for vigorous measures. Hostilities +appeared to be regarded by all as a just punishment for the long series +of Mexican insults, barbarities and outrages. The country called; +patriotism responded, and other considerations helped. Democratic +politicians believed their party would gain prestige and strength. A +great and common purpose would bind it firmly together. Many offices +and appointments would follow, and almost everybody would gain some +profit in a business way. Taylor’s “victories” on the Rio Grande +intensified the enthusiasm. “Upon the duties which the present crisis +invoked,” exclaimed the Philadelphia <cite>North American</cite>, “our country +has but one heart,” and an invasion of the enemy’s territory “will +meet the approbation of the entire American public.” Accordingly the +first session of the Twenty-ninth Congress pushed its work far into the +summer of 1846—even after Senator Fairfield wrote, “All<a class="pagenum" id="Page_269" title="269"></a> nature [is] +hissing”—and embodied the government’s policy in laws.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE WAR SOON UNPOPULAR</p> + +<p>But this mood changed surprisingly. When Congress adjourned, it was in +bad humor, and the country sympathized with it. News of the occupation +of California produced little enthusiasm, for it had been expected. The +fighting at Monterey excited interest, but it was followed at once by a +long armistice, and it had no permanent effect on the downward course +of public sentiment. Instead of glorying in the war, the Democrats now +defended it feebly, and a great many regarded it as a grave political +blunder. The fall Congressional elections went strongly against them. +Every reverse could be explained, of course—in Pennsylvania a heavy +storm, in New York the opposition of “every most pestilential and +reckless form of law-hating faction,” apathy here, lack of organization +there—but the <cite>National Intelligencer</cite>, chief organ of the Whigs, +brushed explanations aside, and coldly remarked, “We presume that our +President and his Cabinet are by this time convinced that they have +forfeited the public confidence—the confidence, that is, of their own +party; that of the other they never possessed”; and by mid-winter the +political outlook for the war seemed extremely dark.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>The reasons for this change were complex and interesting. The +people—Democrats and Whigs alike—knew they did not want Polk for +chief executive. To the millions demanding, “Who is James K. Polk?” the +answer had been given, “He is President of the United States”; but this +excellent retort silenced instead of satisfying. Disagreeable ideas +prevailed regarding the methods of his nomination and his election. +Many viewed him as an Accident, an Unpleasant Surprise, a Surreptitious +Incumbent; and his unpopularity not only was a disadvantage in itself, +but colored the interpretation placed upon everything he did or +said.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>Besides this initial difficulty, he was not considered a large enough +man for the place, and the Cabinet seemed too much of a piece with +him in that respect. The public did not hear Polk’s confidential +declaration, “I intend to be myself President of the United States.” +They were not aware that he risked a great deal to avoid having Calhoun +and Flagg, a New York man of unusual ability, in his official family. +But they<a class="pagenum" id="Page_270" title="270"></a> felt like the Washington correspondent of the Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, +who said, They are “little fellows,” and “were they all thrown in a bag +together, it would make little difference which came out first”; and +they suspected that Polk aimed to eliminate all possible competitors. +Many, indeed, believed it should be so. “Who would not regret,” asked +Senator Mangum, “to see the choice of this great and free people thrown +into shadow by over-topping talent?” The President was inaugurated on +a cold, rainy, cheerless day, and sentiment, among those who counted, +resembled the weather.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>The policy of the administration confirmed these impressions. Polk had +no great ideas, no inspiring imagination, no kindling enthusiasm, no +moving eloquence, no contagious humor, no winning personality. He was +not exactly a “burning bush” of patriotism, hallowing the ground about +him, and forcing men to put off their grimy, everyday shoes of selfish +designs. To sway the nation or even the Democrats in any grand way lay +beyond him. He was a partisan, to be sure, but without a party. His +trumpet note—has shed “American blood upon the American soil”—came +from a newspaper. Almost his only resource, therefore, was patronage, +and the business of trading offices for support is essentially a +mean one. It makes intrigue a profession, creates many enemies while +it creates few friends and renders confidence well-nigh impossible. +Without calling the President “mendacious,” one can understand how J. +K. Paulding came to say, that he possessed no honesty of purpose, no +frankness of heart. Tossing out a plump lie now and then would have +given less offence than continual secretiveness and evasion caused. +Polk described the cunning Pillow as “one of the shrewdest men you ever +knew.” That gave Polk’s measure, and political necessities developed +his natural disposition. “This little mole,” Blair called him. Blair +was prejudiced; but for a different <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">bête noire</em> he would have chosen a +different name.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">POLK DISLIKED</p> + +<p>New York state affairs had an especially bad effect on Polk’s +reputation and influence. Knowing that he had played the part of Jacob, +the Supplanter, to Van Buren’s Esau at the Baltimore convention, and +not expecting to be forgiven, Polk probably felt thoroughly distrustful +of the Locofocos from the beginning. Silas Wright’s declining +positively to run for the Vice Presidency<a class="pagenum" id="Page_271" title="271"></a> on his ticket doubtless +gave offence. His bad faith in refusing to accept Flagg, apparently +to save himself from being overshadowed, after virtually agreeing to +do it, seemed inexcusable. His taking Marcy into the Cabinet at the +behest of an active but rather unscrupulous remnant of the “irregular” +Conservatives heightened the dissatisfaction of the substantial +elements. The defeat of the New York Democrats in the fall elections +of 1846, which was charged by the regulars to treachery on the part +of the Conservatives, created still further trouble. Making factional +appointments, and especially choosing for a high post at New York +City a “poor, stupid dutchman by the name of Bouck,” as an extremist +called him, seemed to the faithful nothing less than party treason. In +thus alienating the ablest and best Democrats of the state, who were +trusted and admired by the party as a whole, and supporting a faction +that had no national standing, the President made a great mistake. +He “has proved himself to be a poor devil,” said one of Van Buren’s +correspondents; even Tyler’s name was less execrated than “Jim Polk’s,” +wrote one of Judge McLean’s; and for thus weakening the Democrats in +the Empire State, he was naturally blamed in all quarters.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>A variety of minor yet serious complaints helped fill up the measure. +Polk was equally anxious and unable to harmonize the party, and as he +tried to satisfy clamorous malcontents, it came to be said that he was +always ready to hang an old friend for the sake of gaining two new +ones. Ranking low in ability to judge of character, enjoying but a +limited acquaintance, and placing an unreasonable value upon experience +in Congress, he too often appointed unfit men when he meant well, or +put the right men into the wrong places. Naturally office-seekers +dogged his footsteps, and numberless disappointed aspirants bore +grudges deadlier than stilettos. His wriggling out of emphatic +declarations in favor of our broad Oregon claims excited profound +wrath in the west, and made a bad impression in other sections. +Senator Hannegan proclaimed that if the President accepted the line of +forty-nine degrees, he would be consigned to “a damnation so deep that +the hand of resurrection” would never be able to “drag him forth”; and +he did accept it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>The veto of a river and harbor bill that offered captivating +opportunities for looting the treasury brought upon him the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_272" title="272"></a> woes of +Tyler. The government, said the aggrieved, “is fast degenerating into +a mere quadrennial elective despotism”; Polk “wants the purse of the +nation for his own schemes of presidential ambition.” Finally, the +apparent hampering of Taylor and Scott, and the playing off of the +one against the other seemed to a multitude of citizens unworthy of +a President, unpatriotic and mean; and then partisans accused him of +letting Whig generals have all the glory, lest a Democratic warrior +should gain the Presidential nomination in 1848. Truly, “deep and +dismal was the ditch,” as B. F. Butler said, into which Polk fell.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>Moreover a whole sheaf of arrows, not directly aimed at him, struck +his administration. The annexation of Texas rankled still in many +bosoms, and the extremists were implacable. Lowell did not shrink from +recommending secession:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="line">“Ef I’d <em>my</em> way I would ruther</div> + <div class="line indent2">We should go to work an’ part,—</div> + <div class="line">They take one way, we take t’other,—</div> + <div class="line indent2">Guess it wouldn’t break my heart.”</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>John Quincy Adams contemplated the same extreme remedy, and Giddings +went so far as to write, “Ohio is now a party to no subsisting Union.” +Those opposed to the measure felt hostile to the President who had +favored and consummated it; the great number whose theory had been +that it would not lead to war felt obliged to argue now that Polk had +brought about a conflict unnecessarily; and everything in our relations +with Mexico was viewed through a fog of prejudices and animosities +rising from that gory political battlefield. Not a few appointments to +high military positions had seemed to rest on political expediency, and +the battles near the Rio Grande had been followed by a long period of +inactivity, charged by many to the government. Volunteers not accepted +for the war had remarks to make, and troops returning from the front +often used expressions hardly coherent enough to be termed remarks. +The six-months men called out by Gaines belonged in the latter class; +and although Marcy did nothing respecting them save to obey the plain +requirement of the law, citizens of Louisiana applied language to him +that might have kindled sympathy for Judas Iscariot.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>The government’s fiscal system, though of course accepted by<a class="pagenum" id="Page_273" title="273"></a> many, +excited sharp resentment. Overwhelming the country all at once with +such a combination of new laws—a warehouse act, a sub-treasury bill +and a “free-trade” tariff—was denounced as an unspeakable outrage, +and each of those measures amounted in the opinion of many to a crime. +Gideon Welles thought the idea of reducing our tariff during the war +an “insane project”; and the measure as framed, a compromise between +theory and expediency, satisfied hardly any one. Real free-traders +complained because their principles had been sacrificed, and the New +Englanders because those principles had not been sacrificed enough. The +iron and coal state raged and wept by turns: she had been betrayed, and +“her groans were music” to the arrogant low-tariff section cherished +by the government. Only corruption and intimidation could have carried +such a monstrosity through Congress; and, worse yet, “Sir Robert +Walker” had been truckling to England. “British all over,” scribbled +the <cite>American Sentinel</cite> on the warehousing system; and the tariff +was trailed to a British lair packed with British statesmen, British +capitalists, British manufacturers and British merchants. To please +them our wheels of production were to stop, our banks close, and the +industrious North fall in despair at the feet of an implacable South. +“‘To your tents, O Israel!’” cried the <cite>National Intelligencer</cite>.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">DENUNCIATIONS OF THE WAR</p> + +<p>In countless eyes the war itself soon lost its glamour. Imagining that +our advance to the Rio Grande had been the cause of it, many felt bound +to denounce it as unauthorized, unconstitutional, unjust, aggressive; +and not a few, in dense ignorance of the history, character and views +of the Mexicans, thought, like Professor Kent of Harvard University, +that it was “demoniacal” to make war upon those poor innocents, +as if they had not been shooting one another pretty continuously +and also aching to shoot us. Not reflecting that nations begin to +think of indemnities as soon, at least, as they begin to fight, +and that legitimate advantages might accrue from occupying Mexican +territory, people viewed suspiciously the operations of Taylor, Wool, +Kearny, Stockton and Stevenson, threw up their hands, and exclaimed, +“Conquest!” as if the ground they stood upon and half the world besides +had not been gained by the sword. “Cormorants of territory!” hissed a +Thersites. “Sages and Heroes of the Revolution, lo, the consummation +of your labors!”<a class="pagenum" id="Page_274" title="274"></a> wailed a Cassandra; Mexico is to be absorbed, and +“the original, moving, burning stimulus” of the crime is the wish to +manufacture glory for Polk, and gratify him with a second term. To +be sure, the nation had officially endorsed the war; but multitudes +were eager to have the nation disgraced, if they could only disgrace +Polk.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.10">[10]</a></p> + +<p>Toward the future as well as the past frowned the critics of the +administration. Territory seemed likely to be acquired, and it was +feared that slavery would plant its black hoof upon the soil. In +Massachusetts a group of young men, who doubtless believed in freedom +unselfishly, believed also that it was the coming idea, and might +carry them ahead of such conservative leaders as Webster and Winthrop. +Sumner was one of these; and he, without offering proof that slavery +stood behind the war, pushed through the legislature some bloodcurdling +resolutions against the “gigantic crime”; while Lowell, not stopping to +ascertain whether negro servitude could thrive on the Pacific, sounded +an appeal to sectional feelings:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="line">“They jest want this Californy</div> + <div class="line">So’s to lug new slave-states in</div> + <div class="line">To abuse ye, an’ to scorn ye,</div> + <div class="line">And to plunder ye like sin.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.11">[11]</a></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>From the increased political power of the South, northern agriculture, +commerce and manufactures would suffer. New, sparsely settled states +would have the same authority in the Senate as Massachusetts or +Pennsylvania. The augmenting of Western strength would prove an +injury to older sections. New Orleans would gain ground financially +and commercially at the expense of New York. Annexing new territory +would lessen the value of lands already in the Union. The war would +increase the power of the Executive, and bring home an army of “heroes” +to monopolize the offices. It was most likely to be interminable and +costly, for in the autumn of 1846 Mexico showed no signs of begging +for peace and Taylor no signs of accomplishing anything decisive. +Privateers might ruin our commerce, and the blockade might lead to +European interference. The nation, debased by dwelling upon scenes +of devastation and violence, and by the absorption of aliens low in +the scale of humanity, would become barbarous, cruel, rapacious, +bloodthirsty.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_275" title="275"></a> Taxes, debt, waste of public funds, corrupt elections, +a great standing army, despotism, fanaticism, civil war, disunion, +the reprobation of mankind and the retribution of heaven would +follow.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">POLICY OF THE WHIGS</p> + +<p>Under these circumstances the gyrations and contortions of Whig +politics, viewed as a whole, were curious to observe. At first the +party joined in shouting and voting for stern hostilities. “Doubt, +division, reproach will be unknown,” announced the <cite>North American</cite>. +But the Whigs presently saw, as the New York <cite>Tribune</cite> pointed out, +that a full share of the burden would be theirs, while most of the +glory and profit would fall to the other side. Moreover, these +criticisms of Polk and the war, even when not suggested by the Whigs, +seemed like yellow fields of ripening party advantage. Very soon, +therefore, they withdrew to a respectable, intrenched position: they +would support the war, but on its conclusion Polk and the Democrats +would be called to a strict account. “I have no doubt we shall make +much Capital out of it,” wrote a Whig Congressman. Presently, however, +it looked as if the conclusion of the war might lie beyond the next +Presidential election, and most of the party sallied forth impatiently, +sickle in hand.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>Castigating Polk was the most obvious opportunity for the harvesters, +and they used it with due zeal. Some of the jibes were good-natured. +Playing on the powers legally his, the <cite>National Intelligencer</cite> happily +exclaimed, “Here, there, everywhere at once, civil, military, judicial +and executive, dove of peace, thunderbolt of war, and a perfect serpent +of diplomacy, who was ever so various or so amazing?” Bracketing the +President of the United States with a famous dwarf of the day as “Tom +Thumb’s cousin, Jim Thumb,” was another merry as well as able fling. +To remark, however, when he sent in a Message, that he came “puffing +and blowing into Congress,” went a trifle too far, perhaps; and other +pleasantries exposed themselves distinctly to that criticism. The +Boston <cite>Atlas</cite> described the war Message as “perfectly characteristic +of its author;—weak, wheedling and sneaking,” while some thought it +better to sail on the other tack, and picture “His High Mightiness,” +the arrogant, domineering tyrant of the White House, as planting “his +foot upon the charter of our liberties.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p>Despatching Taylor to the Rio Grande was called “a well<a class="pagenum" id="Page_276" title="276"></a>-nigh fatal +blunder,” even though suggested by the “demon,” who was commonly +thought rather shrewd. Letting Santa Anna go back to Mexico seemed to +different Whigs like treason, treachery, folly and idiocy. Polk “takes +his ease on some <em>sixty-eight dollars per day</em>,” while the soldiers he +has driven to the field subsist on fare that “his very slaves would +loathe,” the Whig <cite>Almanac</cite> luckily discovered. Bribery, duplicity, +falsehood, imbecility, cowardice and infamy were a few of the other +good things found in the President’s conduct; and the chief Whig organ +undertook to lay him finally at rest on the greensward in this elegant +fashion: “Why, the very savage of the courtyard in other times—that +most brutal of mankind, the bully of the bailiwick, who chewed up an +ear or nose, or scooped out with thumb a prostrate adversary’s eye—was +generous in comparison.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p>In attempting more serious criticism the Whigs met with embarrassments. +The majority of them, whose argument had been that immediate annexation +of Texas would necessarily mean war, could not with inward peace +declare that Polk had brought on the war by sending Taylor to the Rio +Grande; and the great number whose contention had been that Mexico +still owned Texas could not well deny that annexing her province by an +Act of Congress, which amounted on their theory to a constitutional +declaration of war, had created a state of things which made it +entirely proper for Polk to send Taylor there. “Swindlers of 1844, with +your ‘peaceable annexation,’ do not skulk! Here is the fruit of <em>your</em> +doings! Look it in the face!” exclaimed the New York <cite>Tribune</cite> when +the war bill passed, but it soon appeared more tactful to ignore this +aspect of the matter.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">EMBARRASSMENTS OF THE WHIGS</p> + +<p>Other embarrassments remained, however. It was very well for northern +Whigs to indulge in what Carlyle might have called a “running shriek” +against “a pro-slavery war,” but they were cautioned to let no echoes +of it cross the Potomac. When a Senator greeted the war Message by +saying he would later read the documents that accompanied it, and +for the present would merely observe that Polk’s course was “utterly +unjustifiable,” Ritchie paraphrased Master Dogberry at him: “By +virtue of mine office I do suspect thee to be a thief.” While some +papers denounced the government for not settling with Mexico by +negotiation, others admitted that<a class="pagenum" id="Page_277" title="277"></a> Mexico had refused to treat. When +Delano announced for the sake of buncombe that he was “ready to go +shoulder to shoulder with all those who supported the honor of the +country,” Thurman replied that it seemed a strange method of supporting +one’s country, to declare like Delano, after war had begun, when it +existed both in law and in fact, that it was “illegal, unrighteous, +and damnable.” Abraham Lincoln, wishing to distinguish himself before +the home folks, did this feat in the House by revealing, in a manner +suited to his years, that since Mexico had exercised jurisdiction on +the northern bank of the Rio Grande, the first American blood must +have been shed on Mexican, not American, soil; but unhappily the +fact remained that Connecticut had for some time exercised effective +jurisdiction over northeastern Pennsylvania, yet did not own the +territory.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>Those who raved against Polk and his “tribe” for driving the war bill +through Congress had to face Winthrop and a galaxy of other Whigs, +who admitted that war did already exist. Congressmen denouncing the +Executive for sending Taylor to the Rio Grande were unable to deny that +notice of his march from Corpus Christi had been given on the floor +of the House (March 23) long before the outbreak of hostilities, and +nothing had been done about it; that on May 12 Whigs of the Senate, +led by Crittenden, had recognized that American territory extended to +the Rio Grande; and that after the army could safely have withdrawn +from that vicinity no serious attempt had been made to bring about its +recall. Partisans of the unoffending Mexicans were startled to hear the +impeccable Boston <cite>Atlas</cite> confess in a moment of candor: “The conduct +of that government towards us has been such as might have justified +the extreme resort to war”; and those eager to berate Polk for +unconstitutional aggressiveness had to digest a similar lapse on the +part of the <cite>National Intelligencer</cite>, which conceded that Congress had +thrown round him a mantle of indemnity by a vote “implying confidence +in the rectitude of the President in beginning this war.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.16">[16]</a></p> + +<p>While Polk was roundly taken to task for appointing so many Democratic +generals, Whig journals boasted that most of the leading officers +belonged to their party. The military operations afforded numerous +opportunities for invectives against the administration, but ere long +a number of the invectives came<a class="pagenum" id="Page_278" title="278"></a> home to stay. Taylor, it appeared, +had recommended the advance to the Rio Grande; he protested against +embarrassing the prosecution of the war by discussing its genesis; +and the smallness of his army at the critical time, his waiting so +long after the occupation of Matamoros, the terms given at Monterey, +his peril at Buena Vista, Kearny’s off-hand annexation of New Mexico, +Scott’s discharging volunteers after the battle of Cerro Gordo, and his +famous Jalapa proclamation, all brought up against the administration, +proved in every case chargeable to the Whig commanders.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.16">[16]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">WHIG ORATORS</p> + +<p>Orators caused as much pain as generals, perhaps. “Black Tom” Corwin’s +brilliant advice that American soldiers in Mexico should be welcomed +to hospitable graves, though it gained high rank in the nightmare +school of literature, overshot the mark. It scandalized the nation. It +staggered patriotism. It shocked humanity. Most of all it infuriated +the troops, battling for their country in a foreign land. The speech +arrived at Buena Vista soon after the struggle with Santa Anna. A rude +effigy of Corwin was made up of the vilest materials, dressed in a +Mexican uniform and burned; and over the ashes these lines were posted +up:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="line">“Old Tom Corwin is dead and here he lies;</div> + <div class="line">Nobody’s sorry and nobody cries;</div> + <div class="line">Where he’s gone and how he fares,</div> + <div class="line">Nobody knows and nobody cares.”</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>The soldiers had friends at home, and of course made their sentiments +known. The speech sounded the knell of its author’s great political +hopes; and there is reason to believe that its reception frightened +into dumbness a number of his colleagues, who had arranged to follow +his lead.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>But other styles of oratorical attack were still feasible. Just before +Congress met in December, 1846, the Whigs hung out at the Chinese +Museum, Philadelphia, their Great Blue Light. In other words a powerful +orator, a powerful lawyer, a powerful statesman—Daniel Webster by +name—after studying on the problem for half a year, undertook, if one +may quote an admirer, to “knock the sand” from under the government. +Hour after hour he talked on, till he mortgaged fourteen columns of the +<cite>United States Gazette</cite>, and the reporters fled; but he came far short +of making out a case. Other efforts of his proved no<a class="pagenum" id="Page_279" title="279"></a> more successful. +Before the Whig convention at Springfield he argued in a tedious, +prosy, court-room style. This is “a war of pretexts”—three of them, +he asserted: first, that Mexico invaded American territory; secondly, +that she would not receive Slidell; and thirdly, that she would not pay +our claims. Did Webster fail to see that a <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">casus belli</em> recognized +almost unanimously by our Executive and Congress was for this country +at least more than a “pretext”? Did he fail to see that his other +“pretexts” had not been offered by Polk as grounds for passing the war +bill? And how could he say the pretexts were “all unfounded”? Did he +suppose that Mexico had paid our claims? Did he suppose that she had +welcomed Slidell? Of course not; but he was the attorney of New England +Whiggism, trying to make a good case out of a poor one.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>His really effective contributions to the polemics consisted, not +of arguments, but of impressive hints: “I am greatly deceived, Mr. +President, if we shall not ere long see facts coming to the light, and +circumstances found coinciding and concurring, which will fix on the +government” its alleged guilt; and a President bringing on war in the +manner charged against Polk, would commit “an impeachable offence,” +as if Polk might have been impeached after Congress had assumed the +responsibility for his acts. But unhappily Father Ritchie offered +another citation, “Well, well, we know; or there be, and if there +might; or if we list to speak.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>And not only did Webster disappoint, but he mortified Whig friends. +Texas had been an independent state as early as 1840, he said; our +annexing it gave Mexico no just ground of complaint; she was “entirely +unreasonable and senseless” in rejecting our offer to treat; if she +preferred war to peace we could but fight; and now the war must be +vigorously prosecuted. He squarely refused to call the invasion of her +territory unjust. He seemed to approve of his son’s going to the field +in the “unholy” cause of his country. He admitted that Whig policy in +Massachusetts was in some respects “quite narrow.” “I am tired—and +disgusted—as much as you possibly can be, with the fanaticism and +narrowness of some of our People,” he wrote; and no doubt it made him +still more tired to hear Lowell’s captivating but wayward muse advise +young fellows, on grounds of personal advantage, to keep out of the +army, and suggest that,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_280" title="280"></a> should they get seduced by some “strutting” +sergeant into taking up arms for the country, insubordination and even +desertion would become them.</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="line">“Thrash away, you’ll <em>hev</em> to rattle</div> + <div class="line indent1">On them kittle-drums o’ yourn,—</div> + <div class="line">’Taint a knowin’ kind o’ cattle</div> + <div class="line indent1">That is ketched with mouldy corn.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.19">[19]</a></div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>While such were the troubles of waking hours, the bedchamber, too, +of many Whigs had its troubled moments. Ghosts walked. John Jay, +a sincere opponent of our second war against England, came back, +holding out a scroll that bore these words of his, “As the war has +been <em>constitutionally</em> declared, the people are evidently bound +to support it.” Came back the Rev. David Osgood, D.D., of Medford, +Massachusetts, with his sermon of June 27, 1812: “My mind has been in +a constant agony, not so much at the inevitable loss of our temporal +prosperity and happiness, and the complicated miseries of war, as at +its guilt, its outrage against heaven, against all truth, honesty, +justice, goodness, against all the principles of social happiness.” +Came back another Federalist, the Rev. Elijah Parish, D.D., with a +sermon recommending treason as a pious duty: “New England, if invaded, +would be obliged to defend herself. Do you not then owe it to your +children, and owe it to your God, to make peace for yourselves?” Unlike +Jay, these men appeared to be unhappy; and then certain patriots of the +Hartford Convention filed by with averted eyes, each dragging after him +a blasted reputation.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>In one thing, however, the opponents of the war succeeded. Going far +beyond the limits of reasonable criticism and helpful suggestions, +and indulging in language calculated to dishearten and hamper the +administration, they encouraged the enemy. It is merely Polk’s war, +announced the Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, quoted in the <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Republicano</cite>. +Mexico would have disgraced herself by receiving Slidell, declared the +same journal. Her spirit, proclaimed the <cite>National Intelligencer</cite>, was +fitted to “command the admiration of all men capable of appreciating +the virtue of courage and fortitude under the most disastrous +circumstances.” Severance, a member of Congress, openly applauded her +resistance. We cannot beat her without ruining our finances, maintained +Waddy Thompson. The destruction of her national in<a class="pagenum" id="Page_281" title="281"></a>dependence was “the +true issue,” one sheet falsely assured her, as if to whet her sword. It +was entirely uncertain, proclaimed Calhoun in February, 1847, whether +our army could reach Mexico City or dictate a peace if it should. She +cannot be conquered, it was often said.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>Magazines of epithets and arguments, that became gunpowder the moment +they crossed the Rio Grande, poured from the Whig presses. Leading +papers invoked foreign intervention. The official journal of the +Mexican government offered the thanks of the nation to Webster for +threatening our President with impeachment. “If there is in the United +States a heart worthy of American liberty, its impulse is to join the +Mexicans,” exclaimed a Boston journal; “It would be a sad and woeful +joy, but a joy nevertheless, to hear that the hordes under Scott and +Taylor were, <em>every man of them, swept into the next world</em>.” No +wonder that Polk dropped a hint about aiding and abetting the enemy. +It was proper. In 1813–14 the <cite>National Intelligencer</cite> had stigmatized +those who denounced the country’s war after its own present fashion as +“traitors in thought and purpose.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE DEMOCRATS IN CONGRESS</p> + +<p>Early in December, 1846, amidst feelings of depression, dissatisfaction +with the government and opposition to the war, the second session of +the Twenty-ninth Congress opened. The Democrats of that body found +themselves in a general state of dissension. At the beginning of the +year Marcy had written privately, “Our noble party [is] on the brink of +ruin,” and there it still hung.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>Van Buren’s implacable followers nursed a grudge against Polk for the +intrigues that had led to his nomination; and the partisans of Cass +nursed one against them for their votes at the Baltimore convention. +New York Barnburners and Old Hunkers glared at one another. Calhoun’s +friends were sour because of his exclusion from the Cabinet. The +old free-traders cursed Walker in their hearts for stealing their +tariff hobby. The westerners had no thought of forgiving the South +for dropping Oregon, and the South refused to be scared by those +“Big Braggarts” of the west, who seemed to want all the funds in the +treasury for their internal improvements. Many wore crape and hatchets, +one might say, for the river and harbor bill. Everybody wished to blame +somebody for the recent election returns. Some were quite ready to +break openly with the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_282" title="282"></a> administration. The partisans of Buchanan and +those of Dallas marched with daggers drawn. “All around is dissension +and distrust. Gloom overspreads the party,” wrote G. W. Thompson of +Wheeling.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>The best of leadership was needed, and it could not be found. If a +person did not understand the situation, he wondered; if he did, he +wondered more. Nobody credited Polk with possessing the rod of Moses. +Many disliked the man too much to respect the official. He could +inspire neither love nor fear. While at one end of the avenue sat a +party without a President, at the other sat a President without a +party. With a large Democratic margin in each chamber, he admitted that +he was practically in the minority; and at first sight this appeared +the more surprising because Polk, knowing Congress and not knowing the +country, labored with his eye on the former. But the explanation could +easily be found. The people were not believed to be standing behind +him. Within a month he was to be rebuffed three times in the House on +important matters during as many days. One of his favorite measures +was to go down amid shouts of laughter without a single friendly vote. +The Cabinet enjoyed no greater respect. Walker seemed to be regarded +as its leading spirit, but men distrusted his character as much as +they admired his talents and energy. Moreover, in spite of Polk’s +determination to shut Presidential aspirants from his council, both +Walker and Buchanan probably felt less interest in the war than in +personal schemes.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.23">[23]</a></p> + +<p>These circumstances left the party to find such leadership as it +could in Congress, and the leadership it found was a triangular +fight—Benton, Cass and Calhoun. Benton had remarkable powers and +seldom failed to be a Democrat, a Senator and a patriot, but he was +egotistical, moody, overbearing, passionate; he despised Cass, he more +than hated Calhoun, and he treated his fellow-Democrats in general as +minions. Cass, a courtier and somewhat a scholar, lacked parliamentary +experience, drew more timidity than courage from his Presidential +hopes, and possessed no political convictions to reinforce his talents. +Calhoun’s high character, rare intellectual strength and frank, affable +manners made him personally the most influential man at the capital; +but his judgment was erratic, and he aimed to stand aloof, with a +following of about four Senators, as a balance<a class="pagenum" id="Page_283" title="283"></a>-of-power faction. +He was intensely narrow, too. For him there seemed to be only one +region in the world; only one state in the south, and only one public +man there. Cass was loyal to the administration, Benton helpful but +domineering, and Calhoun unfriendly. Not a very firm tripod, this, to +support a government engaged in war. With almost all the Democrats, +politics—that is to say, offices—held the stage, and country occupied +the background. Dissatisfaction with Polk’s appointments increased the +confusion. Indeed, a “passion” for getting jobs invaded the sacred +halls of legislation, and the President found not less than twenty men +voting against his measures to avenge personal disappointments.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.24">[24]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE WHIGS IN CONGRESS</p> + +<p>Whig harmony and efficiency were happily not impaired by these +allurements of the fleshpots, for the Executive did not belong to their +party; but their numberless inconsistencies proved most embarrassing, +and the necessity of satisfying public sentiment, and throwing the +responsibility upon the administration, by voting supplies for +hostilities they denounced, weakened them. No absurdities, however, +were too glaring, no contradictions too thorny for what they termed +their “patriotic sublimity” to ignore or surmount. They denounced the +war enough to incriminate themselves when they supported it, and they +supported it enough to stultify themselves when they condemned it. +Combining the views of several groups, one discovered a line of policy +truly remarkable: the attack upon Mexico was unconstitutional and +wicked, but it should be carried on; so let us halt, send an embassy, +and proffer again the negotiations that Mexico has repeatedly and +recently spurned.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p>The success of the government’s military and fiscal policies in +comparison with what had been predicted, and the freedom of our +commerce from Mexican and European molestation were troublesome facts; +but hopes of disaster could still be entertained, and prophecies of woe +still be chanted. Constructive statesmanship, they held, was not their +affair. The country’s difficulties occasioned them but slight concern. +On that score their detachment was charming.</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="line">“I heard a lion in the lobby roar;</div> + <div class="line">Say, Mr. Speaker, shall we shut the door</div> + <div class="line">And keep him out, or shall we let him in</div> + <div class="line">And see if we can get him out again?”</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_284" title="284"></a>In fact they found it most agreeable to hear savage growls and roars, +and proclaim that all responsibility belonged to the Democrats. To +heighten the turmoil Taylor and Scott were in politics, where they +should not have been, and they had active and hopeful friends in +Congress. Many of the Whigs, indeed, felt quite ready to put up “Old +Zack” for President and “Old Whitey” for Vice President, if only they +could injure Polk and whip the Democrats thereby; and their opponents, +understanding the game, fended off with no more scruple.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.25">[25]</a></p> + +<p>The speeches, which ran on almost interminably, were often able, +sometimes eloquent, almost always prejudiced, and quite always +deficient in information. Indeed, a multitude of essential or important +data were wholly unknown. The same facts, the same errors, the same +arguments, the same epithets, the same laudable sentiments and the same +ignoble aims presented themselves over and over again. Assertions and +denials, proofs and refutations, accusations and answers, flings and +retorts pursued and were pursued. There was what the <cite>Public Ledger</cite> +called “an everlasting begging of the question”—taking premises +for granted and reaching conclusions that any one could accept, if +he pleased. “How glad I shall be when I escape from the region of +speeches—and get into the region of [undisguised] pigs and calves,” +Senator Fairfield had exclaimed a few months earlier; and no doubt many +felt in the same way now.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>Naturally the genesis of the conflict proved to be a favorite object of +contemplation, and almost every complaint against the administration +that wit could invent or stupidity fall into was brought forward. +The fact that the action of the same Congress at its first session +had turned the leaf upon that subject made no difference. The fact +that Polk’s newspaper organ challenged in his name “the most rigorous +investigation—not at any future time, but <em>now</em>”—into the Executive’s +“whole conduct of our Mexican relations” did not signify. No such +investigation was attempted, but invective continued. The opposition +merely cocked its eye suspiciously at everything, and found everything +iniquitous.</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="line">“He must have optics sharp, I ween,</div> + <div class="line">Who sees what is not to be seen,”</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>but the feat was now accomplished.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.27">[27]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">OPPOSITION SCHEMES</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_285" title="285"></a>For example, Congress had scarcely assembled when attacks began on the +establishment of civil governments in California and New Mexico. With +such unusual strength of vision it could readily be seen that Polk had +been indulging in some villainy there. For a week or so excitement +raged. But after a while several things appeared. Our only aim had been +to mitigate the harshness of military rule, about which the kindly +Whigs had felt much exercised. The action complained of had been taken +under a military sanction, and was proper legally as well as by common +sense, for the Executive, as commander-in-chief, possessed the fullest +military authority in regions occupied by our arms. Harrison, a Whig, +had proceeded after a similar fashion in Canada during the War of 1812; +and our Supreme Court had even endorsed the view of a Whig lawyer, +Daniel Webster by name, that British occupation of Castine, Maine, +during the same war gave England rights of sovereignty there for the +time being. So far as Kearny, a Whig officer, had gone wrong, the fault +had been his own; and, finally, the unholy word “conquest,” which had +made the Whigs most unhappy when applied by Polk to the occupation of +New Mexico, was found to have been applied to the British occupation of +Castine by our own Supreme Court.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.28">[28]</a></p> + +<p>Behind idealistic declamation lay schemes that were distinctly +practical. It was thought, for example, that if the war could be made +odious, and the government’s measures be hindered in Congress, Polk +would have to placate the Whigs by restoring the protective tariff. +This came out beautifully in the treatment of the proposal to lay +a duty on tea and coffee, which even the <cite>National Intelligencer</cite> +endorsed. A Democrat, “Long John” Wentworth of Illinois, fully as noted +for corporeal as for spiritual grandeur, and wrathful over Polk’s +course in the Oregon and river and harbor affairs, moved the rejection +of the plan, and the Whigs fell into line.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p>It was a noble scene. Regard for the poor man filled the mouths of the +orators. Though his cottons, his sugar and his salt had been cheerfully +made to pay, this duty would be “inhuman,” a “tax on poverty,” a tax +“against the fireside and against woman,” a tax “against the wages of +weary labor” to support the “extravagance” of the “Tiberius” in the +White House. But almost in the same breath came the hint, “If the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_286" title="286"></a> +administration needs money, let it re-enact the [protective] tariff of +1842.” “The first condition [of Whig support] is,” explained the Boston +<cite>Atlas</cite>, “repeal the <em>British Bill</em>. Repeal the bantling of the House +of Lords. Repeal the offspring of British paternity and precedent.” +“Should they be in want of money,” proclaimed Webster, “I would say to +them—restore what you have destroyed.” A fairly definite understanding +to this effect seems to have existed among the Whigs; malcontents on +the other side gave them help; and the proposed duty was rejected in +the House by a vote of 115 to 48. Partly for the same reason troops +were not promptly voted. If the government does not need money, it does +not need men, said the opposition. Thus the “patriotic sublimity” of +the Whigs again commanded admiration, and some of the Democrats now had +a share in it. <a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p>Another illustration of sublimity was the “Wilmot Proviso,” that +“firebell in the night,” as Alexander H. Stephens called it, which no +doubt some Congressmen accepted at its face value, and a multitude of +honest citizens regarded as a New Commandment revealed on a new Sinai. +The introduction of this measure, which prohibited slavery in territory +acquired from Mexico, was both unnecessary and unwise. It blocked +needed war legislation, added to the prevailing discord, and weakened +the government in the face of the enemy.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.30">[30]</a></p> + +<p>But reasons of state outweighed all such trifling considerations. +The northern Whigs, to hurt their opponents and gain recruits, had +for some time been taunting the northern Democrats with subserviency +to the slave power, and it seemed to the latter that a declaration +of independence would help their electioneering. Van Buren men, +especially in the state of New York, desired to annoy Polk in return +for his beating their favorite, and taking an Old Hunker instead of a +Barnburner into the Cabinet. Wilmot, the only Pennsylvania Democrat +that had voted for the new tariff, did not feel precisely happy about +his action, and was anxious to repel the charge of truckling. His great +state and New England considered the “Southern” tariff an abomination, +and longed to retaliate. Many felt that Walker and Tyler had used sharp +practice in the annexation of Texas for the advantage of their section. +The West believed the South had actually broken a bargain by getting +its help in that matter and then<a class="pagenum" id="Page_287" title="287"></a> dropping the Oregon issue. A general +sense that southern politicians had been overbearing prevailed above +the line. The fear that southern domination would blight interests dear +to the North exerted its usual strength; and as a final merit, the +Proviso helped to make the war odious by suggesting that it aimed to +extend slavery.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.30">[30]</a></p> + +<p>So without regard to the logic of the situation, the welfare of the +country or the needs of our armies it was urged; and then Calhoun made +a profit in his turn by bringing in a series of pro-slavery dogmas +to rally the southerners under his banner. The northern Whigs, for +reasons just mentioned, and particularly to save themselves at home, +took up the Proviso, and it fared well; but after a time the party +discovered that favoring it might cost them several states in the next +Presidential contest, and so the New Commandment was quietly filed +away.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.30">[30]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">BERRIEN’S PLAN</p> + +<p>To replace it, however, calm the “Proviso men,” and avert a party +split by preventing the emergence of a slavery issue, the “patriotic +sublimity” of the Whigs evolved another idea. This was the proposition +of Senator Berrien that no territory should be taken from Mexico, and +that while it would be “desirable” to have the Texas boundary settled +and our claims paid, we should always be ready to make terms that +would leave Mexican honor “inviolate.” Here was truly a remarkable +proposition. By voting three millions to facilitate a settlement with +Mexico, in full view of Polk’s grounds for proposing that measure, +Congress had already committed itself to the principle of acquiring +territory.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.31">[31]</a></p> + +<p>But other objections to Berrien’s plan far outweighed the point of +consistency. If the United States was to decide what would satisfy +Mexican honor, the plan could only have proved futile—even insulting; +and if Mexico herself, it was ludicrous. Nothing would have satisfied +Mexico’s ideas of honor except the evacuation of her territory and the +surrender of Texas. When convinced by the passage of this resolution +that she had nothing to lose in the end, she would have felt still +less anxiety to sacrifice her daily golden egg—the money that our +armies paid out—by ending the war. Implying that she had done nothing +worthy of stripes, Berrien turned the war Message and the war bill into +falsehoods, and accused the United States of a horrible crime—the +crime of warring upon an innocent neighbor<a class="pagenum" id="Page_288" title="288"></a> merely to do havoc. He +reduced the minima of our solemn demands to mere desiderata. He +represented our expenditures, our dead and our victories as elements of +a senseless farce, and left us no respectable excuse for having troops +in Mexico, except that we sent them down to scatter silver dollars +and study the fandango. He proposed to make this nation unique in +history as combining the villain, the ruffian, the simpleton and the +comedian. He attempted to revive the unendurable <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">status quo ante</em>, +leave the United States without indemnity for the past or security +for the future, stimulate Mexican vanity and self-confidence, and +weaken the prestige of our arms in Europe. In order to preserve Whig +solidarity he aimed to deprive us, not merely of California, but of +self-respect.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.31">[31]</a></p> + +<p>All this Berrien proposed. Yet Webster, dreaming still of the +Presidency, endorsed the plan. He was put up as a candidate by the +Massachusetts Whigs on that basis; and his party, hoping to win spoils +in the approaching national election by this device, quite generally +accepted it. Said a correspondent of the <cite>National Intelligencer</cite>, +vouched for by the editor as a Whig statesman, “<em>No Mexican territory</em>. +Let this be the issue. Let this be the motto inscribed on the Whig +banner, and victory is certain.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.31">[31]</a></p> + +<p>All these manoeuvres of the Whigs, aided by the Democratic +underworking, resulted, of course, in the protraction of a war which +they posed as hating. The first seven weeks of the session were almost +thrown away. The opposition hung back from granting needed troops for +reasons already suggested, and also lest the administration should +turn the appointments to party account. Democratic dissensions and +probably a wish to annoy Whig generals had a similar effect. Grudges on +account of the tariff and the river and harbor veto played their part +against war legislation. Men stooped so low as to argue that Polk, the +President of the United States, could not be trusted with $3,000,000, +when customhouse officials had larger sums in their keeping. And then +his “imbecile” administration was charged with permitting the war to +drag, “when by a few vigorous blows it could have been ended long +since.” Its course exhibited “unsurpassed inefficiency,” declared the +Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, as well as “one unrelieved picture of wrongdoing, +corruption, weakness and blunders.” Indeed, the gov<a class="pagenum" id="Page_289" title="289"></a>ernment, “rolling +this war, as a sweet morsel, under its tongue,” was detected in +wilfully doing “everything in its power to prevent” the energetic +operations upon which, as any one could see, its financial, political +and personal credit vitally depended.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.32">[32]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">CLAY’S LEADERSHIP</p> + +<p>In November, 1847, Henry Clay, the plumed leader of the national Whig +party, celebrated also as the man who elected Polk, after taking even +a longer time than others to consult the omens, gave out a speech and +a set of resolutions. These were intended as a chart for the party to +be guided by under the pilotage of that distinguished though unlucky +navigator. The author forgot having said in 1813, “an honorable peace +is attainable only by an efficient war,” but he remembered to condole +with suffering Ireland. He forgot that a country engaged in hostilities +of uncertain duration and cost cannot wisely bind itself to specific +terms of peace, but reiterated the favorite Whig taunt that it was a +blind war, without known aim. Historically too, he wandered a little, +for he charged the President with ordering Taylor to plant cannon +opposite Matamoros “at the very time” when Slidell was “bending his +way” to Mexico; but Polk was unpopular, and few thought it necessary +to speak the truth about him. We oppose the annexation of Mexico, +Clay proclaimed, which, on the other hand was perhaps too true to be +interesting; and we demand only a proper boundary for Texas, which bore +him a long distance toward Berrien.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.33">[33]</a></p> + +<p>But here was the master stroke: We desire to acquire no foreign +territory “for the purpose” of extending slavery to it. This had +the threefold merit of completely “dodging” the great question of +principle, giving the northern Whigs a graven image to worship, and +conceding to their southern brethren a full privilege to do anything +possible in the acquired territory, after it should be ours. But +unfortunately for his party the Navigator admitted that Congress had +made the conflict a national war, that a long series of “glorious” +victories had been won, and that since Congress had formulated no +declaration regarding the objects in view, Polk—frequently accused by +Whigs of carrying on the war for diabolical purposes both abhorrent and +fatal to the Constitution—had been free to use his judgment. In Mexico +Clay’s speech was widely circulated, and a competent observer thought +it might delay peace one or two years. Such<a class="pagenum" id="Page_290" title="290"></a> was the highest Whig +leadership in what Webster called a “dark and troubled night.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.33">[33]</a></p> + +<p>One idea in the minds of not a few who endorsed the “no territory” +plan was that its adoption would render the prosecution of the war +aimless, and so check it abruptly. Others favored gaining the same +end by stopping supplies. Ex-Senator Rives, a leader of prominence, +advised Crittenden to concert measures for this purpose with Democratic +“patriots”; and in fact an understanding on the point seems to have +been reached. “Be prompt, when you are wrong, to back straight out,” +urged the New York <cite>Tribune</cite>, demanding the recall of our troops. +Other Whigs, after doing all they could to make the war aimless, +argued, We are fighting for nothing, why persist? “Let us call home our +armies,” insisted Corwin. “Stop the war. Withdraw our forces,” cried +Sumner; and Corwin believed, early in February, 1847, that only two +more votes would commit the Senate for this plan of complete national +stultification, and for bringing back in a keenly aggravated state all +our Mexican difficulties. Practically nobody dreamed of offering to +Mexico the reparation that such an idea of dropping the war implied. +The proposition was therefore hollow and insincere; little more than +politics weakly flavored with sentimentality.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.34">[34]</a></p> + +<p>The month after Clay’s chart appeared, the first session of the +Thirtieth Congress assembled. About half the Representatives were new +men, a majority belonged to the Whig party, and all had been chosen +during the gloomy autumn of the previous year. By the Navigator and +by other party leaders their work had been mapped out for them. The +objects of the war were to be defined as at most a settlement of the +Texas boundary at the Rio Grande, or a little farther north, and +payment of the old American claims; supplies were to be qualified +and limited accordingly, or entirely cut off; and in this manner +hostilities would be ended.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.35">[35]</a></p> + +<p>But politics, not principle, still dominated most of the Whigs. They +viewed everything with reference to the impending election of a +President; and public sentiment regarding the war had now changed. The +battle of Buena Vista had aroused extraordinary enthusiasm; Scott’s +victories, refuting the charges of inefficiency and silencing the +prophets of calamity, had been decisive as well as brilliant; the +expenses of the war were far less<a class="pagenum" id="Page_291" title="291"></a> burdensome than its opponents had +prophesied; Mexico had proved stubborn and unreasonable; the sort of +opposition that had been practised was seen to be aiding the enemy, and +hence fell somewhat into disfavor; and the people, believing peace and +a reward for their sacrifices within reach, had made up their minds +to carry the business through. Besides, many of the Whigs themselves +were too proud to “back out,” and many at the north—high-tariff +men—wished the war to continue. By a rather small vote and a very +narrow margin—85 to 81—it was duly branded as unnecessary and +unconstitutional, and Webster, now an out-an-out opposition candidate +for the Presidency, approved of this little black “blister-plaster”; +but in view of national sentiment “patriotic sublimity” of a practical +sort now looked expensive, and a motion contemplating the withdrawal of +our troops perished in the House under a vote of 41 to 137.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.35">[35]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE OPPOSITION FAILS</p> + +<p>It was perfectly feasible, however, to snarl, nag, procrastinate +and work for personal aims; and few opportunities passed unheeded. +“Tiger hunts”—ambitious members attacking rivals—used up much time. +Cliques locked horns over pressing military needs. Webster seemed to +forget everything except his ambition. Benton raged over the fate of +the Lieutenant General bill and the censure of Frémont for disobeying +Kearny. Calhoun, having allowed his hair to grow, resembled a porcupine +less than before, but felt no less anxious to prove himself the sole +hope of the South. Polk, instead of gaining popularity from the +success of his administration, was looked upon as intoxicated by its +fumes, and a section of his party advised throwing him openly to the +sharks. Congressional resolutions were aimed at him. All the dying +embers of controversy were solicitously fanned. The causes of the +war, the conduct of the war, the instructions to Slidell, the return +of Santa Anna, the occupation of New Mexico, the tariff in Mexican +ports and the treatment of Taylor and Scott furnished themes for stale +speeches. To chill the growing popularity of the war, direct taxes +were suggested; and the chairman of the ways and means committee piled +up the prospective costs far above the estimates of the government. +After some two months of it Marcy gave up hope. But the Whigs knew they +must do nothing serious against the war, and before long it happily +ended.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.36">[36]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_292" title="292"></a>The results of all this personal, designing or factious opposition to +the government and the war proved most unfortunate. The administration +could never be sure what action Congress would take, nor when; and +therefore its course was necessarily timid, weak and hesitating. Time +and strength had to be consumed in foreseeing and in meeting captious +objections, and in battling against public prejudices that hampered +both military and financial efficiency. “We shall have three months of +turmoil—our errors exposed, our good deeds perverted,” wrote Marcy to +a friend at the beginning of December, 1846; and such an expectation +did not conduce to satisfactory work. Bold, rapid strokes could not be +ventured; caution and cheese-paring had to be the rule. In the field +all this bore fruit in vexation, delay, expense and loss of life. “In +the name of God,” exclaimed a man at the front, “will the politicians +of our country never cease gambling for the Presidency upon the blood +of their countrymen?”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.37">[37]</a></p> + +<p>And the uproar had another consequence. When the treaty was ratified +the government organ referred to the conflict with Mexico as “one of +the most brilliant wars that ever adorned the annals of any nation”; +and the chief Whig journal placed these words without criticism in its +own editorial column. The trial was over, and the fiercely contesting +lawyers walked off, arm in arm, to dine. The inefficient and shameless +war was now brilliant and most creditable. Indeed, the Whigs chose +for standard-bearer a man who represented professionally the military +spirit they had raised pious hands against, who belonged to the +slaveholding order so plainly viewed askance by the New Commandment, +who had recommended the advance to the Rio Grande, who had aimed the +cannon at Matamoros, who had advised appropriating Mexican territory +by force of arms, and who owed in fact all his prominence to playing a +leading rôle in the “illegal, unrighteous, and damnable” war. Nobody +thought of impeaching Polk, or of bringing home to him the guilt that +was to have sunk him to the bottom of the bottomless pit.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.38">[38]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">RESULTS OF THE OPPOSITION</p> + +<p>Yet all the Whig journalism and oratory stood in the record. Hosea +Biglow became an immortal.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.39">[39]</a> New Englanders gained the ear of +reading people. Keen young radicals of the northeast, where the muse of +history chiefly dwelt, dominated to a great extent the public thought. +Polk retired from power and from<a class="pagenum" id="Page_293" title="293"></a> life, and nobody cared to defend, +or even to hear defended, a creature so unpopular and so generally +denounced. Declamation that well-informed men of the day had rated at +its true value came to be taken seriously. One side of the case faded +from sight, the other was engraved on bronze. And so the patriotic +habit of eagerly throwing stones at the Mexican War and its backers +became traditional.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N34.40">[40]</a></p> + +<p>This has been a mistake. No doubt, as we have seen, errors and +misdeeds enough must be charged to the administration. All the actors +were vessels of clay, like the rest of us. But in reality the least +creditable phase of our proceedings was the conduct of the opposition.</p> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXXV" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_294" title="294"></a><span class="subtitle">XXXV</span><br /> + THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE WAR<br /> + <span class="subtitle">1846–1848</span></h2> + + +<p>At the time our difficulties with Mexico approached their climax, +the popularity and prestige of the United States abroad were not the +highest possible. England, our gentle mother, showed a particular want +of regard for us.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.1">[1]</a> Herself recently weaned from slavery, she +viewed with a convert’s intolerance our adhering to that institution. +Having just cured her most outrageous electoral abuses, she enjoyed +hearing the London <cite>Times</cite> describe our government as “a polity +corrupted in all its channels with the foulest venality.” Ever +scrupulous and self-denying when a question of gaining territory was +concerned, she felt shocked by American “rapacity”; and the <cite>Times</cite>, +while infinitely proud that England’s banner waved in every quarter +of the globe, ridiculed American “imperial pretensions” as echoed and +re-echoed “in a nasal jargon, compounded at once of bad grammar and +worse principle.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE UNITED STATES CRITICIZED ABROAD</p> + +<p>The disposition of certain states to repudiate bonds held in Great +Britain, and their tardiness in paying interest, excited all the +righteous indignation of the creditor. The descriptions of this country +put forth by honored guests like Dickens and Mrs. Trollope, who made +themselves merry and popular at our expense, furnished excuses for +countless jibes; and in September, 1845, the <cite>Times</cite> discovered “great +danger” that the nightmare of an old English writer would come true in +the United States: “No arts, no letters, no society, and, what is worst +of all, continual feare and danger of violent death, and the life of +man solitary, poore, nasty, brutish, and short.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>If one aspect of our civilization appeared more laughable than all +the rest, it was the military side. The title of General, observed +the <cite>Times</cite>, was “legitimately common to the greater<a class="pagenum" id="Page_295" title="295"></a> part of the +respectable male population,” and <cite>Britannia</cite> outdid this excellent +jest by telling of “majors who serve out beer, and colonels who rub +down the heels of one’s horse.” Literary men were angered by our +failure to amend the copyright law as they desired; and our pronounced +republicanism, trumpeted by Polk in his annual Message of 1845, +irritated almost everybody. The plain intimation of the same Message +that European monarchies were not expected to interfere in America +seemed even worse; and the President was represented as meaning that +we intended to get Mexico into a dark alley alone, and rob her. The +annexation of Texas, which England had exerted all her diplomatic +strength to prevent, could not be forgiven, and the Oregon difficulty +threatened war.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Even Englishmen who believed in the rights of the people, said the +<cite>Times</cite>, turned from us with “indignant scorn;” and in another of +its many outbursts, which would have been terrible had they not been +ludicrous, that paper warned us that, as we followed the example, we +invited the punishment of self-willed Corcyra. “The most impudent, +bullying, boasting nation of mankind,” was <cite>Britannia’s</cite> genial +description of us; and she loved to parade “our national scorn of +America and her statesmanship.” In short, McLane, the American minister +at London, reported privately—with some exaggeration, one desires to +believe—that a deep-seated dislike, “amounting almost to hate, of our +people, of our country and of our Institutions,” prevailed universally +in England.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>On the continent these opinions were more or less distinctly reflected. +In France the heart of the people beat warmly for us and against +their neighbors across the Channel; but the court and the government, +regarding a close alliance with Great Britain as of cardinal +importance, and the newspapers which, like the <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, +represented them with more or less fidelity, exerted a strong influence +the other way. At the end of 1845 Polk deepened this, for his Message +referred in cutting terms to the interference of that country on the +side of Great Britain<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.2">[2]</a> in our business of absorbing Texas.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>The French government occupied a weak position in reference to that +affair, for Guizot, the chief minister, believing that Henry Clay +would be elected President and shelve it,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_296" title="296"></a> had thought he could safely +gratify England. Thiers, ardent and eloquent, now attacked his course +in Parliament, insisting that an ally had been sacrificed to an enemy. +Guizot, pale, scholarly and calculating, said in reply, Thiers has +appealed to your instincts, I will appeal to your judgment; and pressed +his theory of an American balance of power. But good-will for the +United States and hatred for England were too strong for him. “What +empty vocalization!” exclaimed <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le National</cite>; “What unhappy exertions! +What reverberating accents, like echoes in the desert! It was poor. +It was cold. It was null.” Yet no doubt the sting of Polk’s rebuke +lingered, though Guizot intimated in bitterly sweet language that it +should not be resented, since he knew no better; and many Frenchmen who +condemned their government’s policy, condemned the United States for +publicly recalling it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Mexico, however, stood in a much worse position abroad than we. For +many years, it is true, she had been representing herself as Andromeda, +shivering at the American crocodile or what-not that was approaching +to devour her; and at the end of July, 1845, in announcing to foreign +governments that hostilities were shortly to begin, she repeated +that while she had done everything honorable to preserve peace, the +United States had exhibited “no rule of conduct toward Mexico except +a disloyal and perfidious policy, and no purpose except to seize +successively every part of her territory that it could obtain.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>By such reiterated protestations considerable sympathy was aroused +at London and Paris. Englishmen holding Mexican bonds naturally had +tender feelings on the subject. British capitalists involved in +Mexican silver mines and other investments, and British merchants and +manufacturers, who enjoyed the lion’s pre-eminence in Mexican commerce, +felt deeply interested. British finances required silver bullion, and +British statesmen dreaded a further extension of our boundary toward +the southwest. But the politics of Mexico excited such contempt, her +financial conduct such disgust, her restrictions upon foreign trade +such irritation, and her treatment of foreign powers such resentment +that she could not be viewed with cordiality, confidence or even +respect.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">MEXICO UNPOPULAR IN EUROPE</p> + +<p>Disraeli spoke of every government of Mexico as “born in<a class="pagenum" id="Page_297" title="297"></a> a revolution +and expiring in a riot.” The chargé d’affaires of Spain told Santa +Anna that, on account of the instability of chiefs and systems, it +was impossible to have a settled policy toward his country. In twenty +years British imports did not increase, and the number of British +houses engaged in Mexican business diminished. The treaty made with +France after the war of 1838 was not carried out by Mexico; and at +the beginning of 1846, owing to a long-standing quarrel, which France +would have settled on reasonable terms, that country was represented +by the Spanish minister. Mexico has “wilfully incurred the odium of +foreign Nations,” declared the British Foreign Office; and the Mexican +correspondent of the <cite>Times</cite> was permitted to say in its columns that +an American absorption of Mexico would be greatly for the advantage of +humanity. The London <cite>Athenæum</cite> expressed the same opinion. Even <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le +Journal des Débats</cite>, besides complaining that every nation in Europe +had been treated outrageously by Mexico, admitted that she had “sunk +to the lowest point of weakness and folly.” The country “is destitute +of intelligence, of energy, of principle,” said that paper; “it is a +government of barbarians, but of barbarians enervated by the corrupting +vices of civilization.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>To conciliate public opinion abroad, our state department on May 14, +1846, one day after Congress authorized war, issued a circular to +the American ministers and consuls.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.5">[5]</a> “It is our interest, as it +has ever been our inclination,” said Buchanan, “that Mexico should +be an independent and powerful Republic, and that our relations with +her should be of the most friendly character”; but “the avaricious +and unprincipled men who have placed themselves at the head of her +Government” have prevented her from acting the part of a stable and +orderly nation. “For some years, in our intercourse with her, we have +incurred much of the expense, and suffered many of the inconveniences +of war whilst nominally at peace. This state of things had, at last, +become intolerable. We go to war with Mexico solely for the purpose +of conquering an honorable and permanent peace. Whilst we intend to +prosecute the war with vigor, both by land and by sea, we shall bear +the olive branch in one hand, and the sword in the other; and whenever +she will accept the former, we shall sheathe the latter.”<a class="pagenum" id="Page_298" title="298"></a> This +despatch and the President’s recent Message<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.6">[6]</a> were to guide our +foreign representatives in conversation about the war.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>By the Spanish-Americans the outbreak of hostilities was received +with surprising calmness. Mexico endeavored to make them feel +that a conflict of races had begun, and that she was leading the +van in a common cause; but whether dissatisfied with her course +in the past—especially with reference to preferential trade +relations—thankful to the United States for the shelter of the “Monroe +Doctrine,” or simply indifferent to outside concerns, they held aloof. +Guatemala alone displayed a strong sympathy. The official gazette +of New Granada printed Polk’s war Message in full without a word of +criticism.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>The mother-country, Spain, would naturally have been expected to take +a deep interest in the contest; but Mexico had been a rebellious +daughter, had treated the Spanish subjects within her borders with +cruel unfriendliness, and had recently shown a fierce aversion to the +scheme of subjecting her to a Spanish prince. For commercial reasons +that power desired an early termination of the hostilities, and +signified as much to our government;<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.8">[8]</a> but at the same time she +pledged herself to “the strictest neutrality,” and she refrained from +even offering mediation. Her minister at Mexico, Bermúdez de Castro, +assisted the authorities there with advice, but before the war ended he +turned over the legation to a chargé, and went home. A band of Carlist +officers talked of going to the scene of action in May, 1847; but if +their plan was carried out, they successfully avoided publicity. About +the same time <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">El Heraldo</cite> of Madrid asked whether Europe would permit +the United States to absorb, little by little, all of America; but this +was academic, and the journal admitted that Mexico was then practically +beyond relief.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Baron von Canitz, the Prussian minister of foreign relations, when +officially notified of the war, said it must be far from easy to live +on amicable terms with a country like Mexico, “where anarchy reigns +and where the Supreme power was constantly contested by a succession +of military chieftains, who were compelled to maintain their usurped +authority by the same unworthy means by which they had obtained +it.”<a class="pagenum" id="Page_299" title="299"></a> Aided by Alexander von Humboldt, who had lived in Mexico, King +Frederick William followed the operations of the war attentively; but, +happy enough that we were not his own neighbors, he felt no concern +about a possible enlargement of our territory at the expense of Mexico. +Indeed, he looked upon our success as in the interest of civilization, +and at a distinguished public meeting one of the ministers referred +to our future power on the shores of the Pacific with hope and +approbation. For the rest, as the Zollverein had little direct +commercial business with the region blockaded, Prussia busied herself +with her own affairs.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.10">[10]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">SENTIMENT IN ENGLAND</p> + +<p>At London the announcement of hostilities was both unexpected and +unwelcome. Ostensibly they grew out of the annexation of Texas, and +for that reason were a disagreeable reminder. They took place in spite +of earnest efforts to prevent Mexico from challenging the United +States, and hence recalled another diplomatic failure. They seemed +almost certain to injure British interests, and increase the territory +and prestige of the United States. There was a notion, voiced in +Parliament by Disraeli, that success might be followed by an attack +upon Canada or the British West Indies. It seemed highly probable that +had England postponed for a few days the offer which finally settled +the Oregon dispute, better terms might have been extorted from the +United States. Her policy had been to have our difficulties with Mexico +kept alive until after an adjustment of that affair, and now it was +thought possible that we might bring Mexico to terms at once, and use +in some other unpleasant way our military preparations. The war, so +much regretted by her, was seen to be largely, if not mainly or wholly, +due to this policy and that of the British newspapers, which had urged +Mexico to despise our military power, and to rely upon the difficulty +of invading her territory successfully; and finally an uncomfortable +fear prevailed that in some way the peace of the world might be +imperilled.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>Hence disappointment and irritation were felt at the British Foreign +Office. Aberdeen warned our minister that dangers of collision would be +involved in a blockade and in any project of acquiring territory; and +he said frankly that he could not be expected to contemplate with any +pleasure the disastrous injuries the war might very probably inflict +upon the Mexi<a class="pagenum" id="Page_300" title="300"></a>can government and people. Only one cause of satisfaction +could be seen by the British Cabinet. An apprehension had been felt +that France might be induced—through her friendship for the United +States or the idea that American control of Mexico would be for her +diplomatic and commercial advantage—to join us; and the French king, +confirming an anticipatory declaration already made by Guizot, took +position at once for strict neutrality.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>In the press and the commercial circles of London sympathy with Mexico +was general, said our minister; and the news that Americans were +fighting aroused no sentiment in our favor. Of course little could be +expected of “that Napoleon of the backwoods,” as <cite>Britannia</cite> called +our President. The defeat of Taylor on the Rio Grande was hoped for +and counted upon; and even after his overthrow of Arista the <cite>Times</cite>, +which had already predicted that our operations, in the case of +hostilities, would be “utterly uninteresting and inglorious”—even +“disgusting”—concluded that we should probably fail. “Bluster does not +win battles, though it may begin brawls,” the editor moralized. All +Europe must consider the war “an insulting and illegal aggression,” +said the <cite>Chronicle</cite>; and the <cite>Post</cite> attributed our course to “the +angry passions of the untamed democracy of the States,” which Polk was +ready to gratify at any cost.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>The press of France, on the other hand, was in general friendly. +Let the Americans have Mexico, and a prodigious development of the +country will follow, urged <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le National</cite>; would not that be preferable +to seeing the English get it? To support the United States is to +strengthen an ally against Great Britain, it added. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Correspondant</cite> +said, “The Anglo-Saxon race will flow unchecked over the fair provinces +where the people, descendants of the conquering Spaniards, have allowed +themselves to slumber in corruption”; and it argued that such a change +would benefit the Roman Catholic church in Mexico by purifying and +energizing it. Even <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Journal des Débats</cite> admitted that our invasion +“would be something which humanity would have to applaud, in spite of +the just reprobation attached to a spirit of conquest.” In view of +such public sentiment W. R. King, our minister at Paris, had reason to +predict, that no trouble was to be appre<a class="pagenum" id="Page_301" title="301"></a>hended from the government, +since the country would restrain it.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.12">[12]</a> Even Guizot, when bitterest +at heart, found it necessary to profess high respect for that “great +nation,” the United States.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">ENGLAND DISPOSED TO INTERVENE</p> + +<p>June 6, 1846—that is to say, without loss of time—Aberdeen, the +British minister of foreign affairs, intimated to McLane in a private +conversation, unofficially, and upon his personal responsibility, that +should Polk desire it, “he would be happy, in a more formal way, to +propose a mediation.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.14">[14]</a> This proposal, received by McLane in his +private capacity only, was duly made known to our government, but it +elicited no reply. Our silence did not please Palmerston, who succeeded +Aberdeen about the beginning of July; and that young “fop with grey +hair,” as <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Journal des Débats</cite> described him, resolved to propose +mediation in such terms as to require an answer.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Soon after the middle of August, therefore, he instructed Pakenham to +ascertain whether a formal offer of mediation would be acceptable, and +if so to make it in “the form which might be agreed upon” by Pakenham +and Buchanan.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.15">[15]</a> The only result, however, was a memorandum +received from our government on September 11, which said that it +duly appreciated the friendly spirit of the British Cabinet, that it +desired to make peace upon just and honorable terms and had therefore +made an overture to Mexico on July 27, and that it thought the formal +mediation of a foreign power unnecessary and inexpedient, but would +regard with favor any influence used to induce Mexico to accept this +overture.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.16">[16]</a> Later Pakenham improved every opportunity to remind +Buchanan of the British government’s “anxious desire ... to be useful +in bringing about a reconciliation between the two Republicks,” but he +found himself unable to accomplish anything in this direction.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>The real question, however, was whether Great Britain would forcibly +interpose. Such a policy she forbade Mexico to count on, saying +that she could not be expected to assume the chief burden of a war +which had resulted from the failure of that country to act upon her +advice;<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.18">[18]</a> but this did not bind her own hands, and no doubt +the government felt a pressure, if not a leaning, in the direction +of interference. Both<a class="pagenum" id="Page_302" title="302"></a> certain interests and certain passions +demanded such a course. The <cite>Times</cite> and other newspapers pointed that +way,<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.19">[19]</a> and in the House of Commons Disraeli and Bentinck spoke on +that side. “A pretence only is wanting,” wrote McLane. This, however, +was not precisely correct. Aberdeen told Murphy, the Mexican minister, +that it would be Quixotic to take up arms on the simple ground that +Mexico had been wronged; and in view of England’s own course, it would +also have been ridiculous. “Scinde is ours,” exclaimed <cite>Britannia</cite> +at about this time, thus announcing one more step in the conquest +of India, “and we pay the penalty of the treachery by which it was +acquired in the curse of possession.” What Great Britain wanted was a +substantial advantage in prospect.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>For a time it looked as if California might provide this. Peel himself +was rather dazzled by the idea of gaining San Francisco, and Aberdeen +viewed with “the utmost repugnance,” wrote Murphy, the likelihood that +we should acquire the province. During the last three months of 1845 +the subject was thoroughly discussed by Murphy and Aberdeen, and the +latter’s mind appeared to be “tormented” for a solution of the problem. +The method of interposition followed in the war between Buenos Aires +and Montevideo appealed to him, but he felt that France could not +easily be drawn into it. The Mackintosh plan of British colonization +received careful attention as possibly the means of creating a British +interest in California; but Aberdeen thought it would be unbecoming, +and would give the United States a just ground of offence, to put +the plan in operation at so late a day, evidently for the purpose of +blocking us (<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">á propósito para las circunstancias</em>), and he feared it +would not be effective after all against American immigration. The +Mexican decree of April, 1837, which mortgaged a certain quantity of +lands (for instance, in California) to the bondholders appeared to +promise better, and on that basis a scheme was actually drawn up at +London in October, 1845, for submission to the government of Mexico. +But at this juncture Herrera was overthrown, the British Cabinet felt +profoundly disgusted, and Murphy’s position became uncertain.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>After Aberdeen retired from the Foreign Office in 1846, the suggestion +of Paredes that Great Britain take military possession of California +seems to have tempted Palmerston;<a class="pagenum" id="Page_303" title="303"></a> but, aside from other objections, +he shrewdly suspected that Mexico had by this time lost control of the +territory. In December, 1847, Dr. Mora, who succeeded Murphy, proposed +on his own responsibility a sale of California to England, arguing that +by our endeavor to purchase it the United States had confessed we had +no claim there; but Palmerston, though evidently tempted again, merely +decided that any authorized communication on the subject should receive +the attention justly due to its importance, and soon the treaty of +peace put an end to the matter. No “substantial advantage” had seemed +to come within reach.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>Nor had even a satisfactory pretext for intervention been found. McLane +had urged our government to give none, and in particular to avoid all +infringement upon the rights of neutrals.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.22">[22]</a> The policy of our +blockade was extremely liberal. British mail packets were exempt from +its restrictions, and they were permitted to embark specie and land +quicksilver at Vera Cruz and Tampico. During the blockade of Mazatlán +British subjects were treated with such consideration that our courtesy +was formally acknowledged, and it was admitted that Scott “invariably” +guarded their interests in the sphere of his operations. Our opening +the ports to all nations, establishing a low tariff, and endeavoring +to protect commercial relations with the interior were boons that +foreign powers had no reason to expect, and British traders appreciated +our attitude.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.23">[23]</a> By December, 1847, the merchants of London were +distinctly opposed to intervention; and when the Duc de Broglie +demanded in astonishment why England had viewed our military operations +with such indifference, he was told that Mexico in the hands of the +United States would be of far more value in regard to commerce and +investments than ever before. At the same time persons of less narrow +views hoped to see that country regenerated through us.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.24">[24]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">BRITISH INTERVENTION NOT FEASIBLE</p> + +<p>On the other hand embarrassments of the most serious character stood +in the way of interposition. As the <cite>Globe</cite> said, the project of +annexing Texas had afforded better grounds, yet England had looked +aghast before the prospect of losses and risks involved in a collision +with this country. So had she done in the case of Oregon; and the +advantages of remaining at peace with the United States were still +obvious. There<a class="pagenum" id="Page_304" title="304"></a> were other considerations also. She wanted time to +readjust her business under the régime of free trade, and <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le National</cite> +thought she desired to develop her India cotton fields before severing +her relations with us. The political situation in Ireland and the +Irish famine were grave embarrassments, and the generous aid given by +the United States to the starving population of that island excited +gratitude. British mercantile finances proved to be unsound, and a bad +panic occurred; and manufacturing interests awoke to the fact that +many rivals threatened them. The profound unrest which precipitated +Europe into the revolutionary convulsions of 1848 could already be +felt;<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.25">[25]</a> and finally the relations of England to France occasioned +a grave sense of uncertainty.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>With the support of that power, said Murphy, Aberdeen would have been +willing to fight.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.27">[27]</a> Her military assistance did not particularly +matter, but he was afraid that popular unfriendliness toward the +government—already shown by a violent opposition in the press and the +parliament—and the scarcely slumbering hatred of England might drive +the country into active support of the United States, and bring on a +general conflagration.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.28">[28]</a> Such was the situation when Peel, whom +Louis Philippe leaned heavily upon, stood at the head of the British +government; and after he resigned at the end of June, 1846, it became +far more difficult. For the new administration Louis entertained no +such regard. The marriage of the Duc de Montpensier, his son, to a +Spanish princess destroyed the <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">entente cordiale</em>. Harsh language was +exchanged. Guizot and Palmerston endeavored to overthrow each other, +and the British ambassador at Paris had a personal difficulty with +Guizot.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.29">[29]</a></p> + +<p>As for France herself, the premier’s loud advocacy of an American +balance of power compelled him logically to prevent the United States, +if he could, from acquiring new territory. Influential writers—Gabriel +Ferry, for example—insisted that French interests, principles and +prestige in Mexico demanded protection. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">L’Epoque</cite>, which many +regarded as Guizot’s personal organ, took that ground firmly in a long +and studied article, and called for joint intervention. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Journal +des Débats</cite>, our persistent enemy, suggested the same view. But the +diplomatic journal, <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">La Portefeuille</cite>, was resolute for<a class="pagenum" id="Page_305" title="305"></a> neutrality, +and the other leading papers reiterated the familiar objections against +playing the British game; and hence, while it appeared reasonable to +expect that Guizot would aid England more or less in a diplomatic way +to limit the extension of our boundaries, no other sort of French +intervention seemed at all probable.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.30">[30]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">EFFECTS OF AMERICAN SUCCESS</p> + +<p>The success of our armies clinched the argument. From the first, +McLane urged that a vigorous campaign should be waged. That, he said, +would be the best way to prevent interference, and he predicted that +victories would overcome sympathy with Mexico. Had Taylor been defeated +on the Rio Grande, as Londoners expected, those ill-disposed toward us +in Europe, wrote our minister at Paris, “might have been emboldened +to unfriendly or offensive demonstrations”; but as it was, reported +McLane, the conduct of the American army and the magnanimity of the +American general served to “inspire a respect for our country and our +cause which was not felt before, and which nothing less could have +produced.” The failure of Ulúa to detain Scott until the yellow fever +should force him to decamp had no slight effect; and the victories at +Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo, reported Bancroft, who succeeded McLane at +the court of St. James, totally changed the complexion of sentiment +in Europe regarding the United States. After the battles of Contreras +and Churubusco the same minister said to a friend, “You should be here +to see how our successes have opened the eyes of the Old World to our +great destinies.” In England racial sympathy, too, could not wholly be +suppressed. Scott received very handsome compliments from the commander +of the British fleet at Vera Cruz and from a son of Sir Robert Peel, +who was aboard one of the vessels; and Robert Anderson remarked in his +diary: When our arms do something glorious, “jealousy, for the moment, +is conquered by pride.” Indeed Lord Palmerston himself spoke most +warmly to Bancroft of our victories as illustrating the superiority of +the Anglo-Saxon.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.31">[31]</a></p> + +<p>King believed they “secured a perhaps doubtful neutrality.” “Let +Mexico show the determination and the power to resist,” remarked +<cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Journal des Débats</cite> significantly, and a way to aid her will +doubtless be found, but “Europe cannot intervene effectively in behalf +of a people who throw themselves away.”<a class="pagenum" id="Page_306" title="306"></a> It is impossible to help +those who will not help themselves, admitted the London <cite>Times</cite>; and +Palmerston—disgusted, no doubt, like every one else, with Mexico’s +failure to achieve anything except fresh revolutions—admitted to +Bankhead that it would be very imprudent to break with the United +States for the sake of a country which did nothing effectual to defend +itself.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.31">[31]</a></p> + +<p>Some things, however, it was possible to do against us. At the +beginning of the conflict our minister observed in London a systematic +endeavor to break down American credit, and so embarrass our military +operations. Viscount Ranelagh proposed to bring over enough British +officers for some four or five thousand men, and it was not their +fault nor his that Murphy said the Mexicans would not serve under +foreigners. A captain employed by the highly favored company of English +mail packets landed Paredes, an avowed enemy of the United States, +at Vera Cruz. Mexico is “the very country for the guerilla,” hinted +<cite>Britannia</cite>; it “has ready-made guerillas by the ten thousand or the +hundred thousand; it has hills and hollows where ten men might stop the +march of 50,000.” And the same journal went still farther. In the case +of an invasion, it proclaimed, “the soldier is a soldier no more; he +is a burglar, a robber, a murderer”; and should foreign troops invade +England, “No quarter!” ought rightfully to be the cry.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.32">[32]</a></p> + +<p>But the special delight of unfriendly journals was to misrepresent our +military operations.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.33">[33]</a> Apparently Taylor’s battles on the Rio +Grande surprised the editorial mind so much that few comments were +ready, but after a while the <cite>Times</cite> remarked, “No hostile army has +been really beaten”; and it described our success at Monterey as merely +occupying “a town of log-huts.” That paper long professed to regard the +war as “a border squabble,” “ridiculous and contemptible,“ “justified +by hypocrisy,” “carried on with impotence,” and sure to end “in some +compromise more humiliating to the United States than to Mexico.” “The +Americans who have to conduct this most wearisome of wars,” it assured +its gratified readers, “are least of all nations competent to the task. +They have no army, and have constitutional objections to raising one. +They have no money, and are resolutely determined to find none. They +have no General, and have just agreed<a class="pagenum" id="Page_307" title="307"></a> [by rejecting the plan of a +lieutenant general] never to have one.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.34">[34]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">VIEWS OF OUR MILITARY OPERATIONS</p> + +<p>“The military tactics of the Americans,” remarked the <cite>Examiner</cite> at the +same stage, “have displayed an equal want of talent and of purpose”; +while its fair colleague, <cite>Britannia</cite>, exclaimed: The hostilities +against Mexico are “at once wretched and ridiculous.... So much for +the boasting of Jonathan!” With unwinking and unsuspecting humor the +<cite>Times</cite> commented thus on the fight at Buena Vista: “Beyond the fact +that the Americans undoubtedly beat off, though from a strong position, +a force nearly quadrupling their own, they seem to have no great +grounds for triumph.” In fact they were now “worse off than ever”; they +had actually lost prestige; and all the Mexicans needed to do was “to +sit still and be sulky.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.34">[34]</a></p> + +<p>Scott fared no better than Taylor. His bombarding Vera Cruz was +characterized as “revolting,” as an “infamy,” as “one of the most +atrocious and barbarous acts committed in modern times by the forces +of a civilized nation,” as “degrading to mankind.” Somehow the <cite>Times</cite> +was repentant enough to publish a reply, which said: “The first +broadside of Lord Exmouth’s guns at Algiers destroyed a greater number +of unoffending, unarmed people, than the bombardment of Vera Cruz,” +and pointed out that Scott was under some obligation to treat with +humanity his own troops, whom delay would have exposed to the yellow +fever. Compassionate John Bull! exclaimed the <cite>American Review</cite>; “Is +it true that the English bombarded Copenhagen? Is Hindostan more than +a fiction? Had Clive and Hastings any substantial bodily existence? +Is not Ireland a <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">mythe</em>” and of course it might have added that an +assault would have caused immensely more loss of life at Vera Cruz than +did the bombardment.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.35">[35]</a></p> + +<p>According to the <cite>Times</cite> our contemplated advance against Mexico +City was “the mere dream of an ignorant populace”; while the more +prudent <cite>Morning Chronicle</cite> termed it “about as visionary as that of +Napoleon upon Moscow.” “There is but one thing we know of,“ added the +<cite>Chronicle</cite>, “that is more difficult than for the United States army to +get to Mexico, and that would be to get back again to Vera Cruz.” When +the Americans triumphed at Cerro Gordo over both nature<a class="pagenum" id="Page_308" title="308"></a> and man, the +<cite>Chronicle</cite> itself had to admit that our courage was “unquestionable,” +but it consoled itself by placing the American and Mexican armies on +the same level as partaking “pretty considerably of the nature of +mobs.” The victories of Contreras and Churubusco were viewed by the +<cite>Times</cite> as calculated “to raise the confidence” of our enemy, and the +editor announced that Scott, after these disastrous triumphs, was +“much more likely to capitulate” than to capture Mexico. Naturally +<cite>Britannia</cite> pronounced our invasion of the country “a great mistake,” +and asked in deep concern, How are the Americans going to get out of +it?<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.36">[36]</a></p> + +<p>The occupation of the capital was regarded as only one misfortune +more. “The Americans have played out their last card,” roared the +Thunderer, “and are still as far as ever from the game.” Worse yet, it +foresaw, we were now going to crown our outrages. The churches would +be robbed, and “when churches are ransacked will houses be spared? +When saints are despoiled will citizens be spared?” The war never can +end, added the same paper, for “the invaders of Mexico ... are not +the men to build the temple of peace”; and retribution is inevitable, +since the passion for conquest, which has already “extinguished” the +political morality of the United States, will eventually impair their +political institutions, and the annexed provinces will be an American +Ireland.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.36">[36]</a></p> + +<p>The treaty of peace caused no serious trouble. As early as January, +1846, <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Journal des Débats</cite> said the Americans would soon have +California, and thus prepared its readers for the main feature of our +terms. The United States will obtain California, for Mexico cannot pay +an indemnity, echoed <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le National</cite>. In reply to Aberdeen’s hint on the +opening of hostilities, that it would be imprudent for this country +to appropriate any Mexican territory, McLane remarked that “it was at +present not easy to foresee all the consequences of a war which Mexico +had so wantonly provoked, and in which the United States had so much +injustice and so many wrongs to redress”; and no British statesman +could have failed to understand what this meant.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.37">[37]</a></p> + +<p>When Polk’s Message of December, 1846, clearly showed that we expected +to retain California, the British newspapers set up an incoherent, +savage growl; but the triumphs at Vera<a class="pagenum" id="Page_309" title="309"></a> Cruz and Cerro Gordo made +it plain that we had earned—or were likely to earn—the rights of +a conqueror, and must be taken seriously. Bancroft soon wrote that +England was “preparing to hear of our negotiating for half, or two +thirds, or even the whole of Mexico”; and Palmerston himself said we +might as well take it all. “You are the Lords of Mexico,” exclaimed +Lord Ashburton to our minister. After the occupation of the capital +even <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Journal des Débats</cite> admitted that the only possible indemnity +would be a province or two, and <cite>Britannia</cite> remarked, “From this time +the whole country must be considered as part of the territory of the +United States.” “It is becoming a fashion, rather, to expect the +absorption of all Mexico,” reported Bancroft.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.37">[37]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">OUR PEACE TERMS ACCEPTABLE TO EUROPE</p> + +<p>When the treaty arrived in Europe, the convulsions of widespread +revolution had begun there, people on the continent were too busy to +think much about our gains, and the British did not wish to think of +them; but the general sentiment of those who considered the matter +appears to have been surprise at our moderation. Humboldt, though +a citizen of Mexico, conceded that our terms were proper; and the +critical <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite> remarked, “Assuredly this is sparing a +foe who lies in the dust.” Such a characterization of our behavior was +for us a legitimate source of pride; and, as the respect universally +paid to valor and success accompanied it all over Europe, we had ample +reason to feel gratified.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N35.37">[37]</a></p> + + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a id="XXXVI" /><a class="pagenum" id="Page_310" title="310"></a><span class="subtitle">XXXVI</span><br /> + CONCLUSION<br /> + <span class="subtitle">1825–1848</span></h2> + + +<p>The conflict with Mexico came to pass as logically as a thunderstorm. +At the beginning of her independent existence our people felt earnestly +and enthusiastically anxious to maintain cordial relations with our +sister republic, and many crossed the line of absurd sentimentality +in that cause. Friction was inevitable, however. The Americans were +direct, positive, brusque, angular and pushing; and they could not +understand their neighbors on the south. The Mexicans were equally +unable to fathom our good-will, sincerity, patriotism, resoluteness and +courage; and certain features of their character and national condition +made it far from easy to get on with them.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.1">[1]</a></p> + +<p>Though generally amiable and often brilliant or charming, they lacked +common sense, principle, steadiness and knowledge of the world. They +were passionate, suspicious, over-subtle, self-confident and fond of +gamblers’ risks. They regarded firmness on our part as arrogance, +and kindness as debility. Their policy was defined by the Mexico +correspondent of the London <cite>Times</cite> as a compound of Spanish intrigue +and Indian cunning, dominated—it might have been added—by provincial +vanity and sensitiveness. They scarcely possessed the character of a +nation. The whole period from 1822 to 1848 has been classified by their +National Museum as a period of anarchy. Their international duties +were not recognized. Unscrupulous factions and usurpers used foreign +relations as the shuttlecocks of selfish schemes. Pride, said their +own statesman, J. F. Ramírez, forbade them to treat on the necessary +basis of mutual consideration and concession, and insisted upon either +complete victory or the consolation of having yielded to irresistible +force, while procrastination put off the settlement of issues until the +proper time for adjusting them had passed.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.2">[2]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">WHY MEXICO WAS DEFEATED</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_311" title="311"></a>Then between us and this difficult people arose the extraordinarily +complicated question of Texas. It was characteristic of Mexico to deny +the justice of the Texan revolt on the ground that settlers in her +territory were bound to accept the political will of the country; but +it was futile. “Nobody will be argued into slavery,” said Burke; and +this was peculiarly true when the proffered slavery did not in truth +represent the will of the country, and was more capricious, cruel +and injurious than the régime against which the Mexicans themselves +had rebelled. Our recognition of Texas not only was founded on just +reasons, but was concurred in by the leading powers of Europe. The +annexation of that republic meant the wise and unforced incorporation +of a free people, independent both by right and in fact, after Mexico +had practically abandoned all expectation of its becoming once more +a part of that nation, and entertained little hope save to gratify a +stubborn pride at the expense of Texas and the rest of the world.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>Her treatment of Texans and Americans violated the laws of justice and +humanity, and—since there was no tribunal to punish it—laid upon +the United States, both as her nearest neighbor and as an injured +community, the duty of retribution. In almost every way possible, +indeed, she forced us to take a stand. She would neither reason +nor hearken to reason, would not understand, would not negotiate. +Compensation for the loss of territory, in excess of its value to +her, she knew she could have. Peace and harmony with this country +she knew might be hers. But prejudice, vanity, passion and wretched +politics inclined her toward war; her overrated military advantages, +her expectations of European aid, the unpreparedness of the United +States, and in particular the supposed inferiority of Taylor and his +army encouraged her; and she deliberately launched the attack so long +threatened.</p> + +<p>As was just and natural, Mexico primarily owed her failure in the war +to the characteristics that led her into it. From a strictly military +point of view her case was not precisely hopeless. Intrinsically the +rank and file of her armies, though not by nature warlike, had courage +enough, and possessed an extraordinary degree of that willingness +to endure fatigue and hardship, which Napoleon deemed still more +important. They were more frugal and obedient than our men; and while +the lack of moral<a class="pagenum" id="Page_312" title="312"></a> and physical strength, discipline and confidence +in one another and their officers made them shrink from the American +bayonet and the fixed American eye behind it, they bore infantry and +artillery fire as well as we did, if not better. Many engineers proved +themselves excellent; many artillery officers were brave and efficient; +and hence there was no reason why the infantry and cavalry might not +have been well handled.</p> + +<p>But the military point of view was by no means the only one to be +considered. The want of public virtue had filled the army with +miserable officers, the legislative halls with dishonest, scheming, +clashing politicians, and the whole nation with quarreling factions +and wrathful, disheartened people, secretly thankful to find their +oppressors, whom they could not punish themselves, punished by the +Americans. The hungry and beaten conscript went into battle sure that +if wounded he would starve, if killed he would be devoured by the +birds, and should neither accident occur he would simply drudge on as +before; and the industrious, useful citizen understood, that if he +should help the leaders of the nation by paying contributions, he would +then have to fatten them by paying again. “We are saved by hope,” wrote +the great Apostle, and the nation saw no hope. Primarily Mexico was +defeated because she did not fight; and she did not fight because she +had nothing to fight for. The military class, who had long pretended +to be the nation, was given a chance to prove its claim, and the poor +wretches who could be forced into the ranks had to support it; but the +people in general, holding aloof to a great extent, said in effect, +“Thou who hast consumed all the revenues without giving anything in +return, thou for whom we have sacrificed so much, thou who hast used +our own blood to make thyself master instead of servant—may the woe +thou hast so long inflicted on us fall now on thee!”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>Santa Anna, the logical hero of such a nation, was also its logical +scourge—a statesman unable to guide, a general unfitted to command, a +leader qualified only to win revolutions, lose battles, and alternate +between dictatorship and exile. Some observers—even American +officers—impressed by the imposing front that he reared time after +time, felt that he was a great man. Unquestionably he gathered troops +and resources as no other Mexican of the time could have done. No +doubt his lunge into the north and his defence of the capital were +remark<a class="pagenum" id="Page_313" title="313"></a>able; and one could not complain of him, as did Tacitus of a +Roman commander, that he was unable to harangue his army. He certainly +did many things.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>But he did few things well. His achievements were the temporary +triumphs of autocratic will-power. He suffered always from an +essential want of capacity. He did not understand the Americans, and +fancied that one defeat would cow us. He did not even understand +his fellow-citizens, and could not realize that his long course of +misconduct, and finally his negotiations with Mackenzie, had cut the +root of confidence. A proclamation that sounded eloquent, he felt must +be convincing. The impossibility of controlling the factional politics +of such a country and also managing a war without the support of the +nation—of riding two such horses at the same time—lay beyond his +comprehension. Often his policy was like that of the man who ruins his +constitution with drugs in order to cure a local ailment. Even his +apparently noble decisions grew out of selfishness and rang hollow.</p> + +<p>To his mind a collection of men was an army. Personal aims and +feelings, instead of sound policy and the demands of discipline, +controlled mostly his relations with officers. Because a revolutionary +band could be held together by the hope of plunder, he imagined that +a campaign could be waged on that basis. Because he thought it would +be natural for the enemy to attack him in a certain way, he concluded +positively that no other attack would be made. Strategy he did not +attempt. And when it came to the direction of a battle, owing to +ignorance and intellectual disqualifications, he lacked the quickness +of perception and rapidity of combination that were essential to +success. For the same reasons his total strength was never focused at +the vital time and place, and a defeat became a rout.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>This is what a final glance at the Mexicans reveals; and now, to +conclude the whole investigation, we should take a summary view of our +own side.</p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE AMERICAN CONGRESS</p> + +<p>While the Congress of the United States did not approach that of Mexico +in badness, there was too much resemblance. One should always remember +that among the people who really make up the world and keep it going +perfection is, and is likely to be, somewhat rare; but for an elect +body our Congress fell below all reasonable expectations. The comedy of +its political<a class="pagenum" id="Page_314" title="314"></a> manoeuvres was only surpassed by the tragedy of them. +Amos Kendall said, after the hostilities began, “There can be no peace +with that people [the Mexicans] but through victory or with dishonor,” +and any person of judgment could see this; yet prejudices, passions and +interests prevented many from honestly supporting a national war, and +turned not a few into virtual enemies of their country. Markoe wrote +from Vera Cruz with reference to Clay, Webster, Gallatin and others +of their school, “These great men have by their speeches done more +to prevent peace than though they had each of them severally arrayed +10,000 Mexicans against Scott”; and when one recalls the expense and +bloodshed that would almost certainly have been spared this country +and Mexico had our government felt at liberty to spend with decent +liberality in meeting Scott’s requisitions promptly, patience itself +takes fire.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>To think of giving him so small an army that the Mexicans felt +positively ashamed to yield! And then to reflect how politics went into +the army itself, endangering the lives of men and the fortunes of the +country through unfit appointments. “How we have been gulled and led +about,” exclaimed a soldier, “by a set of political demagogues, who, +regardless of the fearful responsibility, have forced themselves into +positions they possess no qualifications to fill, with a hope thereby +to promote their future political aggrandizement!” We recall, even +though we do not endorse, the Frenchman who observed, “The more I see +of the representatives of the people, the more I love my dogs”; and we +also recall the opinion of a British king: “Politics are a trade for a +rascal, not for a gentleman.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.8">[8]</a></p> + +<p>The President showed himself a small man, but the saying of La +Rochefoucauld comes to mind: “We may appear great in an employment +beneath our merit, but we often appear little in ones too great for +us.” The situation in which Polk, essentially a local politician from +Tennessee, found himself—called upon to re-make the fiscal system of +the country, to dispose of long-standing and now critical issues with +Great Britain and Mexico, to cope with a factious and unscrupulous +opposition in Congress, and to face a war in a foreign land, almost +unknown to us, with a handful of regulars commanded by Whigs—was +extremely difficult; but he steered his course firmly to the end, set +an example of honest, faithful administration,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_315" title="315"></a> established a fiscal +system under which the country enjoyed a period of great prosperity, +effected with England an adjustment that in essence had been refused, +enjoyed a series of uniform triumphs in the field, and obtained from +our enemy the peace and the territory he desired.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>Indeed, he achieved a still more surprising triumph, for he disproved +the favorite American axiom: “Nothing succeeds like success.” His lack +of commanding qualities, his inability to win admiration and sympathy, +and his resorting to small methods because he lacked the power to wield +great ones, made him seem legitimate prey. He became the dog with a +bad name, for which any stick or stone was good enough. Other men in +public life could misrepresent the facts—as many were doing all the +time—and still be honored; but if Polk “put the best foot forward,” +if he allowed men to draw inferences from their wishes, if—wittingly +or not—he colored things, if—even by accident—he made an incorrect +statement, he was promptly denounced as a villain.</p> + +<p>And when he had supported his tremendous burden loyally, if not +with éclat; when denunciations had failed, threats crumbled, taunts +miscarried, hostile predictions fallen to the ground; when our people +had not risen up against the war, our treasury had not collapsed, our +armies had not withered away; when our sword had been wielded with +honor, our territory and commercial field been extended far to the +west, our international status been elevated—after all these triumphs +the bitter tongue of a partisan spit out on the floor of our national +House the famous nickname, “Polk the Mendacious,” the President left +office under a leaden cloud of disparagement and contempt, and later +authors delighted to dip their pens in the gall of his enemies. Truly, +however little we feel inclined to go into raptures over Polk, we can +admire his traducers even less.</p> + +<p class="sidenote">GENERAL TAYLOR</p> + +<p>Next, in view of the civil as well as military fame gained from the +war by Taylor, one thinks of him. In reviewing his operations we must +beware of judging him by mere professional standards, for he was +more, as well as less, than a technical soldier. The most essential +qualities for a general, says the Baron de Jomini, are physical and +moral courage; and in these respects the head of our army of occupation +was flawless. Indeed almost all the moral qualifications of an eminent +commander were<a class="pagenum" id="Page_316" title="316"></a> his. He was a born fighter and born leader. He could +think best in danger and excitement. He could inspire confidence and +win devotion. The fact that one so plain could be a paladin made even +the ordinary feel capable of heroism. Like all undisciplined men of +great force he possessed large reserves of strength, and when an +emergency stimulated these, he displayed a power that compelled those +on the ground to imitate and those at a distance to admire him.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.10">[10]</a></p> + +<p>On the other hand, most of the intellectual qualifications of the +commander were largely wanting. To be sure he possessed a great +deal of practical shrewdness, and he used moral force with a broad +sort of calculation that enabled him to produce effects which a +mere educated soldier could scarcely have obtained. But he did not +understand the aims or the art of war, lacked initiative, failed in +prevision, neglected preparation, ignored details, took little care +to gather information, misunderstood the intentions of the enemy, and +underestimated their strength. He preferred swinging an axe at a door +to conducting the battle sagaciously from a distance. He would chat +with soldiers about home, and then sacrifice their lives.</p> + +<p>His “victories” made him famous, but the true test of generalship, +observes Henderson, is “the number of mistakes”; and every stage of +Taylor’s progress was marked with grave errors. Besides, “however +brilliant an action may be,” remarks La Rochefoucauld, “it ought not +to pass for great when it is not the result of a great design”; and +not only were none of Taylor’s exploits deliberately planned, but he +never understood the risks he was braving. Some ironical but loving god +seemed to attend him. The life he carelessly, improvidently ventured +was guarded; and insubordination, both toward the President and toward +the general-in-chief, made him the successor of the first and the +superior of the second. “Old Zack is the most lucky man alive,” said +Colonel Campbell.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.11">[11]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">GENERAL SCOTT</p> + +<p>Scott, however, was of course the pre-eminent commander. In war he +felt at home. He “is a Soldier and a General from the ground up,” +wrote Consul Parrott after watching his operations. With the possible +exception of Molino del Rey, the petulant indiscretion that he +sometimes exhibited in civil affairs did not affect his conduct in the +field. To appreciate him, “to <em>know</em> him at all,” said Trist, one had +to see him in the military sphere.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_317" title="317"></a> Karl von Grone, who observed him +at work, wrote: “He is quiet, reserved, reflective. When, after mature +consideration of the circumstances, he has formed his decision, he +goes with strong, sure steps to his goal. He can manage with scanty +resources, is adroit in deceiving the enemy, and where feints are not +possible, deals a heavy, straight blow. When main force must break the +way, he demands much from his troops; but, as he possesses their full +confidence, and is recognized as a fighter of dauntless courage, he can +do this.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>“He sees everything, and calculates the cost of every measure,” said +Robert E. Lee. He could be “quick as guncotton when neccessary,” wrote +Parrott, yet deliberate and cautious under the utmost pressure. His +initiative and self-reliance never failed; yet, as even the prejudiced +Semmes admitted, he made full use of all the talents, as well as +all the valor, of his army. Though his plans were laid with extreme +care in view of all the information that could be obtained, he never +permitted them to shackle him, and promptly adapted himself, whether in +campaign or in battle, to a change of circumstances. Both great things +and little things were given his attention, but with due reference to +their comparative importance. He knew the rules of his art, and also +knew when to disregard them. He could both rouse troops to the highest +pitch of enthusiasm, and surpass the calculations of the expert. Says +Hamley, it is “impracticable” to “conceive how sustained operations can +be conducted in the face of an enemy without a secure starting-point.” +Scott accomplished this.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.12">[12]</a></p> + +<p>Characteristics of a more personal kind supported his professional +ability. The General, Trist assured his wife, was “the soul of honour +and probity, and full of the most sterling qualities of heart and head; +affectionate, generous, forgiving and a <em>lover of justice</em>.” Though +few made allowances for his imperfections, he was always ready to do +this for others; and his magnanimity would have been remarkable, even +had he not been a natural fighting man. Such traits enabled him to get +on excellently with reasonable officers, while his ability, prudence, +vigilance, good cheer, steadiness, courage, sympathy, and trust in +his army, and his anxiety to avoid wasting the labor and lives of the +men, gave him the entire confidence of the privates. A soldier who +loved peace instead of war, a general who valued<a class="pagenum" id="Page_318" title="318"></a> the lives of his +troops more than glory, a conqueror who became in the hour of triumph +a friend, and a citizen who placed his country above self-interest, he +was the ideal commander of a republican army.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.13">[13]</a></p> + +<p>To speak broadly and leaving genius out of the account, he possessed +all the military qualities of Taylor, and all Taylor lacked. Taylor +could fight splendidly, Scott could also avail himself of the +advantages that knowledge and skill were able to supply. The soldiers +of the one believed their leader was going to win, those of the other +could give reasons for their faith. The army of occupation was ready +to follow its commander with eyes shut, the army of conquest with +eyes open. Both were kind at heart, but Scott’s humanity was made +systematically effective. Both faced perils with unwavering courage, +but Scott did all he could to understand what lay before him. Both +complained of the government, but Scott had reason to do so. Both +disregarded instructions; but while Taylor aimed to gratify himself, +Scott’s aim was to benefit his country.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>The advantages were not all on one side, however. Taylor had excellent +control of his temper and the everyday, personal shrewdness that +Scott needed. His unsophistication bore the winning appearance of +ingenuousness, while Scott’s reflective and studious ways gave him +the reputation of a schemer. Each needed to be supplemented, but only +Taylor had a Bliss. Scott’s men felt they were serving under a strong +leader, Taylor’s that they were serving with one; while to Great Demos, +always undiscriminating, the one represented head, the other heart; the +one science, the other heroism.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>Both were remarkable. Taylor was a distinguished plebeian, Scott a +distinguished patrician; the first a superb captain, the second a +superb general; and each a great man.</p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE AMERICAN ARMY</p> + +<p>The soldiers, of course, did not equal their chief commanders in point +of interest, but certain facts concerning them deserve attention. The +total number of regulars in the war service down to July 5, 1848, was +about 31,000. Of these, to use round numbers, 1600 were discharged +because their term expired, 2550 for disability, and 500 for other +causes; 2850 deserted; 530 were killed and 2100 wounded in battle; +400 died of their wounds; and there were 4900 ordinary or accidental +deaths. Of the volunteers 59,000 actually served; 7200<a class="pagenum" id="Page_319" title="319"></a> were discharged +for disability, and 2000 for other reasons before the expiration of +their term; 3900 deserted; 1350 were wounded; 600 were killed or died +of their wounds; and there were 6400 ordinary or accidental deaths. +So it appears that out of some 90,000 officers and men serving, 6750 +deserted, 12,250 had to be discharged before their term expired, 11,300 +met with ordinary or accidental deaths, and only 1550 were accounted +for by the enemy. The difference between the number mustered in and +the number available at the front, and also between the number who +lost their lives by fighting and the number who dropped out from other +causes, was most instructive. The Americans captured seem to have +numbered less than 1100. Of the volunteers, a very disproportionate +percentage went from the southwest; the northwest did well, and the +northeast lagged.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.15">[15]</a></p> + +<p>From these figures it appears that approximately three out of one +hundred regulars were killed or died in consequence of wounds and eight +were discharged for disability, whereas the numbers for the volunteers +were one and twelve; and in fact the showing of the regulars was still +better, since the “new” regulars, officered with inferior men chosen +largely for political reasons, did not equal the record of the old +establishment. In many other respects also the volunteers ranked low. +Not only was there a greater percentage of sickness among them, but +the invalids required attendants. The volunteers wasted clothing, +provisions and ammunition both heedlessly and through ignorance of +administrative business; and their arms were not properly cared +for.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.16">[16]</a></p> + +<p>They had no intention of submitting to the discipline and routine labor +of campaigning, and even at the close of the war could not be called +real troops. The volunteers, wrote one of them, “will not be treated as +regular soldiers.”</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="line">“Sergeant, buck him and gag him, our officers cry,</div> + <div class="line">For each trifling offence which they happen to spy,</div> + <div class="line">Till with bucking and gagging of Dick, Pat and Bill,</div> + <div class="line">Faith, the Mexican’s ranks they have helped to fill,”</div> + </div> +</div> + +<p>so another, an exceptionally good man, testified. “Soldiers will take +their merry frolics,” an officer admitted. The camp slogan of a sturdy +North Carolina company was: “Soldier, will<a class="pagenum" id="Page_320" title="320"></a> you work?” “Sell my shirt +first.” “Soldier, will you fight?” “Twell I die.” But even their +fighting did not prove entirely satisfactory. Individually they were +braver than the regulars; but the soldier’s business is to fight when +the time comes, and the volunteers to a considerable extent wanted +to fight when they pleased. They might do splendidly and they might +not, their general knew. In a word, they were unreliable; and they +even imperilled their own cause by exasperating the people. Marcy +confessed that he felt disappointed. Yet there were offsets. Their +patriotism and enthusiasm stimulated their officers and the regulars; +and at their best—silent, grim, patient, with a look of kingship in +their faces—they glorified hardships, perils, wounds, disease and +death.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.16">[16]</a></p> + +<p>A common idea of the regulars was expressed in the House by Tilden +of Ohio, who described them as “a set of puppets ... shut up without +exercise and in barracks, from year’s end to year’s end”; and the +“sausage democracy” looked with contempt upon West Pointers as both +puppets and aristocrats. The regulars, however, were preferable not +only in camp and on the march, but on the field. In addition to being +steady themselves, they helped immensely to steady the volunteers; and +the regular officers furnished volunteer generals with knowledge, skill +and sometimes resolution. As for their own commands, West Pointers +might curse their men, but they took splendid care of them; and it was +far better that men should fear their officers than that officers, like +many in the volunteer army, should fear their men. General Scott said +that without the science of the Military Academy his army, multiplied +by four, could not have set foot in the capital; and Patterson, like +him not a graduate of the school, concurred in this opinion.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.17">[17]</a></p> + +<p>Our horse was to a large extent little more than mounted infantry; +and our real cavalry, besides riding like the French and therefore +badly, showed no mastery in sword practice. On the other hand our field +artillery was excellent in personnel and material; and the engineers, +though not fully trained according to the most exacting standards, +earned abundant praise. More than once they made the very strength +of the Mexican position help our men while they were preparing to +attack; and the report of General Smith upon certain officers—“Nothing +seemed to them too bold to be undertaken, or too difficult to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_321" title="321"></a> be +executed”—might have been applied to the corps as a body.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.18">[18]</a></p> + +<p>In organization our armies were inferior to the best European models; +but, said Gabriel Ferry in the <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue des Deux Mondes</cite>, the soldiers +made up for this defect by displaying an energy adequate for every +need. The infantry were criticised by foreign observers for a lack of +correctness and snap in their movements. “What is called the American +army,” wrote the minister of Spain, to imply that we had no real +troops. But they husbanded their strength in this way; it was therefore +ready for emergencies; and they had the initiative, ingenuity, +independence and self-reliance that have been cultivated of late years +abroad in place of conventional precision.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.19">[19]</a></p> + +<p>Despite all technical defects, the faults of the volunteers and the +admixture of mere immigrants among the regulars, we had soldiers to +remember with pride. So many of the officers were superior men that +almost all caught the inspiration more or less, and the privates felt +ready to obey and follow them. The troops as a body acquired a sense +of invincibility. “We may be killed, but we can’t be whipped,” was a +favorite watch-word; and they fully meant it, said Karl von Grone. +Dangers and hardships were bravely faced, as a rule, and often were +faced with gayety. “Oh, this is a glorious life of mine,” exclaimed +Lieutenant Hamilton; “a life in a land of fruits and flowers, of +dark-eyed maidens and sunny skies, of snow-capped mountains and of +flowering valleys; a life of adventure, of calm and storm, of bivouac +and battle.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p>No doubt the political and social conditions of Mexico helped our +troops greatly, but in addition to routing every time an enemy who was +by no means intrinsically contemptible, outnumbered us and knew the +ground, they had to war against deserts, war against mountains, war +against fearful storms, war against a strange climate, war against a +devouring pestilence; and in spite of every difficulty Scott, after +capturing more than a thousand officers and more than six hundred +cannon, occupied the capital of Mexico with less than six thousand men. +The troops themselves, instead of boasting, pronounced it a “miracle”; +but the critical and unfriendly <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite> declared: “The new +conquerors have equalled by their exploits the great Cortez himself, if +they have not eclipsed him.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.20">[20]</a></p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_322" title="322"></a>Yet after all it was “a war of conquest,” we have long been told. +Popularly “conquest” is in truth an odious word, for it has commonly +been associated with odious deeds: aggression and cruel tyranny; but +“circumstances alter cases,” and when the facts are unobjectionable, so +is the term. Legally, the idea has prevailed that conquest is robbery; +but this idea seems to have grown from the old conception that the +government owned the country, and such is not our opinion to-day.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>Forcible acquisitions may indeed be commendable. In that way Rome +civilized Europe, England gave peace, order and comparative happiness +to India, and our own country came into being; and none of us would +undo these results. The welfare of humanity is the true principle. +Life has the right of way over death; enlightenment and energy over +ignorance and torpor. Possession means use; power and opportunities +mean service. The primary law is that all shall move forward and +coöperate in achieving the general destiny. Like individuals, every +nation must run its course to the best of its ability, and if it +grossly flags, pay the penalty. In the absence of any other tribunal, +war must enforce this penalty. “Whosoever hath [in use], to him shall +be given, ... but whosoever hath not, from him shall be taken away even +that which he hath.” Such is eternal right; not the justice of the law +schools, but the justice of the Supreme Power.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.21">[21]</a></p> + +<p>Of all conquerors we were perhaps the most excusable, the most +reasonable, the most beneficent. The Mexicans had come far short of +their duty to the world. Being what they were, they had forfeited a +large share of their national rights. Even Humboldt said that Mexico +“ought not to expect to withhold, from the uses of civilization and +improvement,” such neglected territories as New Mexico and California. +A philosopher like Josiah Royce, a moralist like Francis Lieber and +an unsympathetic historian like Dr. von Holst agree substantially +that our duty called upon us to occupy the Golden Gate. Not merely an +administration or a party, but the nation believed that our destiny +called us there, and felt ready to assume the high responsibility of +taking possession.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>Besides, while ours could perhaps be called a war <em>of</em> conquest, it +was not a war <em>for</em> conquest—the really vital point. We found it +necessary to require territory, for otherwise our<a class="pagenum" id="Page_323" title="323"></a> claims and indemnity +could not be paid. The conflict was forced upon us; yet we refused to +take advantage of our opportunity. “It is almost impossible,” says +Bryce, “for a feeble State, full of natural wealth which her people +do not use, not to crumble under the impact of a stronger and more +enterprising race.” But we gave back much that we took, and paid for +the rest more than it was worth to Mexico. “All deserve praise, who ... +have been more just than their actual power made it necessary to be,” +said Thucydides; and we were not only just but liberal. Finally, we +gave proof, in the prosperity and usefulness of our new territories, +that our responsibility was amply met.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>So the account was fairly adjusted and more. But something still +remains to say. A closer acquaintance with us and with real national +life taught Mexico some of her mistakes, confirmed the political +relations of her states, and helped greatly to liberalize her ideas and +institutions. “The sad part of it is that our chastisement is merited,” +preached Ramírez. “He that reflects how useful are the lessons of +suffering and misfortune,” declared the minister of relations, “will +admit that no one could show more clearly the deformity of our errors +than the foreign invader [has done], and that there could have been +no more efficacious means of elevating our reason above the bastard +interests of political passion.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.23">[23]</a></p> + +<p class="sidenote">THE WAR LEAVES MEXICO FRIENDLY</p> + +<p>Still warmer sentiments prevailed. One of the chief obstacles in the +way of making a treaty was the desire of not a few Mexicans to have +the United States annex their country; and after that plan failed, +the American general-in-chief was actually invited to become dictator +for a term of years, backed by American troops. With reference to +Trist, our commissioner, Couto and Cuevas remarked on presenting the +treaty to Congress, “Of him there remain in Mexico none but grateful +and honoring recollections”; and when bidding Clifford good-by, the +President expressed—in no perfunctory way—a sincere desire for the +most “sisterly” relations between the two countries, as essential to +the welfare of Mexico. Indeed, that nation had not felt so cordial +toward the United States for many years as it did immediately after the +war.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.23">[23]</a></p> + +<p>In Europe, too, fairer views and feelings regarding us began to be +entertained. “If nothing occur to tarnish what has been<a class="pagenum" id="Page_324" title="324"></a> so well +begun,” wrote our minister at the court of St. James in June, 1846, +“the moral influence produced here and in Europe generally will be +worth all the expenses of the war.” “It was a hard lesson for England +to learn, but she has learned it,” reported Bancroft, who succeeded +him; “that America means to go on her own way, and that Europe ... must +give up the thought of swaying her destiny.” Our triumphs over Mexico, +remarked C. J. Ingersoll in the House, “have been admirable lessons +... to the world, that the [wise] policy of all nations is peace with +these United States.” Only on respect and appreciation can peace and +mutual helpfulness be founded, and both our victories and the manner +in which they were used promoted harmony between us and the powers of +Europe.<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.23">[23]</a></p> + +<p>Humanity and moderation—such humanity and moderation as are +practicable amid hostilities—gilded our arms. “The elevated and +kindly character of Taylor and Scott,” said the Mexican historian, +Roa Bárcena, “lessened as far as was possible the evils of war.” The +Americans always treated us during the conflict with “the most noble +courtesy,” wrote Ceballos. “We shall certainly consider it as an +unprecedented event if this enormous booty [the wealth of the Mexican +churches] escapes from pillage,” proclaimed the London <cite>Times</cite>; and it +did escape. We have beaten the enemy, felt Robert E. Lee, the knightly +soldier, “in a manner no man might be ashamed of.” Even Theodore +Parker, though opposed to the war, made this public acknowledgment: “It +has been conducted with as much gentleness as a war of invasion can +be.” And a brave officer of rare intelligence uttered on the floor of +our Senate these words: “We have cause to be proud of the record this +war will leave behind it—a monument more lasting than brass. We, the +actors of to-day, must soon crumble to dust; the institutions we now +maintain, and hope will be perpetual, may pass away; the Republic may +sink in the ocean of time, and the tide of human affairs roll unbroken +over its grave; but the events of this war will live in the history of +our country and our race, affording in all ages to come, proof of the +high state of civilization amongst the people who conducted it.”<a class="fnanchor" href="#N36.24">[24]</a></p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_325" title="325"></a>NOTES</h2> + +<h3><a class="pagenum" id="Page_327" title="327"></a>XXI. BEHIND THE SCENES AT MEXICO</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.1">1.</a> This is a good illustration of Santa Anna’s political ability.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.2">2.</a> Farías appears to have had no share in this quarrel with Salas +(México á través, iv, 593).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.3">3.</a> <em>The course of Mexican politics</em>. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Federalista Puro</cite>, No. 3, +supplmt.; No. 6, supplmt. London <cite>Times</cite>, Feb. 9, 1847. Apuntes, +71–3, 76, 124–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, Nos. 120, 136, 140, 146, 153, +157, 160, 169, 180, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Consul Campbell, Nov. 10, +1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Consul Black, Aug. 22, 27; Sept. 17, 22, 26, 1846. +<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Comunícación Circular de ... Peña y Peña. García, Revol. de Ayutla, +18, 20, 27. Ultimas Comunicaciones habidas entre ... Salas y ... +Rejón. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 538. Prieto, Memorias, ii, 195, +199.</span> <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton to Addington, June 29, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Gutiérrez +de Estrada to Palmerston, Mar. 1, 1847. Méx. en 1847, 12–4. Ramírez, +México, 12, 142–4, 149, 152–4, 156, 165, 172, 176. <a class="noteref" href="#src83">83</a>Rejón to +Berdusco, Dec. 23. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Eco</cite>, Nov. 4, 7, 11, 14, 1846. Escudero, Mems., +8, 13, 14. Dublán, Legisl., v, 171, 238–9. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Relaciones</span>, +Dec, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, nos. 332, res.; 343, res.; +345, res.; 346; 368. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 100–1, 118, 120, +124, 126–8. <a class="noteref" href="#src83">83</a>Gov. Querétaro to Farías, Oct. 20. Roa Bárcena, +Recuerdos, 144. Rivera, Los Gobernantes, ii, 310. Lara, Resumen, 65, +note. Mora, Papeles Ineditos, 64–5. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Conner, Dec. 31, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src164">164</a><em>Id.</em>Jan. 5, 1847. Bustamante, Campaña, 7. Ho. 60; 30, 1, +p. 1125 (S. Anna). Baz, Juárez, 43. México á través, iv, 576–7, 589, +591–2, 600–1, 698. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, Sept. 28; Oct. 20, 28; Nov. 17; Dec. +24, 1846; Jan. 1, 22–3; Feb. 3, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Sept. 25–6, 30; +Oct. 19–23, 26; Dec. 25, 1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Sept. 23, 25, 29; Oct. 9, 12, +14, 16, 31; Nov. 24; Dec. 18–9, 22, 28, 29, 1846. And from <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> +the following Procl. gov. S. L. P., Oct. 22, 1846. J. Alvarez, Oct. +22. Comte. gen. Mex., Oct. 16. Canalizo to comte. gen. Mex., Oct. 18. +Comte. gen. Oaxaca, Oct. 24. Salas, procl., Oct. 25. Guerra, circulars, +Oct. 14, 19, 22; Dec. 23. Relaciones to gov. Fed. Dist., Dec. 23. +Relaciones circular, Oct. 19. Comte. gen. Chiapas, Nov. 3. Also +others of minor importance. Otero was associated with Pedraza in the +leadership of the Moderados.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.4">4.</a> So far as possible, revenue was anticipated, even at a great +loss. <em>E.g.</em>, if a merchant expected a cargo to arrive at Vera Cruz, +he sent a broker (<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">agiotista</em>) to the minister of the treasury, and by +paying a sum in advance he obtained drafts on the Vera Cruz customhouse +that were receivable at par for the duties. Of course the merchant, +the broker and the minister made profits, and the treasury lost (N. +Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Jan. 18, 1845). Another way in which the minister could +make money was to accept at face value as part of a loan or payment +government paper that had cost the one who tendered it only a trifle, +and take a share of the net proceeds. “Agiotista” became an odious +term. It was given out that Santa Anna would accept no pay, but the +treasury books showed that he drew his salary for even the time while +he was at Havana (<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Worrall to Trist, Nov. 28, 1847). They +apparently showed also that in 1846 millions were distributed among +generals, brokers and others. The British<a class="pagenum" id="Page_328" title="328"></a> minister said that Iturbe +was the ninth finance minister whom he had seen devoting “his peculiar +attention to the augmentation, of his private means while in office” +(<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 104, 1846). Another great evil was that, in +spite of express prohibitions, state officials drew upon the proceeds +of the tobacco monopoly. The following table illustrates the state of +the treasury (1846):</p> + +<table summary="State of the Treasury" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4"> +<tr><td> </td><td><em>Oct. 12</em></td><td><em>Oct. 16</em></td><td><em>Dec. 26</em></td><td><em>Dec. 29</em></td></tr> +<tr><td>On hand</td><td class="tdr">$8510</td><td class="tdr">$3410</td><td class="tdr">—</td><td class="tdr">$1148</td></tr> +<tr><td>Rec’d</td><td class="tdr">—</td><td class="tdr">3500</td><td class="tdr">$7162</td><td class="tdr">3700</td></tr> +<tr><td>Paid</td><td class="tdr">1402</td><td class="tdr">3628</td><td class="tdr">5713</td><td class="tdr">4367</td></tr> +</table> + +<p>A poll tax was thought of by Rejón, but evidently the government dared +not propose it (<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, nos. 332, res., 346, 1846).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.5">5.</a> <em>Mexican financial history</em> (see also the first part of chap. +xxxiii). <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Comunicación Circular de ... Peña y Peña. Memoria de ... +Relaciones</span>, Mar., 1845; Dec., 1846. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 368, 716. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Ilustrador Católico</cite>, no. 239. Hacienda, series of Memorias. +Hacienda, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Manifiesto de la Admin. y Progresos.</span> London <cite>Times</cite>, +July 6, 1846. Breve Resumen. Casasus, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Hist. de la Deuda contraida</span>, +etc., <em>passim</em>. Paredes, address to Cong., June 6, 1846 (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>). +Alamán, Liquidación. Esposición del Cong. Gen. <a class="noteref" href="#src11">11</a>Martin, +Apr. 30, 1827; July 4; Aug. 25, 1828. <a class="noteref" href="#src11">11</a>Series of Mémoires +on the Spanish Colonies. Sierra, Evolution, i, 178, 218. Zamacois, +Méx., xii, 254. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Consul Jones, Aug. 1, 1839. <a class="noteref" href="#src56">56</a>W. S. +Parrott, Oct. 4, 11, 1845. <a class="noteref" href="#src58">58</a>Howland & Aspinwall, Mar. 1, 1847. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, Feb. 2, 1847. <a href="#src13"><b>13</b></a>Ashburnham, nos. 39, 51, 1837; +3, 97, 1838. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, nos. 28, 1833; 6, 1836; 44, 62, 1839. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, nos. 81, 1844; 6, 38, 70, 106, 1845; 21, 104, 127, +146, 169, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Poinsett, Jan. 4; Aug. 5, 1825; July 16, 1828. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Butler, July 16, 1832. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Revista Econ.</cite>, Dec. 14, 1843; Feb. 5, +1844. Tornel, Reseña, 9, 171. Macgregor, Progress, i, 674–83. Thompson, +Recolls., 12, 27–8, 87. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>D. Green, Oct. 28; Nov. 12, 29, 1844. +N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Jan. 18, 1845. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Siglo XIX</cite>, June 14, 1844; Dec. 2, +1845. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Patriota Mexicano</cite>, Dec. 9, 1845. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Reforma</cite>, Jan. 23, 1846. +London <cite>Times</cite>, Mar. 29; May 15; Sept. 9; Nov. 11; Dec. 6, 1845; Mar. +2, 1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Revue Indep.</cite>, Apr. 25, 1845. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Consul Black, Aug. 23, +1845. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Consul Dimond, no. 338, May 7, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez +de Castro, no. 346, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Consul McCall, no. 65, Sept. 26, +1845. Balbontín, Estado, 66. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Feb. 2, 1848 (Poinsett). N. +Y. <cite>Globe</cite>, June 3, 1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Sept. 18, 1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, +Nov. 27, 1846; Jan. 9, 1847. Ward, Mexico, i., 331–7. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To S. +Anna, Nov. 25. Vicario Capitular, Contestación. Priestley, José de +Gálvez, Chap. x.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.6">6.</a> <em>The present financial problem.</em> Dublán, Legislación, v., 172, +211–6, 235–7, 240. <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Relaciones circular, Nov. 27, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 6, 1845; nos. 21, 127, 153, 167, 169, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Consul Black, Dec. 29, 1846. Apuntes, 76, 124–6. Ramírez, +México, 171. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Worrall to Trist, Nov. 28, 1847. Rivera, Jalapa, +iii, 716. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Ilustrador Católico</cite>, i., 281. Méx. en 1847, 14–19, 24. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Don Simplicio</cite>, Feb. 13, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a>Relaciones, Oct. 26, 1846. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Zempoalteca</cite>, Nov. 27, 1846. Escudero, Mems., 8, <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Gov. Fed. +Dist., procl., Jan. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Gov. Durango to legisl., Nov. 8, 1846. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Columna de la Libertad</cite>, Jan. 8, 1847. Sierra, Evolution, i, 178, +217–8. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>McLane, no. 5, 1845. <a class="noteref" href="#src56">56</a>W. S. Parrott, Oct. 4, +11, 1845. <a class="noteref" href="#src11">11</a>Mémoire, 1828. D. Green to Calhoun, Oct. 28; Nov. 12 +in Jameson,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_329" title="329"></a> Calh. Corresp., 976–80, 991. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Siglo XIX</cite>, Jan. 14, 1844. +London <cite>Times</cite>, Sept. 9; Dec. 6, 1845; Oct. 8, 1846; Jan. 8, 1847. +<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Relaciones</span>, Dec., 1846 (Lafragua). <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez +de Castro, nos. 316, res., 346, 371, res., 445. Bustamante, Nuevo +Bernal, ii, 128. <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>Relaciones, circulars to govs., Oct. 9; +Dec. 17, 1846; circs. nos. 233, 238, 255, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src75a">75a</a>Hacienda, +circulars, Oct. 10; Nov. 9; Dec. 5, 31, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a>V. Cruz state +treas. to gov., Jan. 11; Feb. 4, 1847. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Constitutionnel</cite>, Dec. 18, +1846. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Jan. 18, 29; May 11, 1847. <cite>Monitor</cite>, Oct. 12. +<a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Pommarès to Conner, Oct. 7, 1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, Oct. 22; +Nov. 5, 13, 24; Dec. 8, 1846; Jan. 23, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Sept. +25, 30; Oct. 18; Nov. 19, 30; Dec. 19, 1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Sept. 23, 25, +29; Oct. 2, 3; Nov. 21, 23; Dec. 4, 13, 15, 21, 29, 30, 1846; Jan. 1, +7–9, 1847. México á través, iv, 589, 600, 628–9. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, Nov. +7, 9, 19; Dec. 3, 4, 7, 30, 1846; Jan. 1, 2, 4, 7, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>J. +Alvarez, Sept. 30, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Circ. to comtes. gen., Sept. 28, 1846.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.7">7.</a> The law was a compromise (Apuntes, 124). Rejón, as he frankly +told the Spanish minister (<a href="#N21.6">note 6</a>), was for nationalizing—<em>i.e.</em>, +confiscating—the property of the Church. Santa Anna preferred to let +the clergy keep the title to their wealth, and require a loan from them +now and then—a process termed “milking” (Jameson, Calhoun Corresp., +992). The essential basis on which the law passed was the practical +necessity of raising money for the war; but many who recognized this +necessity and even the desirability of reducing the wealth and power of +the Church could not bring themselves to act.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.8">8.</a> The law, if fully enforced, would no doubt have done much injury, +however great its benefits. <em>E.g.</em>, a great amount of land had been +hypothecated to the Church with no expectation on either side that +the loan which it secured would ever be paid; but the government, in +order to obtain cash, intended that the loan should be paid or the land +sold. Many individuals would thus have been ruined and the agricultural +interests partially crippled, while on account of the small amount of +money in circulation, only very low prices would have been realized for +the land (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 7, 1847). Moreover, land with a Church +curse upon it was sure to sell slowly, and many believed that titles +obtained in this way would not hold good very long. As the clergy +would give no information about their property, some exempted property +was seized, and these mistakes caused trouble (México á través, +iv, 631). Many objected to the law because they presumed that the +proceeds of sales would reach private pockets. The principal arguments +against it were summed up by the <a class="noteref" href="#src88">88</a>ayuntamiento of Córdoba +as follows: “It attacks property, invades the rights of the states, +contravenes the sovereignty of the Church and is anti-religious, for +there can be no religion without worship, no worship without priests +and no priests without Church property.” On the other hand the Puro +<a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>ayuntamiento of the capital described the law as “A law to +save our independence and religion, in which nothing is done except +that one class of society is to loan its property to society as a +whole,” adding, “How unfortunate would be our faith, if the religion of +the Savior could be supported only with money ... charity and poverty +were the example of his mission.” The metropolitan chapter of Mexico +took the ground that property once consecrated to God was sacred, and +that to take it would be an act of sacrilege sure to bring upon the +country the wrath and punishment of heaven (<a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Representación). +The bishop of Puebla said to his flock: “Far from us is the idea of +disturbing public<a class="pagenum" id="Page_330" title="330"></a> order, but we must notify our very dear lambs that +the pasturage offered thorn is poisonous; and if for so doing we incur +the wrath of men, we will strengthen our weakness with the words of the +chief of the Apostles at the council of the Jews: ‘We must obey God +rather than men’” (<a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Manifiesto). This was a clear and official +incitement to insurrection.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.9">9.</a> <em>The law of Jan. 11 and the struggle over it.</em> Apuntes, 124–32. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, nos. 180, 1846; 6, 7, 10, 14, 17, 1847. Gaxiola, +Invasión, 118. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>J. Parrott, Feb. 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src56">56</a>Beach, report, +June 4. London <cite>Times</cite>, Sept. 9; Oct. 7, 1846; Mar. 11; May 12, +1847. Oil portrait of Farías, city hall, Mex. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Consul Black, +Feb. 24. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Revue Indep.</cite>, Apr. 25, 1845. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 822, +825–6. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Católico</cite>, iii, 553. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Conducta Admin, de Berdusco</span>. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Ilustrador +Católico</cite>, no. 239. <a class="noteref" href="#src88">88</a>Córdoba ayunt., Feb. 4. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Mex. +ayunt. to chapter, Jan. 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Ayunt., procl., Jan. 14. +<a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Representación of metrop. chapter to Cong. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Segunda +Protesta; Tercera Protesta del Ven. C bildo Metrop. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Exposición +que el Sr. Vicario Capit. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Expos. del Cabildo Metrop. +<a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Procl. of gov. Fed. Dist., Jan. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Querét. cong., +Jan. 12. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Puebla ayunt. to gov., Jan. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Sánchez +to Puebla ayunt., Feb. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Bish. Puebla, manif., Jan. 27. +<a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Gov. Puebla, procl., Jan. 27; Mar. 5, 15. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Lamentos de los +Mex.</span> <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, nos. 332, res., 346, 445. Dublan, +Legislación, v., 246, 255, 261–2. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Registro Oficial de Durango</cite>, Jan. +26. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Guanajuato cong., Jan. 29. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Locomotor</cite>, Jan. 18. Mora, +Papeles, 74–6. Negrete, Invasión iv, app., 412–4. Ramírez, México, 172, +184, 188, 190, 193, 198. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Dec. 21, 1846; Jan. 7–9, 11–16, 18, +19, 26, 30; Feb. 4, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, Dec. 9, 12, 1846; Jan. 8, 11, +23–4, 27, 29; Feb. 6, 11, 12; May 14, 1847. México á través, iv, 601–8, +628, 630–1, 638. And the following from <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>. Comte. gen. Querét., +Jan. 19, 20, 22. <em>Id..</em>, procl., Jan. 20. Comte gen. Puebla, Jan. 12, +28; Feb. 17. Guerra, order, Jan. 24. Min. eccles. affairs to metropol. +chapter, Jan. 14. Comte. gen. Mex., Jan. 15. Comte. gen. Jalisco, +Feb. 2. J. Alvarez, Feb. 2. Comte. gen. Oaxaca, Feb. 11, 15. Comte. +gen. Guanaj., Jan. 29; Feb. 15, res. To comte. gen. Puebla, Feb. 24. +Decrees, Jan. 15, 27; Feb. 4, 7, 10. To S. Anna, Jan. 30. S. Anna, Jan. +7, 13, 22, 26, 29; Feb. 9.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.10">10.</a> <em>Beach’s mission and escape.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src56">56</a>Special Missions, p. +257. <a class="noteref" href="#src56">56</a>Beach report, June 4, 1847. Polk, Diary, Apr. 14, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Mrs. Storms to Bancroft, July 23, 1846, and Marcy’s +endorsement. Griffis, Perry, 224. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Consul Black, Jan. 28, 1847. +N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, Apr. 15; Aug. 16, 24, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Dimond to Conner, +Jan. —, 1847. <cite>Scribner’s Monthly</cite>, xvii, 300. Appleton, Amer. Biog. +(article on M. Y. B.). Kenly, Md. Vol., 269. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To comte. gen. V. +Cruz, Jan. 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Landero, Jan. 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, Jan. 22.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.11">11.</a> Apuntes, 126. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 14, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src56">56</a>Beach, +report, June 4, 1847. Ramírez, México, 193–4, 198–9. México á través, +iv, 608, 631. <a class="noteref" href="#src199">199</a>Anon. MS. of go-between.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.12">12.</a> The monarchists, who were closely associated with the Church, +shared in the insurrection (Apuntes, 119), and no doubt many of the +Moderados took part in it (London <cite>Times</cite>, May 10, 1847), though +Pedraza denied positively that he drew up the plan (Apuntes, 131).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.13">13.</a> <em>The insurrection.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src56">56</a>Beach, report, June 4, 1847. +Apuntes, 126, 128–37. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 17, 1847. Consideraciones, +37. Méx. en 1847, 14, 19. León, Hist. Gen., 475. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>J. +Parrott, Feb. 6. Bustamante, Campaña sin, etc., 5, 8, 10, 11, 13. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Black, Mar. 6. London <cite>Times</cite>, May 10, 12. Salas, pamphlet, +Mar. 3. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Peña y Barragán, procl.,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_331" title="331"></a> Mar. 8. Séptimo Disengaño. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Boletín de la Democracia</cite>, Mar. 2, 7, 13. Farías, Address. Ramírez, +México, 190, 193, 198–9, 201, 204, 209. México á través, iv, 631–5. +Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 841–9. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Arco Iris</cite>, Nov. 24, 1847. Escudero, +Mems., 14, 19, 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Zacatecas cong., Mar. 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Jalísco +legisl., Mar. 12. <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Relaciones, circular, Mar. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Méx. +state legisl., Mar. 18. Balbontín, Invasión, 104. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Lt. gov. +Méx. state procl., Mar. 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src199">199</a>Anon. MS. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Farías, procl. +<a class="noteref" href="#src83">83</a>Gov. Querét. to Peña y Barragán, Mar. 2, 20. Rivera, Los +Gobernantes, ii., 318. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, Apr. 15; Aug. 24. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Díario</cite>, Feb. +20, 21. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Dec. 27, 1846; Feb. 13; Mar. 23. Ho. 60; +30, 1, p. 1125 (S. Anna). Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 539. And from +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> the following, besides others of minor importance. Comte. +gen. Querét., Jan. 20. Canalizo to Anaya, Feb. 26. J. Alvarez, Mar. +10. L. Carrión, Mar. 10. Gov. Puebla, Feb. 17; reply, Feb. 24. Plan of +Puebla insurgents, Feb. 27. Govt. bulletins, Mar. 2, 5. Morales, Mar. +1. Aguascalientes legisl., Mar. 4. Gov. Zacat. to Relac., Mar. 5. Gov. +Querét. to Relac., Mar. 9. Provis. gov. Jalisco to Relac., Mar. 3. +Comte. gen. Jalisco to garrison, Mar. 7. Gov. Puebla to Relac., Mar. +5. Lt. Col. Indep. battal. to mistress, Mar. 15. Comte. gen. Oaxaca, +Feb. 17. Gov. Méx. state to Relac., Mar. 19. <em>Id..</em>, procl., Mar. 18. +Decrees, Mar. 1, 8, 12, 15.</p> + +<p>On this subject Beach reported in substance as follows: When the +government resolved to raise money on the Church property, I urged the +clericals to an organized resistance. They consented, and at the moment +of General Scott’s debarkation at Vera Cruz they made a most important +diversion in his favor by raising the standard of civil war at the +capital, at Puebla and in a degree at Michoacán. This occupied 5000 men +and all the arms, munitions of war and means of the government in the +city of Mexico for twenty-three days; effectually preventing them from +aiding Vera Cruz, or strengthening Puebla or the strongholds nearer +the coast. On the tenth day of this rebellion or <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">pronunciamiento</em>, I +was informed that $40,000 would be required of the clergy to carry it +on another week, and that it would be paid if the importance of the +crisis justified the outlay. As General Scott had but just landed his +artillery at Vera Cruz, and might be detained there for some time. I +deemed that almost any outlay would be justified. The rebellion was +therefore kept up, until the sudden appearance of General Santa Anna +closed the affair. [One must remember, in passing judgment on the +conduct of the clergy, how much they had suffered at the hands of Santa +Anna and how much reason they had to fear him.]</p> + +<p>Beach had arranged to visit Mexico on private business, and he +persuaded Buchanan that he could, through Almonte and others, bring +about peace. Hence he was appointed “confidential agent to the Republic +of Mexico” to accomplish what he could; and, on learning the state of +things at Mexico, he saw that Scott’s operations could be materially +assisted by inaugurating and continuing the clerical insurrection. His +report may be found in the state department archives at Washington.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.14">14.</a> Santa Anna left San Luis Potosí March 15 with more than 5000 men +and ten guns.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.15">15.</a> Rejón wrote to Santa Anna, March 7, 1847, urging him to stand +firmly by his manifesto of August 16, 1846,—<em>i.e.</em> by the Puros, and +detailing a series of Moderado intrigues intended (he said) to annoy +and humiliate Santa Anna until he should inaugurate a revolution, with +a view to then having him shot.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_332" title="332"></a><a class="notenum" id="N21.16">16.</a> Beach was watched for several days before he left the city. +He escaped by paying for his lodgings for some time to come, leaving +a trunk there, taking a carriage late at night without baggage, and +choosing an unusual route (N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, Aug. 16, 1847). A reward of +$1000 was offered for him dead or alive (<em>ibid.</em>, Aug. 24). Notices +were put up denouncing as a traitor anyone possessing a copy of the New +York <cite>Sun</cite>. He was accused of having tried to bring about a clerical +revolution and also to induce the states of Guanajuato, Querétaro, San +Luis Potosí and Jalisco to secede and declare for the United States. +See also N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, May 27, 1847; Polk, Diary, May 11, 1847; Kenly, +Md. Vol., 269. We shall hear again of Beach’s operations.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.17">17.</a> Santa Anna received news of the insurrection near Cedral.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.18">18.</a> Santa Anna may very possibly have hoped now to combine the +military class, the conservatives and the clericals into a solid +phalanx behind him, and he may have commended the movement against +Church property for the very purpose of making the clergy feel the need +of his assistance. See Tributo á la Verdad, 76.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.19">19.</a> His overthrow was not really due to the law of January 11, but +resulted from his radical ideas and unpractical methods, the odium +of his former administration, his consequent inability to secure the +coöperation of influential men, and the general state of unrest and +dissension.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N21.20">20.</a> <em>Outcome of the insurrection.</em> Apuntes, 111, 115–8, 133, 136–8. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, nos. 33, 34, 1847. Méx. en 1847, 14–18. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>S. +Anna, order, Mar. 14. <cite>Anglo-Saxon</cite>, Mar. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src56">56</a>Beach, +report, June 4, 1847. Bustamante, Campaña, 30. London <cite>Times</cite>, May +10. <cite>Britannia</cite>, May 15. México á través, iv, 577, 635–40. Ramírez, +México, 184, 198–9, 205, 207, 209–12, 215–8. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Gov. Puebla, +boletín No. 4 (S. Anna to Farías, Mar. 6; Gil to Ruano, Mar. 6). +<a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Relaciones, circulars, Mar. 22; Apr. 1. Tributo á la Verdad, +76. <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>Rejón to S. Anna, Mar. 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src84">84</a>Palacios to Gov. S. +L. P., Mar. 17. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, Mar. 24. <b>75a</b>Hacienda, circular, +Mar. 29. Puga y Acal, Docs., 62–3. Escudero, Mems., 19. Bustamante, +Nuevo Bernal, ii, 146–7. Dublán, Legisl., v, 262–5. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Locomotor</cite>, Jan. +18. Baz, Juárez, 47. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Mar. 29, 1847 (Baz). The twenty-millions +law had very little effect, if any. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Constitutionnel</cite>, June 17, 1847 +(The clergy have kept none of the promises by the aid of which they +obtained the repeal of the confiscation of their property).</p> + + +<h3>XXII. VERA CRUZ</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.1">1.</a> “New volunteers,” those called out in November. For the ten +transports see chap. viii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#N18.28">note 28</a>. Jan. 18 Conner wrote to Scott +that Santa Anna had moved, about January 1, against Taylor, but that +from all accounts presumably Taylor had probably retired to Monterey +(Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 893). It was therefore natural for Scott to feel +satisfied that Santa Anna, learning of the expedition against Vera +Cruz, would retrace his steps and reach that place in season. At +Scott’s instance a spy, selected by Consul Campbell with the aid +of Consul Dimond (who visited Cuba for the purpose), was to have +set out from Havana in January for Mexico City and San Luis Potosí +(<a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Dimond to Conner, Jan. 15); but the author found no further +trace of him.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.2">2.</a> Some transports reached Antón Lizardo Feb. 27 and notified Conner +that Scott was coming (<a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Conner, Feb. 27). Certain troops, +leaving Tampico March 1, arrived at that rendezvous in advance of Scott +(<a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a><a class="pagenum" id="Page_333" title="333"></a>W. B. Campbell to wife, Mar. 6). By sunset on March 5 about +seventy sail had appeared there.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.3">3.</a> <em>To Antón Lizardo.</em> Macgregor, Progress, i, 677. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Conner, +Dec. 1 1846; Feb. 17; Mar. 7, 10, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins narrative. +<a class="noteref" href="#src298">298</a>Porter, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Remarks in margin of chart of V. +Cruz harbor. Le Clercq, Voyage, 401, 418. Robertson, Remins., 214–6. +Campos, Recuerdos, 31. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 238. Grant, Mems., i, +125. Hartman, Journal, 6. Taylor, Broad Pennant, 123. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Mar. +26. <cite>Delta</cite>, Oct. 16. Meade, Letters, i, 187. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. +orders 28, 33, 34, 37. <a class="noteref" href="#src313">313</a>Saunders to Conner, Mar. 5. Oswandel, +Notes, 63. Semmes, Service, 106, 109, 111. Kenly, Md. Volunteer, +266. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 65–6, 68. <a class="noteref" href="#src146">146</a>Caswell, diary. +<a class="noteref" href="#src322">322</a>Smith, diary. Kitchen, Record, 21–2. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, diary. +<a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland, letter. Ballentine, English Soldier, i, 257, 261. +<a class="noteref" href="#src254">254</a>McClellan to sister, Feb. 23. Moore, Scott’s Campaign, 1–4. +Parker, Recolls., 49, 82. Washington <cite>Union</cite>, Apr. 6. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, +Mar. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src164">164</a>Scott to Conner, Feb. 22, 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Conner to +wife, Aug. 10, 1846; Feb. 26, 27, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 879, 892 +(Conner); 896 (Hetzel); 893, 896, 899 (Scott); 568 (Jesup). Nebel +and Kendall, 17. Diccionario Univ. (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Antón Lizardo</cite>). <cite>Niles</cite>, Mar. +13, 1847, p. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src332">332</a>Tennery, diary. Sedgwick, Corresp., i, +65. <a class="noteref" href="#src254">254</a>McClellan, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src165">165</a>Conner to Scott, Jan. 18; +to Breese and to Aulick, Feb. 28. Hammersly, Naval Encyclop., 94. +<a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>W. B. Campbell to wife, Mar. 6. Smith, To Mexico, 108–10. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Garay, Mar. 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Cos, Feb. 19, 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Soto, Mar. +7. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Watchman at Ulúa, Mar. 5.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.4">4.</a> For additional information regarding San Juan de Ulúa the reader +may consult chapters xviii and xxx.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.5">5.</a> New York letters received in Cuba and made known at Mexico gave +notice that Scott planned to capture Vera Cruz before attacking Ulúa +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Relaciones, Jan. 26); some Mexicans believed he would enter +the Antigua River (which emptied a short distance to the north) with +boats, and strike at once into the interior; some thought he would land +at Tuxpán, and march south along the coast; and some ridiculed the idea +of an attack upon Vera Cruz on the ground that, since the Americans +could not possibly reach the capital by that route, it would be useless +to capture the city (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Mar. 28). Many argued that in +any case Ulúa would protect Vera Cruz.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.6">6.</a> Besides fine old Spanish guns, there were new and heavy English +pieces (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nacional</cite>, July 12, 1846) and twenty recently cast in the +United States (Davis, Autobiog., 131). A battery of sixteen bronze long +24-pdrs., made in England in 1840, was pronounced by American artillery +officers “far superior” to anything of the sort they had seen elsewhere +(<a class="noteref" href="#src213">213</a> Hatch to father, Apr. 2). It was in the city. As to the +amount of ordnance in the city and castle accounts differed. Scott +made it 400 pieces; Hitchcock, upwards of 350; Balbontín, 113 mounted, +46 unmounted at Ulúa, 83 and 57 respectively at Vera Cruz; G. T. M. +Davis, 390 effective pieces. The statement of the Mexican government, +December, 1846 (based of course on earlier reports), was as follows: +Vera Cruz, mounted, bronze, eleven 24’s, twenty 16’s, six 12’s, four +8’s, four 4’s, four mountain 4’s, five 12-inch mortars, seven 8-inch +howitzers, and of iron, mounted, three 42-lb. mortars, three 24-lb. +cannon, five 12’s, nine 8’s, six 13-inch mortars, two 9-inch mortars; +Ulúa, bronze, mounted, thirty-six 24’s, four 16’s, four 8’s, two +14-inch mortars, and of iron, mounted, ten 84-lb. mortars, ten 68-lb. +mortars, sixteen 42-lb. mortars, fifty-one<a class="pagenum" id="Page_334" title="334"></a> 24-lb. cannon, two 16’s,—a +total of 224 besides a considerable number of unmounted pieces in both +places, some of which were doubtless mounted later (<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... +Guerra</span>). Still other guns were sent from the interior. Possibly some +unserviceable ordnance may have been included in the highest American +figures. Balbontín gives the number of firearms as 7369—half of the +total number belonging to the government. Ripley (War with Mex., ii, +19) and Wilcox (Mex. War, 251) state that there was no ditch, but the +weight of evidence seems to be against them. Perhaps the drifting sand +filled the ditch before the Americans took the city.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.7">7.</a> It was not easy to believe that the factions at Mexico would not +agree to turn their arms against the Americans on learning they had +landed. March 9 the state of Vera Cruz issued a strong appeal to them +and to the nation. Neutrals and valuable neutral property were taken +aboard foreign war-vessels (<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson to Giffard, Mar. 5). The +American blockade had greatly impaired the resources of the state and +city. A forced loan was imposed by the former, but no large receipts +could be expected.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.8">8.</a> The accepted (not official) Mexican figures were 1030 for +Ulúa and 3360 for Vera Cruz, but the authorities did not consider +it obligatory to publish the correct number. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>March 11 the +British consul, Giffard, reported the garrisons as about 1500 and +4000 respectively, and later (according to Mexican accounts that were +probably rather flattering) more than 1000 threw themselves into the +city. Santa Anna stated in April that Morales had 5000 in the town +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, Apr. 29), but he was unfriendly to that officer. +Scott’s figures were 5000 besides those who perished or escaped during +the siege; but before the surrender he heard the city alone had that +number (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 221). British naval officers stated there +were about 6000 in city and castle (Meade, Letters, i, 188), and Col. +Campbell was told there were 5–6000 (<a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>to wife, Mar. 6). The +Mexicans complained of a lack of gunners, but their own figures were +680. No doubt the troops were poorly cared for, but such was the +custom. Robles counted for not a little. In the autumn of 1846 Landero, +personally liked but considered wanting in ability and regarded +as a tool of Santa Anna, was made comte. gen. because Morales was +strenuously denounced by Santa Anna as politically unsafe (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. +Anna, Oct. 14); but on the approach of the crisis the people forced a +change, and the confidence inspired by Morales enabled him (Landero +admitted in his <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>report, Apr. 3, 1847) to accomplish more than +the latter could have done. Particular resentment was felt against +Santa Anna for taking away in August, 1846, the best regiment (the +Eleventh Infantry). For the names of corps at Vera Cruz and Ulúa see +Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 158.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.9">9.</a> <em>The situation at Vera Cruz and Ulúa.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Consul Giffard, +Nov. 1; Dec. 1, 1846; Feb. 28; Mar. 11, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Consul Dimond, +no. 336, May 2, 1846. Engineer School, U. S. Army, Occasional Papers, +no. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw narrative. <a class="noteref" href="#src280">280</a>Nunelee, diary. +<a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src6">6</a>Bravo to Tola, Apr. 18, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Hitchcock, diary, Mar. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 25, 1842. +<cite>National</cite>, July 12, 1846. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Constitutionnel</cite>, May 8, 1847. W. S. +Parrott, Feb. 6, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>México state legislature to people. +<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Guerra</span>, Dec., 1846, p. 22. (Cisterns, etc.) Lyon, +Journal, ii, 221. Orbigny, Voyage, 407–8. Robertson, Visit, i, 232, +239. Ruxton, Adventures (London, 1847), 12–15. Robertson, Remins., +225–6, 235, 237. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 541–50, 552, 569. +Naredo, Orizaba, i, 107–8. Scott. Mems., ii, 422. Hitchcock, Fifty +Years, 248.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_335" title="335"></a> Ballentine, English Soldier, i, 288–9. Sen. 1; 30, 1, +p. 239. Balbontín, Estado, 49–55. Tributo á la Verdad, 17–26, 29, +88. Apuntes, 152–5. S. Anna, Apelación, 33. <cite>Delta</cite>, Oct. 16, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src350">350</a>Weber, recolls. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson to Giffard, Mar. 5, 1847; +to Fischer, Mar. 8; to commodore, Mar. 10, 25. Oswandel, Notes, 102. +Semmes, Service, 102, 104–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>W. B. Campbell to D. C, Mar. +20. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 56, 865. Otero, Comunicación, 11. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, +Apr. 8. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, Dec. 8, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a>Relaciones to gov., +Jan. 27, 1847; reply, Feb. 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a>State treas. to gov., Jan. +15. <a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a>Morales to gov., Feb. 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src90">90</a>Soto, proclam., Mar. +2. <a class="noteref" href="#src90">90</a><em>Id.</em>to state congress, Dec. 1, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src100">100</a>V. +Cruz ayunt. to prefect, June 4, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src100">100</a>Bravo to ayunt., +June 9, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src100">100</a>Ayunt. to jefe of dept, Oct. 26, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src100">100</a>Soto, proclam., Feb. 6, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src88">88</a><em>Id.</em>, proclam., +Feb. 15, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Regenerador Repub.</cite> Puebla, Mar. 13; Apr. 7, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Noticias de V. Cruz.</span> Kenly, Md. Volunteer, 267. México á +través, iv, 600. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 67, 105–7. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">El Estado de +Veracruz a Todos. Memoria de ... Guerra</span>, Dec, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src146">146</a>Caswell, +diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, nos. +441, 445, Feb. 28; Mar. 2, 1847. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 67. +Valois, Mexique, 40–43. <a class="noteref" href="#src271">271</a>Morales to commander of Ulúa, Oct. +20, 1846. Moore, Scott’s Campaign, 12. Conner, Castle of S. Juan de +Ulloa, 13. Parker, Recolls., 79. (Learned) <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Nov. +13, 30, 1846; Mar. 28, 1847. Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., 413–4. +<a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Campbell to Conner, Jan. 9, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Pommarès to +Conner, Oct. 15, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 911, 1169 (Scott). Meade, +Letters, i, 188. Diccionario Univ. (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Ulúa</cite>). <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Conner, Oct. 4, +1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src165">165</a><em>Id.</em>to Scott, Jan. 18; Feb. 5, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src100">100</a>Soto +to jefe, V. Cr. dept., Sept. 17, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src100">100</a>Jefe to V. Cr. ayunt., +Dec. 21, 1846. Bishop, Journal, 29. <cite>Niles</cite>, May 9, 1846, p. 160. <cite>So. +Quart. Rev.</cite>, July, 1851. <a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a>V. Cruz congress, manifiesto, Mar. +9. And from <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> the following. A large amount of correspondence +between the dept. and successive commanders at Vera Cruz, particularly +in March, April, Sept. and Oct., 1846, Jan. and Feb., 1847, relating +to the fortifications, garrison, supplies and dangers of the city and +Ulúa. S. Anna, Oct. 12, 14, 20, 1846; Jan. 14, 18; Apr. 29, 1847. +Morales, Jan. 20, 1847. Tampico letter to Garay, Jan. 25. Soto, Feb. 7, +15; Mar. 7, etc. Morales, Feb. 9, 15; Mar. 4, 5, etc. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Boletín de la +Democracia</cite>, Mar. 2, 1847 (N. Y. letter, Jan. 8). To S. Anna, Oct. 17, +1846; Jan. 30, 1847. To Morales, Mar. 6, 7. Morales, proclam., Mar. 5. +Landero, report, Apr. 3. Jalapa letter, Mar. 16. Canalizo to Hacienda, +Jan. 11. Landero, Jan. 25, 1847. J. Alvarez, Oct. 21, 1846. Memo., Feb. +9, 1847. Tampico letter, Dec. 30, 1846. Morales to Marín, Mar. 11.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.10">10.</a> What Scott called his “little cabinet” consisted of Col. +Totten (chief engineer), Lieut. Col. Hitchcock (acting inspector +general), Capt. Robert E. Lee (engineer) and H. L. Scott (acting as +military secretary). Col. James Bankhead was chief artillery officer, +Capt. Huger was acting chief of ordnance, and Maj. Turnbull was +the chief topographical engineer (Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 239–40). Col. +Harney commanded the regular cavalry, and Capt. Edson commanded three +companies of marines loaned by Conner, and temporarily attached to the +Third Artillery. At this time the engineers, artillery and cavalry +were kept by Scott under his immediate orders. While at Lobos Islands +he laid down the rule (<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>gen. orders 33) that every project +of siege or bombardment should first be discussed between the senior +engineer and artillery officers and then reported to him for approval +or amendment. Hence the detailed plan for the operations<a class="pagenum" id="Page_336" title="336"></a> at Vera Cruz +came formally from Totten, and he has been credited with originating it.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.11">11.</a> Simms wrote to Gov. Hammond of South Carolina that Scott’s +operations at Vera Cruz lacked brilliancy.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.12">12.</a> Conner had reckoned upon the starvation method; but (1) the +amount of supplies in the town and castle was not certainly known and, +as we shall find, was too large for this method; (2) fishing was a +resource of unmeasured value (even from the mole great quantities of +fish were caught: <cite>Delta</cite>, Oct. 16, 1847); (3) it was possible that on +some night the American line might be temporarily broken, and thousands +of cattle be run into the city; (4) as British observers agreed, the +Mexicans were capable of bearing privations for a long while; (5) Scott +rested under an imperative obligation to remove his army from the coast +in time to save it from the vómito; and (6) he had to count on reducing +Ulúa after capturing the city.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.13">13.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard, Mar. 11. Scott, Mems., ii, 422–5. Ballentine, +English Soldier, ii, 3–6. Davis, Autobiog., 140–1. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. +223, 239. Balbontín, Estado, 53, 55. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 33. +<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson to commodore, Mar. 11, 25. Steele, Amer. Campaigns, i, +120. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, Aug. 16, 1847 (Scott should have left 5000 to reduce +V. Cruz). <cite>So. Quart. Rev.</cite>, July, 1851. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 47–9. +Oswandel, Notes, 101. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 892 (Conner). McCall, Letters, +483. Moore, Scott’s Camp., 12.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.14">14.</a> This seems like a foolhardy performance; but other boats had +gone as near without being fired upon, and the <em>Petrita</em> was supposed +to be out of range (<cite>Mag. Am. Hist.</cite>, xiv, 567). The engineers intended +of course to get as near as they could with safety, and it is possible +that Scott wished to set an example of fearlessness. McCall, who was on +board, wrote that this occurred on Mar. 6; other accounts place it on +the seventh.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.15">15.</a> Just as the fleet was leaving Antón Lizardo, 800 Louisiana +volunteers arrived. These, with a shipload who came some hours later, +gave Scott upwards of 11,000 men. His <a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>return of Mar. 25 +included 13,470.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.16">16.</a> With some light guns, which would probably have been lost, a +thousand Americans might have been accounted for. It has been suggested +that until the boats moved toward the shore the Mexicans did not know +where the blow would fall; but their own explanation was that they had +no suitable troops to spare for the purpose (Tributo á la Verdad, 28). +Morales had, however, what he called an Extra-muros section, <em>i.e.</em>, +militia. A lack of intelligence, enterprise or nerve was doubtless +the real cause of his remissness. The one shot mentioned in the text +probably came from a gun found later among the dunes (<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Backus +to Brady, Sept. 22, 1848). A company of sappers and miners and an iron +boat loaded with entrenching tools and sand-bags accompanied Worth’s +brigade. Less than half the surf-boats ordered by Scott had arrived.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.17">17.</a> <em>The landing.</em> Bullock, Six Months (1825), i, 10. Sen. 1; 30, +1, pp. 216–8, 220, 222 (Scott); 239–40 (gen. orders 80). Ho. 1; 30, +2. pp. 1177–9. Apuntes, 153. Engineer School, U. S. Army, Occasional +Papers, no. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw narrative. <a class="noteref" href="#src280">280</a>Nunelee, diary. +<a class="noteref" href="#src216">216</a>Heiman, First Regt. of Tenn. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins, diary. +<a class="noteref" href="#src298">298</a>Porter, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Backus to Brady, Sept. 22, 1848. +Robertson, Remins., 216–9. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 540, 551. +Scott, Mems., ii, 413–4, 418–9, 421. Ballentine, English Soldier, +i, 292–303. Davis, Autobiog., 125. Tributo á<a class="pagenum" id="Page_337" title="337"></a> la Verdad, 28, etc. +McCall, Letters, 475. Taylor, Broad Pennant, 125. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Mar. +25. Meade, Letters, 187–8. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 28, 33, 34, +42, 45. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson to commodore, Mar. 11. Oswandel, Notes, +67–70, 83. Semmes, Service, 111, 125–7. Ramírez, México, 234. Lawton, +Artillery Officer, 74, 79, 167. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, diary. <cite>Journ. +Milit. Serv. Instit.</cite>, v, 37; xxiv, 422–8. Moore, Scott’s Campaign, +5. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue des Deux Mondes</cite>, Aug. 1, 1847, p. 418. Conner, Home +Squadron, 18–20, 60–70. Smith, To Mexico, 113–4. Nebel and Kendall, +17. Parker, Recolls., 49, 83, 85–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Conner to wife, Jan. +11; Mar. 10, <cite>United Service</cite>, July, 1895, p. 37; Dec., 1896, pp. +492–517. Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i, 108. Jones, Tattnall, 58. Ho. 60; +30, 1, pp. 847, 1169 (Scott); 892 (Conner). Sedgwick, Corresp., i, +71–2. <a class="noteref" href="#src254">254</a>McClellan, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src165">165</a>Conner, Mar. 11; order, +Mar. 7; to Forrest, Mar. 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src316">316</a>Judd to Sherman, Feb. 26, 1848. +<cite>Mag. of Amer. Hist.</cite>, xiv (Scammon). <cite>So. Quart. Rev.</cite>, July, 1851. +<a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>W. B. Campbell to wife, Mar. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Morales, Mar. 9, +10. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Landero, report, Apr. 3.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.18">18.</a> The consuls were in close touch with one another and with +the Mexicans, and hence the charge that Scott gave no warning of a +bombardment falls to the ground. He could not be expected to state +positively and precisely what he intended to do. By Mar. 13 Morales +reached the conclusion that he would not assault (<a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>M. to +gov. Puebla, Mar. 13), and by Mar. 20 that a bombardment was to be +expected (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>M. to Guerra y Marina, Mar. 20). Intercourse with +neutral vessels was allowed to remain open until the morning of Mar. +23 (<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson to commodore, Mar. 25), mainly as a way of escape +for neutrals (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 230) (closed then—except under a flag +of truce—because affording moral aid and comfort <em>ibid.</em>, p. 228); +and Matson, the British naval commander, warned the British residents +with his utmost energy that they would not be safe during “an assault +or a Bombardment” (<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>M. to commodore, Apr. 2). He was notified +in advance that intercourse with neutral vessels would shortly be cut +off, and so informed Giffard officially on March 18 for the benefit of +British residents (<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>M. to commodore, March 25). Scott’s warning +note to the Spanish consul (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 219) referred to the +city, not to Ulúa, for the consuls resided in the city; yet Matson and +Giffard had the face to assert that on the authority of Conner they +understood that only Ulúa would be bombarded. Matson admitted that he +did this for effect on Perry (<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>to commodore, Apr. 2); and he +did not question Scott’s right to act as he did (<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>to Perry, +Mar. 27). Again, Scott’s summons stated that batteries adequate to +reduce the city were in readiness, and this was further notice of a +bombardment. Everything compatible with the military necessities of the +United States was thus done for neutrals and non-combatants. Moreover +Morales replied that Scott might attack in the way he thought most +advantageous (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 227). The truth is that the people were +full of fighting spirit, did not know what real war meant, and felt not +a little confidence. Giffard certainly (<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson to commodore, +Mar. 25) and (as Perry reported, <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Oct. 22) the other consuls +probably took under their protection large quantities of property +belonging to Mexicans. By means of kites the Mexicans distributed +addresses to the “honest” Americans, defying their prowess but inviting +them to accept lands, as friends and brethren, in the country of +perpetual spring.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.19">19.</a> The Americans admitted the skill of the Mexican gunners. +Twenty-eight balls were put through a wall five feet high and 150 feet +long, more<a class="pagenum" id="Page_338" title="338"></a> than a mile distant. Americans were supposed to be lying +behind the wall (Kenly, Md. Volunteer, 267).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.20" />20. Scott still supposed Ulúa would have to be reduced after the +capture of Vera Cruz, and felt greatly troubled by the non-arrival of +the larger part of the heavy ordnance, etc., that had been duly called +for (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 222). He was annoyed also by his lack of enough +cavalry for thorough reconnoitring, and by the passing and repassing +of small boats between the city and the north shore. Owing to the +treacherous weather none of the American vessels could lie close enough +to the coast to stop this intercourse entirely. A sortie against the +batteries was to be anticipated, but access to them was made so easy +and secure that such an attack could have been repulsed. The squadron +endeavored to divert the attention of the enemy while the mortars were +being placed.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.21">21.</a> <em>Scott’s preliminary operations.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard, Feb. +28, 1847. Engineer School, U. S. A., Occas. Papers, no. 16. +<a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw narrative. Charleston <cite>Mercury</cite>, Apr. 6, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src280">280</a>Nunelee, diary. Trans. Ills. State Hist. Soc., 1906, p. +179. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins, diary. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 216–25, 244–9 +(reports of Scott and his officers). Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1177 (Conner). +<a class="noteref" href="#src298">298</a>Porter, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Bankhead to Scott, Mar. 26. +<a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Pickett to ——, Mar. 10. Robertson, Remins., 220–27. Lerdo +de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 552. Scott, Mems., ii, 426. Hitchcock, Fifty +Years, 240–5. Grant, Mems., i, 127. Ballentine, English Soldier, +i, 304–6; ii, 18–9. Davis, Autobiog., 126. Tributo á la Verdad, +29. McCall, Letters, 477. Hartman, Journal, 7–8. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Mar. +26, 30, 31; Apr. 2, 4. Meade, Letters, i, 191. <a class="noteref" href="#src350">350</a>Weber, +recolls. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders, nos. 33, 53. McCabe, Lee, +17. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson to commodore, Mar. 11. Oswandel, Notes, 71–85. +Semmes, Service, 129. <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>W. B. Campbell to D. C., Mar. 20. +<a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Simms to Hammond, May 1. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 73, +78, 81, 84, 89. <a class="noteref" href="#src124">124</a>Blocklenger, letter. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, +diary. Steele, Amer. Campaigns, i, 106. Nebel and Kendall, 18–9. +<a class="noteref" href="#src164">164</a>Scott to Conner, Mar. 16. Griffis, Perry, 216. Conner, Home +Squadron, 68. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Mar. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src164">164</a>Scott to Conner, +Mar. 17, 18, 19, 20. <cite>Spirit of the Times</cite>, Apr. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Dimond +to Conner, Jan. 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Campbell to Conner, Jan. 9. <cite>United +Service</cite>, July, 1895, p. 37. Jones, Tattnall, 57. Ho. 60; 30, 1, +p. 1169 (Scott). <a class="noteref" href="#src254">254</a>McClellan, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src165">165</a>Conner to +Scott, Mar. 19. Bishop, Journal, 29. <cite>So. Quart. Rev.</cite>, July, 1851. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Morales, Mar. 10, 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Cano, Mar. 26. <cite>Mag. of Amer. +Hist.</cite>, xiv, 567.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.22">22.</a> The mosquito fleet consisted of the steamers <em>Spitfire</em> and +<em>Vixen</em> under Commanders J. Tattnall and J. R. Sands, and the gunboats +<em>Bonita</em>, <em>Reefer</em>, <em>Petrel</em>, <em>Falcon</em> and <em>Tampico</em> under Lieuts. +Commanding F. G. Benham, J. S. Sterett, T. D. Shaw, J. J. Glasson and +W. P. Griffin (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1182). Each had a 32-pounder or 8-inch +Paixhan. Additional information may be found in <a href="#Page_189">chap. xxx</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.23">23.</a> The parapet of the naval battery (known as No. 5) was of +sandbags. Each of the guns weighed 6300 pounds, and was mounted on a +ship-carriage, so that transportation on land was extremely laborious. +They were taken ashore March 23, and some 1500 men were employed in +dragging them nearly two and a half miles through the sand. Scott did +not value the shell guns highly. They were 8-inch Paixhans. Captains +Aulick and Mayo commanded the battery alternately. According to Robert +Anderson the orders for the battery were issued by Conner (Lawton, +Artill. Officer, 101) who had repeatedly offered it before Scott gave +up the hope of receiving adequate army ordnance in time (Conner,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_339" title="339"></a> Home +Squad., 47, note 3). Early on the morning of March 23 Perry (who had +withdrawn the mosquito fleet the previous evening) had Tattnall launch +a sharp though brief attack, presumably to divert attention from the +naval battery, then under construction. An officer who gained fame +later as Commodore Porter was Tattnall’s pilot. The opening of Battery +No. 4 (24-pounders, etc.) was delayed by a norther, and one of the +howitzers was not ready as soon as the other pieces. Only about half +of the siege-train and ordnance stores called for in November arrived +before Vera Cruz surrendered (see chap. xviii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#N18.11">note 11</a>).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.24">24.</a> <em>Summons and bombardment.</em> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 222–44 (reports +of Scott and his officers; summons and reply; etc.); 230 (Scott +to consuls, Mar. 25). Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1175–83 (naval reports). +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Morales, circular, Apr. 4. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard, nos. 7, 8, Mar. +22, 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson to commodore, Mar. 25, 28; Apr. 2; to Perry, +Mar. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Perry, Mar. 26; Oct. 22. Henshaw narrative. Nunelee, +diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src216">216</a>Heiman, First Regt. Trans. Ill. State Hist. Soc., +1906, pp. 179–80. Collins, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Hitchcock to Lizzie, Mar. +27. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Perry to Mason, Mar. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Scott to Perry and +reply, Mar. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Bankhead to Scott, Mar. 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Pickett +to ——, Mar. 10. Robertson, Remins., 227–32, 278. Lerdo de Tejada, +Apuntes, ii, 555. Scott, Mems., ii, 426–7. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, +244–7. Ballentine, English Soldier, ii, 24. Davis, Autobiog., 127. A +Soldier’s Honor, 24. Apuntes, 155–8. Tributo á la Verdad, 30–1, 109. +McCall, Letters, 480. Nebel and Kendall, 19–21. Hartman, Journal, 9–10. +<cite>Picayune</cite>, Apr. 4. Meade, Letters, i, 192. F. Lee, Lee, 36–7. McClay, +Navy, ii, 180–1, 183. Oswandel, Notes, 90–5. Semmes, Service, 130–42. +<a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>W. B. Campbell to D. C., Mar. 28. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Mar. 29; Apr. +10. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Regenerador Repub.</cite>, Apr. 7. Kenly, Md. Volunteer, 267. Lawton, +Artillery Off., 91–7, 101, 104. Caswell, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src322">322</a>Smith, +diary. Moore, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src358">358</a>Williams to father, Mar. 25, 28. Judah, +diary. Moore, Scott’s Campaign, 15. Arnold, Jackson, 84. Conner, Home +Squadron, 47, note 3. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Sept. 11. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, Apr. +16. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Conner to wife, Mar. 31. Soley, Porter, 67–9. Jones, +Tattnall, 57. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 913, 1220 (Scott). <a class="noteref" href="#src180">180</a>Scott to +Stribling, Mar. 25. Ramsey, Other Side, 190, note. Bishop, Journal. +<cite>So. Quart. Rev.</cite>, July, 1851. Weekly <cite>Courier and N. Y. Enquirer</cite>, +Mar. 2, 1848 (letter probably by Hitchcock). Griffis, Perry, 221–3. +Furber, Twelve Months Vol., 519–40 <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>G. Gómez, Mar. 25. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Soto, Mar. 28. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Morales, Mar. 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Vega Mar. +25.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.25">25.</a> March 24 the consuls requested Scott to grant a truce and allow +the women and children to leave town (<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson to commodore, +Apr. 2). With perfect propriety he declined to do so (Scott, Mems., ii, +427), unless Morales should ask for a truce with a view to surrender +(Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 226), pointing out that due warnings had been given +(<a href="#N22.18">note 18</a>). He could not afford to suspend his operations or let +the number of mouths be diminished; and doubtless he was counting on +the moral effect of the presence of women and children. Time pressed; +there were well-founded reports that a Mexican army was approaching; +and cases of yellow fever had occurred (Scott, Mems., ii, 427, and see +Davis, Autobiog., 141). Scott’s action looks hard, but it was humane to +force an immediate surrender. Roa Bárcena (Recuerdos, 178) fully admits +that the American policy was just. This move of the consuls tended to +shake the confidence of the Mexicans, and led to dissensions among the +officers.</p> + +<p>March 25 Harney was sent against a force posted at a bridge near +Medel<a class="pagenum" id="Page_340" title="340"></a>lín, about ten miles from Vera Cruz (Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 250–2). +Including reinforcements, his detachment consisted of about 500 men +with artillery. The independent reports of the two principal Mexican +officers give their number as 140–50 with scarcely any ammunition. +Harney thought there were 2000 of them, and claimed great credit for +carrying the day. His orders were to reconnoitre only. There were other +insignificant affairs (Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 249–55; Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. +915; Reavis, Harney, 186).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.26">26.</a> <em>On the Mexican side.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard, Mar. 11, 29. +<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson to commodore, Mar. 25; Apr. 2. Papeles Varios, no. +10. Henshaw narrative. Nunelee, diary. Collins, diary. Robertson, +Remins., 222. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 552–3, etc. Ballentine, +English Soldier, ii, 32–3. Davis, Autobiog., 138. Sen. 1; 30, 1, +pp. 220–38 (reports, etc.). Tributo á la Verdad, 29, 30, 109 (Ult. +Boletín). Apuntes, 157–60. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Apr. 9. (Fish) <cite>Delta</cite>, Oct. +16. <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Morales, Apr. 3. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue de Paris</cite>, Dec., 1844. Semmes, +Service, 149. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Noticias de Veracruz</span>. <a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a>Relaciones to +gov., Jan. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a>Treasurer to gov., Jan. 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a>Many +letters regarding inability to pay the tax. <a class="noteref" href="#src100">100</a>Morales to +ayunt., Mar. 12, 17, 20; reply, Mar. 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Ibarra, proclam., +Mar. 23. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Regenerador Repub.</cite>, Apr. 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Gov. to legislature of +Puebla, Mar. 9. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Ibarra, proclam., Mar. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Morales to +gov. Puebla, Mar. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a><em>Id.</em>to Soto, Mar. 8. Lawton, Artillery +Off., 106–7. Caswell, diary. Moore, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src375">375</a>Morales to Soto, +Mar. 14. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Apr. 4. <cite>Spirit of the Times</cite>, Apr. 17. +<a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Legislature of Méx. state, address. <a class="noteref" href="#src165">165</a>Conner to Scott, +Mar. 19. Bishop, Journal. And from <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> the following. Comte. gen. +Puebla, proclam., Mar. 16. Arrieta, Mar. 15. Cano, Mar. 26. S. Anna, +Apr. 29. Memo., Feb. 9. F. Vázquez, Mar. 26. Soto, Jan. 23, 26; Mar. 7, +9, 19, 24, 25 (two). G. Gómez, Mar. 18, 19, 20 (two). Vega, Mar. 24, 25 +(two). Canalizo, Apr. 1. Morales, Mar. 5, 10, 16, 20, 24. Landero, Jan. +30, Apr. 3. Hacienda, Mar. 15. To G. Gómez, Mar. 16. To Soto, Mar. 28. +And many documents of minor importance.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.27">27.</a> Morales, probably in view of Santa Anna’s enmity, would not +surrender though he believed he ought to do so (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Landero, Apr. +3), but he turned the command over to Landero when capitulation was +seen to be inevitable, and left the city in a boat during the night +of March 25–6. He induced Gen. José Durán, who commanded at Ulúa, to +regard himself as under Landero’s orders, it was stated by Santa Anna +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Apr. 29), and so brought about the surrender of the castle. +This apparently singular move was doubtless made to save Vera Cruz +from being bombarded by Ulúa. (Recognizing this danger to the city, +Scott intimated, when summoning the town, that no batteries would be +established in it against Ulúa, unless Ulúa should open fire upon it.) +There was considerable dissatisfaction among the Americans because +the prisoners were set free, for their parole was justly deemed of +slight value; but it would have been costly, and perhaps not easy, to +hold them at Vera Cruz or send them to the United States, and they +did good service by spreading tales of American prowess. Mar. 26 the +consuls went to Scott’s camp under a white flag, but he would not see +them (<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson to commodore, Apr. 2). On the morning of March +27 two boat-loads of neutrals under the French flag attempted to +reach the neutral vessels at Sacrificios, but Perry would not allow +them to proceed (<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson to commodore, Apr. 2). (Roa Bárcena, +Recuerdos, 178, admits that Perry’s course was proper.) At about the +same time the consuls and the second alcalde threatened that<a class="pagenum" id="Page_341" title="341"></a> unless +the military chiefs would promptly bring hostilities to an end, they +would lead the non-combatants toward the American lines at the risk +of being fired upon. This was said to have had great effect in town, +but the chiefs had already decided to give up. Owing to bad weather +the navy was not represented at all the deliberations. Some of the +American military men felt that the share of the navy did not entitle +its representative to sign the capitulation. It was stated by Sedgwick +that, aside from the investment, only about 600 Americans took part in +the operations.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.28">28.</a> Next to Matson’s figures our best evidence regarding the +casualties is the statement of Giffard, that hundreds of women and +children, harbored at the consulates, escaped from harm though the +buildings suffered (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Mar. 29). Many other buildings were no +doubt equally solid and equally distant from the principal scene of +destruction. Vera Cruz was a great importing city, where large stocks +of goods needed to be securely housed. Mercantile establishments had +strong vaults, in which families now took refuge. Many found safety on +the long mole. Scott asserted that most of the people were sheltered +in the basements. Consequently one can hardly believe that more than +500 persons out of a civilian population probably not exceeding 3000 +were injured. Lieut. Mackall believed that perhaps thirty or forty +soldiers were killed or wounded (<a class="noteref" href="#src252">252</a>Apr. 30). Kendall, editor +of the New Orleans <cite>Picayune</cite>, who was on the ground, represented 150 +as a mean estimate of the total number that perished (<cite>Picayune</cite>, Apr. +9). Landero reported 750 killed and 200 wounded (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Apr. 3), +evidently an absurd statement, for a greater number must have been hurt +than killed. Other Mexican estimates rose as high as 600 civilians +killed, which would imply on a reasonable calculation that almost every +civilian was hit. One of the best Mexican authorities (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Apuntes</cite>, +165) states that 600 or more soldiers were wounded, and 400 of these +lost their lives. This is far too large a percentage of fatalities. +How accurate this authority is may be judged also from the fact that +the Americans are said to have thrown 6700 projectiles into the town, +whereas (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 244) the number was actually about 2500 +(possibly besides those from the naval battery, which may have thrown +800). It is worth while to add that Scott was persistently represented +(partly to exalt the Mexicans and partly to injure the Americans) as +having destroyed a great number of non-combatants, but Morales wrote on +March 24 that most of the killed and wounded had been soldiers.</p> + +<p>Next let us inquire as to the provisions. Giffard stated (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Mar. +29) that when the Mexicans surrendered, the city had food enough for +three days and the castle for ten; but probably he had reference +only to the provisions belonging to the authorities, and perhaps, as +he had objected strongly to the destruction of property and tried +to stop the bombardment by sending word to Scott that hunger would +force the Mexicans to yield in a few days, he felt compelled to +support that representation. March 10 Conner thought the enemy had +subsistence enough for about four or five weeks (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. +1179). <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>April 29, after having talked with officers from Vera +Cruz, Santa Anna assured the minister of war that Morales could have +held out until he (Santa Anna) could have arrived with regular forces. +Gov. Soto, who went down to the coast, where he was in communication +with the city by means of boats and doubtless knew whether stocks of +foodstuffs (belonging perhaps to neutrals) existed there, placed drafts +for $30,000, payable at Vera Cruz, in the hands of Morales on March +24 (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Soto, March 25). This money must have been intended<a class="pagenum" id="Page_342" title="342"></a> +solely or principally for provisions, for on the fourteenth Morales had +written to Soto that nothing else was needed. On the same day $2000 +from Oaxaca were delivered. These sums would have purchased enough food +to last beyond April 15. About March 17 a French barque ran in during +a norther, which shows that supplies from the outside could be hoped +for. The property loss due to the bombardment was estimated at five to +six million dollars (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Apr. 4). The southwest quarter +of the town was demolished. It was ordered that not only Morales, but +Landero and Durán should be tried. Besides disliking Morales, Santa +Anna felt resentment against Vera Cruz for receiving him so coldly in +August, 1846.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.29">29.</a> <em>The surrender</em>; <em>losses</em> (<a href="#N22.28">note 28</a>). Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. +224–6 (Scott); 228 (consuls); 229–38 (Scott, etc.); 239 (gen. orders +80). Apuntes, 159–66. McCall, Letters, 483–4. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Apr. 9. +<a class="noteref" href="#src252">252</a>Mackall to father, Mar. 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Morales, Apr. 3. +<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson to commodore, Mar. 25; Apr. 2; to Perry, Mar. 27; +reply, Mar. 27. Semmes, Service, 141. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Mar. 27; Apr. 4, 8. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Regenerador Repub.</cite>, Apr. 7. Lawton, Artillery Off., 98, 100, 106. +Hiney, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src358">358</a>Williams to father, Mar. 28. Bustamante, Nuevo +Bernal, ii, 160. <a class="noteref" href="#src375">375</a>Morales to Soto, Mar. 14. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, +Apr. 4, 5. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, Aug. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Kirby to Conner, Mar. +27. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1186. <cite>Mag. of Amer. Hist.</cite>, xiv, 570. Bishop, +Journal. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard, nos. 7, 8, Mar. 22, 29. Henshaw narrative. +Collins, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Puebla ayunt., address, Apr. 7 (V. Cruz +yielded because of “the lamentations of innocent families expecting +every instant to die”). Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 177–9. Tributo á la +Verdad, 109 (Ult. Bol.). Nebel and Kendall, 21. Robertson, Remins., +232. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 558–69. Scott, Mems., ii, 427–9. +Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 243–8. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Landero, Apr. 3. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a><em>Id..</em> +to Canalizo, Mar. 31. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Canalizo, Apr. 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, Apr. +4, 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To S. Anna, May 4. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Terms of capitulation. The +date Of the capitulation was Mar. 27.</p> + +<p>Had Vera Cruz held out until April 15, perhaps 5000 regulars would have +been in Scott’s rear (chap. xxiii, <a href="#N23.12">note 12</a>). With this backing, +3–4000 irregulars could probably have been embodied. By means of +signals and boat communication operations in concert with the garrison +of Vera Cruz could have been arranged for, and the prospect would have +encouraged the city to hold out to the uttermost. Very likely Scott’s +line could have been broken, and provisions introduced. He could not, +then, before the advent of the yellow fever, have reduced Ulúa and +Vera Cruz, and have made the preparations necessary for advancing +into a hostile region in the face of a numerous enemy. When the fever +became active, Santa Anna’s upper country troops could have retired +quickly, leaving the Americans to be annoyed by the coast forces. +Other diseases quite as fatal as the vómito prevailed in that district +(Thompson, Recolls., 4). Lieut. Hatch (to father, Apr. 2) wrote that +all attributed the surrender to the effect of Scott’s artillery upon +the civilians, and the circumstances prove as much.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.30">30.</a> The northers, though in themselves a scourge, drove the +mosquitoes away, and so prevented the yellow fever. They subsided about +the middle of April, and then the fever was due.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.31">31.</a> <em>Hardships and consolations.</em> (Losses) Ho. 24; 31, 1; Sen. 1; +30, 1, pp. 253–5; Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1185 (naval). Henshaw narrative. +Charleston <cite>Mercury</cite>, Apr. 6. Nunelee, diary. Collins, diary. <cite>American +Eagle</cite>, V. Cruz, Apr. 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Pickett to ——, Mar. 10. Vigne, +Travels, i,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_343" title="343"></a> 8. Robertson, Remins., 223, 226–7. Campos, Recuerdos, 31. +Scott. Mems., ii, 430. Ballentine, English Soldier, ii, 8, 15. Sen. 1; +30, 1, p. 221 (gen. orders 54); 224–6 (Scott, Mar. 23). <cite>Picayune</cite>, +Apr. 4. <a class="noteref" href="#src350">350</a>Weber, recolls. Maury, Recolls., 34. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson +to commodore, Mar. 11, 25. Oswandel, Notes, 71–4, 79–81. Semmes, +Service, 107–8. Lawton, Artillery Off., 79, 88, 96. Gilliam, Travels, +40. <a class="noteref" href="#src361">361</a>Woods, recolls. Caswell, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland to +father, July 15. Moore, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src136">136</a>Butterfield, recolls. <cite>Spirit +of the Times</cite>, Apr. 17. Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i, 115. Tennery, diary. +Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 879 (Conner). Bruell, Sea Memories, 57. Lancaster Co. +Hist. Soc. Mag., Mar. 6, 1908 (Nauman). Our army loss was nine killed +and fifty-one wounded (Ho. 24; 31, 1).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N22.32">32.</a> <em>Occupation of city and “castle.”</em> <cite>American Eagle</cite>, V. Cruz, +Apr. 6. Nunelee, diary. Collins, diary. Polk, Diary, May 15. Robertson, +Remins., 232. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 567–8. Naredo, Orizaba, +108. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 247. Davis, Autobiog., 129–30. Sen. 1; 30, +1, pp. 229, 235 (Scott); 237–8. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1185 (Perry). Apuntes, +166–7. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Apr. 9, 10, 14. Lawton, Artillery Off., 110, +<a class="noteref" href="#src252">252</a>Mackall to father, Mar. 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Matson to commodore, +Apr. 2. Oswandel, Notes, 98. Semmes, Service, 145–6. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Regenerador +Repub.</cite>, Apr. 7. Lawton, Artillery Off., 102–3. <a class="noteref" href="#src222">222</a>Hiney, diary. +<a class="noteref" href="#src146">146</a>Caswell, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src322">322</a>Smith, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, +diary. <em>Id..</em>, Scott’s Campaign, 23. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 907 (Marcy); +911 (Scott). Tennery, diary. Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 79–80. Bishop, +Journal. <cite>Littell</cite>, no. 157, p. 326 (Hine). <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>W. B. Campbell +to wife, Mar. 31. <cite>Britannia</cite>, May 15 (V. Cruz letter, Apr. 1). +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Landero, gen. orders, Mar. 29–30. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, Apr. 29. +Nebel and Kendall, 21.</p> + +<p>Some of the National Guards broke up and took flight in order to avoid +surrendering. As fast as the arms were stacked American sentries +mounted guard over them. When the Mexican soldiers found the victors +offering to divide rations with them, their sentiments became friendly, +and most of those belonging at Vera Cruz went back to town that day.</p> + + +<h3>XXIII. CERRO GORDO</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.1">1.</a> According to a memo. furnished by the adjutant general to the +ordnance bureau, Mar. 24, Scott’s forces were as follows. I. REGULARS. +1 Dragoons, Co. F. 2 Dragoons, Cos. A, B, C, F, I, K. *Mounted Riflemen +(on foot). 1 Art., Co. K. 2 Art., Co. A. 3 Art., Co. H. (These three +companies had field batteries.) Artillery serving as infantry: *1 Art., +Cos. B, F, G, H, I; <em>2 Art., Cos. B, C, D, F, G, H, I, K</em>; <em>3 Art., +Cos. A, B, D, G, K</em>; *4 Art., Cos. A, D, E, F, G, H. 1 Inf., Cos. C, +E, F, G, H, K. *2 Inf., Cos. A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, K. *3 Inf., Cos. +C, D, F, G, H, I, K. <em>4 Inf., Cos. A, B, C, D, E, I.</em> <em>5 Inf., Cos. E, +F, G, H, I, K.</em> <em>6 Inf., Cos. A, C, D, E, F, H.</em> *7 Inf., Cos. C, D, +E, F, I, K. <em>8 Inf., Cos. A, B, D, E, H, I, K.</em> (Italics indicate the +division of Bvt. Maj. Gen. Worth; asterisks that of Brig. Gen. Twiggs.) +II. VOLUNTEERS. (Maj. Gen. Patterson.) Tenn. Mounted regt. Infantry: +Baltimore and Wash. battal.; Ga. regt.; Ala. regt.; two Tenn. regts.; +two Ill. regts.; Ky. co.; La. co.; La. regt.; two Pa. regts.; N. Y. +regt.; S. C. regt. This list includes troops not mentioned by Scott +(Mems., ii, 460–5). As Worth was now serving with his brevet rank his +command was called a division. The same change was made in Twiggs’s +case. A letter of Mar. 13 from Marcy, due to a suggestion from Polk +of the day before,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_344" title="344"></a> urged Scott to make the protection of the troops +against yellow fever his prime consideration (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 904; +Polk, Diary, Mar. 12, 20). At the same time it gave a slanting assent +to the movement against the capital by discussing the question of +roads. This was Scott’s first authorization to proceed (<cite>So. Quart. +Rev</cite>., Apr., 1852), and the Cabinet had not decided to have him do so, +though he had assumed that Benton’s plan, endorsed by himself, was the +basis of his expedition (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 913). The hesitation of the +government is illustrated by the fact that Marcy first wrote merely, +“If you should occupy an interior position,” which he changed to, “If +you should move into the interior” (Marcy papers).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.2">2.</a> This proclamation has been censured on the ground that it +exasperated the Mexicans by mentioning their domestic dissensions and +bad government. If so, the blame rested primarily on the American +government, which had ordered Taylor to circulate a proclamation +embodying such ideas (<a href="#Page_210">p. 1</a> of chap. xxxi). The word “unnatural” has +been thought unfortunate as suggesting (since ordinary war seemed +to Mexico perfectly normal, and Scott could not be supposed to be +reflecting upon himself and his government) that the Mexicans were +acting in an inhuman and indecent way; but the author does not recall +seeing any such point made by them.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.3">3.</a> Many wagons were lost in wrecked vessels. It had been supposed +that about two thirds of the animals would be obtained locally, but it +was found by April 5 that not one tenth of them could be reckoned upon.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.4">4.</a> Harney proceeded to La Antigua on April 2 with two squadrons of +dragoons, a section of artillery and two infantry companies, drove +lancers from the village, captured about thirty-five horses and +obtained Mexican promises of assistance from the people (Ho. 60; 30, 1, +pp. 915–6). He returned the next day. The Alvarado expedition set out +on March 30. It was a joint affair designed not only (like Harney’s) to +obtain draft animals and beef cattle and open up permanent markets for +these desiderata, but to impress and “neutralize” the people of that +section, acquire a harbor for Perry’s small vessels, provide a regular +supply of water for the squadron, and perhaps capture the Mexican +vessels lying there. Perry himself commanded the naval contingent, and +Quitman commanded the land force, which consisted of three volunteer +regiments (Ga., Ala. and S. Car.), a squadron of dragoons and a section +of artillery (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 917–8). The march of about fifty miles +(about 44 by the present railroad) was at times difficult and always +hot. Late on April 1 Perry and Quitman reached Alvarado, a fishing +town of 1200–1500 persons; and the land forces arrived the next day. +They found it occupied by an American midshipman and five sailors. +Lieut. Hunter, commanding a one-gun propeller, the <em>Scourge</em>, sent down +to assist in blockading the town, had violated his orders (probably +to show what the naval men were capable of doing, if given a chance +to act) by opening fire, upon which the town (though it endeavored +later to rescind its action) had offered to surrender. Learning that +public property had been taken up the Alvarado River, here a wide, +clear, deep stream, he pursued it and, to take advantage of the panic +resulting from the fall of Vera Cruz, captured the industrious town of +Tlacotálpam. Quitman accepted this turn of events genially, but Perry +was furious, and to the disgust of many naval officers and the general +public Hunter was tried and cashiered.</p> + +<p>To Scott the results of Hunter’s error were serious (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_345" title="345"></a> +547). The intention had been to grant capitulations to the towns on +terms that would have provided the Americans with a large number of the +needed animals (Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Sept. 11) or to obtain the same result +in some other way; but Hunter’s action, though only one day in advance, +gave time for the removal of the livestock. Quitman did, however, +arrange with the authorities of Tlacotálpam for at least 500 horses, +and opened negotiations for more and for beef cattle. How fruitful +these arrangements proved cannot be stated. April 8 about 300 of the +Fifth Infantry sailed from Vera Cruz for the same district (Ho. 60; 30, +1, p. 928), and about April 14 they brought back some wild mustangs.</p> + +<p>On retiring from Alvarado the Mexicans burned the few small vessels +that constituted the national navy, and spiked or buried the ordnance +of the forts. The buried guns were, however, discovered. In all they +numbered about sixty, but a large part were valueless carronades. For +Quitman’s troops the expedition was unfortunate. A number died and +almost all were prostrated. He was back at Vera Cruz April 6. The +affair amused the American public hugely. One evidence of this is +afforded by the following lines (N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, May 7, 1847):</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + <div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="line">“On came each gay and gallant ship,</div> + <div class="line indent1">On came the troops like mad, oh!</div> + <div class="line">But not a soul was there to whip,</div> + <div class="line indent1">Unless they fought a shadow;</div> + </div> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="line">“Five sailors sat within a fort,</div> + <div class="line indent1">In leading of a lad, oh!</div> + <div class="line">And thus was spoiled the pretty sport</div> + <div class="line indent1">Of taking Alvarado.”</div> + </div> + </div> +</div> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.5">5.</a> <em>Scott’s preparations for advancing (including the Alvarado +expedition).</em> Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 903 (Marcy); 908, 912–3, 920, 928, +937, 1221, 1271 (Scott); 915 (Harney); 917 (Quitman); 918 (Mason); 939 +(gen. orders). <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Scott to Marcy, Apr. 5. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier Français</cite>, +Apr. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Harney, report, Apr. 4. Negrete, Invasion, iii, +app., 435. Scott, Mems., ii, 431. Robertson, Remins., 238. Velasco, +Geografía, iii, 203. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 230 (Scott); 547 (Jesup). +Davis, Autobiog., 140. <cite>Delta</cite>, May 19. Diccionario Universal +(<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Alvarado</cite>). <a class="noteref" href="#src164">164</a>Scott to Conner, Mar. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a> Mason to +J. L. Smith, Apr. 9. Semmes, Service, 148, 211. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez +de Castro, no. 445, Mar. 2, 1847. Nebel and Kendall, 23. Ho. 1; 30, +2, p. 1190. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 121. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, diary. +<em>Id..</em>, Scott’s Camp., 44–9, 52. Griffis, Perry, 239. Parker, Recolls., +103–4. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Captain of <em>Alarm</em> to commodore, Apr. 13. Bennett, +Steam Navy, 94, 97. Maclay, Navy, ii, 185. <a class="noteref" href="#src358">358</a>Williams to +father, Apr. 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>Adj. gen. to ordnance dept., Mar. 24. +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 87, 91, 105. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a><em>Id</em>., proclam., +Apr. 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard, no. 12, Apr. 13. Polk, Diary, Mar. 12–14. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 7, Jan. 28. <cite>Metropol. Mag.</cite>, Jan., 1908, p. +441. Soley, Porter, 71. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Sept. 11. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, May +7, 21. <cite>Niles</cite>, May 1, pp. 131, 141; 22, p. 189. <cite>Southwest. Hist. +Qtrly.</cite>, xviii, 216. Steele, Am. Campaigns, i, 120. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Marin, +Jan. 2; Apr. 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>López, Jan. 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Plan of Alvarado. +Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1200 (Mackenzie).</p> + +<p>Worth, although he had been given the most prominent place in the +operations against Vera Cruz, demanded the leading position in the +advance, and felt deeply offended when Scott, mindful of the rights +of the Second Division, replied that he would not, even to please his +best friend,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_346" title="346"></a> do an injustice (<cite>Mag. Am. Hist.</cite>, xiv, 573–4). There +was a route to the interior <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">via</em> Orizaba, but it was not available +for artillery. In reply to Marcy’s despatch of March 13, which +suggested that the advance be made from Tuxpán, Scott pointed out the +impracticability of that plan (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 909).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.6">6.</a> In January Gen. R. D. de La Vega was made chief of the Division +of the East and provided with an army—mostly of paper. The same month +Alonzo Wenghieri offered to furnish 50,000 muskets, 25,000 tercerolas +(carbines of a certain kind) and 50,000 swords at reasonable prices, +but it is not certain that his offer, though endorsed by the war +department, was accepted (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to Hacienda, Jan. 14). By March +12, four 16-pounders from Vera Cruz arrived at the national bridge. +March 18 orders proper for the situation were despatched to La Vega, +but they sound as if issued mainly for form’s sake. In February the +government attempted to take control of 25,000 National Guards for the +purposes of the war (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>circular Feb. 3); but it soon rescinded +that unpalatable assumption of authority, and confined itself to asking +state governors for them (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>circular, Apr. 8).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.7">7.</a> March 24 the northern brigades were at Querétaro on their way +south (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>acuerdo,<a id="FNanchor_D" class="fnanchor" href="#Footnote_D">[D]</a> Mar. 24). Rangel’s brigade and some +artillery left the capital March 28. March 30, 1400 National Guards, +who had been turned over to the national government by the governor of +the state (<a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Guerra to gov., Apr. 1), left Puebla to join 700 of +the same class already at Jalapa, and some 12-pounders were despatched +from the former city. These forces were primarily designed to aid in +the defence of Vera Cruz by attacking Scott’s rear. There was great +need of money, especially as the attitude of the clergy was now so +dubious that even drafts accepted by them were distrusted (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, +June 8).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.8">8.</a> One method of rousing the public was to excite religious +fanaticism. A pamphlet, <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Clamor de las Ovejas</cite>, declared that some +of the Vera Cruz churches were to be sold to Protestants, others to +Mohammedans, others to pigs, others to worshippers of Venus.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.9">9.</a> <em>Mexican preparations before Santa Anna arrived on the ground.</em> +<cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier Français</cite>, Apr. 3, 10, 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Consul Black, Apr. 25. +Davis, Autobiog., 142. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 34, 1847. Apuntes, 120–2, +168. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue Indep.</cite>, Apr. 25, 1845. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Guerra</span>, Dec., 1846. +Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 574. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Mar. 29; June 8. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor +Repub.</cite>, Mar. 31. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 888. Balbontín, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Invasión</span>, 105. +<a class="noteref" href="#src94">94</a>Canalizo, proclams., Apr. 2, 4. <a class="noteref" href="#src94">94</a>Soto, proclams., Jan. +22; Feb. 5. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Regenerador Repub.</cite>, Mar. 31. <a class="noteref" href="#src84">84</a>Guerra, decree, +Feb. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src84">84</a>Relaciones, circular, Feb. 16. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, Mar. +31. Ramsey, Other Side, 221, note. And from <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> the following +(out of a great number). To Rincón, Oct. 10, 11, 1846. To La Vega, Jan. +25; Mar. 18, 20, 27, 1847. Acuerdos, Mar. 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31; Apr. +1. To Gaona, Apr. 1. To Canalizo, Mar. 28, 31; Apr. 1. Gaona, Mar. 18; +Apr. 1. Soto, Mar. 7, 22, 26; Apr. 3. G. Gómez, Mar. 18, 19, 25, 26. +La Vega, Mar. 22, 24. Canalizo, Mar. 30; Apr. 1, 3. To Soto, Apr. 1. +Soto to V. Cruz cong., Dec. 1, 1846. Morales, Oct. 15, 1846; Feb. 2, 6, +1847. Canalizo to his troops, Mar. 29. Guerra, circulars, Feb. 3, 13; +Mar. 31; Apr. 8. To comte. gen. Mex., Mar. 25. Canalizo, proclam., Mar. +29. To gov. Puebla, Apr. 1. Gov. Puebla,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_347" title="347"></a> Mar. 28. A little later Santa +Anna had the spiked cannon drawn to Cerro Gordo by cattle.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.10">10.</a> The northern wall of the cañon is much more nearly vertical than +the southern. The author went down one side and up the other by rough +mule paths.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.11">11.</a> Accounts differ as to the number of men and guns on each tongue +but agree that <em>B</em> was much more strongly guarded than <em>A</em> and <em>C</em>. It +had supporting works. After the battle R. E. Lee wrote that the highway +was commanded by thirty-five Mexican guns (F. Lee, Gen. Lee, 38). +Allowing four for El Telégrafo, five for the battery at the camp, and +seven for <em>D</em>, we should have nineteen left for the tongues. In all, +according to the chief Mexican artillery officer, there were forty-one +pieces, so that Santa Anna was able to send additional guns to his +left. There seems to have been a 12-pounder at <em>A</em>, but most of the +guns were light. The four 16-pounders were at <em>D</em>, and commanded the +highway.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.12">12.</a> After the battle Santa Anna reduced his numbers to about 6000 +infantry (only about half of them permanent) and 1500 or 2000 cavalry +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>May 7; Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 112); but on March 20 +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to La Vega) he had placed the troops from La Angostura at +6000 (Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 194, says 5650) to which must be added +at least 2000 from the capital (<em>ibid.</em>), 2000 (besides a brigade +that arrived just before the battle) from Puebla (<a href="#N23.7">note 7</a>), and +contingents from Jalapa, Coatepec and other places. Mexican accounts +run from Santa Anna’s figures up to 15,000 (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, June 1, +correspondent). Canalizo, April 3, proclaimed that more than 12,000 +were coming, and the troops to whom he referred did not include all +who were present. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead placed the number from Mexico at +2500. Roa Bárcena (Recuerdos, 195) specifies 3, 4, 5, 6 and 11 Line +regiments, 1, 2, 3, 4 Ligero regiments, 5 and 9 cavalry, and 12 smaller +corps of foot and horse. Canalizo’s demand that all citizens rally to +the colors does not seem to have been very effective; but many who +had given their parole at Vera Cruz were forced to take up arms (Roa +Bárcena, Recuerdos, 189). It appears safe to estimate that Santa Anna +had at least 10,000, probably 11,000, and quite possibly 12,000 men +besides the Puebla brigade under Arteaga, which arrived after the fight +had begun. The brigade from Mexico arrived April 11, and the three +brigades from the north April 12. After the battle Santa Anna and +others attempted to represent the troops as of wretched quality. But +certainly he had picked the corps brought from the north, and there +is no reason to suppose that the other troops were below the average. +Santa Anna pretended that he lacked ammunition, but great quantities +were found in the camp after the battle (Oswandel, Notes, 139). The +distribution of it was very likely defective, however. It was asserted +also that some of the cannon cartridges contained no powder. They +should have been inspected. Twenty-nine Irishmen served in the hospital +force (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>acuerdo, Mar. 30). The army was fairly well supplied +with money. April 10 38,000 pesos went from the capital, and the bishop +of Puebla sent 10,000.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.13">13.</a> Santa Anna had water brought from El Encero by a ditch, but it +only began to run just as the battle opened.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.14">14.</a> <em>Mexican preparations, Apr. 4–16.</em> <cite>Delta</cite>, May 1. <cite>Picayune</cite>, +May 2. <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Anaya to S. Anna, Apr. 9. <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Guerra to gov. +Puebla, Apr. 9. <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Pablo to S. Anna, Apr. 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Guerra +to S. Anna, Apr. 9. <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Baranda to S. Anna, Apr. 8. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier +Français</cite>, Apr. 17. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Repub.</cite>, Apr. 22; June 1, 9. Sen. 1;<a class="pagenum" id="Page_348" title="348"></a> 30, 1, p. +261. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 49. Grant, Mems., i, 134. Apuntes, +121, 169–75. Tributo á la Verdad, 41. S. Anna, Apelación, 33–7. Suárez +y Navarro, Causas, 68. Steele, Amer. Campaigns, i, 121. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Mar. +29; Apr. 3, 9, 30; June 10. Gamboa, Impug., 29–32. Ramírez, México, +214, 229. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 157, 189. Lerdo de Tejada, +Apuntes, ii, 574. Dublán, Legislación, v, 264–5. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, +Apr. 24, 27, 28; May 3; Oct. 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 34, Apr. 1. +Oswandel, Notes, 139. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Pavón, Apr. 29. Sedgwick, Corres., i, +86. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Gaona, Apr. 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Canalizo, Apr. 2. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To +S. Anna, Apr. 9. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Canalizo, Mar. 29; Apr. 3, 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. +Anna, Apr. 6, 7, 11, 13, 17, 29; May 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Uraga, May 1. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Memorias by heads of war dept., Nov., 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Decrees, +Apr. 8, 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>A great number of less important papers.</p> + +<p>No doubt, as Willisen (“Higher Theory of War”) and others have said, +combining strategical defensive with tactical defensive is as a rule to +be condemned; but here the circumstances were peculiar. The Americans +were pursued by the yellow fever, and only a decisive victory could +save them from ruin. Hence Santa Anna’s policy cannot be censured +unceremoniously. Ripley (War with Mexico) gives the name El Telégrafo +to La Atalaya, an error that of course leads to much confusion. Robles +had a series of objections to the Cerro Gordo position. It could be +turned; the rough and woody country made it possible for the enemy +to get near; cavalry could not be used; the line was too long; a +threatened point could not be easily reinforced; water was lacking; +retreat, especially with artillery, would be difficult (Roa Bárcena, +Recuerdos, 197–8).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.15">15.</a> One of the field batteries was Taylor’s; the other was Talcott’s +howitzer and rocket battery (R. Jones to ordnance dept., Dec. 3, +1846). Steptoe’s field battery and a squadron of dragoons accompanied +Patterson later. The statement regarding the artillery outfit is from +Lieut. Hatch (<a class="noteref" href="#src213">213</a>to father, Apr. 7), who went with Twiggs.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.16">16.</a> Scott has been called rash for sending his army forward and +exposing it to attack piecemeal. But (1) had it all formed one column +it would have been no safer against a raid from some crossroad; (2) +had it been attacked in front, numbers would not have signified, and +the individual superiority of the Americans as well as their superior +artillery would have given them the advantage; and (3) Santa Anna, +having possession of such fine defensive positions, was not likely to +make a venturesome attack, especially as the battle of Buena Vista had +shown how tenaciously the Americans could defend themselves. The two +last points bear also upon the criticism that Santa Anna ought to have +attacked Twiggs before the arrival of Pillow and Shields (see remark +at the end of <a href="#N23.14">note 14</a>). The volunteer division left Vera Cruz April +9 under Patterson. It consisted of two brigades, for Quitman’s men had +not sufficient transportation, and probably needed time to recover +from the effects of the Alvarado expedition. Capt. Loch, a British +naval officer off Vera Cruz, was as much surprised as Scott when it was +found that Santa Anna had a large force at Cerro Gordo (<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>to +commodore, Apr. 9).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.17">17.</a> From the national bridge to Cerro Gordo the pavement was not in +very good condition. Above the latter point stone blocks took the place +of cement. In places, where these had never been laid, or had been +taken up by revolutionists, or had been overlaid with stones by floods, +the highway was extremely bad.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.18">18.</a> The position looked impregnable but was not, for a besieging +force could easily deprive the garrison of provisions and water.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_349" title="349"></a><a class="notenum" id="N23.19">19.</a> <em>The march from Vera Cruz to Plan del Rio.</em> Ho. 60; 30, 1, +pp. 920–2, 928 (Scott); 921 (gen. orders 94). Hartman, Journal, 10. +<cite>Picayune</cite>, Dec. 9. <cite>Delta</cite>, May 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Gutiérrez to gov. +Puebla, Apr. 9. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 274 (Twiggs). <a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw +papers. Stapp, Prisoners of Perote, 159–60. Raleigh <cite>Star</cite>, May 5. +<a class="noteref" href="#src280">280</a>Nunelee, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Narrative based on papers of F. +Collins. <a class="noteref" href="#src220">220</a>Higgins to Clutter, Apr. 1, 1851. Ballentine, +Eng. Soldier, ii, 36–48. Davis, Autobiog., 142–4. Apuntes, 169. +Ward, Mexico, i, 12; ii, 177–88. Robertson, Visit, i, 269. Ruxton, +Adventures (1849), 22–5. Tudor, Tour, ii, 171–5. Bullock, Six Months +(1825), i, 32–42. Orbigny, Voyage, 409–10. Robertson, Remins., 238–40, +242. Latrobe, Rambler, 297. Velasco, Geografía, iii, 28, 37, 54, 64. +Lawton, Artillery Officer, 123, 132. Engineer School, U. S. Army, +Occas. Papers, no. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce, diary. <cite>Journal Milit. Service +Instit.</cite>, v, 38 (Coppée). Bishop, Journal. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>G. W. Smith to +Stevens, Apr. 23. Hawthorne, Pierce, 78–85. Steele, Amer. Campaigns, i, +121. <a class="noteref" href="#src185">185</a>Memo. on the route. <a class="noteref" href="#src356">356</a>Whitcomb, diary. Carleton, +address. Löwenstern, Le Mexique, 32. <a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary. Wash. +<cite>Union</cite>, May 1. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Vedette</cite>, viii, no. 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src322">322</a>Smith, diary. Norton, +Life. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src358">358</a>Williams to father, Apr. 21. +<a class="noteref" href="#src152">152</a>Claiborne, memoirs. <a class="noteref" href="#src136">136</a>Butterfield, recolls. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue de +Paris</cite>, Dec., 1844. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Stevens to J. L. Smith, May 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>G. +W. Smith to Stevens, May 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 91. Thompson, +recolls., 11–12. Poinsett, Notes, 25–9. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Calendario de +Ontiveros</span>. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Loch to Lambert, Apr. 9. Oswandel, Notes, 108–10, +119. Semmes, Service, 162–75. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>J. Parrott to Marcy, Apr. 19. +<a class="noteref" href="#src254">254</a>McClellan, diary. <cite>Mag. Amer. Hist.</cite>, xiv, 575. <cite>Littell</cite>, +no. 162, p. 546. <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>W. B. Campbell to wife, Apr. 8. Moore, +Scott’s Camp. <a class="noteref" href="#src71">71</a>Diccionario Universal (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Puente Nacional</cite>).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.20">20.</a> <em>Twiggs and his operations, Apr. 11–13.</em> Maury, Recolls., 29. +Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 274 (Twiggs). <a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw papers. Trans. Ills. +State Hist. Soc., 1906, p. 181. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Narrative based on the papers +of Francis Collins. Polk, Diary, Apr. 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Tower to Twiggs, +Apr. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Scott (on Twiggs), remarks on a letter from Worth. +<em>Id..</em>, Mems., ii, 432. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 250. Grant, Mems., i, +131. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 25–6, 51–4. Brackett, U. S. Cavalry, +141. Davis, Autobiog., 143–6. Apuntes, 173–5. Robertson, Remins., 240. +<a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, diary. Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. Mag., Mar. 6, 1908 +(Nauman). Bishop, Journal. <a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Bragg to Hammond, Dec. 20, 1847; +May 4, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland to father, Aug. —; Nov. 28, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src358">358</a>Williams to father, Apr. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src152">152</a>Claiborne, mems. +<a class="noteref" href="#src112">112</a>Beauregard to Patterson, Apr. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src204">204</a>Gouverneur, +diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Tower to Maj. Smith, undated. <a class="noteref" href="#src273">273</a>Mullan, diary. +Lee, Lee, 38. <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>W. B. to D. Campbell, Apr. 13. <cite>Hist. Teacher’s +Mag.</cite>, Apr., 1912, p. 75. Ho. 60; 30, 1; pp. 921 (gen. orders 94); 928 +(Scott). <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Jan., 1852. <a class="noteref" href="#src170">170</a>Crooker to father, +Apr. 27. Henry, Camp. Sketches, 268. Furber, Twelve Months Vol., 331. +Some may ask why Scott put a general like Twiggs forward. Twiggs had a +rank and a position that had to be recognized, and his officers and men +had their right to see honorable service and win distinction.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.21">21.</a> Major J. L. Smith commanded the engineer company of fifty-one +men. Lee had ten of the men, and under his direction Lieut. Foster with +eight had charge of building the road “located” by Lee. Lieut. Mason +also worked on the road. McClellan with ten was assigned to Pillow’s +command, and G. W. Smith with ten to Harney’s (<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>G. W. Smith to +I. I. Stevens, Apr. 23). Tower had charge of the reconnoitring on the +Mexican right.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_350" title="350"></a><a class="notenum" id="N23.22">22.</a> I. I. Stevens, one of the engineer officers, <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>reporting +on May 7, stated in the most distinct manner that according to this +plan El Telégrafo was not to be attacked before the highway in its +rear should have been occupied in strength, and that insistence upon +this point constituted the essential difference between this plan and +the operations previously suggested by Beauregard. Scott wrote to +Marcy (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 261) that he had intended to turn the Mexican +position and attack in the rear. He clearly indicated as much in his +Memoirs (ii, 432), and his orders for the battle were that Twiggs’s +division, supposed to be already near the highway, should move before +daybreak to occupy it, while the orders only contemplated an attack in +front as likely to be made before 10 o’clock. It was well understood +in the army that his plan was to bag Santa Anna’s army, and this +implied—since some of the Mexicans were likely to retire early—that +the way of escape must be cut off before a frontal attack should be +launched. Stevens tried to reach the highway via the Mexican right, but +was taken ill and had to return (Stevens, Stevens, i, 124).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.23">23.</a> <em>Scott’s operations, Apr. 12–16.</em> Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 261 (Scott). +<cite>Picayune</cite>, May 1, 2. <a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw papers. A Soldier’s Honor, +24. Trans. Ills. State Hist. Soc., 1906, p. 181. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Narrative +based on the papers of F. Collins. Scott, Mems., ii, 432. Hitchcock, +Fifty Years, 250. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 56–8. Davis, Autobiog., +144–8. Bishop, Journal. <a class="noteref" href="#src322">322</a>Smith, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src112">112</a>Beauregard +to Patterson, Apr. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src111">111</a>Stevens to J. L. Smith, May 7. +<a class="noteref" href="#src111">111</a>G. W. Smith to Stevens, Apr. 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src111">111</a>Tower to +J. L. Smith, undated. <a class="noteref" href="#src111">111</a>Mason to J. L. Smith, Apr. 24. +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 105, 111. <a class="noteref" href="#src332">332</a>Tennery, diary. +McCabe, Lee, 19, note. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Loch to Lambert, Apr. 9. Oswandel, +Notes, 113–5. Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i, 122–4. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 929 +(Scott); 939 (Twiggs); 940 (Pillow).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.24">24.</a> The range had to be estimated (<a class="noteref" href="#src322">322</a>W. B. Smith, diary), +and perhaps it was not easy to rectify the estimate by seeing where the +shot struck. Many of them flew much too high.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.25">25.</a> Scott’s orders for the battle gave no directions for such a +charge. His plan was to place Twiggs’s division and Shields’s brigade, +supported by Worth’s command, on the highway in Santa Anna’s rear and +attack from that quarter. From one of his reports it appears that he +made some suggestion to Twiggs about the possibility of a frontal +attack on El Telégrafo—presumably in the case of some unlooked-for +turn of events; but he did not expect that officer to create the +turn. The charge seems to have been ordered by Scott during the night +(<a class="noteref" href="#src213">213</a>Hatch to father, Apr. 21). To be sure, Scott’s orders spoke +of a frontal attack, but evidently the reference was to Pillow’s +movement.</p> + +<p>The officers of the Rifles were taken by Polk from civil life. Scott +offset this by having Major Sumner of the Second Dragoons, a veteran +and able soldier, command the corps; but as Sumner had been disabled on +Saturday, Major Loring was now at its head. When moving from shelter +he exposed his men to being enfiladed by the enemy’s cannon, and +the other troops actually cried out, “That’s the way to murder men” +(<a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw). This illustrates how political appointments are +likely to work on the firing line. The Rifles were expected to join in +the attack on El Telégrafo after repulsing the enemy on the left, but a +part of them were unable to do so (p. 352).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.26">26.</a> <em>Events of Apr. 17–18 {except Pillow’s operations).</em> Sen. +1; 30, 1, pp. 255–95, 298 (Scott’s orders; reports of himself and +officers). Maury,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_351" title="351"></a> Recolls., 37, 44. Hartman, Journal, 11. M’Sherry, +El Puchero, 221–3. <cite>Picayune</cite>, May 1, 6, 9, 19. <cite>Delta</cite>, May 1, 15; +June 18. <a class="noteref" href="#src252">252</a>Mackall to father, Apr. 18. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, May +7, 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw papers. Trans. Ills. State Hist. Soc., 1905, +p. 213; 1906, pp. 182–3. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Narrative based on F. Collins +papers. <a class="noteref" href="#src6">6</a>Riley court of inquiry. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Plympton to Scott, +July 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>E. K. Smith to Plympton, July 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>J. R. +Smith to Polk, Nov. 30, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Twiggs to J. R. Smith, Nov. 9, +1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Morris to J. R. Smith, Nov. 15, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Russell +court of inquiry: orders 155. <a class="noteref" href="#src223">223</a>Hirschorn, recolls. Negrete, +Invasión, iii, app., 46–52, 98–114. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 251–2. +Grant, Mems., i, 132. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 59–84, 88, 90–1. +Davis, Autobiog., 148–52, 155–8. Apuntes, 175–83. Tributo á la Verdad, +42, 49, 62, 136. S. Anna, Apelación, 34–41. <em>Id..</em>, Manifiesto, +1847, 7. Eye witness, Complete History, 79–80. Robertson, Remins., +248–52. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 137–40, 267. Engineer School, U. S. +Army, Occas. Papers, no. 16. N. Y. <cite>Times</cite>, July 16, 1916 (Worth). +Bishop, Journal. Nebel and Kendall, 24–5. S. Anna, Mi Historia, 67–8. +<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>G. W. Smith to Stevens, Apr. 23. Mansfield, Mex. War, 195. +<a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Bragg to Hammond, May 4, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src254">254</a>McClellan, diary; +to sister, Apr. 22. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Apr. 28, 30; May 20; June 10, 23, 30. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, Apr. 21, 23, 27; June 9; July 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src84">84</a>Ampudia to +gov. S. L. Potosí, Oct. 10. Gamboa, Impug., 30. Kenly, Md. Vol., 337. +Ramírez, México, 227–9, 231, 261. <a class="noteref" href="#src298">298</a>Porter, diary. London +<cite>Times</cite>, June 15. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, May 10, 11; Oct. 23. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, +Apr. 20, 23, 24, 27; May 3, 6; Nov. 1, 30. <cite>Spirit of the Times</cite>, +May 29; June 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src124">124</a>Blocklenger, recolls. <a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland +to father, Aug. —. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Vedette</cite>, ii, no. 2. <a class="noteref" href="#src322">322</a>Smith, diary. +<a class="noteref" href="#src307">307</a>Roberts to wife, Apr. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. +<a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src358">358</a>Williams to father, Apr. 21. +<a class="noteref" href="#src152">152</a>Claiborne, memoirs. <a class="noteref" href="#src112">112</a>Beauregard to Patterson, Apr. +20. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Stevens to J. L. Smith, May 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Tower to J. +L. Smith, undated. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Mason to J. L. Smith, Apr. 24. Arnold, +Jackson, 87. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>G. W. Smith to Lee, Apr. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Lee to +Twiggs, undated. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 249. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Riley +to Westcott, Nov. 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src332">332</a>Tennery, diary. Giménez, Apología. +Ho. 85; 30, 1. <cite>Journal U. S. Artill.</cite>,1892, pp. 419–20. Lee, Gen. +Lee, 38. Oswandel, Notes, 116, 122–8. Semmes, Service, 178–81, 183. +Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 887–94. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Soto to gov. Puebla, Apr. 18. +<a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Pavón to Puebla sec. state, Apr. 29. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1089 +(Hitchcock). <cite>Niles</cite>, May 22, pp. 183, 188. <a class="noteref" href="#src148">148</a>Chamberlain, +recolls. Elderkin, Biog. Sketches, 66. <cite>Journ. Mil. Serv. Instit.</cite>, +xlii, 128. Henderson, Science of War, 215. Stevens, I. I. Stevens, +i, 126. Smithwick, Evolution, 286. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, Apr. 17, 21; +May 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Canalizo, Apr. 18, 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Carrera, May 1. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Circular, Apr. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Ampudia, Apr. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To +Brito, May 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Alvarez, Oct. 28. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Canalizo to Villaba +& Co., Apr. 24; to son, Apr. 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Memorias by heads of depts., +Nov., 1847.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Remarks</span> on the battle (April 18). The perfect confidence +displayed in Scott’s orders for the battle is noteworthy. No doubt +it had a great effect on the troops. The orders to Worth were rather +vague. Probably this was because the course of the battle was expected +to indicate how his division could be used to the best advantage, but +possibly on account of his intense jealousy of Twiggs it was not deemed +wise to say clearly that he was to support Twiggs. In fact he followed +Twiggs, ascended El Telégrafo, saw the white flag at the tongues, and +sent Harney and Childs (Ripley, War with Mexico, ii, 74) to accept the +surrender of the Mexican right wing. The movement assigned to Twiggs +was hazardous, but the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_352" title="352"></a> military quality of Santa Anna and the Mexican +troops was now well understood.</p> + +<p>General Shields was struck by a grape shot that passed through the +upper part of his body; and his recovery, due to high surgical skill +and the most devoted nursing, seemed almost miraculous. When Shields +fell, Col. E. D. Baker took command. Canalizo was ordered to charge +Shields’s brigade; but the ground was only partly cleared, and Santa +Anna reported that a charge was not practicable. Canalizo was, however, +accused by many of causing the Mexican defeat by letting the Americans +reach the highway. He could have dismounted all his cavalry, as he +did his cuirassiers, and 2000 fresh troops—especially if aided by +those at the tongues—might have done a good deal; but probably he +believed that the battle had already been lost. When Shields’s men +approached the highway they came upon a party of Mexican surgeons, and +on learning their business became instantly, according to the surgeons, +their friends and protectors (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Apr. 30). The chief Mexican +surgeon stated that the Americans made no distinction between the two +nationalities in bringing wounded men to the hospitals (<cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier +Français</cite>, May 5). Worth’s command, deprived of its expected share in +the battle through Twiggs’s departure from Scott’s plan, played the +part of a reserve. Harney’s charge may have been launched just when +it was because a thinning out of the summit of El Telégrafo (probably +due to sending troops against Riley) led to the belief that the La +Atalaya guns were doing great execution (Ballentine, Eng. Sold., ii, +81). Harney placed the Seventh Infantry on his right, deploying some +of the men as skirmishers to guard that flank, and the Third on his +left, protected by the Rifles. (In consequence of Loring’s incompetence +(<a class="noteref" href="#src213">213</a>Hatch to father, Apr. 21) the Rifles did not charge in a +body or effectively.) This line was supported by the First Artillery. +Some of Harney’s men joined with Riley’s in capturing the minor crest. +The La Atalaya battery fired over the heads of the charging Americans +as long as this appeared to be safe. Vázquez died bravely at his post, +whereas a number of high Mexican officers proved recreant. After the +fighting began near the summit of El Telégrafo the Mexican cannon +placed there could not be used, for they would have injured Mexicans +as well as Americans. Santa Anna appears to have done all in his power +to stem the tide of defeat. About 1000 Puebla men under Gen. Arteaga +arrived during the battle. They were placed at the headquarters +battery, but took flight early. S. Anna’s line was about a mile and a +half long.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.27">27.</a> It has been argued that Pillow’s attack should have been a +“mere feint,” <em>i.e.</em> threat. But (1) Scott had reason to fear that +the purpose of a “mere feint” would be detected as soon as the grand +battle should begin, and that the feint would fail of its purpose +(see Donaldson and Becke, 387); and (2) Pillow had troops of superior +mettle, who probably would not have been satisfied to make a mere +threat (Nebel and Kendall, 25, note). In ordering this attack Scott +violated Napoleon’s principle, which was to turn the enemy’s flank +without dividing his own army (Johnston, Foundations, 180), but the +circumstances warranted doing so. In particular Santa Anna had shown +that he did not wish to be aggressive, and Scott intended to keep him +busy (see Hamley, Operations, 160).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.28">28.</a> Pillow had also a few Tennessee horse and (attached to Haskell’s +regiment) a Kentucky company—in all about 2000 men (Robertson, +Remins., 244).</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_353" title="353"></a><a class="notenum" id="N23.29">29.</a> The text is based primarily on the full and minute account +given in the diary of George B. McClellan (who accompanied Pillow and +whose integrity and technical ability will not be questioned) and the +following documents: reports of Engineers Stevens (<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>May 7) and +Tower (<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>undated); Haskell and sixteen officers (<cite>Picayune</cite>, May +29); Haskell (<em>ib.</em>, June 28); Pillow, reply (<em>ib.</em>, June 9); <em>Id.</em>, +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>substitute report, May 29 (to take the place of his published +report, which he admitted was not correct); <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>letters of Col. +Campbell, an able and fair man (who said privately the affair was most +badly managed; also that Pillow was no general, and on the field had no +judgment or decision); <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Williams to Hitchcock, June 4, 1849; +Wynkoop, July 16, in <cite>Picayune</cite>, Sept. 19; Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i, +125 (Stevens says, <em>e.g.</em>, that Pillow’s attack failed because “made +prematurely, with great precipitation, without order in the assaulting +columns, and before the supporting columns were in position, and at the +wrong point,” and that it, “both as to time and as to direction, was +earnestly remonstrated against by the engineer officer directing the +attack, by the personal staff of the general, and by Col. Campbell, +second in command”). Of course Ripley, who wrote his history of the war +in consultation with Pillow, gives a misleading account of this affair +as of others.</p> + +<p>The author used also the following sources: Sen. 51; 32, 1. Sen. 1; 30, +1, pp. 257 (Scott); 258 (orders 111); 294 (Patterson); 296 (Pillow). +<a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw papers. Taylor, Letters (Bixby), 109. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Pillow +to adj. gen., June 25, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Ripley to adj. gen., June 25, +1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Tower to Twiggs, Apr. 16. Negrete, Invasión, iii, +app., 50. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 251. Furber, Twelve Months Vol., +593. Grant, Mems., i, 133. Davis, Autobiog., 146. Apuntes, 173, 181. +<cite>Weekly Courier and N. Y. Enquirer</cite>, Mar. 2, 1848. Robertson, Remins., +244–8. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 139. <a class="noteref" href="#src293">293</a>Pillow to wife, June +9. <a class="noteref" href="#src293">293</a>Rains to Mrs. Pillow, Apr. 18. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, June 9, +24. <cite>Picayune</cite>, May 9; Sept. 11. México á través, iv, 654. Hillard, +McClellan, 18, 19. <cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, June 11. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, +June 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src358">358</a>Williams to father, Apr. 21. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Vedette</cite>, viii, no. 5. +Oswandel, Notes, 110–1, 122–35. Semmes, Service, 182–3. Hitchcock in +semi-weekly <cite>Courier and Enquirer</cite>, Mar. 1, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src100">100</a>Mata, Apr. +18. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Pavón to Puebla sec. state, Apr. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src288">288</a>Tapper to +wife, May 3. <cite>Niles</cite>, June 5, p. 219; Oct. 2, p. 75. Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, +Dec. 13. Griepenkerl, Applied Tactics, 116. <a class="noteref" href="#src316">316</a>Judd to Sherman, +Feb. 26, 1848. Johnstone, Foundations, 180. <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Jan., +1852. <a class="noteref" href="#src181">181</a>Armstrong to Donelson, July 4. <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>Cummings to +Campbell, May 12; June 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Carrera, May 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, +May 7. The reason why reversing the regiments caused trouble seems to +have been that infantry were accustomed to manœuvre and fight in +a certain formation, and felt awkward if the right was unexpectedly +brought out on the left. As Wynkoop had farther to march than Haskell +and did not wish to attack before his support was in position, placing +Campbell third in the line of march involved a delay. One derives a +lesson on the value of official reports from Patterson’s representation +that Pillow was wounded while gallantly leading his brigade (Sen. 1; +30, 1, p. 295).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.30">30.</a> The American soldiers were not pleased with this policy. The +American government expressed itself against it and, placing an +undeserved value on Mexican officers, ordered that no more of them +should be paroled except for special reasons. It is probably enough to +say that Scott was in the best position to judge; but one may remark +that Santa Anna’s difficulty was not so much to obtain men as to obtain +arms. Further<a class="pagenum" id="Page_354" title="354"></a> grounds for releasing them are mentioned in Sen. 1; 30, +1, p. 257. According to Gen. Pavón, Gen. La Vega and twenty-four other +officers were not paroled. Some six declined to give their paroles. +Among the spoils were a large amount of ammunition, $11,791.19 in cash +(Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 24), and a wooden leg (supposed to have belonged to +Santa Anna) now preserved in the capitol at Springfield, Ill.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.31">31.</a> <em>Pursuit, losses, prisoners, spoils.</em> Ho. 60; 30, 1, 948, 1012, +1221 (Scott); 1089 (Hitchcock); 1233 (Marcy). Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 258 +(gen. orders 111); 262 (Scott); 276, 278, 283, etc. Scott, Mems., ii, +443. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 253. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, 86–7, +106–7. Tributo á la Verdad, 62. Bustamante, N. Bernal, ii, 189. S. +Anna, Apelación, 40. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 140, 179. Ho. 24; 31, 1. +Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 37. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, Apr. 27.; June 9. Sen. 52; 30, +1, pp. 122, 136. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier Français</cite>, May 5. México á través, iv, 655. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Apr. 24; May 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src322">322</a>Smith, diary. Williams +to father, Apr. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src152">152</a>Claiborne, mems. <a class="noteref" href="#src332">332</a>Tennery, +diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Pavón to Puebla sec. state, Apr. 29. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, +Aug. 16. <cite>Niles</cite>, May 15, p. 164; May 29, p. 201. McClellan, diary. +Nebel and Kendall, 25. Robertson, Remins., 249, 253. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Carrera, +Apr. 27; May 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Ampudia, Apr. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Canalizo, Apr. +18. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a><em>Id..</em>, undated. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, May 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Junta +directiva, May 3. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>G. Gómez to Gaona, Apr. 18. The cavalry +appear to have been late in beginning the pursuit. Ripley (War, etc., +ii, 75) says Scott was so busy that he forgot to send for the cavalry, +but Scott’s orders for the battle put the responsibility on the +commander of that corps, which was placed in reserve on the highway +with a field battery (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 259). In places, too, they +found the highway cut or blocked.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.32">32.</a> A deputation of the ayuntamiento met Patterson (Sen. 1; 30, +1, p. 296), and were promised protection on condition that no liquor +should be sold to the troops. The term “nondescript costumes” applies +primarily to the volunteers, but probably some of the regulars had lost +parts of their outfits.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.33">33.</a> Scott’s report was a model in concealing facts; and Worth, +writing to a member of his family, called it “a lie from beginning to +end.” Gen. U. S. Grant, doubtless recording without investigation his +early impressions, wrote in his Personal Memoirs (i, 132): “Perhaps +there was not a battle of the Mexican war, or of any other, where +orders issued before an engagement were nearer being a correct report +of what afterwards took place,” and such has been the accepted opinion, +though a thoughtful comparison of the orders with Scott’s own report +(Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 258, 261) is enough to disprove this view. For +example, Scott in his orders, intending to attack from the enemy’s +rear, assigned no troops to the frontal attack on El Telégrafo, which +was the main feature of the actual battle. Unpublished documents of +a wholly unbiassed character disprove it still further. As two more +illustrations, the artillery, for which infinite trouble was taken +to make a passable road, did not figure at all in the battle (though +a section of Taylor’s battery went that way in season to join in +the pursuit), and a court of inquiry declared that Riley’s brigade, +which played a most important rôle, was diverted from its original +destination—a finding approved by Scott (<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>gen. orders 249). +Robert Anderson said that if Scott’s orders had been carried out, not +a Mexican would have escaped (Lawton, Artillery Officer, 137); and +Davis, Shields’s aide, stated that Twiggs failed to execute Scott’s +orders and disappointed Scott’s expectations (Autobiography, 148). See +also notes<a class="pagenum" id="Page_355" title="355"></a> 22 and 25. It is possible that one reason why Scott in his +report commended Twiggs’s course was that, even if satisfied as to the +practicability of his own plan, he did not care to raise an issue on +that question. Obviously it would have been impossible to prove now +that the plan was practicable, and a bitter, harmful controversy would +have resulted. That on general principles such an exposure of the +American flank was very hazardous could not be denied.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N23.34">34.</a> Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 296 (Patterson). <a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw papers. +<a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Narrative based on F. Collins papers. Robertson, Remins., +253–7. Ruxton, Adventures (1847), 16. (King Death) Griffis, Perry, +217. <a class="noteref" href="#src298">298</a>Porter, diary. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Apr. 24, 27. +<a class="noteref" href="#src322">322</a>Smith, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>G. W. Smith to Stevens, May 1. +Oswandel, Notes, 140. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>J. Parrott to Marcy, Apr. 19. Ho. 60; +30, 1, p. 948 (Scott). <a class="noteref" href="#src254">254</a>McClellan, diary. Ramírez, México, 260.</p> + + +<h3>XXIV. PUEBLA</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.1">1.</a> <em>Worth’s advance.</em> Henshaw narrative. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, +255. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 154. Davis, Autobiog., 173. +<cite>Delta</cite>, July 8. <cite>Picayune</cite>, May 19. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins papers, Apr. +21; June 19. México á través, iv, 655. Tornel, Breve Reseña, 345. +Robertson, Visit, i, 303. Orbigny, Voyage, 411. Lyon, Journal, ii, +181. Balbontín, Estado, 22. Velasco, Geografía, iii, 97, 99. Lawton, +Artill. Officer, 141–4. Robertson, Remins., 276. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Scott to +Worth, May 6. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Colección de Itinerarios.</span> <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue de Paris</cite>, Dec., 1844. +Oswandel, Notes, 162. Semmes, Service, 217–22. <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>W. B. to D. +Campbell, Apr. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src185">185</a>Memo. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 261 (Scott); +300 (Worth). Ramírez, México, 228–9. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 236–9. +<a class="noteref" href="#src254">254</a>McClellan to sister, Apr. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary. Moore, +Scott’s Campaign, 10–2. Norton, Life. Diccionario Universal (<em>Las +Vigas</em> and <em>Perote</em>). <a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland to father, undated. Ward, +Mexico, ii, 193–5. Green, Journal, 238. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 944–6, 948 +(Scott). <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to daughter, Apr. 30. Negrete, Invasión, iii, +app., 58, 60, 110. Tributo á la Verdad, 43–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Gaona, Mar. +4, 8, 15; Apr. 8, 19. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To <em>Id..</em>, Apr. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Canalizo, +Apr. 21, 24, etc. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Baneneli, Apr. 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bravo, Apr. +23. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, Apr. 27. The distance from Jalapa to Perote was +called about thirty miles.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.2">2.</a> “Convoy” will be used to signify a line of wagons or pack-mules +or both transporting merchandise or supplies under escort. Among the +difficulties in getting articles from the coast were the sandy road, +the heat, the weakness and insufficient number of animals, the shortage +of wagons, and above all the want of good drivers and conductors (Sen. +52; 30, 1, p. 127). Scott had supposed that successive bodies of new +troops would escort the convoys up, but the diversion of these to the +Rio Grande for some time (in consequence of S. Anna’s advance against +Taylor) made it necessary to weaken his forces by sending escorts from +Jalapa (<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott to Wilson, Apr. 26). The policy of treating the +Mexicans kindly required more self-support and therefore larger trains +than would otherwise have been necessary. Moreover, in order to avoid +a reverse, which would have had consequences of peculiar gravity in +Mexico, Scott had to avoid risks.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.3">3.</a> It has been argued (<em>e.g.</em> by Semmes) that Scott was in fact able +to obtain subsistence from the country all the spring and summer, and +therefore the matter involved no difficulties (Service, 208); but Scott +had to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_356" title="356"></a> ascertain beforehand through agents (<cite>Delta</cite>, May 18) both that +subsistence existed and that it could be obtained; and to make the +success of his precautions a basis for asserting that he should not +have waited to take them, is unreasonable. Scott said later that he +might have rushed ahead by depending upon the provisions near at hand, +but that within a week the army would have had to scatter and fight +for supplies (Mems., ii, 553). The resources of the country were found +to be mostly at a distance from the line of march (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. +949). Time was required to select intelligent, reliable agents, and +they needed time to go and come. A particular reason for deliberation +lay in the fact that the new crops would not be ready before about the +middle of June. It should be added that some statements of Semmes and +others regarding material elements of the situation are contradicted by +Scott’s reports written at the time. Semmes was probably influenced by +Worth, whose aide he was.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.4">4.</a> Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 904. Marcy forgot this when he severely +censured Scott for dismissing the men before their time was out +(<em>ibid.</em>, 1245).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.5">5.</a> By the <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>field return of May 7 Scott had: Engineer Co. +(Smith), 43; Ordnance Co. (Huger), 60; First Div. (Worth), 2331; Second +Div. (Twiggs), 2216; Dragoons (Harney), 433; volunteers (Quitman), +2030. The disparity between Scott’s numbers as figured at Washington +and his numbers as counted at the front is suggested by the fact that +on April 26 his volunteers (aside from those now discharged) were +estimated by the adjutant general as 4994 (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 928). The +regiments that went home were the Georgia, the Alabama, the Third and +Fourth Illinois, and the First, Second and Third Tennessee.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.6">6.</a> <em>Scott at Jalapa (except his proclamation, etc.: <a href="#N24.8">Note 8</a>.</em> +Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 910, 944–8, 954–8, 1221 (Scott); 983–92; 950 +(H. L. Scott); 904, 953, 1241 (Marcy); 967 (Worth). <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott +to Wilson, Apr. 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Worth court of inquiry, proceedings. +Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, i, 278; ii, 118–23, 126–7, 129–30, 143–4. +<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Beauregard to Smith, May 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist to Buchanan, May +7. Davis, Autobiog., 164–6. Hartman, Journal, 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src330">330</a>Scott +to Cadwalader, Apr. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src304">304</a>Patterson, orders 10, May 1. (The +district) Robertson, Visit, i, 278; Ruxton, Adventures (1915), 56; +Kendall, Narrative (N. Y., 1844), ii, 398; Orbigny, Voyage, 410; Lyon, +Journal, ii, 186; Velasco, Geografía, iii, 99. <a class="noteref" href="#src362">362</a>G. A. Worth +to Van Buren, May 20. Robertson, Remins, 261, 275. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue de Paris</cite>, +Dec., 1844. <a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw narrative. Löwenstern, Le Mexique, 26. +<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Scott to Worth, May 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 128, 129, +135–6, Apr. 30, 30; May 4, 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src332">332</a>Tennery, diary. Thompson, +Recolls., 13. Oswandel, Notes, 142, 149, 152. Sen. 14; 30, 1, p. +6 (Scott). Semmes Service, 189–90, 207–10. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528 +(Hitchcock). <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>W. B. to D. Campbell, Nov. 2, 1846. Sen. 52; 30, +1, pp. 124, 129 (Scott). <cite>Picayune</cite>, May 4, 7, 11; Nov. 14. Steele, +Amer. Campaigns, i, 110. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Scott to Trist, July 21, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Field report, May 7, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott to Wilson, May 2. +Moore, Scott’s Camp., 68. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 236. <a class="noteref" href="#src322">322</a>Smith, +diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. 517, +June 29. Polk, Message, Feb. 13 (Richardson, iv, 515). Scott, Mems., +ii, 452, 466, 553. London <cite>Times</cite>, Aug. 6. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Aug. 5. N. Y. +<cite>Sun</cite>, Aug. 16. Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i, 133, 135. (Bounty) U. S. +Statutes at Large, ix, 184. Upton, Mil. Policy, 215. <cite>So. Qtrly. +Review</cite>, Apr., 1852, 376–85. <b>6l</b>Scott, memo., Nov. 29, 1846 (12 +new regts.). Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 45–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to daughter, Apr. +30. Bishop, Journal. <a class="noteref" href="#src112">112</a>Beauregard to Smith, May 2. Negrete, +Invasion, iii, app., 60. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Scott to Marcy,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_357" title="357"></a> Apr. 5. Stevens, +Campaigns, 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>Five colonels to Scott, May 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>Adj. +gen. to Brooke, May 29. (Govt. will move) <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To S. Anna, Apr. 21.</p> + +<p>The Spanish minister reported that if Scott had been prepared to +attack the capital immediately after April 18, he could have taken it +without a shot (no. 517, June 29). Patterson left the army at this time +because the return of so many volunteers destroyed his command, and +Pillow left because he had been appointed a major general and wished +to bring on his division. Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 514) says Scott +could have established a garrison of 4000 at Mexico and held the city. +But assassinations and sickness would soon have reduced his numbers. +Parties sent out for provisions and forage would have been cut off. The +Mexicans, not yet thoroughly beaten, would have been encouraged by the +isolation of so weak a force, as they had been by the size of Taylor’s +army. They might have been able to starve out the garrison. The result +would probably have been at best that a rescue-army would have had +to fight its way to the capital without the assistance of Scott, his +regular officers and his veteran troops. He had no right to take such +a risk, especially when it seemed very doubtful whether success in +holding the capital would signify much.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.7">7.</a> This agent, whose name has been given as Campos and (probably +correctly) as Campomanes, appears to have been the parish priest of +Jalapa (Baz, Juárez, 47, note). The paper, which was printed first in +Spanish and then in English (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Hitchcock to Worth, May 12), +may be summarized as follows: It is my duty, Mexicans, to make known +certain facts that are purposely concealed from you. For the sake not +only of ourselves but of the whole American continent and of republican +institutions, we of the United States made every effort consistent with +honor to adjust our difficulties with Mexico, but the patriotic Herrera +was thrown from power, and the new government, ignoring your interests +in order to further its monarchical designs, compelled my nation to +take up arms. Like you, we hoped that good would result from the +overthrow of Paredes, and therefore we permitted Santa Anna to return; +but, again like you perhaps, we were mistaken as to his intentions. +What has followed, you know. Your troops, whose devotion and valor we +admire, have been badly led, and even betrayed or deceived; and he has +not only rewarded those who waged civil war at Mexico, but insulted the +brave defenders of Vera Cruz. Recently the battle at Cerro Gordo showed +what you may expect from him. Everywhere generals long supported in +idleness by the nation have exhibited a lack of honor or skill, while +the dead or wounded soldiers, abandoned on the field, have not been +given by their leaders even the poor recompense of a grave. The clergy +and all other peaceable and useful citizens have been, and still are, +taxed, menaced and sacrificed, whereas criminals go unpunished. Can +this be called liberty? The Mexicans, I am sure, have the courage to +admit mistakes that involve no dishonor, and to adopt for the future a +policy of peace, of liberty and of harmony with their brethren of the +United States. My troops, as your bishops and priests will testify, +have not committed the outrages alleged against us for the purpose of +exciting your anger. We adore the same God as you, and many of our +people and of our army are Roman Catholics. We punish crime and reward +merit; we respect property—especially that of the Church—and we seek +your friendship. Abandon prejudice, then; cease to be victims of the +ambitious; act as a<a class="pagenum" id="Page_358" title="358"></a> great American nation. If, however, the war must +go on, my country will send—should they be needed—100,000 men, and +settle the pending difficulties in a decisive manner. Guerilla warfare, +should it be persisted in, would lead to reprisals, and you could not +blame us for your sufferings. I have set out for Puebla and Mexico, and +shall certainly reach those places; but my desire is peace, friendship, +union. It is for you to choose between these and war (Tributo á la +Verdad, doc. 18).</p> + +<p>It has been said that this proclamation, by opening old political +sores and insulting the Mexicans, did more harm than good (<cite>Southern +Quarterly Review</cite>, April, 1852, p. 394); but (1) even the formal reply +made to it admitted its truth, and the facts outlasted any temporary +resentment that may have been produced in some minds; (2) it was +intended for the common people, with whom plain, solid interests had +more influence than high-flown sentiments of pride; (3) the clericals, +who suggested the contents of the proclamation, were shrewd men; (4) +the fury of Santa Anna against it (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>May 18) is sufficient +evidence that he saw it would injure him; and (5) we have direct proof +that it was received eagerly by the Mexicans. See, for example, Roa +Bárcena, Recuerdos, 240–1.</p> + +<p>Closely allied with the clerical party were the monarchists, who, +though comparatively few, wielded much influence on account of their +wealth and social position. They had good reason to fear the United +States but they hated Santa Anna; and it was suspected that they wished +the people to realize that without European aid they were helpless.</p> + +<p>Among minor matters attended to by Scott at Jalapa were the +establishment of a battery commanding the city, and the creation of the +military department of Jalapa (Plan del Río to La Hoya, inclusive).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.8">8.</a> <em>The understanding with the clericals, etc.</em> (Beach) +<a class="noteref" href="#src56">56</a>Report, June 4; N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, May 19, 22. (Agent) Hitchcock, +Fifty Years, 255–6; <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a><em>Id.</em>to Worth, May 10; Baz, Juárez, +47, note; Apuntes, 192; Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 125 (Scott). Tributo á la +Verdad, 49, 54, 56 and doc. no. 18 (proclam. of May 11). S. Anna, +Apelación, 41–3. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 311. Consideraciones, 3, 7, +22–3. (Priests tolerant) Kendall, Narrative (N. Y., 1844), ii, 341–3; +Consideraciones, 32, 37; Lawton, Artill. Officer, 160–1, 175. (True) +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 57, May 29; Impug. del Manif. London <cite>Times</cite>, +July 15. Apuntes, 193. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 127 (Marcy). Ramírez, México, +239, 256–7, 263, 272. México á través, iv, 661. <a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary, +May 2, 6, 17, 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Protest, Apr. 12. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor del Pueblo</cite>, +Apr. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Sánchez, proclam., Apr. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Orders, May 8. +<a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Ayunt., proceedings. <cite>Picayune</cite>, June 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Otero, +proclam., Apr. 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Baranda to gov., Apr. 24 and reply (draft). +<a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Isunza, proclam., May 13. (Crowning) Scott, Mems., ii, 549. +(Proclam. of May 11) Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, June 12. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier des Etats Unis</cite>, +May 22. Mata, Reflecciones. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 967, 995 (Worth); +968 (proclam.) Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 190. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Winette, +statement, May 2. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To S. Anna, May 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, +May 18. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Hitchcock to Worth, May 12 (intercepted). +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Fúrlong, May 17.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.9">9.</a> His intellectual plane is suggested by the fact that after the +battle he promptly sent instructions to his mistress but not to his +second in command (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Canalizo, Apr. 24).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.10">10.</a> At this juncture appeals were again made to the Roman Catholics, +particularly the Irish, of the American army, and apparently 2–300 +deserted while at Jalapa (Ballentine, English Soldier, ii, 144). One +appeal said, “Are Catholic Irishmen to be the destroyers of Catholic +temples,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_359" title="359"></a> the murderers of Catholic priests, and the founders of +heretical rites i this pious country?” A large amount of money seems +to have been collected by Santa Anna at this time. The Manifiesto of +Vera Cruz State (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Republicano</cite>, Dec. 19, 1847) asserted that in +fifteen days he obtained 120,000 pesos, though he said (May 9) he had +received less than 25,000 (Gamboa, Impug., 35).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.11">11.</a> Santa Anna’s flank position was even more favorable than +Washington’s at Morristown. While he lingered near Vera Cruz, Scott +could not feel safe, and his trains were in imminent danger. Had he +remained there, Scott, whose small numbers would not have permitted him +to send an adequate detachment to Orizaba, might have felt compelled +to go there with his whole army, and much embarrassment might have +resulted (Steele, American Campaigns, i, 125–6. W. B. Lane, <cite>The United +Service</cite>, June, 1896, p. 485. Stevens, I. I. Stevens, 146).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.12">12.</a> <em>Santa Anna’s operations till he reached Puebla.</em> Only the +principal documents can be cited here. Tributo á la Verdad, 48–9, +54, 136. <cite>Picayune</cite>, May 6. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite> Sept. 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Guerra +to S. Anna, Apr. 8. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 265–7, 570, 634. S. +Anna, Apelación, app., 72–3, 76. <a class="noteref" href="#src366">366</a><em>Id..</em>, Address to Amer. +soldiers, Apr. —. <em>Id..</em>, Detall, 8. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Defensa de ... Estrad.</span> S. Anna, +Manifiesto, Mar. 24, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Loch to admiralty, Apr. 20, 1847. +Apuntes, 183–91. Gamboa, Impug., 36. Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., +274. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 42, 1847. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier Français</cite>, May 5. +Ramírez, México, 261. México á través, iv, 660–1. <a class="noteref" href="#src88">88</a>Córdoba +ayunt., proceedings, Apr. 26–9. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Official docs., Apr. 20–30. +<a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Prefect of Matamoros, Apr. 26. (Indians) <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Prefect +Tlapa, May 13. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, May 4. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. +517, June 29. <cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, June 2. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, May 4, +23. (Tlacotálpam) Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 547. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, +ii, 190. S. Anna, Comunic. Oficial. Carreño, Jefes, cclxx. Lerdo de +Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 260. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Carrera, Apr. 27. (Chiquihuite.) +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Acuerdo, Mar. 29; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Soto, Apr. 3; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to Soto, +Apr. 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Canalizo, Apr. 21, 24, 28. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To S. Anna, +Apr. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Canalizo, Apr. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Bravo, Apr. 21. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Fúrlong, May 9. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Gov. to comte. gen. Oaxaca, May 4. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, Apr. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a><em>Id.</em>to Rosa, Feb. 5, 1848.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.13">13.</a> <em>Santa Anna’s operations after he reached Puebla (except the +Amozoc fight).</em> Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., 250–2, 255, Tributo á +la Verdad, 49–53, 56–7. S. Anna, Apelación, 41–3. <em>Id..</em>, Detall, +8. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Pommarès to Conner, Aug. 29, 1846, confid. Donnavan, +Adventures, 99. Dos Palabras. London <cite>Times</cite>, July 9. Apuntes, 192–3. +Gamboa, Impug., 33–5. Ramírez, México, 260, 282. México á través, +iv, 661. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Protest, Apr. 12. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor del Pueblo</cite>, Apr. 29. +<a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Comte. gen. to gov., May 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Letter to secy., May +11. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Puebla ayunt., proceedings, May 10–15. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Isunza, +proclam., May 12. <a class="noteref" href="#src199">199</a>S. Anna to Giménez, May 15. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, May +10. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, May 13, 23; Dec. 12. Baz, Juárez, 47, note. +Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 190. <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Bishop Puebla to S. Anna, +Apr. 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, Apr. 27, 29; May 11, 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To S. Anna, +Apr. 20, 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Bravo, Apr. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Gaona, Apr. 21. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Carrera, Apr. 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Fúrlong, May 9. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna to +Rea, May 12.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.14">14.</a> <em>The American advance to Puebla (including the Amozoc fight).</em> +Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 944–8, 957 (Scott); 967, 994 (Worth). <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott +to Wilson, Apr. 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw narrative. Tributo á la Verdad, +50. Scott, Mems., ii, 460. Grant, Mems., i, 135. Ballentine, Eng. +Soldier, ii, 159, 161, 175–6. S. Anna, Apelación, 41–2. <a class="noteref" href="#src303">303</a>Worth +to Quitman,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_360" title="360"></a> May 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins papers, May 20; July 3–8. +Robertson, Visit, i, 312. Orbigny, Voyage, 412. Lawton, Artillery +Officer, 145, 156, 162, 170–4, 207–8. <cite>Journal Milit. Serv. Instit.</cite>, +xvii (Van Deusen). Löwenstern, Le Méxique, 31. Smith, To Mexico, 153, +163, 165 (nothing in U. S. equal to Puebla), 166. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. +527. Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 191, 276. <a class="noteref" href="#src213">213</a>Hatch to father, +June 3. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Scott to Worth, May 6. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Colección de Itinerarios.</span> +<cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue de Paris</cite>, Dec., 1844. Semmes, Service, 225–6, 230–7. Apuntes, +193–6. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 125 (Scott). Gamboa, Impug., 36. México á +través, iv, 662. <a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary. Moore, Scott’s Camp., 84–96. +Rosa, Impresiones, <em>passim</em>. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, diary. Steele, Amer. +Camps., i, 107, 110. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, May 16. Ward, Mexico, ii, 201. Stevens, +I. I. Stevens, i, 140, 142. <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to daughter, Apr. 30. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Prefect of S. J. de los Llanos, May 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Comte. milit. +Huamantla, Apr. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Bravo, Apr. 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Fúrlong, May +5. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bravo, Apr. 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, May 13, 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To +S. Anna, May 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna to Rea, May 12. And others.</p> + +<p>Santa Anna, to justify his course, said he felt compelled to leave +Puebla on account of the unfavorable local conditions and the approach +of the Americans (Detall, 8). Worth did not have outposts and scouts on +the alert, as he should have had, at Amozoc, and knew nothing about the +roads (Stevens, Stevens, i, 142). Scott’s delay showed that he did not +feel strong enough to advance to the capital. That city was therefore +in no danger from his army. If Santa Anna, instead of going there, had +now gathered all the Mexican strength between Puebla and Vera Cruz and +prevented reinforcements from reaching Scott, the latter would have +been in a hard position.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.15">15.</a> The Puebla ayuntamiento archives contain the agreement signed at +Chachapa by Worth. Later he sought to modify this (<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>orders 31), +calling it merely a memorandum (<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>to H. L. Scott, June 16), and +on May 20 he signed a new <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>version. Naturally the Pueblans held +to the former (<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Dorán to Scott, June 17). For general orders 20 +see p. 455.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.16">16.</a> Semmes represents Worth’s régime as entirely satisfactory to +the civil authorities (Service, 275). This illustrates the fact that +caution is necessary in reading what he says when Worth is concerned, +for the records of the ayuntamiento give a different impression. +For Worth’s characteristics see chap. xii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#N12.8">note 8</a>. The <cite>Southern +Quarterly Review</cite>, April, 1852, 406, note, said Worth “was quite +superficial, had no solid or profound attainments, nor was he gifted +with grasp of mind requisite to high combinations and extended +operations.” Robert Anderson remarked once that he hoped Worth would +not, “from a fit of passion, alter his opinions” (Anderson Artill. +Officer, 32). Hitchcock in N. Y. <cite>Courier and Enquirer</cite> (semi-weekly), +Mar. 1, 1848: Worth has striking manners and great felicity in +conversation, but is utterly destitute of stability and judgment.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.17">17.</a> <em>Worth’s operations at Puebla.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Worth court of +inquiry, proceedings, documents. Weekly <cite>Courier and Enquirer</cite>, Mar. +2, 1848. Tributo á la Verdad, 12, 48, 51–2. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>H. L. Scott +to Worth, June 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott to Wilson, Apr. 26. Hitchcock, +Fifty Years, 257. (Alarms) Grant, Mems., i, 136; <cite>Delta</cite>, July 8; +<a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw narrative; <a class="noteref" href="#src307">307</a>Roberts, diary; Sen. 65; 30, +1, pp. 527–8. <a class="noteref" href="#src303">303</a>Gen. orders 128. Collins papers. Robertson, +Visit, i, 314. Ruxton, Adventures (1847), 30. Bullock, Six Months +(1825), i, 83. León, Hist. Gen., 477. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 169, +174–5, 226. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, July 6, 1847. Semmes, Service, 210, +254, 264, 275. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 912. Apuntes, 193–5. Sen. 52; 30, +1,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_361" title="361"></a> p. 125 (Scott). Gamboa, Impug., 33–4. Ramírez, México, 261, 267–8, +272. México á través, iv, 662. <a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor del +Pueblo</cite>, Apr. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Ayunt., orders, May 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Ayunt., +proceedings and corresp. with Worth. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>W. to first alcalde, May +18. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Bravo, proclam., Apr. 28. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Isunza, proclam., May +13. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, diary. Davis, Autobiog., 274. Negrete, Invasión, +iii, app., 61, 86–7. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, May 2, 21; June 5. Ho. 60; 30, +1, p. 994 (Worth). <cite>Niles</cite> Jan. 15, 1848, p. 311. <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to +Sprague, July 29, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, May 13, 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Fúrlong, +May 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Worth, May 12. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bravo, Apr. 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Worth +to Furlong, May 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Fúrlong, May 20.</p> + +<p>Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 115) points out very pertinently that +Worth placed his troops injudiciously at Puebla. Worth’s errors bore +most unfortunate fruit. Scott, before knowing or suspecting what had +been conceded to Mexican laws, made sharp comments on the attitude +of the Puebla authorities. Naturally he felt seriously troubled. +Worth even allowed them to try citizens who had killed American +soldiers, and of course the culprits were acquitted (Sen. 65; 30, 1, +p. 527; <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>ayunt. to Worth, May 22). Scott thought seriously +of evacuating the city and recapturing it in order to wipe out that +concession; but, concluding that such a course would be rather +farcical, he simply overrode the concession by republishing general +orders 20 (chap. xxxi, <a href="#N31.22">note 22</a>). This action and the comments +angered Worth. Scott angered him further by requesting him to withdraw +the <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>circular of June 16, which was impolitic, implied that +Worth held an independent command, and if entitled to credence (Lawton, +Artill. Officer, 227) should have been given to headquarters, so that +all the troops could be warned (<a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>H. L. Scott to Worth, June +20). Worth therefore demanded a court of inquiry (<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>gen. orders +196). Quitman, Twiggs and P. F. Smith formed the court and sat on June +30. Their <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>conclusions strongly condemned the circular, the +terms granted to Puebla and Worth’s complaints against Scott; and they +pronounced him worthy of a severe rebuke, as certainly he was. Scott +could not avoid approving the verdict and publishing it in orders +(<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>no. 196), but these orders were made known only to chiefs +of the general staff and commanders of divisions and brigades. From +this time Worth was no doubt in his heart a mortal enemy of Scott. +Unhappily, more will be heard of this matter. As for criticising Scott, +Worth wrote on July 29 (<a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>to S.) that Scott might have entered +Mexico city by May 20, in which case (it was Worth’s “firm belief”) +“peace would have immediately resulted”—a very superficial judgment. +Worth added: “We gain victories and halt until all the moral advantages +are lost.” Hitchcock well said that Worth looked only at his ability +to march troops to a certain place, while Scott had to see also how +the advance could be supported and supplied (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528). +(Other references for this note. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Scott to Worth, June 16. +<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Worth to Scott, June 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a><em>Id..</em>, order 61, June 20. +Lawton, Artill. Officer, 226–8. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Worth to H. L. Scott, June 16. +<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Scott to Worth, May 6. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nacional</cite> (Atlixco), May 16. Davis, +Autobiog., 270–1, 274.)</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.18">18.</a> At Jalapa he left Brev. Col. Childs with the First Artillery +(five companies), the Second Pennsylvania and three companies of the +First Pennsylvania; at Perote seven companies of the First Pennsylvania +with some artillerists; and at each place a troop of dragoons (Sen. 52; +30, 1, p. 125). The stock of ammunition was still inadequate, and the +paymaster had only half of his estimate for January-April (<em>ibid.</em>, +124–5).</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_362" title="362"></a><a class="notenum" id="N24.19">19.</a> Domínguez, leader of the Spy Company, had been an honest weaver, +it was said, but on being robbed by a Mexican officer, took to the +road and became a brigand chief. When the Americans reached Puebla he +was living there quietly with his family; but, knowing the insecurity +of his position, he accepted Hitchcock’s offer to become a scout. His +band consisted at first of five men but rose to about 100, and probably +might have been increased to 2000 (Lawton, Artill. Officer, 266). He +and men of his even entered the capital in disguise. While he was at +the head of the company, the actual captain was a Virginian named +Spooner, who had been a member of his band; and the two lieutenants +also were foreigners. The men seem to have served and obeyed orders +faithfully, and their leader refused very advantageous terms offered by +Santa Anna. (For the Spy Co. see Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 259, 263–4, +330, 335–41, 344–5. Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 187. Lawton, Artill. +Officer, 266. Henshaw narrative, Aug. 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Domínguez to Polk +[Sept., 1848].)</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.20">20.</a> Hargous, an American merchant of Vera Cruz, was Scott’s +financial agent (<cite>Picayune</cite>, June 30). Without him one hardly sees what +the Americans could have done. An intercepted letter from the wife of +Brev. Col. Childs, abusing Polk roundly, gave considerable comfort to +the enemy. Another letter imparted much information about military +matters. One is again surprised that our war department did not use a +cipher.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.21">21.</a> Scott instructed the commander at Vera Cruz what to do in case of +attack, and gave the commander at Jalapa full directions with reference +to the sick and wounded (about 1000) lying there (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. +997). There were also about 1000 sick at Vera Cruz and 200 at Perote +(Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 129). The people at home did not understand Scott’s +situation. Regiments nominally 800–1000 strong had actually less than +300 (<a class="noteref" href="#src185">185</a>— to Duncan, July 20).</p> + +<p>Owing to the state of public sentiment in Mexico, cutting loose +from Vera Cruz was much less hazardous than it seemed. Besides, the +smallness of the American army made the problem of subsistence and +forage comparatively simple. Marcy was candid enough to admit that +Scott understood the advantages of holding Jalapa, and was the best +judge as to the advisability of giving it up (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. +1003–4). The British consul at Vera Cruz reported it as the unanimous +opinion of the merchants of that place that with five times his +actual force Scott could not have kept the line to the interior open +(<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>no. 19).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.22">22.</a> <em>Scott at Puebla.</em> Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 954, 957, 993, 997, 1012–3 +(Scott); 967 (Worth); 998, 1002–4 (Marcy); 1021–7 (Scott and Quitman). +Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 124, 129, 135 (Scott); 242 (Trist). Rivera, Jalapa, +iii, 912, 925. Henshaw narrative. Haynes, Scott’s Guide. Tributo á la +Verdad, 56. Scott, Mems., ii, 453–4, 460, 466. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, +256–9, 261, 266, 270, 341–4. Grant, Mems., i, 136. Ballentine, Eng. +Soldier, ii, 135–6. Davis, Autobiog., 169. <cite>Picayune</cite>, May 19; June 30; +Aug. 20; Nov. 14. <cite>Delta</cite>, June 12; July 9. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, June 6, 7, +14. (Sickness) <a class="noteref" href="#src223">223</a>Hirschorn, recolls.; <cite>Delta</cite>, July 9; Lawton, +Artill. Officer, 145, 154, 242; <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce, diary; Scott, June 4 +(Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 129); Moore, Scott’s Camp., 119; <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez +de Castro, no. 517, June 29; <a class="noteref" href="#src316">316</a>Judd to Sherman, Feb. 26, +1848. Polk, Diary, Apr. 2, 10, 12; July 9, 13, 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins +papers, May 22. León, Hist. Gen., 477–8. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 153, +177–8, 189, 203, 206, 211–6, 228, 233–4, 242–6, 256, 265, 272, 274. +<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Worth court of inquiry, docs. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Scott to Worth, May 6. +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Gen. orders 206, 211, 238; July 9<a class="pagenum" id="Page_363" title="363"></a> 12, 28. (4000 available) +Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 257. Simples Observaciones (written by +Hitchcock). <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Wilson to Marcy, Aug. 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to wife, +Aug. 6. Oswandel, Notes, 223, 240. Semmes, Service, 210, 239, 247, 263, +275–6, 278–81. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 524. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>L. V. to M. O., Aug. +21 (intercepted Mex. letter). <a class="noteref" href="#src185">185</a>[Duncan] to Lewis, July 20. +<a class="noteref" href="#src307">307</a>Roberts, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Ayunt. to +Bravo, Apr. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Amable to prefect, Aug. 18. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, +diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland to father, Aug. —. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez +de Castro, no. 517, June 29. <cite>Kennebec Journal</cite>, May 21. <cite>Repub. +Banner</cite>, May 19. <cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, June 1. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, May +2; June 5, 8. Sedgwick, Corres., i, 101. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Atocha to Buchanan, +Aug. 1. Baz, Juárez, 47, note. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 87–9. +<a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to S., July 29; to daughter, Apr. 30. <cite>Ohio Arch. and +Hist. Qtrly.</cite>, Apr.-July, 1912, p. 292. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott to Wilson, May +2. Steele, Amer. Camps., i, 122. And from <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> the following and +others. R. Rueda, statement [June 18]. Acuerdo, July 13. Soto, July 3. +Soldier from Puebla, statement, July 17. Alvarez, June 16; July 28. +Isunza to Canalizo, July 20. Bravo, proclam., Apr. 28. Fúrlong, May 17. +To Fúrlong, May 20. “<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Ein Deuttcher,</span>” circular to Germans. To Alvarez, +June 19. Worth to first alcalde, May 17; to ayunt., May 18.</p> + +<p>Alvarez stated that he had an organized party at Puebla preparing for +an insurrection, and meanwhile was systematically promoting desertion.</p> + +<p>The alarm caused by Santa Anna’s advance against Taylor led to the +temporary diversion of troops (intended for Scott) to the Rio Grande, +but on April 30 Marcy sent Scott statements showing that about 3500 +new regulars were expected to land at Vera Cruz before June 1 and that +some 5500 volunteers also had been ordered to him. Unfortunately the +despatch was captured by the enemy, and Scott did not receive another +copy of it until June 6 (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 922–5, 1012). (Expected) +Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 994. The official counting of the votes was deferred +until Jan., 1848.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.23">23.</a> Richardson, Messages, iv, 508. Benton wanted full powers to +negotiate (Polk, Diary, Mar. 8, 1847), and was willing to take the +position mainly with a view to its diplomatic functions (<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, +29, 2, pp. 246–7).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.24">24.</a> The new regiments (which brought the regular army up to 1356 +officers and 29,534 men) were to serve during the war and then be +disbanded. One of them was the Third Dragoons. Another consisted +of “voltigeurs,” theoretically an equal number of infantry and of +mounted men (the former to be taken up on the horses of the latter, +when celerity of movement should be desired) with a battery of small +guns that could be taken apart and transported on mules (<cite>Niles</cite>, May +15, 1847, p. 161); but practically the Voltigeurs were foot-riflemen +(Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 924). The regiments destined for Scott were the +following: (Brig. Gen. Pierce’s brig.) 9 Inf. from N. Eng. under Col. +Ransom, 12 Inf. from N. and S. Car., Mo., Ark. and Texas under Lieut. +Col. Bonham in the absence of Col. Wilson, and 15 Inf. from Ohio, +Mich., Wis. and Iowa under Lt. Col. Howard in the absence of Col. +Morgan; (Brig. Gen. Cadwalader’s brig.) 11 Inf. from Pa., Del. and +Md., under Col. Ramsey, 14 Inf. from Ill., Tenn. and La. under Col. +Trousdale, Voltigeurs from Pa., Md., Va., Ga., Ky. and Miss. under +Col. Andrews (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 924). Each regiment was theoretically +to consist of 851 men including 47 officers (<em>ibid.</em>), but the two +brigades going to Scott were not expected to muster quite 3500. Scott +was authorized to change the organization should the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_364" title="364"></a> exigencies of the +campaign require (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 922). Each private serving a year +or more was to receive 100 acres of government land or $100 in treasury +scrip as a bounty. The law of March 3 provided also that (in view of +the deficiency in field officers caused by the lack of a retirement +law) an additional major might be appointed in each regiment, that +individuals might be accepted to fill vacancies in volunteer corps, +that non-commissioned officers might be brevetted to the lowest +commissioned rank, that distinguished privates might be given +certificates of merit and $2.00 extra per month, that two companies +might be added to each artillery regiment, that one more company in +each artillery regiment might be equipped as field artillery, that +unfilled regular or volunteer regiments should be consolidated and +the supernumerary officers discharged, etc. (These laws were quite +elaborate and cannot be given in full here; see U. S. Statutes at +Large, ix, 123, 184.) After receiving Scott’s report on the battle of +Cerro Gordo, Polk ordered five companies of the Third Dragoons to him.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.25">25.</a> <em>Reinforcements provided.</em> Upton, Milit. Policy, 206–7. +<a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>Adj. gen. to Scott, May 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a><em>Id..</em>, gen. orders 57, +Dec. 22; 2, Jan. 8; 8, Mar. 4; 17, Apr. 15. Semmes, Service, 314–5. +<a class="noteref" href="#src354">354</a>Welles papers. Polk, Messages, Dec. 29 (Jan. 4, 1847), 1846; +Feb. 13, 1847 (Richardson, Messages, iv, 508, 513. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Polk to +Bancroft, Jan. 30. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Jan. 4, 7, 11, 12, 14, 21, etc. <cite>Nat. +Intelligencer</cite>, May 26. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, Sen. and Ho., Dec. 28 to Mar. +3 (One needs to examine the proceedings and speeches considerably in +detail). (Voltigeurs) <cite>Niles</cite>, May 15, p. 161. <cite>Amer. Review</cite>, Sept., +1847, p. 223. Statutes at Large, ix, 117, 123, 184. Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, +Jan. 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src316">316</a>Bragg to Sherman, Mar. 1, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Ransom, +Apr. 12; May 9, 21; June 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott to Wilson, Apr. 26. +<a class="noteref" href="#src330">330</a>H. L. Scott to Cadwalader, Apr. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Adj. gen. +to Scott, Dec. 17, 1846; Jan. 23; Mar. 20; May 6, 10, 22, 1847; to +Cadwalader, Apr. 28; to qtr. mr. gen., Apr. 21. Ho. 42; 29, 2: adj. +gen., Jan. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 6, 10; July 16. Sen. +52; 30, 1, p. 121 (Marcy). Senex, Myth. Ho. 48; 29, 2 (adj. gen.). +Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 45, 50. <a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>Marcy to Brooke, Mar. 22; to +Pierce, Mar. 22; to govs. Ala., Miss., La., Mar. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Adj. +gen. to Cadwalader, Mar. 26. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 866, 944, 948, 1221 +(Scott); 873, 905–6, 922, 953, 1241 (Marcy); 924, 926 (statements). +<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Scott, mems. for adj. gen., Nov. 29, 1846. Polk, Diary.</p> + +<p>The principal references for the attempt to give Benton the chief +command are the following. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Benton to Polk, Mar. 6; to Van +Buren, Jan. 26. Polk, Diary, Nov. 10, 11, 18; Dec. 3, 9, 11, 12, 14, +15, 18–21, 24, 25, 1846; Jan. 2, 4, 16, 19, 22–3; Feb. 4-Mar. 12; Mar. +19–20, 22; Apr. 6, 14, 28; May 10–4; July 17, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Simms to +Hammond, May 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src354">354</a>Welles papers. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Blair to Van Buren, +Dec. 26, 1846; Mar. 13, 1847. Jameson, Calhoun Corres., 727. Dix, +Speeches, i, 166. London <cite>Times</cite>, Feb. 18; Mar. 17; Apr. 17. Meigs, +Benton, 364–7. Benton, View, ii, 698. <em>Id..</em>, speech: <cite>Niles</cite>, June 5, +1847, p. 223. Scott, Mems., ii, 401. <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, Jan. 8, 27; Mar. +1. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>,29, 2, Senate, Jan. 11, 14, 15 (Badger’s speech the +most important one made on the subject), 25 (Benton); House, <em>passim</em>. +Blaine, Twenty Years, i, 76. Buchanan, Works, viii, 365, 367. <cite>Mag. of +Amer. Hist.</cite>, xiv, 575. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Mar. 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Benton to adj. +gen., Mar. 9.</p> + +<p>This call of Apr. 19 included (infantry) a regiment, each, from Ills., +Oh., Ind.; a battalion (5 cos.), each, from N. J., Mo., Ga., Ala., La.; +three cos. from the Dist. of Columbia; two cos., each, from Pa., Md.,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_365" title="365"></a> +Va.; and one co. from Fla.; also (horse) two cos. from La. and one co., +each, from Oh., Ills., Ga., Ala., Ark. A regt. consisted of ten cos. +Each co. included a capt., a first lieut., two second lieuts., four +sergts., four corps., two musicians and eighty privates. A co. of horse +had also one farrier and blacksmith (<a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>memo., Apr. 21). Of vols. +Scott was now to have two brigades: I, *one N. Y. and *two Pa. regts. +and two Pa. cos.; II, *one S. Car. and *one La. regt., one La. and one +Ga. battal., two cos. La. horse and one co. Ga. horse (asterisks mean, +“already in Mexico”). There were certain exceptions as to the dates of +calls which it seems unnecessary to specify.</p> + +<p>After the lieutenant general plan failed, Benton was nominated as +a major general, and was promptly confirmed by the Senate, and a +bill authorizing Polk to place him in supreme command was urged upon +Congress (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1219); but as it appeared doubtful whether +the chief authority could be conferred upon him, Benton declined the +position abruptly (<a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>letters dated Mar. 9). This episode caused +no material delay in war legislation.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.26">26.</a> One unfortunate result of giving up the line of communication +was that new troops had to wait at Vera Cruz until assembled in +sufficient force to defy the enemy, and some of them fell sick in +consequence; but this was not fairly chargeable to the evacuation of +Jalapa, for the irregulars did their worst below that city. It was +the intention of the government that Quitman should go to Taylor, but +Scott retained him because his services were valued and he could not be +sent away without a heavy detachment (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 137). Having +only two full regiments, though a major general, Quitman naturally +felt aggrieved (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1024). To illustrate once more the +difference between paper figures and real ones, the Washington <cite>Union</cite> +stated on July 20 that more than 15,000 reinforcements had marched +from Vera Cruz. The text shows how many did go. July 19 Marcy wrote +that 1900 men were en route to Vera Cruz (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1003). +The fact was that on August 2 or 3 about 850 men left that place +for the interior under Col. L. D. Wilson of the Twelfth Infantry +(<a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Wilson, July 31).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.27">27.</a> <em>Reinforcements arrive.</em> (Other references will be given when +the guerillas are studied: <a href="#Page_165">chap. xxix</a>.) Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1002, 1241 +(Marcy); 1012, 1221 (Scott). Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 4, 13, 16, 18, 20–25 +(McIntosh <em>et al.</em>). Scott, Mems., ii, 453, etc. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a><em>Id..</em>, gen. +orders 250, 1847. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 265, 269. Davis, Autobiog., +174–5. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Marcy to Pillow and Quitman, Apr. 14. Hartman, Journal, +15. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Aug. 20. <cite>Delta</cite>, Oct. 1. Upton, Milit. Policy, 213–4. +Polk, Diary, May 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins papers. <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce, diary. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Cadwalader to Wilson, June 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>Adj. gen. to Scott, +May 10, 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src287">287</a>Parrish, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>H. Wilson to Marcy, +Aug. 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>L. D. Wilson to Marcy, July 31. Mansfield, Mex. War, +224. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 136. <a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor del +Pueblo</cite>, Apr. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Dimond to Trist, +July 14. Semmes, Service, 314. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, July 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src180">180</a>Pillow +to wife, June 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>H. Wilson to adj. gen., June 7, 14. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Pillow to adj. gen. [June 19]. Henshaw narrative. Lawton, +Artill. Officer, 215, 238–41, 272–4. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Jones to Wilson, Apr. 29. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Soto, July 17, 21, 23, 25, 31; Aug. 3, 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Canalizo, +July 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Alvarez, July 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Hitchcock to Worth, May 12. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Many other documents.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.28">28.</a> Under general orders 218, July 16, 1847, the following artillery +companies were ordered to be equipped (<em>i.e.</em>, were recognized) as +light<a class="pagenum" id="Page_366" title="366"></a> (field) artillery in accordance with the law of March 3, 1847: +First Regiment, Co. I, Capt. J. B. Magruder; Second, Co. M, J. F. +Roland; Third, Co. E, T. W. Sherman; Fourth, Co. G, S. H. Drum. Co. +M was not organized in time to serve during the war; the others were +already in the service.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.29">29.</a> Scott, Mems., ii, 460–5. Grone, Briefe, 84. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Marcy to +Quitman, Apr. 14. Upton, Milit. Policy, 214. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins papers, +June 18. <a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary, Apr. 26. Lawton, Artill. Officer, +274. Aldrich, Marine Corps, 104. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1002 (Marcy); 1012 +(Scott). <a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>Adj. gen. to Scott, May 22. <cite>Journ. Milit. Serv. +Instit.</cite>, iii, 415.</p> + +<p>The general staff (as given by Scott in his Mems., ii, 460–3) included +at this time: Lt. Col. Hitchcock, asst. inspect. gen.; Capt. H. L. +Scott (not related to the General) actg. adj. gen.; First Lt. T. +Williams, Bvt. First Lieut. G. W. Lay and Second Lieut. Schuyler +Hamilton, aides; Maj. J. P. Gaines (one of the Encarnacion prisoners, +who had escaped) vol. aide; Maj. J. L. Smith, Capt. R. E. Lee, and +Lieuts. P. G. T. Beauregard, I. I. Stevens, Z. B. Tower, G. W. Smith, +G. B. McClellan and J. G. Foster, engineer officers; Maj. Wm. Turnbull, +Capt. J. McClellan, Second Lieut. George Thom and Bvt. Second Lieut. E. +L. F. Hardcastle, topog. engs.; Capt. Benjamin Huger, First Lieut. P. +V. Hagner and Second Lieut. C. P. Stone, ordnance officers; Capt. J. R. +Irwin, chief quartermaster; Capt. J. B. Grayson, chief of subsistence +dept.; Maj. E. Kirby, chief paymaster; Surgeon Gen., Thomas Lawson. The +Marine Corps, which had no regimental organization, included, Mar. 2, +1847, 1283 privates. On that day Congress raised the number to 2293, +and added twelve “commanding officers” (Sen. 66; 30, 1). In May, 1847, +the secretary of the navy, in order to help strengthen Scott, offered a +part of this corps (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 957). Perry did not think it wise +to detach all of the men whom the department proposed to contribute +(<a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>July 4), but a battalion under Lieut. Col. Watson and Maj. +Twiggs marched to Puebla with Pierce.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N24.30">30.</a> <cite>Picayune</cite>, Aug. 20; Nov. 14. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 244, 246, +274–5. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 135 (Scott). <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 246, +Aug. 5. Collins Papers. Smith, To Mexico, 178. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, +271.</p> + + +<h3>XXV. ON TO THE CAPITAL</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.1">1.</a> This chapter is amply supported. About 1400 documents were used +in writing it. As, however, any investigator consulting on this subject +the <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>archives would easily find the pertinent papers, only the +most important ones belonging to that collection will be cited.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.2">2.</a> <em>Affairs at Mexico to Apr. 20.</em> Sen. 19; 30, 2 (M. L. Smith). +<a class="noteref" href="#src341">341</a>Black, memorial, Dec. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Anaya to S. Anna, Apr. +9. <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Baranda to S. Anna, Apr. 9. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Apr. 11. +<cite>Picayune</cite>, May 12. Semmes, Service, 328. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Gov. Federal Dist. +to Mex ayunt., Apr. 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Mex. ayunt., proclam., Apr. 27. Ho. +60; 30, 1, p. 1088. <cite>Niles</cite>, May 15, p. 168 (Gamboa). Kenly, Md. Vol., +338. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, May 19. Apuntes, 198–9. Otero, Comunicación. Negrete, +Invasión, iii, app., 483. From <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> the following. Memo., Apr. 10. +Salas, Apr. 12. Ords. to generals, Apr. 2. Ords. to Liceaga, Apr. 10. +Relaciones to gov. Fed. Dist., Apr. 11. Almonte, May 14. To comte. gen. +Guanajuato, Apr. 16. To J. P. Gálvez, Apr. 9. Measures recommended, +Apr. 6, 14. Relaciones, Apr. 12. Berrospe to Monterede, Jan. 20, 1846.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_367" title="367"></a><a class="notenum" id="N25.3">3.</a> This specimen may be quoted: “The cunning dissimulator, Ibarra [a +member of the Cabinet], venomous as a serpent, crawls forth obscurely +from his lurking-place to-day in order that he may set his malignant +teeth to-morrow in the vitals of the republic.... Off with the heads +of the vile traitors!” One ingenious writer said: If Santa Anna will +not sacrifice his vanity by admitting he is incompetent, why should +we sacrifice our lives and property? April 21 a general amnesty for +political offences was declared in the vain hope of producing harmony +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to Bustamante, Apr. 21).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.4">4.</a> This important law provided (México á través, iv, 656): 1, The +government is authorized to take all steps necessary to carry on +the war and preserve the republican system; 2, but it must not make +peace with the United States, cede territory, conclude negotiations +[particularly with reference to a monarchical régime] with foreign +powers; 3, make colonization contracts, impose punishments or confer +civil or military appointments except those placed within its authority +by the Constitution; 4, any arrangement between the United States and +authorities superseding the present government shall be void; 5, any +person, whatever his status, who treats with the United States is +hereby declared a traitor; 6, should Congress be unable to meet, its +place shall be taken by a council of government, consisting of the +senior member present of each state delegation.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.5">5.</a> <em>Affairs at Mexico, Apr. 20 to May 18.</em> S. Anna, Apelación, 44–5; +app., 76. <em>Id..</em>, Detall, 8. Dublán, Legislación, v, 267 (Apr. 20). +Giménez, Mems., 107–9. Méx. en 1847, 20. <cite>Picayune</cite>, May 6, 20. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Defensa +de ... Estrada.</span> <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Basadre to S. Anna, Apr. 9, very private. +<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. 517, June 29. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Manifiesto del Supr. +Tribunal.</span> Molina, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">El Asalto.</span> <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Relaciones</span>, Jan., 1849. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Boletin de Noticias</cite>, May 14. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, May 10, 22. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier +Français</cite>, May 5. London <cite>Times</cite>, June 15; July 9. Bustamante, Nuevo +Bernal, ii, 196–8. Encarnacion Prisoners, 67. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 7, +June 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Donations, Mex., May 1–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Bravo, proclam., +May 6. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 570. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Ayunt., call for +volunteers, May 20. Consideraciones. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 967 (Worth). +<a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Olaguíbel to Relac., Aug. 15. Lara, Resumen, 66, note. México +á través, iv, 655–6, 661, 704. Prieto, Memorias, ii, 210–2. Hitchcock, +Fifty Years, 255. Ramírez, México, 229, 233–4, 239, 241, 246–7, 250–1, +256, 272–7, 284. <a class="noteref" href="#src88">88</a>Metropol. dean, May 8. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Apr. +22; May 3, 8, 10–11. S. Anna, manifiesto, Mar. 24, 1848. Apuntes, 199, +200–1, 203–4. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Guerra to gov., Mar. 11; Apr. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Gov. +to Bravo, May 5. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Apr. 25, 28; May 3, 4, 6, 12, 15. From +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> the following. Decrees, Apr. 26; May 1. Junta directiva, +May 1, 3. Acuerdo, Apr. 20, 25. Circular, Apr. 30. Garrison, estado, +May 13. To generals, Apr. 25. To Brito, May 25. J. J. Miñón, Apr. 24. +Deserters, May 15. Circular, May 4. Basadre, May 16, res. To Alvarez, +Apr. 26. To Monterde, May 18. To S. Anna, Apr. 20–2. To Bravo, Apr. +24. To Bustamante, Apr. 21. Almonte, Apr. 28, 30; May 8, 12, 15, 18. +Monterde, May 9. Bravo, May 11, 16. Rincón, May 17. S. Anna, May 16.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.6">6.</a> <em>Affairs at Mexico, May 18 to June 2.</em> Negrete, Invasion, iii, +app., 61–72, 81–3; iv, app., 261–8, 273–4. Tributo á la Verdad, +56, 74–6. Giménez, Memorias, 109–11. S. Anna to Congress, May 28 +(Biblioteca Nac.). <em>Id..</em>, Apelación, app., 83–8. <em>Id..</em>, Detall, 8. +<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Defensa de ... Estrada.</span> Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 177–8. Portrait of Anaya: +city hall, Mex. <cite>Picayune</cite>, July 15; Aug. 7, 8. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, May +20; June 3, 4, 14;<a class="pagenum" id="Page_368" title="368"></a> Dec. 12 (S. Anna, Nov. 19). <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, May 10; +June 5, 10, 15, 26. México á través, iv, 662, 664–7. Ramírez, México, +229–30, 233, 284–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, nos. 59, 60, May 29. London +<cite>Times</cite>, July 9, 16; Aug. 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. 517, June +29. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 290–3. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 157, +196–204. Encarnacion Prisoners, 67. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Guerra to gov. Méx., May +20. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, May 19, 21, 23–4; June 8. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Boletín de la Democracia</cite>, +May 25. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 260. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 967. Apuntes, +201, 204. Otero, Réplica. Dublán, Legislación, v, 264. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bravo, +May 15, 16, 24, 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna to Rosa, Feb. 5, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Valencia, June 7, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mora, June 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To +Brito, May 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Bravo, proclam., May 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, May +21.</p> + +<p>The statesmen who met S. Anna were Manuel Baranda, Ignacio Trigueros +and J. F. Ramírez.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.7">7.</a> A signal illustration of the incompetence of the Mexican +government, particularly Congress, was afforded by its treatment +of Great Britain. At the end of August, 1846, Bankhead, under the +instructions of the Foreign Office (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>to Bankhead, no. 20), +proposed mediation to Mexico, but the offer was not welcomed. Santa +Anna and Rejón believed that it proceeded wholly from self-interest, +and that, in order to prevent her commerce from suffering longer from +the war and other interests from becoming imperilled, England was ready +to sacrifice the honor and welfare of their country (<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez +de Castro, nos. 332, res., 343, res., Sept. 24, 27, 1846); and, +moreover, the Mexicans still felt quite able to cope with the United +States (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 130, Sept. 7, 1846). In October, under +renewed instructions (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>no. 11), Bankhead again submitted the +proposal (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>nos. 162, 180), and later he returned to the charge +(Apuntes, 202). The subject was unwisely referred by the Mexican +Executive to Congress, but nothing was done (<em>ibid.</em>). After the battle +of Cerro Gordo, however, the administration thought negotiations might +be used to delay the American advance (<em>ibid.</em>; Ramírez, México, 246) +and the Puros hoped the subject might be made embarrassing to the +government (Ramírez, México, 224). Violent, acrimonious and dangerous +debates followed in Congress and, in order to embarrass the Executive +(<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 45, 1847), enough Puros remained away (at the +time set for voting) to destroy the quorum (<em>ibid.</em>). The matter was +then dropped (Ramírez, México, 246, 274). The general feeling was that +British mediation would signify British control and a dishonorable, +disadvantageous peace (London <cite>Times</cite>, June 15; <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, +May 18). But, even if this view contained some elements of justice, +trifling with a great power and throwing the vital interests of Mexico +into the cockpit of party politics could not be excused.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.8">8.</a> <em>The political situation after June 2.</em> S. Anna, Apelación, +app., pp. 3, 6, 8, 10, etc. <em>Id..</em>, Detall, 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src87">87</a>Coalition +junta, July 7; Aug. 8; etc. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, June 4, 5, 9, 15, 16, 20, +22, 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Baranda to S. Anna, Apr. 8. México á través, iv, +667, 704. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Iniciativa que el Hon. Cong. del Estado de Zacat. Otero, +Réplica.</span> <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, nos. 60, May 29; 64, 65, 70, June 29. +<em>Id..</em>, no. 125, Dec. 30, 1845 (Tornel has no reputation for honesty). +London <cite>Times</cite>, Aug. 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Gov. S. Luis Potosí, June 19. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton to Bankhead, June 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Consul Black, no. 389, +Sept. 12, 1846. Encarnacion Prisoners, 68, 77–8, 86. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez +de Castro, no. 517, June 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Letter from Coatepec, June 26. +<a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Treas. to sec. state of Puebla, June 14; reply, June 15. +<a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Guerra to gov. Puebla, Aug. 2; reply, Aug. 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Legisl. +of Méx. state, Mar. 26; June 12. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a><em>Id..</em>, address, Apr. 26. +<a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Coalition, address, Aug. 4. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Verdadero Liberal</cite>, Aug. 12. +<a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Coal.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_369" title="369"></a> junta to gov. Méx., June 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a><em>Id..</em>, dictamen, +July 4. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Oaxaca state, exposición, June 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src83">83</a>Gov. +Querétaro to gov. S. Luis Potosí, Apr. 9. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, June 7, 8, 11, +24, 30; July 3, 9, 18. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, May 3, 4, 26–7; June 3, 7, +11, 13, 14–16, 18, 19, 24, 30; July 6, 7, 9; Dec. 12 (S. Anna, Nov. +19). <cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. 30, p. 141. <a class="noteref" href="#src83">83</a>Gov. Querétaro to Farías, Oct. +20, 1846; to Anaya, May 4; to all govs., May 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Gov. Jalisco +to gov. Puebla, Apr. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Gov. Méx. to gov. Puebla, Apr. 12. +Ramírez, México, 237, 244–6, 254, 263, 272, 288–90. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Gov. Méx. +to Bravo, May 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Alvarez, June 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Extracto <em>re</em> +Guanajuato. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>J. J. de Echeverría, June 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Arellano, +July 9. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Olaguíbel to Relac., Apr. 19. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Hacienda to +Basadre, Aug. 9. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Reyes, June 1, 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Basadre, Aug. 9. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Yáñez, June 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mora, Apr. 28.</p> + +<p>In February, 1847, a revolutionary government satisfactory to the +people was set up in Oaxaca state, and this supported the national +cause to the full extent of its ability. A factional combination +made up in Congress, however, took the side (May 8) of the deposed +authorities. This action naturally caused great dissatisfaction in +Oaxaca (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">exposición de la cong. de Oaxaca</span>, June 26), and it was +particularly imprudent because Gen. Antonio de León and his officers +were partisans of the revolutionary party (Ramírez, México, 255).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.9">9.</a> July 9 the Mexican Army of the East included, according to a +document published by Santa Anna, 17,548 officers and men. A. López +(Décimo Calendario, 57) placed the army, including the National Guards, +at 30,000 on Aug. 9. The only official Mexican accounts of the forces +present in and near the capital early in August was made up during +the following November, and are far from complete; but they were +stated to have been five times as large as those existing in November, +which were 8109 total, 6785 available (<a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>report at meeting of +govs.; México á través, iv, 701). The unofficial statements cannot be +harmonized with these accounts nor (except when drawn from the same +source) with one another. It does not help us to know what corps were +present (see Roa Bárcena), for we have not the number of men in each of +them. The commanders of brigades in the Army of the East were Generals +Terrés, Martínez, Rangel, Pérez, León and Anaya and Col. Zerecero. +The three sections of Valencia’s army were commanded respectively by +Mejía, Parrodi and Salas. A portion of Alvarez’s force consisted of +semi-savage “pintos”—men from the hot region, who were marked with +spots (<a class="noteref" href="#src11">11</a>Mémoire). They lay flat when charged upon, and hewed +the enemy down with heavy knives (<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">machetes</em>), and they were expected +to fill the Americans with terror.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.10">10.</a> The hill (El Peñón Viejo) was about 1000 yards in length at the +base, and the higher of its two summits reached an elevation of about +400–450 feet (<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>reports of Lee, Stevens and Mason, Aug. 12, 26). +The work of fortifying it was skilfully as well as thoroughly done. +Engineer I. I. Stevens made out nearly forty guns. Topog. Engineer M. +L. Smith thought there were about sixty (Sen. 19; 30, 2, p. 4). A large +stock of rations was placed here (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>acuerdo, Aug. 5).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.11">11.</a> <em>Santa Anna’s preparations (see <a href="#N25.1">note 1</a>).</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Stevens +to J. L. Smith, Aug. 12, 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>R. E. Lee, J. L. Mason to J. +L. Smith, Aug. 12. S. Anna, Apelación, 44–7. <em>Id..</em>, Detall, 8–11. +<a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Patterson to Marcy, Oct. 26. <cite>Picayune</cite>, June 30; Aug. 8. +Donnavan, Adventures, 29. Pacheco, Exposíción. Negrete, Invasión, iii, +app., 91–4, 123–5. Scott, Mems., ii, 466. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 274. +<a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Intercepted Letters (ed. by Hitch<a class="pagenum" id="Page_370" title="370"></a>cock). (Embezzlement) +Consideraciones, 25; Apuntes, 207. Sen. 19; 30, 2 (M. L. Smith, E. L. +F. Hardcastle). Apuntes, 205–10, 223–8. Molina, El Asalto. Raleigh +<cite>Star</cite>, Sept. 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton, June 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. +Portrait of Lombardini: city hall, Mexico. <a class="noteref" href="#src350">350</a>Weber, recolls. +N. Orl. <cite>Delta</cite>, July 18. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Verdadero Liberal</cite>, May 20. (San Patricio +cos.) Dublán, Legislación, v, 290; <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, July 15. México á través, +iv, 668–71. <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 1120. London <cite>Times</cite>, May 10; Sept. +6. Semmes, Service, 348–9. Dublán, Legislación, v, 280, 284, 289, +294. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, nos. 517, June 29; 534, res., July +28. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, No. 2, Aug. 24. Gamboa, Impug., 51. Bustamante, +Nuevo Bernal, ii, 205–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Thornton to N. P. Trist, July +29. Encarnacion Prisoners, 69. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Wilson to Marcy, Aug. 1. N. +Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, Aug. 23. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, May 24; June 5–10, 14–6, 18, 20, etc. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, May 31 (Eleventh Inf.); June 13–5, 18, etc.; Dec. +12 (S. Anna, Nov. 19). <cite>Niles</cite>, June 19, p. 251. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, +no. 74, 1846. (Honduras) <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Patterson to Marcy, Oct. 26, 1847. +(Powder from N. Orl.) <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Consul McFaul to ——, Nov. 12, 1846. +Ramírez, México, 268. The following from <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> are cited for +particular reasons. Valencia, proclam., May 14. Estado of garrison, +May 13. Ayunt., Mexico, June 3. Recommended measures, Apr. 6, 14. +Circulars, June 12; July 24. S. Anna to Alcorta, June 12; Aug. 3. +Valencia, July 19. Statement, lines of defence, June 29. J. Terrés, +report on cavalry [Nov.]. J. de D. Peza, report on infantry, Nov. 29. +Acuerdos, May 21, 23–4; June 5, 6, 8, 19, 25; July 17, 18, 19, 28, 30; +Aug. 2, 3, 5, 6. To Alvarez, June 3, 30, etc. To Mora, June 26; July +2, 20, 23, etc. To Lombardini, June 26; July 2, 5, 7, 11, 22, 31, etc. +Alvarez. May 29; June 9, 16; July 5, etc. Mora, July 9, 19, 20, 22, +etc. Lombardini, July 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 15, etc. Olaguíbel, Aug. 20. +Decrees, June 5, 8; July 10, 12; Aug. 8, etc.</p> + +<p>Among other preparations were the following: information about the +defence not to be published, and no communication to be had with points +occupied by the Americans; the troops to be trained in firing (June 6); +the state of siege to be rigorous (June 28); as much wheat as possible +to be ground and stored in the city, and the rest to be removed from +the Valley; all Americans, even if naturalized, to leave the city +(July 12); the American prisoners (<em>e.g.</em>, from La Encarnación) to +go to Toluca; prices of provisions fixed; no persons to be tried for +acts not injurious to a third party. Naturally there was much evasion +of these edicts. A Council of Defence composed of the heads of the +executive departments most concerned in the work began to meet on July +2 (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>acuerdo, June 29; Lombardini, July 6). After the near +approach of the enemy the shops (excepting those selling provisions +and those of the Plaza del Mercado) were to close, civilian horses and +carriages to keep off the streets, and no civilian to leave the city +[without a pass] except those who had brought in coal and provisions +[but on August 13 permission was given old men, women and children to +go out]. By August 24 nearly all civilians [of any importance] left the +city (<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 2). After the Americans came within easy +reach the usual efforts to cause desertion among them were made by the +Mexican government. The Paixhan guns cast by the Mexicans were believed +by them to equal the American ordnance (Apuntes, 207).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.12">12.</a> <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Aug. 10–13. <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Relaciones, circular, Aug. 9. +<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 2, Aug. 24. Apuntes, 206–8, 210–20. México á +través, iv, 671–2. Ramírez, México, 296. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Basadre, Aug. 10. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Alvarez, Aug. 12.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_371" title="371"></a> <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Relaciones to gov. Zacat., Aug. +11. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Olaguíbel, Aug. 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Decree, Aug. 8.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.13">13.</a> April 30 Marcy had promised that by the end of June, Scott +should have about 20,000 men (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 922). Scott felt he +needed that number in addition to the garrison of Puebla (Sedgwick, +Corres., i, 141). He has been criticised for having his small army +march in four divisions a day apart. Twiggs and Quitman together had +only about 4000 men and it has been represented that, even had they and +the cavalry combined, Santa Anna could have crushed them before Worth +could have reached the scene (Semmes, Service, 326); but, as a day’s +march was only 12–15 miles (Hardcastle in Sen. 19; 30, 2, p. 10), Worth +was but five hours (in case of emergency much less) behind Quitman, +and an attack strong enough to crush Harney, Twiggs and Quitman, +provided as they were with heavy ordnance, could not have taken place +in a moment nor without warning. Scott expected to be attacked on +the march (Scott, Mems., ii, 466). He might have avoided the high +mountains by taking the route <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">via</em> Tlaxcala and Apam; but this route +was long and unsuitable for his trains. There were nearly 1000 wagons +(<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Buchanan, Aug. 22).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.14">14.</a> These works were abandoned because not in keeping with Santa +Anna’s plan. Very likely the fact that it would not have been easy to +subsist a large force here counted also. Many of the Americans believed +Santa Anna had built the works in the expectation of using them to cut +Scott off after defeating him in the Valley, and set their teeth the +harder. All felt that they must conquer or die.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.15">15.</a> <em>Scott’s march to Ayotla.</em> Scott, Mems., ii, 465–7. Hitchcock, +Fifty Years, 266, 271. Grant, Mems., i, 164–5. Ballentine, Eng. +Soldier, ii, 190–3. Davis, Autobiog., 192. <cite>Missouri Republican</cite>, +Nov. 3, 1857 (Hitchcock). <a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw papers. <a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw +narrative. Haynes, Gen. Scott’s Guide. <a class="noteref" href="#src183">183</a>Drum, recolls. +<a class="noteref" href="#src376">376</a>Nicholson, recolls. Donnavan, Adventures, 98. +<a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins papers. (Route) Lyon, Journal, ii, 106; Thompson, +Recolls., 33; Velasco, Geografía, i, 25; Cardona, Méx. y sus Capitales, +129; Robertson, Visit, i, 321; Ruxton, Adventures (1847), 33–4; +Tudor, Tour, ii, 211; LeClercq, Voyage, 178–9; Mason, Pictures, ii, +6; Bullock, Across Mex., 67–8. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 274, 281–7. +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Gen. orders 246, Aug. 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce papers. Sen. 11; +31, 1 (map). Sen. 19; 30, 2 (M. L. Smith, E. L. F. Hardcastle). G. +W. Smith, Co. A. Carleton, Address. <a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. Sen. +52; 30, 1, pp. 124 (Scott); 186–8. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 303 (Scott). +app., 37. Kenly, Md. Vol., 344. Rosa, Impresiones Nebel and Kendall, +27. Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 280–1. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Colección de Itinerarios.</span> +Oswandel, Notes, 242, 245. Semmes, Service, 235, 286–9, 325–8, 452–3. +<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, nos. 534, res., July 28; 550, Aug. 21. +<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 2, Aug. 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, statement, July 25, +1849. <a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, July 2. Sedgwick, Corres., i, +108, 141. Smith, To Mexico, 188–93. Wilson, Mexico, 168. <cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. +30, p. 138. Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 37. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1032 (Scott). +<a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Atocha to Buchanan, Aug. 1. Ripley, War with Mexico, ii, 187. +Michigan Pioneer Soc. Colls., vii (Toll). <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Apr., +1852, pp. 406–7. <a class="noteref" href="#src316">316</a>Judd to Sherman, Feb. 26, 1848. Ramírez, +México, 239. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Oct. 1 (Gamboa). Manifiesto que dirige +... Alvarez.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.16">16.</a> S. Anna, Apelación, 44; app., 146–50, 157–61. Sen. 52; 30, +1, pp. 186–7. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. 534, res., July 28. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Dec. 12 (S. Anna, Nov. 19). And from <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> the +following. To Canalizo,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_372" title="372"></a> June 30. To Alvarez, June 29, 30; July 13, 28; +Aug. 6, 9, 12, 14, 21. To Valencia, Aug. 9, 11, 13, 14, 15. Canalizo, +June 23; July 19; Aug. 9, 10, 11. Alvarez, July 5, 8; Aug. 6, 8, 8, +9, 9, 10, 10, 11, 12, 12, 25. Valencia, Aug. 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14. +Expediente against Valencia. Acuerdo, Aug. 13.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.17">17.</a> <em>The choice of approaches.</em> Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 272–4. +Grant, Mems., 164–5. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Mo. Republican</cite>, Nov. 3, 1857 (Hitchcock). +Weekly <cite>Courier and N. Y. Enquirer</cite>, Mar. 2, 1848 (letter from +Hitchcock). <a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw to wife, Aug. 21. Haynes, Gen. Scott’s +Guide. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Hamilton to Scott, Oct. 17, 1850. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>R. E. Lee, +I. I. Stevens, J. L. Mason to J. L. Smith, Aug. 12, 26. Chase, Polk +Admin., 225. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 333–7. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. +<a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins papers. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 289. Sen. 11; 31, +1 (M. L. Smith). Sen. 19; 30, 2 (M. L. Smith, E. L. F. Hardcastle). +<a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src136">136</a>Butterfield, recolls. S. Anna, +Detall, 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist nos. 11, 12, Aug. 14, 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src185">185</a>Letters +from Worth, Duncan and others. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>H. L. Scott to Worth, Aug. +13. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 8. Nebel and Kendall, 27. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 303, +app., 27. Apuntes, 208, 225. Semmes, Service, 348–52, 355–8. Ramírez, +México, 293. Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 461–2 (Lee); 522–7 (Hitchcock). +<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Charges against Duncan (Scott). <a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary. +Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Nov. 3. <cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, Nov. 12. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Aug. +18. <a class="noteref" href="#src377">377</a>Capt. Willing (paper published by Engineer School, +Washington). Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i, 148–9, 190. <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, +Apr., 1852, p. 412. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Order to Lombardini, June 19. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To +Mora, July 2. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Acuerdos, Aug. 5, 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mora, Aug. 2. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Gugerson to Alvarez, Aug. 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>(Spies) Alvarez, Aug. +12; Valencia, Aug. 13, 14; Becerril, Aug. 13; spy, Aug. 12; etc. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bravo, Aug. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Bravo, Aug. 13.</p> + +<p>The Mexicaltzingo plan was said to be, that while the rest of the +troops should force their way between Lakes Chalco and Xochimilco +by a broken causeway commanded by five batteries on a hill, Worth +should pass round or across the latter lake and coöperate with them +wherever he could do so to the best advantage (Davis, Autobiog., 193; +etc.). Under orders from Scott (Hitchcock in <cite>Mo. Republican</cite>, Nov. +3, 1857; <a class="noteref" href="#src377">377</a>paper; <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>H. L. Scott to Worth, Aug. 13; +<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>charges against Duncan) to examine the Chalco route, Worth +(at Duncan’s suggestion) had Duncan, supported by strong detachments, +reconnoitre that route on August 14 under the pretence of obtaining +provisions. Duncan, who reported (<a class="noteref" href="#src305">305</a>Aug. 14) favorably, was +sent to Scott late that day to give an account of the reconnaissance +and deliver a <a class="noteref" href="#src305">305</a>letter from Worth, which argued against +dividing the army. Not receiving credit in Scott’s report Duncan +published (<cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 8; Dec. 18) a letter claiming in effect +to have caused the change of plan (chap. xxix, <a href="#Page_187">p. 187</a>). But the +letter proved that he knew less about the matter than he supposed +(<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>charges); it did not prove that the change of orders resulted +from his report; and there is no proof that Scott intended to divide +the army—though he collected boats enough for about 2000 men with a +view to crossing or to making the Mexicans believe (Claiborne, Quitman, +i, 335) he intended to cross the lake and it was thought that as many +more could be obtained—or definitely decided to attack Mexicaltzingo. +On the other hand Scott stated (<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>charges) that he was himself +investigating (<a class="noteref" href="#src305">305</a>Mackall to ——, May 10, 1848) the Chalco +route while Duncan was doing so, and that a spy sent from headquarters +reported favorably upon it (<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>charges); and he denied squarely +that he gave up the Mexicaltzingo for the Chalco route in conse<a class="pagenum" id="Page_373" title="373"></a>quence +of Duncan’s report (<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>charges). Extreme secrecy and all possible +mystification of the enemy were necessary, and on account of Worth’s +unfriendliness Scott had special reasons for not opening his mind fully +to him. Other generals have purposely kept their subordinates in the +dark (see Henderson, Jackson, i, 421, 441; <em>Id..</em>, Science of War, 42). +Instead of proving that Worth was the better general, Worth and Duncan +proved the opposite, for they showed that Worth committed himself to +the Chalco route on very incomplete data, whereas Scott studied three +routes and reserved his decision until, as far as was possible, he +had full information before him. As usual, when Worth’s relations +with Scott were concerned, we find Semmes inaccurate and biassed +here. Ripley uses the incident against Scott at great length and very +unfairly. Facts regarding the Mexicaltzingo route are brought forward, +though not known to the Americans at the time (Ripley, War with Mexico, +194). We are told (p. 191) that Scott ordered Duncan to study the +Chalco route after Duncan had proposed to do so, as if Scott had not +previously ordered Worth, Duncan’s commander, to investigate the route. +It is alleged that the case did not warrant “a departure from the +rules of the [military] art to so great a degree” [as was proposed by +the Mexicaltzingo plan]; yet Ripley shows that the Texcoco route was +impracticable (pp. 179, 186), that El Peñón was virtually “impregnable” +(p. 188), and that the Chalco route was considered out of the question +(p. 190). This was a situation clearly warranting extraordinary +measures. On p. 202 Ripley seems to argue that the orders to attack +Mexicaltzingo cannot have been given to conceal the movement that Scott +actually made, since any movement against that point would have caused +Santa Anna to place troops in that vicinity, detect promptly Scott’s +real intention, and defend the southern line, and so the ruse would +have defeated itself. But (1) the question concerns orders, not—as +Ripley assumes—an actual movement toward Mexicaltzingo; (2) Santa +Anna had troops in the vicinity of Mexicaltzingo, but the results +anticipated by Ripley did not follow; (3) indeed, though Ripley was not +aware of the fact, Santa Anna concluded Aug. 14 (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to Valencia) +that Scott was going to S. Agustín, and merely had the reserves at +S. Antonio garita go with five 4-pounders to S. Antonio hacienda +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to Valencia, Aug. 14), for he was relying on his fortified +points; and (4) since the same troops could not defend at the same +time the works near Mexicaltzingo and also the road to S. Agustín, +orders involving a threat against the former would have tended, without +costing Scott anything, to keep the latter clear.</p> + +<p>The vulnerable point of El Peñón Viejo was that owing to its steepness +the cannon could have little action on the slopes (<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Stevens to +Smith, Aug. 26). A particular disadvantage in attacking Mexicaltzingo +would have been that (Santa Anna said) such a movement could have been +detected in good season, and reinforcements could have been placed +there promptly (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to Bravo, Aug. 13). As the American generals +needed information that could only be obtained from Mexicans, they were +peculiarly exposed to the artifices of spies, and some of these gained +a confidential footing with Worth and even with Scott.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.18">18.</a> <em>To S. Agustín.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw narrative. S. Anna, +Apelación, 47, 50; app., 146–51. <em>Id..</em>, Detall, 12. Ballentine, +Eng. Soldier, ii, 195. Davis, Autobiog., 192–5. <a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw +to wife, Aug. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins papers. +Latrobe, Rambler, 121. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 290, 293. Sen. 34; +34, 3, p. 37. Sen. 11; 31, 1 (map). Sen. 19; 30, 2<a class="pagenum" id="Page_374" title="374"></a> (M. L. Smith, E. +L. F. Hardcastle). G. W. Smith, Co. A. <a class="noteref" href="#src204">204</a>Gouverneur, diary. +<a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. Gamboa, Impug., 38–9. México á través, iv, 672. +Apuntes, 220, 229. Arróniz, Manual, i, 243. Semmes, Service, 352–5, +370–5. Nebel and Kendall, 28. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Caryton to Lambert, Sept. 1. +Steele, Campaigns, i, 123. <a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary. Hitchcock, Fifty +Years, 275. Moore, Scott’s Camp., 129. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Nov. 3. Stevens, +I. I. Stevens, 168. <cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. 30, p. 139. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 303 +(Scott); app., 28 (Twiggs); 37 (Sumner); 39 (McKinstry). <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To +Alvarez, Aug. 11, 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Valencia, Aug. 14, 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To +Lombardini, Aug. 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Acuerdos, Aug. 15, 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To +Herrera, Aug. 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Becerril, Aug. 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Valencia, Aug. +14, 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Alvarez, Aug. 16, 17, 19, 22, 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Alvarez, +Aug. 14, 15. Ripley, War with Mexico, ii, 647 (Lee to Mason).</p> + +<p>Santa Anna’s policy seems to have been wise. Any detachments that he +could have thrown hastily in front of Worth must have consisted of +inferior troops, and would no doubt have been routed. The last portion +of the Chalco route was over ground which, though in part hilly, +was firm (T. F. Davis, diary). The brush with Twiggs was greatly +exaggerated by the Americans, some of whom estimated the enemy as +12,000 strong, and felt that a victory was gained, whereas Alvarez had +no intention of fighting, and did not come within musket range. It has +been said (Ripley, War with Mexico, ii, 289) that Scott should have had +the cavalry, Worth and Pillow advance without heavy baggage, and reach +S. Agustín in twelve hours. But (1) there was a distinct advantage in +keeping Worth’s division intact, (2) Scott’s van was less likely to be +attacked than his rear, (3) Scott probably understood that Santa Anna +intended to rely on his fortified positions, for he was well posted +about affairs at the capital (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton to Bankhead, June 14), +nothing could be kept secret there, and Santa Anna’s Plan was known to +many, (4) Scott’s judgment on the point was likely, especially in view +of his fuller knowledge of the facts, to be better than Ripley’s, and +(5) it was justified by the event. The Chalco route was the one taken +by Cortez (Gamboa, Impug., 38). In leaving Peñón Viejo Santa Anna had +money and provisions remain there for a prospective “distant march” +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to Herrera, Aug. 15). Whether this referred to a pursuit of +the Americans or his own flight can only be guessed, but as the order +was addressed to Herrera, one inclines to the former view.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N25.19">19.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 11, Aug. 14. México á través, iv, 672–3. +Apuntes, 220–2, 230. S. Anna, Detall, 11–2. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Notice to first +alcalde, Aug. 19. <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Apr., 1852. Negrete, Invasión, +iii, app., 446. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. 445, Mar. 2. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Valencia, Aug. 14, 15, 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Lombardini, Aug. +14. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Valencia, Aug. 15, 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Alvarez, Aug. 16. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Acuerdo, Aug. 16.</p> + + +<h3>XXVI. CONTRERAS, CHURUBUSCO</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.1">1.</a> The basis for distances is Smith and Hardcastle’s map of the +Valley (Sen. 11; 31, 1). A garita had to be a somewhat formal place, +for municipal duties were levied and collected there, and some +accommodations for the officials and the guards were necessary. The +last word of “S. Antonio Abad” was commonly omitted. For the sake of +distinction the Acapulco road will be called the “highway” and the road +<em lang="la" xml:lang="la">via</em> Tacubaya, San Angel and Ansaldo the “turnpike” (Trist’s word for +it). The name Contreras was applied by Americans to three places, to +none of which it<a class="pagenum" id="Page_375" title="375"></a> belonged. Contreras was a village on the turnpike +some distance south of Padierna. San Agustín was also known as Tlálpam.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.2">2.</a> August 14 Valencia’s <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>return (<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">estado</em>) included 486 +officers, 5078 rank and file, 1447 horses, one siege 16-pounder, three +siege 12-pounders, five 8-inch (68-pound) howitzers and fifteen smaller +guns. One of the guns was assigned to Torrejón and he saved it. Another +small one disappeared. The name of the rounded hill where Valencia took +post was Peloncoahutitlán.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.3">3.</a> Valencia had one excuse, for very possibly he believed (in view +of Santa Anna’s delay at San Luis Potosí, abandonment of Tampico, +apparent neglect of Vera Cruz, etc.) that the President traitorously +intended to leave open a door by which Scott could reach the capital; +but none the less he was a conscienceless conspirator and the mortal +foe of Santa Anna, disgusted with subordination, and eager to overthrow +his chief. His past conduct had been thoroughly suspicious, and his +manifiesto of August 22 does not bear analysis well. To remove him +would have seemed an act of jealousy, if not treason, and very likely +have caused a mutiny. Santa Anna hoped that the national crisis would +hold him in line for the time being. Besides, Santa Anna did not know +precisely where Valencia proposed to make a stand (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Sept. +1). When he learned, he sent General Mora to reconnoitre the position +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to Valencia, August 19). Again, he could not afford to raise +an issue with Valencia now, for the latter (doubtless with the help of +his engineers) had divined Scott’s plans better than the former, and +undertaken to guard a quarter left open by the President. Finally it +was quite possible that Santa Anna thought Valencia would be taught a +lesson by the Americans. It is unnecessary to discuss the merits and +disadvantages of Valencia’s position, for they will appear plainly in +the narrative (see Balbontín, Invasión, 110–11). Had the Americans +been willing to do as he wished, the hill would have been entirely +satisfactory. Of Valencia’s intellectual quality the following specimen +is suggestive: “Soldiers of Liberty, anarchy put out its head, but your +arms drowned it in a moment.”</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.4">4.</a> <em>Mexican preliminaries.</em> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 304, 306 (Scott); +348–9 (Smith); app., 80 (Alexander). Collins papers. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Lee +to Smith, Aug. 21. Semmes, Service, 393. Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 276 +(Longstreet); 570. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Intercepted Letters (14, L. V. to M. O.; +26, to Old Gentleman). Apuntes, 221, 230–6. Balbontín, Invasión, 111. +Gamboa, Impug., 41. <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 30 (F. Pérez). México á +través, iv, 672–3, 677. Long, Memoirs, 54. <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Apr., +1852, pp. 408–9. Latrobe, Rambler, 90. Sen. 19; 30, 2 (Hardcastle to +Smith; Smith to Abert). Valencia, Manifiesto. Calderón, Life, i, 314. +<a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. Prieto, Mems., ii, 213. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez +de Castro, no. 534, res., July 28. S. Anna, Apelación, 51–2; app., +140–54, 157–60. <em>Id..</em>, Detall, 12. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Dec. 17, 1847. +Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 276. Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., 279–83. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Acuerdo, Aug. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Lombardini, July 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To +Alvarez, Aug. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Zerecero, Aug. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Valencia, +Aug. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Expediente contra Valencia.</p> + +<p>The defences of Valencia’s camp were somewhat extended later, but not +enough to render them formidable.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.5">5.</a> According to a topographical officer (Washington <cite>Union</cite>, Nov. 3, +1847) the only route from San Agustín to Mexico of which the Americans +knew when they reached the ground was the highway. This surprises one +at first. But the turnpike beyond San Angel was a local road serving +only a few farms, the small villages of San Gerónimo and Contreras, +and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_376" title="376"></a> a manufacturing establishment near Contreras. It seemed to be +of no strategic significance, and was not likely to be heard of at a +distance. The fortifications along the highway were largely developed +after Scott turned toward San Agustín. Valencia’s movements were +impromptu. Scott had an Englishman residing at Mexico in his pay, and +we know that two persons brought data on Aug. 19 (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. +162). Apparently Scott did his duty as to seeking information.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.6">6.</a> <em>American preliminaries.</em> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 304, 307, 315, +348–50 (reports of Scott, Worth and Smith); app., 41 (Mason); 66 +(Smith); 101 (Magruder); 118 (Cadwalader). Wilhelm, Eighth Inf., ii, +307. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Sept. 8; Oct. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Lee to Smith, Aug. 21. +Semmes, Service, 380, 393. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Intercepted Letters (26, To Old +Gentleman). Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 275. Grant, Mems., i, 142. Sen. 52; +30, 1, p. 188 (Trist, no. 12). <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Expediente contra Valencia. +<a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary. Sen. 19; 30, 2 (Hardcastle to Smith). <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor +Repub.</cite>, Dec. 17. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Aug. 19.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.7">7.</a> Quitman had only the Second Pennsylvania, the Marines, Steptoe’s +battery and a troop or two of dragoons (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 341); but +Worth’s division was available in case of need. See Claiborne, Quitman, +i, 347.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.8">8.</a> Pillow, as was decided by a court of inquiry (Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. +332–45) on the testimony of such men as Lee (p. 78), Smith (p. 102), +Riley (p. 147) and Shields (p. 268), did not devise the plan on which +this victory was gained; and when Lee brought word to Scott of Smith’s +plan he washed his hands of it (<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, draft of address; +Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 333); but he had the audacity to claim that Smith +merely executed the precise plans and views laid down by Pillow for +his guidance (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1018). Pillow could claim the credit +only on the ground that he was the senior officer on the field, and +that Smith’s operations were a logical consequence of the events; but +Scott was the senior of Pillow, and all that occurred was—as Smith +pointed out (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 104)—the logical consequence of +Scott’s order to gain possession of the San Angel road. The consensus +of opinion was expressed by Twiggs: “General Smith deserves the whole +credit” (Stevens, Stevens, i, 196). Moreover the famous letter signed +“Leonidas”—prepared at Pillow’s quarters doubtless with his connivance +(Hitchcock in <cite>Mo. Republican</cite>, Oct. 2, 1857; <cite>Republican Banner</cite>, +Feb. 23, 1858), conveyed by his agency (Davis, Autobiog., 285) to +the New Orleans <cite>Delta</cite>, which published it Sept. 10 (chap. xxix, +<a href="#N29.31">note 31</a>), and fathered (when exposed) by an untruthful subordinate +of his—“puffed” Pillow in the most extravagant manner for this +“unparallelled victory,” and represented Scott not only as leaving +everything to Pillow but as blundering sadly. <em>E.g.</em> it said, “The +army had been marching through marshes and almost impassable roads, +nearly half around the city, to find some points upon the enemy’s works +that could be successfully assailed,” the provisions had been nearly +exhausted, and the mountains prevented going farther; Pillow’s “plan +of battle [at Contreras], and the disposition of his forces were most +judicious,” and he “achieved this signal and brilliant victory.” (For +the letter signed “Leonidas” see Sen. 65; 30, 1 (pp. 385–9, and the +testimony of Pillow, Burns, Freaner, Trist); <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Pillow to Trist, +Aug. 31, private; St. Louis <cite>Evening News</cite>, Oct. 2, 1857; chap. xxix, +<a href="#Page_435">pp. 435–7</a>.) + +Pillow’s design in having such a statement prepared and placed +before the people in advance of the official reports was probably to +influence public opinion in the United States so as to make him an +available candidate for the Presidency or enable Polk to put him in +Scott’s place. As Pillow was<a class="pagenum" id="Page_377" title="377"></a> known to have great influence with the +President, and was an active, affable, plausible man, he naturally +had a following; but the sentiment of the able and honest officers +towards him was one of contempt. “The ass Pillow,” “that consummate +fool,” said the future General D. H. Hill (diary) of Pillow as he +showed himself on Aug. 19. A sensible Pennsylvanian wrote in his +diary, Aug. 10, that Pillow was without question “the poorest and most +unpopular” of the generals (Oswandel, Notes, 249). Col. W. B. Campbell +characterized him as light, impetuous, of little military judgment +and no skill (<a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>to D. Campbell, Mar. 20, 28; Apr. 18, 25); +and a correspondent of the future Gen. W. T. Sherman described him as +“a mass of vanity, conceit, ignorance, ambition and want of truth” +(<a class="noteref" href="#src316">316</a>Judd, Feb. 26, 1848). The doings of the Pillow court of +inquiry (Sen. 65; 30, 1) were carefully digested and analyzed by the +author; but as the subject concerns only incidentally the history of +the war, space cannot be taken to present this analysis.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.9">9.</a> Valencia could see that retreat meant his personal ruin, and he +preferred to argue that honor required him to hold his ground.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.10">10.</a> Persifor F. Smith, a graduate from Princeton, was admitted +to the bar at Philadelphia, practised law at New Orleans, and had +considerable military experience in the Florida war. He was a simple, +scholarly, unassuming man; but all ranks appreciated his ability, +attainments, clear perception, valor, promptness and steadiness.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.11">11.</a> <em>The battle of Contreras.</em> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 303, etc.; app., +pp. 66, etc. (reports of Scott and his officers). S. Anna, Apelación, +52–5; app., 154–6, 160. <em>Id..</em>, Detall, 12–4. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Sept. 8; Oct. +21. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Twiggs to Marcy, Feb. 7, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Lee to Smith, Aug. 21, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Riley to Westcott, Nov. +30. Semmes, Service, 381, 385, 392. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Intercepted letters +(14, L. V. to M. O.; 25, note by E. A. H.; 28). Apuntes, 237–43. +McSherry, El Puchero, 73, 76. Murphy, Hungerford, 99. <cite>Delta</cite>, Sept. +9; Nov. 12; Dec. 1. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Sept. 27 (Salas); Dec. 12 (S. +Anna). <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Porvenir</cite>, Aug. 26, supplem. (Valencia). <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, +gen. orders 258. Balbontín, Invasión, 111–8. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, +276–8, 281. Ballentine, English Soldier, ii, 207, 218–20, 223–6, +228–9. Davis, Autobiog., 196–8. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Foster to Smith, Aug. 23. +<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>McClellan to Smith, Aug. 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Beauregard to Smith, +Aug. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Tower to Smith, Aug. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Mason to Smith, +Aug. 24. Prieto, Mems., ii, 222–7. López, Décimo Calendario, 58. +<a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Olaguíbel, Aug. 20–1. <a class="noteref" href="#src199">199</a>Anon. MS. written by a +person of importance. <a class="noteref" href="#src307">307</a>Roberts, diary. Gamboa, Impug., 42–3. +<a class="noteref" href="#src350">350</a>Weber, recoils. <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 30 (F. Pérez). +Ramírez, México, 298. México á través, iv, 677. <a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw +to wife, Aug. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland to father, Nov. 28. Jackson, +Memoirs of Jackson, 41. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 188. Long, Memoirs, 54–9. +Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Sept. 20. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Aug. 24; Sept. 1. <cite>So. Mag.</cite>, +July, 1874, p. 75. <a class="noteref" href="#src204">204</a>Gouverneur, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src277">277</a>Burnett, +statement. <cite>United Service</cite>, June, 1896 (Lane). Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 62 +(H. L. Scott); 68–9 (Williams); 72–4, 298, 300 (Gen. Scott); 75–9, 463 +(Lee); 81–6 (Cadwalader); 97 (Deas); 99–106 (Smith); 137–8 (Canby); +147–51 (Riley); 162 (Hooker); 180 (Hodge); 182–4, 188 (Ripley); 208–9 +(Rains); 230–1 (Beauregard); 232–3 (Hitchcock); 246 (Morgan); 267 +(Shields); 270 (Howard); 283, 286–7 (Twiggs); 334–5 (verdict); 570. +Stevens, I. I. Stevens, i, 174–9, 196. Carreño, Jefes, ccxc (Pérez), +ccxciv (Torrejón). <cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. 30, pp. 138–9. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>,34, 1, +p. 105 (Foote). Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. Mag., Mar. 6, 1908. Giménez, +Mems., 266. <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce to Appleton, Aug. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Gard<a class="pagenum" id="Page_378" title="378"></a>ner +to Canby, Aug. 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce to Hooker, Aug. 22. Engineer +School, U. S. A., Occas. Papers, No. 16. Valencia, Manifiesto. +<a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. Stevens, Vindication, 4–7. Negrete, Invasión, +iv, app., 281–3. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Tornel, Aug. 19. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Orders to Valencia, +Aug. 26. Kenly, Md. Vol., 421. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, No. 2., Aug. 24. +<a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Bragg to Hammond, Dec. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src125">125</a>Bonham to wife, Aug. +24; to adj. gen., Feb. 26, 1849. <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Apr., 1852, pp. +415–26. Calderón, Rectificaciones, 41. S. Anna, Mi Historia, 72–3. +<a class="noteref" href="#src112">112</a>Beauregard to Smith, Aug. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Valencia, Aug. 19. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>J. B. Argüelles, Aug. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Alcorta to Alvarez, Aug. +21. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Alvarez, Aug. 21.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Remarks.</span> This engagement was called by the Mexicans the +battle of Padierna. At first Valencia had a reserve under Salas +at Ansaldo, but he drew this in at about the time when the battle +began. He then placed Torrejón’s cavalry between Ansaldo and his +main position. A turn in the road near his position enabled him to +command the turnpike for some distance. For further details regarding +his dispositions see Apuntes, 236. During the afternoon of Aug. 19 +the Ninth Infantry (Ransom) and a battalion of the Twelfth under +Lieut. Col. Bonham crossed the ravine and remained about 200 yards +from Valencia’s camp until 9 or 10 o’clock, partly occupying usefully +Valencia’s attention. When these troops retired, Mexicans attacked the +guard at Padierna, but American reinforcements defeated them. R. E. +Lee and G. B. McClellan helped set up Magruder’s battery, and T. J. +(“Stonewall”) Jackson commanded one section of it a part of the time. +These officers distinguished themselves highly. Riley understood he +was “sent across the pedregal to cut off the retreat of the enemy and +check reinforcements” (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 148). When Smith moved to +the right, he had Magruder resume firing to divert attention from that +movement. Magruder’s men tried to save themselves by falling flat at +each Mexican discharge, and the ground sheltered them somewhat, yet +fifteen were killed or wounded. His guns were withdrawn over the rocks +after nightfall.</p> + +<p>It has been said with force that it would have been better had Scott +been on the ground from the first. But he did not wish or expect to +fight; no doubt he had much administrative work on hand; he was not +far away; and he believed that his instructions to Pillow provided for +all probable contingencies. It seems to be true that Pillow, a most +plausible and insinuating talker, had gained a certain ascendency over +him. Probably for this reason, as well as owing to his general wish +to gratify his officers, Scott permitted Pillow to make statements in +his report on the battle, which, as the trial of Pillow showed, ought +not to have been there (<a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Bragg). Pillow later urged the point +that Scott approved of his dispositions; but it was Scott’s practice +to accept what his officers did, and make the best of it. Scott was +slightly wounded in the leg during the afternoon of August 19 but did +not mention the incident at the time. Later the wound made him trouble.</p> + +<p>The Fifteenth Infantry (Morgan) did not act with the rest of Pierce’s +brigade on Aug. 19, for Pillow had detached it as a reserve. Pierce was +injured by falling from his horse, and hence Col. Ransom took command +of the brigade. Late in the afternoon Valencia placed a 4-pounder and +two battalions of infantry on the turnpike toward Ansaldo to prevent +more Americans from reaching San Gerónimo (Balbontín, Invasión, 114), +but this force accomplished nothing. At first he had thought the +Americans crossing the pedregal in groups, partly concealed by the +ground and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_379" title="379"></a> trees, were mere scouting parties. It was found impossible +at the Pillow trial to decide at just what time Scott arrived on the +lookout hill (the lower summit of Zacatepec). The variation of careful +witnesses was an hour and twenty-five minutes. Watches appear to have +been out of order, and therefore one cannot be positive regarding the +precise time of any event.</p> + +<p>Smith’s plan to attack Santa Anna on Aug. 19 has been criticised as +unsound (Claiborne, Quitman, i, 339, note). But he believed a repulse +of Santa Anna would ensure the defeat of Valencia; he wanted to +dispose of Santa Anna before his forces could become stronger; he did +not wish (having no artillery) to let him cannonade at his leisure; +and probably the situation of the American right appeared to require +unusual boldness. Lee (<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>to J. L. Smith, Aug. 21) attached less +importance to this operation. Tower (<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>to J. L. Smith, Aug. 25) +said the inexperience of the new troops, particularly Cadwalader’s, +had something to do with leading Smith to give up the plan. Doubtless +Pillow’s fiasco, Aug. 19, tended to inflate Valencia’s confidence and +so to ensure his destruction. Valencia’s artillery accomplished nothing +against the Americans at San Gerónimo, partly because the trees and +rough ground hid and protected them, and partly because the guns he +used were not very powerful. Smith supposed he was Shields’s senior, +and retained the command after the latter’s arrival at San Gerónimo. +Shields refrained from claiming it, knowing that Smith had made +preparations to attack and understood the situation best. Cadwalader, +as well as Shields, outranked Smith; but doubtless he felt unequal to +the situation, and he did not assert his rights. During the night the +few houses at San Gerónimo were required for the wounded.</p> + +<p>Santa Anna has been too much criticised for his course. Valencia did +not see the Americans in force, Aug. 19, until after one o’clock, and +we do not know how promptly he reported the fact. Santa Anna stated +that at about two o’clock he received word from Valencia that cannon +fire had begun. He was then at San Antonio, yet in about four hours he +had a considerable force near San Gerónimo. He reasonably hesitated +about attacking an unknown number of Americans in an admirable +defensive position. His cavalry could have done nothing in the ravines, +lanes and woods which composed it, and his artillery little. Had he +attacked, as he threatened to do, late on Aug. 19, he would have been +beaten. After Riley joined him, Smith had about 3600 men (Sen. 65; +30, 1, p. 105). Had Santa Anna advanced by the turnpike he would have +exposed his flank to Smith. Valencia had got himself into a hopeless +impasse, and the best thing he could have done was to tear himself out +of it, as Santa Anna ordered. Santa Anna sent orders to Pérez in the +afternoon to help Valencia, but overtaking that brigade (which had set +out for the purpose) took charge of it. Shields brought about 600 men +(Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 344).</p> + +<p>Smith’s plan of attack against Valencia was not perfectly safe, for, as +Napoleon said, the ground of a night attack should be thoroughly known; +but the circumstances warranted the risk. Friday morning Tower, who had +discovered the ravine (<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Tower to J. L. Smith, Aug. 25), led +Riley’s brigade, and Beauregard led Smith’s. As soon as Valencia was +routed, orders were given to complete the road begun Aug. 19, but this +was soon found to be unnecessary. The Fifteenth regiment, on account +of its distance from Riley, reached Valencia’s camp too late to take +part in the battle. It should be remembered that Smith’s troops did not +know of the demoralization of the Mexicans, and expected to find them +elated and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_380" title="380"></a> confident. Apparently Shields made a mistake in leaving +San Gerónimo to go to the road on Friday morning, but the mistake was +natural. Valencia went to Toluca with a few troops. He was notified +to present himself for trial, which would have meant death. Some +irregulars made a trivial attack upon Quitman (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 347), +but Alvarez’s troops did not come near San Agustín. Twiggs had a lame +foot at this time, and he was not under fire Aug. 19. Brookes (Brooks) +was on his staff.</p> + +<p>Ripley (War with Mexico ii, 291) intimates that Scott sent Pillow and +Twiggs forward, Aug. 19, without taking much into account Valencia’s +army and cannon, and permitted the Mexicans to open the battle when +they pleased. This seems careless on Scott’s part; but, as the text +shows, Scott did not know Valencia had marched to Padierna, and had +no reason to suppose (particularly in view of the threat against S. +Antonio) that large Mexican forces would be there. Ripley suggests (p. +292) that it was improper to let Valencia see the road-building, learn +the Americans were moving that way, and prepare to receive them; but +road-building ceased when the Americans came in view of Valencia, and +after that time he had little opportunity for preparations. Ripley +complains (p. 293) that it was confusing to have Twiggs open the +battle, Pillow take charge of it, and Scott supersede Pillow; but it +is not customary for the general-in-chief to ride at the head of his +forces on a road-building expedition, and under the circumstances +the above arrangement was natural. He remarks (p. 297) that Riley’s +reconnoitring with a view to assaulting Valencia’s rear proves that he +understood his mission was more than to occupy S. Gerónimo and await +orders [<em>i.e.</em> understood that Pillow sent him to do what Smith did]; +but Riley testified that he had no such understanding, and reconnoitred +on his own responsibility to obtain information that might prove useful +(Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 147–8). Ripley, in his efforts to sustain Pillow’s +claims, says (p. 297) that Riley fell back because of his “believing +himself unsupported,” yet says that Riley “relied” on being supported. +He explains (p. 298) Pillow’s not informing Riley of the despatch of +Cadwalader by saying that a single mounted officer could not cross the +pedregal; but an officer could cross on foot, and all or most of the +officers were afoot (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 304). Rives (U. S. and Mexico, +ii, 488) observes that placing four brigades successively between +superior forces of the enemy involved a great risk; but it should be +remembered not only that it was worth while to take the risk and that +the American troops were of superior quality, but that Santa Anna was +not present when Riley went to S. Gerónimo, Valencia could not see what +was taking place in that quarter, he was expecting a frontal attack all +the afternoon, S. Gerónimo was a splendid defensive position, and the +Mexicans could not see how large forces occupied it.</p> + +<p>Had Santa Anna and Valencia coöperated with judgment and good-will, +Scott’s army would perhaps have been crushed; but had the Mexicans been +sensible and patriotic, we should have had no war. How much Scott knew +about the mutual relations of Santa Anna and Valencia one cannot say, +but in all probability he was well informed regarding them. As scarcely +needs to be pointed out, this battle and that of Churubusco had a great +effect in discouraging, not merely the Mexicans in the vicinity but +those at a distance. Men intending to fight or to provide money drew +back at once (<em>e.g.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Isunza, Aug. 24).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.12">12.</a> <em>Santa Anna’s course after the battle of Contreras.</em> Sen. 19; +30, 2 (Smith to Abert). <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Intercepted letters (14, L. V. to M. +O.; 22, diary;<a class="pagenum" id="Page_381" title="381"></a> 23, narrative; 26, to Old Gentleman). Apuntes, 209–10, +241, 244, 250–4. Semmes, Service, 396–7. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 8. Sen. 1; +30, 1, pp. 306, 315, 325; app., 69 (reports of Scott and others). +S. Anna, Apelación, 53 <em>Id..</em>, Detail, 14–5. Balbontín, Invasión, +120–1. <a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw to wife, Aug. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Huger, Aug. 22. +<a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 30 (F. Pérez, Rangel, Argüelles, Zenea). México +á través, iv, 678. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Nov. 3. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Sept. 1, 2. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Oct. 24; Dec. 13, 17. Carreño, Jefes, ccxc (Pérez), +ccciv, cccvi. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 446; iv, app., 283–4. +Lawton, Artill. Officer, 295. Remarks on Mason and Hardcastle’s Plan +of Worth’s operations (Sen. 1; 30, 1). <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Report of losses, +Churubusco, Aug. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rincón, Aug. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Argüelles, Aug. +22. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rincón to S. Anna, Aug. 26.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.13">13.</a> To guard against contingencies Scott had ordered Worth with +Garland’s brigade and Quitman with his troops to proceed toward San +Gerónimo on Friday morning, leaving San Agustín guarded by Harney (Sen. +1; 30, 1, pp. 306–7). This has been thought risky. But Scott had no +doubt learned from Lee that Santa Anna was operating in the vicinity +of San Gerónimo, where was evidently the critical field, and hence +probably he felt that there was little danger of an attack upon San +Agustín that Harney aided, if necessary, by Clarke’s brigade (not far +distant) could not meet.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.14">14.</a> <em>Scott’s course after the battle of Contreras.</em> Sen. 1; 30, +1, pp. 306–9, 338, 344; app., 36 (reports of Scott, Pillow, Shields, +Kearny). Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 278, 281–2. Davis, Autobiog., 199. +<cite>Picayune</cite>, Sept. 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Lee to Smith, Aug. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, +draft of address. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Sept. 15. Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 74, 632 +(Scott); 77 (Lee). <cite>So. Qtrly. Review</cite>, July, 1852, pp. 81–2. Ho. 60; +30, 1, p. 1018 (Scott). Smith, To Mexico, 199.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.15">15.</a> <em>Worth’s operations at Churubusco.</em> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 306, +315, 333; app., 36,41–2,44–65 (reports of Scott and officers). +<a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Bonneville court-martial (testimony +of Hoffman, Nelson, Pemberton, Worth, Armistead, Ruggles, etc.). +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, draft of address. Semmes, Service, 394–400. +Sen. 19; 30, 2 (Smith to Abert). Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 464 (Lee). +<a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Intercepted letters (14, L. V. to M. O.; 23, narrative; +26, to Old Gentleman). Apuntes, 244–6. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Sept. 22; +Oct 8. <cite>Delta</cite>, Sept. 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Zerecero to Guerra, Aug. 25. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rincón to S. Anna, Aug. 26. Balbontín, Invasión, 120–2. +Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 278, 282. <a class="noteref" href="#src260">260</a>Henshaw, comments on +map. Stevens, Stevens, i, 198. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Huger, report, Aug. 22. +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 327, Oct. 28. Gamboa, Impug., 47. +<a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 30 (Pérez, Perdigón Garay). Ramírez, México, +299–301. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 2, Aug. 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary. Ho. +60; 30, 1, pp. 1018 (Scott); 1076 (Hoffman). Carreño, Jefes, cccvi +(Pérez). <cite>So. Qtrly. Review</cite>, July, 1852, pp. 82–4, 90–1. Lawton, +Artill. Officer, 294–5, 298. Smith, To Mexico, 199–202. Negrete, +Invasión, iv, app., 284. S. Anna, Detall, 15. <cite>Monitor Repub.</cite>, Dec. 17.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.16">16.</a> <em>Twiggs’s operations.</em> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 306, 315, 322, +325, 348, etc.; app., 69–82, 85–8, 96–7, etc. (reports of Scott and +officers). <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Caryton to Lambert, Sept. 1. +Apuntes, 246, 250–3. Ballentine, Eng. Sold., ii, 230. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Stevens +to Smith, Aug. 24. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 98 (H. L. Scott). Stevens, +Stevens, i, 180–4, 199. Stevens, Vindic., 4–7. Carreño, Jefes, +29. Michigan Pioneer Soc. Colls., ii, 173; vii, 117. <cite>So. Qtrly. +Review</cite>, July, 1852, pp. 87–90. Engineer School, U. S. A., Occas. +Papers, no. 16. <cite>Journ. Milit. Serv. Instit.</cite>, xvii (Van Deusen).<a class="pagenum" id="Page_382" title="382"></a> +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Argüelles, Aug. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rincón to S. Anna, Aug. 26. +Davis, Autobiog., 199. <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 30 (G. Pérez). Negrete, +Invasión, iii, app., 447. Calderón, Rectificaciones, 43. S. Anna, Mi +Historia, 73–4. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 278–9, 282.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.17">17.</a> <em>Shields’s operations.</em> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 303, 306, 315, 325, +333, 342; app., 76, 106, 113, 118, 128, 130–4 (reports of Scott and +officers). <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Lee to Smith, Aug. 21. Claiborne, Quitman, i, +342–3. City of Charleston, Year Book, 1883, p. 523. <a class="noteref" href="#src303">303</a>Shields +to Quitman, Aug. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, draft +of address. Semmes, Service, 402. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Intercepted letters (22, +diary; 25, to E.). Hawthorne, Pierce, 100. Apuntes, 246–7. Murphy, +Hungerford, 102. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Zerecero to Guerra, Aug. 25. Balbontín, +Invasión, 121–2. Davis, Autobiog., 200–1, 286. <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. +30 (F. Pérez). Stevens, Stevens, i, 198. Ramírez, México, 300. Carreño, +Jefes, ccxciv (Torrejón), cccvii (Pérez). <a class="noteref" href="#src170">170</a>Crooker to mother, +Sept. 1. <cite>So. Qtrly. Review</cite>, July, 1852, pp. 93–9. Oil painting of +Butler: sen. chamber, Columbia, S. C. Sen. 19; 30, 2 (Smith to Abert). +<a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce to Appleton, Aug. 27. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Dec. 17. +<a class="noteref" href="#src125">125</a>Bonham to adj. gen., June 15, 1848. <cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, +Jan. 3, 1848. Stevens, Vindication, 4–7. Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., +285. <a class="noteref" href="#src277">277</a>Burnett, statement. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 279. Sen. +65; 30, 1, p. 464. S. Anna, Detall, 15.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.18">18.</a> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 306, 315, 325, etc.; app., 35, 42, 46, 49, +64, 77, 127, etc. (reports of Scott and officers). Semmes, Service, +397, 401–2. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Intercepted letters (17, J. U. to J. P. F.). +Apuntes, 254–8. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Argüelles, Aug. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rincón to S. +Anna, Aug. 26. Balbontín, Invasión, 122. Ballentine, Eng. Sold., ii, +233. Carreño, Jefes, cccvii (Pérez). <cite>Niles</cite>, Jan. 22, 1848, p. 323.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.19">19.</a> S. Anna, Detall, 15–6. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 313, 318, 340, 347; +app., p. 36 (reports of Scott and officers). <cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 21. +Apuntes, 247. Charleston <cite>Courier</cite>, Oct. 2. Balbontín, Invasión, 123. +Fate of F. D. Mills. Grant, Mems., i, 146. Davis, Autobiog., 202. +<a class="noteref" href="#src223">223</a>Hirschorn, recolls. De Peyster, Kearny, 140, 142–5. <cite>Journ. +U. S. Cavalry Assoc.</cite>, Mar., 1911, p. 841. Ramsey, Other Side, 287, +note. Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., 285–6.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Remarks on the battle of Churubusco.</span> The active fortifying +of the convent did not begin until the afternoon of Aug. 18 +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rincón to S. Anna, Aug. 26); one gun arrived there on the +morning of the twentieth and the rest were left by Santa Anna later +that day (Apuntes, 252); and hence Scott could not well have learned +from spies what the situation was in that quarter. It is bootless +to say (Calderón, Rectificaciones, 43) that Santa Anna should have +prevented Scott from reaching Coyoacán. Neither he nor his army was in +a condition to fight without fortifications, and they could not have +stopped the Americans anywhere if not at Churubusco. On the Mexican +right at the convent were two 8-pounders and a 4-pounder; in embrasures +at the front, an 8-pounder and a 4-pounder; <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en barbette</em> at the left +an 8-pounder; and in an embrasure defending the left flank a 6-pounder. +A detachment of the Independencia battalion under Peñúñuri occupied +Coyoacán when the Americans approached, and retired with some loss. The +fight at Churubusco convent was actually begun by the Mounted Rifles, +but their orders were merely to escort the reconnoitring party, and the +First Artillery was expected to clear the way by turning the supposed +one-gun battery (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 330). Riley had only the Second and +Seventh Infantry at Churubusco. The Fourth Artillery was on guard at +Valencia’s camp. Scott ordered that Worth should attack<a class="pagenum" id="Page_383" title="383"></a> and turn San +Antonio after finding the Americans were in its rear, but when he sent +Lee to give the signal to Worth, Lee found Worth had already done this.</p> + +<p>Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 250–1) says that Scott ordered Pillow +to do what Twiggs did and <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">vice versa</em>. But (1) nothing of this is +found in Scott’s or Pillow’s report; (2) Scott would not have been +likely to order two bitter enemies (Worth and Twiggs) to coöperate +in an indefinite manner, and (3) H. L. Scott testified at the Pillow +trial that he carried from Gen. Scott to Twiggs the order to attack +the convent (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 98). Davis, Shields’s aide, says on +the other hand (Autobiog., 199) that Scott knew by reconnaissances of +a remarkably strong fortification at Churubusco, and ordered Twiggs +to take the route actually taken by Shields. But (1) Davis’s first +statement is not correct; (2) Scott was at Coyoacán, where the roads +forked, and would have recalled Twiggs, had he seen that officer take +the wrong road; (3) Scott felt in haste to strike the retreating +Mexicans, and the quickest way to do that was apparently by the road to +Churubusco; and (4) H. L. Scott’s testimony, supported by the reports +of Gens. Scott and Twiggs, seems to be decisive. Davis’s account +contains other errors, and appears to have been written long afterwards +from memory.</p> + +<p>What Scott intended to do after concentrating we do not know. Probably, +as was his custom, he held several plans in suspense, awaiting +developments and fuller information regarding the enemy, which the +delay expected in Worth’s operations would have given him time to +acquire. But his promptness in sending off Pierce and Shields, and +his attempt to hold back one of Smith’s and one of Pierce’s brigades, +suggest that he aimed to get behind Santa Anna himself and force +a decisive battle. Gen. U. S. Grant endorsed Scott’s strategy at +Churubusco as faultless and said the engineers served him perfectly +(Mems., i, 145); but Stevens’s confession is decisive on both points +(Stevens, Stevens, i, 180, 184, 196, 199). Stevens states expressly +that Scott had intended to reconnoitre before attacking at Churubusco.</p> + +<p>Worth’s attacking the bridge without reconnoitring was mainly due to +over-confidence and eagerness; but the intense ambition and rivalry of +Worth and Twiggs probably had something to do with the undue haste of +both. Of course Semmes (Service, 398, 446) asserts that Worth advanced +with deliberation and reconnoitred the bridgehead, but the evidence, +especially that given at the trial of Major Bonneville, is decisively +against him. Ripley, on the other hand, states that a reconnaissance +was not practicable (War with Mexico, ii, 267); but while a complete +reconnaissance could not be made, the cornfields on the right would +have enabled an officer to advance unseen, and at a glance learn +something regarding the obstacle in front. This would have been to +save, not lose, time.</p> + +<p>Scott was accused of having no plan and leaving his generals to attack +as they saw fit, and was criticized especially for fighting to gain +a road neither needed nor used by him, from which the enemy could +easily have been manoeuvred, had they cared to hold it (Roa Bárcena, +Recuerdos, 378); but the text explains these apparent errors. The +battle was, however, in effect a blunder, even though not chargeable +to Scott as such. Still, the ardor of the army was something not to be +thrown away by delaying, and the promptness of the Americans prevented +Santa Anna from completing his preparations. (Greene, Russian Army, +433: Excessive prudence has a bad effect on the morale of the men.) +Perhaps Scott<a class="pagenum" id="Page_384" title="384"></a> gained as much as he lost in this way. Moreover, had +he manoeuvred the Mexicans out of Churubusco, it would have been +necessary to fight them elsewhere, when they would probably have been +more ready to fight; the moral effect of this victory on both armies +would not have been gained; and our military annals would not have +contained this page. The moral effect on the Mexicans, however, was +largely offset by pride in the stubborn resistance they had offered, +and by the armistice that Scott immediately offered. One could not +always determine just where firing, heard from a distance, was taking +place. Probably for this reason we have inconsistent reports that make +it impossible to determine precisely where and when the battle began. +The Sixth Infantry, moving toward the bridge a considerable distance +in advance of Worth himself, were said to have received the first fire +from the convent (Hoffman: Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1076), but Scott reported +that the attack upon the convent began some time before that upon the +bridgehead. Stevens (I. I. Stevens, 198) supports him. The writer in +“Apuntes” says that Worth was checked by ammunition wagons in the road, +and that Santa Anna, seeing this, recalled Pérez to defend the bridge; +but the wagons appear to have caused no such delay as this writer +assumed. The rest of Santa Anna’s force (which this writer says kept +on towards Mexico) was mainly cavalry, and presumably this cavalry +assisted in flanking Shields. Brev. Lieut. Col. C. F. Smith’s battalion +consisted of two companies from the Second Artillery, one from the +Fifth Infantry and one from the Eighth Infantry (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 316).</p> + +<p>The Fifteenth, but only one battalion (commanded by Capt. Wood) of the +Twelfth Infantry was with Pierce, and a battery of mountain howitzers. +Pierce, who had been thrown from his horse the day before, fainted +and fell out before coming into action, so Shields commanded both +brigades. Lee was the engineer officer with Shields. Seeing the need +of more troops, he went back to Scott and obtained the Mounted Rifles +and a troop of the Second Dragoons, but these men did not reach the +spot in time to fight. Scott has been criticized for not sending a +stronger force in this direction; but in fact he did not even retain +an escort, and the Rifles were Twiggs’s reserve (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. +309). The South Carolina regiment, commonly known as the “Palmettoes,” +was made up of superior material. Men fit to be officers were in the +ranks. Shields’s movement was partly based on a misapprehension, for +the Mexicans could retreat from Churubusco <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">via</em> Mexicaltzingo; but +anyhow it was wise to aid the frontal attack on the bridge by applying +pressure on the flank. Shields seems to have marched too far north to +coöperate effectively with the attack upon the bridgehead. Presumably +he did so in order to reach Santa Anna’s rear. The combined effect of +this movement and the outflanking of the Mexican left was to extend the +American line enormously, and expose it to a (happily very improbable) +counter-attack. At about three o’clock the Americans were in three +sections, badly separated by distance or by the enemy, while the +Mexicans, besides fighting behind strong defences, were all actually or +virtually in touch one with another, and able to give mutual support.</p> + +<p>Shields naturally overestimated the numbers opposed to him. Perhaps +the Victoria and Hidalgo battalions from San Antonio passed along the +highway to Mexico at this time. They would not fight. They thought +hunger, sunburn and blistered feet bad enough. The Americans believed +that they fought at least 32,000 men on Aug. 20 (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. +313); but this was a great exaggeration. Rangel’s brigade was in<a class="pagenum" id="Page_385" title="385"></a> +town; Alvarez’s was far away; and there must have been a large number +of soldiers guarding the fortifications, and attending to the general +requirements of the service. The number fighting that day on the +Mexican side seems to have been about 16,000, though Mexican authors +have tried to reduce it to 12,000 or 13,000 (<em>e.g.</em> Roa Bárcena, +Recuerdos, 375).</p> + +<p>Scott’s dragoons were divided and assigned to special duties at this +time (Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 38). Pillow and a part of his troops joined +Worth, but figured very little in reports of the fighting. The Eleventh +and Fourteenth Infantry attempted to cut the Mexican line from the +bridge to the convent, but on account of the heavy fire were ordered to +lie down. Col. Andrews explained that his regiment (Voltigeurs) came +up later than Worth’s division, and could not fire without endangering +troops ahead of him (Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 122); but this is not +convincing, for he must have left Coyoacán at about noon, and there was +room enough at the front.</p> + +<p>It was stated at Puebla in October, 1847, that 260 Americans fought +with the Mexicans at Churubusco (<cite>Flag of Freedom</cite>, i, no. 1). Some of +these men cut their way through (<a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 30, Perdigón +Garay), and reached Mexico (<em>ibid.</em>, Rangel). Some eighty appear +to have been captured. They were fairly tried. A number were found +not guilty of deserting, and were released. About fifteen (Hartman, +Journal, 18), who had deserted before the declaration of war, were +merely branded with a “D,” and fifty of those taken at Churubusco were +executed (<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 296). There was bitter complaint +because any were spared, but Scott declared he would rather be put +to the sword with his whole army than do an injustice in the matter +(Davis, Autobiog., 226), and urged the courts to find grounds for +reducing the number of executions (<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>notes on letter to Ho. +of Repres.). It was said that more than once the American deserters +killed Mexicans who tried to raise a white flag at the convent. For the +deserters and their fate consult: <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Caryton to Lambert, Sept. +1; <cite>Picayune</cite>, Sept. 8; Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 319, 344; Ballentine, Eng. +Sold., ii, 230; <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 30 (Rangel, Perdigón Garay); +Judah, diary; <cite>Amer. Star</cite>, Mexico, Sept. 20; <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Sept. 2; +<cite>Flag of Freedom</cite>, Puebla, i, no. 1; <a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary; Negrete, +Invasión, iii, app., 452; Hartman, Journal, 17–8; Scott, <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>gen. +orders 281–3; Davis, Autobiog., 224–7). Hancock and Longstreet, +destined to be on opposite sides at Gettysburg, here fought together. +Twiggs was at this time under fire (Stevens, Stevens, i, 199). Rives +(U. S. and Mexico, ii, 493) explains the stiff defence of the convent +as due to the presence of “men of Spanish (not Indian) descent”; +but (1) the Victoria and Hidalgo battalions, which would not fight +(<em>supra</em>) were still more truly “Spanish” (vol. ii, p. 3), and (2) the +nearly worthless officers were always of such descent.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.20">20.</a> Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 465, 478. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 313–4, +348, 384. Ho. 24; 31, 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rincón to S. Anna, Aug. 26. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Quijano, Sept. 3. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Olaguíbel, Aug. 27. Ramírez, +México, 299. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Dec. 17 (S.Anna). <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Alcorta, +Aug. 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Caryton to Lambert, Sept. 1. Semmes, Service, 408. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Report, Aug. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Intercepted letters, <em>passim</em>. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Cuerpo Médico, report, Aug. 24.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N26.21">21.</a> Mich. Pioneer Soc. Colls., ii, 173. Stevens, Stevens, i, 199. +Encarnacion Prisoners, 55. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 278–80. Sen. 1; 30, +1, p. 331. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 464 (Lee). Apuntes, 247. Roa Bárcena, +Recuerdos, 377.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_386" title="386"></a></p> + + +<h3>XXVII. NEGOTIATIONS</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.1">1.</a> <em>The American situation after the battles of Aug. 20.</em> +<a class="noteref" href="#src260">260</a>Henshaw, comments on map. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Trousdale, Aug. 22. +<a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw to wife, Aug. 21, etc. <a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw narrative. +Vedette, vii, no. 9 (Toll). St. Louis <cite>Republican</cite>, Sept. 27. Sen. +1; 30, 1, p. 314 (Scott). Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 284–5, 294. +McSherry, El Puchero, 88, 100. <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to daughter, Sept. 2. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>N. C. to Elizabeth Miller, Nov. 30. Semmes, Service, 413. +London <cite>Chronicle</cite>, Nov. 12. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Feb. 5, 1848 (Pierce). +<a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 129 (Scott). Semi-weekly N. +Y. <cite>Courier and Enquirer</cite>, Mar. 1, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src358">358</a>Williams to father, +Oct. 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce to wife, Aug. 23. Davis, Autobiography, 189. +<a class="noteref" href="#src350">350</a>Weber, recolls. <a class="noteref" href="#src303">303</a>Shields to Quitman, Aug. 21. +<a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Scott’s statement to court of inquiry, +Apr. 17, 1848. Gamboa, Impug., 49. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Sept. 9. Sen. 65; 30, 1, +p. 460 (Turnbull).</p> + +<p>Semmes (Service, 413) says that eventually Scott had to disperse the +elements of peace, and incorrectly adds that they seemed to reassemble +all the more rapidly. But Scott had reason to believe that what it +required months to do later could be done now in only a few weeks. He +reported that understanding his nation’s desire for peace and “Willing +to leave something to this republic—of no immediate value to us—on +which to rest her pride, and to recover temper—I halted our victorious +corps at the gates of the city” (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 314). Even the fiery +Worth deemed it best not to enter Mexico at this time (<a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>to +daughter, Sept. 2).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.2">2.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Marcy to Bancroft, Apr. 28. Polk, Messages, May 11; +June 16, 1846; Feb. 10, 1847 (Richardson, iv, 437, 451, 511). Ho. 60; +30, 1, pp. 328 (Scott); 334 (Marcy). <a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>Benton MS. (with Polk’s +notes) received by Polk, July 4, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Worth to Bliss, Nov. +29; Dec. 14, 1846.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.3">3.</a> Bankhead reported, Oct. 10, 1846, that he was weary of arguing in +favor of treating with the United States; that the dominant faction, +positively refusing to negotiate, were crying, “A levy of 40,000 and +make terms only on the other side of the Nueces!”</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.4">4.</a> <em>The overture of July, 1846.</em> Sen. 107; 29, 2, pp. 1–3. Sen. +1; 29, 2, pp. 43–4. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, nos. 93, July 13; 107, Aug. +13; 119, Sept. 28; 130, Nov. 12, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead to Pakenham, +Oct. 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, June 13. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Locomotor</cite>, June 27. +<a class="noteref" href="#src158">158</a>Cobb to wife, June 4. <cite>National</cite>, June 22. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Pregonero</cite>, June +11. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, June 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Buchanan to Conner, Oct. 1. +<a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Conner, July 19. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, nos. 92, 104, 105, June +29; July 30; 125, Aug. 31; 128–30, Sept. 7, 1846. Rejón to Buchanan, +Aug. 31 (in <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Relaciones</span>, 1846). Polk, Diary, Sept. +19, 20, 26. Buchanan, Works (Moore), vii, 40, 82, 87. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Indicador</cite>, +Aug. 27. <cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, Sept. 28. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Dec. 6, 13, 25. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Black, May 21; June 9; July 4. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a><em>Id.</em>to Conner, +July 9; Aug. 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Pommarès to Gregory, July 2. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a><em>Id..</em> +to Conner, July 4, 21; Aug. 12. Reeves, Amer. Diplomacy, 298. Polk, +Message, Dec. 8 (Richardson, iv, 494). <a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>Mackenzie, July 7. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Comandante, V. Cruz, Aug. 26. See vol. i, pp. 217, 502, 504.</p> + +<p>Sept. 26 Buchanan replied to Rejón that the United States did not wish +to ignore in the <em>peace negotiations</em> the causes of the war, since to +do that would be to abandon the just claims of the United States (Polk, +Diary, Sept. 26; Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 44). The necessity of explaining +his<a class="pagenum" id="Page_387" title="387"></a> previous despatch illustrated once more the Mexican superiority in +diplomatic fencing. Buchanan added that delay would make it the harder +to end the conflict. Polk regarded the Mexican reply as a refusal +to treat (Diary, Sept. 19). In consequence he proposed aggressive +operations in Tamaulipas (chap. xiii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_263">p. 263</a>) and the imposition of +contributions in lieu of paying for needed supplies (chap. xxxiii, <a href="#Page_264">p. +264</a>). Buchanan, however, directed Conner to notify Slidell, who was +still on waiting orders at New Orleans, whenever the Mexican government +should announce that it was “disposed” to treat (<a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Oct. 1).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.5">5.</a> Polk, Diary, July 26, 30, 31; Aug. 1, 4, 7, 8, 10, 1846. <em>Id.</em>to +Senate, Aug. 4, 8 (Richardson, Messages, iv, 456, 466). <em>Id..</em>, Message, +Dec. 8, 1846 (<em>ib.</em>, 494–5). Benton, View, ii, 681–2. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, +29, 1, pp. 1211–21. See also the long debates on the subject in Senate +and House, Jan. and Feb., 1847 (<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>). Von Holst, United +States, iii, 293. Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 40, note, 45 (Sevier), 60 +(Cass). Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, Feb. 17, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Mora to Palmerston, May +26, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, May 24; June 8, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, June 11, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton to Bankhead, June 14, 1847. (Consul Black notified) +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 40, Mar. 29, 1847. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Aug. 12, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Polk to Bancroft, Jan. 30, 1847. <cite>Daily Telegraph</cite>, Oct. 16, +1852.</p> + +<p>The request for two millions apparently grew out of the negotiation +with Santa Anna; see chap. ix, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#N9.38">note 38</a>. Polk’s object was probably to +be able to supply funds promptly to the Mexican administration making +a treaty, and to satisfy it that it would be able to gain the needful +military support. The three millions could not be used until after +Mexico should have ratified the treaty (Benton, Abr. Deb., xvi, 46 +(Berrien), 60 (Cass); Washington <cite>Telegraph</cite>, Oct. 18, 1852), and the +government was required to account for the expenditure of the money (U. +S. Stat. at Large, ix, 174; Benton, Abr. Deb., xvi, 45). An improper +use of it was therefore impossible.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.6">6.</a> <em>The overture of January, 1847.</em> Ho. 85; 29, 2. Washington +<cite>Union</cite>, Oct. 9, 1846 (N. Y.); Apr. 22; June 11, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Matson +to Conner, Feb. 20, 1847. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 36–7. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Conner to +wife, Feb. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Benton to Buchanan, Jan. 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Atocha +to Buchanan, July 3. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Buchanan to Atocha, Jan. 18; to Scott +and Perry, Apr. 23. <cite>Niles</cite>, May 1, p. 129; May 15, p. 162. Von +Holst, United States, iii, 332. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier des Etats Unis</cite>, Aug. 15, +1846. Buchanan, Works (Moore), vii, 198, 211. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, nos. +141, Sept. 29, 1846; 16, Mar. 2, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, +no. 444, res., Mar. 1. Tributo á la Verdad, 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src58">58</a>Dobson, +Feb. 14. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Epoca</cite>, Feb. 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a>Gefe V. C. dept. to gov., Feb. +9. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Don Simplicio</cite>, Feb. 17. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Aug. 18. Webster, Writings, +ix, 158. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Black, Feb. 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, nos. 107, Aug. +13, 1846; 40, Mar. 29; 56, Apr. 28, 1847. <cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, June +10, 1845; May 3, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Shannon to Cuevas, Mar. 1, 1845. +<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>A clipping from <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>. Polk, Diary, Nov. 7, 1846; +Jan. 12–19; Mar. 20, 1847. <cite>Picayune</cite>, May 6, 1847. <cite>Delta</cite>, Mar. 13. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Morales, Feb. 9.</p> + +<p>At Atocha’s suggestion the American commissioners were to have power +to suspend hostilities after actually meeting Mexican commissioners. +Such was Webster’s idea (Writings, ix, 158). The plan would have +given Mexico a fine opportunity to protract the negotiations, let our +war expenses accumulate, and cause our war spirit to languish. The +Mexican reply said that the Texas affair [besides being atrocious in +itself] was “a cover to ulterior designs, which now stand disclosed” +(Sen. 1; 30,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_388" title="388"></a> <a class="noteref" href="#src1">1</a>, p. 37). The failure of the overture naturally +angered Polk, and he declared for a most energetic military movement +against the capital (Diary, Mar. 20). In April Atocha, who loved to +represent himself as “sole agent for Santa Anna’s gamecocks and all, +and his particular friend in every respect” (<a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Conner, Feb. +17), returned to Mexico ostensibly on private business, but with +<a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>letters of introduction from the government to Scott, Shields +and Perry. “O God”, exclaimed <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">El Republicano</cite>, “send unto us shells, +rifles, shot and every kind of projectiles and misfortunes; burn and +destroy us, reduce us to ashes, annihilate us, but ... permit not that +Atocha be the broker of a treaty of peace!”</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.7">7.</a> <em>The Mexican attitude.</em> Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 190, 205–12 +(Trist), 174. <cite>Picayune</cite>, May 12; July 8; Oct. 15, 17. Apuntes, 264. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, nos. 42–3, Apr. 30; 58, May 29; 83, Aug. 29. Polk, +Diary, Apr. 16. Ramírez, México, 224, 234, 239, 248, 263, 271, 275. +Meade, Letters, i, 180. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 44. México en 1847, 34. +<a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Undated clipping from N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite> describing a Mexican society +to promote annexation to U. S. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Mexican letter, Orizaba, +[Sept., 1847]. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 40, Mar. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead +to Pak., Oct. 10, 1846. Semmes, Service, 426. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Belton to +Hitchcock, Aug. 23. Ocampo, Obras, 263. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, Oct. 24, 1846; +May 8, 11; June 9, 11, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Esperanza</cite>, Aug. 8, 1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Eco de +Tampico</cite>, Nov. 11, 1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Zempoalteca</cite>, July 15, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Speaker +in México legislature, Apr. 21. London <cite>Times</cite>, July 15; Oct. 27; Nov. +6, 16, 1846; Jan. 8, 13; Feb. 9; Mar. 15; May 10, 1847. Tributo á la +Verdad, 27. M’Sherry, El Puchero, 189. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, +no. 332, res., Sept. 24, 1846. Encarnacion Prisoners, 83. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Opinion del +Ejército</cite>, Nov. 13, 1846. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>,29, 2, app., 211 (Corwin); 323 +(Calhoun). <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Eayres to S. Anna, Oct. 10, 1846; reply, Oct. 21. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Black, Sept. 22, 28, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Mex. ayunt. to gov. Fed. +District, Sept. 3, 1847. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 36. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Sept. +28; Oct. 6, 27, 1846; Apr. 22; May 22; July 10; Aug. 5; Oct. 5, 1847. +<cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, Nov. 7, 1846; Feb. 5, 1847. N. Y. <cite>Express</cite>, Nov. +12, 1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Iris Español</cite>, Oct. 30, 1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Regenerador Repub.</cite>, Dec. +23, 1846. Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 58–9 (Calhoun). <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Cushing +to Buchanan, Oct. 31, 1847. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Constitutionnel</cite>, Nov. 10; Dec. 5, 1846; +Aug. 17, 1847. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Correspondant</cite>, Sept. 15, 1846. London <cite>Globe</cite>, Nov. +16, 1846. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 270. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 144. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Sept. 2; Nov. 14, 18, 1846; Apr. 21, 29; May 15, 17, +27, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Oct. 8; Nov. 21; Dec. 20, 23, 1846; Feb. 13, 14; +Mar. 31; Apr. 11; May 5, 21, 23, 25; June 10, 18; July 8; Aug. 29, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mora, Apr. 23, 1847. See also chap. xxxiv, <a href="#N34.21">note 21</a>, +and the corresponding text.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.8">8.</a> <em>Appointment of Trist.</em> Polk, Diary, Dec. 3, 4, 9, 1846; +Jan. 18; Apr. 10, 14, 16, 21–2, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Buchanan to Trist, +July 13, 1847. Mansfield, Mexican War, 275. Hitchcock, Fifty +Years, 310. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist to Buchanan, July 31, private. Ho. 69; +30, 1, p. 43 (Buchanan). <a class="noteref" href="#src57">57</a>Trist, reports. Polk, Message, +Dec. 7, 1847 (Richardson, iv, 536). Benton, View, ii, 704. Chase, +Polk Administration, 215–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Mrs. Trist to T., July 13. +<a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Blair to Van Buren, Dec. 26, 1846; July 7, 1847. <cite>Delta</cite>, +May 1, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Mann, Dec. —, 1853 (draft). +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Document by Trist <em>re</em> his wife. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, draft +of letter to the <cite>Times</cite>. <cite>Amer. Hist. Review</cite>, x, 312–4 (Reeves). +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Felton, June 14, 18—. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a><em>Id..</em>, memorial +(draft). <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Buchanan, Aug. 28, 1845 (appointing Trist chief +clerk). For Buchanan: <a class="noteref" href="#src354">354</a>Welles papers; <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Mar. +10, 1848 (Landa); Poore, Perley’s Remins., i, 332.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_389" title="389"></a><a class="notenum" id="N27.9">9.</a> <em>Trist’s early relations with Scott in Mexico.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist’s +credentials, etc. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Walker to Trist Apr. 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Buchanan +to Relaciones, Apr. 15. <cite>Pennsylvanian</cite>, Apr. 18. Boston <cite>Post</cite>, +Apr. 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to wife, Apr. 18, 25, 28; May 4, 8, 15, 21, +etc.; to Buchanan, May 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist’s sister to T., May 22. +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, drafts and memoranda. Scott, Mems., ii, 399–401, +576, 579. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 150, 153, 159, 181 (Trist); 126, 135, +157, 172 (Scott); 123, 128, 131 (Marcy); 108–9. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Buchanan to +Trist, July 13, private. Ho. 69; 30, 1, pp. 43, 47, etc. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist +to Scott, May 9. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 940 (Marcy); 993, 1218 (Scott). +Kenly, Md. Vol., 336. Mansfield, Scott, 364. Polk, Diary, Apr. 15, +16; June 12–15; July 9, 13, 15, 17; Aug. 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Buchanan to +Trist, July 13. London <cite>Times</cite>, July 15; Aug. 16 (Genevese traveller: +Scott warned). Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 38. Polk, Message, Dec. 7, 1847 +(Richardson, iv, 535). <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Scott to Semmes, May 9. <a class="noteref" href="#src48">48</a>Mason +to Perry, Apr. 15, confid. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Scott, Sept. 30 (draft). +Oswandel, Notes, 155–6. Semmes, Service, 197–201. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Blair to +Van Buren, Mar. 3, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Ho. Repres., Feb. 12, 1848 +(draft). Sen. 107; 29, 2, p. 3 (Buchanan to Conner, July 27, 1846). +<a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Mason to Buchanan, June 28. N. Y. <cite>Courier and Enquirer</cite> in +<cite>Niles</cite>, July 10. Buchanan, Works (Moore), vii, 270–9. <cite>So. Qtrly. +Review</cite>, Apr., 1852, pp. 386–93. (Semmes episode) Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. +976–92. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Felton, June 14, 18—.</p> + +<p>The government desired to keep the despatch of the peace commissioner +secret, lest Whigs should defeat the plan (Polk, Diary, Apr. 16), but a +member of the Cabinet betrayed the fact (<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Mann, Dec. +—, 1853). Scott had been given some reason to expect that he would be +(as he naturally desired to be) one of a peace commission (Mems., ii, +576), as would have been very proper, and no doubt he was not pleased +to find he had been ignored. He was further exasperated at this time +by the arrival of Lieut. Semmes, as a representative of the navy, to +see about the case of a naval prisoner (Rogers: chap. xxx, p. 444), as +if Scott had not been able and willing to attend to the business, and +in fact had not already attended to it (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 989), and +by Semmes’s demand (which had to be refused) for an escort (Semmes, +Service, 198, etc.; Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 977–92). It would not have been +proper to detach one soldier unnecessarily. May 31 Marcy wrote to +Scott that Trist was “directed” to show the General his instructions +(Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 123); but Buchanan used the word “authorised” +(<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>to Trist, July 13). So did Polk (Message, December 7, 1847) +and Marcy to Scott on July 12 (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 133). Polk and the +Cabinet were greatly disturbed by the quarrel between Scott and Trist, +blaming both but of course blaming Scott most. Polk proposed to recall +them, but Marcy said Scott could not be spared at that time, and the +rest of the Cabinet agreed with him (Polk, Diary, June 12, 14; July +9). Polk said Scott had thrown away “the golden moment” to make peace. +But, as Scott knew (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 120), the Mexican Congress +by its law of April 20 (vol. ii, p. 81) had made peace negotiations +practically impossible. A military officer is not expected to execute +an order if the condition of things when he receives it is essentially +different from that known or assumed by his superior at the time of +issuing it. Trist admitted later that he had been misinformed about the +Mexican situation, and was not sorry Scott did not promptly forward the +despatch (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 819, 825). As for the power to grant an +armistice, Scott held that the army, cut off without supplies in the +heart of a hostile country, must be free to take military<a class="pagenum" id="Page_390" title="390"></a> security +for its own safety (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 121). Trist was given authority +to draw any part of the three millions appropriated to facilitate +making a treaty. Buchanan to excuse himself wrote (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>to Trist, +June 14) that Scott would not have replied to Trist as he did, had he +waited to see Trist’s instructions. This amounted to saying that, since +Scott knew nothing about those instructions, his letter was natural. +Marcy admitted (May 31: Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 122) that Scott ought to +have seen the instructions, the projet and Buchanan’s despatch, of +which Trist had a copy. Dec. 26 <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Scott had written privately +to Marcy that he had heard from Congressmen of a plan to place Benton +over him, but did not believe a word of it; and Jan. 16 he again had +expressed his gratitude and loyalty to the President. But it should +not be forgotten that while the administration was entitled to full +credit for its meanness and blundering, the trouble arose primarily +from Scott’s having gone deeply into politics. He was not politically +active now. Jan. 16 he <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>wrote privately to Marcy, “On setting +out, on my present mission, I laid down <em>whiggism</em>, without taking up +<em>democracy</em>,” but the politicians were not fitted to believe this manly +and truthful declaration. The Whigs insisted that Trist had been sent +to embarrass and perhaps to ruin Scott.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.10">10.</a> Thornton, later Sir Edward Thornton, British minister to the +United States, saw Scott also, who gave him to understand that he +should advance against Mexico July 1 or 2 unless a reply to Buchanan’s +despatch should seem probable (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>T. to Addington, June 29). +Thornton believed that Rejón was intriguing with Scott to have the +Americans come to Mexico, install the Puros and make peace with +them, and that Rejón’s party were insisting upon war for this reason +(<em>ibid.</em>). Baranda had tried to catch Scott in some entanglement by +means of secret negotiations through the British legation, but had +failed (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, nos. 47, 54, 1847). Bankhead exerted all his +influence with the government in favor of negotiations. June 22 the +minister of relations replied politely to Buchanan that his despatch +had been referred to Congress, with which the settlement of the matter +rested (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, June 26).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.11">11.</a> Scott <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>wrote to Trist, July 17, to the following +effect: I concur with you, several of my generals and many foreigners +of high standing here and at Mexico in believing that our occupation +of twenty principal towns, besides those we already hold, probably +would not within a year or more force the Mexicans to accept a peace +on terms honorable to the United States without the pledge in advance +or the payment of money to some of the principal authorities. This is +expected as a preliminary to any negotiation. We must pay $10,000 down +to one high official, and $1,000,000, probably to be divided among +many, on the ratification of a treaty. With your concurrence I sent +$10,000 to Mexico yesterday, and at the proper time I will unite with +you in pledging $1,000,000. I have no question as to the morality of +this course, nor have you. We have tempted the integrity of no one. The +overture, if corrupt, came from parties already corrupted. We merely +avail ourselves of that corruption to obtain an end highly advantageous +to both countries. Such transactions have always been considered +allowable in war. We do not know that this money would not go into the +same channels as that which our government is willing to pay publicly +for territory would go into.</p> + +<p>June 4 Poinsett said he should be “surprised” if the Mexicans could be +made to accept the terms of the United States (<a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>to Van Buren). +June 11 Buchanan said privately he should not be “much disappointed” +should<a class="pagenum" id="Page_391" title="391"></a> the war continue for years (<a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>to Frémont). July 16 +Marcy could see no hopes of terminating it (<a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>to Wetmore). +Hence the fears of Trist and Scott do not seem unreasonable. The +$1,000,000 was to have been deducted from the sum to be paid by the +United States government (<a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Hitchcock, memo.) Who the intended +go-between was cannot be stated, though on settling his accounts Scott +told confidentially who received the $10,000 (Scott in N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, +Nov. 3, 1857); but there is reason to believe that it was Miguel +Arroyo, who will presently appear as secretary to the Mexican peace +commissioners. It has been said (Rives, U. S. and Mexico, ii, 501) +that Scott acted as he did with reference to peace because anxious to +get back to the United States for personal political reasons. Had this +been true, Scott would have resigned under the cloud of glory rising +from his capture of Mexico City. We have political letters written by +Taylor at this period, but Scott seems to have shown no such activity. +On the other hand he wrote to Marcy (<a href="#N27.9">note 9</a>), “On setting out, on my +present mission, I laid down <em>whiggism</em>.”</p> + +<p>July 16 Scott mentioned the subject of paying for a treaty to a +number of his principal officers at what came to be called improperly +a council, stating (<em>cf. supra</em>) that he felt no scruples about it +(Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 257). Pillow, who had already assented +heartily to the plan (Claiborne, Quitman, i, 317), supported that view +of it strongly (<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Shields to Marcy, Mar. 11, 1848). Quitman, +Shields and Cadwalader opposed it. Probably their opinions had no +practical effect, for Scott had already committed himself, and the +Mexicans soon ceased to desire peace. July 7 Trist sent to Buchanan a +copy of a note written by him (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>to Thornton) which could hardly +fail to suggest to a politician that something peculiar was afoot, +and early in August “Gomez,” an army correspondent of the St. Louis +<cite>Republican</cite>, gave some account of the negotiations (published Nov. 22, +republished by the Baltimore <cite>Sun</cite>, Dec. 6). Polk and the Cabinet made +no sign, however. But on Oct. 28 and January 18 Pillow, now a bitter +enemy of Scott, wrote to Polk about the affair (Polk Diary, Dec. 11, +18, 20, 28, 1847; Feb. 16, 19, 1848), pretending (<a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Hitchcock, +memo.) that Scott had beguiled him into supporting the plan, and that +his better nature had almost immediately reacted against it. Pillow +and Polk doubtless thought that here lay an opportunity to do Scott a +great injury, and took the matter up with much apparent indignation; +and in March, 1848, Marcy confidentially ordered the officers sitting +in the Pillow court of inquiry to make an investigation (Polk, Diary, +Mar. 14, 16; <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Marcy, Mar. 17). They did what they could, +but the investigation came to nothing, for Trist and Scott would +not implicate the British legation. See <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>proceedings of the +court and statements of generals; <cite>Daily Democrat</cite>, Chicago, Sept. +15, 1857; <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Towson, Mar. 17, 1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Scott +to Marcy, Jan. 28, 1848, and Shields to Marcy, Feb. 12, 1848; Davis, +Autobiography, 177; <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Hitchcock, memo.; Claiborne, Quitman, i, +326; <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>memo. Scott overlooked the facts that such a bargain +could not be kept secret indefinitely, and that, even if ethically +justifiable and in accordance with the practice of giving presents +to Indian chiefs and Barbary pirates, it would give great offence to +American pride. The latter point was urged forcibly by Shields. To buy +peace of a vanquished enemy seemed to him and Quitman humiliating and +degrading.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.12">12.</a> <em>The Puebla negotiations.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist to Buchanan, +nos. 7, June 13; 9, July 23 (and P. S., July 25); 12, Aug. 22. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Thornton to Trist, July 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton to Bankhead, +June 14; to Addington, June 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a><a class="pagenum" id="Page_392" title="392"></a>Pakenham, no. 116, Sept. +13, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Scott, June 25, confidential; July 16, +confidential. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Worth to Trist, July 2, 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Atocha +to Buchanan, July 3. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>[Thornton] to Hargous, undated. +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Thornton, July 3. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Scott to Trist, July +17; to P. F. Smith, July 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Buchanan, no. 8, July +7. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>—— to Trist, July 8. St. Louis <cite>Republican</cite>, Nov. 22. +Baltimore <cite>Sun</cite>, Dec. 6. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, May 21, 23–5; June 8, 26, 27; July +2, 18, 24–6; Aug. 18. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, May 13; June 18, 25, 27–8. +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>—-- to ——, July 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Otero to Pesado, July 13. +<cite>Picayune</cite>, June 30; Aug. 8; Oct. 1, 15. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, June 24–5. +Scott, Mems., ii, 579. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Semmes to Perry, July 28. Claiborne, +Quitman, i, 314–21, 326. Polk, Diary (see <a href="#N27.11">note 11</a>). <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Quitman +to Marcy, Mar. 9, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Pillow to Marcy, Jan. 18, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Buchanan to Trist, no. 7, Dec. 21, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Shields to +Marcy, Mar. 9, 1848. Raleigh <cite>Star</cite>, Aug. 25, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Wilson +to Marcy, July 31; Aug. 1. London <cite>Times</cite>, May 10; Aug. 6; Sept. 6. +Ramírez, México, 239, 255–6, 263, 271. Davis, Autobiography, 177–8, +207–9. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Hitchcock, Memorandum. N. Y. <cite>Courier and Enquirer</cite>, +Mar. 1, 2, 1848. <cite>Missouri Republican</cite>, Sept. 16, 1857. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Scott +to Marcy, Jan. 28, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Shields to Marcy, Feb. 12, 1848. +Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 38, 40. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 44. Sen. 34; 34, 3, pp. +21, 37–9. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 144, 150, 229, 232, 235, 238, 240, +259–61, 269–70. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Thornton, July 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>E. E. +Smith to Trist, Aug. 31. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Scott, Sept. 30 (draft). +<a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, July 16; Oct. 21. Otero, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Comunicación.</span> +<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Dictamen de la Comisión</span>, etc., 29, 30. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, May 8, 21; June +9, 28. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>J. J. Otero, proclam., Apr. 25. Negrete, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Invasión</span>, iii, +app., 115–20. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>J. A. Jones to Polk, May 2. <cite>Delta</cite>, July 15. +Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 260–1, 264–9, 326. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Scott to Marcy, +Apr. 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, nos. 184, Dec. 30, 1846; 6, Jan. 29; 34, +Apr. 1; 42, 46, Apr. 30; 47, May 6; 54, 58–60, May 29; 61, June 26; 67, +June 29; 75, July 29, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Scott to Towson <em>et al.</em>, Apr. 17, +1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>H. L. Scott to Trist, May 29, 1852. Wash. <cite>Telegraph</cite>, +Oct. 13, 22, 1852. London <cite>Chronicle</cite>, Aug. 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to +Scott, Sept. 1, 1861. Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 524–5. <a class="noteref" href="#src56">56</a>M. Y. Beach, +June 4. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, June 2; July 10; Aug. 5, 20. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, +May 22, Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 830 (Trist); 945, 1011, 1085 (Scott); 922 +(Marcy). <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Atocha to Buchanan, July 3; Aug. 1; Sept. 4, 21. +<a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Dimond to Buchanan, Aug. 2. Klein, Treaty, 255. Buchanan, +Works (Moore), vii, 484. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Nov. 3, 1857 (Scott). Furse, +Organization, 143. Réplica á la Defensa. Semmes, Service, 310, +413. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. 517, June 29. Apuntes, 199. +<a class="noteref" href="#src185">185</a>—— to Lewis, July 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, marginal notes on +Sen. 52; 30, 1. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 135, 172 (Scott); 181–6, 231–46, +306 (Trist); 194 (S. Anna). <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Orders for Guzmán and Avila. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Alvarez, July 16.</p> + +<p>Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 149) represents Scott as desiring a +reconciliation with Trist in order to play a brilliant part in bringing +about peace and so increase his political popularity. This view, +which befits a pupil and friend of Pillow and furthers the purpose of +both to injure Scott, is disproved by a number of circumstances and +particularly by the fact that, after the reconciliation took place, +Scott, while ready to do all in his power for peace—even at the +sacrifice of military glory—kept himself entirely in the background +so far as that business was concerned. July 23, 1847, Trist wrote to +Buchanan: Scott’s whole conduct with reference to the duties with which +I am charged “has been characterized by the purest public spirit, and +a fidelity and devotion which could not be sur<a class="pagenum" id="Page_393" title="393"></a>passed, to the views of +the government, in regard to the restoration of peace” (Ho. 60; 30, +1, p. 831). Aiming to further the negotiations with Santa Anna, Scott +sent from Puebla to Mexico a <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Memorandum that he would advance +and would either defeat the Mexicans in view of the capital (if they +would offer battle) or capture a strong position, and then, if able to +restrain his troops, would halt and give the Mexicans an opportunity to +save the capital by making peace (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 524). Ripley (War +with Mexico, ii, 167–9) endeavors to relate this honorable incident in +a way to represent Scott as the dupe of Santa Anna and to compliment +Pillow. But the fact that for good and purely American reasons the +general-in-chief pursued this very course after the negotiations had +ended, refutes Ripley; and it also proves that in offering to make that +agreement Scott did not allow his military plans to be influenced by +the enemy, as was charged, for by the morning of Aug. 20, as no sign +of a disposition to treat had met Scott, he regarded the Memorandum +and every other vestige of an understanding as no longer binding upon +him “in any degree” (<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Scott to court, Apr. 17, 1848, confid.). +Scott was ready, in the interest of his country and humanity, to do +anything, compatible with his duty, to obtain peace.</p> + +<p>Rives (<em>op. cit.</em>, ii, 445) states that in consequence of a letter of +July 16 from Pacheco, minister of relations, to Congress a committee +of Congress reported that the restrictions placed by the law of Apr. +20 on the prerogatives of the Executive had been removed by the recent +“Act of Reforms” of the Constitution. This would have been an important +point; but the facts are that the committee’s report, now lying before +the author, was dated July 13 and did not mention the law of Apr. 20, +and that Congress was not in session to receive Pacheco’s reply of July +16 to its report (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 9, July 23).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.13">13.</a> Pacheco asked Bankhead to use his good offices with Scott to +save the city from sack; but as neither the United States nor Mexico +had shown favor to the offer of British mediation, he would not act. +It is hard to see how, with due regard to Polk’s declarations and the +real desire of the United States for peace, Scott could have taken the +risk of scattering the Mexican government and the elements of peace by +refusing to remain outside the city for a time; and remaining outside +involved an armistice, because—for one thing—the only large stock +of provisions on which he could count lay in town. Hence censure of +Scott for making the armistice came from Polk with a very bad grace +(<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 22; <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.14">14.</a> <em>The making of the armistice.</em> Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 186, +190, 231–2 (Trist); 189 (Pacheco), 192 (Scott). <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist to +Buchanan, no. 12, Aug. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Bankhead to Trist, Aug. 20, 21. +Contestaciones Habidas, 3–7, 11–19. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Sept. 9. Apuntes, +260–3, 268–9. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 314 (Scott); 356–9. Kenly, Md. Vol., +350. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Scott, statement to court, Apr. 17, 1848, confid. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, nos. 76, Aug. 21; 82, Aug. 29. Raleigh <cite>Star</cite>, +Sept. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. México á través, iv, 681. Hitchcock, +Fifty Years, 279–80, 284–6. Davis, Autobiog., 189, 207, 215–6. +<a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Intercepted letters (Hitchcock, ed.). <a class="noteref" href="#src259">259</a>Intercepted +letter. Chicago <cite>Democrat</cite>, Sept. 15, 1857. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Gates to +adj. gen., Aug. 31. Henshaw narrative. S. Anna, Apelación, +61–2. <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce to wife, Aug. 23; to Appleton, Aug. 27. +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, memo., July 29. Semmes, Service, 412, 415–9, 427, 446. +N. Y. <cite>Courier and Enquirer</cite>, Mar. 1, 1848. Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 170, +178, 191, 196–8, 204, 281, 288, 460, 465, 543. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Rela<a class="pagenum" id="Page_394" title="394"></a>ciones, +circulars, Aug. 23, 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Relaciones to Olaguíbel, Aug. 31, +res. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 5, res., Aug. 28. Negrete, Invasión, iii, +app., 447–8; iv, app., 286. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, notes on a letter to +Ho. of Repres., Feb. 12, 1848. Wash. <cite>Telegraph</cite>, Oct. 13, 1852. +<a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, diary. Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 114. <cite>So. Qtrly. +Review</cite>, July, 1852, pp. 112–6. S. Anna, Detall, 16. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, +Dec. 12 (S. Anna, report, Nov. 19). <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 30 (F. +Pérez, statement, June 17, 1853). Ramírez, México, 301. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, +Nov. 3. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Lombardini, Aug. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Tornel to Lombardini, +Aug. 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Circulars, Aug. 26; Sept. 1, 6, 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Many +others. Mora was accompanied by Arrangóiz, lately Mexican consul at New +Orleans.</p> + +<p>Quitman and Pierce, who had not been able to distinguish themselves +in the recent battles, and P. F. Smith were armistice commissioners +for the Americans and Generals Mora and Quijano for the Mexicans. They +met at Mackintosh’s house. In brief the terms, as drawn up, were as +follows: 1, cessation of hostilities; 2, to continue while the peace +commissioners are negotiating or forty-eight hours after one of the +commanders-in-chief gives formal notice of its termination; 3, during +the armistice no military work, offensive or defensive, shall be +begun, enlarged or reinforced; 4, neither army shall be reinforced; +troops and munitions <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en route</em> shall stop twenty-eight leagues [about +seventy-five miles] from Mexico; 5, no troops of either side shall +advance “beyond the line now actually occupied”; 6, the intermediate +ground shall not be trespassed upon by military men except when acting +as messengers or engaged under a white flag on other business; 7, +neither side shall prevent the other from receiving provisions; the +Americans may obtain supplies from city or country; 8, prisoners shall +be exchanged; 9, Americans residing at Mexico and banished thence may +return; 10, either army may send messengers to or from Vera Cruz; 11, +the Americans will not interfere with the administration of justice +when Mexicans are the parties; 12, they will respect private property, +personal rights and trade; 13, wounded prisoners shall be free to move +for treatment and cure; 14, Mexican army health officers may attend +on such Mexicans; 15, commissioners shall superintend the fulfilment +of this agreement; 16, the agreement is to be approved by the +commanders-in-chief within twenty-four hours (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 310). +Santa Anna struck out article 9, but through passports the same end was +reached (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 13); and it was agreed that “supplies” +(<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">recursos</em>) in article 7 should cover everything needed by the army +except arms and munitions. For Scott’s draft see Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 543.</p> + +<p>It is believed that enough has been said in the text to show the wisdom +of making the armistice, and more space cannot be given to the subject. +Any one interested in it should read Trist’s <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>no. 22 (most of +it in Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 231–66). It should be borne in mind that +the Mexicans believed the armistice was greatly for the advantage of +the Americans. Alcorta, minister of war, said that Scott’s purpose in +proposing it was solely to give his troops a needed rest, collect his +wounded, obtain provisions and prepare batteries (Negrete, Invasión, +iii, app., 448). It was believed that his losses had been severe +(<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>undated Mexican letter). The reasons avowed by Santa Anna for +accepting the armistice were to let the troops rest and recover morale, +to gather the wounded and the dispersed, and in general to undo the +effects of the recent battles; also to show the world that Mexico was +willing to discuss peace, and to convince all that the American demands +were unreasonable. The weakest point about the armistice was Scott’s +not requiring that Chapultepec should<a class="pagenum" id="Page_395" title="395"></a> be surrendered or evacuated, +as at one time he intended to do (Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 285). The +reason for his policy was, in brief, that he believed Santa Anna fully +intended to make peace, and, understanding the immense difficulties +that Santa Anna would have to meet, he did not wish to increase them +(<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 13). Besides, magnanimity—which is a strong +quality, not a weak one—to a beaten foe often produces good results. +Perhaps Scott erred on this point; but if so, it was a noble error and +not hastily to be censured. Apparently by oversight, neither Scott +nor Trist had been instructed what to do should the Mexicans ask for +an armistice with a view to peace. Hence Scott was left to take the +course that seemed to him best, and that he did. Pillow claimed great +glory for opposing the unsuccessful armistice. Rives says (U. S. and +Mexico, ii, 501) that Scott was too eager for a return to the United +States to be “critical” of Santa Anna’s honesty. This is to say that +Scott was unfit to be a corporal. Everybody was suspicious of Santa +Anna. See Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 248–52. Rives further says (p. 507) that +Scott should have seen that Santa Anna, situated as he was, would have +accepted any conditions; but Santa Anna certainly would not. He did +not accept our peace terms. Rives also alludes to Scott’s “amiable +weakness” in the matter (p. 508)—very erroneously, the present author +thinks.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.15">15.</a> <cite>Picayune</cite>, Sept. 9; Oct. 16, 17. Gamboa, Impug., 49, 50. +Apuntes, 270–1, 286. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, nos. 77, Aug. 27; 83, Aug. +29. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. Ramírez, México, 275, 303. México á +través, iv, 686. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 280, 287–92, 294. Grant, +Mems., i, 148. Davis, Autobiog., 211. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Intercepted letters +(Hitchcock, <em>ed.</em>). Henshaw narrative. Haynes, Gen. Scott’s Guide. +<a class="noteref" href="#src259">259</a>Intercepted letter. Sen. 19; 30, 2 (M. L. Smith, Nov. 30, +1848). <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce to Appleton, Aug. 27. Lawton, Artill. Officer, +297, 301, 303, 306. <a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Sept. 2, 4, +8. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Belton to Hitchcock, Aug. 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>E. E. Smith to +Trist, Aug. 31. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Memo. in Spanish, Aug. —. Roa Bárcena, +Recuerdos, 415. Semmes, Service, 424. Sen. 11; 31, 1 (Hardcastle). +<a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Relaciones, circular, Aug. 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Alcalde S. Fe to +Olaguíbel, Aug. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Olaguíbel to legislature, Aug. 30; reply, +Sept. 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Valencia to O., Aug. 21, 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>O. to Guerra, +Aug. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Guerra to O., Aug. 24; reply, Aug. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src199">199</a>MS. +written by leading citizen. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, nos. 5, res., Aug. 28; 8, +res., Sept. 17. Encarnacion Prisoners, 81, 83–4. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Nov. +16 (Alvarez). Carreño, Jefes, cccxv, note. <a class="noteref" href="#src260">260</a>Henshaw, comments +on map. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Nov. 3. Apuntes, 271–2. And from <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> the +following (and many others). Alvarez, Aug. 22, 23, 24, 26, 29. To +comandante Toluca, Aug. 24. Acuerdos, Aug. 23, 25, 26, 28, 31; Sept. +1, 4. To Alvarez, Aug. 21, 25, 28. Tornel, Aug. 27, 27, very res., 29. +To Ugarte and comtes. gen. Guanajuato, S. Luis Potosí and Querétaro, +Aug. 29. Cosío, Sept. 6. J. Y. Gutiérrez, Sept. 2, res. To Lombardini, +Aug. 9, 22, 24, 25. Alcorta, Aug. 22. Quijano to Lombardini, Aug. 23, +24. To comte. gen. Mexico, Aug. 27, 29, 30. Bravo, Aug. 28. To Herrera, +Aug. 25. To Relaciones, Aug 27. Tornel to comte. gen., Sept. 4. Pacheco +to Tornel, Aug. 23. Circulars, Aug. 26; Sept. 1, 6, 7. Alvarez to +Olaguíbel, Oct. 30. Olaguíbel, Aug. 27.</p> + +<p>Paredes, who had been banished, landed at Vera Cruz on Aug. 14 +(Paredes, Breve Exposición).</p> + +<p>On August 26 a long train of army wagons went to the capital for +provisions and was turned back; but an explanation came promptly from +Santa Anna. The next day a similar train, while waiting in the main<a class="pagenum" id="Page_396" title="396"></a> +plaza of the city (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Tornel, Aug. 27), was attacked by the +populace because the teamsters appeared to gaze with indifference, if +not insultingly, at a religious procession (Carreño, Jefes, cccxv; +Henshaw narrative). Immediately the prevailing hostility against the +Americans and a suspicion that Santa Anna was planning to introduce +Americans in this way and betray the capital (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Arco Iris</cite>, Nov. 29, +1847) led to a riot, in which six or seven of the Americans were +injured and two killed. Tornel, now governor of the Federal District, +tried without effect to quell the mob; but Herrera, comandante general, +succeeded (Apuntes, 271). Mexican troops defended the wagons (Davis, +Autobiog., 211). Santa Anna felt and expressed deep regret for the +incident (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to Relaciones, Aug. 27), and some Mexican officers +were punished for imprudence (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to comte. gen. Mex., Aug. 27). +Scott viewed the affair philosophically. After this Herrera and Tornel +took precautions (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Tornel, Aug. 29), the business was done at +a very early time in the morning, the wagons did not actually go into +the city (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to comte. gen. Mex., Aug. 29), and an officer of +the American commissary department, disguised as a peasant, had charge +of them. Minor riots occurred later, however, and after a time the +place where the supplies intended for Scott were kept was discovered +and sacked (Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 291). Owing to the non-success +of the negotiations, about $300,000 of American cash had to be left +in the town. Both cash and provisions had been arranged for by the +indefatigable Hargous (<em>ibid.</em>) During the armistice the American +equipments, artillery, etc. were put into the best possible order.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.16">16.</a> Santa Anna had much difficulty in persuading good men to serve +as commissioners. Trist met the Mexican commissioners first on Aug. 27 +at Atzcapuzalco, about eight miles from Tacubaya (Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. +191, 195), but at the second session (Aug. 28) it was agreed to meet +at the house of Alfaro (<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">Casa Colorada</em>) near Tacubaya and within the +Mexican lines. The instructions drafted for the Mexican commissioners, +Aug. 24 and 29, were avowedly drawn as if Mexico had “triumphed,” and +represented merely a basis for bargaining (Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 313–5, +369–71). The commissioners were authorized at first only to receive +and transmit the American propositions; but, believing they would be +given (as they were on Aug. 31: <em>ibid.</em>, 335) full powers, like his +own, to negotiate, Trist laid his projet (<em>ibid.</em>, 326–30) before +them on Aug. 27 (see Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 389, note 1). Aug. 29 +Santa Anna and his Cabinet discussed this (Sen 52; 30, 1, 330). Aug. +30 he discussed it with his generals (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Aug. 31). Sept. 1 the +Mexicans presented to Trist their full powers, and the discussion of +his terms began. Sept. 2 they were discussed further, and, as agreement +was found to be impossible, Trist proposed that the armistice be +extended. A large gathering at the palace then discussed the situation +(Apuntes, 278). Sept. 3 Santa Anna ordered that no more provisions and +other articles that could be useful to the Americans should leave the +city (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to comte. gen. Mex.). Sept. 4 Pacheco, the minister of +relations, issued a <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>circular intimating that unless Trist +should moderate his terms, negotiations would be broken off. Cabinet +consultations followed, however (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 202). Sept. 5 +Pacheco notified the Mexican commissioners that the Nueces-Rio Grande +district and New Mexico would not be surrendered (<em>ibid.</em>, 373–5). +Sept. 6 the final meeting was held and the Mexican counter-projet +presented (<em>ibid.</em>, 375–80). The Spanish chargé had thought that, owing +to Santa Anna’s disposition to jockey, the negotiations would last a +long time. This was<a class="pagenum" id="Page_397" title="397"></a> prevented by Trist’s frank, direct methods. Trist +was now in good health except for a severe toothache. He and Scott +worked in perfect harmony.</p> + +<p>Santa Anna was extremely anxious to gain foreign support and, if +possible, a foreign guaranty of the boundary (<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. +3, res., Aug. 25). Seiffart, the Prussian minister, who had felt +annoyed by the insignificant rôle to which the negative policy of +his government and his own lack of capacity had condemned him, +now broke out with an unauthorized expression of sympathy for +Mexico, and Santa Anna endeavored to use this as a lever on his +colleagues (<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 8, res., Sept. 17). But France +had no representative on the scene. Bankhead, besides entertaining +considerable displeasure because his advice and the British offer +of mediation had not been effective, had been for some months, and +still was, too ill to take a strong position (<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 5, +res., Aug. 28); and Ramón Lozano, the Spanish chargé (the minister +having left for home on the conclusion of the armistice), would not +act without instructions, and personally expressed the opinion that +it would not be easy to obtain a European guaranty of the new line +(<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>nos. 5, res., 8, res.).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.17">17.</a> <em>The negotiations (including S. Anna’s difficulties).</em> Sen. +52; 30, 1, must be studied closely by any one desiring to investigate +the subject, and hence citations of the documents that it contains +need not be given. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist to Buchanan, nos. 13, Aug. 24; +15, Sept. 4, confid. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Thornton to Trist, July 29. Sen. +Report 261; 41, 2. Sen. 20; 30, 1. Ho. 40; 30, 1. Ho. 69; 30, 1, +pp. 43, 47, 56, 59. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Contestaciones Habidas, 1847, with +Trist’s notes, throughout. <cite>Delta</cite>, Nov. 13. <cite>Picayune</cite>, May 12; +June 30; Sept, 9; Oct. 1, 15, 16, 17. Apuntes, 264–9, 277–9, 283, +286. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Buchanan to Trist, no. 3, July 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, +nos. 83, Aug. 29; 87, Sept. 28. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Constitutionnel</cite>, Aug. 17. Ramírez, +México, 234, 241, 271–2, 274, 278, 303. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 287–9. +Davis, Autobiog., 209. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Intercepted letters (Hitchcock, +ed.). <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Buchanan to Bancroft, Sept. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Letter +from member of Congress (intercepted), Aug. 21. Henshaw narrative. +Pacheco, Exposición. <a class="noteref" href="#src284">284</a>Comunicacion que sobre ... dirigió +... Otero. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 483 (Otero). Roa Bárcena, +Recuerdos, 388–408. México en 1847, 34. London <cite>Times</cite>, May 10; Oct. +26. Polk, Message, Dec. 7, 1847; Feb. 2, 1848 (Richardson, Messages, +iv, 536–9). <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce to Appleton, Aug. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Private +letter from Orizaba, undated. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 240, 271. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton to Addington, June 29. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Arco Iris</cite>, Sept. 16. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Opinión Pública</cite>, Aug. 29. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Aug. 31. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>E. E. Smith +to Trist, Aug. 31. <a class="noteref" href="#src83">83</a>Gov. Querétaro to Relaciones, Sept. 4. +<a class="noteref" href="#src83">83</a>Gov. Jalisco to Relaciones, Aug. 31. <a class="noteref" href="#src83">83</a>Farias, Otero +<em>et al.</em>, declaration, Aug. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src83">83</a>Querétaro legislature to +Rel., Sept. 4. Semmes, Service, 414, 426, 446. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. +540. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Gov. S. L. Potosí to Olaguíbel, Aug. 28. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Gov. +Querétaro to O., Aug. 21; reply, Aug. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Relaciones, +circulars, Aug. 23, 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Olag. to Relac., Aug. 26. +<a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Olag., proclam., Aug. 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Relac. to Olag., Aug. 31, +res.; Sept. 6, 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Proceedings of Coalition junta, Aug. 4, +25. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>México legisl., Aug. 27. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Porvenir</cite>, Aug. 24, supplmnt, +<a class="noteref" href="#src199">199</a>MS. written by a leading person. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Gov. Oaxaca to +gov. Puebla, Sept. 9. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. 550, Aug. 21. +<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, nos. 3, res., Aug. 25; 5, res., Aug. 28; 6, Sept. +10; 8, res., Sept. 17. Encarnacion Prisoners, 83. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Coalition +junta to México state, Aug. 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Mexico ayunt. to gov. Fed. +District, Sept. 3. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Feb. 5, 1848. <cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, +Aug. 31. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, May 26, 31; Oct. 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Atocha to +Buchanan, Sept. 4. <cite>Amer. Hist. Review</cite>, x, 319 (Reeves). <cite>Amer. +Review</cite>,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_398" title="398"></a> Jan., 1848, 5–14. <cite>So. Qtrly. Review</cite>, July, 1852, pp. +114–5. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, May 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src181">181</a>Buchanan to Donelson, Jan. 29. +Prieto, Mems., 236. <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to S., July 29; to Marcy, Oct. +30. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. S. Anna, Detall, 16. S. Anna, Mi Historia, +74. <a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a>Relaciones, circular, Sept. 4. and from <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> the +following (and many others). Cosío, Sept. 6. J. Y. Gutiérrez, Sept. 2. +To Herrera, Aug. 25. To Bravo, Aug. 31. To comte. gen. Mexico, Sept. 3. +To Canalizo, Aug. 12. To comte gen. Querétaro, Sept. 4. Gov. Michoacán, +Sept. 3. Alvarez to Olaguíbel, Oct. 30. To Alvarez, Aug. 21.</p> + +<p>Santa Anna said in his manifesto: “A perpetual war is an absurdity; +because war is a calamity, and the instinct of self-preservation, which +is even stronger and more powerful in nations than in individuals, +recommends that no means whatever should be omitted that may lead to an +advantageous arrangement. To adopt this course the constitution gives +me competent authority. Consecrated to interests so noble and highly +privileged, it is my duty to maintain at all cost the respect and +reverence due to the supreme authority with which I am invested .... +I will be yet more explicit: sedition and attempts at subverting the +government shall be exemplarily punished” (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 250). + +(Trist’s “vague remark”) <em>Ibid.</em>, 253.</p> + +<p>The Mexican commissioners were instructed (Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 314, +369–71) to draw Trist into discussions that not only would have given +them opportunities to create awkward dialectic situations, as Rejón and +others had done with reference to Texas, but might have excited fresh +discord in the United States regarding our treatment of Mexico. For +example, they were to ask the motives and aims of the war, and whether +the United States based its expectations upon force or upon friendly +negotiation. The ground was taken that since Mexico was now ready to +give up Texas, all reason for the war had ceased to exist [as if the +fighting that had already occurred, its loss of life, triumphs and +expenses, signified nothing]. It was urged that since no title except +to Texas had been claimed by the United States, we could continue the +war only for the odious sake of conquest or the unheard-of purpose +to punish Mexico because she was unwilling to sell her lands and her +people (see Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 391, 400–1, 588, note 3).</p> + +<p>In justification of his plan to extend the armistice, Trist pointed +out that the American sick and wounded would recover, the rainy reason +end, the inundations diminish, the roads improve and the temperature +fall (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 259). Ripley, on the other hand, asserts (<em>op. +cit.</em> ii, 350) that the Americans would have been “dependent upon the +good faith of the Mexicans for all of the conveniences and many of +the necessaries of life,” and, at the end of forty-five days, after +living in unhealthy villages, would hardly have been fit to act. But +had Santa Anna accepted Trist’s proposal he would have done so with the +strong expectation of peace and American assistance, and hence would +have treated our army well; and Tacubaya, S. Angel and S. Agustín were +not only salubrious but delightful in comparison with the capital, and +free from its temptations. With reference to Trist’s departing from his +instructions by proposing to refer a point back to Washington, it is +interesting to recall Napoleon’s dictum (which bears also on Scott’s +action <em>supra</em> regarding the sealed despatch): “A general-in-chief +cannot exonerate himself from responsibility for his faults by pleading +an order of his sovereign or the minister, when the individual from +whom it proceeds is at a distance from<a class="pagenum" id="Page_399" title="399"></a> the field of operations, and +but partially, or not at all, acquainted with the actual condition of +things” (Maxims, p. 59).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.18">18.</a> There was probably some basis for certain of Santa Anna’s +charges against the American troops. Scott allowed a day to pass, it +was said, in order to enable Americans in town to get away. Ripley +(<em>op. cit.</em>, ii, 352) says this was done to allow unarmed inhabitants +to do so. But it was good policy to prevent such persons from leaving, +and such had been Scott’s course at Vera Cruz (chap. xxii, <a href="#Page_32">p. 32</a>). +Naturally Santa Anna wavered back and forth, and Trist believed that at +about three o’clock, Sept. 5, he almost decided to accept the American +terms (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 251).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.19">19.</a> <em>The termination of the armistice.</em> Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 195–203, +231–66 (Trist); 307, 346, etc. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist to Buchanan, no. 15, +confid., Sept. 4. Sen. 20; 30, 1, pp. 9, 14. Contestaciones Habidas +(1847), 22, 26, 28, 30, 34. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 16. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. +354, 360. <a class="noteref" href="#src303">303</a>H. L. Scott to Quitman, Aug. 31. <cite>National</cite>, +Nov. 14. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 291–4. Haynes, Gen. Scott’s Guide. +<a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw to wife, Sept. 13. London <cite>Times</cite>, Nov. 13. Sen. 34; +34, 3, pp. 21, 37–9. Ho. 40; 30, 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce to wife, Aug. 23. +Lawton, Artill. Officer, 309. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Thornton, confid., +Nov. 24 (the Americans kept the armistice faithfully). <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Memo. +in Spanish, Aug. —. Semmes, Service, 415. Sen. 11; 31, 1 (Hardcastle). +<a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Relaciones to Olaguíbel, Aug. 31, res.; Sept. 6, 8. +<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 7, Sept. 16. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 448. +<a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Tornel to Méx. ayunt., Aug. 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src187">187</a>Thomas to Eddy, Aug. +26. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, Oct. 5. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 67. Ramsey, Other Side, +330, note. And from <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> the following (chiefly showing orders +contrary to the armistice). To Alvarez, Aug. 28. Tornel, Aug. 27, very +res.; Sept. 3. Bravo, Sept. 5. Acuerdos, Sept. 3, 4. Orders to Tenth +Infantry, Aug. 28. To govs. Puebla and four other states, Sept. 6. To +govs. México, Guanajuato, Jalisco, Sept. —. To Relaciones, Aug. 27. S. +Anna, proclam., Sept. 7.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.20">20.</a> <em>The armistice as viewed in the United States.</em> Sen. 52; +30, 1, pp. 138 (Marcy); 231 (Trist, no. 22). Sen. 20; 30, 1, p. 14 +(Trist). Apuntes, 278–9. Polk, Diary, Feb. 7, 19; Mar. 16, 1848. +London <cite>Times</cite>, Oct. 29, Ramírez, México, 241. Polk, Message, Dec. 7, +1847 (Richardson, iv, 536). <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. 42, Oct. 13. Wash. +<cite>Union</cite>, Oct. 4–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, Oct. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src58">58</a>Jones +to Polk, May 2. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 448. <a class="noteref" href="#src354">354</a>Welles +papers. <a class="noteref" href="#src191">191</a>Fairfield to wife, Jan. 10. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Dec. 15. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Dec. 21. Baltimore <cite>Sun</cite>, Oct. 5. Ho. 69; 30, 1, p. +56 (Buchanan). <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Buchanan to Trist, Oct. 24–5, 1847.</p> + +<p>It has been said with truth that the war was waged on the theory that +Texas extended to the Rio Grande, but the United States could have +neutralized (and this is the most that was considered by Trist: Sen. +52; 30, 1, p. 258) the region between that river and the Nueces without +implying in the least that our claim to it had not been valid. The fact +that Santa Anna and Pacheco thought that an extension of the armistice +would benefit the Americans (<em>ibid.</em>, 260) is a striking, though by no +means the only, answer to Polk’s charge that it would have been greatly +to our disadvantage (<em>ibid.</em>, 259). Ramírez (México, 241) pointed +out that inaction was bad for the Mexicans, since they lacked funds +to support troops long. Santa Anna could not materially increase his +army after Sept. 1, and he subsisted it with extreme difficulty (Sen. +52; 30, 1, pp. 259–60). The armistice in general was regarded by the +Mexicans as an American trick.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_400" title="400"></a> The <cite>American Review</cite> (Whig) argued +that the rejection of the counter-projet (which conceded to us Texas as +far as the Nueces and California down to 37 degrees) proved that Polk +was fighting, not for peace, but for conquest; but the counter-projet +did not recognize the American claim to the Rio Grande line nor to an +indemnity for the costs of the war, which Mexico had forced upon us. +Any one interested in the equity of the matter should read the reply to +the Mexican commissioners drafted by Trist (Sen. 20; 30, 1, p. 14).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N27.21">21.</a> <em>Army feeling.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src252">252</a>Mackall to wife, Feb. 21, 1848. +<cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, +271, 290. <b>291</b>Pierce to wife, Aug. 23; Sept. 1. Robertson, Visit, ii, +344. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 309. Diccionario Universal (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Mixcoac</cite>). +Semmes, Service, 414, 427. Calderón, Life, i, 142, 146. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, +Sept. 16. Such scenes were noted with keen appreciation not only +by officers but by privates, as diaries and letters attest. Clear +afternoons and evenings occur now and then even at the height of the +rainy season.</p> + + +<h3>XXVIII. MOLINO DEL REY, CHAPULTEPEC, MEXICO</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.1">1.</a> Hardcastle’s map (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 312) and (as elsewhere) +the author’s observations. <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Oct., 1852. Negrete, +Invasión, iv, app., 295–6. Balbontín, Invasión, 126. Grant, Mems., i, +149. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>J. L. Mason to J. L. Smith, Sept. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Stevens to +Smith, Sept. 25. Semmes, Service, 436, 440. Apuntes, 290–1. <cite>Picayune</cite>, +Aug. 8. <cite>Delta</cite>, Oct. 14. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 355 (Scott), 373 (Sumner), +425–6 (Smith). Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 259. <a class="noteref" href="#src269">269</a>Molina, +recolls.</p> + +<p>The foundry was decreed in July, 1846 (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>report on artillery, +Nov., 1846; <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Guerra</span>, Dec.). The building it occupied +had been a powder mill. The principal entrance to El Molino was by an +archway near the south end. Sept. 5 Scott heard that bells had been +sent to El Molino to be cast into cannon (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 355). Santa +Anna did in fact call for gifts of bells, etc. to be used for military +purposes (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Carrera, Sept. 6).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.2">2.</a> Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 381–2 (S. Anna to Scott, Sept. 6). +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Herrera, Sept. 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src100">100</a>Guerra, circular, Sept. +11. Apuntes, 290–2. S. Anna, Mi Historia, 75. <em>Id..</em>, Detall, 23. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Acuerdo, Sept. 4. Giménez, Memorias, 266. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Alvarez +to S. Anna, Sept. 25. Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., 293. Balbontín, +Invasión, 125–6. Grant, Mems., i, 151. Mason to Smith: note 1. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Alvarez, Sept. 6. Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 134–5 (Duncan). Roa +Bárcena, Recuerdos, 424.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.3">3.</a> Ramírez, México, 299. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, nos. 2, 8, res., 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src199">199</a>Anon. MS. Kenly, Md. Vol., 346. S. Anna, Apelación, 49. +Giménez, Memorias, 111. <a class="noteref" href="#src358">358</a>Williams to father, Oct. 1. +Exposición dirigida. <a class="noteref" href="#src179">179</a>Diario Esactísimo. Negrete, Invasión, +iv, app., 295–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src100">100</a>Alcorta, circular, Sept. 11. <b>76</b>Tornel, +decree, Sept. 7.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.4">4.</a> Smith, Co. A, Corps of Engineers. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. +Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 296. <a class="noteref" href="#src260">260</a>Henshaw, comments on map. +<a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a><em>Id.</em>to wife, Sept. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders, +Sept. 7. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 354 (Scott), 361 (Worth), 425 (Smith). +<a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 298 (Scott). Mason to Smith: +note 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Foster to Smith, Sept. 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Beauregard to +Smith, Sept. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Hitchcock, introd. to intercepted letters. +<cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Oct., 1852, 302. Semmes, Service, 431–4.</p> + +<p>Under Scott’s orders, Pillow with the Ninth and Fifteenth Infantry<a class="pagenum" id="Page_401" title="401"></a> +was at S. Borja and Riley’s brigade (Twiggs’s division) at Nalvarte +on Sept. 7, evening (Ripley, War with Mexico, ii, 363). Late on Sept. +7 Quitman’s division also was sent to the south front of Mexico. +Reconnoitring was done there on rather an extensive scale during the +night, and the Mexicans were thoroughly roused.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.5">5.</a> <em>The battle of Sept. 8.</em> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 354, 375 (Scott), +361 (Worth), 368 (return), 373 (Sumner), 374 (Huger), 425 (Smith), +430 (Hitchcock); app., pp. 134–165, 192 (officers). Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. +1237 (Perry). <a class="noteref" href="#src179">179</a>Diario Esactísimo. Stevens, Stevens, i, 204–7. +Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 170. Semi-weekly N. Y. <cite>Courier and Enquirer</cite>, +Mar. 1, 1848. Elderkin, Biog. Sketches. <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Oct., 1852, +298–315. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 463–9; iv, app., 295–9. S. Anna, +Detall, 23–5. Balbontín, Invasión, 125–9. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, +296–9, 303. Grant, Wems., i, 152–3. Ballentine, Eng. Sold., ii, 238, +240. <a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw to wife, Sept. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw narrative. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Letter from Mexico, Sept. 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>May to Harney, Nov. +17, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Steele to Harney, —, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Harney to +Marcy, May 22, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Mason to J. L. Smith, Sept. 25, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Stevens to <em>Id..</em>, Sept. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>G. W. Smith to Stevens, +Sept. 20. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 352. Raleigh <cite>Star</cite>, Oct. 27. +<a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src304">304</a>Kirby to Mrs. E. K. Smith, Sept. 12. +<a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Andrews to Daniel, Dec. 10. Louisville <cite>Democrat</cite>, Dec. 17. +<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Testimony at Bonneville court martial. London <cite>Times</cite>, Nov. +13. Semmes, Service, 436–449. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 503. Apuntes, 210, +294–304. <a class="noteref" href="#src100">100</a>Relaciones, circular, Sept. 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src199">199</a>Anon. MS. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Correo Nacional</cite>, Dec. 10. Gamboa, Impug., 52. <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” +no. 155 (testimony of Garay). <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra”, no. 274 (testimony +at the trial of Andrade and Jáuregui). <cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 14; Nov. 3. +<a class="noteref" href="#src350">350</a>Weber, recolls. <cite>Delta</cite>, Oct. 14, 26. Ramírez, México, 304–6. +México á través, iv, 687–9. Davis, Autobiog., 271. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Nov. +3. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Sept. 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to daughter, Sept. 28; to S., +Dec. 27. Prieto, Memorias, ii, 238–9. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 7, 1847. +Moore, Scott’s Camp., 155–63. Steele, Amer. Camps., i, 117. <cite>Niles</cite>, +Oct. 30, p. 137. Bartlett, Pierce, 153. Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), +259. Giménez, Memorias, 112, 266. <a class="noteref" href="#src205">205</a>Graham, memo. book. +<a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. Diccionario Univ. (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">León</cite>). Sen. 19; 30, 2 +(M. L. Smith, Nov. 30, 1848). Molina, El Asalto. <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce to +Hooker, Sept. 15. Stevens, Vindication. <a class="noteref" href="#src328">328</a>Sweet, statement. +<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Huger, Sept. 9. Lawton, Artill. Off., 311–4, 323, 326. +Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 426–7, 437–9, 447–53. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Herrera to +Relaciones, Oct. 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Ortega, Sept. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To comte +gen. Mex., Oct. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>M. Andrade, Sept. 9; Nov. 3. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>J. +Y. Gutiérrez, proclam., Sept. 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Noriega, Nov. 19. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Alcorta, circular, Sept. 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Comte gen. Oaxaca, Sept. +15. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a><em>Id.</em>of Querétaro, Sept. 14. Calderón, Rectificaciones.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Remarks</span> on the battle of Sept. 8. In forming an opinion of +the battle as a military operation one must ignore the fact that the +position gained was used later as a stepping-stone, for at this time +Scott was not planning to capture Chapultepec. It appears surprising +that Scott, knowing that heavy Mexican forces were on the spot, +apparently desiring to fight there, should have thought that a place as +valuable to the enemy as he deemed El Molino (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 355) +ought to be attacked at night, and could be taken easily (Sen. 65; +30, 1, p. 579) by men unacquainted with ground and buildings familiar +to the enemy, and should have neglected to have more of his troops +near at hand; but we do not know what details were included in the +information upon which he so confidently relied, nor do we<a class="pagenum" id="Page_402" title="402"></a> know the +source of it (<em>ibid.</em>, 298). Pillow reported, apparently during the +evening of September 7, that the cannon and machinery had been removed +(<em>ibid.</em>, 298, 579); no smoke appeared to issue from the mill; no sound +of boring could be heard (Semmes, Service, 431). It has been suggested +that Scott felt over-eager to punish Santa Anna for disappointing his +expectations of peace; but he doubtless had learned from Trist of Santa +Anna’s political difficulties. He was, however, angry on account of +the violations of the armistice. The principal information on which +Scott acted was understood to have come through Trist; it <em>had</em> been +correct; but Scott seems to have erred in overlooking the chance that +conditions might change in two or three days. Rives (U. S. and Mexico, +ii, 528) states that the attack was based on a “rumor.” This is an +error. On account of the apparent incorrectness of Scott’s information +and the massing of Mexican troops in and near El Molino, some Americans +suspected that Santa Anna set a trap for him. But the fact that Santa +Anna left this quarter and took away a considerable part of his troops +early in the night of Sept. 7—leaving behind, according to Roa Bárcena +(Recuerdos, 427) 4000 infantry and artillery privates—disposes of +that idea. It has been said that Scott might have stopped work at the +foundry (had work been then proceeding) by cutting off the supply of +water (<em>i.e.</em>, power); but he wished to seize the finished cannon +supposed to be there (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 298) and the large quantity of +powder that he had heard was at Casa Mata.</p> + +<p>The only argument advanced in favor of a night attack seems to have +been the danger of fire from Chapultepec. In reply it was said that +(as had been seen at Cerro Gordo) a plunging fire did little harm. +The distance of Chapultepec seems almost to nullify this reply; but +as a matter of fact the cannon of Chapultepec appear to have done no +execution in the battle. Worth’s officers met him after dark, Sept. +7, and later one of them submitted his general plan of operations to +Scott, who discussed it at considerable length and finally (virtually +admitting that a night attack was not advisable) approved all of +it except the following point. Worth strongly desired to effect a +lodgement in the grove of Chapultepec, which he believed he could take +at a cost of fifty men (<a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to S., Dec. 27). (Indeed, he +pushed some of his troops several hundred yards that way: Sen. 1; 30, +1, app., 138; Davis, Autobiog., 271). But Scott refused positively +to have this done. Semmes (Service, 447) says that Worth desired to +capture Chapultepec at this time because with his remarkable intuitive +judgment he saw, as Scott saw later, that this was the true approach to +the city; but Scott’s later opinion was due to a study of the ground +which neither he nor Worth had at this time been able to make and to +Mexican fortifying not yet done. Even if Worth could have carried +Chapultepec rather easily, the prudent maxim that one should not buy +(because it can be got cheaply) what one does not want, appeared to +apply with especial force after losses that could be so ill afforded +had been suffered; and it was not certain that the castle could be +taken without a struggle. One costly surprise was enough for one day. +Engineer Stevens (Stevens, Stevens, i, 206) thought an attempt should +have been made to reconnoitre the Mexican right with a view to turning +the position; but to push a reconnoitring party between the Mexican +right wing and the cavalry of Alvarez must have looked extremely +hazardous.</p> + +<p>Clarke’s brigade consisted of the Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Infantry, +it will be recalled. Cadwalader had the Voltigeurs and Eleventh +and Four<a class="pagenum" id="Page_403" title="403"></a>teenth Infantry. C. F. Smith being ill, his battalion was +commanded by Captain E. K. Smith, who was mortally wounded. Semmes +(Service, 445) says that Cadwalader’s brigade and Drum’s guns had been +added at Worth’s request, but Hitchcock (Fifty Years, 296) and Scott’s +general orders of Sept. 7 show that Scott originally intended to give +Worth one of Pillow’s brigades. Worth could no doubt have had more +light guns, but it was said that projectiles for the heavy guns were +so few that it was necessary to husband them closely. Scott, however, +stated (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 377) that he had plenty of such ammunition. +Ripley (<em>op. cit.</em>, ii, 461) says that “the nature of the orders [given +to Worth] forbade an attack by artillery”; but (1) there is no evidence +to prove this; (2) artillery was used on Casa Mata, only not long +enough; (3) it was used again later with success (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. +527; Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 136). See Stevens, Stevens, 206. Indeed, it +seems to have been unnecessary to attack Casa Mata. It could not have +held out long after the fall of El Molino. Ripley admits (p. 462) that +the battle “was confused,” but adds, “storming is always a work of +confusion.” Here he confounds occurrences with management. The former +must involve noise and confusion in such an affair, but the latter +should not.</p> + +<p>Sumner had one troop of the First Dragoons, six troops of the Second, +part of a troop of the Third, and a company of Mounted Rifles. Foster +had ten pioneers. Drum had three guns, but one of them was sent out +on the road to Mexico, and during the battle one of the others became +disabled by the breaking of a priming wire. Semmes—determined, as +usual, to defend Worth at all hazards—says that during McIntosh’s +charge Duncan’s battery was called away to repel the Mexican cavalry; +but Duncan’s report (Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 136) shows that his guns did +not turn against the cavalry until masked by McIntosh’s troops. The +part of Cadwalader’s brigade that moved to the left was the Voltigeurs. +After the repulse of Clarke’s brigade some of the Voltigeurs went +into the ravine and moved toward the rear of Casa Mata. This perhaps +helped to force the Mexicans out, and certainly resulted in the capture +of many prisoners. Vigorous pursuit of the Mexicans was in general +impracticable on account of the character of the ground and the fire +from Chapultepec. Finding the engagement far more serious than he had +expected, Scott summoned forces from the southern front of the city and +from Mixcoac, but these could not arrive soon enough to give material +assistance. Jackson’s section of Magruder’s battery came from Mixcoac +in time to contribute a little to the final repulse of the Mexican +cavalry. Worth blamed Scott for saying in his report that Pierce’s +brigade interposed between Garland and the Mexicans, and asserted that +it did not arrive until a considerable time after the battle ended (Ho. +60; 30, 1, p. 1079); and it was felt by others, too, that Scott erred +here. But from the <a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>diary of a man in the Ninth Infantry it +seems clear that that regiment—a part of Pierce’s brigade—did as +Scott stated.</p> + +<p>The number of Americans actually engaged was 3251 (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. +369). Our loss was 116 (including nine officers) killed, 665 (including +forty-nine officers) wounded, and eighteen privates missing (<em>ibid.</em>, +384). We captured 685, including 53 officers. One third of Clarke’s +brigade, including one half of the officers, were killed or wounded +(Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 145). The Fifth Infantry seemed little more than a +company after the battle (Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 297).</p> + +<p>Santa Anna stated later (Mi Historia, 75) that Iturbe, a wealthy +resi<a class="pagenum" id="Page_404" title="404"></a>dent of Tacubaya, notified Tornel that Scott intended to enter +the city during the night of Sept. 7 by the San Lázaro garita, on the +eastern side of Mexico, and that for this reason he (Santa Anna) took +troops away from El Molino; but Santa Anna always laid the blame for +his mistakes upon some one. No doubt Scott’s feint against the southern +side of the city and his not attacking during the afternoon were enough +to cause alarm, but Santa Anna blundered in going to the southeast +corner of the city, for an American attack there must have developed +slowly owing to the swamps, whereas an attack upon El Molino could be +made quickly. He reached the scene of the battle at about half-past +nine, and claimed that, but for his arrival, Chapultepec might have +been lost (Apelación, app., 111). The government represented that he +was in command during the battle (Apuntes, 304). By Scott’s orders +Casa Mata was blown up. The Mexicans believed that a shot of theirs +exploded the magazine. Andrade was tried and acquitted. Had he been as +much at fault as Alvarez alleged, the latter should have replaced him +on the spot with another officer. About noon the Mexican cavalry (or at +least Andrade’s division) were ordered to charge, but on reaching the +battlefield found the Americans had retired. It has been suggested (Roa +Bárcena, Recuerdos, 448) that a part of the Mexican cavalry should have +been dismounted and placed between El Molino and Casa Mata; but one may +feel sure that Alvarez would not have consented to that arrangement. +One hesitates to think what the results of the battle might have been, +had not Santa Anna withdrawn previously with a considerable part of his +troops; and of this movement Scott was not aware, though he may have +hoped that his feint against the city would have an effect of that sort.</p> + +<p>After the battle the American troops reoccupied in general the +positions held by them before it.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.6">6.</a> Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 297–9, 303. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a><em>Id..</em>, +introd. to intercepted letters. <a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw to wife, Sept. +13. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 7, 1847. Raleigh <cite>Star</cite>, Oct. 27. +<a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. Semmes, Service, 447–9. London <cite>Times</cite>, Nov. +13. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Ortega, Sept. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src100">100</a>Guerra, circular, Sept. +11. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>J. Y. Gutiérrez, proclam., Sept. 11. Apuntes, 303–4. +<a class="noteref" href="#src199">199</a>Anon. MS. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 14. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 361 +(Worth), 430 (Hitchcock); app., 156 (Cadwalader). Sen. 19; 30, 2 (Smith +to Abert, Nov. 30, 1848). <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Huger, Sept. 9, 1847. Ho. 24; 31, +1. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 145 (Lee). Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 468. +N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, Dec. 17, 1882 (Mayne Reid). S. Anna, Detall, 24. +<a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra”, no. 273 (trial of Bravo). Stevens, Stevens, i, 206.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.7">7.</a> Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 375 (Scott) and map. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. +7, 1847. Semmes, Service, 430. <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Jan., 1853, 2–3. +<cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. 9, p. 89. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Piedad judge, Sept. 9. Diccionario +Universal (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">México</cite>). Robertson, Visit, ii, 344.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.8">8.</a> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 376 (Scott), 425–7 (Smith). Sen. 65; 30, 1, +pp. 77 (Lee), 185 (Ripley), 579 (Pillow says he reported to Scott on +Sept. 9 that the Mexican works opposite Piedad, where Pillow then was, +could be carried easily). Davis, Autobiog., 223. Hitchcock, Fifty +Years, 298–300. <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Jan., 1853, pp. 4–5. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Lee +to J. L. Smith, Sept. 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Beauregard to <em>Id..</em>, Sept. 20. +<a class="noteref" href="#src111">111</a><em>Id.</em>to <em>Id..</em>, Sept. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw narrative. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Olaguíbel, Sept. 11.</p> + +<p>Ripley (<em>op. cit.</em>, ii, 470) and Rives (<em>op. cit.</em>, ii, 528) reflect +upon Scott for having no reconnaissances made between Aug. 20 and +Sept. 7. But to make them would have violated the meaning and spirit +of the armistice,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_405" title="405"></a> which prescribed an “absolute cessation of +hostilities” (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 310), and it was highly important +to show the strictest good faith during the delicate negotiations. +Rives (<em>ibid.</em>) says “no preparation whatever had been made for the +contingency of renewed hostilities.” This statement results from a lack +of information. Numberless things had been done to put the army and +its equipment into fighting trim. Rives says also (<em>ibid.</em>) that the +Mexicans, had they been enterprising, could easily have beaten our army +in detail at this time. This seems to be a mistake (see Sen. 19; 30, 2, +p. 8). A frontal attack upon Worth could certainly have been repulsed, +and an attempt to strike Pillow, Twiggs or Quitman would have exposed +their own flank and rear. Moreover it was clear that Santa Anna had no +intention of assuming the offensive. Rives says himself he had none +(<em>op. cit.</em>, 466), attributing his decision to “well-justified distrust +of his own army”; and since the decision was made (July) nothing had +occurred to reassure him. Napoleon said, “A well-established maxim of +war is, not to do anything which your enemy desires.”</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.9">9.</a> Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 77–8, 145 (Lee), 81 (Cadwalader), 112–3 +(Beauregard), 123 (Trist), 169 (Hooker). Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 375 +(Scott), 427 (Smith). Exposición dirigida, 6. <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Jan., +1853, pp. 6–15. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 300. <a class="noteref" href="#src113">113</a>Beauregard, +remins. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a><em>Id.</em>to J. L. Smith, Sept. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src111">111</a><em>Id.</em>to +<em>Id..</em>, Sept, 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Letter of Sept. 11 from Mexico. Semmes, +Service, 430. (Gunners) <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Carrera, report, Dec., 1847. (Key) +Apuntes, 304, 317. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Dec. 9. <a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Alvord to Hammond, +Feb. 21, 1848. Rodríguez, Breve Reseña, 870. Stevens, Stevens, i, 207.</p> + +<p>Ripley (<em>op. cit.</em>, ii, 472) remarks that even after taking Chapultepec +Scott was “yet at a distance of two miles from the city, with the +positive certainty of running upon the citadel if the direct route were +pursued.” But two miles on a broad, good causeway signified little, it +was unnecessary to take the direct route, and Scott had no intention of +taking it. Ripley admits (p. 473) that Scott reasonably supposed that +the defences at S. Cosme were comparatively weak.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.10">10.</a> Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 428 (Smith). Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 77 (Lee), +112 (Beauregard), 169 (Hooker), 257 (Quitman). <a class="noteref" href="#src113">113</a>Beauregard, +remins. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 300. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 353–5. The +description of Lee is based principally upon a picture (seen at the +Confederate Museum, Richmond) made soon after the Mexican war. The +weather was still unusually favorable for military operations.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.11">11.</a> Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., 294–6. Evidence at the trial of +Bravo (<a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 273). S. Anna, Detall, 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To +Monterde, May 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Monterde, June 18, 21–2. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To +Lombardini, July 6, 23; Aug. 3. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Tornel, Sept. 12. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To +Bravo, Sept. 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bravo, Sept. 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Liceaga to +Lombardini, Aug. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Reports on Bravo’s conduct, July 21, 24, +1848. Apuntes, 317. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 459.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.12">12.</a> Sen. 1; 30, 1, map; pp. 400 (Pillow), 410 (Quitman). +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bravo, Sept. 14. Negrete, Inv., iv, app., 294–6. Semmes, +Service, 450–1. Tornel, Sept. 12. To Bravo, Sept. 10. Apuntes, 307–8. +<a class="noteref" href="#src357">357</a>Wilcox, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>Evidence at the trial of Bravo +(“Guerra,” no. 273). Ripley, War with Mexico, ii, 396–8. (Impreg.) +<a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 285, 302.</p> + +<p>The southeastern corner of the rectangle was irregularly cut off. A +bullet-proof wall, about fifteen feet high, protected the eastern end, +and ran along the southern line of the rectangle with platforms or +scaffolds for infantry on its inner side, while a stone aqueduct—its +arches filled<a class="pagenum" id="Page_406" title="406"></a> in here with heavy masonry—extended (in the Anzures +causeway) along the northern side of the rectangle, and continued +<em lang="la" xml:lang="la">via</em> S. Cosme to the city. Cultivated fields, adjacent to El +Molino, occupied about a third of the rectangle. On each side of the +north-and-south drainage ditch there was an embankment. The next +section—perhaps one sixth—of the rectangle was occupied by the swamps +and cypresses, and then came the hill—extremely steep except at the +west, and steep there. A road or wide path led east through the grove +to the foot of the hill. The opening in the south wall, covered by +the exterior, unarmed redan (<em>B</em>), had a ditch outside of the redan +for additional protection. The road that went up to the college was +defended inside the main gateway with a 9-pounder (placed here Sept. +12). The circular (arc of a circle) redoubt (<em>C</em>) was at the <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">glorieta</em> +(an open space furnished with seats, etc.). One or two other slight +fortifications probably existed.</p> + +<p>The south wall of the terre-plein had a parapet except near the +southeast corner. Along the base of the west wall ran a fosse about +twelve feet wide and ten deep. Rather extensive mines (to be fired by +powder-trains laid on or just under the surface of the ground) lay +below the fosse; and beyond them—about half-way down the slope—stood +a redan (<em>E</em>) for some fifty men, which seems to have been about 125 +feet from the wall. This west wall was a priest-cap: <em>i.e.</em>, it was +indented like a shallow V, so that its two halves could afford support +to each other. In the central portion of the terre-plein stood the +masonry edifice of the military college with an open terrace at its +eastern end and some stone buildings with flat, parapeted roofs, at its +western end. A half-round bastion on each of the long sides afforded +room for a heavy gun commanding in each case a semicircle. (The one +in the southern bastion seems to have been disabled on Sept. 8.) East +of the southern bastion, in a smaller projection, stood a lighter +gun looking toward the lower gateway; behind the somewhat zigzag +parapet westward two or three smaller pieces covering the road and the +southwest approach; on the terre-plein commanding the upper gateway a +couple of light howitzers; and at the western end, specially screened +with timber and sand-bags, two heavy pieces, which swept the approach +from El Molino. (One of the pieces was a 68-pound howitzer. Ripley is +precise in his account of the size and the placing of the guns, but +the evidence is against him. He says there were eleven. There seem to +have been thirteen; but one of them was not mounted, and two were now +disabled.) Timbering, proof against bullets, covered much of the lower +story, the parapeted azotea of the main edifice and some other parts +of the buildings; and sand-bags afforded further, though inadequate, +protection at a number of peculiarly exposed points.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.13">13.</a> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 377 (Scott), 397 (Twiggs), 399 (Riley), +400 (Pillow), 410 (Quitman), 422 (Huger); app., 197 (Pierce), +201 (Cadwalader), 230 (Porter). Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 185 (Ripley). +<a class="noteref" href="#src260">260</a>Henshaw, comments on map. <a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a><em>Id.</em>to wife, Sept. +13. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Lee to J. L. Smith, Sept. 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>McClellan +to Smith, Sept. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Beauregard to Smith, Sept. 20. +<a class="noteref" href="#src111">111</a><em>Id.</em>to <em>Id..</em>, Sept. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src304">304</a>Andrews to Lovell, Sept. +19. <a class="noteref" href="#src304">304</a>Hunt to <em>Id..</em>, Sept. 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src304">304</a>Steptoe to <em>Id..</em>, +Sept. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src304">304</a>Porter to <em>Id..</em>, Sept. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src304">304</a>Wilcox, +diary. Ramsey, Other Side, 457. <a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland to father, +Aug. —. <a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 426. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Carrera, Sept. 1.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.14">14.</a> Negrete Invasión, iv, app., 299–300. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Letter from +Mex., Sept. 11. Apuntes, 305–6, 309–10, 314. Ramírez, México, 307–8. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Sept. 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 7, 1847. S. Anna, Apelación, +57. <em>Id..</em>, Detall,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_407" title="407"></a> 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Bravo, Sept. 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bravo, +Sept. 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Tornel to Carrera, Sept. 9. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Ayunt. to S. +Anna, Sept. 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Letter from Piedad, Sept. 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src199">199</a>Anon. +MS.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.15">15.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bravo, Sept. 14. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 427; iv, +app., 299–300. <a class="noteref" href="#src179">179</a>Diario Esactísimo. London <cite>Times</cite>, Nov. 13. S. +Anna, Detall, 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To comtes. gen. Querétaro and Guanajuato, +Sept. 12. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Arco Iris</cite>, Nov. 30. Apuntes, 310–2. <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>Trial of Bravo +(“Guerra,” no. 273). <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>Trial of Terrés (“Guerra,” no. 155). +Molina, Asalto. <a class="noteref" href="#src269">269</a><em>Id..</em>, recolls. Prieto, Memorias, ii, 241–3. +Rangel, Parte (with notes).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.16">16.</a> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 377 (Scott), 410–2 (Quitman); app., 231 +(Mackenzie). Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 143 (Lee), 193, 200–1 (Worth), +259 (Quitman). Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 301–2. Henshaw narrative. +<a class="noteref" href="#src376">376</a>Nicholson, recolls. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.17">17.</a> <em>The battle of Chapultepac</em> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 375, 391–425; +app., 169–231 (reports of Scott and officers). Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 119 +(Tilton), 146 (Lee), 155–6, 158 (Bennett), 170, 172 (Hooker), 204–9 +(Rains), 217–8 (Drum), 219 (Bates), 220–1 (Johnston), 222–4 (Loeser), +270–5 (Howard). Stevens, Stevens, i, 208–10. <cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. 30, p. +137. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>,34, 1, pp. 105–7. Sen. Report 32; 34, 1. Brown, +Ninth Inf., 70. Henderson, Science of War, 97 (“The issue of battle”). +<cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Jan., 1853, pp. 15–42. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bravo, Sept. 14. +Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 428–9; iv, app., 300–4. Balbontín, +Invasión, 131. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 302–3. Ballentine, Eng. Sold., +ii, 242–7. Davis, Autobiog., 231–2. Henshaw narrative. <a class="noteref" href="#src180">180</a>Pillow +to wife, Oct. 18. Weekly N. Y. <cite>Courier and Enquirer</cite>, Mar. 2, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Seymour, Oct. 31, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>H. V. Johnson <em>et al.</em> to +Polk, Apr. 6, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src376">376</a>Nicholson, recolls. <a class="noteref" href="#src183">183</a>Drum, +recolls. <b>223</b>Hirschorn, recolls. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>G. W. Smith to Stevens, +Sept. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Tower to J. L. Smith, Sept. 23. Claiborne, Quitman, +i, 361–2, 380–6. Raleigh <cite>Star</cite>, Oct. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. +<a class="noteref" href="#src200">200</a>Reid to Gladden, May 27, 1849. S. Anna, Detall, 16, 26–9, +38–42. <a class="noteref" href="#src151">151</a>Numerous reports and letters regarding Quitman’s +operations. <a class="noteref" href="#src113">113</a>Beauregard, remins. (based on diary and notes). +<a class="noteref" href="#src151">151</a>Wilcox, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src303">303</a>Quitman papers. <cite>National</cite>, Nov. +14. <a class="noteref" href="#src179">179</a>Diario Esactísimo. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Riley to Westcott, Nov. 30, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Loring to P. F. Smith, Sept. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Testimony +at Bonneville court martial. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Miller to sister, undated. +<a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a><em>Id.</em>to mother, Mar. 24, 1848. London <cite>Times</cite>, Nov. 13, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Reynolds to Trist, Sept. 27. Oswandel, Notes, 426. +Semmes, Service, 453–5. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Arco Iris</cite>, Nov. 30. Apuntes, 311, 314–6. +<a class="noteref" href="#src199">199</a>Anon. MS. Rangel, Parte (with notes). <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Eco del Comercio</cite>, May +1, 1848. Sen. 11; 31, 1 (M. L. Smith, Nov. 30, 1848). Gamboa, Impug., +55. <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 1044 (trial of Alemán). <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” +no. 273 (trial of Bravo). <cite>Monitor</cite>, Apr. 27, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” +no. 155 (trial of Terrés). Statue of Bravo at Puebla. <cite>Delta</cite>, Oct. +14, 26; Nov. 3, 20. México á través, iv, 690–5. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bravo, Dec. +27. Dunovant, Battles, 5–10. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Nov. 3. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, +Oct. 24; Dec. 16 (S. Anna). Nashville <cite>Repub. Banner</cite>, Oct. 28, +1857. <a class="noteref" href="#src292">292</a>Pillow to wife, Oct. 18. <cite>Spirit of the Age</cite>, Feb. +10; July 29, 1848. Pacheco, Exposíción. Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), +257–9. Calderón, Rectificaciones, 47. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Vedette</cite>, iv, nos. 3, 8, 12. +<a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland to father. Aug. —. <a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. <cite>Flag +of Freedom</cite>, Nov. 27. Molina, El Asalto. <a class="noteref" href="#src269">269</a><em>Id..</em>, recolls. +<a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce to Appleton, Sept. 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src51">51</a>Marine off., Oct. 20. +Reynolds, Exculpation. <a class="noteref" href="#src131">131</a>Brindle, statement. Ripley, War with +Mexico, ii, 396–402. Encarnacion Prisoners, 84. <cite>Hist. Teacher’s Mag.</cite>, +Apr., 1912 (Vieregg).<a class="pagenum" id="Page_408" title="408"></a></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Remarks</span> on the battle of Chapultepec. Chapultepec had been a +protected summer palace, not a fortress. At this time the upper stories +that one sees now did not exist. There were perhaps three times as many +large trees in the grove as at present. For military reasons the small +trees had recently been cleared away. Scott had a small map of the +city, apparently purchased from the British courier (Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. +25). The Twelfth Infantry guarded the stores at Mixcoac, and Sept. 10 +Harney was sent there with a body of dragoons. Sumner was then placed +in command of all the dragoons at Tacubaya (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 421). P. +F. Smith’s brigade remained at Mixcoac until the morning of Sept. 13. +Lee, Beauregard, Stevens and Tower reconnoitred the southern front. +Scott was there nearly all day Sept. 9, and on the morning of the +eleventh. The purposes in view were to study the Mexican preparations, +ascertain the nature of the ground, and find places for batteries. In +general the ground, even where covered with water, appeared to be firm +enough for infantry, and suitable places for batteries were found.</p> + +<p>Bravo was appointed to the command of Chapultepec on August 27. Sept. +9 Alvarez was ordered to take the cavalry to Guadalupe. According to +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bravo, Sept. 14, the garrison of Chapultepec on the morning of +Sept. 12, aside from gunners and engineers, was the Tenth Line Infantry +(250), Mina battalion (277), Unión battalion (121), Querétaro battalion +(115), Toluca battalion (27), Patria battalion (42). These 832 men were +disposed as follows: defending the road to Tacubaya, 160; redoubt on +south side of hill (apparently at B), 215; <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">glorieta</em> redoubt (C), 92; +entrenchment at the right of the <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">glorieta</em> (D), 42; north side of the +hill, 80; buildings at summit, 243 (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bravo, report, Sept. 14). +The buildings near the gateway batteries were defended principally by +the Matamoros de Morelia battalion.</p> + +<p>At the conference of Sept. 11 Engineers Smith, Lee, Stevens and Tower +favored attacking San Antonio, and Quitman, Shields, Cadwalader and +Pierce took that view. Pillow did the same. Riley and Twiggs sided +with Scott though not for positive reasons. Hitchcock and Trist do not +seem to have expressed opinions. Worth and P. F. Smith were engaged +elsewhere. Scott’s attacking Chapultepec against the advice of Lee +illustrated the fact that his success in Mexico was not due to that +officer, as the value of Lee’s services and his later fame have led +some to imagine.</p> + +<p>Gen. U. S. Grant regarded the battles of Sept. 8 and 13 as wholly +unnecessary (Mems., i, 154). But here, as elsewhere in referring to +the Mexican War, he seems to have been merely recording youthful +impressions. He says that, had Scott gone round those positions, the +Mexicans would have evacuated them; but Scott did not wish the Mexicans +to evacuate El Molino and Casa Mata, taking with them their gunpowder +and (supposed) foundry material: <em>i. e.</em>, Grant failed to understand +the question. With regard to Chapultepec also it is an issue between +a lieutenant and the major general commanding. Scott did not overlook +the idea of going round (Worth: Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 199); and hence, as +he understood the case far better than Grant did at the time or when +he wrote his Memoirs, one concludes that his judgment was correct. He +stated (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 377) that [Grant’s] plan would have required +too wide and hazardous a circuit. The following other objections +against it may be suggested. Grant’s plan would have required the +army to abandon the roads for difficult fields and marshes, limited +the practicability of defending the rear in case of attack, weakened +greatly the effective feint<a class="pagenum" id="Page_409" title="409"></a>ing upon which Scott counted (<em>ibid.</em>, +376), produced a bad moral effect—especially in view of the recent +battle—by suggesting that he dared not attack Chapultepec, exposed our +assaulting troops to a cannonade from the rear, and left behind them a +menace of other uncertain but alarming possibilities. The capture of +Chapultepec, on the other hand, worked morally as well as physically +in our favor, and was thought by Scott likely to have an even greater +effect than it had (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 169); and it was stated by our +engineers that mortars planted there would command a large part of the +city. It has been said that our batteries were too far from the target; +but it was not known what guns Chapultepec had, and no doubt our +engineers and artillery officers ventured as far as appeared expedient. +Clearly, however, too much was expected of our batteries.</p> + +<p>Battery No. 1, to play on the south side of the fort, was laid out +by Lee; No. 2, opposite the southwest angle of the fort, by Huger. +The batteries did not fire accurately at first (<a class="noteref" href="#src179">179</a>Diario +Esactísimo). This seems to have been due to a lack of platforms for +the guns. Quitman’s division supported No. 1, which was particularly +exposed, and in the afternoon he made a bold reconnaissance of the +road, discovering artillery and a ditch in his front (Claiborne, +Quitman, ii, app., 308). The Mexicans made advances toward No. 1 on +Sept. 12, but canister repelled them. To hinder reinforcements from +reaching Chapultepec, Quitman by Scott’s order placed fifty men well +forward on the road in the night of Sept. 12–13, and some skirmishing +occurred. A 9-pounder protected with sand-bags was planted just in +front of No. 1. The intention had been to establish an advanced +battery, but the Mexicans prevented this. Two New York companies +supported No. 2. Battery No. 3 had a brass 16-pounder. This, becoming +unserviceable, was replaced with an iron 24-pounder. Batteries 1, 2 +and 3 commanded the south and west fronts of Chapultepec fort, and No. +4 commanded its interior. No. 1 stood about 1000 yards from the south +front of the fort; No. 2 about 1400 yards from its southwestern angle; +No. 3 about 1140 yards from its west front; and No. 4 a little nearer +than No. 3 (Hardcastle’s map in Sen. 1; 30, 1).</p> + +<p>Pillow reoccupied El Molino early Sept. 12 and his division slept +there the following night. Early Sept. 13 Twiggs resumed operations +at La Piedad, and the Mexicans endeavored to draw him on. Steptoe had +two 12-pounders and two 24-pound howitzers. The weakness and gradual +discontinuance of his fire and the fact that Twiggs did not expose his +infantry rendered this feint ineffective. Scott states that Taylor’s +battery also was at La Piedad, but it does not seem to have been used +at this time. Perhaps, as the Mexicans were likely to attack, it was +held in reserve.</p> + +<p>The storming parties were composed of volunteers. In some and possibly +in all cases some slight reward was offered. In a number of regiments +so many volunteered that it became necessary to draw lots. Scott +thought Pillow would need one brigade; but Pillow sent for Worth’s +whole division and received one (Clarke’s) brigade of it. Ripley (<em>op. +cit.</em>, ii, 420) states that Pillow asked for only one of Worth’s +brigades, but against him is the testimony of Scott, of Worth and of +Semmes, who bore Pillow’s message. Some of Clarke’s men arrived in +time to fight. After the battle Pillow admitted that not over 1000 of +his men took part in the assault (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 408). He had too +many. They were in one another’s way. Pillow stated that the garrison +was 6000, thus probably reckoning almost every Mexican soldier within +a mile of the hill. Pillow wrote (<a class="noteref" href="#src180">180</a>Oct. 18): I led “to the +very Cannon’s mouth, where I was cut<a class="pagenum" id="Page_410" title="410"></a> down—Then my men picked me up +and carried me forward under my orders and with a shout of exultation +and triumph, scaled the ditches and wall.” In fact he seems to have +received a painful wound on the ankle from a glancing grapeshot at the +foot of the hill (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 378), and was not carried to the +summit until serious fighting had ended (Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 156, 172, +204, 217, 222, 224). Cadwalader succeeded him in command. Lt. Col. +Hébert with the Eleventh Infantry, assisted by Sumner’s dragoons and +in effect by Trousdale and Jackson, kept off a strong force of lancers +that menaced the American rear from the direction of Los Morales.</p> + +<p>Sept. 13 when Santa Anna finally sent the San Blas battalion (perhaps +400) toward the summit, the approach of the Americans forced it to +halt—apparently at the entrenchment (D) near the <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">glorieta</em>. The Third +Ligero was ordered to reinforce this battalion, but the college fell +before it arrived, and it retired. Other troops were sent to the lower +parts of the hill. Some perished, some retreated, some were captured. +The Hidalgo battalion fought on the Tacubaya road. Reserves of 2–5000 +were on the Belén causeway near Chapultepec.</p> + +<p>A Mexican lieutenant of engineers named Alemán had charge of firing +the mines, and he was ordered to do his work. At his trial he said +that he found his way blocked by Mexican troops, and that before he +could reach his post the Americans were there. Some, if not all, of the +canvas pipes containing the trains had already been found and cut by +our troops. The Americans got over the fosse by laying ladders across +it. The man who first reached the Mexican flagstaff appears to have +been Capt. Kimball, a Vermonter but born in New Hampshire. He stood on +guard there till Seymour, who commanded his regiment after Ransom’s +fall, arrived. Sept. 13 the Americans took revenge for the atrocities +perpetrated upon our wounded on the eighth.</p> + +<p>The second in command in Casey’s party was Capt. Paul, but Capt. B. +S. Roberts, whose company stood at the head of it, led the successful +charge. Gen. Rangel reported that by this time the Mexican muskets had +become useless and the one cannon that directly enfiladed the road had +been accidentally disabled. It is quite clear, particularly in the +light of Mexican evidence, that the fort on the summit was carried +before the gateway batteries. Quitman rendered no essential service in +the capture of Chapultepec, though he kept many Mexicans occupied. His +troops that went up the hill were not needed. (Even Clarke’s brigade +was a greater reinforcement than the situation called for.) Shields +states that the three regiments turned off to the left because the +Mexicans in Quitman’s front were found too strong, and if these could +not be beaten before those three regiments were detached, evidently +the remainder of Quitman’s command was not strong enough to beat them. +When Roberts led the successful charge, Worth (whom Clarke rejoined), +Trousdale and Jackson had appeared at the northeast of Chapultepec +and menaced the rear of the gateway batteries. Except thirty to fifty +under Capt. Terrett the Marines did not distinguish themselves. Their +commander, however, said that their ammunition failed, and other +officers stated that Quitman ordered the corps to halt. This was their +first battle.</p> + +<p>P. F. Smith had the Mounted Rifles (minus two companies detached), +First Artillery and Third Infantry (minus two companies detached). It +was hoped that he could strike the Belén aqueduct, break through, and +take the Mexican flank and rear. Smith’s brigade not being strong<a class="pagenum" id="Page_411" title="411"></a> +enough—under the difficulties of the ground and in view of Quitman’s +halt—to attack Santa Anna’s reserves, veered toward the causeway, and +under the partial shelter of maguey opened fire. His right companies +took part in the final charge against the gateway batteries. Had +Quitman given Smith the pioneer party with planks, etc., for bridging +the ditches, and a storming party, and supported him with two of the +regiments that went up the hill, Smith could have struck the Mexicans +effectively on the Belén route, while Quitman himself was doing what he +could on the Tacubaya road with the rest of his command. A great number +of prisoners could probably have been captured in this way (Stevens, +Stevens, i, 214–5). Gen. Rangel reported that the corps which defended +the work on the Tacubaya causeway lost one third, and that almost every +member of his staff was wounded Sept. 8 or 13. The serious fighting +inside the fort lasted only four or five minutes. When the final +assault occurred, the effective defenders, all told, probably did not +number more than 275. Bravo’s sword was returned to him. He was charged +by Santa Anna with bad conduct, but when tried was fully exonerated. +In reference to Chapultepec the author was kindly assisted by Señor +D. Ignacio Molina, head of the cartography section of the Mexican +government, who was a student at the military college in Sept., 1847, +and, being an engineer by profession, could be relied upon.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.18">18.</a> Pillow estimated the Mexican killed, wounded and captured at +Chapultepec at about 1800 (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 408), and mentioned that +the prisoners included Gens. Bravo, Noriega, Monterde [Dosamantes, +Saldaña], three colonels, seven lieut. colonels and 40 captains. The +actual number of Mexicans captured in the operations of Sept. 13–14 was +125 officers, 698 men besides about forty students (Hitchcock in Sen. +1; 30, 1, p. 430). As to their killed, wounded and missing, one can +only guess. The American loss on Sept. 12–14 was: killed, 10 officers, +128 rank and file; wounded, 60 officers, 613 rank and file (Ho. 24; +31, 1). What part of this loss was incurred at Chapultepec cannot be +stated. (Black) McSherry (M’Sherry), El Puchero, 108.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.19">19.</a> <em>The Belén operations.</em> Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1019, 1021–5. Sen. +1; 30, 1, pp. 381–3 (Scott), 398 (Twiggs), 414–6 (Quitman), 423 +(Huger); app., 180 (Bonneville), 184 (Smith), 191 (Beauregard), 215 +(Seymour), 223 (Smith), 225 (Shields), 230 (Porter). Sen. 65; 30, 1, +pp. 188 (Ripley). 633 (Pillow). Carreño, Jefes, 166. <cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. +30, pp. 137–8. Sen. Report 32; 34, 1. Brown, Ninth Inf., 62. Haskin, +First Artill., 115. <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Jan., 1853, pp. 43–4. Negrete, +Invasión, iii, app., 133, 145–9; iv, app., 304–8. Balbontín, Invasión, +132. Davis, Autobiog., 209–10, 232–4, 262–3. <a class="noteref" href="#src376">376</a>Nicholson, +recolls. <a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw narrative. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Dimick to Woodbury, +Dec. 1, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Childs to Dimick, Dec. 2, 1848. Claiborne, +Quitman, i, 347, 364, 367–9, 372, 385–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src151">151</a>Reports and +letters. City of Charleston, S. C, Year Book, 1883, p. 523. Rowland, +Miss. Register, 418. <a class="noteref" href="#src113">113</a>Beauregard, remins. <a class="noteref" href="#src357">357</a>Wilcox, +diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src303">303</a>Reports. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Loring to P. F. Smith, Sept. 27. +<a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Dimick to <em>Id..</em>, Sept. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a><em>Id. et al.</em> to P. F. +Smith, Oct. 19, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a><em>Id.</em>to adj. gen., Nov. 30, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Williams to Porter, Apr. 11, 1857. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Adj. gen., orders +7, Feb. 20, 1847. Rodriguez, Breve Reseña, 870. Gamboa, Impug., 56. +<a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 155 (trial of Terrés). <cite>Picayune</cite>, Nov. 20. +<cite>Delta</cite>, Oct. 14, 26, 1847; Jan. 11, 1848. México á través, iv, 695. +Dunovant, Battles, 11–17. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Sept. 11. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, +Nov. 3; Dec. 16. <cite>South. Mag.</cite>, July, 1874, p. 78. <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to +daughter, Sept. 28.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_412" title="412"></a> Ramsey, Other Side, 249, note. Prieto, Memorias, +ii, 246. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Statement <em>re</em> Quitman +by Trist. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Relac. to Olaguíbel, Sept. 14. Statements to the +author from Quitman’s daughters. <a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland to father, Aug. +—. <a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src269">269</a>Molina, recolls. Reynolds, +Exculpation. Stevens, Vindication. S. Anna, Detall, 21, 29–32. Raleigh +<cite>Star</cite>, Nov. 3. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Tornel to Carrera, Sept. 9. Apuntes, 309, +317–22. Diccionario Universal (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">México</cite>). <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Bonneville court +martial. Semmes, Service, 457. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Nov. 3 (Terrés). +Stevens, Stevens, i, 210–1. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 492–3.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Remarks</span> on the Belén operations. The Mexicans retiring by this +road were commanded by Gen. Lombardini. The principal corps was the +Activo regiment of Morelia. The ditch across the Tacubaya causeway at +the gateway batteries was promptly filled in by the Americans to permit +passage. A part of the men who captured the gateway batteries pursued +the fleeing Mexicans, but not far. A part of the Sixth Infantry, having +gone astray, joined Quitman. It has been suggested that Scott made +a mistake in not giving orders, before the attack upon Chapultepec, +for subsequent operations, and thus left the troops to their own +devices; but it was impossible for him to calculate in advance what +the situation would be, and he went as soon as possible to the summit +of the hill, which was the proper place for surveying the field and +issuing suitable commands.</p> + +<p>The Belén garita presented a hard problem because, having been more +threatened than the San Cosme garita, it seemed likely to be more +strongly guarded, because, being nearer to the forces protecting the +southern front, it could be more quickly and effectively reinforced, +and because it was supported by the citadel, which could only be +approached over open ground. Scott, therefore determined to make only +a feint at Belén (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 382). Quitman, however, owing to +the abortive Alvarado expedition, had not figured at Cerro Gordo. +Aug. 20 and Sept. 8 his duty had been to guard the rear. Hence he had +won no éclat under Scott, and, feeling that Scott was unfriendly to +him, he apparently resolved at this time to take the bit in his teeth +(Davis, Autobiog., 232). During his operations against the city Scott +repeatedly signified his disapproval of them, but Quitman refused to +retire without a positive order (Claiborne, Quitman, i, 386), and, +since Quitman had committed him, Scott, although extremely annoyed +(Davis, Autobiog., 234–5), wisely refrained from giving this. Gen. U. +S. Grant said, “It is always, however, in order to follow a retreating +foe, unless stopped or otherwise directed” (Mems., i, 152). This +principle authorized Quitman’s moving toward the city but not the +later part of his operations. At the expense of his men, therefore, +Quitman was guilty of virtual insubordination—though not of positive +disobedience—for personal reasons. This fact it is necessary to +make clear. But his men were no doubt as willing as he to risk their +lives, and it was only natural that Quitman should seek to distinguish +himself. That motive had to be recognized, for without it probably few +volunteer officers would have been in the field. Ripley (<em>op. cit.</em>, +ii, 549) says that according to Scott’s report orders were repeatedly +sent to Quitman to prevent his too rapid advance, but Quitman did +not receive them and could not find the staff officer who had borne +them. What Scott said (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 382) was that he repeatedly +communicated his “views” to Quitman, and Davis (Autobiog., 234–5) +supports this statement. The purpose of Ripley’s remark apparently was +to hint that Scott’s statement was untrue.</p> + +<p>The intermediate battery (at what was called the Bridge of the +Insur<a class="pagenum" id="Page_413" title="413"></a>gents) seems to have been built for four guns but to have had +only one, two, three guns in place, or perhaps none. The accounts +disagree. Quitman and Smith, both of them volunteer officers, appear +distinctly to have colored their reports in favor of the Palmetto +regiment, which was second to none in gallantry, but was not enabled +by circumstances to do all it would gladly have done here. The First +Artillery, on the other hand, did not receive the credit it deserved. +It was merely a question of precedence, not of courage, but vigorous +protests against their reports were the consequence. Perhaps, however, +the real explanation of their inaccuracies is that the reports +represent orders of which circumstances (unknown or forgotten by them) +prevented the execution.</p> + +<p>Sept. 9, believing Scott would attack the southern side, Santa Anna had +two guns removed from the Belén garita. The “citadel” had originally +been a tobacco factory. Terrés was treated by Santa Anna with the +utmost contempt and even subjected to personal violence, but a court +martial exonerated him, and he was regarded by Scott with marked +respect (<cite>Delta</cite>, Jan. 11, 1848).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.20">20.</a> <em>The S. Cosme operations.</em> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 381–2 (Scott), +391–3 (Worth), 421 (Sumner), 424 (Huger), 428–9 (J. L. Smith); app., +166 (Huger), etc. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1072–3, 1077, 1079. <cite>Journ. +Milit. Serv. Instit.</cite>, v, 46; xxxiii, 444. Wilson, Grant, 63–7. +Stevens, Stevens, i, 211–2, 215. <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Jan., 1853, p. 44. +Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 430–41, 450; iv, app., 305–8. Grant, +Mems., i, 150, 155–9. Ballentine, Eng. Sold., ii, 249. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Lee +to J. L. Smith, Sept. 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>McClellan to G. W. Smith, Sept. +14. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Stevens to J. L. Smith, Sept. 25. Claiborne, Quitman, +i, 379. <a class="noteref" href="#src113">113</a>Beauregard, remins. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Paul to Lovell, +Sept. 20. Semmes, Service, 457–61. Apuntes, 316–22. Rangel, Parte +(with notes). <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 273 (trial of Bravo). <cite>Delta</cite>, +Oct. 14. S. Anna, Detall, 30–2. México á través, iv, 695. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor +Repub.</cite>, Dec. 16 (S. Anna). <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mora to Lombardini, Aug. 9; to +Guerra, July 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Lombardini, Aug. 22. Jackson, Mems., 43. +<a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Relac. to Olaguíbel, Sept. 14. G. W. Smith, Co. A, Corps of +Engins. <a class="noteref" href="#src51">51</a>Letter from Marine officer, Oct. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src51">51</a>Terrett, +undated. <a class="noteref" href="#src51">51</a>Henderson to sec. navy, May 12, 1848. Stevens, +Vindication. Raleigh <cite>Star</cite>, Oct. 27. Arnold, Jackson, 130, 177. +Dabney, Jackson, 47–9. Murphy, Remins., 69. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, +496–502.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Remarks</span> on the San Cosme operations. The Mexicans retreating +by this route were commanded by Gen. Rangel, assisted by Gen. Peña y +Barragán and Lt. Col. Echeagaray. It is impossible to be as precise as +would be desirable in describing the first part of Worth’s advance, +for the reports are both vague and inconsistent. This is mainly, no +doubt, because the officers wrote from memory and without the aid of a +map. Ripley observes (<em>op. cit.</em>, ii, 484) that Worth’s movement “had +the great element of success, celerity.” In reality, it was very slow, +but unofficial accounts and the Mexican reports contain evidence that +the resistance was not only vigorous but more than once temporarily +triumphant. The one-gun redoubt seems to have been abandoned when the +hill yielded. Ripley observes also (<em>op. cit.</em>, ii, 485) that Worth +did not need to advance rapidly: “Time was not immediately pressing.” +But this is a mistake, for substantially all the Mexican preparations +at the S. Cosme garita were made after Worth’s advance began. The +fortification (unarmed) near the English cemetery was at the bridge +of Santo Tomás. The Mexican infantry was withdrawn from this position +because the Americans could<a class="pagenum" id="Page_414" title="414"></a> have struck the S. Cosme highway (by a +cross-road) between it and the city; but a large body of cavalry under +Torrejón remained and charged in order to gain time for Rangel to make +preparations at the garita.</p> + +<p>While Quitman was struggling with the intermediate battery, Duncan of +Worth’s command sent a gun from La Verónica causeway into a road that +extended some distance toward the right, and fired at the Mexicans. +He and Worth believed they gave Quitman material assistance, but this +does not appear to have been the fact, for the distance was found to be +much greater than they supposed (<a class="noteref" href="#src113">113</a>Beauregard). The better way +to aid Quitman would have been to press forward without loss of time, +and threaten the rear of the Mexicans opposing Quitman. Later some of +Worth’s guns did aid Quitman by firing at the garita.</p> + +<p>With remarkable daring Capt. Terrett of the Marines, Lieuts. Gore and +U. S. Grant of the Fourth Infantry, a few other officers and a small +party of men captured the unarmed work near the junction of La Verónica +and San Cosme roads by moving to the left round the English cemetery, +and took the parapet on the San Cosme highway. From the latter Worth +recalled them because the American guns behind them were about to open. +Cadwalader, sent to Worth by Scott, was placed by the former at the +English cemetery to guard Worth’s left and rear. Sumner, after pursuing +the Mexicans for some time, was detached to protect Tacubaya. Scott +joined Worth near the English cemetery and directed him to carry the +garita (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 392), but he soon returned to the base of +Chapultepec so as to be within easy reach of all his scattered forces +(<em>ibid.</em>, 382). By Scott’s order Huger sent to Worth four siege guns +and a mortar, but on account of the nature of the ground none of these +pieces was used against the garita (<em>ibid.</em>, 424). Santa Anna brought +four guns to the garita, but only three of them were available. The +stampede from the garita seems to have been due in part to a cornet +signal for retreat, meant for a single corps. The cavalry under Alvarez +entered the city during the afternoon of Sept. 12. Grant was assisted +by Lieut. Lendrum of the Third Artillery in handling the mountain +howitzer.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.21">21.</a> <em>The night of Sept. 13–14.</em> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 383 (Scott), +393 (Worth), 416 (Quitman), 424 (Huger), 429 (J. L. Smith); app., +168, etc. (officers). Ho. 60: 30, 1, pp. 1077–9 (Worth), 1079 +(Scott). <a class="noteref" href="#src179">179</a>Diario Esactísimo. Stevens, Stevens, i, 213, 215. +Sen. Rep. 32; 34, 1. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 129, 450; iv, +108, 116–22; app., 309–10. <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Jan., 1853, p. 49. +Davis, Autobiog., 235–7, 287–90. <a class="noteref" href="#src217">217</a>Henshaw to wife, Sept. 13 +[partly later]. <a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw narrative. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Gates, Oct. 6. +<a class="noteref" href="#src376">376</a>Nicholson, recolls. <a class="noteref" href="#src151">151</a>Steptoe to Lovell, Sept. 16. +London <cite>Times</cite>, Nov. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>S. Anna to Mex. ayunt., Sept. 15. +<a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Fernández to gov. Michoacán, Sept. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Relac. to +Olaguíbel, Sept. 14. S. Anna, Mi Historia, 83. Gamboa, Impug., 57–8. +<a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 954 (trial of Bonilla). <a class="noteref" href="#src366">366</a>Ayunt. poster, +Sept. 25. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Sept. 27 (Pacheco); Oct. 2 (S. Anna). S. +Anna, Contestación. Lawton, Artill. Off., 315. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, nos. 4 +and 8, res., 1847. Ramírez, México, 318. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Mex. ayunt. to Scott, +Sept. 13, 11 P.M. S. Anna, Apelación, 58–9. Calderón, Rectificaciones, +48. Giménez, Memorias, 114. Stevens, Vindication. Raleigh <cite>Star</cite>, Oct. +27. <a class="noteref" href="#src112">112</a>Beauregard to Quitman, Sept. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src113">113</a><em>Id..</em>, remins. +Rangel, Parte (with notes). Claiborne, Quitman, i, 370. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, +diary. Semmes, Service, 463. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 304. S. Anna, +Detall, 32–3. Apuntes, 334–5. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, <a class="pagenum" id="Page_415" title="415"></a>503–4.</p> + +<p>Quitman sent to Scott for heavy cannon and ammunition, and the latter, +though offended by Quitman’s course, had them supplied. During the +night, under Beauregard’s direction, two batteries inside the Belén +garita (for a 24-pounder, an 18-pounder and a 24-pound howitzer) and +a breastwork on the right for infantry were made ready. Steptoe, sent +here by Scott, was on hand to superintend the firing. To assault the +citadel across about 300 yards of open ground, even with the aid of +these pieces, would have been a very serious affair, and it was most +fortunate for Quitman that Worth’s entering the town where no citadel +existed made it unnecessary.</p> + +<p>It has been supposed that Huger’s brief bombardment caused Santa Anna +to evacuate the city (Semmes, Service, 463); but Santa Anna knew, +without being shown again, what the American artillery could do, and +he seems to have decided upon his policy before this firing occurred. +Santa Anna’s chief published reasons for the evacuation were that he +wished to save the city from bombardment, assault and sack, and save +the army, arms and cannon for future operations. Gamboa complained that +no provision was made before the evacuation for the security of the +people, the archives, etc. But Scott’s previous conduct was an adequate +pledge, and the council relied upon his regard for international +law. Considering Santa Anna’s known love of money, the vast Mexican +interests now imperilled, and his summary manner of deciding the +question of evacuation, one cannot help suspecting that inducements +were offered him. The council was probably held merely to divide the +responsibility for what he had resolved to do.</p> + +<p>It was charged that Santa Anna let the criminals out of jail expressly +to attack the Americans, and to bring odium upon us by committing +outrages that could be attributed to our troops. One cannot be sure +about this matter; but it is noticeable that Gamboa, in piling up all +possible charges against the President, only accused him of failing +to prevent the criminals from getting free. Santa Anna must have been +completely exhausted, but it seems to be true, as was stated by the +British minister (Bankhead, no. 86, 1847), that some one in authority +let about 2000 men out of confinement. Very likely it was hoped that +the Americans would be guilty of disorder; but the palace at least +was sacked before they entered it. Some of the Mexican soldiers acted +like brigands, it was reported—even robbing the British consul. No +preparations to evacuate the town had been made. Some one might and +should have had sentinels posted at the public buildings and offices +ready to surrender them in a proper manner. See chap. xxix, <a href="#N29.2">note 2</a>.</p> + +<p>On account of illness Pierce had no part in the battles of Sept. 8 and +13. Probably in order to occupy a place in the reports he appeared +at the Belén garita at about four <span class="fakesc">A.M.</span>, Sept. 14 (though he +belonged to Pillow’s division) on the ground that the Ninth Infantry +was then serving under Quitman. Although Scott refused to grant a +capitulation or sign any pledge, he seems to have indicated quite +definitely to the commission how the capital would be treated (Negrete, +Invasión, iv, 122), and in particular that in consideration of being +protected it would have to pay $150,000 for necessaries and comforts +to be given our troops. The ayuntamiento attempted to force Scott to +make pledges by saying that otherwise it could offer no security to his +army or its property. This was ingenious, and so was its solemn Protest +(Negrete, Invasión, iv, 108) that it had no intention of submitting +voluntarily to any foreign authority.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_416" title="416"></a>Scott’s report offended Worth by saying that he did not pass the +garita until Sept. 14 (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1077). This was technically +an error, and Scott so acknowledged in writing (<em>ibid.</em>, 1079). But +one cannot suppose he intended (though Worth imagined he did) to +belittle Worth, for his plan had been to give that officer the glory +of capturing the city, and he was displeased to find that Quitman had +taken precedence of Worth (Claiborne, Quitman, i, 377). Moreover, +Scott stated expressly in his report that Worth, had he not halted in +obedience to orders, might have anticipated Quitman (Sen. 1; 30, 1, +p. 383). Scott seems, indeed, to have intended, in giving Worth the +command on Sept. 8 and destining him to take possession of the city, to +close the breach between that officer and himself, but Worth contrived, +by taking needless offence on both occasions, to widen it. Another +complaint was that Scott ordered Worth to stop at the Alameda, and thus +enabled Quitman to reach the palace first (Semmes, Service, 464); but +apparently this was because Scott intended to join Worth there (Sen. +1; 30, 1, p. 417), for when Scott proceeded from Tacubaya to the city +on the morning of Sept. 14 he took the long route <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">via</em> San Cosme, not +knowing what Quitman had done.</p> + +<p>Semmes (Service, 469) states that S. Anna left 40 pieces of artillery +behind when he evacuated the city. Gamboa asserted that at the end +of the fighting, Sept. 13, there were still 9000 Mexican soldiers +besides 4000 National Guards (Impug., 59). The Spanish chargé reported +that when the fighting ended Santa Anna had 12,000 troops. As the +minister of relations was his guest at the time this would seem almost +equivalent to an official estimate (<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 7, Sept. +16). Mounted and unmounted, the Americans found twenty-two cannon at +the citadel (<a class="noteref" href="#src304">304</a>Geary to Quitman, Sept. 14). In spite of Santa +Anna’s efforts to prevent the capture of the city, many still believed +that he was in league with the Americans (Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 419).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N28.22">22.</a> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 383 (Scott), 393 (Worth), 398 (Twiggs), +417 (Quitman). <cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. 30, p. 137. Sen. Rep. 32; 34, 1. Scott, +Mems., ii, 535. Davis, Autobiog., 237. <a class="noteref" href="#src376">376</a>Nicholson, recolls. +<a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Introd. to intercepted letters. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Beauregard +to Quitman, Sept. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src304">304</a>Watson to Shields, Sept. 16. +Claiborne, Quitman, i, 362, note, 376. <a class="noteref" href="#src113">113</a>Beauregard, remins. +<a class="noteref" href="#src151">151</a>Roberts to <cite>Union</cite>, July 12, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src357">357</a>Wilcox, +diary. Arroniz, Manual, i, 411. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 286. +Semmes, Service, 464. Apuntes, 326. London <cite>Chronicle</cite>, Nov. 12. +<a class="noteref" href="#src307">307</a>Roberts, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src187">187</a>Thomas to Eddy, Oct. 26. Wise, +Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 255. Norton, Life, 172. <a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland to +father, Aug. —. Lowell (Mass.) <cite>Journal</cite>, Sept. 14, 1852. Verse by +Grace Greenwood (in Stevenson, Poems).</p> + +<p>Epitomizing his operations in the Valley, Scott said his army had +beaten thirty-odd thousand men, posted behind defences at chosen +positions, killed or wounded more than 7000, taken 3730 (one seventh +officers), including thirteen generals, and captured more than twenty +colors and standards, 75 pieces of ordnance, 57 wall-pieces, 20,000 +small arms, and an immense quantity of munitions (Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. +384–5). The total American losses on Sept. 12, 13 and 14: note <a href="#N28.18">18</a>.</p> + + +<h3>XXIX. FINAL MILITARY OPERATIONS</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.1">1.</a> The chief documents relating to Taylor’s field. Brackett, +Lane’s Brigade, 31–2. <a class="noteref" href="#src63">63</a>Marcy to Taylor, July 15, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Taylor to Crittenden, May 15; Sept, 15, 1847. <cite>Delta</cite>, Aug. +3. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, June 17.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_417" title="417"></a> <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mora, Mar. 31; Apr. 7; May 12. Ho. +60; 30, 1, pp. 1118–49, 1170, 1172, 1175, 1177, 1180, 1185–8, 1195, +1197–8 (Taylor); 1003, 1193–4 (Marcy). <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>A. Chávez, July 29. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>González to Urrea, July 12. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Valencia, June 7, 19, 26. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Filisola, Aug. 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Extracto, Aug. 10. Scott, Mems., +ii, 409–11, 460. <a class="noteref" href="#src354">354</a>Welles papers. <a class="noteref" href="#src330">330</a>Taylor, Aug. 16. +<cite>Spirit of the Age</cite>, Feb. 17, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Peña y Barragán, June 26, +1847. Charleston <cite>Mercury</cite>, Sept. 2. Polk, Diary, May 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Adj. +gen. to Brooke, May 29; to Taylor, July 16; to Talcott, Mar. 24. +<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Wool to Bliss, Aug. 25. (Tampico) Kenly, Md. Vol., 241, 244, +252; <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Riley to Bliss, Dec. 14, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Shields to adj. +gen., Jan. 19, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Beauregard to Gates, Feb. 24; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>I. +Múñoz, Dec. 19, 21, 25, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Gates, special orders 7, Feb. +25, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Váldez to F. de Garay, Jan. 3, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Garay, +Jan. 22, res., 29, res.; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>J. J. Landero, Jan. 25; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. +Anna, Jan. 9; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>F. de Garay, Jan. 22; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to Mora, May 24. +(Tamaulipas authorities) <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>J. Cárdenas to Relaciones, Nov. 16, +1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Urrea, Nov. 15; <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Relaciones</span>, +Nov. 19; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>gov. Tam. to comte. gen. Tam., Jan. 17, 1848; +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a><em>Id.</em>to Relaciones, Nov. 29, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Tam. congress, +decree, Nov. 14. (Taylor’s going home) <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Taylor, Oct. 26, 1847; +Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 145 (Marcy); <a class="noteref" href="#src330">330</a>Taylor to Gen. —, Aug. 16, +1847; Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1199, 1213–4 (Taylor); 1210 (Jones). (Costume) +<cite>Delta</cite>, Aug. 3, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Wool, gen. orders, Dec. 22, 1847.</p> + +<p>The distance from Camargo to Mexico City seems to have been about 820 +miles by the direct road. As early as May 11, 1847, Polk remarked +to the Cabinet that it was more important to reinforce Scott than +Taylor (Diary). In March, 1847, Taylor had: (regulars) 2 cos. of First +Dragoons; ditto, Second Dragoons; four artillery cos. (C of 1st; C and +E of 3d; B of 4th) with batteries; five artillery cos. as infantry; +(volunteers) Arkansas horse regt.; ditto, Kentucky; two cos. Texas +horse; two regts. Kentucky foot; three Ohio foot; three Ind. foot; +two Ill. foot; two Miss. foot; one each Va., No. Car., So. Car. and +Mass. foot (<a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>adj. gen. to ordnance dept., March 24, 1847). +June 16 Taylor wrote that Wool would soon have at Buena Vista six +regular companies (Second Dragoons, Fourth Artillery), four cos. of +volunteer horse (First Arkansas, Third Texas), and Marshall’s brigade +(in all about 2500); that there would be a small garrison at Monterey, +and that the troops on or coming to the Rio Grande would go to a camp +of instruction at Mier. He reckoned that by August 15 he would have +about 8000 effectives (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1177, 1180). The New Orleans +<cite>Delta</cite> of Aug. 3 said Wool had at Buena Vista about 2900, Taylor at +Monterey 800, and the posts at Cerralvo, Mier and Matamoros about 3300. +In May and June the time of practically all Taylor’s 12-months men +(thirteen regts.) was out. Only enough for one company would reënlist. +The government intended Taylor should have after losing these men +fully 10,000, to wit (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 924–6): (regulars) Hopping’s +brigade consisting of Tenth Infantry (N. Y., N. J.) under Col. Temple; +Thirteenth Infantry (Va., Ga., Ala., Fla.) under Col. Echols; Sixteenth +Infantry (Ky., Ind., Ill.) under Col. Tibbatts; and also the Third +Dragoons; (volunteers) Marshall’s brigade (one regt. each from *Miss., +*Va. and *No. Car., five Va. companies—*three of them already in +Mexico); Lane’s brigade (Ill. regt., Ill. horse co., Ind. regt., five +N. J. cos., one Fla. co., one Ark. horse co., five Texas horse cos.); +Cushing’s brigade (*Mass. regt., Ohio regt., Ohio horse co., five +D. C. and Md. cos., five Ala. cos., one Ala. horse co.). (The star +means “already in Mexico.”) In spite of this it was charged that the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_418" title="418"></a> +government was leaving Taylor with only a corporal’s guard. Troops +began to leave Taylor’s for Scott’s field during the latter part of +August. Taylor retained the Tenth and Sixteenth regular regts. and the +battery of Deas (Co. B, Fourth Artillery) and sent to Scott, besides +Hays’s men and a body under Cushing, three regts. of volunteers (Mass., +Ohio, Ind.): an aggregate of 2957 (<a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>adj. gen., Oct. 6). He +estimated that Hays had about 400. Wool, who had been commanding at +Saltillo and Buena Vista, moved to Monterey after Taylor left that +place, and Col. John Hamtramck succeeded him. A letter from Buena Vista +dated Jan. 17, 1848, said that Hamtramck then had 2600 and Wool at +Monterey 1400; and that the total force in that field amounted to five +light batteries, four infantry regiments, ten companies of dragoons and +four companies of horse (<cite>Spirit of the Age</cite>, Feb. 17, 1848).</p> + +<p>About 200 American prisoners (privates), who were supposed by +themselves and other Americans to have been exchanged for Mexicans +captured at Cerro Gordo, were sent by the Mexican government in May, +1847, to Huejutla, about 120 miles from Tampico on the road to Mexico, +in order to prevent them from escaping or being recaptured, and +suffered terrible privations in the mountains. July 7, 1847, Gates, +commanding at Tampico, sent Col. De Russey of the Louisiana volunteers, +with 126 men (including 35 mounted men) and a 6-pdr. under Capt. F. O. +Wyse to endeavor peaceably to obtain the release of these prisoners, +or, if that could not be done, to rescue them. De Russey sent word to +Gen. F. de Garay, the Mexican commander in that district, regarding +his mission, but was ambushed near Huejutla. With some loss he beat +off his assailants, and after fighting more or less three days on his +retreat, succeeded, after receiving aid from Tampico, in reaching that +place. His loss was 12 killed and 7 wounded. Later the prisoners were +released on parole. The garrison of Tampico at this time was only about +650 effectives; but July 31 five companies of Ill. vols. were ordered +to go there from N. Orleans. In April, 1848, Gen. Shields was ordered +to take command at Tampico. (For this paragraph: Encarnacion Prisoners, +70; <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Gates, special orders 41, July 7; <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a><em>Id..</em>, July +21, Aug. 24; <a class="noteref" href="#src365">365</a>Wyse, May 15, 1876; <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>adj. gen. to +Gates, July 31; Ho. 24; 31, 1; Tampico <cite>Sentinel</cite>, extra, July 18; +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Garay, July 19, 28; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>V. de Mora, Sept. 10; Apuntes, +380–4; <cite>Niles</cite>, Aug. 7, p. 357; <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>adj. gen. to Shields, Mar. 30, +1848.)</p> + +<p>In the summer of 1847 discipline at Buena Vista was in a bad state +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Filisola, Aug. 10; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>report of a trustworthy spy). +In August a mutiny occurred (Sen. 62; 30, 1), and Wool discharged +dishonorably two lieuts. and two privates (Ho. 78; 30, 1). Polk +countermanded this discharge on the ground that Wool had exceeded his +authority (<a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wool, Jan. 17, 1848). A court of inquiry +was ordered (Ho. 60; 30, 1, 1207–8). This fully vindicated Wool (Sen. +62; 30, 1).</p> + +<p>By the autumn of 1847 the Americans occupied Tamaulipas and Nuevo +León pretty effectively, but in Coahuila held only Saltillo and +its vicinity. In Feb. and March, 1848, that state was overrun +(<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Wool, Mar. 2, 1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>gov. Coahuila, Mar. 29, 1848), +and on March 7 Mazapil in northern Zacatecas was made an American +outpost (<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Wool to Price, Apr. 5, 1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>comte. gen. +Zacatecas, Mar. 10). The Americans tried repeatedly without success to +apprehend Gov. Aguirre, who was known to be hostile. Finally, about the +middle of Dec., 1847, they burned his house and destroyed the clothing +of his family who were there (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>report to comte. gen. Durango, +res., Dec. 21, 1847).</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_419" title="419"></a>Valencia’s plan of combined operations appears to have been an +elaboration of a suggestion of Filisola. By June 22 Filisola, then at +Durango, was ready to advance. July 31 he feared his men would disband +from lack of means. About Aug. 1 he moved. Many deserted or fell sick. +August 11 he had 634 available privates. Avalos was in a similar +condition, and his brigade shrank rapidly. Most of the troops placed +under Filisola’s orders were diverted or simply failed to appear, and +finally on Aug. 23, 1847, he was ordered to Querétaro. (This paragraph +is based upon numerous <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>reports from the officers concerned.)</p> + +<p><em>Price’s campaign.</em> In Oct., 1847, it was feared at Santa Fe that the +Mexicans intended to attack New Mexico (Santa Fe <cite>Republican</cite>, Oct. 9), +and a considerable American force appears to have gone to the southern +part of the province (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>prefect El Paso, Oct. 26). In November +El Paso was the scene of preparations to march south. The people of +Chihuahua state had mostly been cowed at Sacramento, but Trias and a +few others were determined to fight. He obtained 500 muskets that were +landed at Guaymas, and his arsenal turned out eight small field pieces. +At Santa Cruz de Rosales he took post with 804 men, besides officers. +Price had 665 men, but his artillery was much superior to that of +the Mexicans. His object was to get the munitions and other public +property that Trias had brought from Chihuahua City. Trias said he knew +officially that a treaty had been signed; but, as the Mexicans were +more noted for astuteness than for veracity, Price would not believe +him. He did, however, wait about a week. After some fighting Trias +and his entire force surrendered. He lost 238 killed. The American +loss was 4 killed and 19 wounded (<a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>adj. gen. to Price, Oct. +4; Nov. 20, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Price, May 22, 1848; to Wool, +May 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Trias, Nov. 30; Feb. 15; Mar. 21. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. +76–7, 113–36. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Corresp. between Price and Trias, Mar. 10, etc. +Ho. 24; 31, 1. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Eco del Comercio</cite>, June 22, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Chávez to +Armijo, Oct. 21, 1847. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 535–7. México á través, +iv, 710. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Justiniani and Trias, report, Mar. 22, 1848. Apuntes, +397–401). Price exhibited energy and courage in this campaign but poor +judgment. A force occupying El Paso would have protected New Mexico, +and to go even beyond the city of Chihuahua and fight so serious an +aggressive battle long after the capture of Mexico City and in the +face of positive assurances that a treaty had been signed was hardly +reasonable. One suspects that commercial interests were behind this +campaign. Gen. Butler ordered restitution made (<a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>to Marcy, Apr. +7).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.2">2.</a> The chief documents relating to hostilities at Mexico. +<a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. <cite>National</cite>, Nov. 14, etc., 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, +gen. orders 289, 296. Apuntes, 325, 330–9, 362. London <cite>Chronicle</cite>, +Nov. 12. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 451, etc.; iv, app., 310–2. +S. Anna, Apelación, 59, 60, 63. Gamboa, Impug., 59, 60. Ramírez, +México, 317–8. Semmes, Service, 466–7. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Ayunt. proclams. +<a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Corresp. between Veramendi and S. Anna. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Ayunt. +to Quitman, Sept. 15–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Mexican officials to Veramendi, +Sept. —. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Quitman, proclam., Sept. 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Veramendi, +proclam., Sept. 27. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Arco Iris</cite>, Dec. 1. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 14; Nov. 20. +N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, Oct. 14. Diario Esactísimo. <cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. 30, p. 138. +<a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to daughter, Sept. 28. Prieto, Memorias, ii, 248–58. +<a class="noteref" href="#src357">357</a>Wilcox, diary. Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src366">366</a>Poster. S. +Anna, Detall, 33–4. London <cite>Times</cite>, Nov. 13. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 383–4 +(Scott), 393 (Worth); 399 (Riley); 417 (Quitman); 424 (Huger); app., +169 (Smith), 185 (Smith), 188 (Morris), 190 (Plympton). Hitchcock, +Fifty Years, 304–5. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor<a class="pagenum" id="Page_420" title="420"></a> Repub.</cite>, Sept. 28. Grant, Mems., i, +162–3. Henshaw narrative. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 378. Engineer School, +Occas. Papers 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 7, 1847. Davis, Autobiog., 240. +Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 507–11, 542. <cite>American Star</cite>, Oct. 14.</p> + +<p>Santa Anna sent an order to Herrera to return to Mexico, but by the +time Herrera received it he was so far away that he did not think +it best to go back, and the order was soon rescinded. One of the +<a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>proclamations of the president of the ayuntamiento, 12:30 +p.m., Sept. 14, said: “The general in charge of the American forces +which have occupied the city this morning has informed the Ayuntamiento +that if within three hours, counted from the time this notice is +posted, there is not an entire cessation of the acts of hostility now +being committed with palpable imprudence and to the grave prejudice +of the peaceable citizens, he will proceed with all rigor against the +guilty, permitting their goods and property to be sacked and razing +the block in which are situated the houses from which the American +troops are fired upon.” There is no evidence that the last threat was +executed. In another <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>proclamation of the same day the people +were called upon to “reciprocate the civilization” of the American +army, and to leave national affairs to the nation. In a <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>third +the people were told that Scott had refused to give the pledges asked +for by the ayuntamiento until the hostilities should cease. The action +of the ayuntamiento brought upon President Veramendi the most violent +denunciations and menaces of Santa Anna. Veramendi <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>replied +that he “idolized” his country, and was only trying to avert the +disasters to which it had been doomed by “the most well-proven rapine, +the most lamentable demoralization of our people, and not by true +patriotism or zeal to prevent the sacking of the churches” and other +outrages. Veramendi wrote finally that it would be a waste of time to +continue the discussion; that the authorities would do their duty and +accept the verdict of public opinion.</p> + +<p>The Americans commonly believed that the convicts were released from +the prison by Santa Anna with the expectation that their crimes would +be charged to the Americans; and on the other hand Otero asserted that +the Americans released them to prey upon the people. His view was +certainly erroneous; and the other, though not without support, may +have been so. In the confusion the jailers perhaps left the prisoners +unguarded or released them to save them from starving. Some believed +that the real purpose of the uprising was to plunder the houses of the +city under cover of the disorder, and there is reason to think this +motive existed. No doubt, too, some Americans robbed the houses of +innocent citizens from which they supposed, or pretended to suppose, +that bullets had come (<a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary). As late as December +an uprising was planned. Scott had agents (including a member of +Congress and a governor) to give him information (Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. +38). Scott’s general orders 289, Sept. 18, for the distribution of the +troops in the city show that all the principal sections were covered, +and that a guard and two guns defended each of the principal gates. +No private house was to be used for quarters till all suitable public +buildings had been occupied, nor then without the owner’s consent or an +order from headquarters. Officers were to be with or near their troops.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.3">3.</a> The chief documents. Lieber, Guerrillas, 19, 20. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Apr. +28; May 2, 4, 10, 23, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Address of Méx. legislature, +Apr. 26. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, May 8. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 138 (Marcy). +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Porvenir</cite>, May 27.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_421" title="421"></a> <cite>Picayune</cite>, Feb. 23; May 6; Dec. 9. Kenly, +Md. Vol., 312. Ramírez, México, 241, 244, 260. México á través, +iv, 712. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Kearny, Dec. 10, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mora, +Apr. 23, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a>Vera Cruz congress, manifiesto, Sept. 28. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Soto, proclam., undated. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Address of citizens, Apr. +6. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Salas, proclam., Apr. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, May 16. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Relaciones to Olaguíbel, Aug. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src257">257</a>[Hughes] to Frank, +Nov. 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Decrees, Apr. 28; May 1. Roa Bárcena, Rec., 250–5, +262.</p> + +<p>In Spanish <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">guerrilla</em> means a party, each member of which is a +<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">guerrillero</em>. The value of the work done by the Spanish guerillas was +commonly much overrated by the Mexicans. Not only did the “patriotic” +irregulars act atrociously in Mexico during the revolution against +Spain, but those organized by the viceroy behaved so badly that he +disbanded them (México á través, iii, 234). Guerillas (“light corps of +the National Guard”) were decreed by the Mexican government on April +8, 1847. A citizen after obtaining authorization from the state or the +national government, could raise a body of volunteers (not less than +fifty), rank according to the number from lieutenant to colonel (800), +and give his name to the corps. Other corps were to be supported by +the state or the central government. Goods taken from the enemy were +to be divided among the captors and could be sold without paying duty. +August 16, 1847, the government ordered that the people within thirty +leagues (about eighty miles) of every point occupied by the enemy +should rise <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en masse</em>, and attack them with “the arms each may have, +fire-arms or cold steel, great or small, long or short—in a word, if +there be nothing else, with sticks and stones” (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Relaciones to +Olaguíbel).</p> + +<p>Other guerilla leaders in Vera Cruz state were M. Senobio (near the +coast), the Spanish priest J. A. Martínez, Juan Aburto, F. Mendoza +and J. M. Vázquez. T. Marín had charge of the guerillas near Córdoba. +Jarauta was ordered to bring together a number of small parties that +were simply preying upon the people. In the autumn of 1847 he offered +to join the Americans, but Gen. Patterson, who arrived at Jalapa just +then, would make no arrangement with him (Kenly, Md. Vol., 328–31; +<a class="noteref" href="#src257">257</a>[Hughes] to Frank, Nov. 11).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.4">4.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Urrea, Aug. 12, res. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Canales to Urrea, Feb. 5; +Aug. 6; to alcalde of Guerrero, Apr. 4. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Lamar to Bliss, Apr. +21. <a class="noteref" href="#src245">245</a>Canales to ——, Apr. 4. Apuntes, 387–8. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, +June 11. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1138–42; 1197 (Belknap). <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>F. J. +Parker to F. Smith, Apr. 1. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Feb. 23. Smith, Chile, 294, +298. <a class="noteref" href="#src245">245</a>Boyd to Bee, Apr. 4. <a class="noteref" href="#src148">148</a>Chamberlain, recolls.</p> + +<p>If a train moved in sections with troops between them its length was +increased so much that more strength was believed to be lost than +gained. The “roads” were usually narrow, especially in rough country. +For Urrea see chap. xx, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_400">p. 400</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.5">5.</a> Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1138, 1142, 1180, 1211 (Taylor). +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Wool to adj. gen., Dec. 20, 1847; Feb. 4; Mar. 2; May 9, +1848; to Hunter, Dec. 14, 1847; to Hamtramck, Dec. 18; to Lobo, July +25; to Marcy, Feb. 26, 1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>orders, 11, Dec. 17, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a><em>Id..</em>, orders 66, Feb. 26, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Commrs. of N. +León towns to Taylor, Apr. —, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>McDowell to Butler, +Jan. 18, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src348">348</a>Pattridge to Miss W., July 21, 1847. +Apuntes, 387. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, Apr. 14, 1847. <cite>Niles</cite>, May 8, 1847, p. +152. <a class="noteref" href="#src212">212</a>Hastings, diary. Sen. 32; 31, 1 (Hughes, mem., 43). +<a class="noteref" href="#src148">148</a>Chamberlain, recolls. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Aguirre, proclam., Aug. 27, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Canales to R. Uribe,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_422" title="422"></a> Apr. 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Urrea, May 27. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Jefe político, Saltillo, to ayunt., Sept. 28; Nov. 4.</p> + +<p>Final action regarding the fine of $96,000 was made contingent on +the conduct of the people (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1139). General Mora, +commanding at San Luis Potosí, thought he could take advantage of a +small massacre perpetrated by Americans to score a point, but Taylor +disposed of him summarily (<em>ibid.</em>, pp. 1138–41).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.6">6.</a> <cite>Sun of Anahuac</cite>, Aug. 25, 1847. Apuntes, 385–7. +<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. 517, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src350">350</a>Weber, recolls. +Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 579. Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 278, +281. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 15; Dec. 19. Kenly, Md. Vol., 323. Oswandel, +Notes, 153, 166, 215. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mora, Apr. 23, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rea, Nov. +14. Dublán, Legislación, v, 284, 288. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, May 2, 10; June 27 (S. +Anna, decree, June 26). <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Lombardini, May 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Guerra, +circular, June 26.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.7">7.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Wilson to adj. gen., Aug. 21, 1847. (Losses) Ho. 24; 31, +1. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Court of inquiry, Puebla, July 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary, +Nov. 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Hughes to Capt. Scott, Jan. 8, 1848. Grone, Briefe, +33, 37, etc. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Lally to Wilson, Aug. 11, 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Briscoe, +report, Mar. 1, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 250, 1847; 45, +1848. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 579, 582. <cite>Delta</cite>, Oct. 1, 5, +1847. Kenly, Md. Vol., 304–8, 318. Apuntes, 386–7. <a class="noteref" href="#src234">234</a>McDaniel +to Johnson, Jan. 28, 1848. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1068 (Marshall); 1069 +(Miles); 1082 (Scott). <cite>Niles</cite>, Sept. 18, 1847, p. 35; Oct. 16, p. +103. <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Pierce, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Bonham to Pierce, July 27. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Cadwalader to Wilson, June 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src287">287</a>Parrish, diary. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Soto, June 10, 14; July 19. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mendoza to Soto, June +16. <a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, June 23. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 482 +(Lally); 488 (Sears); 489 (Ridgely); 491–5; app., 4, 13, 16 (McIntosh); +18 (Cadwalader); 21 (Wynkoop); 23 (Walker); 25 (Pierce). Roa Bárcena, +Rec., 252, 254, 262. Oswandel, Notes, 381. June 6 McIntosh lost six +killed, fifteen wounded.</p> + +<p>For McIntosh and Pierce see chap. xxiv, <a href="#Page_76">pp. 76–7</a>. McIntosh left Vera +Cruz June 4 with 132 wagons, about 500 pack-mules, 170 dragoons, 100 +dismounted dragoons and about 450 infantry. The wagon horses were weak +mustangs; the mules unbroken and vicious; the teamsters Mexicans, +mostly new to the business. The wagons became too much separated. The +dragoons acted imprudently. A court of inquiry exonerated McIntosh. +The guerillas destroyed the fine bridge at Plan del Río in the hope of +stopping Cadwalader, who marched from Vera Cruz to reinforce McIntosh. +Lally had two companies of the Fourth Infantry, two of the Fifth, one +of the Eleventh, three of the Twelfth, one of the Fifteenth, two of the +Voltigeurs and one of Louisiana horse. The “missing” numbered twelve. +He admitted that at the national bridge only his artillery gave him the +victory. Lally had been appointed from civil life, and, though military +in appearance, did not understand his present business (Grone, Briefe, +46–8). Hearing at Perote that Lally had been repulsed, Colonel Wynkoop +with two companies of infantry and one of cavalry marched to Jalapa in +thirty-six hours. Naturally the Americans greatly overestimated the +numbers of the guerillas they were fighting. In November, 1847, the +guerillas operated so near Vera Cruz that the farmers would not bring +milk and vegetables to the city unless escorted. January 3, 1848, +Lieut. Col. Miles left Vergara with some 500 wagons and a large number +of pack-mules. He had 1300 troops, but only 150 of them were cavalry. +The train extended at least nine miles. In spite of unusual precautions +250–300 of the pack-mules were captured near Santa Fe. Most of the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_423" title="423"></a> +goods thus lost belonged to Mexican merchants. In February, 1848, a +party under Lieut. Col. Briscoe was attacked on its way to Orizaba. A +number of other encounters are mentioned by Mexicans.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.8">8.</a> Oswandel, Notes, 156, 215–6, 365, 382. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard, nos. +19, May 30; 37, Oct. 20, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, no. 1, Jan. 13, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Hughes to [Wilson], Sept. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders +127, Apr. 29; 372, Dec. 12, 1847. Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 174, 186, +194, 196. <a class="noteref" href="#src128">128</a><em>Id..</em>, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Pell to Lambert, Nov. 30. +Zirckel, Tagebuch, 50, 53, 61–2. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Correo Nacional</cite>, Dec. 21. Henshaw +narrative. Grone, Briefe, 37–61. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Twiggs to Marcy, Mar. 1, +1848. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 310. Scott, Mems., ii, 575. Lerdo de +Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 579, 582. <a class="noteref" href="#src152">152</a>Claiborne, mems. Sen. 52; 30, +1, p. 138 (Marcy). <cite>Delta</cite>, Dec. 23. Apuntes, 386. <a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>Adj. gen. +to Wilson, Aug. 12. Moore, Scott’s Camp., 72. Ramírez, México, 241–3, +260. <cite>Fraser’s Mag.</cite>, xxxviii, 91–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>J. G. Terán, May 17. +Stevens, Stevens, i, 134. Vera Cruz <cite>Eagle</cite>, May 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Wilson +to adj. gen., June 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins papers. Polk, Diary, July 16. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Soto, July 23; Aug. 11. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 60–1. +<cite>Flag of Freedom</cite>, i, no. 4. <a class="noteref" href="#src305">305</a>Richardson, recolls.</p> + +<p>It was a common practice of these guerillas to mutilate wounded +Americans. The lasso was one of their weapons. Their rule was to take +no prisoners. After Scott had to abandon his communications with Vera +Cruz, the government felt extremely anxious to have the line re-opened +and kept open. August 12, 1847, the commander at Vera Cruz was assured +that this was “of the first importance,” and troops were sent to him +expressly for the purpose. The volunteers in general, personally brave +and enterprising, did good service against the guerillas (Stevens, +Stevens, i, 134); but as the latter almost always had horses, there +was a particular need of cavalry on our side. About the first of July, +1847, the governors of Illinois and Georgia were called upon for two +and five companies respectively of mounted men to help keep this line +open. Polk himself selected Hays’s regiment (Diary, July 16). Walker, +though stern with the guerillas, would not permit his men to pillage. +Rebolledo was betrayed, and was taken by Mexican counter-guerillas +in November, 1847; but he was defended by an American named Kennedy, +who resided at Jalapa, and was merely imprisoned. Jarauta was shot in +July, 1848, for revolutionary activities. Marcy wrote to Scott that the +guerilla system was “hardly recognized as a legitimate mode of warfare, +and should be met with the utmost allowable severity” (Sen. 52; 30, 1, +p. 138), and ordered him to destroy the rendezvous of the guerillas. +The guerillas failed completely to affect the general course of the +war, as they were expected to do, but even as late as March, 1848, the +road from Vera Cruz to Jalapa was safe for large parties only. Hays’s +Rangers seemed to aim to dress as outlandishly as possible, and with +their huge beards looked almost like savages. The officers were like +the men in looks and costume. The horses were of all sizes and colors. +For arms each had a rifle, a pair of pistols and one or two Colt’s +five-shooters (Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 310; Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, +174). Hays’s usual order for attack was to point at the enemy and +shout, “Give ’em hell!” (Zirckel, Tagebuch, 11).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.9">9.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src128">128</a>Brackett, diary. Tributo á la Verdad, 58. Grone, +Briefe, 33. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Childs, Jan. 13, 1848. (Hostilities) +<a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Perry, Nov. 2, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mendoza to Soto, June +16, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Private letter (Mexican), Orizaba, [Sept., +1847]. <a class="noteref" href="#src307">307</a>Roberts, diary. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Porvenir</cite>, May 27. <cite>Picayune</cite>, +May 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Acuerdo, July 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mora, Apr. 23, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Relaciones to Guerra,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_424" title="424"></a> Aug. 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Soto, Sept. 12. +<a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a>Llorea to Soto, June 12. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Marín to Soto, Sept. 22, +25. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. 517, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, June 11. +<a class="noteref" href="#src214">214</a>Hays and Caperton, Hays. <a class="noteref" href="#src257">257</a>[Hughes] to Frank, Dec. +16. México á través, iv, 662.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.10">10.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src128">128</a>Brackett, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Méx. legislature, address, +Apr. 26, 1847; decree, May 31. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Childs, Jan. 13, 1848. <cite>Flag +of Freedom</cite>, i, no. 3. Gamboa, Impug., 66. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, +ii, 53, 215. Apuntes, 386. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nacional</cite>, Dec. 18. S. Anna, Apelación, +29. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Puebla state treas. to secy., May 10. And from <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> +the following. Bravo, May 22, 1847. Guerra, circular, May 4. Lists of +guerilla patents issued. Gov. Oaxaca, proclam., Jan. 25, 1848. Peña y +Barragán, Nov. 24, 1847. To Torrejón, Dec. 28. Rea to Peña y Barragán, +Nov. 26; to Guerra, Nov. 14. Rules of Rea’s officers. Alvarez, June 16. +Rea said he had commanded regulars. He treated some captured Americans +with much civility.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.11">11.</a> Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 385 (Scott); 471 (Childs); app., 33 (Gwynn); +34 (Morehead). <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton, no. 5, Oct. 29, 1847. <cite>National</cite>, +Nov. 14. Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 113, 117, 131. <a class="noteref" href="#src356">356</a>Whitcomb, +diary. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 102. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Puebla ayunt., proceedings, +Aug. 31. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 246, Aug. 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>J. L. Smith +to H. L. Scott, July 13. Scott, Mems., ii, 550. <cite>Flag of Freedom</cite>, +i, nos. 1, 5. Kitchen, Record, 63–9. Lawton, Artill. Off., 278. +<a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, diary. Oswandel, Notes, 248, 254, 259, 265, 268, 293. +S. Anna, Mi Historia, 85. Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., 313. S. Anna, +Apelación, 60. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 202, 206. México á través, iv, 699. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Comte. gen. Puebla, Sept. 18. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Relaciones to Guerra, +Dec. 11. Moore, Scott’s Camp., 116, 214–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 9, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Puebla congress, decree, Aug. 12. Ramsey, Other Side, +394–5. Smith, To Mexico, 171. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 517. S. Anna, +Detall, 33, 35.</p> + +<p>The cavalry were under Capt. Ford, the artillery under Capts. Kendrick +and Miller, and the infantry (six companies) under Lieut. Col. Black +(Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 471). Capt. Rowe, Ninth Infantry, commanded a +hospital that was persistently attacked. A considerable number of the +sick were able to do light duty. Some civilian employees helped. Childs +had authority from Scott to organize the convalescents into companies +and battalions (<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 246). Scott spoke of the +garrison as “competent” (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 303), and no doubt it was +as nearly equal to the dangers that appeared to threaten it as was +the army that advanced from Puebla. But the garrison was weaker than +Scott had intended it to be, for many convalescents had represented +themselves as well. Four Pennsylvania companies, Ford’s company and +Miller’s company held S. José, which was a poor building for the +purpose and badly placed. Guadalupe was occupied as a protection to +Loreto.</p> + +<p>Guerillas entered Puebla Aug. 12. Childs at once gave notice to the +prefect that, should the people attempt to overpower the garrison, +“the City would probably suffer” from his artillery (<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Aug. +12). The first attack upon the Americans gave the guerillas about +700 mules and some other property. The next day some fifty armed +teamsters and others went against the guerillas, and only fifteen of +them returned. The authorities of the city were disgusted with the +operations of the guerillas. About the first of September, by order of +the state congress, the National Guards moved to help recover the city +from the Americans, but the orders given them seemed to show little +determination to coöperate with Rea or fight<a class="pagenum" id="Page_425" title="425"></a> in earnest, and hence +many became disheartened and deserted (<a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Ochoterena). Typhoid +fever broke out among the American sick and carried off many (Moore, +Scott’s Camps., 218). News of the capture of Mexico was brought in by a +courier disguised as a lépero. S. Cristóbal was on the road from Mexico +to Puebla <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">via</em> Apam, which Santa Anna chose to take. Alvarez went +<em lang="la" xml:lang="la">via</em> S. Martin.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.12">12.</a> Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 471 (Childs); app., 28 (Black); 34 (Morehead). +Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1029 (S. Anna); 1030 (Childs). Ramsey, Other Side, +396. Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 113, 117. Moore, Scott’s Camp., 218, +223–4. Rodríguez, Breve Reseña, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Puebla prefect to +ayunt., Sept. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Rea to prefect, Sept. 23. Negrete, Invasión, +iv, app., 314. <cite>Flag of Freedom</cite>, i, nos. 1, 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, diary. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna to Guerra, Sept. 23, 30. Gamboa, Impug., 60. S. Anna, +Detall, 35–6.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.13">13.</a> Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 460; iv, app., 295. Hitchcock, +Fifty Years, 347. <cite>Flag of Freedom</cite>, i, no. 3. Lawton, Artill. Officer, +324. Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 71, 80, 101. <a class="noteref" href="#src152">152</a>Claiborne, mems. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Isunza to Relaciones, Oct. 12. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, Sept. 30; +Oct. 4. México á través, iv, 699. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>J. A. Ochotorena, Oct. —. +<a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>S. Anna to gov. Puebla, Oct. 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>P. M. Herrera to +Puebla sec. state, Oct. 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a><em>Id..</em>, diary. Zirckel, Tagebuch, +50, 53, 61–2. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Taylor, order, Aug. 16. Apuntes, 347–8. +<a class="noteref" href="#src321">321</a>Smith, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland to father, undated. Sen. +1; 30, 1, p. 477 (Lane). Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1030 (Lane); 1198 (Taylor). +<a class="noteref" href="#src246">246</a>Lane, Autobiog. Rosa, Impresiones. Semmes, Service, 234. +Hartman, Journal, 14–5. Smith, To Mexico, 161. S. Anna, Detall, 36. Roa +Bárcena, Recuerdos, 519.</p> + +<p>From Perote, hearing that large Mexican forces were in his front, Lane +took four companies of the First Pennsylvania, Walker’s company of +Mounted Riflemen, some convalescents and three guns under Taylor (Third +Artillery). Wynkoop of the First Pennsylvania commanded these men. +Before long they returned to Perote. Santa Anna reported that he took +from Puebla 3500 men. His worst trouble was with his Puebla National +Guards, who thought the expedition was a treasonable scheme of his to +get them away from Puebla. On finding his command melting away, he sent +all but about 1000 cavalry back to Puebla under Alvarez. From Puebla +Alvarez retired to Atlixco and thence to the south. Later he took +possession of Cuernavaca in the state of México.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.14">14.</a> <em>The Huamantla affair.</em> Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1031 (Lane). +Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 477 (Lane). Apuntes, 348. Perry, Indiana, 234. +(“Peg-Leg”) <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Pommarès to Conner, Aug. 4, 1846. Norton, Life, +154, 157. Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 88–94. <a class="noteref" href="#src129">129</a><em>Id..</em>, diary. +Zirckel, Tagebuch, 96–8, 155. <cite>Flag of Freedom</cite>, Oct. 23; 24, extra; +27. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 460–3; iv, app., 315–6. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Correo +Nacional</cite>, Mar. 30, 1848. S. Anna, Apelación, 65. <a class="noteref" href="#src222">222</a>Hiney, +diary. Grone, Briefe, 65–7. <a class="noteref" href="#src152">152</a>Claiborne, mems. Gamboa, Impug., +61. <a class="noteref" href="#src147">147</a>Chamberlain, diary. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 519. S. Anna, +Detall, 37. Besides losing Walker, Lane had 23 men wounded (Ho. 24; 31, +1).</p> + +<p>Lane was born in 1814. For a time he was a trader at Lawrenceburg, +Indiana; and then he studied law in the manner of that time and region. +He was not a man of much education. He meant thoroughly well in a +rough way, but was rather careless about discipline. His men realized +that he did not look out for their comfort or husband their strength, +but admired his courage, energy and shrewd planning so much that they +forgave him. He was called the Marion of the war.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_426" title="426"></a>To guard his baggage, etc., Lane left at the hacienda the Fourth Ohio +(Col. Brough), three regular companies under Capt. Simmons, and Lieut. +Pratt (Second Art.) with two guns. Walker had his own company of +Mounted Riflemen, two companies of Louisiana cavalry, and one company +of Georgia cavalry (Brackett, Lane’s Brig., 89). Lane had, in the +following order, the Fourth Indiana (Col. Gorman), four Pennsylvania +companies (Col. Wynkoop), five guns (Capt. Taylor), a battalion of +the Ninth Infantry (Maj. Lally) and six companies of regulars (Capt. +Heintzelman). Santa Anna, hearing that a few Americans were on their +way to Huamantla, sent a party of Puebla mounted police to protect the +town. Evidently this was the party that Walker saw approaching it.</p> + +<p>Much was written about this fight. It was said that Walker was ordered +not to advance beyond supporting distance; that he was authorized +to act according to circumstances; that he dashed ahead because he +received word that the Mexican guns were being taken away, etc.; but +Lane reported that he ordered Walker to move ahead (“within supporting +distance”) and, should the Mexicans be found in force, to wait for the +infantry (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 477). He reached the town about forty-five +minutes before the infantry did. Santa Anna was repulsed by the Fourth +Indiana. In spite of Lane, much plundering was done by the victors, in +whose defence it was urged that citizens fired from the houses. Though +Walker captured two guns, he had no priming tubes, and therefore could +make little, if any, use of them. Lane’s loss was about twenty-five +killed and wounded. Santa Anna reported two killed, seven wounded, and +a number missing, but his loss was estimated by Americans at 100.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.15">15.</a> Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 108. <a class="noteref" href="#src356">356</a>Whitcomb, diary. Perry, +Indiana, 253. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 103. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Scott to Childs, Sept. +16. Negrete Invasión, iii, app., 460. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 347. +<cite>Flag of Freedom</cite>, i, no. 5. Oswandel, Notes, 339–41. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Alvarez, +Oct. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rea to Alvarez, Oct. 13. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 471 +(Childs); 476 (Lane). (“Rough paw”) <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to wife, Mar. 14, +1848.</p> + +<p>Santa Anna overtook Lane at El Pinal, but admitted that the Americans +marched so cautiously that he could accomplish nothing. The loss of the +garrison, Sept. 13 to Oct. 12, was fifteen killed, thirty-seven wounded +(Ho. 24; 31, 1). The loss of the Mexicans was estimated by Americans at +300–500.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.16">16.</a> Diccionario Universal (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Atlixco</cite>). México á través, iv, 662, +702. Calderón, Life, ii, 93. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 112. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>G. +Rodríguez, Oct. 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rea, Oct. 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src356">356</a>Whitcomb, diary. +Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 479 (Lane).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.17">17.</a> Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 479 (Lane). Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 75–6 (Marcy, +report). Grone, Briefe, 69. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 522–3. Brackett, +Lane’s Brigade, 146, 149–51, 164. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 110–3. <cite>Flag of +Freedom</cite>, i, nos. 1, 3. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Alvarez, Dec. 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rea, Oct. +24, 1847; Feb. 10, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Memo. to head of plana mayor, Feb. +19, 1848. <b>61</b>Dumont to Lane, Nov. 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src307">307</a>Roberts to Iowa State +Hist. Soc., Dec. 14, 1863.</p> + +<p>Lane had the Fourth Ohio, Fourth Indiana, Lally’s and Heintzelman’s +battalions, Wynkoop’s four Pennsylvania companies, Taylor’s (3) and +Pratt’s (2) guns, and a squadron of the Third Dragoons (Capt. Ford) on +the Atlixco expedition. When he entered the town the city authorities +met him, surrendered, and asked protection. Lane had one killed and one +wounded; the Mexicans admitted a loss of 219 killed and 300 wounded. +On his way back to Puebla Lane turned off with 450 men to Guexocingo<a class="pagenum" id="Page_427" title="427"></a> +to capture two guns just made there. They had been removed, but he +destroyed the carriages (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 481).</p> + +<p>October 29–30 an expedition from Puebla visited Tlaxcala +(<a class="noteref" href="#src356">356</a>Whitcomb, diary). November 9–10 at night Lane with a force +of dragoons went over this road again, and recovered twenty-one loaded +wagons that had been captured by guerillas, besides seven that they +had set afire as he approached. Thirteen Mexican officers and many +horses and cattle were taken. This time he had about 100 cavalry, +200 Indiana and 200 Ohio men. He returned to Puebla in the night of +Nov. 12–13 without having lost a man. In the evening of Nov. 22 he +left Puebla for Izucar de Matamoros with about 200 mounted men. In +the morning he surprised (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Arenal to Rea, Nov. 26) a body of +Mexican irregulars, causing considerable loss, captured three cannon +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Peña y Barragán, Nov. 28) and much ammunition, and rescued +a number of American prisoners. On his return, Nov. 24–5, he was +attacked by Rea, but again triumphed (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 87). One or +two Americans were killed and several wounded. If Rea’s report can +be believed, the Americans greatly exaggerated, as was natural, his +numbers and losses (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>to Peña y B., Nov. 26). In January, 1848, +Lane with four companies of Texas Rangers, two of the Third Dragoons +and one of Mounted Riflemen was sent from Mexico to clear the roads of +guerillas (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 75). In the course of his rapid march he +almost succeeded in capturing Santa Anna, then residing at Tehuacán. +He finally proceeded to Orizaba and Córdoba, captured public property, +recovered stolen merchandise, and released American prisoners (Ho. 1; +30, 2, pp. 89–95). February 17 he set out from Mexico with 250 Rangers +and 130 of the Third Dragoons against the guerillas north and northeast +of the capital (<em>ibid.</em>, p. 76). February 25 he captured the town of +Sequalteplán after a stiff skirmish, killing a considerable number and +taking some fifty prisoners. It was said that Jarauta led the guerillas +here. For Lane’s operations subsequent to the Atlixco expedition: +Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 168, 174, 192, 205, 234–45. Whitcomb, diary. +Zirckel, Tagebuch, 122–3. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Dumont to Lane, Nov. 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. +Anna, Feb. 1, 1848. <em>Id..</em>, Apelación, 65. <cite>Amer. Home Journal</cite>, Aug., +1906. <cite>Flag of Freedom</cite>, i, no. 1. T. F. Davis, diary. Claiborne, +memoirs. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Puebla comte. gen., Nov. 28. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rea to Peña +y Barragán, Nov. 26. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 75–6 (Marcy, report), 86–103. +Mention should also be made of Capt. Ruff, who on July 30, 1847, with +eighty-two Mounted Riflemen attacked about 300 Mexicans (guerillas +and infantry) entrenched in houses and a church at S. Juan near Ojo +de Agua. With a loss of one man wounded, he killed or wounded about +seventy to ninety of the enemy, it was believed (<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Porter to +Mrs. P., July 31; Sen. 1; 30, 1, app., 25–6 (Smith); Smith, To Mexico, +187).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.18">18.</a> (Destruction, etc.) Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 205–6 (Trist); +Exposición dirigida. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 16, confid., Sept. 27, +1847. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 130–2, 134–6, 155–65, 421–6. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 86, Sept. 28. Pacheco, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Exposición. Colección de +Documentos</span>, 4. S. Anna, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Contestación al Oficio. México á través</span>, iv, +700. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rosa to Herrera, Sept. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>M. Ocampo to Herrera, +Sept. 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Méx. legislature, decree, Sept. 18. Rivera, Jalapa, +iv, 74.</p> + +<p>Real or at least additional reasons for the decree of Sept. 16 were +probably that Santa Anna intended to leave the country or desired to +let it try to get on without him. Rives (U. S. and Mexico, ii, 584) +denies that Peña was timid: but (1) Bankhead and Trist so described +him; and (2)<a class="pagenum" id="Page_428" title="428"></a> his conduct in the negotiations with Slidell and with +Trist confirms their opinion. In the latter case all the strength of +his entourage was required to make him face the situation.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.19">19.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rosa to Herrera, Sept. 29. México á través, iv, 700. +Gamboa, Impug., 65. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, nos. 16, confid., Sept. 27; 17, +confid., Oct. 1; 18, Oct. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a><em>Id.</em>to Hetty Parker, Sept. +28. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Colección de Documentos</span>, 110. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>México legislature, decree, +Sept. 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a><em>Id..</em>, comtee. on constit. points, report, Sept. +18. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Olaguíbel to Méx. legisl., Sept. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Michoacán +legislature, decree, Sept. 24. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 566. Negrete, +Invasión, iii, app., 155–61. (Toluca) <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue de Paris</cite>, Dec., 1844; +Encarnacion Prisoners, 75. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 9, 1847.</p> + +<p>Peña admitted that it was impossible to fulfil the constitutional +requirements, but said it was a public duty to establish a government +as near them as was practicable (<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Colec. de Docs.</span>, 110). The legislature +of México state denounced Peña as representing the peace element, and +refused to recognize any federal authority except the Lagos Coalition; +but its decree was not favorably received by the public, and Olaguíbel +would not promulgate it.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.20">20.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>Circular del ... Peña ... á los Gobernadores, Sept. +27. <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Circulares del min. de relac.</span>, Sept. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>Peña, +manifesto, Oct. 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>Rosa to prest. of Congress, Oct. 14. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 16, confid., Sept. 27. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Communicaciones habidas.</span> +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Correo Nacional</cite>, Oct. 18. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 176, 408–11, +421–6, 469–83. S. Anna, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Mi Historia</span>, 90. <a class="noteref" href="#src6">6</a>Anderson papers. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Peña, circular, Nov. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src6">6</a>S. Anna to J. M. Guerra, Oct. +25. <em>Id..</em>, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Contestación al Oficio.</span> <em>Id..</em>, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Comunicación Oficial.</span> Sen. 1; +30, 1, p. 385 (Scott). <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>S. Anna to Congress, Nov. 1.</p> + +<p>Scott assisted Peña by giving safe-conducts to several members of +Congress (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 385). Santa Anna took the ground that he +was still legally responsible for the government of the country, and +therefore must be allowed to exercise the powers of a President. Nov. +1 he made this demand formally (Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 469). +He also tried to create trouble for the new government by proclaiming +that his removal from the command of the army was intended to cause +his personal destruction or to pave the way for a disgraceful peace. +He further said he could not be placed on trial until Congress should +declare there were grounds for trying him. But he found he had no +prestige left. Rosa said to Santa Anna that his resignation of the +Presidency had been consummated by actually giving up the executive +power, and that, in view of public opinion, it would be impossible to +prove Peña’s impartiality and maintain discipline in the army, unless +the conduct of the general defeated at Cerro Gordo and in the later +battles were officially inquired into (<em>ibid.</em>, 421). In reply to +another letter from Santa Anna he said (Nov. 11) that Peña would not +discuss the resignation further, that his authority had been recognized +by all the states and by Congress, and that Congress admitted no right +on Santa Anna’s part to resume the Presidency. In January, 1848, Rosa +issued a circular reproaching Santa Anna for his past political conduct.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.21">21.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>M. Ocampo, Nov. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Comte. gen. Oaxaca, +Mar. 16, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Guerra to Relaciones, Feb. 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Gov. +Oaxaca to Relaciones, Dec. 27, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Milit. comte. Orizaba, +Jan. 20, 1848. México á través, iv, 699–700. Kenly, Md. Vol., 391–7. +Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 205–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna to Reyes, Oct. 16, 1847. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Correo Nacional</cite>, Oct. 26, 1847; Apr. 4, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>J. M. Miñón +to Guerra, Oct. 20. Comunicaciones habidas. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Perry, Nov. 3. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Eco del Comercio</cite>, Apr. 6, 1848. Rivera, Jalapa, iii,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_429" title="429"></a> 927; iv, 8–9. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Nov. 10, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src179">179</a>Diario Esactísimo, Sept. 15. +Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 519–21, 532. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Thomas to Twiggs, Mar. +6, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Seymour to Hughes, Mar. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>—— to adj. +gen. of the Amer. army, Mar. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Hughes, safeguard to S. Anna, +family and attendants, Mar. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Hughes to Twiggs, Mar. 15. S. +Anna, Detall, 37. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, nos. 29, 38, 1848.</p> + +<p>Santa Anna’s military reports had excited resentment because he had +been liberal with censures, particularly to relieve himself of blame.</p> + +<p>Santa Anna was ordered to turn the command over to Rincón or +(temporarily) Alvarez. But he said that he did not know where Rincón +was, and that on account of the position of the Americans he could +not safely send his artillery to Alvarez. Reyes marched north. Santa +Anna then chose Tehuacán for a place of residence instead of going +nearer Guatemala, because he still had hopes of regaining power through +intrigue or revolution. His presence was not desired there by the +people, presumably because it endangered them. They made it difficult +for him to stay; and his friends, whose opinions he asked, now felt +that his remaining in the country would injure them. See also chap. +xxxii, p. 242. He sailed from La Antigua on or about April 4 in a +Spanish brig for Venezuela, it was understood, after expressing warm +appreciation of the treatment received at this time from the Americans +(<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>to Gutiérrez, Mar. 11, 1848). Some thought he had increased +his wealth since his return to Mexico.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.22">22.</a> Chief documents used. S. Anna, Apelación, app., 138–9. <em>Id..</em> +Comunicación Oficial. Suárez y Navarro, Causas, 70–2. México á través, +iv, 700–1. Dublán, Legislación, v, 300–4, 307–14, 333–5. Apuntes, +339–40. Curtis, Buchanan, i, 590. Negrete, Invasión, iv, app., 399. +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Thornton to Trist, Dec. 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>Anaya at meeting of +govs., Nov. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 572. And from <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> the +following. Director gen. of artill., Dec. —, 1847. Suárez y Navarro, +Nov. 9. J. de D. Peza, Nov. 29. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Sección de operaciones</span>, Nov. —. J. +M. Márquez to Mora, Nov. 29. Rincón, Jan. 8, 1848. Olaguíbel, Oct. +29; Dec. 24, 1847. <em>Id.</em>to Alvarez, Oct. 23, 26. Bustamante, Oct. 2. +Memorias of the chiefs of sections, Nov. —. To plana mayor and to +Filisola, Nov. 19. Orders for reorganizing the army, Dec. 1, 20. Min. +of war, memoria, Nov. 19. Diario, división del oriente, Sept. 29-Oct. +15. Rosa to Herrera, Sept. 29. Comte. gen. Querétaro, Sept. 16. To +Bustamante, Oct. 30; Dec. 30. Quijano, Jan. 27, 1848. Gen. staff, +memo., Dec. 31, 1847. Filisola, Dec. 27. Alcorta (plana mayor), Dec. +27. Gen. in chief of infantry, Oct. 14. Rosa, Nov. 2. Alvarez, Oct. 20, +28; Nov. 19. To Alvarez, Oct. 28, 31. Alvarez to Olaguíbel, Oct. 21. To +Rea, Nov. 1. To Olaguíbel, Oct. 23. Valencia, Jan. 4, 1848.</p> + +<p>Nov. 19 a detailed statement of the available forces gave the figures +as 6785 scattered over twelve states. The largest body (2683) was at +Querétaro. Oct. 14 the Army of the East had only one 16-pounder, one +12-pounder, one 6-pounder, three 5–3/4-pounders, one 4-pounder and +two 24-pound howitzers. It was pointed out that even if men could be +raised, they would be of the poorest sort, and long before an efficient +army could be created, the Americans might be expected to attack them. +Herrera probably had about 4000 men when he left Mexico, but he could +not prevent wholesale desertion on the way to Querétaro. (Gamboa +asserted that Herrera took only 2–3000 infantry from Mexico, but his +statements are not always to be relied upon.) Jan. 2, 1848, Valencia +was captured by the Americans.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_430" title="430"></a>Filisola and Alcorta agreed substantially in recommending an elastic, +evasive plan of campaign: bodies of, say, 2000 men to be stationed at +strategic positions; the one attacked to fall back upon the next; these +to fight or join the third, as might seem best; those not otherwise +engaged, to strike for the American rear; and thus a campaign of +movements, in which the Mexicans would have the advantages of mobility, +of knowing the country, and of having the coöperation of the people, +would be pursued in order to wear out the Americans. But the means +of carrying out this system were lacking. In October the government +planned to have three sizable armies; but by the end of December it +limited its ambition to having two small brigades of infantry and one +of cavalry, each headed by a colonel.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.23">23.</a> Chief documents. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 60–2. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Bancroft +to Polk, Dec. 3, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Barnard to Totten, Oct. 11, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a><em>Id.</em>to <em>Id..</em>, Dec. 15, 1847 (Taylor) <a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Peyton +to Crittenden, Jan. 25, 1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Taylor to Crittenden, Nov. +15, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src354">354</a>Welles papers. Davis, Autobiog., 257–8. Wash. +<cite>Union</cite>, Jan. 7, 1848, N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, May 17, 1847. <cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. +23, 1847, p. 114. Schouler, Hist. Briefs, 155. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. +60–2 (Marcy, report). Calhoun Corres., 718 (to Clemson). <cite>Public +Ledger</cite>, Jan. 4, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Rives to Crittenden, Feb. 8, 1847. +Richardson, Messages, iv, 542–4. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton to Palmerston, +nos. 71, 1847; 5, 1848. Claiborne, Quitman, ii, 7. Polk, Diary, Oct. +30, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott, Sept. 18. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 138–40, 211. +<a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Totten to Marcy, Nov. 23, 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Trist to Buchanan, +Sept. 28. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Dec. 15. See chap. xxxii, <a href="#Page_235">p. 235</a>.</p> + +<p>Sept. 17, at a gathering of generals, one of the best proposed retiring +at once to Vera Cruz. For the defensive plan see chap. xviii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_348">p. 348</a>. +General Butler (Calhoun, Corres., 1146) and apparently Daniel Webster +(Boston <cite>Courier</cite>, Feb. 20, 23, 1847) favored this plan. Had it been +adopted we should in all probability have been forced sooner or later +to resume active operations after having given up the results of much +fighting. It seemed hardly possible that a majority in Congress would +soon be able to agree upon a policy, and it looked as if injurious +debates on the subject might occur. Marcy particularly advised Scott to +prevent the formation of a new Mexican army, but authorized him to use +his own judgment as to military operations. They were not, however, to +be modified in consequence of Mexican peace proposals (Sen. 52; 30, 1, +p. 140). For the difficult situation of the United States see the first +paragraphs of chap. xxxii.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.24">24.</a> Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1031, 1033, 1036, 1039, 1047–50, 1067 +(Scott); 1006–9 (Marcy); 1060, 1260 (Jesup). Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 98 (H. +L. Scott). <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to S., Dec. 27, 1847. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. +140–4. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Comte. gen. Mexico, Jan. 10, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott to +Twiggs, Dec. 26, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a><em>Id..</em>, gen. orders 376, 389 of 1847; 7 +of 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src356">356</a>Whitcomb, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Pell of sloop <em>Daring</em> to +Lambert, Nov. 30, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Lee to Totten, Jan. 1; Feb. 1, 1848. +Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 310–1. <a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Feb. 27.</p> + +<p>In June and August, 1847, the First and Second Illinois regiments +(12-months men) were replaced with “for the war” regiments bearing +the same names. As we have seen (<a href="#N29.8">note 8</a>) Illinois and Georgia +were called upon about the first of July for mounted companies. June +23 Louisiana was asked to furnish two mounted, acclimated companies +to clear guerillas from near Vera Cruz. July 16 a Pennsylvania foot +regiment, or<a class="pagenum" id="Page_431" title="431"></a>ganized some time earlier at Carlisle, was accepted. +July 16 a proposed battalion of Mississippi riflemen was accepted as +infantry. July 19 an Illinois horse company and a Delaware infantry +company were accepted. July 24 a Maryland artillery company was +authorized, and Missouri was requested to furnish an artillery company, +two infantry companies and two mounted companies. August 17 Polk found +that 6000 of the 50,000 volunteers authorized by the war bill had not +been called out, and that the Cabinet were in favor of calling more of +them (Diary). That day Ohio was asked for an infantry regiment. August +21 an infantry company, tendered by W. J. Corcoran of Washington, D. +C., was accepted. August 26 Tennessee and Kentucky were called upon +for two infantry regiments each, and an Indiana regiment was accepted. +Sept. 6 a North Carolina company was accepted on the condition that +it should be ready for muster by Oct. 10. Sept. 7, owing to the delay +of the Carlisle company, a Pittsburgh, Pa., company was accepted in +lieu of it. Sept. 8 two Ohio companies were asked for. Sept. 27 Marcy +stated that nearly or quite all of the 50,000 volunteers had been +accepted (<cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. 30, p. 144). Oct. 8 another Tennessee regiment +(ten extra companies were ready) and a Michigan regiment were called +for. Aug. 23 only one of the five Mississippi companies was ready. +The government explained that men did not wish to serve on foot. The +battalion was completed near the end of December (Rowland, Register, +416). Alabama and Virginia also were backward at this time. The Act of +March 3, authorizing individual enlistments of volunteers, provided +no means for its execution, no bounty and no clothing, and volunteers +received less pay than the regulars (<a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>adj. gen. to Hamtramck, +Feb. 28, 1848). Naturally men did not care to leave home singly and be +kept at dépôts for perhaps weeks, waiting for enough to be collected +to be sent on. In Aug. and Sept. the transportation of troops was +embarrassed by a serious epidemic of yellow fever at New Orleans. +Transportation difficulties at Vera Cruz caused delays later.</p> + +<p>Nov. 30, 1847, the authorized regulars were 1336 commissioned officers +(eleven generals, thirty-five in general staff, 115 medical men, +thirty-one in pay department, forty-three engineers, thirty-six +topographical engineers, thirty-six ordnance officers, 118 officers in +three dragoon regiments, thirty-five in Mounted Riflemen, 208 in four +artillery regiments, 648 in sixteen infantry regiments, forty-seven in +one regiment of Voltigeurs and foot riflemen) and 28,960 enlisted men +(3408 dragoons, 1146 Mounted Riflemen, 5492 artillery, 17,664 infantry, +1104 Voltigeurs and foot riflemen, 100 engineer soldiers, forty-six +ordnance sergeants, seventeen military storekeepers); but according +to the returns (not all recent) the enlisted men numbered not more +than 20,333 (adj. gen.’s report in Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 72). Of 12-months +volunteers there were (mounted) one regiment of seven companies, +one battalion and four independent companies, and two companies of +infantry: aggregate, eighty-two officers, 2037 non-commissioned men +and privates. Of volunteers “for the war” there were theoretically +seven generals; 125 staff officers (including quartermaster’s, +commissary’s and medical departments, and twelve (additional) in the +pay department); of horse one regiment, two battalions, twenty-two +independent companies (total, 184 officers, 4871 others); of +foot artillery three companies (twelve and 342 respectively); of +infantry twenty-two regiments, five battalions, eight independent +companies (1159 and 27,603 respectively): aggregates, 1355 and 32,816 +respectively. The number still on the rolls (Nov. 30) “for the war” +was not supposed to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_432" title="432"></a> exceed 20,286. This number was believed by the +adjutant general to be “much beyond” the number of effectives.</p> + +<p>There were supposed to be in the field 19,818 regulars and (aside from +803 on California service) 21,124 volunteers (officers and men); <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en +route</em> 1691 regulars, 100 volunteers: total (<em>including</em> the California +men), 43,536. Scott’s army (regulars) was figured as 15,071 in the +field, 1396 <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en route</em>, 555 at Vera Cruz, 79 at Tampico; (volunteers) +in the field and at Tampico, 14,955. His operating army, including +the sick and the disabled, was estimated as about 30,209. Wool’s army +was figured as (regulars) 3,642 in the field, 295 <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en route</em> and +(volunteers) 2790: total, 6727. Price was believed to have 255 regulars +(dragoons), 2902 volunteers; and Mason (California) 216 regulars (one +company of dragoons and one company of artillery), 803 volunteers (adj. +gen.’s report, Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 72). All the figures were approximate +and there were discrepancies in the reckoning.</p> + +<p>Nov. 20 the adjutant general stated the regulars sent to Scott as +reinforcements thus: of the old establishment (absent companies, +reorganized companies and recruits), 5564; new establishment (troops +raised and organized after March 4, 1847), five companies of Third +Dragoons, the Ninth, Eleventh, Twelfth (nine companies), Fourteenth +and Fifteenth Infantry, the Voltigeurs, and recruits for the same, +6345 (<a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>to Scott); and also six companies (360) of Marines +under Lieut. Colonel Watson. Scott’s returns were infrequent or were +lost on the way. Perhaps he dared not run the risk of exposing them +to guerillas. Hence as a rule one must accept general statements. +Quitman’s division, being now very small, was broken up, and he was +permitted to report at Washington for a new command (Claiborne, +Quitman, i, 395). As a rule no officer was permitted to leave the +army except “with a view to the good of the service or the recovery +of health” (<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott to Patterson, Oct. 28, 1847). Oct. 22 even +leaves of absence that had been granted or promised were cancelled. The +government ordered the reinforcements to leave Vera Cruz promptly, and +Bankhead was put in the place of Wilson there in order to obtain more +efficient management (<b>62</b>adj. gen. to Scott, Nov. 9). After about the +middle of October the troops at Mexico were thoroughly drilled, and by +the middle of November came to be better disciplined than ever before.</p> + +<p>April 29, 1847, although the 12-months army was about to disband, +Marcy requested Patterson and Butler to remain in the service as +major generals, and Marshall, Lane and Shields to remain as brigadier +generals. Marshall arrived at Mexico City January 21, 1848. It is not +possible to state how many troops came with each of the officers. +Col. Hays brought five companies of Rangers. Lt. Col. Johnston had +about 1300 men when at Puebla. In general about half of a command +fell out from sickness and other causes between Vera Cruz and +Mexico (<a class="noteref" href="#src125">125</a>Bonham to mother, Dec. 7, 1847). Fruits, liquor, +insufficient clothing and at this time the measles were the chief +causes of sickness.</p> + +<p>Scott’s announcement (<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>gen. orders 376) was dated Dec. 15. +Jan. 6 Scott had 14,964, of whom 11,162 were effectives (Ho. 60; 30, +1, p. 1061). By Feb. 13 his rank and file amounted to 26,910, and 2000 +recruits were <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en route</em> (<a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>adj. gen. to Cass, Mar. 9, 1848). +Though 5546 of the rank and file and 181 officers were then sick, he +had been for some time strong enough to occupy Zacatecas and San Luis +Potosí, but the peace negotiations (<a href="#Page_232">chap. xxxii</a>) affected his plans. +The new posts were at Río Frio (between Mexico and Puebla), and the +national bridge and San Juan<a class="pagenum" id="Page_433" title="433"></a> (between Jalapa and Vera Cruz). Early in +March, 1848, a post was established at Ojo de Agua between Puebla and +Perote. The purpose of the posts was to defend the line against the +guerillas and furnish escorts for trains, couriers, etc. Jalapa and +Puebla were held somewhat strongly. At the former there were on January +8, 1848, three infantry companies and a rifle company from the District +of Columbia, two infantry companies, a rifle company and a battery +(six guns) from Baltimore, four New Jersey infantry companies, a +Pennsylvania infantry company and a mounted company. Sickness and other +causes reduced the effectives, however, to 556 (<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Hughes to H. +L. Scott, Jan. 8, 1848). Puebla was held, Feb. 22, by some 2500 men: +the Fourth Indiana, Fourth Ohio, Fourth Artillery, Fifth Ohio (five +companies), Second Artillery (two companies), and two Florida companies +(Perry, Indiana, 287). Pachuca was occupied Dec. 29 by the Ninth +Infantry (<a class="noteref" href="#src178">178</a>Davis, diary). Cadwalader marched for Toluca Jan. +6 (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1062). Jan. 29 Col. Clarke set out for Cuernavaca +with a brigade (<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>Lee to Totten, Feb. 1). His approach compelled +Alvarez to break up the small force he had been holding at that point +and hastily retire.</p> + +<p>Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 524) says that Scott neglected “the proper +military measures of occupation” in order to favor peace negotiations +contrary to the “policy” of his government; but the most fundamental +policy of that government was to bring about a satisfactory peace; +Scott had not sufficient forces to carry out a military occupation of +the country until late in December; and by that time peace was within +reach.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.25">25.</a> Twiggs to H. L. Scott, Jan. 16, 1848; to adj. gen., Jan. 17; to +Bankhead, Feb. 3. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a><em>Id.</em>to Marcy, Feb. 19. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott to +Twiggs, Dec. 26, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Hughes to [Wilson], Sept. 13, 1847. +Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 241–2. <cite>Free American</cite>, Jan. 14, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src152">152</a>Claiborne, mems. Velasco, Geografía, iii, 176. Leclercq, +Voyage, 386. Moreno, Cantón, 380. <a class="noteref" href="#src88">88</a>Córdoba ayunt., proceedings, +Feb. 16. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Feb. 27.</p> + +<p>There was a convenient road from Orizaba to Paso de Ovejas on the +national highway about thirty miles from Vera Cruz. The recently +captured goods had been in charge of Lieut. Col. Miles (<a href="#N29.7">note 7</a>). +Bankhead arrived at Córdoba Feb. 13 and left for Orizaba Feb. 17. The +Michigan volunteers remained there. Other reasons for this expedition +will be mentioned in chap. xxxiii.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.26">26.</a> Remarks of Gov. J. D. Porter of Tenn. to the author (vanity, +ignorance of war). Ill. State Hist. Soc. Trans., 1906, p. 178 (unfit +to serve as corporal). <a class="noteref" href="#src180">180</a>Pillow to wife, Dec. 8, 1846 (<em>re</em> +Taylor). Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 252 (Trist’s opinion). <a class="noteref" href="#src307">307</a>B. S. +Roberts, diary, Nov. 26, 1847 (“ass by nature”). <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, +notes for letter to Ho. of Repres. (“Lie”; lack of probity; Scott’s +confidence, etc.). <a class="noteref" href="#src252">252</a>Mackall, Sept. 18, 1847 (no vainer peacock +or greater ass; gave no aid in the final battles). <a class="noteref" href="#src292">292</a>Pillow to +wife, Dec. 12, 1847 (eye to Presidency). <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Paper prepared by +Trist (<em>re</em> Polk’s brother). <a class="noteref" href="#src277">277</a>Pillow to Maj.— (beautifully +illustrates “wriggling”). Scott, Mems., ii, 416. Lawton, Artill. +Officer, 338 (vanity). <a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>Pillow to Polk, May 30, 1844 (“fatal +blow”). M’Sherry Puchero, 179 (not considered a general). Chap. xxiii, +<a href="#N23.29">note 29</a> (generalship). (Recommendations) <a class="noteref" href="#src180">180</a>Pillow to wife, +Dec. 8, 1846. (Confidence) <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, notes, <em>supra</em>. Pillow’s +letters generally.</p> + +<p>For uncomplimentary opinions regarding Pillow see chap. xxvi, <a href="#N26.8">note +8</a>. It should be remembered, however, that later he became a +political issue in Tennessee, and many things said of him then were +colored by partisan<a class="pagenum" id="Page_434" title="434"></a>ship; also that the prejudice of many regulars in +reference to the volunteers may have counted.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.27">27.</a> (After Monterey) <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>W. to S., Oct. 2, 1846. (Ambition) +Scott, Mems., ii, 416. (Restive) Lawton, Artill. Officer, 276. +(Affection) Grant, Mems., i, 151; <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, notes for letter +to Ho., <em>supra</em> (Pillow: Scott’s fatherly affection for Worth will +always get the better of any resentment); Lawton, <em>ibid.</em> (Rejected) +<a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>W. to —, Mar. 3, 1848. (Friend) <a class="noteref" href="#src183">183</a>Drum, recolls.; +<a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Hitchcock, diary, Apr. 14, 1846. (Ounce) <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to +daughter, June 10, 1846.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.28">28.</a> (Told) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1226 (Scott). (Brother officer) +<a class="noteref" href="#src183">183</a>Drum, recolls. (his name was Lieut. Col. Black of Pa.). +(Root) <a class="noteref" href="#src183">183</a>Drum, recolls.; Davis, Autobiog., 286. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, +Aug. 14, 1847. (Favorably) <cite>Picayune</cite>, Jan. 17, 1848 (the plan ripening +fast); <a class="noteref" href="#src149">149</a>Eells to Chase, Feb. 24, 1848 (W. may be the Dem. +nominee); <a class="noteref" href="#src185">185</a>Pillow to Duncan, June 4, 1849 (W. had a good +chance of nomination); <a class="noteref" href="#src182">182</a>Bowdon to W., Mar. 18, 1848, strictly +confid. (Clashes, conciliate) <em>Infra</em>. (Antagonism) <a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Mills to +Crittenden, Jan. 28, 1848; Grant, Mems., i, 172.</p> + +<p>For remarks on Worth’s character see chap. xii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#N12.8">note 8</a> and chap. +xxiv, <a href="#N24.16">note 16</a>. At Vera Cruz Worth ridiculed Scott’s methods in +comparison with his own at Monterey (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528), and +his journalistic champion, the editor of the New York <cite>Sun</cite>, took +the same line (Aug. 16). He was determined to have an assault, in +which he would naturally have played a conspicuous part (<cite>Mag. of Am. +Hist.</cite>, xiv, 569). He was enraged because Scott properly had Twiggs +lead the advance from that city (<em>ibid.</em>, 562; see also chap. xxiii, +<a href="#N23.5">note 5</a>). Apparently in order to become prominent in the coming +battle, he seems to have left Vera Cruz without a suitable supply of +provisions—contrary to orders (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528). Probably +because Scott, for reasons of policy, praised Twiggs’s conduct at +Cerro Gordo in his report, Worth pronounced the report “a lie from +beginning to end” (<a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>to S., Dec. 27, 1847). He was impatient +and offensive because Scott would not permit him to advance upon Puebla +as soon as he wished to go (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 528; <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>W. to +daughter, Apr. 30, 1847). Next, his wrath was excited there because, +in accordance with the verdict of a court martial, Scott censured—in +the mildest possible manner—his improper conduct (p. 361; <cite>Delta</cite>, +Jan. 6, 1848). Wholly without authority he announced that his division +was to lead the movement from Puebla against Mexico (<a class="noteref" href="#src236">236</a>Judah, +diary, May 6), though it was Twiggs’s turn to lead. He accused Scott +of trying to belittle his achievements at Churubusco (<a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>to +S., Dec. 27, 1847). He blamed Scott for the losses resulting from his +own imprudence at Molino del Rey and for not permitting him to attack +Chapultepec that day; and he protested because Scott, doubtless by +accident, did not credit him with the technical distinction of actually +passing the San Cosme garita on Sept. 13 (p. 416; Sedgwick, Corres., +i, 169). Unmoved by Worth’s conduct, Scott seems to have given him all +the prominence to which he was entitled. It was understood that he +assigned him to command on Sept. 8 with a special view to conciliating +him (Grant, Mems., i, 151); and it is clear that he intended to have +him capture the city of Mexico (p. 412). It is probable that Scott had +shown some egotism and irascibility in the course of the strenuous +campaign, but no doubt almost every high officer had done the same, +for all had tempers and believed in themselves; and it is extremely +doubtful whether any one had shown more kindness and magnanimity than +he—particularly toward Pillow and Worth. Even after all the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_435" title="435"></a> trouble, +Scott wrote (Mems., ii, 416) that Pillow’s nature was free from +malignity, whereas Pillow’s letters prove the contrary strikingly.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.29">29.</a> (Intimate) <a class="noteref" href="#src185">185</a>Duncan papers, <em>passim</em>. (Widow) +<a class="noteref" href="#src185">185</a>P. to D., Sept. 3, 1848. (Urged) <a class="noteref" href="#src185">185</a>P. to Polk, June +21, 1849. (Made) Scott, Mems., ii, 416; Cullum, Biog. Register, i, 447. +(Trouble) Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 305. (Gather) <a class="noteref" href="#src329">329</a>Taliaferro to —, +Apr. 26, 1848; Scott, Mems., ii, 417.</p> + +<p>Pillow boasted of his power, and on that basis threatened men whom he +wished to control (Taliaferro, <em>supra</em>; Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 117). How +strong this influence was is illustrated by the fact that Col. Campbell +of Tennessee, who had stated repeatedly that Pillow had no military +ability (pp. 353, 377), recommended him for appointment as a major +general (<a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>to Polk, Feb. 19, 1847). It is interesting to note, +in comparison with the character of the cabal against Scott, that he +was supported by such men as Trist, E. A. Hitchcock, Robert E. Lee and +Robert Anderson.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.30">30.</a> (Reports) Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1015–20; Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. +389–91, 629–34; Lawton, Artill. Officer, 319–20. (Same) Lawton, Art. +Off., 319–20; Weekly N. Y. <cite>Courier and Enquirer</cite>, Mar. 2, 1848; +<a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Mills to Crittenden, Jan. 28, 1848. (Terms) Remarks in note +29.28; <a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Mills to Crittenden, Jan. 28, 1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>W. to +——, Mar. 3, 1848 (“an ass will be an ass”). (Trickily) Sen. 65; 30, +1, p. 391; Davis, Autobiog., 285; note 31. (Another) Semmes, Service, +358–9. (In U. S.) <cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 8. (Tampico) Semmes, Service, 360. +(Mexico) Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 117. (Improper) <em>Ib.</em>, p. 454 (Marcy). +(Necessary) <a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Mills, <em>supra</em>; Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1087, 1225–6 +(Scott).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.31">31.</a> (Gen. orders 349) Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 455. (Stigmatize) +<a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Alvord to Hammond, Apr. 21, 1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Bragg to Hammond, +Dec. 20, 1847. (Assumed) <cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 8; Dec. 18. (Defiant) +Stevens, Stevens, i, 223. (Not written) <em>Infra</em>. (Seized) Semmes, +Service, 361–4; <cite>Spirit of the Age</cite>, Mar. 9; Apr. 13, 1848. (Charges) +Polk, Diary, Dec. 30, 1847; Jan. 1; Apr. 18, 1848; <em>infra</em>. (Appeals) +<em>Infra</em>. (Arrest) <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Butler, Jan. 13, 1848.</p> + +<p>See <a href="#N29.28">note 28</a>. For the Leonidas letter see p. 376. This letter Pillow +seems clearly to have smuggled into a packet sent by Freaner, the +correspondent of the New Orleans <cite>Delta</cite>, to his paper, after Freaner +had rejected its twin (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 14) on the ground that it +was incorrect, and the editor, inferring that it was endorsed by +Freaner, printed it (<em>ibid.</em>, 250; <cite>Delta</cite>, Apr. 7, 1848). When Scott +finally opened his eyes (after August 20) to the rascality of Pillow +(<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, notes, <em>supra</em>), Pillow realized he had gone too +far. He refused to ask for a court of inquiry when challenged to do +so (<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Hitchcock to Pillow, Nov. 24, 1847, and note by H.), +told Quitman that he could not face an investigation (<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, +statement), and wrote to his wife that he was going to resign and live +quietly (<a class="noteref" href="#src292">292</a>Oct. 27, 1847). Then, it would appear, he induced +Burns (<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>ed. of <cite>Delta</cite> to Trist, May 16, 1848), a paymaster +in his division, to assume the authorship of the Leonidas letter (the +worst count against him), and became confident, even defiant, with +reference to Scott (<a class="noteref" href="#src180">180</a>to wife, Nov. 25). The friend to whom +Duncan wrote, in sending his letter to the press, modified it freely, +and inserted in it a passage regarding the Chalco route (p. 372) taken +from a letter written by a man named Chason. So he explained to Duncan +(<a class="noteref" href="#src185">185</a>—— to Duncan, Jan. 1, 1848).</p> + +<p>Gen. orders 349, Nov. 12, 1847, said (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 455): “It +requires not a little charity to believe that the principal heroes of +the scan<a class="pagenum" id="Page_436" title="436"></a>dalous letters alluded to did not write them, or specially +procure them to be written, and the intelligent can be at no loss +in conjecturing the authors—chiefs, partizans, and pet familiars. +To the honor of the service, the disease—pruriency of fame, <em>not</em> +earned—cannot have seized upon half a dozen officers (present,) +all of whom, it is believed, belong to the same two coteries.” The +next two sentences were still stronger: “False credit,” “despicable +self-puffings and malignant exclusions of others,” “the conceited +and the envious,” “indignation” of the honorable officers. Though +in the right, Scott allowed himself to go too far in his use of +language, as he did at other times. Commenting on the order, Braxton +Bragg, though not one of Scott’s friends, said in substance: Half the +reputations in the war have been made by false reports and newspaper +misrepresentations [this was to a large extent true], and it has gone +so far that Scott has at last issued a strong order (<a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>to +Hammond, Dec. 20, 1847). Another correspondent of Gov. Hammond of +South Carolina said he was glad that Scott had undertaken to expose +“such quackery, charlatanry, imposture and lying braggadocio” +(<a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Alvord, Apr. 21, 1848). This appears to have been the +general sentiment of the officers (numerous citations could be given).</p> + +<p>On the publication of gen. orders 349 Worth asked Scott whether the +charge of scandalous conduct referred to him. Scott replied that it +referred to the authors and abettors of the Leonidas letter, and that +he could not be more explicit. Worth declared the reply unsatisfactory, +and handed to Scott a sort of appeal to the President that referred +insultingly to the former (<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Scott, charges, Nov. 27). Scott +therefore charged him with “behaving with contempt and disrespect +towards his commanding officer.” He was arrested for insulting Scott in +a letter to Marcy (Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 471). The charges against Duncan +were writing a (published) letter in violation of the army regulation +no. 650, and making in it a false statement about the adoption of the +Chalco route in order to magnify himself and Worth (<a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>charges, +Nov. 27). “Arrest” signified confinement to the city of Mexico. The +New York <cite>Tribune</cite> said truthfully with reference to the troubles +between Scott and the generals: “The duties of a Commanding General in +the heart of an enemy country, with an army flushed with victory yet +inactive, and under the influences incident to so perilous a position, +are very delicate, and can only be met by firmness and the maintenance +of rigorous discipline” (<cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, Dec. 28, 1847).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N29.32">32.</a> (Conviction) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1218 (Scott); <em>infra</em>. (Censures) +Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1229, 1248 (Marcy); Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 131 +(Marcy). (Relieved) <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Butler, Jan. 13, 1848. (Rank) +<a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Butler to Marcy, Mar. 2. (Deposed) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1044. +Lee, Lee, 46. (Army) <a class="noteref" href="#src152">152</a>Claiborne, mems.; Oswandel, Notes, 481, +483; <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary; <a class="noteref" href="#src252">252</a>Mackall, Feb. 21; <cite>Picayune</cite>, +Mar. 23; <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, no. 27, 1848; Lee, Lee, 44; <a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Alvord +to Hammond, Feb. 24; Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 321. (Departure) Lowell +<cite>Journal</cite>, Sept. 14, 1852; <cite>Picayune</cite>, Mar. 23; Hitchcock, Fifty Years, +328. (Looked) <a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland to father, Feb. 15, 1848.</p> + +<p>Jan. 9, 1847, a <a class="noteref" href="#src137">137</a>correspondent of Calhoun wrote, “Unless some +powerful influence is soon brought to bear we [in Charleston, S. C.] +fear we shall stand forth discredited and degraded in the sight of all +the world.” It is hard to see how the country, without Scott, could +have avoided this.</p> + +<p>Scott’s chief complaints were a failure to supply seasonably the +desired means for waging the campaign, interference with the rights +of the com<a class="pagenum" id="Page_437" title="437"></a>manding general (<em>e.g.</em> in Harney’s case), the plan to +place a civilian (Benton) over him, the apparent intention to let +Trist interfere in military affairs, and the refusal to provide a +chief of staff satisfactory to him (Lawton, Artill. Officer, 319). +See also chapter xxvii, p. 129. All the charges except those against +Pillow were withdrawn. The latter should have been placed before a +court-martial, and so Polk and the Cabinet decided (Polk, Diary, Jan. +3, 1848). But—probably because he feared that his friend would be +convicted—Polk concluded to have first a court of inquiry in order +to ascertain what the evidence was, and perhaps dispose of the matter +(<em>ibid.</em>, Jan. 8). The court was selected by Polk—doubtless with a +view to Pillow’s acquittal (<em>ibid.</em>, Jan. 15). The fact that Pillow +was entirely satisfied with it (<a class="noteref" href="#src180">180</a>to wife, Feb. 27) is almost +enough to prove this. The British chargé reported that it seemed to +favor Pillow (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, no. 39, 1848). Two of the members were +brevetted later, though one of them (Scott publicly stated) had no +other connection with the war, and the connection of the other had been +slight (Scott in N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Nov. 3, 1857).</p> + +<p>The principal charges against Pillow were, first, that Pillow’s claim +to have won the battle of Contreras was unfounded, on which the verdict +went against him (Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 317, 333); and, secondly, that he +was directly or indirectly the author of the Leonidas letter. In order +to maintain that he wrote it (which he had strongly denied on three +occasions (<em>ibid.</em>, 56–7, 131), Burns had to admit that he had spoken +falsely in it (<em>ibid.</em>, 33, 388–9), and he swore that he believed he +wrote certain interlineations (<em>ibid.</em>, 32) which it was found had +been written by the editor of the <cite>Delta</cite> (<em>ibid.</em>, 250); but he stuck +to it that he had dared to steal into Pillow’s private office, and +remain there long enough to copy the substance and to a large extent +the phraseology of a long document (<em>ibid.</em>, 32). And therefore, +although statements substantially equivalent to those of the Leonidas +letter were brought home to Pillow (<em>ibid.</em>, 389–391), Pillow had to be +acquitted. John Sedgwick, later General Sedgwick, wrote: I think the +court must acquit Pillow, “but the sentiment of the army will never +acquit him” (Corres., i, 182). Naturally a lawyer like Pillow had a +great advantage at the trial over Scott, upon whom it was incumbent +to conduct the prosecution. His handling of the case was extremely +clever. The same court was instructed to inquire into the so-called +“council” of Puebla (p. 391), and thus Scott was virtually put on +trial, yet, contrary to the articles of war, had no opportunity to +question witnesses (Mo. <cite>Republican</cite>, Nov. 5, 1857). Pillow was before +another court of inquiry (Sen. 65; 30, 1, pp. 338–73), and the evidence +convicted him, morally at least, of attempting to appropriate, in +violation of the articles of war, a captured Mexican howitzer. Pillow’s +appeal to the government grew out of Scott’s approving the findings +of this court, and his arrest resulted from the disrespect shown in +connection with the appeal.</p> + +<p>June 4, 1847, Scott wrote to Marcy: “Considering the many cruel +disappointments and mortifications I have been made to feel since I +left Washington, or the total want of support and sympathy on the +part of the War Department which I have so long experienced, I beg +to be recalled from this army the moment that it may be safe for +any person to embark at Vera Cruz, which I suppose will be early in +November” (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 131). This application was denied and +(since the circumstances on which it was based appeared to change) +became obsolete. A correspondent<a class="pagenum" id="Page_438" title="438"></a> of Governor Hammond of South +Carolina said it was “absurd, unjust, ridiculous, and impolitic, in +this crisis of events here, to remove the victorious general, whose +prestige with the Mexicans is great, very great, both for war and +peace” (<a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Alvord, Feb. 24, 1848). He attributed the recall +to “Mr. Quackery Pillow.” The recall was dated January 13 (Ho. 60; +30, 1, p. 1044). Scott turned over the command to Butler on February +18 (<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>gen. orders 59). March 14 the British chargé reported +that signs of relaxed discipline were visible (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, no. +27). As early as August 7, 1847, Polk had contemplated substituting +Butler for Scott (Diary). Nov. 25 Pillow wrote that this was to be +done (<a class="noteref" href="#src180">180</a>to wife). Early in January, 1848, some members of the +Cabinet favored giving Taylor the place, but Polk would not (Diary, +Jan. 4).</p> + +<p>May 6, 1848, the adjutant general stated that the army under Butler +consisted of 26,785 (aggregate present), of whom 174 officers and 4611 +men were sick, and that it occupied the following places: Mexico, +Toluca, Cuernavaca, Pachuca, Río Frio, Puebla, Perote, Jalapa, national +bridge, Orizaba, Córdoba and Vera Cruz. Some of the returns, however, +on which the statement was based were several months old (<a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>to +Cass). By May 1 Scott, Pillow, Pierce, Cadwalader, Quitman, Shields +and Cushing had left the country. May 23 S. W. Kearny was appointed +governor of Mexico City (<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>orders 103).</p> + + +<h3>XXX. THE NAVAL OPERATIONS</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.1">.1.</a> Sen. 187, 263; 29, 1. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 774–5 (Bancroft). Sen. +1; 29, 2, pp. 377–8. (War bill) Vol. i, p. 181. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 973. +(Expense) Ho. 188; 29, 1; Sen. 139; 29, 2. In Jan., 1846, there were +also 3 receiving ships and 11 small unarmed vessels and storeships. +In ordinary and building there were 2 (5) ships-of-the-line, 5 (3) +frigates and razees, 6 (2) sloops-of-war, 2 (0) brigs and 3 (1) +steamers, carrying 576 (614) guns. (The figures in parentheses +represent vessels building.) The time of the crews of the <em>Savannah</em> +and <em>Warren</em> expired before July 1 and Sloat was authorized to send +them east. Three schooners—the <em>Bonita</em>, the <em>Reefer</em> and the +<em>Petrel</em>—built at New York for Mexico but not paid for, were purchased +(<cite>Niles</cite>, June 13, 1846, p. 226; see chap. xiii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#N13.31">note 31</a>). In Oct., +1847, there were also one ordnance transport and six storeships.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.2">2.</a> Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 945. U. S. Naval Institute, Proceedings, xiv, +539 (S. C. Rowan, recolls.). Griffis, Perry, 200. Ho. 24; 30, 2 (Mason +to Speaker). (Reputation) <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. 445, 1847. +Sen. 69; 30, 1 (punishments). <a class="noteref" href="#src374">374</a>Shubrick to Conner, July 17, +1845: “The time has been when the conviction of an officer of having +told a <em>deliberate, premeditated, official lie</em> would be fatal to him, +so far at least as the opinion of a Court Martial would go, but that +time has passed—alas! for the Navy.” In the course of a short cruise, +1847–48, Farragut had to “rid the service” of five junior officers and +bring to trial a first lieutenant for drunkenness (Mahan, Farragut, +97). Mar. 5, 1847, <a class="noteref" href="#src120">120</a>Capt. Mervine charged a lieutenant with +being intoxicated repeatedly while commanding at S. José, Calif., +amidst a hostile population. July 10, 1847, <a class="noteref" href="#src120">120</a>J. H. Brown, S. +Francisco, Calif., wrote to Biddle that officers got drunk at his house +and did havoc. <a class="noteref" href="#src120">120</a>Commander Hull informed Biddle, Mar. 4, 1847, +that a midshipman came aboard intoxicated. Many seamen were of foreign +birth, but only 26 out of 853 officers.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_439" title="439"></a><a class="notenum" id="N30.3">3.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src354">354</a>Welles papers. Ho. 188, 191; 29, 1. Howe, Bancroft, +i, 292. Polk, Diary, Sept. 9, 1846; Feb. 20, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Buchanan +to Bancroft, Sept. 29, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, Nov. 28, +1845. Seward, Seward at Wash., i, 51. “Bancroft” was of course George +Bancroft, the historian.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.4">4.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src48">48</a>Bancroft to Conner, Aug. 30, 1845, secret. London +<cite>Times</cite>, June 11, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Bancroft, no. 25, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>King, +no. 28, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Martin, no. 14, 1847. <cite>Picayune</cite>, May 7, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src58">58</a>Spofford, Tyleston & Co., Dec. 11, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, +no. 79, 1845. <a class="noteref" href="#src58">58</a>Emory, Stetson & Co., June 5, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src46">46</a>Newell to J. Y. Mason, Nov. 25, 1846. Sen. 1; 30, 1, 945 +(Mason, report). Richmond <cite>Enquirer</cite>, Aug. 15, 1845. Phila. <cite>No. +Amer.</cite>, June 20, 1845. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Guerra</span>, Dec. 9, 1846. México á +través, iv, 569. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 42, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Saunders +(Madrid), nos. 9, 12, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Littlefield to Saunders, May 2, +1847. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), May 16, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 566 +(Jesup). Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, May 18, 1846. Buchanan, Works, vii, 325–6 (to +W. R. J.), 355–6 (to T. N. C.). <a class="noteref" href="#src49">49</a>Bancroft to Conner, Aug. 29, +1846. What is said of Cuba applies to Porto Rico also.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.5">5.</a> (Action of Mexico) <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, nos. 68, 100, 147, 150, +161, 1846; London <cite>Times</cite>, Jan. 8, 13, 15, 1847; Dublán, Legislación, +v, 161; <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Slidell to Buchanan, Mar. 27, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Martin, +no. 11, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>Mackenzie (S. Anna) to Buchanan, July 7, 1846; +Semmes, Service, 80–1; México á través, iv, 569; <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Consul Black, +Sept. 28; Oct. 29, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, nos. 294, res., +368, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Bancroft, no. 16, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Tornel, circular +(regulations), July 26, 1846; <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Relaciones</span>, Dec., 1846; +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Guerra</span>, Dec., 1846; <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, July 27; Oct. 3, +1846. Irving (Madrid), no. 8, 1847. London <cite>Times</cite>, Jan. 8, 13, 15, +1847. Semmes, Service, 80. Sen. 1; 29, 2, pp. 40–1. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Saunders +(Madrid), no. 9, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Almonte, Dec. 10, 1846. Buchanan, +Works, vii, 334–42 (to R. M. S.).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.6">6.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Martin, no. 11, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Bancroft, no. 16, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Irving, July 18, 1846. Richardson, Messages, iv, 495–6. Sen. +1; 30, 1, 945–6 (report). Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, July 22, 1847. The 29th +Cong., second session, provided for the punishment of the citizens +(apprehended on privateers) of those states having treaties with the +U. S. which made their acts piracy (Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Mar. 9, 1847; +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 26, 1847). <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Bancroft to Buchanan, Feb. +3, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>For. Off. to Bankhead, no. 34, 1845. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, +29, 1, p. 811 (Berrien). Buchanan, Works, vii, 23, 52. The suggestion +of commissioning American privateers excited opposition in Europe. It +was feared that they would molest neutrals. Even in the U. S. it was +opposed (Dayton in Senate, Jan. 27, 1847). Nothing came of it.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.7">7.</a> (England) <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, nos. 79, 1845; 150, 1846; +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>To Bankhead, nos. 34, 1845; 1, 1847; London <cite>Times</cite>, Jan. +22, 1847; <cite>Britannia</cite>, Jan. 23, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Bancroft, no. 16, +1847; <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Nov. 21, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Bancroft, no. 18, +1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a><em>Id.</em>to Buchanan, Feb. 3, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez +de Castro, no. 294, res., 368, 1846. (France) <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Martin, nos. +11, 15, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Guizot to Martin, Feb. 26, 1847. (Spain) +<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de C., nos. 294, res., 368, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>To Consul +Campbell, May 14, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Mex. Consul, Havana, Dec. 10, 1846, +res.; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Almonte, Dec. 10, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src72">72</a>Instructs. to capt. +gen., June 18, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Irving, July 18, 1846; nos. 5, 8, 1847; +<a class="noteref" href="#src71">71</a>docs. relating to Cuban ports; Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 40; Boston +<cite>Courier</cite>, Jan. 20, 1847; Buchanan, Works, vii, 334 (to R. M. S.). +Sen. 1; 30, 1, 945–6 (report). <cite>Picayune</cite>, Aug. 26, 1846. Conner, Home +Squadron, 12.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_440" title="440"></a><a class="notenum" id="N30.8">8.</a> Richardson, Messages, iv, 548–9, 561. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. +774–5 (Bancroft). Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 377. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 951. +<a class="noteref" href="#src59">59</a>Circular to U. S. ministers, May 14, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Conner +to Bancroft, May 14, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Consul Chase, Jan. 20, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Parrodi, July 2, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>McLane (London), no. 54, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard (V. Cruz), June 30, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Morris to Conner, +Oct. 24, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src313">313</a>Conner, instructions, May 14.</p> + +<p>American vessels were excluded on the score of impartiality and also +because the admission of them would have defeated the main purposes of +the blockade (Richardson, Messages, iv, 571). A particular advantage +of the blockade is that it enables a belligerent to close ports that +it is not desirable or not possible to capture and hold. Under the +U. S. regulations vessels lying in Mexican ports on the announcement +of the blockade could remain twenty days and then leave with or +without cargo. Approaching vessels could not be captured or detained +unless previously warned in writing by a cruiser (<a class="noteref" href="#src313">313</a>Conner, +instructions). Vera Cruz and Tampico remained open for British mail +packets (<em>ibid.</em>). Fishing boats were not molested. <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">Bona fide</em> British +property, including cochineal, could be embarked on British war vessels +at Vera Cruz (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 23, 1847). From the end of June, +1846, Conner permitted British mail packets to land quicksilver and +take bullion. Engagements made before the war could be fulfilled +(<a class="noteref" href="#src313">313</a>Saunders to Callaghan, June 23, 1846). A difficult question +came up concerning the floating property of neutrals residing in Mexico +(Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 1305). Mexico decreed that since her ports of +entry were blockaded, all her other ports might give free entrance to +vessels forcing the blockade (<a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 1079), and that no +tonnage dues should be charged during the continuance of the blockade +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Guerra, circular, Oct. 10, 1846). England had to admit +that she was the last nation to protest against a strict blockade, +but warned us that difficulties might arise in the enforcement of +it (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>McLane, no. 50, 1846); and she would not have our +announcement published in the London <cite>Gazette</cite> since, said Aberdeen, +it might check trade and after all not be made good (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>McLane, +no. 55). Spain insisted upon neutral rights with peculiar jealousy. The +Spanish commander even claimed free access to blockaded ports under +arts. 14 and 15 of the treaty of 1795, but found that art. 16 warranted +the blockade. Spain’s vessels were treated with special indulgence, but +she made many complaints. For Spain: <a class="noteref" href="#src72">72</a>Instrs. to capt. gen. of +Cuba, June 18, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Irving, no. 2, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Istúriz to +Irving, Aug. 5, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src71">71</a>papers relating to complaints; Buchanan, +Works, vii, 240–1, 290–2; <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Span. commander to Conner, June 24, +1846; reply, June 26.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.9">9.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src48">48</a>Bancroft to Conner, Aug. 30, 1845, secret. <cite>Picayune</cite>, +Mar. 11, 1847. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 377 (Mason, report). Ho. 1; 30, 2, +p. 1163 (Conner). <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Parrodi, May 20, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Capt. of +port, Tampico, May 20. Semmes, Service, 106. Conner, Home Squadron, +9. Negrete, Invasión, iii, 173. <a class="noteref" href="#src313">313</a>Conner, proclam., May 14. +<a class="noteref" href="#src313">313</a><em>Id..</em>, instructions, May 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src313">313</a>Saunders to C., +June 20; Oct. 24; to Amer. consul, May 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src313">313</a>C. to Saunders, +July 22; Sept. 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src164">164</a>Conner, reports, spring of 1846. Ho. +60; 30, 1, p. 525 (spec. orders 128). <cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. 10, 1846, p. 85. +<a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Conner, Oct. 8. (Goatzacoalcos) About 140 miles S. E. from V. +Cruz.</p> + +<p>It does not seem worth while to follow the movements of particular +vessels. Sept. 30, 1846, the blockade was extended southeast to +the River S. Pedro y S. Pablo. (Difficulties) <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Conner, +Sept. 22, 1846; <cite>Picayune</cite>, Mar. 11, 1847; Griffis, Perry, 210; +<a class="noteref" href="#src313">313</a>Saunders to Wash.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_441" title="441"></a> <cite>Union</cite>, Oct. 10, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src313">313</a><em>Id..</em> +to Conner, Oct. 24; Semmes, Service, 106; <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Conner, Jan. +28, 1847. (<cite>Somers</cite>) Sen. 43; 29, 2; Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 945, 950; +<a class="noteref" href="#src374">374</a>Semmes to Conner, Dec. 10, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 151, +1846.</p> + +<p>Just after the blockade began at Vera Cruz Gen. Bravo, commanding +there, permitted several American vessels to leave the port, and in +acknowledgment of his liberality two Mexican merchant vessels were sent +in to him with their cargoes, crews and passengers. Courteous notes +were exchanged (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Gacyores to Bravo, May 27; reply, May 28; +Bravo, May 26). At Tampico Capt. Saunders and the city authorities were +mutually considerate (<a class="noteref" href="#src313">313</a>S. to Bancroft, June 6, 1846).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.10">10.</a> (Designed) London <cite>Times</cite>, Dec. 10, 1846. Comte. gen. V. Cruz. +July 9, 1846. Sen. 1; 30, 1, 945, 950–1. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 98, +1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Conner, Dec. 18, 1846. Foltz, Report. <cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. 10, +1846, pp. 84–5. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Conner, July 22, 1846. Semmes, Service, 100. +Parker, Recolls., 58, 62, etc. McClay, Navy, ii, 177–8. Bennett, Steam +Navy, 98. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1233 (Perry).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.11">11.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. 441, 1847. Lerdo de Tejada, +Apuntes, ii, 540. Henshaw narrative, Mar. 17, 1847. Smith, To Mexico, +117–8. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1233 (Perry). <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard, Jan. 31, 1847. +<cite>Picayune</cite>, Mar. 11, 1847. Contributory tariff: pp. 261–3.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.12">12.</a> Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 775 (Bancroft). (Mex. navy) Balbontín, +Estado, 19; <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Apr. 4, 5, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Guerra,” no. 1120; +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard, Dec. 20, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Acta of naval offs., Mar. +12, 1846. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Guerra</span>, Dec, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mora y Villamil, +Mar. 12, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Orders to Marín, Mar. 9, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Marín, +Apr. 26, 1847. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, June 8, 1846. <cite>Niles</cite>, May 1, 1847, p. 131 +(Hunter).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.13">13.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src375">375</a>Perry to Mason, Nov. 16, 1846. Conner, Home Squadron, +9, 11, 14. Parker, Recolls., 67, 71. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Morris to Conner, June +24; Oct. 24, 1846. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1172 (Conner), 1191–2 (Perry). +<a class="noteref" href="#src46">46</a>Perry, Nov. 16, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 252–3. Taylor, +Broad Pennant, 287, 293. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Perry to Conner, Dec. 27, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Reports on condition of engines, boilers, etc. Bennett, +Steam Navy, 93. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Conner, Sept. 22, 1846. Soley, Porter, 64. +<a class="noteref" href="#src165">165</a>Conner, Nov. 24, 1846.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.14">14.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Conner’s letters to his wife. Curtis, Buchanan, i, +603 (Slidell). Soley, Porter, 53–4. Semmes, Service, 114, 128. Conner, +Home Squadron, 6, 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Bancroft to Conner, Dec. 10, 1845. +<a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Matson to <em>Id..</em>, Feb. 27, 1847.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.15">15.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src48">48</a>Bancroft to Conner, Aug. 30, 1845, secret. Polk, Diary, +Jan. 17, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 774–5 (Bancroft). <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Conner to +Taylor, Feb. 4. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a><em>Id.</em>to Bancroft, May 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a><em>Id..</em>, +May 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Bancroft to Conner, Jan. 17. London <cite>Times</cite>, June 29; +Dec. 10. Semmes, Service, 100. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bravo, May 4. Tampico <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Eco</cite>, +June 9, 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Parrodi, June 8, 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Vilar to Parrodi, +June 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Saunders to Conner, June 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src313">313</a><em>Id.</em>to +<em>Id..</em>, June 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src313">313</a><em>Id.</em>to Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Oct. 10. <cite>Niles</cite>, May +23, 1846, p. 178. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 377 (Mason, report). Conner, Home +Squadron, 9. Bennett, Steam Navy, 34–5, 43, 62–3, 67–8, 71. Ho. 1; 30, +2, p. 1163 (Conner). <cite>Picayune</cite>, Aug. 26. For Conner’s coöperation with +Taylor see vol. i, pp. 466, 469.</p> + +<p>The <em>Princeton</em> was the earliest naval steam propeller. She was +rigged as a ship. Saunders opened fire, June 8, because he feared +new fortifications (near the mouth of the Pánuco) would make it hard +to capture Tampico. He did little damage. The enemy replied feebly. +Suspect<a class="pagenum" id="Page_442" title="442"></a>ing that the Mexican gunboats intended to sail out and raid +American commerce, he determined to capture them by surprise in +the night of June 14–15. He had no good pilot. The boats had much +difficulty in finding the channel, which had recently shifted, and +were even compelled to row more than half a mile against a swift +current within pistol shot of the shore. One of them grounded twice. +The moon came out. The Americans were discovered and fired upon. +They replied; and then, as a surprise was no longer possible, they +retired according to orders. May 28 Conner, on the <em>Cumberland</em>, was +at Pensacola; the <em>St. Mary’s</em> off Tampico; the <em>Mississippi</em> and +<em>Falmouth</em> off V. Cruz; the <em>Raritan</em> there or on her way to that port; +the <em>Lawrence</em> (which seems to have been a brig but was not mentioned +in the department’s list of vessels under Conner on May 13) assisting +the army; and the <em>Somers</em> on the Yucatan service (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. +1163). Aug. 10 the <em>Cumberland</em> (still the flag-ship), <em>Potomac</em>, +<em>Falmouth</em>, <em>Mississippi</em>, <em>Princeton</em>, <em>Flirt</em> and the three gunboats +(<em>Bonita</em>, <em>Reefer</em>, <em>Petrel</em>) lay at Antón Lizardo; the <em>St. Mary’s</em> +and <em>Porpoise</em> were off V. Cruz; the <em>John Adams</em> off Tampico; the brig +<em>Truxtun</em> had gone to Chagres, and the brig <em>Perry</em> had gone to look +for privateers near Cape S. Antonio (<cite>Picayune</cite>, Aug. 26). These data +give one an idea of the usual distribution of the vessels.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.16">16.</a> <em>The affair of Aug. 7.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src165">165</a>Conner to Bancroft, May 31. +<a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a><em>Id.</em>to <em>Id..</em>, Aug. 10. Ho. 4; 29, 2, p. 630 (Conner). +<cite>Picayune</cite>, Aug. 22, 26. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, Dec 7. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 381. +Semmes, Service, 88. Parker, Recolls., 66–7. Taylor, Broad Pennant, +287. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Landero, Aug. 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Comte gen. V. Cruz, July 15. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Esperanza</cite>, Aug. 27. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Locomotor</cite>, Aug. 10. For Alvarado, vol. ii, p. +344. For Antón Lizardo, vol. ii, p. 17. The Americans felt the more +chagrined because British naval men witnessed their failure.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.17">17.</a> <em>The Affair of Oct. 15.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Morris to Conner, Sept. +21. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Conner, Oct. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a><em>Id..</em>, Oct. 16. United +Service, July, 1895, p. 33. Ho. 4; 29, 2, pp. 630–1. Taylor, Broad +Pennant, 290, 293, 298–306. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Nov. 8. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. +381. Griffis, Perry, 199. Semmes, Service, 88. Conner, Home Squadron, +17. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Marin to comte. gen., Oct. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Landero, Sept. +5, 14; Oct. 12. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Soto, Oct. 18. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Marin to Soto, Oct. +15. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Oct. 29, 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Guerra, circular, Oct. 21. Wash. +<cite>Union</cite>, Nov. 30. London <cite>Times</cite>, Dec. 10.</p> + +<p>According to Conner’s son (Home Squadron, 17), the secretary of the +navy on Sept. 22 instructed Conner to attack Alvarado, supposing he +had been reinforced, and it has been said that the attack should not +have been made without more strength; but the difficulty was that the +American forces could not be made available. It is not easy to see how +Conner was at fault unless, as perhaps on Aug. 7, he might have landed +in boats under such protection as his cannon could give, stormed the +fort that stood near the beach, and then landed more men. Conner does +not seem to have thought that sailors could do much ashore. He had a +landing-force (Conner, Home Squadron, 15), but whether at this time and +place is not clear. Probably a bold, though unsuccessful, attack would +have been better than to back out. He is said to have argued, after the +failure of Aug. 7, that even success would not have been worth what it +would have cost (<cite>Picayune</cite>, Aug. 26); but this left moral effects out +of the account. It was said by a naval man that he should have added +the McLane’s tow to his own and gone ahead; but it seems extremely +doubtful whether he could have advanced against the current. Conner’s +report (Oct. 17) says the <em>Mississippi</em> could not get near enough to +make any impression<a class="pagenum" id="Page_443" title="443"></a> on the fort, but a Mexican account printed in <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">La +Esperanza</cite>, Aug. 27, stated that some shot from our vessels struck more +than 200 yards behind the fort, and one sees no reason to suppose that +the statement was an invention. Conner seems to have thought of coming +to Alvarado again, for in Jan., 1847, the Mexicans reported that the +bar was being sounded (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Landero, Jan. 28). For the capture of +the place at the beginning of April, 1847, see vol. ii, p. 344. Apr. 2 +a naval expedition went up the river, returning on Apr. 4 (<a class="noteref" href="#src66">66</a>J. +L. Mason to J. L. Smith, Apr. 9).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.18">18.</a> <em>The first Tabasco expedition.</em> (Perry) <a class="noteref" href="#src46">46</a>Perry, Aug. +15, 17; <a class="noteref" href="#src165">165</a>Conner to P., Oct. 6; Conner, Home Squadron, 12–3. +<a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Conner, Oct. 30. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1165–70 (Perry’s report, +etc.). Ho. 4; 29, 2, pp. 632–9. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Nov. 7, 1846 (Traconis’ +reports, etc.). <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Perry to Mason, Nov. 16. Taylor, Broad +Pennant, 316. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Gov. of Chiapas, Oct. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Champlen +to Polk, Dec. 4. Semmes, Service, 89. Conner, Home Squadron, 9. +Information given to the author by a Mexican civil engineer residing in +Tabasco. Apuntes, 389–90. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. 445, 1847. +Aldrich, Marine Corps, 97. Ho. 4; 29, 2, p. 639. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 381. +Parker, Recolls., 73–4. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Traconis, Nov. 16. <cite>Temístocles</cite>, Dec. +31. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Santalo’s testimony, Nov. 2. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Comte. gen. Tab, +Apr. 6. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 950. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>List of vessels captured. +<a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Perry to Conner, Nov. 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Merchants to Perry, Oct. +26. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Traconis, proclam., Aug. 12. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard, Jan. 31, +1847. Meade, Letters, i, 169.</p> + +<p>As Perry was assigned to the <em>Mississippi</em> on Oct. 6, and commanded +this important expedition so soon afterward, it has been supposed +incorrectly that virtually, if not formally, the squadron was divided. +The hope of the United States at the beginning of the war had been +that Tabasco would be neutral. The orders were not to disturb it in +that case (<a class="noteref" href="#src49">49</a>Bancroft to Conner, May 19). Perry’s expedition +was followed in Nov. by a revolution in Tabasco based ostensibly on +the failure of the Mexican government to protect the state; but really +the outbreak was due to local rivalries, and probably it caused the +national government no material annoyance (<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Alcorta, Jan. 4, +1848; México á través, iv, 599; <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 186, 1846; +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Acta of garrison, Nov. 19, 1846; Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Jan. 18, +1847). Frontera was a valuable point, for the Americans could obtain +water and cattle there and hinder illicit commerce. The Tabasco River +is now called usually the Grijalva.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.19">19.</a> For the Tampico and Pánuco expeditions: vol. i, pp. 279, +281. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Mason to Conner, Nov. 29, 1846, priv. and confid. +Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1175 (Conner), 1176 (Perry). Semmes, Service, 90. +Bennett, Steam Navy, 93. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Conner, Dec. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Perry +to C., Dec. 27; to Benham, Dec. 23; to Sands and Parker, Dec. 21. +<a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Benham to Perry, Dec. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Parker to Perry, Dec. 22. +<a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Conner to Hunt, Feb. 8, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Sands to Conner, Feb. +20. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard, Jan. 31, 1847. The expedition set out on Dec. 17.</p> + +<p>Many of the people of Tabasco supposed, when Perry arrived off Frontera +in Dec., that he was going to S. Juan Bautista to avenge his “defeat”; +and as he did not, they presumably felt more haughty than ever +(<cite>Temístocles</cite>, Dec. 31).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.20">20.</a> <cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. 31, 1846, p. 132. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 775. +(Bancroft) Mason to Conner, Oct. 26. Soley, Porter, 59. Farragut, +Farragut, 158, 197. <cite>United Service</cite>, Feb., 1897 (Conner). México á +través, iv, 419. Scott, Mems., ii, 422. N. Y. <cite>Eve. Post</cite>, June 10. +<a class="noteref" href="#src165">165</a>Conner to Bancroft, June 11 (impregnable if properly equipped +and manned). <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Me<a class="pagenum" id="Page_444" title="444"></a>moria de ... Guerra</span>, Dec, 1846. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, June +17. Diccionario Universal (<em>Ulúa</em>). <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, Aug. 11, +1838. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Morris to Conner, June 10, 24; Oct. 24, 1846. See chap. +xviii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_349">p. 349</a>, and <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#N18.2">note 2</a>.</p> + +<p>Oct. 3, 1846, the garrison were in a state of mutiny because hungry +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Morales, Oct. 4; S. Anna, Oct. 14), but the Americans did +not know this. Conner suggested that he be given a landing brigade, so +that he could make a combined land and water attack (Conner, S. Juan +de Ulloa, 15). During the siege of Vera Cruz Perry planned to bombard +the fortress and attack it with boats on a dark night in conjunction +with the land forces (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1191). Many original documents +bearing on the construction of Ulúa could be cited, but they would have +only an antiquarian interest. David D. Porter and David G. Farragut +are the men referred to. The eagerness of certain young officers led +to some enterprises that were not altogether felicitous. Contrary +to orders Lieut. Parker burned the <em>Creole</em> (<em>Criolla</em>), the last +scrap of Mexican commerce, under the guns of Ulúa at night: but this +injured Hargous, the American merchant, who owned or had chartered her +(<a class="noteref" href="#src374">374</a>Semmes to Conner, Nov. 28; Dec. 6, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src374">374</a>Parker +to Semmes, Nov. 27). It has been said that this ended a secret +correspondence by which Conner obtained valuable information (Conner, +Home Squadron, 7), but circumstances had probably put a stop to that +about six weeks before (<a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Pommarès to Conner, Oct. 17). A plan +was laid to blow up a Mexican powder magazine near V. Cruz, but this +resulted in the capture of Passed Midshipman R. C. Rogers and another +man (<a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Semmes to Perry, Dec. 6, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Wright to +Semmes, Dec. 6; Semmes, Service, 91). For the capture of Vera Cruz and +Ulúa see <a href="#Page_17">chap. xxii</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.21"></a>21. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Conner, Sept. 30, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src374">374</a>Perry to C., Nov. +24. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Morris to C., Oct. 24. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Jan. 6, 1847. Curtis, +Buchanan, i, 603–4. Griffis, Perry, 210–1, 221. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Appleton to +Bancroft, Feb. 24; Apr. 27, 1847. Parker, Recolls., 92. Sen. 1; 30, +1, 945 (Mason, report). <a class="noteref" href="#src163">163</a>Semmes to Conner, Sept. 29, 1850. +<a class="noteref" href="#src165">165</a>Conner to Perry, Mar. 20, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, +Apr. 6, 1847. Conner’s reputation in the navy at the present day +is that of a coward—one of the numberless instances of historical +injustice.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.22">22.</a> <em>Capture of Tuxpán.</em> Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1192–8, 1202 (Perry and +others). Semmes, Service, 150–5. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Cos, Jan. 18; Apr. 4, 16, +29. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Jan. 2. Griffis, Perry, 241. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Soto, Aug. 31, +1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Cos to ayunt., Apr. 24. Parker, Recolls., 78, 106–7. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Proceeds. of Tuxpán ayunt., Apr. 22. Captain of the port, Apr. +26. <cite>American Star</cite> (Jalapa), May 2. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, May 13, 17; June +4; Sept. 11. Soley, Porter, 72. <cite>Eagle</cite> (V. Cruz), Apr. 28. Jones, +Tattnall, 64–5.</p> + +<p>Perry’s force, consisting of the steamers <em>Mississippi</em>, <em>Spitfire</em> +(a vessel—similar to the <em>Vixen</em>—which had joined the squadron in +November), <em>Vixen</em> and <em>Scourge</em>, the schooner-gunboats <em>Reefer</em>, +<em>Petrel</em> and <em>Bonita</em>, the frigate <em>Raritan</em> (carrying 180 officers +and men from the <em>Potomac</em> besides her own complement), the sloops +<em>Albany</em>, <em>John Adams</em>, <em>Decatur</em> and <em>Germantown</em>, the bomb-vessels +<em>Vesuvius</em>, <em>Ætna</em> and <em>Hecla</em>, and 300 officers and men from the +ship-of-the-line <em>Ohio</em>, which stopped at Vera Cruz, on her way to the +Pacific, to assist Scott, who were distributed on the <em>Mississippi</em> and +smaller vessels, gathered first at Lobos Ids., where the forces were +drilled about a day for the attack. Next, after having been separated +by a norther, they met off the bar. The Mexicans were driven a short +distance from the town, but further pursuit into the chaparral would<a class="pagenum" id="Page_445" title="445"></a> +have been vain. An expedition went some distance up the river from +Tuxpán (Semmes, Service, 154). The city government had not wished Cos +to defend the town, and hence he withdrew all his troops from town +before the attack. Most of his troops soon scattered. The city would +not help support them, but furnished the Americans with supplies +cheerfully. At Perry’s request steps were taken to maintain order. He +now left the <em>Albany</em> and <em>Reefer</em> off the river, and sent the <em>Hecla</em> +to blockade Soto la Marina, the <em>Germantown</em> to search the coast north +of Lobos Ids., the <i>Ætna</i> to occupy Tabasco River, the <em>Porpoise</em> and +the <em>Vesuvius</em> to hold Laguna. Besides the flotilla mentioned above he +probably had under his command at this time the gunboats <em>Falcon</em> and +<em>Tampico</em> (vol. ii, p. 338; Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1182). For the loss of +the <em>Truxtun</em> in Aug., 1846, which led to a great deal of discussion +regarding the conduct of Carpender, her captain, see <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Conner, +Aug. 24; <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a><em>Id..</em>, Aug 24; <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Carpender to Conner, Aug. 24; +Mason to Polk, Oct. 28, 1846; Semmes, Service, 82; N. Orl. <cite>Commerc. +Bulletin</cite>, Sept. 8; Parker, Recolls., 78; Docs. in Conner papers; +comte. gen. V. Cruz, Aug. 23 and docs.; Taylor, Broad Pennant, 260; +Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Sept. 12, 22; <cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, Sept. 14.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.23">23.</a> (Small ports) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1204–8, 1223, 1228–9; +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Buchanan to authorities of Tapantla, May 10, 1847. The main +purposes of taking the small ports were to gather fresh provisions, +exclude contraband trade, and obtain funds under the contributory +tariff (<a href="#Page_253">chap. xxxiii</a>). The usual terms required a renunciation of +Mexican allegiance during the war, obedience to American orders, and +the payment of all revenues to the United States.</p> + +<p>An indefinite number of citations bearing upon the situation in Yucatan +could be given, but the following are deemed sufficient. Bankhead, no. +11, 1846. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, Sept. 13, 1842. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Constitutionnel</cite>, +Nov. 2–3, 1846. Polk, Diary, Aug. 29, 1845; Feb. 27, 1847. Sen. 43; +30, 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src49">49</a>Bancroft to Conner, May 19, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src49">49</a>Mason to +<em>Id..</em>, Oct. 16, 1846; Feb. 25, 1847; to Perry, Mar. 17, 1847. Semmes, +Service, 84. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Tinsley to Trist, Aug. 6, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Robira +to <em>Id..</em>, June 7, 1847. Sen. 40, 42, 43, 45, 49; 30, 1. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Gaceta de +Ciudad Victoria</cite>, Jan. 27, 1846. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 8, 1846; Jan. +12, 1847. México á través, iv, 599. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 382. Suárez +y Navarro, Causas, 6–9. Richardson, Messages, iv, 581–3. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria +de ... Relaciones</span>, Dec, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Barbachano, procl., July 2, +1846. <cite>Temístocles</cite>, Dec. 27, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 33, 1847. +Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 256–7 (Walker). Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Jan. 18, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src366">366</a>Declar. of Mérida. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Perry to Conner, Dec. 27, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Conner to Sands, Feb. 8, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>McFaul to ——, Nov. +12, 1847. Buchanan, Works, vii, 222. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1175–6 (Conner), +1204 (Perry). <a class="noteref" href="#src165">165</a>Gen. orders, Dec. 15, 1846. (May cruise) +<a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Perry, Dec. 27, 1846; Sept. 21, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Conner, Dec. +29. May 15 Laguna port was opened to commerce; May 18 Frontera.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.24">24.</a> <em>Second Tabasco expedition.</em> Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1207–23, 28–32 +(Perry and officers). <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Perry, June 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Correspondence +of Perry and Bigelow, July 18–23. Bennett, Steam Navy, 97. +Negrete, Invasión, iii, 153–6. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 526–8. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Correspondence of Bigelow and Echagaray, July 1, 2; letters of +E., May 31; June 9, 18, 23; July 5. México á través, iv, 703. (Later) +Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1233–6 (Perry); <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Perry, Aug. 16.</p> + +<p>On the way to S. J. Bautista Perry had six men wounded. Many fell from +exhaustion. June 30 on an expedition to Tamulté, about three miles<a class="pagenum" id="Page_446" title="446"></a> +out, three were killed and eight wounded. The Mexican leaders were Bvt. +Gen. Domingo Echagaray and three Maldonado brothers.</p> + +<p>Aug. 16, 1847, the squadron was disposed as follows: (<em>Raritan</em> and +<em>Albany</em> had gone home); <em>Mississippi</em>, Pensacola; sloop <em>Germantown</em>, +Antón Lizardo, preparing to distribute supplies; sloop <em>Decatur</em>, +blockading Tuxpán; sloop <em>Saratoga</em>, V. Cruz, maintaining connection +with the army and watching the police; sloop <em>John Adams</em>, expected +from Tuxpán probably to join bomb-vessel <em>Stromboli</em> in Goatzacoalcos +River; gunboats <em>Reefer</em> and <em>Petrel</em> at Tampico; gunboat <em>Falcon</em> +at Alvarado; steamer <em>Scourge</em>, bomb-vessel <em>Ætna</em>, gunboat <em>Bonita</em> +at Frontera; bomb-vessel <em>Vesuvius</em>, gunboat <em>Mahonese</em> at Laguna; +steamers <em>Vixen</em> and <em>Scorpion</em> in reserve; steamers <em>Spitfire</em> and +<em>Petrita</em> laid up with injured engines; bomb-vessel <em>Hecla</em> ashore on +Alvarado bar. Aug. 18, 1847, Perry ordered that all merchant vessels +should be visited on their arrival in port to detect irregularities +(Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 788).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.25">25.</a> For the share of the navy in the conquest of California see +chap. xvii. (Impossible) <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>P. J. Blake of <cite>Juno</cite>, Apr. 10, +1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src53">53</a>Pakenham to Buchanan, Dec. 14, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a><em>Id..</em>, +no. 57, 1846. (Proclam. and orders) Ho. 4; 29, 2, pp. 670, 673–4. Du +Pont, Official Despatches, 9. (Cancelled, etc.) <a class="noteref" href="#src53">53</a>Pakenham +to Buchanan, Dec. 14; <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Walker to Seymour, Mar. 26, 1847; +<a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Howland & Aspinwall to Buchanan, Sept. 22, 1847; +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 139, 1846; Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 1303 (Mason); +<a class="noteref" href="#src48">48</a>Mason to Biddle, Mar. 30, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src48">48</a>Orders, Dec. 24, +1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src247">247</a>Biddle to Larkin, Mar. 6, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Stockton to +Du Pont and to Hull, Aug. 20, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a><em>Id..</em>, reports, Aug. +22; Nov. 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Hull to Stockton, Sept. 12. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Du Pont +to Stockton, Oct. 12. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Peinbert to ——, res., undated. +<cite>Calif. Star</cite>, i, no. 9. (Guaymas) Du Pont, Official Despatches, +13; <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Correspondence of Du Pont, Spanish vice consul, and +Campusano; <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Sonorense</cite>, Oct. 9; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>comte. gen. of Sinaloa, +Nov. 11; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>gov. Sonora, Oct. 16; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Campusano, Oct. +5; <em>Cyane</em>, journal; U. S. Naval Instit. Proceeds., 1888, p. 539 +(Rowan). (Mazatlán) <a class="noteref" href="#src171">171</a>Cyane, journal and abstract of journal; +<a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Du Pont to Stockton, Dec. 1; <em>Id..</em>, Official Despatches, +19; <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Walker to Seymour, Mar. 26, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Téllez +to Bustamante, Feb. 17, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>A. Forbes, Apr. 17, 1847; +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 9, 1847. Sen. 1; 29, 2, pp. 378–80. Sen. 1; +30, 1, 948. Balbontín, Estado, 19. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Guerra</span>, Dec., 1846. +(Spring) <a class="noteref" href="#src120">120</a>Shubrick to Biddle, May 4, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src120">120</a>list +of captures. Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 82–100. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Letter +from Mazatlán, May 5; <a class="noteref" href="#src247">247</a>Biddle to Larkin, Mar. 6, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Shubrick, May 31; June 1; Aug. 11, 1847. (Monopoly) +<a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Seymour, Dec. 26, 1846, no. 70. (After May) <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>R. B. +Mason to adj. gen., Feb. 1, 1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Shubrick, May 31, 1847. +<cite>Journ. Milit. Serv. Instit.</cite>, xxxii, 249.</p> + +<p>Stockton intended to cruise for the protection of our whalers, etc., +and also to invade Mexico by way of Acapulco (vol. i, p. 338); but +affairs in California prevented. The <em>Malek Adel</em> was bravely cut +out at Mazatlán, Sept. 7, 1846, under the Mexican guns. Guaymas was +cannonaded because the Mexicans refused to give up two gunboats, +preferring to burn them. As there were two harbors at Mazatlán, a +single vessel could not blockade the port satisfactorily. In the +spring of 1847 Shubrick was ordered to blockade both Mazatlán and +Guaymas, but for this reason he kept both the <em>Independence</em> and the +<em>Cyane</em> at Mazatlán. In Feb. and March, 1847, there might have been +serious trouble between the British commander, Sir Baldwin Walker, and +Captain Montgomery of the <em>Portsmouth</em> owing to conflicting orders and +interests; but the former, having<a class="pagenum" id="Page_447" title="447"></a> far the stronger force, knew he +could afford to be considerate, and the latter treated British commerce +so well that our government was thanked by England (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>to +Crampton, June 30, 1847; Sherman, Sloat, xxiv; and note particularly +<cite>Journ. Milit. Serv. Institute</cite>, xxxii, 249–53). Shubrick was at +Mazatlán in May, 1847, but left at the beginning of June. The <em>Cyane</em> +remained a little longer. She and the <em>Portsmouth</em> anchored there, +at the end of June, but both sailed away within two days. Biddle was +ordered Jan. 6, 1846, to take command of the squadron, but did not +receive the orders until Dec. 31 (at Lima). Mar. 2 he took command. +His vessels then were the <em>Columbus</em> (74 guns) on which he arrived, +<em>Independence</em> (razee, 54), frigates <em>Congress</em> (44) and <em>Savannah</em> +(44), sloops <em>Portsmouth</em> (20), <em>Levant</em> (20), <em>Cyane</em> (20), <em>Warren</em> +(20), <em>Dale</em> (16) and <em>Preble</em> (16), storeships <em>Erie</em> (8), <em>Lexington</em> +(8) and <em>Southampton</em> (6), and the captured <em>Malek Adel</em> (Sen. 1; +30, 1, p. 948; <a class="noteref" href="#src48">48</a>Bancroft to Shubrick, Aug. 21, 1846). The +<em>Savannah</em> and <em>Levant</em> went home; and the <em>Warren</em>, on account of its +condition, was assigned to guard duty (<a class="noteref" href="#src120">120</a>Shubrick to Stockton, +Mar. 1, 1847). The <em>Ohio</em> reached the squadron in the early part of +1848. Besides blockading, cruising for prizes, looking after the +American whalers, and watching for possible privateers, long voyages +were necessary to obtain provisions and instructions. The latter were +usually very tardy and the commanders had to follow their own judgment +in the main. Monterey, Calif., was in general the base of operations.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.26">26.</a> (Succeeded) <a class="noteref" href="#src49">49</a>Bancroft to Shubrick, Aug. 21, 1846; +<a class="noteref" href="#src120">120</a>Shubrick to Biddle, Mar. 5; July 20, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Shubrick, +July 21. (Notice) <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a><em>Id..</em>, Aug. 11. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1072–5 +(Shubrick). <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Téllez, Nov. 4, 1847. (Guaymas) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. +1075–83 (Lavallette <em>et al.</em>), 1110 (Shubrick); <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Correo Nacional</cite>, +Nov. 30; <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Wooldridge, Nov. 18. (Mazatlán) Wise, Gringos (N. +Y., 1849), 95; Lummis, Mex. of To-day, 150; Mofras, Explor., i, 173; +Gaxiola, Invasión, 162.</p> + +<p>Guaymas, a place of considerable importance, was summoned Oct. 19. The +Mexican troops and people decamped, and the cannon were removed. Hence +the cannonade did little harm. A civil official reported the evacuation +to Lavallette of the <em>Congress</em>, who was there with the <em>Portsmouth</em> +(Montgomery). As Campusano, who was believed to have 600–800 troops and +6–8 guns, remained in the vicinity and cut off water and provisions, +the town was abandoned by its foreign residents also. American marines +landed, but soon reëmbarked. Nov. 17 a landing party was ambushed in +the town, and the <em>Dale</em>, then occupying the harbor, took part in the +firing. One American was wounded. The harbor of Mazatlán was open to +the worst winds.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.27">27.</a> The references to Téllez in <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> are almost innumerable. +It seems enough to cite here: M. Gutiérrez, May 19, 1846; To J. I. +Gutiérrez, May 13, 17; To Téllez, Aug. 18; J. I. Gutiérrez, May 9; also +Gaxiola, Invasión, <em>passim</em>; Apuntes, 371–3; <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 74, +1846; Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 99. See also chap. xvi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#N16.5">note 5</a>. +Téllez, who was a generous, careless person, arrived at Mazatlán at +the head of an expedition bound for Upper California. During the year +before the war the receipts from the customhouse were about $3,000,000. +He pronounced May 7, 1846, in favor of federalism as an excuse for +insubordination. In Jan., 1847, fearing the government might overpower +him, he pronounced for Santa Anna as dictator. He pretended to be a +loyal Mexican, and the government wavered between recognizing him as +comandante general of Sinaloa and trying to crush him. Finally it +de<a class="pagenum" id="Page_448" title="448"></a>cided on the latter course. Cut off from his financial resources +by the Americans, he could not support his forces, and toward the end +of Jan., 1848, he gave up. J. P. Anaya was then comte. gen. (Capture +of Mazatlán, etc.) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1089–92, 1104, 1110, 1117; Wise, +Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 144–5; Apuntes, 374–5; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Téllez, Nov. 10, +14, 15; <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Shubrick to R. B. Mason, Dec. 6; <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Wooldridge, +Nov. 18; Gaxiola, Invasión, 163–6. The <em>Erie</em> had arrived at M. on Nov. +1. + +(Nov. 20) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1105–8; Wise, <em>op. cit.</em>, 150–7; +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Téllez, Nov. 20; U. S. Naval Instit. Proceeds., 1888 (Rowan, +p. 555); Apuntes, 376; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Horn, Nov. 15, 21; Gaxiola, Invasión, +186. A land party of 94 and a boat party of 62 set out from Mazatlán at +about 1 <span class="fakesc">A.M.</span> The Mexicans, who were commanded by Lieut. Carlos +Horn, a Swiss, ought to have been routed, but they had received notice +of the expedition and were on the alert. The American land party fell +partially into an ambuscade, and the boat party were misled. After some +desultory fighting both sides retired. The Americans lost 1 killed and +21 wounded. The Mexican loss was probably somewhat larger.</p> + +<p>Dec. 13 Americans routed a Mexican advanced party about twenty miles +from the city, inflicting some loss and suffering none (Ho. 60; 30, +1, p. 1083–4; Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1121). The Mexican blockade was evaded +easily by bribery.</p> + +<p>(Fortifications) Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1120 (Halleck), 1131 (Shubrick); +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>J. P. Anaya, Mar. 11, 1848. (Safe) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1083 +(Shubrick).</p> + +<p>(S. Blas) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1084 (Shubrick); comte. gen. of Jalisco, +Jan. 11; Feb. 22, 1848; Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1127 (Bailey), 1128 +(Chatard). S. Blas was blockaded under a fresh notice issued Jan. +1, in consequence of the delay. (Manzanillo) Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1129 +(Shubrick); princ. comte., Colima, Jan. 18; comte. gen. Jalisco, Feb. +1, 29. Altata was blockaded Feb. 13 by a hired schooner, the <em>Triton</em> +(<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>comte. gen. Sinaloa, Feb. 21). (Expeditions) Ho. 1; 30, 2, +pp. 1133–7, 1158–61; comte. gen. Jalisco, Feb. 1. Jan. 31 Shubrick +reported that not one Mexican cannon was mounted on the coast except at +Acapulco (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1129). Early in Nov., 1847, T. A. C. Jones +set out from the east to meet the <em>Ohio</em> at Valparaiso and succeed +Shubrick.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.28">28.</a> The fort at Acapulco was now in a ruinous condition. The +cannon were removed and (it was reported) sold by Juan Alvarez. +Shubrick (<a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Aug. 11, 1847) said it was worse than useless +to blockade Mazatlán without blockading S. Blas, because vessels +unable to enter at M. would then enter at S. B. and pay duties to the +Mexicans. He forcibly urged upon Scott and Col. Mason, commanding in +California, the importance of providing troops (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1035; +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Dec. 6, 1847), and Mason sent as far as Oregon for volunteers +(Sherman, Memoirs, i, 38); but every effort to find men was in vain +(<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Mason, May 19, 1848). All that Mason could spare went to +Lower California. With the men who were ashore Shubrick said he could +have sealed up the west coast (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1084).</p> + +<p>Mason to Stockton, Jan. 11, 1847. S. José was occupied Mar. 30; +S. Lucas Apr. 3; La Paz Apr. 13. In August two companies of N. Y. +volunteers under Lt. Col. Burton arrived on the ground. The passing of +men and munitions from the mainland to the Peninsula was promptly cut +off by our navy. The towns of Mulejé (opposite Guaymas) and Comandú, +several hundred miles to the north of La Paz, were the centres of the +opposition. Citizens of the former under Vicente Mejía and of the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_449" title="449"></a> +latter under J. M. Moreno, all commanded by Manuel Pineda, marched +south with no little devotion. Pineda moved against La Paz (held by +Burton); the other two leaders against S. José (held by Lieut. Heywood +of the navy). The latter were repulsed without much difficulty, but +only the arrival of the <em>Cyane</em>, Dec. 8, ended a series of small +skirmishes at La Paz. In Jan. S. José had to undergo a more serious +attack. By the twelfth our garrison (27 marines, 15 seamen, some 20 +volunteers) found itself, after a desultory siege of about three weeks, +in a critical situation; but on the fourteenth Du Pont arrived in the +<em>Cyane</em>, and this ensured the defeat of the Mexicans on the following +day. March 22 about 150 American troops, who had left Monterey Mar. +5, arrived at La Paz. Burton, having now about 270 men, assumed the +offensive, and the skirmish of Mar. 30 at Todos Santos (without loss on +the American side) ended the hostilities. The American casualties in +all the skirmishing were insignificant. For the principal documents see +Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 103–12, 1055–64, 1086–8, 1095–1102, 1110–2, 1117–8, +1122–7, 1129–31, 1137–55; Ho. 17; 31, 1; Sen. 18; 31, 1, pp. 293, 299, +488–504; Du Pont, Official Despatches, 23, 31, 35; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Pineda +to comte. gen. Sonora, Oct. 3, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Shubrick, Dec. 4, 21; +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Princ. comte. of Mulejé to V. Mejía, Oct. 3; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Pineda +and Mejía, Oct. 3; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Relaciones to Guerra, Feb. 26, 1848. U. S. +Naval Instit. Proceeds., xiv, pp. 304–25.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.29">29.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 168, 1846. London <cite>Times</cite>, Jan. 30, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, nos. 441, 445, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src163">163</a>Semmes +to Conner, Sept. 29, 1850. Conner, Home Squadron, 3–4, 21. Bennett, +<cite>Monitor</cite>, 40–1. <a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Matson to Conner, Mar. 28, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src162">162</a>Mason to <em>Id..</em>, Nov. 29, 1846, priv. and confid. Richardson, +Messages, iv, 570–2. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard to Bankhead, May 27, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Shubrick to Conner, Aug. 19, 1845, priv. Buchanan, Works, +vii, 240–1, 290–2. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Conner, June 30, 1846.</p> + +<p>Spain complained of us, but unjustly. Some thought inefficiency was +shown by the number of American vessels lost (besides the <em>Somers</em> +and the <em>Truxtun</em>, the <em>Boston</em>, the <em>Hecla</em> and the <em>Neptune</em> were +wrecked, the <em>Perry</em> and the <em>Cumberland</em> were damaged, and some minor +losses were suffered), but considering the character of the coast +this opinion seems unfair. An important feature of the war was the +demonstration of the superiority of steam vessels.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N30.30">30.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Lavallette, proclam., Oct. 26, 1847. Apuntes, 375–9. +Conner, Home Squadron, 14. Negrete, Invasión, iii, 139–46; app., +399. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1092 (articles), 1109, 1129–33 (Shubrick). +<a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Letter to Shubrick, Dec. 23, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Lavallette, +orders, 5, 6, 1847; 3, 5, 1848. Semmes, Service, 85–7. Gaxiola, +Invasión, 166–81, 217, 223. Duties to the amount of $150,000 were +collected. Conner reported, June 30, 1846, that the blockade had +deprived Mexico of $500,000 in duties. This paragraph belongs logically +in chap. xxxi, but is placed here to complete the subject.</p> + + +<h3>XXXI. THE AMERICANS AS CONQUERORS</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.1">1.</a> For the conduct of naval men see pp. 208–9 and <a href="#N30.30">note 30</a> of that +chapter.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.2">2.</a> <em>The American policy.</em> Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 155–8, 165–6, 284. +<cite>Matamoros Flag</cite>, July 14, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Marcy to McElroy, May 19, +1846. Polk, Diary, May 19–20. Our proclamations had some effect upon +the people, but probably not much. They were accustomed to meaningless +promises.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_450" title="450"></a><a class="notenum" id="N31.3">3.</a> Gen. Patterson once asserted that volunteers were no worse than +regulars, but the evidence of other officers and of the Mexicans was +overwhelmingly against him. Regulars committed offences, but these +appear to have been commonly pilfering, and to have been chargeable +mostly to fresh recruits. It is probable, however, that the volunteers +often bore the blame for acts done by soldiers dishonorably discharged, +deserters, teamsters and other civilian employees and by the many +“black legs” and “human vultures” who followed the army. The great +difficulty was to identify the culprits. Mexicans were often afraid to +testify against our soldiers.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.4">4.</a> After Matamoros was captured, crowds of women and girls continued +to bathe naked in the river. The same thing occurred elsewhere.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.5">5.</a> A Mexican wrote to Gen. Mejía that Taylor expressly refused to +accept any responsibility for such men, and that he said the people +might kill them.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.6">6.</a> <em>The Matamoros district.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src91">91</a>Ayuntamiento archives. +Davis, Autobiog., 102. Meade, Letters, i, 86, 91, 105, 108–9, 147. +<a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Hershaw narrative. Tilden, Notes, 21. Robertson, Remins., 71. +Scott (<a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a> to Marcy, Jan. 16, 1847, private) gave an appalling +account of the outrages and added, “As far as I can learn, not one of +the felons has been punished.” <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Cushing to Pierce, May 4, +1847. Smith, Chile con Carne, 292–4. Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 22. +Buhoup, Narrative, 50. Oswandel, Notes, 37, 49, 193. V. Cruz <cite>American +Eagle</cite>, Apr. 10, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard to Pakenham, May 28; to +Bankhead, May 20; June 9. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 118, 1846. French, +Two Wars, 58. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Taylor, gen. orders 62, May 17; 65, May 23; 94, +Aug. 2. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Patterson, orders, Sept. 29; Oct. 14. <cite>Picayune</cite>, +Aug. 4, 25. New Orl. <cite>Commer. Bulletin</cite>, Sept. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Cushing, +order, Sept. 24, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Longoria, statement, Aug. 17. +<a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Patterson to Bliss, Oct. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Taylor to Hepburn <em>et +al.</em>, Nov. 2. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 45–6. Matamoros <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Reveille</cite>, June 24. +Henry, Camp. Sketches, 118, 122, 124, 137. Giddings, Sketches, 89. +Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1178. <cite>Niles</cite>, Aug. 1, 1846, p. 341; Sept. 12, p. +23. Davis, Recolls., 236. <cite>Spirit of the Times</cite>, July 4. Sedgwick, +Corresp., i., 4–5. New London <cite>Morning News</cite>, Dec. 10. <cite>History +Teacher’s Mag.</cite>, Apr., 1912 (Vieregg). <a class="noteref" href="#src308">308</a>Shields to Walker, +Aug. 3. <cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, Dec. 23, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src193">193</a>Foster to +father, Aug. 14, 1846 (Matamoros a “complete sink of pollution”). +<a class="noteref" href="#src180">180</a>Pillow to wife, Sept. 6, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mejía, June 20. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Spanish consul, Matamoros, June 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>García to Parrodi +June 20; Aug. 10. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Division of the North, <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Noticias</cite>, July 8. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Gaceta de Tamaulipas</cite>, July 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Parrodi, June 3. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Carroll to Faulac, Aug. 9.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.7">7.</a> In June, 1847, Taylor expressed the opinion that the Texan horse +had scarcely made one expedition without committing murder, and asked +that no more should be sent to him (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1178). Some of +them committed outrages at Parras, where the Americans had been kindly +treated, and Wool then ordered that Texan volunteers should not be +sent on distant expeditions except under “extraordinary circumstances” +(<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>McDowell to Hamtramck, Dec. 10, 1847).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.8">8.</a> <em>E.g.</em>: No soldier quartered outside the town (as nearly all +were) could enter it without a pass signed by his captain and his +colonel. Such passes were good for only one day, and only two could +be issued the same day in the same company. Soldiers could use only +a particular road and had to leave the city before the retreat was +sounded (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 508). Besides punishing offences, our +commanders endeavored, first of all, to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_451" title="451"></a> prevent the sale of liquor; +secondly, to shut out gamblers and other undesirable followers of the +army; and, thirdly, to inculcate a sense of humanity and a regard for +the rights of the people. In April, 1847, well-to-do refugees were +ordered to return to Monterey under the threat of occupying their +houses, for while absent they were beyond the reach of American taxes +and were encouraging guerillas (<a class="noteref" href="#src97">97</a>Monterey judge, Apr. 14, +1847). A similar policy was followed elsewhere.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.9">9.</a> American officers were not, however, flabby in protecting the +lives of their men, and sometimes the authorities or the people of +a place where one of these fell a victim to Mexican hate were held +responsible until the culprit was discovered (<em>e.g.</em>, <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Wool +to Pleasanton, Jan. 15, 1848). Such wholesale justice was often the +only possible kind, and there is ample evidence that even the cruel +retaliation practised by our soldiers had good effects.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.10">10.</a> <em>The Monterey district.</em> Meade, Letters, i., 108, 130, +147, 161. <a class="noteref" href="#src218">218</a>Henshaw narrative. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Jan. 27, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src212">212</a>Hastings, diary, May 28, 1847. Giddings, Sketches, 221, +325. Buhoup, Narrative, 108. Thorpe, Our Army at Monterey, 120. +<a class="noteref" href="#src144">144</a>Cassidy, recoils. Anon, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src97">97</a>Ayunt., Saltillo, +Apr. 14, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src93">93</a>Ayunt., Monterey, Oct. 8, 1846; May 18, 1847. +Durango <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Registro Oficial</cite>, Oct. 15, 1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Epoca</cite>, Oct. 17. London +<cite>Times</cite>, June 15, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src280">280</a>Nunelee, +diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src303">303</a>Orders 149, Dec. 3, 1846. Everett, Recolls., 216–9. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard to Bankhead, May 20, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 118, +1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Oct. 9, 24; Nov. 2. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Oct. 18, 28; Nov. +20. Washington <cite>Union</cite>, Dec. 29. <cite>National Intelligencer</cite>, Sept. 10; +Nov. 11; Dec. 7, 23. <cite>Metropol. Mag.</cite>, Dec., 1907 (Hamilton). Henry, +Camp. Sketches, 222–5. Smith, To Mexico, 85, 89. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Hamtramck +to McDowell, Jan. 20, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Wool, orders 67, Feb. 26, +1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Taylor, gen. orders, 126, Oct. 5, 1846; 149, Dec. 2. +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Patterson, orders, Sept. 29; Oct. 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Wool, orders +7, 15, 25, 31, 64, 66–7, 94, 112, Jan.-Mar., 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Taylor, +special orders 114, Sept., 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Wool, special orders +147, 156, Dec., 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Wool to Hamtramck, Dec. 18, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>McDowell to Hamtramck, Dec. 10, 1847; to Butler, Mar. 2, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Wool to Pleasanton, Jan. 15, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src307">307</a>Roberts, diary, +Nov. 28; Dec 5, 1846. <cite>Delta</cite>, Aug. 15, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src147">147</a>Chamberlain, +diary. Apuntes, 65. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Gaceta Extraordinaria</cite>, Victoria, Aug. 17, 1846. +Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 281. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Morales to Taylor, Sept. +29; Oct. 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Worth, orders, Oct. 8. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a><em>Id.</em>to Bliss, +Sept. 27; Oct. 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a><em>Id..</em>, endorsement on statement of Gaines. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Taylor, June 4, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Wool to Jones, May 9, 1848. +J. Davis in <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 37, 1, app., p. 1034. <a class="noteref" href="#src93">93</a>Mitchell, +proclam., Apr. 6, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src93">93</a>Tibbatts, orders, Sept. 8, 1847. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, Apr. 14, 1847. Carpenter, Travels, 13, 29, 30. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Dimond, no. 341, May 24, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 430–1, 1125, +1138, 1178 (Taylor); 508, 512–3, orders 126, 146, 149; 533, spec. +orders 113. <cite>Niles</cite>, Nov. 14, 1846, p. 165; Nov. 21, p. 180; Apr. 10, +1847, p. 89; Oct. 23, p. 115. <a class="noteref" href="#src370">370</a>Taylor to Louisville Legion, +Dec. 1, 1846. <cite>Hist. Mag.</cite>, May, 1870 (Deas). Sen. 32; 31, 1, p. 43. +<a class="noteref" href="#src214">214</a>Hays and Caperton, Life of Hays. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Observador Zacatecano</cite>, +Dec. 27, 1846, supplement. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>González to S. Anna, Nov. 21, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Garcia to Parrodi, Aug. 10, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Ampudia, Oct. 4, +1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>J. F. Rada, Oct. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Letter from Cadereita, +Apr. 5, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Many others.</p> + +<p>By the end of the war desolation marked the route from the Rio +Grande to Saltillo except at the sizable towns. To the credit of the +volunteers it should be added that on Mar. 9, 1847, two priests and +other citizens of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_452" title="452"></a> Monterey presented a <a class="noteref" href="#src93">93</a>petition to Taylor to +let the Kentucky regiment garrison the city, not only because those +soldiers were accustomed to it, but because their “well known morality +and good conduct” inspired “security and confidence.”</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.11">11.</a> Some of the orders were: Strangers now here and Mexicans +arriving must report for examination, no Mexican may have arms or leave +town without permission, all Mexicans conducting themselves properly +are entitled to civil and kind treatment as well as protection, and the +troops must not molest them under pain of severe punishment (Jan. 25, +1847); All officers are to see that soldiers annoying the Mexicans are +punished (Feb. 1); Not only officers but men are to arrest any soldier +maltreating a Mexican (Feb. 12); Gambling-houses and drinking-houses +must be broken up, no one may stay in town who would countenance such +things, “improper intruders” will not be tolerated, and quiet must be +maintained (March 16); Officers in town without my express permission +must return to the camp at Buena Vista (June 6); No one may reside at +Saltillo, if able to work, without some honest vocation, a tariff of +prices will be issued from time to time, public exhibitions and dances +without permission are prohibited, Mexican houses may not be taken for +private uses without the consent of the owners (July 9). Some of these +orders were merely repetitions of orders previously given. The policy +was to have no more troops in town than were needed to guard property, +etc. To prevent serious outrages, soldiers were forbidden to leave the +camp at Buena Vista armed (<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Aug. 10, 1847); and this was the +rule elsewhere.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.12">12.</a> <em>The Saltillo district.</em> Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i., +299. <a class="noteref" href="#src300">300</a>Prickett, letters. <a class="noteref" href="#src97">97</a>Ayuntamiento archives. +<a class="noteref" href="#src97">97</a>Jefe político to ayunt., Nov. 30, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src34">34</a>Stokes to +Graham, Aug. 8, 1847. Perry, Indiana, 138, 142. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Paine to +Porterfield, Jan. 24, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Worth to E. González, Dec. 16, +17, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Wool, orders 202, 209, 219, 245, etc., Jan.-Mar., +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a><em>Id..</em>, orders 275, 286, 308, 315, 341, 350, 394, +455, May-Sept., 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a><em>Id..</em>, orders 138, Dec. 14, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>McDowell to Hamtramck, Dec. 28, 1847. <cite>Picayune</cite>, June 1; +July 2, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Worth, orders, Nov. 16, 19, 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src97">97</a><em>Id..</em>, +proclam., Nov. 19. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a><em>Id.</em>to Saltillo officials, Nov. 17, 23. +<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Gov. Saltillo, order, Jan. 11, 1848. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Correo Nacional</cite>, Mar. +3, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src348">348</a>Pattridge to Miss W., Aug. 25, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, +pp. 1111, 1125 (Taylor). <cite>Littell</cite>, no. 165, p. 88 (Saltillo, May 11, +1847). <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to daughter, Jan. 4, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, +Mar. 29, 1847. Arnold, Jackson, 87–90. And from <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a> the following +and many more. González to Worth, Nov. 30; reply, Dec. 2. Relaciones, +Feb. 1, 1848. González to S. Anna, Nov. 21, 1846. Orders of Worth, +Nov. 16, 19, 22, 23, 1846. González, protest, Nov. 22, 1846. Worth to +González, Nov. 28; Dec. 17, 1846. S. Anna, Jan. 4, 1847 (with docs. +from González). Worth to ——, Nov. 17, 1846. Hunten to González, Mar. +29, 1847. Filisola, Aug. 10, 1847. Avalos, Aug. 5, 1847.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.13">13.</a> It was left for a regular to show the benefit of discipline, +for he visited a suburban village, terrorized some 250 able-bodied +Mexicans, and went calmly from house to house collecting blackmail.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.14">14.</a> <em>The Tampico district.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src99">99</a>Ayuntamiento archives. +<a class="noteref" href="#src146">146</a>Caswell, diary, Apr. 1, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Eco</cite>, Dec. 9, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src99">99</a>Shields to ayunt., Dec. 28, 1846; Jan. 2, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Consul Glass, Aug. 21, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Gates, orders 17, 26, +28, 35, Mar.-Apr., 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins, diary (introduction). +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Gates, orders 30, 48, 49; special orders 7, 10, 30, 41. +<cite>Picayune</cite>, Jan. 2, 8; Feb. 18; Mar. 19. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Shields, orders 3, +Dec. 22, 1846; to Bliss, Jan. 13, 1847.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_453" title="453"></a> <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>J. L. Gardner, Nov. +23, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Gates, Dec. 4, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a><em>Id..</em>, orders, Sept: +18, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Shields, orders, Jan. 1, 2, 6, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a><em>Id..</em>, +Dec. 23, 1846; Jan. 19, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>Hacienda to Relaciones, Dec. 3, +1847. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 12, 24, 37, 39, 40, 46–7. Ballentine, +English Soldier, i, 276–81. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 299. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>I. Múñoz, Nov. 26, 1846, <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>R. M. Núñez, Jan. 25, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Testimony of Mateo Dorante. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>F. de Garay, Jan. 22, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Docs. sent by Garay. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>A. González to Urrea, Feb. +1, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Many others.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.15">15.</a> Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 333–6 (Marcy). <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Hitchcock, diary, +Mar. 26, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>W. S. Parrott, Oct. 4, 1845. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Slidell, +no. 3, Dec. 17, 1845. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Taylor, no. 10, Feb. 7, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Carbajal to Taylor, Feb. 6, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a><em>Id..</em>, memo., +Feb. 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Canales to Taylor, Jan. 29, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>[Mesa to +Taylor], statement. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, June 14, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src93">93</a>Ayunt. to +gov. N. León, Dec. 31, 1846. London <cite>Times</cite>, June 15, 1847. <cite>Picayune</cite>, +Aug. 11, 1846. Ampudia, Manifiesto, 1847. Henshaw narrative. +<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Unsigned statement. <a class="noteref" href="#src285">285</a>Mejía to Paredes, July 20, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Butler, Aug. 1, 1832. Smith, Annex. of Texas, 46–7. <cite>Niles</cite>, +Nov. 21, 1846, p. 180. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Comte. gen. Nuevo León, broadside, Aug. +12, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Ampudia, Sept. 9, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mora y Villamil, +Apr. 19, 1847, res. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Many others.</p> + +<p>The number of citations could be multiplied, and the author may write +an article or brief monograph on the subject.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.16">16.</a> July 7, 1847, the veteran ex-editor of the Washington <cite>Globe</cite> +said in a <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>letter: My son [Frank P. Blair, who had been U. S. +district attorney of the province] “represents the state of things in +New Mexico as horrible. It seems that even respectable men at home, +have become so depraved by the license of the region they are in, that +they stick at no enormity whatever.” A little later the most concise +report from Santa Fe ran thus, “All is hubbub and confusion here, +discharged volunteers are leaving, drunk, and volunteers not discharged +are remaining drunk” (<cite>Niles</cite>, Nov. 6, 1847, p. 155).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.17">17.</a> Here, as in California, military rule was softened by having +a subordinate civil administration. The reader will understand, of +course, that not everything was bad. In the scanty space that can be +given to the subject here it is necessary to speak in broad terms.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.18">18.</a> <em>New Mexico.</em> <cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, Dec. 8, 1846; Apr. 1; +May 13; Aug. 11, 1847. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Mar. 18; Apr. 21, 1847. +N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, Nov. 22, 1847. Prince, Concise History, 182–6. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, no. 29, Mar. 14, 1848. Sen. 1; 29, 2, pp. 58–9. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Alvarez, Sept. 4, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src63">63</a>Marcy to Kearny, May 10, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Kearny order, Sept. 22, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Grier, Feb. 15, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Newby, Sept. 18; Oct. 8, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Price, Feb. 26; +Aug. 14, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Marcy to Price, Mar. 30, 1847; to Edwards, Mar. +25, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Ingalls, Feb. 16, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Fischer, Feb. 16, +1847. Bancroft, Pacific States, xii, 431. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Broadside, Feb. 15, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Court-martial, Feb. 4, 1848 (S. Fe). <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Vigil, +Mar. 26, 1847. Sen. 18; 31, 1, pp. 183–6. Inman, Old S. Fe Trail, +113–40. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Blair to Van Buren July 7, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez +de Castro, no. 445, 1847. <cite lang="de" xml:lang="de">Anzeiger des Westens</cite>, Sept. 24, 26; Nov. +16, 1846; June 21, 1847 (Kribben). <a class="noteref" href="#src243">243</a>Kribben, letters. Ho. +60; 30, 1, pp. 172, 174–7 (Kearny). Ho. Report 52; 37, 3. <cite>Niles</cite>, +Apr. 24, 1847, pp. 119, 121; June 19, p. 252; Aug. 14, p. 375; Nov. +6, p. 155. N. Y. <cite>Courier and Enquirer</cite>, Aug. 13, 1847. Ho. 5; 31, +1, p. 104. Report of Conner, Indian Affairs, 1858, p. 188. Ho. 70; +30, 1, pp. 11, 13, 17, 21, 24, 31, 33, 34, etc. Sen. 1; 30, 1, +pp. 520, 524, 531–5, 545. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Polk to Marcy, June 2, 1846.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_454" title="454"></a> +<a class="noteref" href="#src201">201</a>Gibson, diary. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Mar. 5, 1847. Ho. 41; 30, 1, +pp. 498, 511–2, 551. Richardson, Messages, iv, 507, 594, 639. Wash. +<cite>Union</cite>, Oct. 3; Nov. 25, 1846. Parkman, Calif, and Ore. Trail, 416–20. +Elliott, Notes, 233, 247. <a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Santa Fe letter (printed). Sen. +23; 30, 1 (Abert). Ruxton, Adventures (1847 ed.), 185, 189. Benton, +View, ii, 683. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Price, Sept. 18, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src212">212</a>Hastings, +diary. Cooke, Conquest, 39, 41, 50. <a class="noteref" href="#src239">239</a>Mead to Kemper, July +26, 1841. Hughes, Doniphan’s Expedition, 131. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Wooster, Sept. +25, 1846. Sen. 7; 30, 1 (Emory). Ho. 24; 31, 1. Price, portrait (Mo. +Hist. Soc.). <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a><em>Id.</em>to delegates; to adj. gen., Feb. 6, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a><em>Id..</em>, orders 10, Feb. 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Prince to Vigil, Dec. +21, 1847. Numerous documents relating to the subject may be found +among the Vigil papers (N. Mex. Hist. Soc.). Cutts, Conquest, 217–35, +240–3. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Varela, Sept. 6, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Chávez to Armijo, Aug. +24, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Ugarte to Filisola, July 2, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Bent, +proclam., Jan. 2, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Many others. The American loss in +fighting the insurgents was 8 killed, 52 wounded.</p> + +<p>Chihuahua was merely an addendum to Santa Fe. The people seemed to +regard our troops “as a race of devils and with just reason,” wrote a +soldier in his diary. Once two Americans, fighting in their cups, tore +each other’s clothes off and went stark naked through the streets. Of +course property suffered. The women, however, in spite of husbands, +fiancés and priests, were devoted to the Americans, and when the time +for evacuation came some followed their lovers for leagues, and a few +even for days. For the state of things in Chihuahua: Sen. Misc. 26; 30, +1. <cite>The Anglo-Saxon</cite>, (Chihuahua), no. 1. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, +ii, 110. Ho. Report 404; 30, 1, pp. 6, 13. Rondé, Voyage, 136, 138–9. +<a class="noteref" href="#src212">212</a>Hastings, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src201">201</a>Gibson, diary. <cite lang="de" xml:lang="de">Anzeiger des +Westens</cite>, June 21, 1847 (Kribben). <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, April 10, 1847.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.19">19.</a> Kearny claimed the right to govern, but Stockton and Frémont +insisted that his instructions to take possession of California +and establish a civil government there had been made obsolete by +events. Kearny perforce accepted the situation for a time, and +with his dragoons went north at the end of January. The friction +between him and Frémont was acute. Finally, when both were on their +way east, Kearny had Frémont arrested. On charges—essentially +insubordination—preferred by the General, Frémont was tried +by a court-martial and sentenced to be dismissed from the army +(<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>adj. gen., orders, Feb. 17, 1848). Polk remitted the +sentence, but Frémont resigned. This controversy having been merely +incidental to the war, more space cannot be given to it; but, as the +opinion of the author may be desired, he will say, after reviewing all +the documents of the case, that he thinks Frémont was a provokingly +unprincipled and successful schemer, and that Kearny showed himself +grasping, jealous, domineering and harsh.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.20">20.</a> The Mormons were free July 16, 1847, and but one company could +be recruited from the battalion. This served till March 14, 1848. A +part of the New York regiment was sent to Lower California (chap. xxx, +<a href="#N30.28">note 28</a>, and the gold-diggings led some to desert. February 1, 1848, +Mason had only 621 effectives (<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Mason to adj. gen., Feb. 1, +1848).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.21">21.</a> <em>California.</em> (This note, as written, included nearly two +hundred items; but, as the subject concerns the history of the Mexican +War only incidentally, it has been condensed.) Reports from military +and naval officers in the adjutant general’s office and the navy +(squadron and captains’ letters) archives. <b>323–5</b>Stevenson, +letter book, gen. order book, regtal. ord. book. Colton, Three Years, +24, 32, 155, 172, 175. Cooke,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_455" title="455"></a> Conquest, 45, etc. Ho. 70; 30, 1, pp. +28, etc. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 160, 229, 242, 245–6. Benton, View, ii, +715, 718. Clark, First Regt., 12, etc. <a class="noteref" href="#src316">316</a>Sherman papers. Sen. +1; 29, 2, pp. 49–50, 65. <cite>Calif. Star</cite>, Mar. 6, 1847. London <cite>Times</cite>, +Aug. 13–4, 1846. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 55–7, 947. Sherman Letters, 39. +Wise, Gringos, 47, etc. Hughes, Doniphan’s Exped., 204–30, 244–8. +<a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy papers. <a class="noteref" href="#src247">247</a>Larkin papers. Bancroft, Pacific +States, xii, 478; xvii, 417, etc. <a class="noteref" href="#src4">4</a>Amador, Memorias, 172. +<a class="noteref" href="#src122">122</a>Bidwell, California, 180. <a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Hammond papers. <cite>Annals +Amer. Acad.</cite>, xii, 70–1 (R. D. Hunt). <a class="noteref" href="#src349">349</a>Watterston papers. +<a class="noteref" href="#src120">120</a>Biddle papers. Cutts, Conquest, 65, 71, 123, 164, 248. Wash. +<cite>Union</cite>, Sept. 30; Dec. 9, 1846. N. Y. <cite>Journ. of Commerce</cite>, Dec. 30, +1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Oct. 16, 1846. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, p. 604 (Benton). +<cite>Annals of the Am. Acad.</cite>, xii, 71 (Hunt). <cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, Sept. +22, 1846. Buchanan, Works, vii, 332. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Buchanan papers. Hall, +S. José, 154–6. Sherman, Home Letters, 96, 113. <em>Id..</em>, Mems., i, 29, +34, 56. <cite>Niles</cite>, Aug. 29, p. 416; Sept. 12, 1846, p. 20; Oct. 23, +1847, p. 115. Sen. 33; 30, 1. Ho. Rep., 817; 30, 1. Sen. 439; 29, 1. +Ho. 17; 31, 1. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 47, 51, 53, etc., 1037, 1069. Revere, +Tour, 78. Sen. 7; 30, 1. Sen. Rep. 75; 30, 1, pp. 14–5. Sen. 31; +30, 2, pp. 23, 28–30. Sen. 18; 31, 1, pp. 398–401. Tuthill, Calif., +208–13. Schafer, Pacific Slope, 269. Porter, Kearny, 31. Willey, +Trans. Period, 66, 70. Royce, Calif., 197. <a class="noteref" href="#src120">120</a>Cits. to Biddle, +Mar. 2, 1847. Tyler, Concise Hist., 202–52, 277, 288. Stockton, Life, +158. <a class="noteref" href="#src372">372</a>Hyde, statement. <a class="noteref" href="#src70">70</a>“Californias” (see Richman, +California, for many of the most important). <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Pérez, Oct. 22. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Comadurán to comte. gen. Sonora, Nov. 14; to Cooke, Dec. 16. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a><em>Id..</em>, Nov. 21; Dec. 17. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Cooke to Gándera, Dec. +18. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Cuesta, Dec. 30, 1846; July 23, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Estado, +Tucson, Dec. 3, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Limón to Cooke, [Dec. 16]; reply, [Dec. +16]. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Cuesta to mil. comte. Arispe, Dec. 18. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Vanguard +section, estado, Dec. 23; etc.</p> + +<p>For the Mormons see vol. i, p. 290. P. St. G. Cooke, acting as It. +col., led the Mormon battalion from Santa Fe, New Mex., to California.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.22">22.</a> “<em>Head Quarters of the Army</em>, Tampico, February 19, 1847. +<em>General Orders, no. 20.</em> 1. It may well be apprehended that many +grave offences not provided for in the act of Congress ‘establishing +rules and articles for the government of the armies of the United +States,’ approved April 10, 1806, may be again committed—by, or upon, +individuals of those armies, in Mexico, pending the existing war +between the two Republics. Allusion is here made to atrocities, any +one of which, if committed within the United States or their organized +territories, would, of course, be tried and severely punished by the +ordinary or civil courts of the land. 2. Assassinations; murder; +malicious stabbing or maiming; rape; malicious assault and battery; +robbery; theft; the wanton desecration of churches, cemeteries or +other religious edifices and fixtures, and the destruction, except +by order of a superior officer, of public or private property, are +such offences. 3. The good of the service, the honor of the United +States and the interests of humanity, imperiously demand that every +crime, enumerated above, should be severely punished. (Paragraphs +4–6 demonstrate the necessity of a code supplemental to the rules +and articles of war.) 7. That unwritten code is <cite>Martial Law</cite>, as +an addition to the written military code, prescribed by Congress in +the rules and articles of war, and which unwritten code, all armies, +in hostile countries, are forced to adopt—not only for their own +safety, but for the protection of the unoffending inhabitants and +their property, about the theaters of]<a class="pagenum" id="Page_456" title="456"></a> military operations, against +injuries contrary to the laws of war. 8. From the same supreme +necessity, martial law is hereby declared, as a supplemental code in, +and about, all camps, posts and hospitals which may be occupied by +any part of the forces of the United States, in Mexico, and in, and +about, all columns, escorts, convoys, guards and detachments, of the +said forces, while engaged in prosecuting the existing war in, and +against the said republic. 9. Accordingly, every crime, enumerated in +paragraph No. 2, above, whether committed—1. By any inhabitant of +Mexico, sojourner or traveller therein, upon the person or property +of any individual of the United States’ forces, retainer or follower +of the same; 2. By any individual of the said forces, retainer or +follower of the same, upon the person or property of any inhabitant +of Mexico, sojourner or traveller therein, or 3. By any individual of +the said forces, retainer or follower of the same, upon the person +or property of any other individual of the said forces, retainer or +follower of the same—shall be duly tried and punished under the +said supplemental code. 10. For this purpose it is ordered, that all +offenders, in the matters aforesaid, shall be promptly seized and +confined, and reported, for trial, before <cite>Military Commissions</cite> to +be duly appointed as follows: 11. Every military commission, under +this order, will be appointed, governed and limited, as prescribed +by the 65th, 66th, 67th, and 97th, of the said rules and articles of +war, and the proceedings of such commissions will be duly recorded, in +writing, reviewed, revised, disapproved or approved, and the sentences +executed—all, as in the cases of the proceedings and sentences of +courts-martial; <em>provided</em>, that no military commission shall try any +case clearly cognizable by any court-martial, and <em>provided</em> also that +no sentence of a military commission shall be put in execution against +any individual, whatsoever, which may not be, according to the nature +and degree of the offence, as established by evidence, in conformity +with known punishments, in like cases, in some one of the States of the +United States of America. 12. This order will be read at the head of +every Company serving in Mexico.” This order helps to explain the later +improvement at the north which we have noted.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.23">23.</a> The ordinary safeguard ran thus: “By authority of ... The +person, the property, and the family of ... [or such a college, mill, +etc., and the persons and things belonging to it] are placed under the +safeguard of the United States. To offer any violence or injury to them +is expressly forbidden; on the contrary, it is ordered that safety +and protection be given to him, or them, in case of need.” Safeguards +were given to towns also. The following is a specimen: “<em>Safeguard.</em> +Office of the Civil & Military Governor, Puebla, 22nd January, 1848. +Whereas the Municipality of the town of San Martin, on the main road +to Mexico, has presented a Solicitation to this Government with +regard to certain permissions and protection this Safeguard is given +to said Municipality in the following terms.—1. The authorities and +inhabitants of San Martin, their families and private property are +placed under the protection of the United States forces, as long as +they remain quiet, neutral and peaceable and will therefore be left +unmolested and not interfered with by the troops and followers of the +United States army. On the contrary their civil authorities will be +respected, and protection and assistance will be given to them such as +they should need or claim.—2. All honorable and peaceable inhabitants +guaranteed to be such by the Municipality have permission to carry arms +for the defence of the community, their persons<a class="pagenum" id="Page_457" title="457"></a> and their property +against robbers.—3. They are allowed to organize a neutral police +force of twenty five armed and mounted men for protection of the town +against robbers and for assisting the authorities in executing their +duties, the criminals taken prisoners by them to be delivered over to +the Governor of Puebla.—4. Permission is likewise granted to said +authorities and inhabitants to defend themselves against any one who +comes to plunder, rob or attack them, may he be robber, guerrillero +[<em>i.e.</em>, “guerilla”], or an American soldier.—5. The Municipality of +San Martin has permission, to arrest and remit to their commanding +officers all American soldiers, they may find within the district of +San Martin, drunk dispersed or deserters.—6. It is strictly prohibited +to the troops and followers of the United States army to open the +prison at San Martin and put the criminals in liberty.—7. A copy of +this Safeguard has been forwarded to the General in chief of the United +States forces in order to communicate it to the commanding officers of +the army, and of divisions, which have to pass by San Martin. Another +copy has been remitted to the commanding officer of the military post +at Rio Frio.—”</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.24">24.</a> Numerous large monasteries, occupied by only a few monks, were +found useful, and the use of them for such a purpose gave no offence +(Scott, Mems., ii, 580).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.25">25.</a> <em>Scott’s policy.</em> Scott, Mems., ii, 393–6, 547–9, 580. Hitchcock +in <cite>Republic</cite>, Feb. 15, 1851. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 147. +<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Safeguard. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Scott, May 26, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Gen. orders +20, Feb. 19, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 873. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 55. <cite>So. +Qtrly. Review</cite>, Jan., 1852, p. 133.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.26">26.</a> Scott called upon “the 97 honorable men in every 100” to seize +in the act and report the “scoundrels” committing outrages (Ho. 60; +30, 1, p. 914). He thus enlisted, he believed, the coöperation of +“thousands of good soldiers” (<a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>to Marcy, Apr. 5, 1847). As in +civil life, it was of course impossible to apprehend all the criminals.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.27">27.</a> The impracticable attempt to keep liquor out of the city was not +tried here. A system of license and supervision was adopted. April 1 +two taverns were authorized to sell liquor (to be used on the premises).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.28">28.</a> Worth’s successors in the governorship were Col. Henry Wilson up +to about the middle of December, 1847; Gen. James Bankhead for a few +days; Gen. Twiggs until Mar. 25, 1848; Col. Wilson for a day or two; +Gen. S. W. Kearny. When Wilson left in December, 1847, the merchants +and consuls gave him a vote of thanks (Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, +585). Mar. 30, 1848, the Mexican ayuntamiento was restored.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.29">29.</a> Thompson, Recolls., 4. Dysentery was prevalent and dangerous. +Dec. 29, 1847, a responsible writer at Vera Cruz stated that not less +than 1,200 Americans had succumbed there to the climate since April.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.30">30.</a> <em>The Vera Cruz district.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, May 7, 1847. Bullock, +Six Months (1825 ed.), i, 19, 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src100">100</a>Ayuntamiento archives. +Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 572–3, 584–5. Lyon, Journal, ii, 214, +221. <cite>Flag of Freedom</cite>, i, no. 4. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 112, +115, 117, 119. <cite>Niles</cite>, Sept. 25, 1847, p. 53, etc. <a class="noteref" href="#src361">361</a>Woods, +recolls. <a class="noteref" href="#src144">144</a>Cassidy, recolls. <a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland, letters. +<a class="noteref" href="#src322">322</a>Smith, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src152">152</a>Claiborne, mems. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, +diary. Oswandel, Notes, 105–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src86">86</a>S. Anna to Soto, Apr. 14, +1847. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, July 26, 29, 1847. <cite>Amer. Eagle</cite>, V. Cruz, Apr. +3, 13; Oct. 11, 16, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>J. Soto, July 3, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>J. +Parrott to Marcy, Apr. 19, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard, Apr. 13; May 15; +June 15, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Scott to Patterson, +Mar. 30, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Wilson, orders (1847) 20, 23, 64, 116, 128, +142. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Bankhead, orders 167. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Twiggs, orders 11, 14. +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Wilson,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_458" title="458"></a> orders (1848), 130. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Kearny, orders 172. +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 75, 87, 101. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Wilson to Marcy, Aug. +1, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Worth, orders 1–7. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Kearny, Apr. 9, 1848, +and endorsement. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Don Simplicio</cite>, Apr. 21, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Apr. 13, +1847. Long, Lee, 68. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Scott, Apr. 5, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. +914 (Scott); 938 (Dorich). <a class="noteref" href="#src166">166</a>Pommarès to Conner, Oct. 7, 1846. +Stevens, Stevens, i, 117–8. <a class="noteref" href="#src12">12</a>Pell of Sloop <em>Daring</em>, Nov. 30, +1847. Kenly, Md. Vol., 288–9.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.31">31.</a> <em>The Córdoba district.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src88">88</a>Ayuntamiento archives. Moreno, +Cantón, 378, 380, 382–3. London <cite>Saturday Review</cite>, 1865, p. 6. +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Bankhead, orders 11, 12, 28.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.32">32.</a> <em>The Orizaba district.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src94">94</a>Ayuntamiento archives. Cubas, +Cuadro, 54. Velasco, Geografía, iii, 179. Diccionario Universal +(<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Orizaba</cite>). <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Bankhead, orders 38, 100. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Colección de +Itinerarios.</span></p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.33">33.</a> Neither at Jalapa nor elsewhere were there many complaints from +women. Here the soldiers gave parties. Harlots were the only women +present, but they were treated—to the great amusement of the town—as +ladies (Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 247).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.34">34.</a> <em>The Jalapa district.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src90">90</a>Ayuntamiento archives. +Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 62–3. Vigne, Travels, i, 14–16. Bullock, +Six Months (1825 ed.), i, 55. Velasco, Geografía, iii, 28, 37, 54, +97. <a class="noteref" href="#src257">257</a>Orders and letters from G. H[ughes] to Frank [Markoe]. +Oswandel, Notes, 196, 389. Semmes, Service, 205, 215. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nacional</cite>, +Dec. 22, 1847; Jan. 5, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Alcalde to gov., Nov. 25, 27, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Orders, Dec. 3, 10, 15, 1847; Feb. 4; Apr. 25; May 7, +1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Patterson to Pillow, Sept. 22, 1846; to ——, Nov. 24, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Am. gov. to alcalde, Nov. 26; Dec. 13, 1847; Jan. 17; +Feb. 28; Mar. 15, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Hughes, proclam., Nov. 30, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src287">287</a>Parrish, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src332">332</a>Tennery, diary. <cite>Picayune</cite>, May +28; Dec. 19, 24, 25, 1847. Kenly, Md. Volunteer, 365–8, 382. Wash. +<cite>Union</cite>, May 22, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src159">159</a>Collins papers. Lyon, Journal, ii, +186. Ward, Mexico, ii, 193. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 58–9. Grone, +Briefe, 62. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 900–2; iv, 20, 28–34. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Hughes +to prefect, May 31, 1848; to Scott, Jan. 5, 1848; to first alcalde, +Mar. 27, 1848; orders, Nov. 29, 30, 1847; Jan. 10; Feb. 19; May 4, 5, +1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a><em>Id.</em>to officers, Jan. 15, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src68">68</a>Court of +inquiry, Jalapa, May 31, 1848. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Arco Iris</cite>, Dec. I, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, +1, p. 1029. <cite>Niles</cite>, Jan. 1, 1848, p. 276. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Soto, proclam., +Sept. 10, 1847. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 235–6, 245–7. Hartman, Journal, +13. <a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland to father, undated. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. +42, 1847 (the conduct of Scott and his officers at Jalapa is “highly +extolled”).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.35">35.</a> Lawton, Artill. Officer, 272. The presence of Scott, Worth and +other superior officers who, as the soldiers knew, could not be trifled +with, may help to explain the mystery. (Later some outrages occurred.) +The troops were kept within a large square space with sentries at each +corner, and the boundaries of it could not be crossed after dark by +either civilians or soldiers (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, June 14). At one place on +the way to Puebla, wrote a soldier in his diary, a sentry was placed at +every shop, and even women selling bread on the street were guarded.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.36">36.</a> Personally Lane discouraged outrages. Once when some of his +famished men had robbed a poor man’s cornfield Lane, besides having him +paid the full amount of the damages, added as much more from his own +pocket (Brackett, Lane’s Brig., 74–5). It was said that priests were +sometimes ill-used, but this was natural enough when they were capable +of coöperating with guerillas, inducing American soldiers to desert, +and harboring such deserters.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_459" title="459"></a><a class="notenum" id="N31.37">37.</a> <em>The Puebla district.</em> <cite>Flag of Freedom</cite>, i, nos. 1, 5. Lawton, +Artillery Officer, 272. <a class="noteref" href="#src270">270</a>Moore, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Childs, +proclam., Nov. 11, 1847 (placard). Oswandel, Notes, 345, 390. +<a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Ayuntamiento archives (proceedings, correspondence with +Worth, orders of Worth, etc.). <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Fúrlong, proclam., Oct. 14, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Childs, proclam., Oct. 25, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>The bishop +to Scott, Dec. 1, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Fúrlong to Scott, Dec. 1, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Ayunt. to prefect, Oct. 26, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src304">304</a>Worth, orders, +May 16, 1847. Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 121, 125, 131, 136, 165, +210. <a class="noteref" href="#src356">356</a>Whitcomb, diary. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, June 13, 14, 21 (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">El +National</cite>), 24, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Fúrlong to Am. gov., Aug. 10, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Prefect to Childs, Oct. 14; Nov. 2, 8; Dec. 20, 1847; Feb. 8, +1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Childs’s official papers <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott, gen. orders +187, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nacional</cite>, Dec. 18, etc, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Report of the +committee appointed to confer with Scott, Jan. 4, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>Jefe +político Tlaxcala to Scott, Nov. 23, 1847. Negrete, Invasión, iii, +app., 122–3. Donnavan, Adventures, 100. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Colección de Documentos</span> +(Childs, orders, Oct. 16). Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1030 (Childs).</p> + +<p>There was special feeling about churches. The bishop of Puebla +complained to Scott that our soldiers desecrated a church at Tlaxcala, +and stole some priests’ robes. But the soldiers had found that the +church was the base of the guerillas they were pursuing, and discovered +the robes on the floor. Our officers made great efforts to prevent +outrages here and to restore the stolen property (Brackett, Lane’s +Brigade, 211; Zirckel, Tagebuch, 123; etc.). It seems to have been true +that no church was desecrated by Americans that had not been desecrated +by Mexicans, and used for hostile purposes.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.38">38.</a> The lépero dared not attack a sober American soldier. The scheme +was to get the soldiers intoxicated, and, when they staggered and fell, +knife them. After a time our men invented a trick to meet it. They +would pretend to be intoxicated, fall to the ground, and make ready for +the would-be assassin; and finally the léperos feared a drunken soldier +even more than a sober one. Carrying concealed weapons was forbidden; +suspected persons were searched; and any one found guilty was given +twenty lashes on the bare back. This had an excellent effect.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.39">39.</a> A specimen case was that of private Gahagiun of the Seventh +Infantry (<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>gen. orders 378). For breaking into a house and +taking some ladies’ clothing he was sentenced to receive fifty lashes +on his bare back “well laid on with a rawhide,” to be confined at hard +labor during the rest of his term, to be then dishonorably discharged +and drummed out—$250 of his pay to go to the person robbed and the +rest to be confiscated. Mexicans as well as Americans were publicly +flogged. In extreme cases hanging was the punishment.</p> + +<p>Scott made the following daily details in order to ensure order and +discipline (<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>gen. orders 298, September 24, 1847): “1. A +general officer of the day to report to me; to superintend the good +order and discipline of the garrison, visit the guards and outposts, +organize patrols, and receive reports regarding order and discipline. +2. A field officer of the day of each division and of the cavalry +brigade to superintend the troops in quarters, be present at the +mounting and dismounting of the guards, have control of the in-lying +pickets, etc. 3. One third of each regiment not on other duty will +constitute its portion of the in-lying guard. 4. A captain or subaltern +of the day of each regiment will superintend the quarters, attend the +parading of regimental guards, have the roll called frequently and at +unexpected times, visit company kitchens and messes, etc.” The<a class="pagenum" id="Page_460" title="460"></a> drill +of the troops was kept up, and of course it was only when off duty that +they could be disorderly. Doyle reported that a gentleman from Pachuca, +a place at some distance from Mexico, said: “Nothing can be better +than the behavior of the American troops at Pachuca” (no. 5, 1848). On +the other hand Lane’s men were guilty of excesses at Tulancingo. In +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>gen. orders 395, December 31, 1847, Scott said: “Men free at +home, must maintain the honor of freeman when abroad. If they forget +<em>that</em>, they will degrade themselves to the level of felons and slaves, +and may be rightfully condemned and treated as such; for felons, +according to the laws of God and man, are <em>slaves</em>” (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. +1066).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.40">40.</a> Quitman strictly forbade (Sept. 21) “any interference with or +mutiliation of the books, papers, or records contained within the +Palace.”</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.41">41.</a> Matamoros, Monterey, Tampico, Jalapa and Puebla had an American +newspaper; Vera Cruz and Mexico two.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.42">42.</a> In consequence of the incapacity of our medical men and +particularly their ignorance of the effects of the climate, diseases +not considered dangerous by residents often proved fatal to the +American soldiers (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton, no. 5, 1847).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.43">43.</a> <em>The Mexico district.</em> Davis, Autobiog., 246, 258, 261–2, +277. Henshaw narrative. Donnavan, Adventures, 93, 97. Instrucciones +Otorgadas. Wise, Gringos, 260. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 314–5, 321. +Jameson, Calhoun Corresp., 1163–5. Quitman, orders, Oct. 6, 1847, in +Papeles Varios. <cite>Journ. Milit. Serv. Instit.</cite>, xv, 627. McSherry, +Puchero, 163. <em>Vedette</em>, ii, no. 10 (Brooks). Norton, Life, 172. +<a class="noteref" href="#src321">321</a>Smith, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src358">358</a>Williams to father, Dec. 27, 1847; +Feb. 22, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src152">152</a>Claiborne, mems. Oswandel, Notes, 431, 433, +455, 525, 583. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Ayuntamiento archives. <b>69a</b>Archives of +Federal District. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Archives of México state. Hitchcock, Fifty +Years, 307. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Gracida to Butler, Feb. 25, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, +nos. 1, 5, 27, 1848. <cite>Britannia</cite>, Sept. 28, 1847 (<cite>Daily News</cite>). +Claiborne, Quitman, i, 395. Calderón, Life, i, 139–40. <cite>National</cite>, +Nov. 14, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>N. C. to J. L. Miller, May 7, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src62">62</a>Jones to Bedinger, Mar. 11, 1848. Captain of Vols., Conquest, +27. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders, Sept. 14, 16, 17, 24; Dec. 18, 31, +1847. London <cite>Times</cite>, Nov. 12, 13, 1847. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 205–12. +<cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 15; Nov. 14; Dec. 19, 29, 1847. <cite>Delta</cite>, Nov. 6, 7, +12; Dec. 19, 24, 1847. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 384 (Scott). Kenly, Md. Vol., +413. México á través, iv, 703–4. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 190, 355. +Rodriguez, Breve Reseña, 1848, 1849, p. 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 86, +Sept. 28, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 8, res., Sept. 17, 1847. Ramírez, +México, 318. N. Y. <cite>Journ. Comm.</cite>, Feb. 28, 1848. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, +Dec. 7, 20, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src277">277</a>Veramendi to Quitman, Oct. 8, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src366">366</a>Memb. municip. council to ——, Nov. 14 and reply. (Mexican +letter) <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nacional</cite>, Nov. 14, 1847. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 260–3, +270–1. Apuntes, 362–7, 369. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1065. Sen. 34; 34, 3, +p. 37. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Nowell to mother, Oct. 21, 1847. Sedgwick, Corresp., +i, 153. Stevens, Stevens, i, 219. <a class="noteref" href="#src121">121</a>Placards and Notices. +<cite>Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. Mag.</cite>, Mar. 6, 1908. <a class="noteref" href="#src214">214</a>Hays and +Caperton, Life of Hays. London <cite>Chronicle</cite>, Nov. 12, 1847. Roa Bárcena, +Recuerdos, 543. Lane (Adventures) shows that our officers were by no +means all saints, but this is not a fact to occasion surprise.</p> + +<p>Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 571) complains that immorality was +promoted at Mexico by giving licenses to gambling places; but it would +not have been possible to prevent the soldiers from gambling among +themselves and in “dives,” and no doubt Scott believed it would be best +to have the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_461" title="461"></a> gambling done where some control could be exercised over +it, and where the men would not be in danger of the assassin’s knife. +Ripley admits that gambling “flourished” before licenses were given (p. +570). Ripley suggests (p. 574) that “active operations would have been +the immediate and effectual remedy” for the immorality; but, as we have +seen, there were not enough troops, etc., for active operations, and +perhaps shooting Mexicans needlessly would have been no better business +than gambling. Ripley admits (p. 577) that most of the troops were kept +outside the city. Riley’s brigade was at Tacubaya, Patterson’s division +at S. Angel, and a part of Butler’s division at El Molino del Rey. The +other part and Smith’s brigade remained in town.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.44">44.</a> Probably fearing American interference or influence, the +Mexican government at Querétaro discountenanced such elections (México +á través, iv, 704). As the records are by no means complete, it is +necessary in this and other cases to assume that like causes produced +like effects, unless there is some evidence to the contrary. General +conclusions could not otherwise be reached.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.45">45.</a> At Tampico Shields appointed three Mexican alcaldes and also (to +act with these in cases between Americans and Mexicans) an American +court of three American citizens.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.46">46.</a> <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Gaceta de Tamaulipas</cite>, July 16, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. +orders 238. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 314–5. Davis, Autobiog., 246. +<a class="noteref" href="#src224">224</a>Letter from C. to Scott, Nov. 14, 1847. Instrucciones +Otorgadas. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 299. Moreno, Cantón, 378, +380, 382. Quitman, order, Oct. 6, 1847, in <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Papeles Varios. Defensa de +Iriarte.</span> McSherry, El Puchero, 163. <a class="noteref" href="#src358">358</a>Williams to father, Feb. +22, 1848. V. Cruz <cite>American Eagle</cite>, May 22; Apr. 3, 1847. Ayuntamiento +archives, Jalapa, Córdoba, Orizaba, Puebla, Mexico, Tampico, Saltillo. +<a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Quitman, proclam., Oct. 6, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src366">366</a><em>Id..</em>, poster, +Sept. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Worth to Puebla ayunt., May 31, 1847; to alcalde, +May 17, 1847; reply; proclam., May 22, 1847; to alcalde, May 22. +<a class="noteref" href="#src303">303</a><em>Id..</em>, orders 34. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nacional</cite>, Jan. 28, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, +No. 5, 1848. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 251, 549. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, May 14, 1847. +Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1047 (Scott). <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Bankhead, orders, Feb. 16, +1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Hamtramck to McDowell, Jan. 20, 1848. Lawton, Artillery +Officer, 17, 39, 40, 194, 208. <a class="noteref" href="#src63">63</a>Marcy to Davenport, Aug. 6; +Dec. 14, 1847. Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 165. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Gov. Jalapa to +alcalde, Nov. 26; Dec. 13, 1847; Jan. 17; Mar. 15, 1848; orders 352; to +ayunt., Feb. 28, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Gates, orders 26, 35. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Wilson, +orders 116, 142, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Twiggs, orders 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Kearny, +orders 172. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Wool, orders, July 9; Dec. 14, 1847; Jan. 26, +1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Butler, orders 43, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>McDowell to alcalde, +Dec. 30, 1847. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 205 (Trist). <cite>Picayune</cite>, Jan. 2; Mar. +19; Dec. 19, 23, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, June 14, 1847. Kenly, Md. Vol., +380. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Worth to Bliss, Sept. 28, 1846. México á través, iv, +703–4, 711. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 900, 902; iv, 28–34. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Worth to +commrs., Nov. 23, 1846; orders 61, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Scott to Hughes, Jan. +28, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Shields, Jan. 19, 1847; orders, Dec. 26, 1846; Jan. +1, 2, 6, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Worth, orders 2, Mar. 30, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Worth +to E. González, Nov. 23, 28, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, Jan. 4, 1847, +with docs. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Garay, Jan. 22, 1847, and docs. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Worth, +proclam., Nov. 30, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Morgan to Martinez, Jan. 18, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Aldrete to Mejía, Aug. 30, 1846. For taxes, etc., see <a href="#Page_253">chap. +xxxiii</a>. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mora, Feb. 18; Mar. 8, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Many others.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.47">47.</a> An English soldier in our army said with reference to the +better class at Tampico: they were shy of “the strange, wild-looking, +hairy-<a class="pagenum" id="Page_462" title="462"></a>faced savages of the half-horse and half-alligator breed, who +galloped about the streets and plazas mounted on mules and Mexican +ponies, and armed with sabres, bowies, and revolvers, and in every +uncouth variety of costume peculiar to the American backwoodsman”; +adding that the Mexicans addressed them as “Gentlemen,” but in their +absence spoke of them with intense bitterness as “cursed volunteers” +(Ballentine, Eng. Sold., i, 276–7).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.48">48.</a> The foreigners residing at Mexico generally received the +American army well.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.49">49.</a> In a soldier’s written vocabulary occurred these words: weaves +(for <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">huevos</em>), chickketer (<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">chiquita</em>), sennereters (<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">señoritas</em>), +irrancus (<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">naranjas</em>), onerpas (<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">un peso</em>), leavero (<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">libro</em>). There +were cases in which women went long distances to give information to +officers they had never seen. After the battle of Cerro Gordo ladies +at Mexico wore their hair loose “à la Scott,” and were rebuked by the +press.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.50">50.</a> <cite>Social relations.</cite> Scott, Mems., ii, 580. Grant, Mems., +i, 118. Meade, Letters, i, 86, 180, 185. <a class="noteref" href="#src148">148</a>Chamberlain, +recolls. Bullock, Six Months (1825 ed.), i, 55–6. <cite>Flag of Freedom</cite>, +i, no. 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src257">257</a>G. [Hughes] to Frank [Markoe], Dec. 13, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src242">242</a>Kingsbury to mother, Oct. 14, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src8">8</a>Anon. diary. +Oswandel, Notes, 211, 433. Jamieson, Campaign, 48. Semmes, Service, +173, 205, 215, 263. Biog. de Alamán, 40. <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary. +Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 131, 136, 138. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 912. +<cite>Picayune</cite>, May 28, 1847. Kenly, Md. Vol., 368. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Hughes to +Scott, Jan. 5, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src349">349</a>Pattridge to Miss W., May 22, 1848. +Apuntes, 363. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 430. Sedgwick, Corresp., i, +145. Ballentine, English Soldier, i, 276–7. <cite>Spirit of the Times</cite>, July +4, 1846. Perry, Indiana, 141. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Document sent by Garay, Dec. 30, +1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Belton to Hitchcock, Aug. 23, 1847.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.51">51.</a> This money had a powerful influence in keeping the people quiet.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N31.52">52.</a> Scott, Mems., ii, 396, 580. Grant, Mems., i, 102. Gutiérrez +de Estrada, Méx. en 1840. <a class="noteref" href="#src110">110</a>Barbour, diary. <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>Belton, +proclam., July 16, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, no. 1, 1848. <cite>Delta</cite>, Jan. 19, +1847. Rodríguez, Breve Reseña, 1848. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 24. New +London <cite>Morning News</cite>, Dec. 10, 1846. Apuntes, 368. <a class="noteref" href="#src350">350</a>Weber, +recolls. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 45, 3, pp. 1627–8 (Shields). <cite>Picayune</cite>, Sept. +14, 1847.</p> + + +<h3>XXXII. PEACE</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.1">1.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, nos. 16, confid., 17, confid., 18, 22–3. (Trist’s +despatches, as printed in Sen. 52; 30, 1, are not in all cases +complete.) Sierra, Evolution i, 223. (Outrages) <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Arco Iris</cite>, Nov. 9, +1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Razonador</cite> in <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nacional</cite>, Jan. 5, 1848. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nacional</cite>, Jan. 19, +1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Almonte to Olaguíbel, Sept. 16, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Thornton +to Trist, Dec. 5, 1847. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 308–9, 315. Calhoun +Corresp., 1163, 1166. <a class="noteref" href="#src349">349</a>Partridge to Miss W., May 22, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src125">125</a>Bonham to mother, Dec. 7, 1847. Ills. State Hist. Soc. +Trans., 1912, pp. 17–23. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 327, 331. Wash. +<cite>Union</cite>, May 22, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>P. F. Smith to Pierce, undated. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Dec. 3, 14, 1847. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Dec. 23, 1847; Jan. 7, +8, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, no. 18, 1848. (Damages) <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Circular, +Oct. 3, 1847.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.2">2.</a> Sierra, Evol., i, 223. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton, no. 6, 1847. Roa +Bárcena, Recuerdos, 571. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, nos. 18, 22–3. <cite>Picayune</cite>, +Nov. 30, 1847; Feb. 20, 1848. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Protesta de la Diputación. Tributo á +la Verdad</span>, 58. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nacional</cite>, Jan. 8, 19, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Olaguíbel, +proclam., Dec. 9, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Thornton to Trist, Dec. 5, 1847. +Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 23, 40, 45,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_463" title="463"></a> 74. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Correo Nacional</cite>, Feb. 7, 19; +Mar. 21, 1848. (Aguas Cal.) <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Guerra to Relaciones, Jan. +24, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Olaguíbel, Nov. 29. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Gov. Oaxaca to +Relaciones, Dec. 27. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Nov. 15, 27, 29; Dec. 29, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src366">366</a>Correspondence between gov. S. L. Potosí and A. O. de Parada. +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, memo, of second conference. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>J. Parrott to +Marcy, Dec. 20, private, 27 private, 28, private, 1847. <cite>No. American</cite> +(Mexico), Dec. 14, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Taylor to Crittenden, Nov. 1, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src304">304</a>Duncan to Quitman, Nov. 27, 1847. Webster, Letters, 343. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott, Sept. 18. (Bankhead) <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Cushing to Buchanan, +Oct. 31, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src125">125</a>Bonham to mother, Dec. 7, 1817; Jan. 12, 1848. +Gallatin, War Expenses. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Poinsett to Van Buren, June 4, 1847; +Mar. 9, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src304">304</a>Duncan to Quitman, Nov. 27. <cite>No. American</cite> +(Mex.), Dec. 14. P. F. Smith, <em>supra</em>. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Eco del Comercio</cite>, May 9, 1848. +<cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Correspondant</cite>, Nov. 15, 1847. <cite>Times</cite>, Jan. 15, 1848.</p> + +<p>The substantial war elements were the Eventualists, Monarchists and +Santannistas. The <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>archives for this time are full of reports +of political disturbances.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.3">3.</a> Polk, Diary, Nov. 20, 23, 30; Dec. 4, 18, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Donelson to Buchanan, May 15, 1847, private. Ho. 60; 30, 1, +1037 (Marcy). <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 22. P. F. Smith: note 1. Richardson, +Messages, iv, 537–46. See chap. xxix, <a href="#Page_183">p. 183</a>. Had the war continued +it would not have been against Paredes or Santa Anna and the military +class. It would have seemed to be a war of conquest directed against +the Mexican nation, and even the peace party would have had to turn +against us.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.4">4.</a> Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 585. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton, nos. 6, 7, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, nos. 16, confid., 18–20. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a><em>Id.</em>to Rosa, Oct. +20, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Nov. 8, 10, 13; Dec. 29. Ho. 69; 30, 1, p. +58 (Rosa). Richardson, Messages, iv, 572. Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 22–3. +México á través, iv, 704–5. Exposición ó Programa. Negrete, Invasión, +iii, app., 483, 516.</p> + +<p>Trist reopened the negotiations naturally by forwarding to Luis de la +Rosa, the minister of relations, a letter (dated Sept. 7) written by +him as a reply to the note and counter-projet of the Mexican peace +commissioners dated Sept. 6. In this he argued that Texas possessed +good grounds for rebelling, and became independent; that, having been +rightfully annexed by the United States, she had to be protected +against invasion; that any previously existing boundary between her +and Mexico had been obliterated by the revolutionary war, and she had +a right to <em>claim</em> the Rio Grande as the boundary; that as Mexico +would not negotiate on the subject, Polk was compelled to accept that +delimitation; that in the resulting war the United States had occupied +Mexican territory and now justly held it by right of conquest, yet +not by the odious title of conquest resulting from war without good +cause—not from a mere desire of obtaining territory (Sen. 20; 30, 1, +p. 21). This letter and a brief accompanying note, which stated that +his powers had not been withdrawn and expressed a desire to resume +the negotiations, were transmitted by Thornton, now acting (in the +absence of Bankhead and Doyle) as British chargé, who strongly urged +upon Rosa the renewal of the negotiations (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 19). +Rosa replied favorably, but said he was too busy just then, and needed +certain documents. Later Peña explained the delay as resulting from +the provisional character of his administration (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>to Trist, +Nov. 22). In reality the government desired to ascertain and influence +public and Congressional sentiment before acting (Exposición dirigida). +Rosa’s reply to Trist said there appeared to be little hope of peace, +but this was for self-defence (Trist, no. 20).</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_464" title="464"></a><a class="notenum" id="N32.5">5.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, nos. 19, 23. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 239. Rivera, +Jalapa, iv, 23. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Nov. 17, 18, 23, 27; Dec. 26. +(Deserters) <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, June 24, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Rosa to +govs., Oct. 20. <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>Report of the meeting of governors. México +á través, iv, 706. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Thornton to Trist, Nov. 25, 1847. +Dublán, Legislación, v, 305. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 567–8, 571–6. +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Davidson to Thornton, Nov. 23. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Nov. 30.]</p> + +<p>At the meeting Puebla, Querétaro, Michoacán, Guanajuato and S. L. +Potosí states were represented by their governors, Zacatecas by her +vice governor, and Jalisco by a commissioner. The President and the +ministers were present. The meeting was advisory and confidential. The +government took the ground that the war could not be continued and +that Mexico should endeavor to obtain, not an honorable peace, but one +as little humiliating as possible, and one that would save Mexican +nationality; but it preferred war and promised to carry it on if given +the necessary men and supplies. The governors naturally showed their +repugnance to peace on such a basis, but could not offer adequate +resources, and the one rational conclusion was inevitable. A report of +the discussions may be found in the Gobernación archives, Mexico. The +sessions began on Nov. 19 and concluded on Nov. 27. The insurrection +came to a head on Dec. 19. News of Trist’s recall helped to quiet the +war party (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 22).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.6">6.</a> Pillow, address in Chicago <cite>Daily Democrat</cite>, Sept. 15, 1857. +Polk, Diary, Oct. 4, 5, 20–3, 25; Dec. 30, 1847; Jan. 2, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Sec. state to Trist, Oct. 6, 25. Richardson, Messages, iv, +541. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Memo. of Trist on despatch of Oct. 6. Sen. Rep. 261; 41, +2. Ho. 69; 30, 1, pp. 59–61 (Trist).</p> + +<p>A private <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>note (Oct. 24) from Buchanan to Trist, taken in +connection with Polk’s Diary, suggests a suspicion on the part of +the administration that, in intimating that the United States might +possibly not insist upon the Rio Grande line, Trist had purposely +played into the hands of the Whigs, who were now asserting that the +intermediate region did not belong to us. This suspicion and the +idea that Trist was helping Scott to injure the President’s friends +in the army would explain a great deal of wrath. Another personal +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>note (Oct. 24) from Buchanan shows that the terms offered by +Trist in September were now regarded as too moderate to be popular, +and gives one the feeling that, especially since Trist had shown a +disposition to weaken them, the prestige of the administration demanded +his recall. Oct. 25 Buchanan said Trist had offered to give up a part +of California, but Trist denied this (<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>memo.). Oct. 6 Marcy +directed Scott to inform the Mexican authorities of Trist’s recall +(Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1008). Trist’s patriotism and sense of duty do +not seem to have been affected by his recall. Nov. 27 he wrote to +Buchanan that a commission should be sent to take up his work on the +spot (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 230); and the next day, through Mrs. Trist, +he <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>adjured Buchanan to lose “<em>not a minute</em>” about this, +proposing Scott and Butler. Dec. 31 Polk received indirectly a similar +recommendation from Gen. Twiggs, and Sen. Davis (the Col. Davis of +Monterey and Buena Vista) pointed out to him that, should Mexican +commissioners go to Washington, probably their government would be +overthrown during their absence, and they might be shot as traitors on +their return (Diary, Dec. 31). Polk therefore virtually decided that +Butler should take Trist’s place as well as Scott’s (<em>ibid.</em>, Dec. 31; +Jan. 2). Pillow (Address) attributed to his letter the recall of Trist.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_465" title="465"></a><a class="notenum" id="N32.7">7.</a> Sen. Report 261; 41, 2. Ho. 69; 30, 1, pp. 59–66 (Trist). +Sen. 60; 30, 1, p. 61 (Peña). <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, nos. 21, 23. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton, nos. 11, 14, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a><em>Id.</em>to Trist, Nov. +22, confid.; Nov. 22, private; Nov. 25. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 583, +585. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Thornton, Nov. 24, confid., Nov. 25, private. +<a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>Peña at meeting of govs. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Peña to Trist, Nov. 22. +Trist’s departure had to be delayed by the necessity of testifying at +Pillow’s trial.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.8">8.</a> (Traitorous) London <cite>Times</cite>, Mar. 15, 1848. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. +140, 144 (Scott). <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 28, 1848. Scott, +Mems., ii, 576. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton, no. 21, confid. <em>Id.</em>to Trist: note +7. Sen. Rep. 261; 41, 2. Trist, no. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a><em>Id.</em>to Thornton, +Dec. 4, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a><em>Id.</em>to <em>Id..</em>, Nov. 24. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a><em>Id.</em>to +wife, Dec. 4.</p> + +<p>It has been said that Trist’s decision was due to Scott, but Trist was +not under Scott’s control. Scott tried without success to dissuade him +from breaking with Polk (<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>statement by Trist in his papers). +Trist <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>wrote to his wife, Dec. 4, “<em>Knowing</em> it to be the +very last chance, and impressed with the dreadful consequences to our +country which cannot fail to attend the loss of that chance,” I decided +to-day at noon to attempt to make a treaty; the decision is altogether +my own. Sen. Rep. 261, the basis of which was evidently supplied by +Trist, says that Freaner, the correspondent of the New Orleans <cite>Delta</cite>, +was “the only man who had been in any way instrumental in determining +Mr. Trist to make the attempt.” It has also been said that Scott and +Trist wished to make the treaty because Polk now wanted more of Mexico, +and they desired to “spite” him; but neither man was of such a type, +no suggestion of the scheme appears in Trist’s official or personal +letters or in Thornton’s reports to the Foreign Office, and public +considerations are quite enough to explain Trist’s course. Sen. Rep. +261 says that on Dec. 4 occurred an incident “in itself of the most +casual, and trivial, and commonplace kind,” which led to Trist’s making +the treaty. This has been thought to mean the postponement of the train +with which he was to have gone down; but the above description does not +seem to fit this important occurrence, and the author is inclined to +believe that it refers to a chance meeting of Trist and Freaner, while +Trist’s decision hung in the balance. Freaner was regarded by Trist as +an honest man of unusual sagacity, and he was a strong, sympathetic +character. Peña held that, since his peace commissioners had been +appointed, he could deal with the subject through them only, and hence, +as they were at a distance, he could not possibly send a proposal to +Mexico for Trist to carry home, as it was suggested to him to do. Trist +counted on one fact as lessening his responsibility: the government +could disavow his work without embarrassment (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>no. 22). See +Napoleon’s dictum (chap. xxvii, note <a href="#N27.17">17</a>, p. 398).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.9">9.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton, no. 21, confid., 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, nos. +1, 3, 1847; 10, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, nos. 23–5. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>J. Parrott +to Marcy, Dec. 27, 1847, private. Sen. 60; 30, 1, pp. 61 (Peña), 62 +(Trist). (Rincón) México á través, iv, 705–7. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Memo. <em>re</em> +withdrawal of notice. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Thornton to Trist, Nov. 24, priv.; Dec. +5, 11, confid. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 590. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Peña, +Dec. 26, 1847. Lee, Gen. Lee, 43. Noticias Muy Importantes. Richardson, +Messages, iv, 545. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Powers of the commrs. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, +minutes of meetings, etc.</p> + +<p>Doyle arrived at Vera Cruz on Nov. 30, and soon received from the +Foreign Office a despatch (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>no. 40) making clear its attitude +of benevolent neutrality (Doyle, no. 3). Polk’s message encouraged the +Eventualists,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_466" title="466"></a> because it showed that if they could defeat the present +negotiations, the war would continue, the peace party would fall from +power, and then the Eventualists would have American support in setting +up a government according to their ideas. Rincón pretended to be ill. +Associated with the ministry of Relaciones at this time as confidential +advisers were such men as Pedraza, Lafragua and Cuevas.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.10">10.</a> Sen. 20; 30, 1, p. 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Buchanan to Trist, Oct. 24, +personal. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>—— to <em>Id..</em>, Oct. 25. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Dimond to <em>Id..</em>, +Oct. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 3, res., 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist, notes and +memoranda. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Notes of Trist and Couto. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Thornton’s +translation of Mexican draft of treaty. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Notes from Doyle and +Thornton. (Unreasonable) México á través, iv, 706. Sierra, Evolution, +i, 223. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 592, 596–7. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, nos. 10 +(with memoranda), 29, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Palmerston to Mora, June 20, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 27. Exposición dirigida, 6. (Trist’s conduct) +Negrete, Invasión, iv, 324.</p> + +<p>Trist relied for guidance on his original instructions (Ho. 69; 30, +1, pp. 43–7), the <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">projet</em> of a treaty accompanying the instructions +(<em>ibid.</em>, p. 47), <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>instructions of July 13 and 19, 1847, former +treaties of the United States, and our general principles and policy +(<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 27). See also Polk’s Diary, Apr. 13, 1847. In +regard to the western end of the boundary the instructions were faulty, +and Trist found it necessary to use his judgment (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>enclosure +in his no. 27). Greatly fearing the designs of the Monarchists, he +desired to have a secret article binding upon Mexico the constitution +of 1824, and was willing to promise in return that enough American +troops to support the government should remain five years; but the +proposition was declined (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, no. 10, 1848). There was a +difficulty in doing anything about Tehuantepec, for British interests +were involved, and that matter was dropped by Trist in order to +facilitate the adjustment of the boundary (Exposición, <em>supra</em>). It did +not signify much now, for the United States had its eye upon a better +route (J. S. Reeves in <cite>Amer. Hist. Rev.</cite>, x, 323). The subject that +consumed the most time was the status of the people of the surrendered +territory (Trist, no. 27). The Mexicans asked that their civil law +should continue to rule there until the territory should be organized +into states, but Trist (perhaps in the interest of slavery) would not +consent (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, no. 10).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.11">11.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, nos. 10, 12, 13, 1848. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, +568, 579, 591, 602–3, 605–6. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1039 (Scott). +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, nos. 25–7. México á través, iv, 706–8. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist +to wife, Dec. 26, 1847; to Scott, Jan. 28, 1848; to commrs., Jan. 29, +1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle to commrs., Jan. 28–9. (S. L. P.) <a class="noteref" href="#src83">83</a>Gov. S. +L. P. to gov. Querétaro, Feb. 5, 1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Relaciones, circular, +Jan. 17; <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nacional</cite>, Jan. 26 (plan); Feb. 2; Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 41, +43; México á través, iv, 706. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 28.</p> + +<p>Peña became the chief executive again because the expiration of Anaya’s +term (ordered by the Congress that elected him to occur on Jan. 8, +since it was expected that the new Congress would have assembled by +that date) left the country without a head, and the position devolved +upon him as chief of the supreme court. L. de la Rosa was then +appointed minister of relations. The plan of the S. L. P. governor was +that four states—S. L. P., Zacatecas, Guanajuato and Jalisco—should +combine, repudiate the national government, and continue the war, +expecting other states to join them; but public opinion, even in his +own state, failed to support him. Almonte was actively working against +peace at this time,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_467" title="467"></a> basing his arguments particularly on the attitude +of the peace party in the United States and the poverty of the American +treasury. Jan. 30 he called attention to the Whig majority in our +House, said our Congress would probably refuse to send more troops to +Mexico, and urged the Mexican government to procrastinate. The reply +of the government was a mere acknowledgment of receipt. Feb. 14 he +argued that Walker’s report showed we could not continue the war much +longer. On the other hand there seems to be some reason to believe +that personal relations and interests may have influenced the Mexican +commissioners in favor of making the treaty (Puga y Acal, Documentos, +letter no. 74). Marcy to Scott, Oct. 6, 1847: Your military operations +are not to be modified by Mexican proposals to negotiate (Sen. 52; 30, +1, p. 140).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.12">12.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton, no. 11, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, nos. 4, 1847; +13, 14 and 18, 1848. Sen. 60; 30, 1, p. 65 (Trist). Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. +1082 (Scott). Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 604–7. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle to commrs., +Jan. 28, 29; to Rosa, Jan. 29. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 315–6. México á +través, iv, 706–8. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Memo. from Freaner.</p> + +<p>The Mexican government naturally desired to keep all information about +the treaty from its enemies. The public came to believe, however, that +an important act had taken place on Feb. 2. Freaner carried the treaty +to Washington. For two weeks escorts had been waiting at the proper +points on the road to Vera Cruz. The Spanish representative, under +his instructions, took no part in these negotiations. The Prussian +minister, lacking both official authorization and personal influence, +was equally inactive. France had no minister on the scene.</p> + +<p>Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 557) says that “no man who so palpably +disobeys the direct instructions of his government” as did Trist, could +be fit to negotiate a treaty; suggests (p. 564) that it was improper to +let the British coöperate in the matter; and argues (pp. 582–4) that +Scott should have broken up the negotiations or else assumed the full +responsibility for them, withholding from the Mexican government the +fact of Trist’s recall. All this and the rest are mere fault-finding, +and the critic could and would have been much more severe, had the +course he recommended been adopted. Of course he proves the obvious +facts that Scott and Trist, in the interest of two nations and to +accomplish what their government ardently desired, at great personal +risk disregarded mistaken instructions, accepted British assistance +without which they would probably have failed, and obtained a treaty +which Polk himself, though he hated both of them, felt constrained +to accept; but this was a truly glorious achievement. Scott had no +right to act as Ripley says he should have done. The armistice, a +military affair, was properly his concern, but negotiating a treaty +was diplomatic business. Mackintosh, says Ripley (p. 563), had a hand +in the negotiations, but this seems to be an error. Rives (U. S. and +Mexico, ii, 524–5) says “it might perhaps have been well to replace +Trist by a stronger man.” But every possible man had been considered +(p. 126), and a stronger man would probably have tried to drive the +Mexicans and have failed. Trist they liked and trusted, yet could not +deceive or frighten.</p> + +<p>The chief points of the treaty signed on Feb. 2 were as follows (Sen. +52; 30, 1, p. 38): Art. 1. Peace. 2. Immediate armistice, and so far +as possible a restoration of the constitutional order in the places +occupied by the Americans. 3. After ratification by both governments +the blockade to cease, the customhouses held by the Americans to be +given up,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_468" title="468"></a> and the interior to be evacuated as soon as practicable. +Mexico to assist. Duties collected after Mexico’s ratification to be +paid over to her. 4. Immediately on the exchange of ratifications all +Mexican places and public property to be given up, and all prisoners +surrendered. The process to be completed within three months, unless +the sickly season should require American troops to remain longer +at designated points. 5. The new boundary (Rio Grande, southern and +western lines of New Mexico, the Gila, the Colorado, the line between +upper and lower California). The line to be run and marked by a joint +commission within a year after the exchange of ratifications. No change +in it to be made except with the free and formal consent of both +nations. 6. The United States may navigate the Gulf of California and +the Colorado to the Gila, and the two governments will arrange for “a +road, canal, or railway” within a marine league of the Gila, should +it be found practicable. 7. The navigation of the Gila and of the Rio +Grande to New Mexico to be free to both countries. 8. All Mexicans +in the transferred territory may go or stay, will have full power +over their property, and may elect within a year to remain Mexican +citizens. 9. Mexicans not so electing shall be “admitted as soon as +possible, according to the principles of the federal constitution, to +the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the United States,” and +meantime shall have the rights “now vested in them according to the +Mexican laws.” No interference with Roman Catholic worship, property or +ecclesiastical administration. 10. Mexican grants of lands (made before +May 13, 1846) to be valid, and the period for fulfilling conditions to +be reckoned from the exchange of ratifications. 11. The United States +to prevent or punish Indian incursions from its territory, and exact +satisfaction for damage done, etc. 12. The United States to pay Mexico +$15,000,000. (As to method of payment, see p. 248.) 13. The United +States to pay the claims against Mexico already decided. 14. Also to +assume all other claims arising before Feb. 2, 1848. 15. The latter +claims are to be passed upon by an American commission (which will be +supplied by Mexico, on demand, with needed books, etc.), and not more +than $3,250,000 may be paid to satisfy the claims. 16. Each nation may +fortify any point within its territory. 17. The commercial treaty of +1831, so far as compatible with this treaty, revived for eight years. +18. Supplies for American troops in Mexico to enter free of duty. 19. +Provisions respecting merchandise brought into Mexican ports occupied +by the Americans. 20. A provision regarding certain merchandise +arriving at Mexican ports shortly after the restoration of the +customhouses. 21. Should difficulties arise between the two countries, +negotiations and arbitration—not reprisals or hostilities—to be +employed, unless the circumstances forbid. 22. Provisions for resident +merchants and prisoners in case of war between the two nations. 23. +Ratifications to be exchanged at Washington in four months or, if +practicable, sooner. <em>Secret article.</em> The four months of Art. 23 may +be extended to eight months.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.13">13.</a> If we hold that Texas extended only to New Mexico, the treaty +gave us 619,275 square miles (Donaldson, Public Domain, 124, 134). +(Little) <a class="noteref" href="#src198">198</a>Gallatin, note on peace treaty; Roa Bárcena, +Recuerdos, 618; <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Palmerston to Mora, June 20, 1848. The U. S. +Supreme Court held (Merryman <em>vs.</em> Bourne, 9 Wallace, 592) that the +acquisition of California was “complete on the seventh of July, 1846.” +It said, “Conquest is a valid title, while the victor maintains the +exclusive possession of the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_469" title="469"></a> conquered country”; and the United States +intended to do this in the region we took. On this and other points +see Klein, Treaty, 247–81; Butler, Treaty-Making Power, i, 78, 168–9; +<cite>U. S. Cavalry Journal</cite>, xxv, p. 18; Reid, Problems, 271–5. It was +necessary to take territory from Mexico to offset our claims, quashed +by the war (Richardson, Messages, iv, 537), and partially offset the +costs of a war forced upon us, for, had the treaty awarded us a money +indemnity, she would not have been willing and morally able, even if +theoretically able, to pay it. (See Benton, Abr. Deb., xvi, 40–1.) +Aside from the question of right, too, the American people would have +been profoundly dissatisfied to see our armies return empty-handed, and +this feeling would probably have meant more, to Mexico than the loss +of her nominal territory (see Root in <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, app., p. +395). Mexico could give up more easily what she did than any equivalent +territory. (Map) Gadsden line at N. E. is disputed.</p> + +<p>An apparent inconsistency may be noted here, for on p. 138 of vol. +i it was intimated that an agreement with Mexico was needed to fix +the boundary of Texas. The explanation is that the United States +had demonstrated its ability to hold the line, but the republic of +Texas was not strong enough to prevent Mexican troops from going and +remaining north of the Rio Grande.</p> + +<p>The Mexican commissioners rejected the line of 32°, desired by the +United States (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 91), for three reasons: 1, it would +be for a long distance only a mathematical boundary; 2, it was liable, +when surveyed, to cut off important points like Paso del Norte; 3, it +would prevent land communication between Sonora and lower California +(Exposición dirigida). It was proposed at one time to divide S. +Diego, but for that concession Trist demanded too much. Besides, S. +Diego belonged distinctly to upper California. Lower California was +relinquished because inaccessible and poor. Not only for sentimental +reasons but because otherwise the treaty, they believed, could not +possibly be ratified, the Mexican commissioners were determined to +hold all of Sonora and Chihuahua. Tamaulipas, happily, had made no +protest against relinquishing her claim to the intermediate region +(<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 27). To ask the consent of the people in the +acquired territory was not deemed necessary by the United States +(Butler, <em>op. cit.</em>, i, 83–4), but citizenship was not forced upon +Mexicans by the treaty (art. viii). Art. x was demanded by the Mexicans +(<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, no. 10, 1848). Art. xix harmonized the American pledge +that goods imported during our occupation of the ports should pay only +the American tariff (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Buchanan to Trist, June 14, 1847), with +the Mexican view that our tariff could not be operative beyond the +limits of our occupation (Exposición dirigida).</p> + +<p>An error regarding the assumption of our claims has prevailed. Two +classes of claims were provided for: 1, those liquidated under the +convention of 1839 but not covered by the three Mexican instalments +(vol. i, p. 81); 2, all unliquidated claims antedating Feb. 2, 1848. +Under the first head the United States paid, under the act approved +July 29, 1848 (Statutes at Large, ix, 265), $2,090,253.19 including +interest (A. J. Peters, asst. sec. treas. to the author, Nov. 30, +1915); under the second head the claims commission awarded (in 1852) +$3,208,314.96, including interest (Sen. 34; 32, 1; documents preserved +in the state dept.). The treaty provided that under the second head the +U. S. should not be liable for more than $3,250,000. The phraseology +of <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">our projet</em> regarding this matter, when literally translated, did +not readily penetrate the Mexican<a class="pagenum" id="Page_470" title="470"></a> mind, and hence was re-worked (Sen. +52; 30, 1, p. 294). Roa Bárcena (Recuerdos, chap. xxxiv) gives many +interesting details derived from the papers of Couto. Other details +may be found in the Trist papers, Doyle’s reports, and the Exposición +dirigida (Negrete, Invasión, iv, 296).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.14">14.</a> <em>The armistice.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Thornton, no. 21, 1847, confid. Roa +Bárcena, Recuerdos, 590–1. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, nos. 10, 28, 29, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Thornton to Trist, Nov. 22, 1847, +confid. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Scott, Jan. 28, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>[Peña] +to Mex. commrs., Jan. 11, private. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Many communications, +principally between the Mexican government and the Mexican armistice +commrs. (instructions, reports, etc.), Feb., 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Butler +to Marcy, Mar. 3, 13. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a><em>Id..</em>, Feb. 21, appmt. of W. and S. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Lay to Mora, Apr. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Lombardini, Mar. 4. (Terms) +Dublán, Legislación, v, 345–8; Negrete, Invasión, iv, 334, 342; +<a class="noteref" href="#src111">111</a>Butler, gen. orders, no. 18, Mar. 6, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Circular, +Mar. 10. México á través, iv, 706, 709. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Otero, Mar. 31. +<a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Winship to Pierce, Mar. 5. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 140 (Scott).</p> + +<p>As we have seen, the Mexican government had frowned on elections held +in occupied territory, probably fearing American pressure upon the +voters. The reader may note an apparent inconsistency here. The war +is represented sometimes as so lucrative that its continuance was +desired by Mexicans, and yet it is said that the districts occupied +by our troops felt its burdens, and for that reason desired peace. +Both currents of sentiment existed. In some districts and at some +times the one predominated; in other districts and at other times +the other. Doyle assisted materially in the armistice negotiations. +The armistice was signed on Mar. 2. Its terms were: 1, suspension of +hostilities; 2, neither side to extend its occupation of territory; +3, all civilians to travel freely, all military persons under white +flag; 4, “contributions” for February and March under American +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>orders 376 and 395 to be suspended, etc.; 5, Mexicans to +exercise full political rights, and officials recognized by the Mexican +government to be recognized by the Americans; *6, no Americans to +interfere with Mexican elections; *7, Mexican authorities to levy and +collect taxes; *8, Mexican postal facilities might be re-established, +and the Americans would protect them; *9, the Mexican government might +take the stocks of monopolized articles; *10, public offices not +occupied by Americans to be given up, and also, as soon as conveniently +possible, all religious and charitable buildings; *11, Mexican courts +to act exclusively except when a person belonging to the American army +was originally a party, or the interest of the American government is +concerned; *12, police to be established; *13, person and property to +be protected; *14, Mexico to act freely against savages on the northern +frontier, and American commanders to help with influence; 15, church +property to be respected; 16, armed bodies assembled anywhere, to +commit hostilities not authorized by either government, to be opposed +by both governments; 17, the armistice to remain in force during the +period fixed by the treaty, unless notice of terminating it is given. +The starred articles have particular reference to territory occupied +by the Americans. Some of the articles merely make obligatory what +the Americans had been doing. Next after Art. 1, Art. 16 was chiefly +important. The purpose of it was to prevent insurrections, and it +could not fail to have that effect. The first intention was to keep +Art. 16 secret, but the wisdom of publishing it soon became clear. The +armistice was published at Querétaro on March 11. Some slight<a class="pagenum" id="Page_471" title="471"></a> and +unavoidable violations of it, particularly in the pursuit of guerillas, +occurred, but no serious trouble.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.15">15.</a> Polk, Diary, Feb. 19. (Learned) Vol. i, p. 123. Calhoun +Corresp., 1119–21. <a class="noteref" href="#src137">137</a>Fisher to Calhoun, May 25, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, no. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Simms to Hammond, Jan. 15, 1847. +<cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, May 19; Nov. 20, 1847. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, May 17, 20; Aug. +20–1, 1847. London <cite>Times</cite>, Oct. 29, 1847. Dodd, Walker, 25. Bourne, +Essays, 227–36. Benton, View, ii, 704. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Storms to Bancroft, +July 23, 1846. (Baker) <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 1, p. 279. (Secession) Smith, +Annex. of Texas, 204–14, 287. <cite>U. S. Mag.</cite>, Feb., 1847, p. 100.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.16">16.</a> Polk, Diary, May 13, 1846; Nov. 23; Dec. 7, 1847; Feb. 21, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, nos. 59, 1847; 8, 9, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Bancroft to +Greene, Nov. 3, 1847. Richardson, Messages, iv, 541. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Niles +to Van Buren, Jan. 20, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Buchanan to Bancroft, Dec. 29, +1846, priv. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, app., 197. Foote, Remins., 220. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Mar. 10, 1848 (C. Landa). Calhoun Corresp., 741 (to +A. P. C. and Mrs. C.). N. Y. <cite>Journ. Comm.</cite>, Dec. 11, 1847; Feb. 4, +1848. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), Nov. 30, 1847. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, Jan. 24, +1848. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, pp. 157–60 (Dickinson), 215 (Crittenden), +219 (Foote), 256 (Dix), 302 (Sevier), 321 (Cass); app., 488 (Tompkins), +349 (Breese). <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Jan. 31, 1848 (Cass). <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Blair +to Van Buren, Dec. 29, 1847.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.17">17.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. 19, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Niles to Van +Buren, Jan. 20, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Dix to <em>Id..</em>, Jan. 27, 1848. (Mad) +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Statement by Trist, Nov. 4, 1857. Calhoun Corresp., 742 (to +C.), 751 (to J. E. C.). <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, Jan. 4, 1848. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, +May 17, 1848. Bourne, Essays, 235. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, see <a href="#N32.16">note 16</a>; also +428 (Cabell). Meade in Ho., Jan. 31, 1848, and Ho. debate on Ten Regt. +Bill, Jan. 24-Feb. 3, <em>passim</em>. <cite>Niles</cite>, Feb. 5, 1848, p. 354. Sen. +Misc., 8; 30, 1. <a class="noteref" href="#src137">137</a>Hatcher to Calhoun, Jan. 5, 1848.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.18">18.</a> Polk, Diary, Sept. 4, 7, 1847; Jan. 4, 15, 24–5, 1848. Sen. +52; 30, 1, pp. 146, 148 (Marcy). <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, nos. 22, 25. +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Buchanan to Trist, Oct. 27, 1847, priv. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist +to Thornton, Nov. 24, confid.; to wife (for Buchanan), Nov. 28. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. 38, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Buchanan, memo., Jan. 5, +1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Butler to Trist and reply, Mar. 17, 18, 1848.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.19">19.</a> Polk, Diary, Jan. 4, 5, 23, 1847; Feb. 19–21, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Buchanan to Trist, Oct. 6, 25, 1847. <cite>Amer. Rev.</cite>, Feb., +1848, p. 110 (Everything done by Congress for the war has been done +under Polk’s pledge to make peace as soon as justice and honor could +be satisfied.). Richardson, Messages, iv, 544, 573–5. (P.’s looks) +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Mar. 10, 1848 (C. Landa); Tyler, Tyler, ii, 457. +W. E. Dodd in Ills. State Hist. Soc. Trans., 1912, pp. 17–23. <em>Id..</em>, +Walker, 25–6. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Feb. 26; Mar. 3, 1848. (Sevier) Wash. +<cite>Union</cite>, Feb. 4, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. 19, 1848.</p> + +<p>Polk intimated to the Senate that the treaty would need to be amended. +Trist was confidentially authorized to pay $20,000,000 for what he +actually obtained, $5,000,000 more for Lower California, and $5,000,000 +for the right of transit across the isthmus of Tehuantepec (Polk, +Diary, Apr. 13, 1847; Ho. 69; 30, 1, p. 44).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.20">20.</a> Polk, Diary, Feb. 19–21. <a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>Report of Cabinet meeting, +Feb. 20, certified by Polk’s private secy. Sen. Report 261; 41, 2. +Sen. 69; 30, 1, pp. 66–72 (Buchanan). <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. 21, 1848. +Richardson, Messages, iv, 573–5. Klein, Treaty, <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, June +15, 1849 (Dallas).</p> + +<p>Buchanan probably desired to have the treaty go to the Senate. He +would then share in the credit of the administration, should it be +popular, and in the contrary event would be able to say that he opposed +it (Polk,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_472" title="472"></a> Diary, Feb. 21). Polk’s accepting the treaty as the best +agreement that could be obtained under the circumstances completely +vindicated Trist’s decision to make it and Scott’s coöperation.</p> + +<p>In April, 1848, the question of occupying Yucatan came up. The +indigenes appeared to be on the point of exterminating the whites +and as a desperate resource Yucatan offered herself simultaneously +to England, France and the United States. Apr. 29 Polk recommended +intervention to Congress, and this has been thought (Ills. State Hist. +Soc. Trans., 1912, 17–23) to mean that he was ready to take Yucatan, +upset the treaty, and bring about the dismemberment—perhaps the +annexation—of Mexico. But the treaty, which had now been ratified +by our Senate, contained in art. 5 a provision expressly intended to +prevent us from annexing more of Mexico’s territory without her consent +(see Buchanan to Hilliard, Works, viii, 56), and to believe that +after giving this pledge our Executive proposed to reverse his entire +policy regarding Mexico and be guilty of such bad faith would require +much more evidence than we have. It seems to the author that humanity +combined with an avowed desire to keep European powers out of Yucatan +fully explain what Polk did (see Polk’s Diary, Apr. 25). Congress +decided against occupying Yucatan. Its troubles were settled by an +agreement between the two parties (<cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, May 17).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.21">21.</a> Sherman Letters, 46–7. Polk, Diary, Feb. 28. <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, +June 15, 1849 (Dallas). N. Y. <cite>Journ. Commerce</cite>, Feb. 25–6; Mar. 1, 11. +<cite>Niles</cite>, Feb. 26, 1848, pp. 401–3. <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>Fulton to Campbell, Mar. +5. <a class="noteref" href="#src198">198</a>Berrien to Gallatin, June 7. Morse, J. Q. Adams, 307–8. +Adams was stricken down two days after the treaty reached Washington. +By this time the Senators understood its contents fairly well, no doubt.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.22">22.</a> Polk, Diary, Feb. 25-Mar. 10; Apr. 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. +21, 1848. Meigs, Benton, 378. Benton, View, ii, 694. <a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Woodward +to Hammond, Feb. 23. <b>210</b>Alvord to <em>Id..</em>, Feb. 24. Calhoun Corresp., +743 (to Mrs. C.), 745 (to T. G. C.). (Politicians) Benton, View, ii, +710. <a class="noteref" href="#src253">253</a>McLean, remarks. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Blair to Van Buren, Mar. 3, +1848. N. Y. <cite>Journ. Commerce</cite>, Feb. 25; Mar. 1–3, 7, 11. Sen. 52; 30, +1, pp. 3–37 (proceedings). Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Mar. 2, 4. Balt. <cite>Clipper</cite>, +Mar. 4. Balt. <cite>Patriot</cite>, Mar. 3. <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Feb. 28; Mar. 4. +<cite>Public Ledger</cite>, Feb. 24. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Oct. 30, 1847. Johnson, +Douglas, 123. Webster, Writings, x, 3–33. Boston <cite>Courier</cite>, Feb. 24, +1848. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, app., 497 (Dayton).</p> + +<p>The Whigs were suspected of trying to gain enough Democratic support +so that they could not be charged with beating the treaty as a party +(Polk, Diary, Mar. 3; <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, Mar. 8). Webster’s policy was +not only unpatriotic but unintelligent, for a continuation of the war +would probably have led either to defeat or to larger acquisitions; +but perhaps he believed no bad results would occur before the next +Presidential election. He knew the country as a whole wanted the +treaty ratified for the sake of peace (Writings, x, 7), and he was +unable to make the New England Whig Senators join him against the +treaty. Calhoun wrote to Gallatin that, owing to diversity of opinion +in the Senate, not even a majority could have been obtained for any +proposition different from the corresponding proposition of the +treaty (<a class="noteref" href="#src198">198</a>Mar. 13, 1848). What increased the danger involved +in rejecting the treaty was the prospect that, with both Scott and +Taylor out of the field, operations—even should they not become +unsuccessful—would lack the interest which had largely prevented +the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_473" title="473"></a> public from thinking of the cost and other ills of the conflict, +and hence it would be impossible to support the war (<a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>W. R. +King to Buchanan, Oct. 5, 1847; Seward, Seward at Wash., i, 62). Feb. +28 the committee on foreign relations reported the treaty without +recommendation. Webster at once proposed a commission. His motion was +tabled Mar. 2 (Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 4, 9).</p> + +<p>For Frémont (Benton’s son-in-law) see chap. xxxi, <a href="#N31.19">note 19</a>.</p> + +<p>Benton was probably opposed to the treaty also because he had held that +Texas ended at the Nueces. There was a particular reason for saying +that we obtained the new territory by cession rather than by conquest. +The latter construction would have raised the troublesome questions, +What place is there under our Constitution for a conquered province, +and what right has our government to hold foreigners in subjection +(<a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>B. Tucker to Hammond, Mar. 16, 1848)? Four senators did not +vote. For an analysis of the vote see Rives, <em>op. cit.</em>, ii, 636–7.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.23">23.</a> Dallas in <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, June 15, 1849. Sen. 69; 30, 1, pp. +66–72 (Buchanan). Art. 10 was thought insulting to Texas and contrary +to the terms of annexation. Probably American courts would not have +enforced it, and almost certainly it would have caused much litigation. +Sevier and Clifford were authorized to give Mexico (if necessary), +after her ratification of the amended treaty, a choice between the two +methods of payment (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>to S. and C., Mar. 22, 1848). For the +treaty as drawn and as amended see Ho. 50; 30, 2.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.24">24.</a> Polk, Diary, Mar. 11, 12, 14–18, 20, 23. Welles papers. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Buchanan to Clifford, Mar. 18, 1848. Polk to Senate, Mar. 18: +Richardson, Messages, iv, 577. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 318. Ho. 50; 30, +2, pp. 47–52 (Buchanan), 55 (Clifford, Sevier). Benton, View, ii, 711. +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Memoranda.</p> + +<p>The amount paid for nominal services in securing the consummation (in +Mexico) of Trist’s treaty was $28,728.67, while he received nothing for +doing the real work. Years later he was paid (Sen. Rep. 261; 41, 2). +It is true that disgust with Polk’s course toward Scott and himself, +and particularly with Polk’s employing a man like Pillow, led Trist to +say he would not serve again under Polk (<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Nov. 28, 1847); but +had the President now acted a manly part, Trist would no doubt have +accepted the appointment given to Sevier. For R. E. Lee’s feeling on +the matter see Lee, Gen. Lee, 46. In the night of Mar. 11 Maj. Graham +left Washington to notify Butler of the ratification of the treaty +(Polk, Diary). Buchanan’s letter to the minister of relations (Ho. 50; +30, 2, pp. 47–52) gave a conciliatory explanation of the amendments.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.25">25.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, nos. 18, 29, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src83">83</a>Relaciones, +circular, Feb. 6. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Circulars, Feb. 16, 18. <cite>Atalaya</cite>, Feb. +2, 1848. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Correo Nacional</cite>, Feb. 7. Kenly, Md. Vol., 464. Exposición +dirigida. Negrete, Invasión, iv, 296–334. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 615, +619. Rejón, Observaciones. Communicación circular. México á través, +iv, 708–9. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Eco del Comercio</cite>, Mar. 15. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Junta legislativa of +Méx. state to gov., Dec. 17, 1847; reply from Peña, Dec. 28. In view of +previous notes, further citations here seem unnecessary.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.26">26.</a> (Impression) Polk, Diary, Mar. 9; Calhoun Corresp., 757 (to T. +G. C.). <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Butler to Marcy, Mar. 3, 13; Apr. 7. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, +nos. 18, 29, 41, 52, 1848. Ho. 50; 30, 2, pp. 55–6 (S. and C.), 72 +(Rosa). <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Correo Nacional</cite>, Feb. 7. México á través, iv, 710. Long, +Memoirs, 62. Apuntes, 393. (Hunt up) <a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Winship to Pierce, +Mar. 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, nos. 25,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_474" title="474"></a> 27, 29. Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 64. +<a class="noteref" href="#src125">125</a>Bonham to mother, May 14. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Feb. 27. (Hawked) Wash. +<cite>Union</cite>, Apr. 9, 25 (letters from Mexico).</p> + +<p>It was feared that Polk’s haste in sending Sevier and Clifford would +lead the Mexican Congress to feel that we were eager for peace; that +the inexperience of those diplomats might tempt the Mexicans to test +their ability; that the recall of Scott and Trist would have an +unfavorable influence, and that Mexican Congressmen might hold off +in order to be bought by the Americans with funds said to have been +provided for the purpose (Polk, Diary, Feb. 7). On the other hand +the refusal of the government to appropriate any part of the fifteen +millions coming from the United States produced a good effect. It was +an excellent sign that Almonte failed to get elected to the Senate. A +quorum assembled May 3. Congress opened formally May 7. By May 9 the +treaty was before it.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.27">27.</a> Ho. 50; 30, 2, pp. 61 (S. and C.), 62–72, 76. Apuntes, +393–5. Exposición dirigida. Negrete, Invasión, iv, 296; app., 399. +Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 295–6. México á través, iv, 710. <cite>Public +Ledger</cite>, June 15, 1849 (Dallas). (Preparations) Richardson, Messages, +iv, 544, 546. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, June 9. <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Mar. 14. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. 19, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, no. 54, 1848.</p> + +<p>Peña said he regretted the amendments but—especially since no new +negotiation was deemed possible—did not think the treaty should be +rejected on account of them. The vote in the Chamber of Deputies, May +19, was 51 to 35; in the Senate, May 24, 33 to 4 (<a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Butler to +Marcy, May 26). Action of the New Mexico Legislative Assembly looking +toward absorption in the United States was of great assistance, for +it stopped the cry that loyal citizens were being sold. Some 300–500 +American deserters, who were at Querétaro, took a strong stand for +peace, because they were likely to be captured and shot, should the +war continue; and the Mexicans felt considerable responsibility for +the deserters. Polk’s Message of Dec. 7, 1847, declared strongly for +pushing the war at the expense of Mexico, if she would not make a +treaty, and announced that California and New Mexico would not in any +event be relinquished. Under this spur our Congress voted additional +forces. The Whigs held off, but dared not refuse to support the war +(p. 291). The speeches particularly worthy of attention were those of +Cass (Mar. 14) and Webster (Mar. 23). Noisy popular demonstrations of +joy were lacking because there had been no business disturbances, no +invasion and no sinking of ships, the seat of war was distant, for nine +months nothing striking had occurred there, Taylor and Scott were out +of the field, and few had personal reasons for feeling interested in +our Mexican relations.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.28">28.</a> Richardson, Messages, iv, 679–87. Sen. 69; 30, 1, pp. 72–3. Ho. +50; 30, 2, pp. 56–79. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Butler to Marcy, May 21. Calendario +de Ontiveros, 1847. Kendall, Narrative (N. Y., 1844), ii, 185, 192. +(Distance) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1047 (Scott). Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), +267–70. Richardson, Messages, iv, 630, 644. <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, June 24, +1848. Portrait of Peña: city hall, Mex.</p> + +<p>Apparently the Mexican government deferred the appearance of Sevier +and Clifford at Querétaro (especially as they insisted upon having an +American escort) lest it should seem to be acting under pressure or +lest some untoward accident should occur. This course was doubtless +wise. May 19 they were invited to come, for the Deputies had just +ratified the treaty and the Senators were sure to do so. Sevier was ill +on May 26. He returned to the United States soon after the formalities +were con<a class="pagenum" id="Page_475" title="475"></a>cluded, but Clifford remained as our minister. Rosa arrived at +Washington in November, 1848, as the minister of Mexico. During their +stay at Querétaro our commissioners were led to embody in a protocol +some explanations of the treaty. In 1849 the Mexicans asserted that the +protocol gave them additional advantages; and the Whigs—apparently +encouraged by Benton, who was accused of acting in collusion with the +Mexican minister—undertook to make trouble for the administration +and perhaps invalidate the treaty. But it was unreasonable to pretend +that such a document could modify a treaty previously ratified by the +American Senate and the Mexican Congress. Besides, Sevier and Clifford +gave explicit notice, before drawing up the protocol, that they had +no power to modify the treaty (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Clifford to Cuevas, Apr. 30, +1849). At length the Mexican government admitted formally that the +protocol was merely explanatory (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Lacunza to Clifford, July +13, 1849). See also on this subject Ho. 50; 30, 2, pp. 76–9. Polk, +Diary, Feb. 4, 6, 8, 10, 1849. Foote, Remins., 332–5. Sen. 1; 31, +1, pp. 69–89. Ho. 5, pt. 1, 31, 1, pp. 69–89. Meigs, Benton, 378–9. +Richardson, Messages, iv, 679–87. Foster, Amer. Diplom., 320. Buchanan, +Works, viii, 350 (to C.).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.29">29.</a> <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Relaciones</span>, Jan., 1849. The chief cause of +difficulty was that Clifford referred certain matters to Washington +that he should have settled himself, and thus caused delay. The worst +consequence was that the customhouse at Vera Cruz did not pass into +Mexican hands at the appointed time, because no one had authority to +surrender it. At length, however, Gen. Smith assumed the responsibility +of doing this, and Clifford endorsed his action. Similar difficulties +arose at Tampico and Mazatlán. (On this topic one may consult: +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Buchanan to Clifford, Aug. 15, 1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard, +Apr. 10; July 16; <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Clifford to Smith, June 27; July 4; +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Smith to Clifford, July 8; and reply, July 18; <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Otero +to Clifford, June 21; July 1; Buchanan, Works, viii, 177, 268, 272, +284.) Complaint was made because a body of our troops, in order to go +from Monterey, Mex., to New Mexico, crossed territory not actually in +our possession. June 30 arrangements were completed for paying the +$3,000,000 which Trist, and then Butler, had been authorized to draw +(Polk, Diary, Feb. 23; <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Clifford, no. 15; Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. +107–9). July 4 the treaty was duly proclaimed by Polk (Richardson, +Messages, iv, 627; Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 173); and two days later he +recommended that provision be made for carrying it into effect (details +in <a href="#N32.31">note 31</a>). Mexico appropriated funds to bring from the surrendered +territory such of her citizens as might desire to leave it (Negrete, +Invasión, iv, 342–9).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.30">30.</a> <em>Evacuation of northeastern Mexico.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Wool to Jones, +Mar. 21; June 8, 15; <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Jones to Butler, May 17; <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a><em>Id..</em> +to Wool, June 7, 17; 65gen. orders 25; <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Wool, orders 156, +June 12 (announcing that peace had been made); <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>A. de Leano, +Monterey, June 25 (possession given yesterday); <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Aguirre to +<em>Id..</em>, Saltillo, June 29 (S. evacuated, June 14). <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Clarke to +Mex. commander, Mazapil, Mar. 18. July 6, <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Wool wrote to the +adj. gen. from the Brazos that four cos. of dragoons would soon set +out for California, and Bragg’s battery and one co. of dragoons for S. +Fe under orders from the war dept.; and that all the volunteers except +five mounted cos. had embarked.</p> + +<p><em>The northwest.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Price to Rails, Apr. 16; <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a><em>Id.</em>to +vice gov. Chihuahua, Apr. 16; México á través, iv, 710; <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Price +to Mex. commrs., May 1; <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Wool to Marcy, June 22; <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a><em>Id..</em> +to adj. gen., July 6. On Aug. 6 news of peace and the retention of +upper Calif. (which went overland from La]*<a class="pagenum" id="Page_476" title="476"></a> Paz in Lower Calif.) +reached Mason at Monterey. He then ordered the N. Y. vols. discharged. +This process was completed on Oct. 26 (Sen. 18; 31, 1, pp. 573, 626). +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Mason to adj. gen., Aug. 19 (anticipatory orders given to +Burton in Lower Calif. to evacuate on learning of peace). Sen. 18; 31, +1, p. 513 (Burton to Mason, June 27: official news of peace have come).</p> + +<p><em>Naval evacuation.</em> Ho. 50; 30, 2, p. 52 (Buchanan). <a class="noteref" href="#src48">48</a>Mason to +Shubrick or Jones, Mar. 11, confid. <a class="noteref" href="#src48">48</a><em>Id.</em>to Jones, June 27 +(Polk wished to retain Lower Calif., but did not wish to prevent peace +by insisting; do what you rightfully can to help friendly Mexicans come +to the U. S., if they wish to do so). July 15 at La Paz <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Jones +and Shubrick agreed that such persons should be transported to +California, and that, in extreme cases of destitution caused by Mexican +vengeance, reasonable compensation should be made out of the military +contributions collected in that quarter. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Comte. gen. Sonora, +July 13 (U. S. vessels left Guaymas July 5). Gaxiola, Invasión, 215 +(Lavallette evacuated Mazatlán June 17). The treaty had been received +at Mazatlán on June 13. Ho. 50; 30, 2, p. 52 (B.). <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Jones to +Anaya, June 13.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.31">31.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Butler to Marcy, May 21; June 2. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Memo., +May 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, no. 66, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Clifford, no. 13, +1848. México á través, iv, 711. Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 88. (Herrera) +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Rosa to Sevier and Clifford, June 2; <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Relaciones +circular, June 13. Grant, Mems., i, 118. Sen. Rep. 32; 34, 1 (Naylor).</p> + +<p>Arrangements were made by Butler and the ayuntamiento so that local +Mexican guards began to patrol the city as soon as the Americans +marched out (<a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>memo.). Our troops began to leave the capital +on May 30 (<a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Butler to Marcy, June 2). The order of march was: +heavy artillery; Patterson’s division (vols.); Marshall’s division +(vols.); Col. Bonham and third division (regulars); Kearny and second +division (regulars); Butler and first division (regulars). Divisions +were as a rule two days apart. Worth remained at the capital for a +time after June 12 to dispose of surplus property. After Butler sailed +(June 21) Worth was in command. July 6 Polk presented the consummated +treaty to Congress, recommending the appropriation of $12,000,000 for +Mexico, provision for a commissioner and a surveyor to run and mark the +boundary line, and provision for commissioners to adjust the American +claims against Mexico assumed by the United States (Richardson, +Messages, iv, 587–93). Herrera was declared President on May 30.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N32.32">32.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Thomas to Brooke, May 21. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, +ii, 585. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Giffard to Doyle, Aug. 1. México á través, iv, 711. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>P. F. Smith, July 11. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Worth to Smith, June 27. +<a class="noteref" href="#src254">254</a>McClellan to “Tom,” May 23. (Symbol) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 911 +(Scott). (Verse) Oswandel, Notes, 587.</p> + +<p>It seems unnecessary to cite the numerous orders regarding details.</p> + +<p>For the embarkation see Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 201. For one reason or another +a few men remained in Mexico. There was a plan to march some of the +troops north from the capital, but it did not seem wise to ask the +consent of the Mexican Congress. The original intention was to have the +men going by water land as near their homes as practicable, but the +northern men objected strenuously to the tedious voyage. The Mexicans +and Americans awaiting execution were released. The members of the +Mexican Spy Co. were offered $20 apiece and a trip to Texas. Our sick +and wounded soldiers were provided for on their arrival in the United +States.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_477" title="477"></a></p> + + +<h3>XXXIII. THE FINANCES OF THE WAR</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.1">1.</a> On Mexican finances see also vol. ii, pp. 6–8.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.2">2.</a> Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1070, table. Sen. 14; 30, 1, pp. 13–24. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott, memoir on Mexican finances received at the war dept., +Jan. 6, 1848. Mexican national accounts were kept in so peculiar a +way, and the officials were so much more anxious to conceal than to +reveal the truth, that it would be extremely difficult and very likely +impossible to state precisely all the details regarding the finances of +the government.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.3">3.</a> Ramírez, México, 243–4. Dublán, Legislación, v, 135, 172, 211, +240, 246, 255, 261–3, 286. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Guerra to Hacienda, Sept. 8, 1847. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Dec. 31, 1846; June 17; July 6, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Guerra, +circulars, June 17; July 6, 1847. S. Anna, Apelación, 67. +<a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Proclam. of act’g. gov. Puebla, Nov. 30, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Méx. +state legislature, address, Apr. 26, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>S. Anna, Nov. 16, +1846. Vera Cruz state, or at least her governor, showed much zeal, but +all her resources were needed for home use. See also chap. xxi, p. 9.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.4">4.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>Report of meeting of govs., Nov., 1847. S. Anna, +Apelación, 45, 67. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier des Etats Unis</cite>, May 22, 1847. Encarnacion +Prisoners, 69. México á través, iv, 667. Apuntes, 206–7. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, +June 17, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Memo., Apr. 6, 1847. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Aug. 7, 8, +1847. London <cite>Times</cite>, Sept. 6, 1847. Semmes, Service, 313. Ramírez, +México, 238. Gamboa, Impug., 67. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Dictamen de la Comisión</span>, 29–30. +<a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Mexico ayunt., Sept. 9, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Tornel to Mexico +ayunt., Sept. 12. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1063 (Scott). Ripley, War with +Mexico, ii, 126, 489.</p> + +<p>The clergy may have given something in addition to the $1,500,000. +See the end of chap. xxi, p. 15. The arrangement with the bondholders +was known as the “conversion of 1846.” This loan gave Mackintosh a +particular reason for desiring to have peace made. The loan was to +have been repaid in nine months. During July and August, 1847, Santa +Anna appears to have raised in one way and another, as indicated +in the text, about $1,000,000. The pay of officials was reduced or +withheld. For forced loans see chap. i, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#N1.7">note 7</a>. In July, 1847, +though foreigners were exempt from forced loans, Santa Anna evaded +the agreement by taking money without going through the ceremony of +promising to repay it.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.5">5.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Lombardini to Mexico ayunt., Aug. 13, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>Meeting of govs., Nov., 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, July 1, 1847. Ramírez, +México, 260. <a class="noteref" href="#src90">90</a>Jalapa ayunt., Apr. 10, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src94">94</a>Canalizo +to Orizaba ayunt., Apr. 4, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src82">82</a>Comte. milit., S. Martín, +to Puebla sec. state, Mar. 31, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src312">312</a>Anaya to S. Anna, Apr. +9, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Many memoranda, orders, etc. There was waste, of +course, as well as injustice and peculation. This was brought out at +the meeting of governors.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.6">6.</a> Ho. 6; 29, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). Sen. 2; 29, 2 +(<em>Id..</em>, report, Dec. 9, 1846). Ho. 9; 29, 1 (<em>Id..</em>, estimates, Dec. +4, 1845). Ho. 51; 29, 1 (war dept. contracts). Ho. 56; 29, 1 (Marcy, +report, Jan. 9, 1846). Ho. 81; 29, 1.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.7">7.</a> <cite>Bankers’ Mag.</cite>, ii, 202–4. <a class="fnanchor" id="FNanchor_E" href="#Footnote_E">[E]</a>N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), May 16, +23; June 6; July 3; Aug. 8, 15, 29, 1846. London <cite>Times</cite>, July 15, +1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src198">198</a>Gallatin to Everett, Dec. 16, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src354">354</a>Welles +papers (Hist. of 29 Cong., 2 sess.). <cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, Nov. 28, +1846.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_478" title="478"></a><a class="notenum" id="N33.8">8.</a> Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Nov. 30, 1846. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), May +16; June 6, 1846; June 19, 1847. Scott, Repudiation, 37, 47, 162. +Green, Repudiation, 11, 13, 15. <cite>Niles</cite>, Dec. 4, 1847, p. 218. +(Sévigné) Buchanan, Works, vii, 66. London <cite>Spectator</cite>, May 30, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src354">354</a>Welles papers. Dewey, Financial History, 245. Bolles, +Financial History, 580–2. <cite>Journ. Mil. Serv. Instit.</cite>, xiv, 198.</p> + +<p>The huge state debts were mostly due to extravagant enterprises often +supported by fraudulent banking. Delinquency was in reality a salutary +suspension of payments that prevented bankruptcy, but the creditors did +not know this at the time, and felt little disposed to be charitable.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.9">9.</a> Taussig, Tariff Hist., 113–5. <cite>Niles</cite>, June 6, 1846, p. 212; Aug. +1, 1846, p. 345; Aug. 14, 1847, p. 369. Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, Jan. 6, 1847. +Ambler, Ritchie, 264. Webster, Letters, 337–9. <a class="noteref" href="#src308">308</a>Shields to +Walker, Aug. 3, 1846. Sen. 105; 29, 2 (Walker to Dallas, Feb. 1, 1847). +Ho. 227; 29, 1. Ho. 7; 30, 2 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1848). (Walker, +Jarnagin) Welles papers. (Haywood) <a class="noteref" href="#src1">1</a>Allen to “Effie,” July 25, 1846; +<a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>McDuffie to Hammond, July 20, 1846. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), +Aug. 1, 29; Dec. 19, 1846; Jan. 29, 1848. N. Y. <cite>Globe</cite>, Jan. 9, 1847. +<cite>Bankers’ Mag.</cite>, i, 136; ii, 74. Ho. 6; 29, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. +3, 1845). Sen. 2; 29, 2 (<em>Id..</em>, report, Dec. 9, 1846). U. S. Stat. at +Large, ix, 42, 53, 59, 106. Lalor, Cyclop., ii, 495; iii, 864. Phila. +<cite>No. American</cite>, July 16, 1846.</p> + +<p>Walker’s report of December 3, 1845, enunciated and defended his +tariff principles (Ho. 6; 29, 1). These were: 1, to collect only +enough revenue for the economical administration of the government; +2, to have no duty higher than the lowest rate that will yield the +greatest revenue (<em>e.g.</em> some luxuries are so easily smuggled in that +a high duty would produce little); 3, below such a rate to permit +discrimination, if thought desirable (<em>e.g.</em> less on necessaries than +on luxuries); 4, to lay the maximum rate on luxuries; 5, to have only +<em lang="la" xml:lang="la">ad valorem</em> duties; and, 6, to discriminate against no section or +class of the nation. He expressed the opinions that many of the high +duties were becoming prohibitive and therefore unprofitable, and that +the increased risk and costs of transportation during a war would +cause nearly all of them to become so. Besides, he said, “at least two +thirds of the taxes imposed by the present tariff are paid, not into +the treasury, but to the protected classes” (<cite>Niles</cite>, Aug. 1, 1846, +p. 349). Walker also charged that the specific duties, which formed a +part of the 1842 tariff, taxed most highly the cheapest articles and +therefore produced relatively little (Sen. 105; 29, 2: to Dallas). It +was argued by others that war would sufficiently hinder importing to +make a protective tariff unnecessary (Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, May 28, 1846).</p> + +<p>The essential idea underlying the tariff of 1846, though it was not +strictly a revenue tariff, was that it would increase the revenue by +stimulating importation. But opponents argued that unless Europe should +take a greatly increased quantity of our agricultural products—which +there was no reason to expect—we could not pay for larger imports; +while, should foreign goods be “dumped” at low prices upon our markets, +American manufacturers would be ruined. Even in the year ending June +30, 1845, the balance of trade had been $7,251,589 against us, and we +had exported $8,606,495 in specie (<cite>Bankers’ Mag.</cite>, i, 136). Under the +tariff of 1842 the average rate of duty was 24 per cent; under that of +1846, 18 per cent.</p> + +<p>One natural effect of the uncertainty caused by the new fiscal laws +was to check business, but this was offset by its tendency to check +speculation<a class="pagenum" id="Page_479" title="479"></a> and inflation. The specie feature tended to contract +the currency, and many deemed this unfortunate in view of the large +calls for money likely to result from the war. Good judges thought +its enforcement would have to be deferred, therefore. A special cause +of alarm was that in preparing for the second war with England the +duties had been increased instead of reduced. Senator Haywood of North +Carolina opposed the new scale of duties as sure to plunge the country +into debt, opposed putting them into effect so promptly (Dec. 1, +1846), and opposed the adoption of such a combination of new financial +measures (Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Aug. 18, 1846). He therefore resigned, and +this endangered the plan of the administration.</p> + +<p>The warehouse system consisted in deferring the payment of assessed +duties without an interest charge, the government retaining the goods +meanwhile as security for the eventual payment of them. Goods could +therefore wait for a purchaser, instead of going—if not at once in +demand—for what they would bring at a forced sale. This encouraged +importation and built up extensive stocks, which in turn attracted +purchasers from afar (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1846, in Sen. 2; 29, 2). +This system, like that of the sub-treasury, proved highly advantageous. +The specie provision of the sub-treasury bill required the government +to accept only specie after Dec. 31, 1846, and to pay out only specie +after Mar. 31, 1847 (U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, 64), with the exception +of treasury notes.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.10">10.</a> N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, Jan. 24, 1848. Sen. 105; 29, 2 (Walker to +Dallas, Feb. 1, 1847). Sen. 392; 29, 1 (Polk, Message, June 16; Walker, +June 15, 1846, etc.). Polk, Diary, Sept. 29, 1846. Ho. 6; 29, 1 +(Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). Sen. 2; 29, 2 (<em>Id..</em>, report, Dec. 9, +1846). Ho. 6; 30, 1 (<em>Id..</em>, report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 2 and 10; 29, 2. +Ho. 9, 51, 56, 81, 82; 29, 1. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 395. Sen. 27; 30, 1.]</p> + +<p>The warehouse bill also delayed the payment of duties. Walker’s +estimate of the customs revenue for 1846–7 was $27,835,731 (report, +Dec. 9, 1846, in Sen. 2; 29, 2). The receipts were actually $23,747,865 +(report, Dec. 8, 1847, in Ho. 6; 30, 1). Walker pointed out that nearly +half a million was due on warehoused goods (<cite>Niles</cite>, July 31, 1847, p. +337); but these goods might not all have been imported, had it been +necessary to pay the duties at once, and some of them were practically +sure to be exported, and hence not all the duties assessed upon them +could be considered a part of the revenue, as Walker intimated. The +Democrats feared that taxes would make the war unpopular, and the Whigs +hoped to obtain that result by less expensive methods.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.11">11.</a> Sen. 392; 29, 1 (Walker to Polk, June 15, 1846). Gallatin, War +Expenses, 15–6. <cite>Niles</cite>, Sept. 19, 1846, p. 48; Oct. 3, 1846, p. 80. +<cite>Bankers’ Mag.</cite>, i, 193–4, 322. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), July 18; Aug. +15; Sept. 19; Oct. 31, 1846; Jan. 9, 1847. Bayley, National Loans, +70–2. <cite>Polit. Sci. Qtrly.</cite>, i, 375–84. N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, Jan. 24, 1848. +U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, 39. Knox, U. S. Notes, 63–4.</p> + +<p>The Act of July 22, 1846, was based upon and virtually embodied that +of Oct. 12, 1837. Notes redeemed could be reissued. Any fraction of +the $10,000,000 could be issued in notes or in stock (bonds) at the +President’s discretion, but the amount of both could not exceed that +figure. The bonds were to conform to the Act of Apr. 15, 1842, and to +“be redeemable at a period not longer than ten years from the issue +thereof.” Walker thought that only a war with a powerful maritime +nation, exposing our commerce to peril and causing a great loss in +customs revenue,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_480" title="480"></a> would be thought to warrant excise and direct +taxes. (The idea of a direct tax was widely unpopular, because such +a tax would be based upon population, and therefore would favor the +capitalistic sections.) Before issuing treasury notes Walker used +up much of the surplus lying in the banks. The notes were issued +at par. They could not become a circulating medium. For redemption +they went to the city banks. So long as these banks had deposits of +public funds, they were accepted as cash. After that, their tendency +was to fall. About Oct. 1, 1846, the notes were quoted at 98–1/2 in +St. Louis. For a time the New Orleans banks would not receive the +notes, but retaliation brought the banks round. Since only specie and +treasury notes were to be receivable after Jan. 1, 1847, for dues to +the government, the sub-treasury Act aided the notes. On the other +hand the issuance of the notes offset the specie requirement of that +Act, and therefore prevented or modified some of its anticipated +consequences—particularly a drain upon the specie of the banks. One +advantage of the notes was that, should the war suddenly end, they +could be withdrawn and the interest on them stopped. This was not true +of loans.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.12">12.</a> Ho. 6; 29, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). Polk, Diary, Sept. +29, 1846. Gallatin, War Expenses, 14–6. <cite>Niles</cite>, Sept, 12, 1846, p. +17. De Knight, Currency, 69. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), June 6; Aug. 15, +1846; Jan. 9, 1847; Jan. 29, 1848. <cite>Bankers’ Mag.</cite>, i, 193–4.</p> + +<p>The authority to issue these notes was limited to one year; but on Jan. +28, 1847, the time was extended to six months after the ratification +of peace with Mexico, with the proviso that the notes thus authorized +should not exceed $5,000,000 in amount (§ 15, U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, +121–2). In his report of Dec. 9, 1846, Walker stated that $3,853,100 of +these notes had been issued, $1,766,450 bearing interest at one tenth +of 1 per cent (De Knight, Currency, 69), and the residue at 5–2/5 per +cent per annum payable on redemption. Nov. 2, 1846, treasury notes of +prior issues amounting to $412,283.97 were outstanding. The surplus, +July 1, 1846, was $9,126,439. Sept. 29, 1846, the treasury contained +“only a fraction over” four millions (Polk, Diary, Sept. 29).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.13">13.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, nos. 127, Oct. 29; 130, Nov. 12, 1846. +(Walker) Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, May 10; Dec. 9, 1847; N. Y. <cite>Express</cite>, Dec. 12, +1846; Welles papers; Boston <cite>Courier</cite>, Feb. 17, 1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>G. A. +Worth to V. Buren, Dec. 16, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src198">198</a>Gallatin to Newboldt, Feb. +8, 1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src198">198</a><em>Id.</em>to Rockwell, May 8, 1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src181">181</a>Buchanan +to Donelson, May 13, 1847. Miss. Hist. Soc. Pubs., vi, 363. Dodd, +Walker, 24, etc. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Nov. 16; Dec. 8, 1846. N. Y. <cite>Express</cite>, +Nov. 18, 1846. <cite>Bankers’ Mag.</cite>, i, 321–2. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), +Sept. 19; Nov. 7, 14, 28, 1846. Bayley, National Loans, 71. De Knight, +Currency, 70. <cite>Niles</cite>, Oct. 10, p. 81; Oct. 17, p. 97; Oct. 24, p. +128; Nov. 7, pp. 146–7, 1846. Sen. 105; 29, 2 (Walker to Dallas, Feb. +1, 1847). Polk, Diary, Oct. 1, 13, 15–7, 22, 30; Nov. 7, 1846. London +<cite>Times</cite>, Oct. 27, 1846. Sen. 2; 29, 2 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1846). +<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 2, app., 124 (Ingersoll). Dewey, Financial History, +256.</p> + +<p>Professor Tucker proved, it was said, that Walker’s argument for free +trade made an error of $1,000,000 per year in the productive industry +of the United States. Stewart of Pennsylvania charged him in Congress +with a number of errors. Rockwell of Connecticut made a startling +analysis of treasury statements (<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, pp. 404–7); +but it would lead us too far afield to enter upon such a discussion.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_481" title="481"></a> +$4,999,149 of the loan was issued (Bayley, Nat. Loans, 71). On $363,900 +there was an average premium of .277 of 1 per cent, while the rest +went at par (De Knight, Currency, 70). Opponents of the government +attributed the success of the loan to Marcy’s statement that it would +not be necessary to call for more volunteers. As a new call for +volunteers went out almost immediately after the bids were opened, he +was charged falsely with having played a trick on the public (N. Y. +<cite>Express</cite>, Nov. 18, 1846). For the truth in this matter see vol. i, p. +351. Most of the loan was taken at New York, but it became fairly well +distributed. Walker’s offering the loan only ten days after advertising +an issue of $3,000,000 in notes (<cite>Niles</cite>, Nov., 1846, p. 147) was +rather alarming, it must be admitted. A less reasonable criticism on +his policy was that he could and should have borrowed liberally June 1 +and July 1 at 5 per cent. At those dates he had a large surplus, the +tariff had not been changed, and the administration did not expect a +serious war.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.14">14.</a> Sen. 2; 29, 2 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1846). Dewey, Financial +History, 255–6. U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, 118. <a class="noteref" href="#src247">247</a>King to +Larkin, Nov. 7, 1847. Polk, Diary, Feb. 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 13, +Nov. 12, 1846. <cite>Niles</cite>, Apr. 24, 1847, p. 113; June 5, p. 224; Aug. 21, +pp. 392, 400; Feb. 5, 1848, p. 354 (McLean). Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Jan. 14; +Apr. 12, 1847. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), Apr. 24; Nov. 30, 1847; Feb. +26; Mar. 4, 11, 18, 1848. Bayley, Nat. Loans, 72. De Knight, Currency, +71–2. Knox, U. S. Notes, 64, 69. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Buchanan to Bancroft, Dec. +29, 1846, priv.</p> + +<p>The estimated deficit, July 1, 1847, was $4,779,042 (Walker, report, +Dec. 9, 1846 in Sen. 2; 29, 2). By the Act of Jan. 28, 1847, the +treasury notes were to be redeemable in one or two years, to bear +interest (not more than 6 per cent) at the discretion of the President, +and to be convertible into bonds. None could be issued, used as +security for loans, or bought up by the government, at less than +par plus the accrued interest. New notes could be issued for those +redeemed, but the total outstanding amount of notes and bonds issued +under the Act could not exceed $23,000,000. The public lands were in +effect pledged as security for the loan, which was made payable at any +time after Dec. 31, 1867. The Act provided that the notes to be issued +under it and all previous treasury notes could be converted into 6 per +cent stock (bonds).</p> + +<p>It was predicted that the loan could not be placed at better than 90, +if at all (N. Y. <cite>Express</cite>, Dec. 14, 1846). Bids (to be in by Apr. +10) for $18,000,000 of it were invited on Feb. 9, 1847. The New York +and Boston banks appear to have agreed on a price, but some New York +capitalists offered more, and they in turn were outbid by Corcoran and +Riggs of Washington, who seem to have taken a very large part of it. +The bids above par totalled about $55,000,000, and the premiums offered +ran as high as 2 per cent. It has been called a mistake to pay 6 per +cent on long-term bonds, and this is proved by the premium they soon +commanded. But before the bonds were issued grave doubts regarding +their acceptability were entertained, and a saving in interest was +of relatively little importance. Many had expected that the whole +amount($23,000,000) would be issued in treasury notes and practically +increase the amount of the currency; but the amount issued at first was +largely taken for investments (N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), Mar. 20, 1847). +Hence the currency in circulation was diminished. However, the specie +coming from abroad soon made up for this.</p> + +<p>Bids for $5,000,000 of notes were invited on Feb. 26. The Rothschilds<a class="pagenum" id="Page_482" title="482"></a> +(represented by A. Belmont) were soon understood to be interested, and +were in fact successful to a large extent in the bidding. Their bidding +encouraged American capitalists. Probably the notes could safely, and +therefore should, have been made convertible into 5 per cent, instead +of 6 per cent, bonds. The interest paid on them at redemption was 5–2/5 +or 6 per cent (De Knight, Currency, 71).</p> + +<p>June 1, 1817, Walker reported treasury notes as outstanding (minus +$789,700 of cancelled notes on hand): of issues prior to July 22, +1846, $303,817; of issues under the Act of July 22, $3,565,600; of +issues under the Act of Jan. 28, $8,100,000; net total, $11,179,717 +(<cite>Niles</cite>, June 5, p. 224). About the middle of August, 1847, they sold +at 106–1/2, but within a week (probably because reports that Scott had +captured Mexico City were found to be false) they fell at New York to +103–1/2. The issuing of more notes was objected to on the ground that +it would virtually mean a government bank controlled by a party. It +was argued by some that notes for small amounts bearing interest at +a nominal rate should have been put out. These, it was said, would +have been purchased by persons of small means, who actually put their +savings into specie needed by the government. The question was raised +why Polk asked in December, 1846, for funds to cover the fiscal year +1847–8 (N. Y. <cite>Express</cite>, Dec. 14, 1846). Walker’s report included +estimates for that period, but this fact does not seem to be an +adequate explanation. One suspects that Polk and Walker knew the money +would be needed, and thought this the easiest way to get it.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.15">15.</a> Richardson, Messages, iv, 516. Pakenham, no. 6, Jan. 28, 1847. +Sen. 2; 29, 2 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1846). Ho. 6; 30, 1 (<em>Id..</em>, +report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 7; 30, 2 (<em>Id..</em>, report, Dec. 9, 1848). Sen. +105; 29, 2 (<em>Id.</em>to Dallas, Feb. 1, 1847). Sen. 392; 29, 1 (<em>Id.</em>to +Polk, June 15, 1846). Taussig, Tariff Hist., 115. Welles papers. Polk, +Diary, Jan. 2, 1847. <cite>Niles</cite>, Jan. 2, 1847, p. 288. Boston <cite>Courier</cite>, +Feb. 17, 1848. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, pp. 281, 298. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> +(weekly), Jan. 9, 1847. (Pessimists) <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>G. A. Worth to Van +Buren, May 20, 1847.</p> + +<p>In Dec., 1847, Polk had to admit that a deficiency of $15,729,114 on +June 30, 1848, was probable. The British minister reported that one +reason for proposing the tax on tea and coffee was a wish to defeat +anticipated attempts of the protectionists to repeal the tariff of +1846. It was suspected that Walker made the appeal to Congress in order +to display his influence or to relieve that body of responsibility for +modifying the tariff it had so recently voted. The motives of the House +were mixed. Some members doubtless objected to the plan on principle, +others because they wished to be consistent with their action in +accepting that tariff, others because the estimated return from such +a tax ($2,500,000 or $3,000,000 per year) did not seem enough to meet +the requirements, and others, perhaps, to rebuke what struck them like +dictation on Walker’s part; but the main considerations appear to +be those mentioned in <a href="#Page_268">chap. xxxiv</a> (<em>e.g.</em>, <a href="#Page_285">p. 285</a>.) The vote in the +House was taken Jan. 2, 1847. Walker persisted, but without effect. +Benton’s idea was adopted in 1854. See “Public Lands, Bill to reduce +and graduate the price of,” in Senate index of <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29 Cong., +1 and 2 sess.; 30 Cong., 1 sess., etc.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.16">16.</a> Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 7; 30, 2 (<em>Id..</em>, +report, Dec. 9, 1848). <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 147, Dec. 29, 1846. +Stockton, circular, Aug. 15, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 905 (Marcy); 930, +1085 (Scott); 931 (Worth). London <cite>Times</cite>, June 8, 1846. Richardson, +Mes<a class="pagenum" id="Page_483" title="483"></a>sages, iv, 548–9, 570, 672. Vattel, book 3, chap. 9, sect. 161. +Balt. <cite>American</cite>, Feb. 17, 1847. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Apr. 12, 1847. N. +Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), May 1, 1847. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 552, 558, 561 +(Polk); 553 (Walker). <cite>Niles</cite>, Apr. 24, 1847, p. 113. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. +1075 (Shubrick). <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Shubrick, Apr. 15, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Lavallette, +proclam., Oct. 26, 1847. Sen. 24; 30, 1 (Polk, Message). Ho. 20; 30, 2 +(Polk, Message). Polk, Diary, Mar. 10, 1847.</p> + +<p>We do not positively know that Walker originated the idea of the tariff +in Mexican ports, nor that it had any relation to the tea and coffee +tax; but one would naturally assume as much, and so the Washington +<cite>Union</cite> stated (<cite>Niles</cite>, Apr. 24, 1847, p. 113). At first, however, +Walker did not perceive that the tariff would have to rest upon the +President’s military authority. Contributions took the place of the +pillage formerly practised in war. An advantage of the plan, perhaps +not contemplated at first, was that it would greatly discourage +smuggling, and therefore, since imports would mostly have to pass the +inspection of American officers, contraband could much more fully +be excluded. This tariff was fiercely attacked in Congress, but the +position of the Executive was impregnable. Complaint was also made that +Americans as well as neutrals had to pay it; but had they not done so, +they would have been able to defy competition, foreign nations would +have complained, the Mexicans would have benefited by the low prices of +merchandise, and the United States would have obtained no revenue.</p> + +<p>The American policy prior to March 31, 1847, is shown by Walker’s +circular of June 30, 1846 (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 158) and by Marcy’s +<a class="noteref" href="#src63">63</a>instructions to the commanding officer at Tampico, Dec. 15, +1846. The latter said: Only United States vessels may enter, and those +only when carrying articles produced in the United States or imports +upon which United States duties have been paid, and on all such +goods no duties will be charged. “But in a spirit of accommodation” +clearances to Tampico of cargoes of foreign products, etc., in American +vessels will be granted (duties having been paid) without being +unloaded in the United States. Vessels admitted at Tampico may take out +return cargoes of the property of Americans or neutrals without paying +export duties; and specie belonging to neutrals may be freely exported. +Indeed this export of specie should be encouraged, since it prevents +Mexico from seizing the means of waging war. Pakenham complained that +this policy would give American goods (which would not have to pay a +duty) a monopoly of the Mexican market; but it seemed impossible at +this time to run the risk of the military injury liable to result from +admitting neutral vessels generally. He seems to have felt inclined +to protest, but he did not find that the ministers of France, Spain +and Germany intended to do so (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>no. 147). Previous to Dec. 15, +1846, American goods had been extensively smuggled into Mexico across +the Rio Grande, and of course that process continued.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.17">17.</a> Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 975, 1014 (Marcy); 1083 (Shubrick). Sen. 1; +30, 1, pp. 552–76, 583, 585 (Marcy); 585 (circular); 586 (Walker); 951 +(Mason). Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1073, 1086 (Shubrick). Sen. 14; 30, 1, pp. +9 (Marcy); 10 (Walker). London <cite>Times</cite>, June 8, 1846; June 15, 1847. +Polk, Diary, June 11; Nov. 6, 1847. Richardson, Messages, iv, 531–2, +548. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Chargé Martin, no. 31, May 15, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Consul +Glass, July 12, 1848. Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. +7; 30, 2 (<em>Id..</em>, report, Dec. 9, 1848). <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Constitutionnel</cite>, May 15, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Mora to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_484" title="484"></a> Palmerston, May 19, 1847. <cite>Nat. Intelligencer</cite>, +Apr. 24, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src48">48</a>Mason to Perry, Apr. 3; June 16, 1847.</p> + +<p>In some cases the Mexican tariff was reduced very much more than +one half, and many articles of daily use, that had previously been +prohibited, became available. No tonnage dues were assessed on vessels +(chartered by the United States) laden exclusively with supplies +for our army or navy (<a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Marcy to Scott, May 10, 1847), and +United States officers, soldiers and sailors were exempted from the +operation of the order to pay duties (Richardson, Messages, iv, 548). +At Matamoros, Tampico and Vera Cruz the military governors acted as +collectors. At places held by the navy, naval officers did so. On the +Pacific coast it proved necessary to modify the tariff. June 11, 1847, +the regulations were somewhat modified (Polk, Diary, June 11), and +additional changes were made in Nov., 1847 (Polk, Diary, Nov. 6; Sen. +14; 30, 1, p. 11). July 31, 1847, the duty on books was made 20 per +cent <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">ad valorem</em> (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 585).</p> + +<p>Chargé Martin reported from Paris that the French newspapers, alarmed +by the protest of the Mexican consul at Havre, called on their +government to demand guaranties from ours. Martin justly took the +position that our admitting French commerce to Mexican ports was a pure +favor, to be enjoyed at the risk of those caring to take advantage +of it, but expressed the opinion freely that in the treaty of peace +we should protect the interests invited by our policy, as in fact we +pledged ourselves to do and did (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847 in Ho. 6; +30, 1, 619; chap. xxxii, p. 468).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.18">18.</a> N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), May 1, Dec. 4, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, +p. 1037 (Marcy). Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1148 (Shubrick). <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Consul +Giffard, no. 37, Oct. 20, 1847. Richardson, Messages, iv, 548. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Consul Glass, Dec. 1, 1847; July 12, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>Hacienda +to Relaciones, Dec. 3, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src75">75</a>Gov. Tamaulipas to Relaciones, +Dec. 10, 23, 1847. <b>75</b>Gates, order, Nov. 27, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Hacienda +to Guerra, Dec. 3, 29, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. 30, Aug. 13, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>—— to Amador, Feb. 2, 1848.</p> + +<p>The governor of Tamaulipas wrote frankly to the central government that +prohibition would merely promote robbery and smuggling while injuring +good Mexicans. He therefore did nothing except to collect a duty. Yet +Gates, commanding at Tampico, had to send escorts with traders, and +could not fully protect them.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.19">19.</a> N. Y. <cite>Express</cite>, Dec. 1, 1846. Sumner, Amer. Currency, 167. +<cite>Economist</cite>, Apr. 24, 1847. Gallatin, War Expenses, 3, 10. <cite>Bankers’ +Mag.</cite>, i, 513–6, 609–12, 673–4; ii, 201, 706–7. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> +(weekly), Dec. 19, 1846; Feb. 6; Apr. 17, 24; July 24, 31; Nov. 20; +Dec. 11, 1847. <cite>Niles</cite>, Feb. 13, 1847, p. 384; Feb. 27, p. 416; Sept. +11, p. 18; Sept. 25, p. 60; Oct. 2, p. 80; Oct. 9, p. 82; Oct. 23, p. +128; Nov. 6, p. 145. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Bancroft, no. 46, Dec. 4, 1847. Welles +papers. <a class="noteref" href="#src198">198</a>Gallatin to Everett, Dec. 16, 1847. Ho. 6; 30, 1 +(Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 7; 30, 2 (<em>Id..</em>, report, Dec. 9, +1848). <a class="noteref" href="#src181">181</a>Buchanan to Donelson, Jan. 29, 1847.</p> + +<p>During the year ending June 30, 1848, almost thirty-seven and a half +millions in breadstuffs were exported (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1848 +in Ho. 7; 30, 2). As early as March, 1847, the <cite>Bankers’ Magazine</cite> +estimated the increase in the value of our “present” exports of grain +and cotton as $12–15,000,000. The customs receipts for the year ending +June 30, 1847, were $23,747,865; for the following year $31,757,071. Of +course the rising tide of prosperity, besides increasing the customs<a class="pagenum" id="Page_485" title="485"></a> +receipts and bringing specie, enhanced the credit of the government +generally, and assisted the country in other ways to support the burden +of the war. The crops of 1847 were fine in Europe; the importations +were found there to have been excessive; and prices fell sharply. +British business proved to be far less solid than it had been supposed +to be. Bancroft, our minister, reported “a whirlwind of bankruptcies +overspreading the land” (no. 46, Dec. 4, 1847). Orders for American +goods were cancelled. Owing to a want of confidence the practice of +consigning goods to English houses, with bills drawn on the consignees +for a considerable part of their value, was to a large extent +abandoned. Every vessel from England brought large parcels of American +bonds to be sold for what they would fetch. Early in November the rate +of exchange went up and specie began to be exported from this country, +though much remained in the interior. Numerous failures occurred in the +United States. All called in their resources. But here the trouble did +not prove to be long or very serious; and while another year of war +might have caused embarrassment, the country, despite the revolution in +France, soon found itself comfortable.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.20">20.</a> Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 7; 30, 2 +(<em>Id.</em>, report, Dec. 9, 1848). U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, 217. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. 40, Apr. 2, 1848. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), Jan. +29, 1848. Bayley, National Loans, 73. De Knight, Currency, 73. For the +debates in Congress consult the <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>. Boston <cite>Courier</cite>, Feb. +23, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Niles to V. Buren, Dec. 16, 1847. Polk, Diary, Feb. +1, 1848.</p> + +<p>The debate in the House began Feb. 8 and ended Feb. 17. In the course +of the discussion it came out that the treasury really had about +$7,000,000 more than had been supposed, but that $4,000,000 were +desired by the war department to make good certain deficiencies. The +amount of the loan was therefore reduced from $18,500,000 to “not more +than” $16,000,000 (Bayley, Nat. Loans, 73). The power to borrow under +this Act was to continue one year. The bonds were to bear not more than +6 per cent interest, be sold at not less than par, and be reimbursable +at any time after July 1, 1868. Before July 1, 1868, the secretary +could purchase the bonds at the market price (but not below par). +Coupons could be attached to the certificates, and such certificates +be transferable by mere delivery. The secretary of the treasury was +required to advertise for bids—these to be received 20–60 days from +the date of the earliest advertisement at Washington. In order to give +the loan the aid of assured peace, Walker arranged the advertising +so as to defer the time of opening the bids until June 17, 1848. The +premium obtained was $487,169. Though assisted with this loan, the +treasury ended the fiscal year with a balance of only $153,535.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.21">21.</a> Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 354 (Taylor); 994 (Scott); 1005 (Mason); +341, 1007, 1037 (Marcy). <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>J. Parrott to Marcy, Dec. 20, 1847, +private. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Scott, Nov. 17, 1847. Sen. 14; 30, 1, pp. +5 (Marcy), 6 (Scott). <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, app., 423–4. Polk, Diary, +Sept. 19, 1846; Aug. 31; Oct. 4, 5, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src63">63</a>Mason to Scott, +Sept. 1, 1847. Richardson, Messages, iv, 546–8. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. +58, Nov. 28, 1847. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 124 (Scott); 145 (Marcy). Scott, +Mems., ii, 552–3. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, May 23, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, June 9, 1847. +Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847).</p> + +<p>For the olive branches (<em>i.e.</em> offers to treat) see pp. 122–4. A +particular difficulty in attempting to live on the country would have +been the general<a class="pagenum" id="Page_486" title="486"></a> sparseness of the population, especially since the +Americans had to keep together. For this reason, though some of the +enemy expected us to rouse the nation by undertaking to enforce such +a policy, the wiser Mexicans did not look for it. On the ground that +places would be occupied alternately by the contending armies, the +British chargé at Washington deplored the order to exact contributions; +but the course of the war preserved the Mexicans from this misfortune +in a way he did not anticipate.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.22">22.</a> Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1048, 1062, 1081, 1085 (Scott), 1050, 1063, +1066 (gen. orders). J. Parrott to Marcy (<a href="#N33.21">note 21</a>). <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a><em>Id..</em> +to <em>Id..</em>, Dec. 28, 1847, private. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Butler to Marcy, Mar. 7, +1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Wool to Marcy, Jan. 24, 1848. Sen. 14; 30, 1, pp. 11, +13. <a class="noteref" href="#src63">63</a>Marcy to Gates, Mar. 7, 1848; to Davenport, May 2, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Scott, gen. orders 358, 376, 395 (1847); 15, 31 (1848). Scott, +Mems., ii, 553, 582. Grant, Mems., i, 170–1. <b>61</b>McDowell to Hunter, +Feb. 20; Mar. 5, 1848. Rodríguez, Breve Reseña, 1849, 5. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Scott +to commander at Jalapa, Jan. 6, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>McDowell to Monclova +ayunt., Mar. 5, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src80">80</a>Actg. treas., Méx. state, Feb. 29, 1848. +<a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Taylor to Marcy, Nov. 20, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src60">60</a>Butler to Marcy, +Mar. 2, 7, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Mex. ayunt., session of Sept. 16, 1847. +<b>92</b>Quitman, proclam., Sept. 22. <a class="noteref" href="#src92">92</a>Veramendi to ayunt., Sept. +24. <a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>Wool, orders 157, Dec., 1847. <cite>Delta</cite>, Dec. 19, 1847 +(“Mustang”). <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Memoir on Mex. finances. Sen. 19; 30, 1, pp. 2–4 +(Scott). Moreno, Cantón, 380. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Wool to Taylor, Mar. 7, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>McDowell to Webb, Apr. 15, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src358">358</a>Williams to father, +Dec. 27, 1847.</p> + +<p>Besides the $150,000, Scott collected some $70,000 (about $12,000 +captured at Cerro Gordo, nearly $50,000 for captured tobacco, and +smaller amounts for licenses, etc.). Polk was accused of inconsistency +for holding that Mexico could pay us no indemnity except in territory +and yet expecting to draw large revenues from that country (<cite>Amer. +Review</cite>, Jan., 1848, p. *2). The reply is threefold: 1, in the latter +case he assumed that Mexico was to be deprived by military force of the +revenues normally used by a nation; 2, even if a Mexican government +might have had the physical power to raise a cash indemnity for us, it +could not actually have obtained the money from the people for that +purpose, as our own armies were expected to do by force; and, 3, Polk’s +expectations were not realized. Polk was also charged with encroaching +upon the prerogatives of the House both in taxing the Mexicans and +in spending the proceeds. Webster and Calhoun concurred in this view +(<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, 495–6). But if Gen. Taylor had a right—as all +admitted—to impress a Mexican donkey into the service of his army, +Polk had a right to do all that he did in this regard. The authority +of the commander-in-chief in the enemy’s country, waging war according +to the Constitution, was quite broad enough to cover it. See <cite>Cong. +Globe</cite>, 30, 1, app., 423–4.</p> + +<p>The estimated possible revenues were as follows: import duties, +$12,000,000; duties on goods passing to the interior, $2,400,000; +direct taxes on real estate, professions, trades, etc., $3,000,000; +duties on the production of gold and silver, $600,000; melting +and assay dues, $50,000; export duties on coined gold and silver, +$1,000,000; revenue from the monopolies, $3,525,000 (<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Memoir). +Transit dues on animals and goods, including the duties at city gates +(<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">alcabalas</em>), were to be discontinued. For a short time in 1847 Perry +allowed logwood to be exported under a 10 per cent duty. It seemed +impracticable to seize the mines, for the miners would probably have +fled on the approach of American troops.</p> + +<p>Scott resolved not to take the ordinary state and city revenues, +because<a class="pagenum" id="Page_487" title="487"></a> he felt that such a course would be “to make war on +civilization”; since every civilized community requires the means of +paying for administration, without which it would fall into anarchy +(Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1049). His broad taxation orders were based upon +an announced intention of spreading over the country. He proposed to +send out expeditions soon. One actually proceeded, as we have seen, to +Toluca, another to Cuernavaca, and another to the important mining town +of Pachuca (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1048, 1061–2). The occupation of Córdoba +and Orizaba was partly in pursuance of the same policy (<a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Scott +to Twiggs, Dec. 26, 1847). He proposed in particular to send 7000 men +to San Luis Potosí in order to open the communication between Tampico +and the mining city of Zacatecas. But his lack of troops and the peace +negotiations prevented this.</p> + +<p>In order to force the products of the mines into circulation for the +benefit of both Americans and Mexicans, Scott forbade the exportation +of gold and silver bullion, and on gold and silver coin exported he +imposed a duty of 5 per cent (<a class="noteref" href="#src65">65</a>gen. orders 362). Walker’s and +Polk’s views on these points had been different from Scott’s, and +Scott’s action was taken subject to revision at Washington, where he +presented his reasons. At the end of April, 1848, Walker’s instructions +were put into force by General Butler.</p> + +<p>Scott instructed his officers to execute his orders in a conciliatory +manner, if possible, but apply force should that be necessary. Should +there be no other way, the commanding officer was to collect the +assessment in money or some equivalent from the wealthier inhabitants.</p> + +<p>In the northeast Wool carried out the financial purposes of the +government to the best of his ability, beginning at Saltillo as early +as May, 1847, with a revenue system, the occupation of buildings, +and the seizure of cattle, mules, etc. He punished refractory towns +and places violating pledges of neutrality with special taxes. Mar. +2, 1848, he reported that all were paying their taxes. The owners of +houses taken for the use of the army were indemnified through a tax +on all the real estate of the vicinity. In northwestern Mexico only +coast towns were in our hands. California and New Mexico, which the +United States government intended to retain, were of course viewed in +a different light. Naturally all possible attempts were made by the +Mexicans to protect their property against us. Subsistence, forage, +etc., continued to be paid for, since the interests of the army +prescribed that policy still. Our officers were not permitted to have +any interest (<em>e.g.</em> claim for special services) in cases of seizure, +etc.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.23">23.</a> Richardson, Messages, iv, 591, 651, 678. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. +107–9. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Hughes to Scott, Jan. 5, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src63">63</a>Marcy to +Twiggs, Mar. 7, 1848. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1062 (Scott). Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. +588. Ho. 47; 30, 2, pp. 2 (Marcy), 109 (Mason). Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1131 +(Shubrick). <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Shubrick, Apr. 15, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src69">69</a>Wool to Marcy, +Jan. 24, 1848. Sen. 14; 30, 1, p. 11 (Scott).</p> + +<p>Import, export and tonnage duties produced in all only $3,434,665; +contributions from other sources, $553,055; captured money and +property, $163,573; assessments on states and the City of Mexico, +$225,649; and state and municipal revenues, together with some +other sources of income, $163,055. From these amounts the costs of +collection, drawbacks on goods disposed of to men in the service, and +the expenses of the state and municipal governments had to be deducted. +It was to make up for surrendering the monopolies that Scott quadrupled +the state assessments originally contemplated. $769,650 derived from +the military<a class="pagenum" id="Page_488" title="488"></a> contributions were applied on the first instalment due to +Mexico. All of the $3,000,000 appropriated by the Act of March 3, 1847, +was paid to her shortly after she ratified the treaty of peace (Sen. +52; 30, 1, pp. 107–9; Richardson, Messages, iv, 588).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.24">24.</a> Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 589. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 74, June 13, 1846. +Ho. Rep. 503; 31, 1. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1004 (Marcy). Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. +125 (Scott). Scott, Mems., ii, 583. Polk, Diary, Aug. 18–20, 24–5, 28; +Nov. 13, 1847. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Dec. 9, 1847. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), +May 23; June 20; Oct. 31; Nov. 7, 1846; Aug. 21; Oct. 16; Nov. 6, 1847. +Ho. Report 503; 31, 1. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Sept. 14, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>J. Parrott +to Marcy, Dec. 20, 27, 1847, private. <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>W. B. to D. Campbell, +Aug. 9, 1846.</p> + +<p>Scott spent nearly $64,000 of the funds that he derived from the +Mexicans for blankets and shoes given to private soldiers; and $10 +each were given to a large number of wounded men when they left the +hospital. Probably Belmont’s arrangement left the Rothschilds a +handsome profit, for John Parrott, who had been our consul at Mazatlán, +offered, if the government would open a credit of two or three +millions in London, to take charge of supplying cash in Mexico at the +rate of five dollars for every pound sterling, and a pound sterling +would have cost the government only about $4.80. One main purpose of +our government in laying an export duty on gold and silver was to +facilitate the exchange of treasury notes for specie with Mexican +citizens; but probably little was accomplished, for nearly all the +specie in Mexico was held by foreigners. In the offices at Washington +a good deal of carelessness in making estimates and handling funds +appears to have prevailed (<em>e.g.</em> Polk’s Diary, Aug. 18–28, 1847), +and Walker’s relations with Belmont and with Corcoran and Riggs were +perhaps a little too intimate (<em>ibid.</em>); but one finds no reasons for +suspecting Walker of crookedness. Of course property was handled more +or less wastefully in the field, and contractors took an advantage +sometimes. Roa Bárcena (Recuerdos, 249) states that some men buying +grain, etc., for the American army required the sellers to give +receipts for larger sums than were paid to them. See also Polk, Diary, +July 10, 1847. The largest loss resulted from Gaines’s unauthorized +calls for troops, which probably cost $1,500,000 (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, +no. 74, 1847).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.25">25.</a> Sen. 15; 30, 1. Semmes, Service, 472–3. Bancroft, Pac. States, +viii, 545. Ho. 70; 30, 1, p. 11. Ho. 9, 27; 30, 2. Polk, Diary, Nov. +7, 1846; Feb. 16; Nov. 6, 9, 1847; Jan. 24, 1848. Sen. 27; 30, 1. +<a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. 517, June 29, 1847. Richardson, +Messages, iv, 591. Ho. 6; 29, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). Ho. 7; +30, 2 (<em>Id..</em>, report, Dec. 9, 1848). Lalor, Cyclop., iii, 864. N. Y. +<cite>Herald</cite> (weekly), Apr. 10, 1847; July 1, 1848.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N33.26">26.</a> (Webster) Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Dec. 11, 1846; <cite>Niles</cite>, Jan. 9, 1847, +p. 303. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, p. 912 (Stephens). The national debt, +Oct. 1, 1845, was $17,075,446 (Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). July 6, +1848, Polk gave it as $65,778,450 including the bonds and treasury +notes still available for issue (Richardson, Messages, iv, 591). +Walker’s report, Dec. 9, 1848, gave the increase of the national debt +over that of March 4, 1845, as $48,036,151.</p> + +<p>In a sense the war with Mexico cost too little. The estimates were +pared below our needs. Troops could not be called out when they +should have been. Transports and many other necessaries were lacking +at critical times. This point will come up in the text of the next +chapter. At the<a class="pagenum" id="Page_489" title="489"></a> end of the war the country and the treasury were +in a sound condition, and the government’s income was ample. A +period of solid prosperity ensued. It may be worth mention that +American capitalists offered more than $100,000,000 for the less than +$50,000,000 of government securities, and that the total received by +the treasury in premiums was $555,511 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1848, in +Ho. 7; 30, 2).</p> + +<p>An account of the money market during the war (based mainly on the +financial columns of the New York Weekly <cite>Herald</cite>) may be of interest. +During the early spring of 1846 the Oregon controversy with England +was a strong depressing influence. The outbreak of the war with Mexico +caused a panic (May 11), but this passed immediately (May 12), and +by May 19 the market was rather buoyant, largely in consequence of +favorable news from Taylor. It then declined; but about the middle of +June there was a plethora of money, and much activity prevailed in +consequence of the settlement of the Oregon controversy. This faded +gradually away into dulness, but quickened again about the first of +August. Fluctuations followed. The first half of September saw a +decline. Sept. 5 United States bonds that had sold at 113 before the +war brought only 102, but the prospect of foreign demands for grain +caused a revival (Sept. 20-Oct. 3). Dulness then returned; the general +feeling about the war was reflected in very low prices about the middle +of November, and Dec. 7 was a “blue day.” Though the treasury required +all payments to it to be in specie on and after Jan. 1, 1847, it did +not begin to pay out specie until Apr. 1. Hence it piled up coin during +the interim. Jan. 3, 1847, the market was rather stringent. During +the second half of February, the Bank of England rate rose from 3 to +4. Prices continued to decline until by April 4 good prospects at the +seat of war and an influx of specie turned the tide. May 1 the New York +banks were said to have more than $12,000,000 in specie. May 10 Reading +R. R. difficulties precipitated a panic, but this was only a flurry. +Money was extremely abundant in a few days (May 19) and prices advanced +until about the middle of July. During the second week of August the +increasing war expenses bore hard on the market, and treasury notes +fell about 2 per cent. About Oct. 1 the report that Scott had entered +Mexico City was found to be untrue, and a panic set in (Oct. 4), due to +that fact and bad news regarding the financial situation in Europe. The +“explosion” of “corners” followed. By Nov. 11 the banks were “shaking +in the wind,” and a crisis came on at once (Nov. 14). Paper money was +loudly called for. After a troubled month, however, money became much +easier and prices responded (Dec. 19). Another month, and the banks +(really in a tight place themselves) were believed to be tightening +everything to force a change in the financial policy of the government +(Jan. 25, 1848); but by Feb. 10 natural conditions revived buoyancy, +and there was a loud call for more treasury notes. Things then quieted +down, but the arrival of the draft of a treaty stimulated activity +once more. Absurd rumors about the terms of the treaty next caused a +temporary reaction; but when it was accepted, prices went up (Mar. 11). +For the day-by-day prices of United States securities, Dec. 1, 1846, to +Dec. 1, 1847, see Ho. 6; 30, 1, p. 71.</p> + +<p><em>Other financial legislation of the war period.</em> U. S. Statutes at +Large, ix, p. 35, Act of June 27, 1846, sec. 2: $75,000 in U. S. +stock belonging to the Seneca Indians to be cancelled, and interest +to be paid them on a credit of that amount to be entered on the +books of the secretary of the treasury. P. 94, Act of Aug. 10, 1846: +Mexican Indemnity Stock (see Bayley, Na<a class="pagenum" id="Page_490" title="490"></a>tional Loans, 71, modified by +statements of this work). P. 106, Act of Aug. 10, 1846: Treasury notes, +stolen and put into circulation, to be redeemed by the government. +P. 125, Act of Feb. 11, 1847, sec. 9: Any non-commissioned officer, +musician and private entitled under this Act to receive a certificate +or warrant for 160 acres (or 40 acres) may take instead of it $100 (or +$25) in 6 per cent treasury scrip, redeemable at the pleasure of the +government. P. 248, Act of July 19, 1848: Three months’ extra pay to +all who actually served out their term or were honorably discharged, +or the heirs of those who lost life or died after being honorably +discharged. P. 249, Act of July 21, 1848: Act of July 4, 1836, granting +half-pay and pensions to widows, orphans, etc., made applicable to +cases of these in the Mexican War. P. 412, Act of March 3, 1849: To +provide for settling accounts of those who received money from military +contributions, etc., in Mexico. P. 414, Act of March 3, 1849: To +provide payment for property lost or destroyed in the military service +of U. S. P. 520, Act of Sept. 28, 1850: Bounty lands to be given to +certain officers and soldiers who served in the Mexican War.</p> + + +<h3>XXXIV. THE WAR IN AMERICAN POLITICS</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.1">1.</a> The chief sources for this chapter were personal correspondence, +the debates of Congress, and periodicals representing all shades of +politics. The leading newspapers were examined for every day of the war +and also before and after it.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.2">2.</a> Parker, Sermon. Rhodes, U. S., i, 88. Weekly N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, May +23. <cite>No. Amer.</cite>, May 15, 21. <a class="noteref" href="#src191">191</a>Fairfield to wife, July 10, 1846.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.3">3.</a> London <cite>Times</cite>, Aug. 31. Welles papers (account of 29 Cong., 2 +sess.). <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Marcy to Bancroft, Apr. 28, 1847. Calhoun Corresp., +717 (to T. G. C), 1096 (Fisher). <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, nos. 119, 132, +1846; 6, 9, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>Gentry to C, Feb. 20, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>A. to +D. C., Jan. 20, 1847. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, Nov. 4, 1846. (Elections) +N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, Nov. 26, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Stokes to Buchanan, Jan. 3, +1847; Welles papers; Schurz, Clay, ii, 289; Von Holst, U. S., iii, 336; +N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Nov. 7, 14, 1846; Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Oct. 16, 22; Nov. 9, +14, 19, 27, 1846; May 5, 1847; <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Nov. 7, 1846. <cite>Pub. +Ledger</cite>, Dec. 23, 1846. In the winter we find some state legislatures +passing resolutions (Ho. 93, 97; 29, 2) in favor of prosecuting the +war, but these are signs of prevailing discouragement.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.4">4.</a> (Nomination and election) Smith, Annex, of Texas, 250–2, 310–5. +<a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Gilpin to Van Buren, May 24, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src234">234</a>A. Johnson to +——, July 22, 1846, private. London <cite>Times</cite>, July 15, 1846. Welles +papers. <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Nov. 20, 1847. (Cabinet) Polk, Diary, +Feb. 8, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Blair to Van Buren, Jan. 29; Feb. 29, 1848; +<a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>correspond. between Polk and M. Van Buren, C. Johnson, A. V. +Brown and others, Dec, 1844-Feb., 1845; Poore, Perley’s Remins., i, +334; Welles papers; <a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>Simpson to Polk, Nov. 13, 1848. (Myself) +<cite>Tenn. Hist. Mag.</cite>, Sept., 1915 (to C. J., Dec. 21, 1844). Boston +<cite>Atlas</cite>, Dec. 31, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src206">206</a>Mangum to Graham, Feb. 21, 1845. +(Polk’s discretion distrusted) <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 1, pp. 554 (Allen), +567 (Webster).</p> + +<p>What is said of Polk in this and succeeding paragraphs should be +supplemented by referring to vol. i, pp. 128–9 and to the concluding +chapter.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.5">5.</a> For a study of Polk’s character see vol. i, pp. 128–9. +<a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Pauling to Van Buren, Feb. 5, 1847. (Pillow) Polk to +Johnson, May 17 [14], 1844: <cite>Tenn. Hist. Mag.</cite>, Sept., 1915. Seward, +Seward at Washington, i, 37, 51.<a class="pagenum" id="Page_491" title="491"></a> <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Frearoon to Van Buren, +Jan. 23, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Blair to V. B., Jan. 29, 1848. Tyler, Tyler, +ii, 457 (Gardiner). <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>G. A. Worth to V. B., Mar. 20, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>Gentry to Campbell, Feb. 20, 1847. Schurz, Clay, ii, 289. +Von Holst, U. S., iii, 273, 292, 336. Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, Dec. 12, 1846. +Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 75 (Badger). Kohl, Claims, 71.</p> + +<p>Taking advantage of the feeling about Polk’s personality and methods, +his enemies felt warranted in straining points against him. It was +called treachery to negotiate with Santa Anna while negotiating with +Paredes (<cite>No. American</cite>, Dec. 15, 1846), even though the latter +negotiation had practically ended before the former began. His dwelling +upon our claims against Mexico in his annual Message of 1846, which +it was quite proper to do in reviewing the Mexican situation, was +represented as an afterthought, intended to justify a blow already +struck and discrediting the assertion that Mexico had caused the war by +invading our territory (Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, Dec. 12, 1846). It was pointed +out that the proclamation sent to Taylor for distribution ascribed to +the United States aims different from those professed in the Message of +May 11 (<cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Aug. 14, 1846), as if Polk could be required +to say everything every time.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.6">6.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 21; Oct. 5; Nov. 7; Dec. 12, +1846. Welles papers. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Wright to Van Buren, Nov. 10, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Cambrelong to <em>Id..</em>, Nov. 30. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Thompson to <em>Id..</em>, +Dec. 23. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Blair to <em>Id..</em>, Dec. 26. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Albany <cite>Atlas</cite>, +extra, Dec., 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>G. A. Worth to V. B., Mar. 20, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src253">253</a>Mower to McLean, Aug. 27, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Wright to Buchanan, +Sept. 8, 10, 1846. Bigelow, Tilden, i, 110–1. Blaine, Twenty Years, i, +78. Buchanan, Works, viii, 365–7. <a class="noteref" href="#src234">234</a>A. Johnson to ——, July +22, 1846, private.</p> + +<p>The “Conservative” party arose in 1837 from the opposition to Van +Buren’s sub-treasury plan, which Silas Wright championed. Many honest +Conservatives, realizing they had been mistaken, left the party; but +their places were taken by canal claimants.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.7">7.</a> Welles papers. Calhoun Correspond., 713 (to Mrs. C). (Hang) +<a class="noteref" href="#src234">234</a>A. Johnson to ——, July 22, 1846. (Office-seekers) Polk, +Diary, Feb. 24; Apr. 7, 1847, etc. (Oregon) Polk, Diary, Feb. 24, 1846; +<cite>Polit. Sci. Qtrly.</cite>, xxvi, 458 (R. L. Schuyler); <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 1, +p. 815 (Delano); Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, May 20, 1846; Blaine, Twenty Years, +i, 65; Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Aug. 18, 1846. (Veto) <a class="noteref" href="#src253">253</a>Mower to McLean, +Aug. 8, 1846; <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Appleton to Bancroft, July 16, 1847; Wash. +<cite>Union</cite>, Aug. 3, 1846, quoting <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>; N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Aug. +15, 1846; <cite>No. American</cite>, Jan. 14; Dec. 20, 1847. (Generals) Von Hoist, +U. S., iii, 298; Rhodes, U. S., i, 89; Buchanan, Works, viii, 365–7; +Calhoun Corresp., 727–8 (to D. G.). <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Butler to Van Buren, Nov. +6, 1847.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.8">8.</a> Lowell, Biglow papers, i, 59. (Adams) <a class="noteref" href="#src260">260</a>Winthrop to N. +Hale, Wash., “Sunday.” (Giddings) Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, June 30; July 2, +1846. Cole, Whig Party, 118–9. Smith, Annex. of Texas, 258–80. <cite>Cong. +Globe</cite>, 29, 1, p. 309. (La.) Vol. i, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">p. 205</a> and <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#N10.3">note 3</a>; N. Orl. +<cite>Jeffersonian</cite> in <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Aug. 28, 1846; Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, June +30; July 2; Aug. 11, 1846. Calhoun Corresp., 1096–7 (Fisher). N. Y. +<cite>Tribune</cite>, May 13; Dec. 15, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src137">137</a>Prescott to Calhoun, Aug. +20, 1847.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.9">9.</a> Ho. 85; 29, 2. <a class="noteref" href="#src253">253</a>Mower to McLean, Aug. 8, 1846. Taussig, +Tariff Hist., 114–5. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Welles to Van Buren, July 28, 1846. +London <cite>Times</cite>, Dec. 3, 1846. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier des Etats Unis</cite>, Oct. 17; Nov. +6, 1846. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, July 9, 1846. N. Y. <cite>Express</cite>, Nov. 10, 17, +21, 30, 1846. <cite>Niles</cite>, July 18, p. 305 (<cite>Sentinel</cite>); Aug. 1, p. 345 +(<cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>); Sept. 12, p. 17,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_492" title="492"></a> 1846. Boston <cite>Courier</cite>, July 8, +1846. Blaine, Twenty Years, i, 65. Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, Jan. 6, 1847. Wash. +<cite>Union</cite>, Aug. 18, 28, 1846. <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Aug. 5, 1846. N. Y. +<cite>Tribune</cite>, Dec. 3, 1846. <cite>No. American</cite>, July 16, 17; Aug. 1; Dec. 9, +1846. (Betrayed) Smith, Annex. of Texas, 314.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.10">10.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src241">241</a>W. to J. Kent, Dec. 11, 1846; Jan. 17; Mar. 5, 1847. +<cite>Amer. Review</cite>, Oct., 1847, 333–46. Johnston and Browne, Stephens, +210–1. London <cite>Times</cite>, Dec. 3, 1846. Sherman Letters, 38–9. Webster, +Writings, x, 12. Winthrop, Winthrop, 61. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 98, +1846. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, Aug. 28, 1846. <cite>No. American</cite>, Dec. 30, 1846; Jan. +18, 1847. Rhodes, U. S., i, 91. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Sept. 30, 1846 (Mass. +convention). <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, July 18; Dec. 25, 1846; Apr. 17; Nov. +20, 1847. St. Louis <cite>Republican</cite>, July 23, 1846. <cite>Journ. of Comm.</cite> in +Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Aug. 6, 1847.</p> + +<p>Stephen A. Douglas, who stood quite close to the administration, said +in the Senate: “Conquest was not the motive for the prosecution of the +war; satisfaction, indemnity, security, was the motive—conquest and +territory the means” (<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, app., 222).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.11">11.</a> Ho. 23, 81, 85; 29, 2. Sen. 97; 29, 2. Webster, Writings, ix, +260; x, 12; xiii, 359. Sherman Letters, 38–9. Boston <cite>Advertiser</cite>, Oct. +3, 1846. <cite>Niles</cite>, Sept. 18, 1847, p. 44. Rhodes, U. S., i, 91. Blaine, +Twenty Years, i, 65. Winthrop before the Mass. convention (<a href="#N34.10">note 10</a>). +<cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier des Etats Unis</cite>, Oct. 17; Nov. 6, 1846. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Apr. +29, 1847. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 140, 144, 146. Lowell, Biglow papers, +i, 56. Livermore, War, 92. Curtis, Webster, ii, 324. <cite>Amer. Review</cite>, +1847, p. 441. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 93, 1846. Benton, Abr. Debs., +xvi, 54 (Morehead). (West) <a class="noteref" href="#src198">198</a>Berrien to Gallatin, June 7, +1848. The <cite>North American</cite> of Oct. 8, 1847, used this language: “The +abstract question of the extension of slavery is not the only nor the +greatest issue of this contest. The great question is, shall we become +the dependants and vassals of a Southern political ascendancy?... The +nabobs of the South will dictate to us the terms upon which, in the +face of their hostile policy, we shall struggle for existence. Our +agriculture, our manufactures, our commerce, will be committed to +their guardianship—the guardianship of the wolf over the lamb.” At +the Springfield Whig convention, Sept. 29, 1847, Webster said he would +“resist any further increase of slave representation,” which meant the +same thing (Writings, xiii, 362). <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Dec. 29, 1846. +<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 1, app., 919 (G. Davis). (Heroes) <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Law +to Van Buren, Aug. 2, 1847. Welles papers. Calhoun Corresp., 1096–7 +(Fisher). <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, May 13, 1846. London <cite>Times</cite>, Dec. 18, +1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 93, 1846. Louisville <cite>Journal</cite>, Mar. 31, +1847. N. Y. <cite>Express</cite>, Apr. 2, 1847. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Aug. 13, 1847. +(Debasement, etc.) <cite>Amer. Review</cite>, 1847, p. 441; Lyell, Second Visit +(N. Y., 1849), ii, 257; Ho. 81; 29, 2; <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Feb. 2, 1847 +(quoting Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>); <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Nov. 28 (quoting N. Y. +<cite>Eve. Post</cite>); Dec. 29, 1846; Norfolk <cite>Herald</cite>, Apr. 12, 1847; etc.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.12">12.</a> N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, May 19, 1846. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 1, pp. 788 +(Crittenden), 835. Welles papers. <a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Rives to Crittenden, Feb. +5, 1847. Hammond, Wright, 672. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 252. <cite>Amer. +Review</cite>, Feb., 1847, 109, 118. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Mar. 19, 1847. Schurz, +Clay, ii, 289. Detroit <cite>Free Press</cite>, Nov. 28, 1846. Cincin. <cite>Enquirer</cite>, +Dec. 16, 1846. <cite>No. American</cite>, May 12, 1846. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Dec. 19, +1846. (Capital) <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>Fulton to Campbell, Jan. —, 1847.</p> + +<p>The proper stand for the Whigs was pointed out by Gov. Briggs of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_493" title="493"></a> +Massachusetts in general orders: “Whatever may be the difference of +opinion as to the origin” of the war, the constitutional authorities +have declared that a war exists; patriotism and humanity dictate +that it should be brought to a speedy and successful end; hence +all should coöperate (<cite>Niles</cite>, July 11, 1846, pp. 293–4). It will +be noted that the author is dealing in this chapter with politics, +not the convictions of private persons, which, even when mistaken, +were entitled to respect, because sincere and associated with worthy +sentiments.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.13">13.</a> <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, May 13, 15; July 18; Sept. 19, 1846; Jan. 27; +Aug. 5; Dec. 11, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src253">253</a>Mower to McLean, Mar. 1, 1847. <cite>Cong. +Globe</cite>, 29, 1, app., 919 (G. Davis); 29, 2, 34–6 (Giddings). Boston +<cite>Atlas</cite>, May 15, 18, 20; June 11, 1846. Balt. <cite>American</cite>, Dec. 2, 1846. +N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, May 26, 1846; Sept. 3; Nov. 18, 1847; Jan. 7, 1848. +<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, 566 (Hilliard). ($68) [<cite>Tribune</cite>] Whig Almanac, +1847, p. 21. (<cite>Express</cite>) Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, June 19, 1847. These and the +citations of the following notes could be multiplied.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.14">14.</a> Smith, Annex. of Texas, 274–5. <a class="noteref" href="#src198">198</a>J. R. Ingersoll to +Gallatin, Dec. 25, 1847. Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 78 (Colquitt). +Louisville <cite>Journal</cite>, Sept. 17, 1847. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 1, app., 643 +(Giddings); 30, 1, app., 227 (Cobb). Mr. Winthrop’s Vote on the War +Bill. Webster at Phila. (Writings, iv, 26–34). Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Dec. 6, +1847. N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, May 15, 1846. N. Y. <cite>Courier and Enquirer</cite>, Aug. +31, 1847. Giddings, Speeches, 259.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.15">15.</a> N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, May 13, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src130">130</a>Gentry to Campbell, +Feb. 20, 1847. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, May 12; Oct. 1, 1846; May 15, 1847. +<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 1, pp. 815, 931; app., 928–32. Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, Dec. +11, 1846; May 13, 1847. Ky. <cite>Observer</cite>, July 8, 1846, in Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, +July 14. N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, May 13, 1846. Winthrop, Speeches, i, 573–4. +Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln, i, 317–20, 327–45. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, pp. +154–6 (Lincoln’s speech). Though Lincoln’s speech was later than the +time referred to in the text, his argument was not. (Conn.) Clark, +Conn., 200–1.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.16">16.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src375">375</a>Taylor to Davis, Feb. 16, 1848, in Madigan, cat., +1914. <cite>Pennsylvanian</cite>, Nov. 4, 1846. Winthrop, Speeches, i, 574. N. Y. +<cite>Eve. Post</cite>, June 4, 1846. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, July 14, 1846; Mar. 29, 31; +Aug. 16, 20, 1847; Jan. 2, 13, 1848. U. S. <cite>Gazette</cite>, Oct. 13, 1846. +<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 1, pp. 534 (Brinkerhoff); app., 916 (Hudson). Boston +<cite>Atlas</cite>, Dec. 11, 1846; May 13, 1847. <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, May 16; Oct. +19; Dec. 18, 1846; Apr. 17; May 17; June 22, 1847. N. Y. <cite>Courier and +Enquirer</cite>, Aug. 9, 17, 1847. (Recognized) Crittenden’s amendment: vol. +i, p. 473; <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, p. 276. (Smallness) Vol. i, pp. 161, +455–6, 464.</p> + +<p>Another interesting fact was that on Mar. 26, 1846, McIlvaine of the +House, discussing an appropriation bill, raised the issue that in +sending Taylor to the Rio Grande Polk had been “invading Mexico,” yet, +although the bill was objectionable from several points of view, it +passed by a vote of 111 to 38 (<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 1, pp. 558, 574). See +also Lumpkin’s speech, <em>ibid.</em>, 834–7. Polk was mercilessly ridiculed +for believing that Santa Anna would favor peace, but his opponents had +to admit that a Whig general, Taylor, believed (or appeared to believe) +Ampudia’s assertions to the same effect (chap. xii, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_504">p. 504</a>) made under +circumstances that rendered the idea far less plausible.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.17">17.</a> See vol. ii, p. 73. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Feb. 25, 1847. St. Louis +<cite>Republican</cite>, July 3, 1847. McCulloch, Men and Measures, 65. Seward, +Autob. of W. H. S., 774. An undated slip from the Chicago <cite>Times</cite>, +found<a class="pagenum" id="Page_494" title="494"></a> by the author, contained a letter from Burlington, Ia., which +stated that Col. Sweney, proprietor of the Barret House, had known +Corwin well from boyhood on, and that he had heard Corwin say with +tears in his eyes that his speech was made by arrangement with Webster +and others, who desired to prevent the appropriation of more money for +the war, and agreed to follow Corwin.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.18">18.</a> For a discussion of the Philadelphia speech see vol. i, p. 458. +Webster, Writings, iv, 7; ix, 253; xiii, 348–50. <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, Dec. +6, 15, 1846. N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, Dec. 4, 7, 1846. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Aug. +22, 1846. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, Dec. 5, 1846. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Dec. 2, 4, 7, 11, +1846; Mar. 10; Oct. 14, 16, 1847. Charleston <cite>Mercury</cite>, Dec. 8, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src253">253</a>Dowling to McLean, Mar. 24, 1848. Nov. 6, 1846, at Faneuil +Hall, Boston, Webster called forth rapturous applause by saying, in a +manner quite unworthy of a Senator and a great constitutional lawyer, +“In my judgment it is an impeachable offence” for the President so to +act as to involve the country in war without the consent of Congress +(<cite>Niles</cite>, Nov. 21, p. 186). This, if it meant anything, was a begging +of the question. Webster could not deny that the President had a right +to repel invasion without consulting Congress, and Polk believed the +Mexicans had invaded our territory, thus precipitating the war.</p> + +<p>Polk’s Message of May 11 mentioned, as was natural, the rejection of +Slidell and the failure of Mexico to pay our claims, but its practical +gist was contained in the following sentence: “As war exists, and, +notwithstanding all our efforts to avoid it, exists by the act of +Mexico herself, we are called upon by every consideration of duty and +patriotism to vindicate with decision the honor, the rights, and the +interests of our country.”</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.19">19.</a> (Independent, ground) Webster, Writings, iv, 24; xiii, 351. +(Senseless, fight) <em>Ibid.</em>, ix, 157–60. (Prosecute) <em>Ibid.</em>, iv, 33; +N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, Dec. 3, 1846. (Refused) Writings, ix, 157. (Approve) +Pierce, Sumner, iii, 112. (Narrow) Webster, Letters, 350. (Tired) +Writings, xviii, 246. Lowell, Biglow Papers, i, 54, etc. (see a paper, +written by the present author, on the Biglow papers in Mass. Hist. Soc. +Proceeds., May, 1912, p. 602).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.20">20.</a> (Jay) Pellew, Jay, 310. The clerical quotations in the text +are from a non-partisan paper, the N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Feb. 20, 1847. The +extract from Osgood may be found in his Solemn Protest, p. 13. That +from Parish the author has not been able to verify, but presumably +it was correct. That such sentiments were entertained will not be +questioned. Osgood denounced the authors of the war as “desperate in +wickedness,” etc. See quotations from him and others in <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, +29, 1, app., 930–1. Weekly N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite> (non-partisan), Jan. 16, +1847: They who oppose this war will one day stand before the country +like the men of the Hartford Convention. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 139.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.21">21.</a> Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, May 18, 20, 1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Feb. 2, +1847. <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, May 11; Oct. 15 (Thompson), 26, 1847; Jan. 26, +1848. (Hudson) <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 2, p. 418. N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, Nov. 6, +1847. (Calhoun) Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 58. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Sept. +24, 1846; June 2, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Dec. 20, 1846. Meade, Letters, i, +180. (Joy) Boston <cite>Daily Chronotype</cite> in N. Y. <cite>Globe</cite>, May 14, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src137">137</a>McLane to Calhoun, Jan. 18, 1848. Richardson, Messages, iv, +473. (1813–14) Wash. <cite>Union</cite> Dec. 10, 1846. See also vol. ii, p. 125.</p> + +<p>In the office of the sec. of relaciones was found a large collection +of ex<a class="pagenum" id="Page_495" title="495"></a>tracts from American speeches and newspapers (N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, +Feb. 5, 1848: Gen. Pierce). Whig journals assured Mexico that her cause +was just; that a majority of the Americans detested the war; that our +treasury could not bear the cost; that our government was incompetent; +that it was disloyal to our commanders; that our armies could not win +the war; that soon the administration would be rebuked and its policy +be reversed. The government “stand ready to yield anything that Mexico +may demand as the price of peace,” asserted the N. Y. <cite>Courier and +Enquirer</cite> (Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, July 10, 1847). For numerous other quotations +see <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, app., 347. April 27, 1847, <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">El Progreso</cite> +of Querétaro said: The peace party in the United States “have been +encouraging us to sustain ourselves until we could obtain from them a +satisfactory arrangement of our difficulties as soon as they should +come into power” (Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, May 28, 1848).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.22">22.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 21; Dec. 5, 12, 1846. Welles +papers (Review of Pol. Hist. of U. S.; 2d sess. of 29 Cong.). +<a class="noteref" href="#src253">253</a>Mower to McLean, Aug. 27, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Blair to Van Buren, +Jan. 20; Nov. 27, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Gilpin to Van Buren, May 24, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Thompson to Van Buren, Dec. 23, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>M. Van B., +Jr., to Van Buren [Apr. 28, 1846]. Polk, Diary, July 13; Sept. 11, +1846; Jan. 5, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Appleton to Bancroft, Feb. 24, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Wescott to Bancroft, Mar. 1, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src253">253</a>Reed to McLean, +Oct. 26, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src206">206</a>J. Graham to Gov. G., Jan. 10, 1847. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier +des Etats Unis</cite>, Oct. 17, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src379">379</a>Ewing to ——, Mar. 11, +1846. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Nov. 19, 1846. <cite>Niles</cite>, May 16, 1846, p. 175. +<a class="noteref" href="#src234">234</a>A. Johnson to ——, July 22, 1846, private. N. Y. <cite>Journ. +of Comm.</cite>, Dec. 9, 1846. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Nov. 14, 1846. Bragg to Van +Buren, Mar. 10, 1847. Seward, Seward at Washington, i, 37, 68, 71. “Old +Hunkers” and “Barnburners” (the Van Buren wing) were the two N. Y. +factions.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.23">23.</a> Welles papers: <a href="#N34.22">note 22</a>. <a class="noteref" href="#src253">253</a>M. Brown to McLean, +June 5, 1846. Bragg: <a href="#N34.22">note 22</a>. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Gilpin to Van Buren, May +24, 1846; Apr. 6, 1847. Seward, Seward at Washington, i, 37, 51. +<cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Jan. 6, 1847. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Feb. 26, 1848. N. Y. +<cite>Journ. Comm.</cite>, Jan. 7, 1847. <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, Feb. 12, 1847. N. Y. +<cite>Tribune</cite>, Jan. 12, 1847. Polk, Diary, Nov. 7, 1845; Jan. 28; Mar. +22, 23, 1846; Jan. 14, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Blair to Van Buren, Nov. 27, +1846. Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, Jan. 9, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Welles to Van Buren, +July 28, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, Apr. 23, 1848. (Aspirants) +<a class="noteref" href="#src231">231</a>Jackson to Blair, Dec. 14, 1844.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.24">24.</a> The author’s remarks on Benton, Calhoun and Cass are based on +sources too numerous to be specified, and will not, it is believed, +raise any question. The principal out-of-the-way sources are the +following: Welles papers: <a href="#N34.22">note 22</a>. <b>137a</b>Calhoun to Mathews, +Sept. 19, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Hammond-Simms corresp., Mar.-Nov., 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src253">253</a>M. Brown to McLean, June 5, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Blair to Van +Buren, Jan. 20, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Poinsett to Van Buren, June 4, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Gilpin to Van Buren, Nov. 23, 1845. London <cite>Times</cite>, Apr. 17, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src206">206</a>J. Graham to brother, Jan. 10, 1847. Polk, Diary, May +21; June 22, 29, 30, 1846; Jan. 9, 14, 15, 22; Feb. 8, 13; Apr. 7, 16, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Appleton to Bancroft, Feb. 24, 1847. Calhoun Corresp., +707 (to T. G. C). <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>King to Buchanan, Oct. 5, 1847. Calhoun, +Works, iv, 371. Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, June 1, 1846. Boston <cite>Courier</cite>, Feb. +23, 1847. <cite>Penna. Mag.</cite>, xi, 462 (Dallas, Dec. 16). <a class="noteref" href="#src168">168</a>D. H. +Lewis, May 11, 1848. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Feb. 13, 18; Mar. 15, 17; Apr. 5, +1847. N. Y. <cite>Journ. Comm.</cite>, Feb. 15, 1847. <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, Feb. 12, +16, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src210">210</a>Tucker to Hammond, Apr. 24, 1847.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_496" title="496"></a>Allen of Ohio, noted for vanity and a powerful voice, felt so disgusted +about the outcome of the Oregon business, that at the beginning of +this session he threw up the chairmanship of the committee on foreign +relations and declined to serve on any committee. Niles, an excellent +man, was a protectionist, like the Pennsylvania Senators. Hannegan was +a man of force but a rabid westerner. He, Dickinson and Breese were +distinctly Cass men. Calhoun’s partisans were Butler (So. Carolina), +Lewis (Alabama) and the Florida senators, while Colquitt and Speight +were thought to be guided considerably by him; but as time went on +his influence over most of this group waned. Of the Whig Senators +Webster spent most of his time in the practice of law. Crittenden +was in general honest and sensible; but he and Clayton had induced +Jarnagin to vote for Walker’s tariff, believing that it would discredit +the Democrats, and the failure of this unworthy trick damaged their +prestige considerably. Clayton had unusual ability and experience, but +was crafty and insincere. Mangum enjoyed a deserved respect, but was +not of striking ability.</p> + +<p>Of the House Democrats, P. King stood high in the confidence of his +colleagues, and had no little skill in leading. C. J. Ingersoll was +the most important Pennsylvanian, but his attainments and eloquence +were accompanied by erratic judgment. Thurman surpassed the other Ohio +Representatives in good conduct and talents, but Brinkerhoff displayed +more activity than he. Douglas ranked first in the Illinois group, and +perhaps first among the supporters of the administration in the House. +Dromgoole (Virginia) possessed remarkable legislative abilities and +reputation; but did not care to exert himself overmuch. McKay (North +Carolina) and Haralson (Georgia) were chairmen, respectively, of the +ways and means and the military committees, but did not distinguish +themselves. Rhett, an able and acute man, was a more consistent +representative of South Carolina principles than Calhoun. Of the +Whigs Severance (Maine) possessed more than average ability. Winthrop +(Massachusetts) was a gentleman, a fine speaker and debater, honest, +scholarly and conservative—an ideal public man. Hudson (Massachusetts) +had energy and character but was too partisan. J. R. Ingersoll +(Pennsylvania) had good abilities and good sense. Giddings (Ohio) +has to be considered a calculating fanatic, not enthusiast, of the +abolition school. Vinton (Ohio) stood among the best on either side of +the House in wisdom, sincerity and good conduct.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.25">25.</a> Welles papers: <a href="#N34.22">note 22</a>. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 150, 1846. Von +Holst, U. S., iii, 252–4. <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>Fulton to Campbell, Jan. —, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src198">198</a>Ingersoll to Gallatin, Dec. 25, 1847. (Embassy) Webster, +Writings, ix, 157, see vol. ii, p. 123; Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, June 27; Oct. 1, +1846. <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, Dec. 8, 1846. (Sublimity) <cite>No. American</cite>, Jan. +11, 1847. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 111, 139. Charleston <cite>Mercury</cite>, Jan. 26, +27, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, Dec. 5, 12, 1846. (The generals, +etc.) Marcy to W., Nov. 14, 1846; Greeley, Recolls., 211; Welles +papers; <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Wright to Van Buren, Jan. 28, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Letcher +to Crittenden, Dec. 20, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. 9, 1848; Johnston +and Browne, Stephens, 224; Calhoun Corresp., 713, 715–6 (to Mrs. C.); +<a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Buchanan to Bancroft, June 14, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src206">206</a>J. Graham to +Gov. G., Jan. 10, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src181">181</a>Buchanan to Donelson, May 13, 1847; +Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Jan. 30. Scott was “in” politics but inactive.</p> + +<p>“Old Whitey,” it will be recalled, was Taylor’s favorite horse. When +the author refers to the course of “the Whigs” or “the Democrats” it is +to be understood, of course, that exceptions existed.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_497" title="497"></a><a class="notenum" id="N34.26">26.</a> The principal speeches have been cited elsewhere. They are to +be found, of course, in the <cite>Congressional Globe</cite> under the proper +headings, and less fully in Benton’s Abridged Debates. <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, +Feb. 25, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src191">191</a>Fairfield to wife, Apr. 14, 1846.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.27">27.</a> See particularly the debate on the $3,000,000 bill and the Ten +Regiment bill, and, in the House, the Loan bill. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, May 18, +1846.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.28">28.</a> Polk, Diary, Dec. 19, 1846. Benton, View, ii, 678. House +proceedings in <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 2, Dec. 8–16. Richardson, Messages, +iv, 506–7, 594–600. U. S. <em>vs.</em> Rice: 4 Wheaton, 246, 253. Story, +Commentaries on the Constitution, § 1318. Butler, Treaty-making Power, +i, 128, 168–9. (Decision, Castine, Harrison) Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Dec. 11, +15, 26, 1846; Dec. 12, 1847. Kent, Commentaries, i, 282. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, +29, 2, app., 130, col. 1. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 261, note 1, 336. +(Kearny a Whig) Richmond <cite>Whig</cite> in <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Oct. 19, 1846. +(Unhappy) <cite>Amer. Review</cite>, Feb., 1848, p. 110. <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, Feb. 8, +1847.</p> + +<p>The <cite>National Intelligencer</cite> had the hardihood to state (Dec. 25, +1846): “It is the opinion of the President that the fact of conquest +annexes foreign provinces to the United States.” The Texans complained +because the part of New Mexico claimed by them was occupied by Kearny; +but since the enemy had held it by military force this action was +proper, and Buchanan assured Henderson that the temporary military +occupation would not affect the rights of his state (Buchanan, Works, +vii, 215). The author did not find Harrison’s proclamation in Ms.; +but Mr. D. M. Matteson discovered it in <cite>Niles</cite>, Nov. 27, 1813, p. +215. Copies of official documents in the Burton Historical Collection, +kindly furnished to the author, throw further light on the fact that +American sovereignty over a portion of Canada was declared in 1813. The +subject is certainly an interesting one.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.29">29.</a> The Whigs wished to repeal all of the new fiscal policy. Welles +papers: <a href="#N34.22">note 22</a>. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Mar. 9, 1847. Lyell, Second Visit +(N. Y., 1849), 256. <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, Dec. 8, 1846. (<cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>) +Charleston <cite>Mercury</cite>, Jan. 12, 26, 1847. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 122. +<cite>Niles</cite>, Jan. 2, 1847, p. 288. Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, Jan. 6; Feb. 6, 1847. +(Webster) <cite>Niles</cite>, Jan. 9, 1847, p. 303. N. Y. <cite>Journ. of Comm.</cite>, Jan. +4, 1847. N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, Feb. 14, 1847. <cite>No. American</cite>, Dec. 24, 1846; +Jan. 4, 1847. Polk, Diary, Jan. 22, 1847. <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Jan. 14, +1847 (if the government desires the coöperation of the Whigs, let it +repeal the tariff and sub-treasury Acts). Note also the treatment of +the important public land question (vol. ii, p. 261).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.30">30.</a> <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 1, pp. 1211–21. Greeley, Amer. Conflict, i, +189. Smith, Annex. of Tex., 314, 351–2. Welles papers. McLaughlin, +Cass, 229. Cole, Whig Party, 119, 122–4. Polk, Diary, Dec. 19, 23, +1846; Jan. 4, 16, 22, 23, 1847. Benton, View, ii, 695. Wilson, Rise +and Fall, ii, 15, 16. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 5, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Polk +to Bancroft, Jan. 30, 1847, private. Meigs, Benton, 371. Amer. Hist. +Assoc. Report, 1911, i, 187–95 (C. E. Persinger). <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, +2, pp. 453–5, 541–55. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 301, 306–7. Calhoun, +Works, iv, 323. <a class="noteref" href="#src137">137</a>Fisher to Calhoun, Aug. 22, 1847. Stephens, +U. S., 391. Cutts, Questions, 154. Garrison, Extension, 254–68. Boston +<cite>Atlas</cite>, Jan. 4, 1847. Blaine, Twenty Years, i, 73. <cite>So. Qtrly. +Review</cite>, Jan., 1851, p. 196. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, July 3; Aug. 12, 1846; Jan. +16, 1847. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Jan. 16; Feb. 20, 1847. Merriam, Bowles, i, +48. <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>Gentry to Campbell, Apr. 18, 1848.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_498" title="498"></a>The Proviso, offered as an amendment to the $2,000,000 and $3,000,000 +bills, was objected to because: 1, J. Q. Adams, Benton and others +argued that any territory acquired from Mexico would come to us “free” +by law, and slavery would not exist there unless subsequent legislation +and also the natural conditions should be favorable to it; 2, the +question would necessarily be settled when Congress should have to +decide regarding the government of such territory, and present action +would not bind a future Congress; 3, it did not relate to American +territory, property or citizens—in short it related to nothing that +existed; 4, the only way to reach the end aimed at by the Proviso +would be through a treaty, and, should the treaty be violated, Mexico +would have a right to interfere with our domestic affairs; 5, the +President would have no right to sign such a treaty, for the subject +belonged to Congress; 6, the American Senate would not ratify such +a treaty, and hence the adoption of the Proviso would prevent peace +and the acquisition of territory; 7, it was insulting to Mexico to +legislate about territory belonging to her, would scandalize the world, +and might prolong the war; 8, the Proviso stood in the way of needed +war legislation, tended to alarm the South and lessen its interest +in the war, incited to discord at a time when harmony was peculiarly +desirable, promoted sectionalism, and, if adopted, might render the +administration powerless to wage the war successfully. As is well +known, Brinkerhoff of Ohio was the father of the Proviso, but for +strategical reasons Wilmot was asked to introduce it. Wilmot himself +did not insist upon the Proviso, when Polk explained to him some of +the difficulties. For a convenient review of the later history of the +Proviso principle see Lalor, Cyclopædia, iii, 1115–7. The Proviso +threatened Whig unity and success, of course, because the northern wing +and the southern wing of the party could not agree regarding slavery.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.31">31.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src137">137</a>Fisher to Calhoun, Aug. 22, 1847. (Committed) +Richardson, Messages, iv, 536–41. <a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Rives to Crittenden, Feb. +5, 8, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src330">330</a>J. P. to Z. Taylor, Sept. 8, 1847. Merriam, +Bowles, i, 48. Curtis, Webster, i, 303–7, 324 5[missing hyphen of +324–5?F1]. Webster, Writings, ix, 257–9; xiii, 328. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, +no. 18, 1847. Lalor, Cyclopædia, iii, 1105. <cite>Amer. Review</cite>, Oct., 1847, +345–6. Louisville <cite>Journal</cite>, Sept. 17, 1847. Cincinn. <cite>Enquirer</cite>, +Nov. 15, 1847. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 2, pp. 555–6 (Webster); app., +296–302 (Berrien). <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Donelson to Buchanan, Jan. 8, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Bancroft to <em>Id..</em>, Oct. 18, 1847. Boston <cite>Courier</cite>, Feb. 14, +1848. Corwin to F., Feb. 4, 1847: Ohio Phil. and Hist. Soc. Pubs., +July-Sept., 1914. Benton, Abr. Debs., xvi, 42 (Berrien). Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, +Feb. 8, 25; Sept. 8, 13, 16; Oct. 5, 1847. <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, Feb. 8, +17, 1847. Cole, Whig Party, 119–22. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 159. <cite>Nat. +Intellig.</cite>, Sept. 7, 1847.</p> + +<p>Berrien’s words (Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 42): The war “ought not to +be prosecuted ... with any view to the dismemberment of that republic, +or to the acquisition by conquest of any part of her territory”; this +government “will always be ready to enter into negotiations, with a +view to terminate the present unhappy conflict on terms which shall +... preserve inviolate the national honor ... of Mexico”; “it is +especially desirable ... that the boundary of the State of Texas should +be definitely settled, and that provision be made by the republic of +Mexico for the prompt and equitable settlement of the just claims of +our citizens.” Naturally the Whigs endeavored to recommend the “No +territory” idea by dwelling on other points (<em>e.g.</em> the country was +already large enough; this plan would prevent a struggle between North +and South over slavery;<a class="pagenum" id="Page_499" title="499"></a> without it no treaty with Mexico could be +ratified). How much merit these arguments possessed, it is unnecessary +to point out; but no doubt there was more or less honest belief in +them, especially among the rank and file. The people in general, +however, were against giving up all the fruits of our victories, and +even Calhoun admitted that we could not get out of the war with credit +unless we made a large gain in territory.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.32">32.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, Dec. 5, 12, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Appleton +to Bancroft, Feb. 24, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Polk to Bancroft, Jan. 30, 1847, +private. Welles papers. <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, Mar. 2, 1847. Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, +Jan. 18, 21; Feb. 8; Mar. 3, 1847. Polk, Diary, Jan. 19, 1847. <cite>Nat. +Intellig.</cite>, Aug. 11, 1846; July 22, 1847. N. Y. <cite>Journ. Comm.</cite>, Jan. 7, +1847. N. Y. <cite>Express</cite>, Sept. 4, 1847. N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, Jan. 8, 1847; +Jan. 27, 1848. Balt. <cite>American</cite> in Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Sept. 8, 1847. <cite>No. +American</cite>, Dec. 30, 1846; Oct. 6, 1847. Slidell to Buchanan, Nov. 5, +1846: “The fate of the administration depends on the successful conduct +of the war” (Curtis, Buchanan, i, 601).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.33">33.</a> (Elected) Smith, Annex. of Texas, 307–9. <a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Burnley to +Crittenden, Dec. 12, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>R. Taylor to Buchanan, Nov. 18, +1847, private. Seward, Seward at Washington, i, 57–8. Schurz, Clay, +ii, 290–2. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Nov. 16–18, 24 (Clay’s speech in full, which +Colton does not give complete), 27, 29; Dec. 1, 1847. N. Y. <cite>Sun</cite>, +Nov. 16, 1847. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Nov. 17, 1847. Cincinn. <cite>Enquirer</cite>, +Nov. 15, 1847. (Abhorrent) <cite>Amer. Review</cite>, Feb., 1848, 110. Lexington +<cite>Observer</cite>, Nov. 17, 1847. Clay, Works (Colton, ed.), iii, 60–7. <cite>No. +American</cite>, Dec. 4, 1847. Cole, Whig Party, 120. Shackford, Citizen’s +Appeal, 18. Hill, Lawrence, 76. (In Mexico) <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>J. Parrott to +Marcy, Dec. 27, 1847, private. Webster, Writings, xiii, 328.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.34">34.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Rives to Crittenden, Feb. 8, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, +no. 132, 1846. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 2, app., 211–8 (Corwin), 282–9 +(Severance). Corwin to Follett, Feb. 4, 1847: Ohio Phil. and Hist. +Soc. Pubs., July-Sept., 1914. N. Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, Jan. 25, 1847. <cite>No. +American</cite>, May 27, 1847. Sumner, Orations, ii, 143, 187. Pierce, +Sumner, iii, 138, 140. <a class="noteref" href="#src253">253</a>Dowling to McLean, Dec. 7, 1847.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.35">35.</a> Semmes, Service, 69. <a class="noteref" href="#src253">253</a>Mower to McLean, Nov. 22; Dec. +13, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Niles to Van Buren, Jan. 20, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src137">137</a>Rhett +to Calhoun, May 20, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Prunt to Crittenden, Dec. 5, +1847. London <cite>Times</cite>, Feb. 15, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. 42, +1847. Calhoun Corresp., 727–8 (to D. G.), 737–9 (to W. T.). Sherman +Letters, 38. Welles papers. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Polk to Bancroft, Jan. 30, +1847, private. <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Aug. 17; Dec. 27, 1847; Jan. 10, +1848. <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, Dec. 25, 1847; Jan. 31; Feb. 11, 1848. Bourne, +Essays, 227. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, pp. 93 (withdrawal), 94 (vote), +95 (unconstitutional), 391–2 (Schenck), 396 (Henley), 495, 530 +(Webster), 566 (Hilliard). <cite>Amer. Review</cite>, vi, 331, 342. Von Holst, U. +S., iii, 289, 337. Amer. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1911, ii, 83 (Lamar). +N. Y. <cite>Journ. Comm.</cite>, Jan. 27, 1848. Cincinn. <cite>Atlas</cite> in Wash. +<cite>Union</cite>, Aug. 25, 1847. Ohio <cite>State Journal</cite>: <em>ibid.</em>, Aug. 30. Wash. +<cite>Union</cite>, Nov. 4; Dec. 16, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Dimond to Trist, Oct. 27, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Buchanan to Trist, Oct. 7, 24, 1847, private. N. Y. +<cite>Tribune</cite>, Nov. 5, 1847. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Dec. 4, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src198">198</a>G. +Davis to Gallatin, Mar. 6, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Law to Van Buren, Aug. 2, +1847.</p> + +<p>Public sentiment was well voiced by the governor of Virginia in a +<a class="noteref" href="#src42">42</a>Message to the Assembly, Dec. 6, 1847 (exec. letter book, +no. 73, p. 325): “Shall the insolent Mexican go unpunished? Shall the +glories of Palo Alto, Resaca de La Palma, Monterey, etc., pass away +in a dream, leaving<a class="pagenum" id="Page_500" title="500"></a> no solid memorials behind them of a skill, a +gallantry, and a self-sacrificing devotion unsurpassed in the history +of man? I regard this war as a practical question, and to be disposed +of accordingly. That morbid sympathy that lives only for Mexico—that +Mexico which murders the drunken soldier, and lances the wounded on +the field of battle—I cannot approve, nor can I respect that closet +philosophy that calls on us to surrender everything because we are +victorious. No, my sympathies are for my country, for the gallant dead, +for those whose mighty deeds have given a bolder and a broader light to +our glorious constellation, for the widows and for their orphans.... I +would be just to Mexico, but just also to my own country.”</p> + +<p>The difficulty of reaching an agreement in Congress about the +relation of slavery interests to the war was thought by the British +representative to stand in the way of compelling the administration +to stop hostilities (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. 71, Dec. 30, 1847), and +no doubt had considerable effect. In the speakership contest 220 +Representatives voted (<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, p. 2). To hold that +Congress had power to prescribe the objects of the war was virtually +to declare Congress the supreme commander and treaty-making power. It +was also to declare the nation impotent to wage the war, for, as the +parties stood, it could not pass a bill over the President’s veto.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.36">36.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Poinsett to Van Buren, June 4, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src345">345</a>Blair +to <em>Id..</em>, Dec. 9, 1847. Webster, Writings, x, 262 (<em>re</em> Ten Regiment +bill: the war unnecessary and unconstitutional). <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to +Wetmore, Jan. 28, 1848. <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, Dec. 15, 1847; Jan. 31; Feb. +2, 1848. Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Mar. 24, 1848. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 30, 1, pp. 57–8 +(Goggin), 154–6 (Lincoln), 267–9 (resolutions), 415–7 (Smith), 495–6, +530–5 (Webster), etc. (Direct taxes) N. Y. <cite>Journ. Comm.</cite>, Dec. 25, +1847. (Chairman) N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, Feb. 13, 1848 (financial article). +<cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, Jan. 17, 1848.</p> + +<p>The British chargé at Washington, though that legation was strongly in +sympathy with the Whigs, reported that the Whigs lost no opportunity +to embarrass and discredit the administration (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. +19, Feb. 9, 1848). Slidell’s instructions never having been acted +upon, were practically a dead letter, and it was important not to +make them public, lest the Mexicans, knowing on what terms the United +States had been willing to restore friendly intercourse, should use the +information to embarrass future negotiations; but the House, admitting +this point by promising to keep them secret—which everybody knew +could not be done—demanded them, and resented Polk’s wise refusal to +transmit them. The <cite>National Intelligencer</cite> (Dec. 18, 1847) asserted +that Slidell had been “ordered not to negotiate a settlement of the +Boundary of Texas ... unless in complication with the cession to the U. +S. of California,” which was positively false. Polk, Diary, Jan. 5, 6, +8, 10, 13, 17, 23; July 6, 1848. After peace was declared he sent them +(Richardson, Messages, iv, 594–600).</p> + +<p>The Mexican tariff gave rise to some of the best declamation of the +war period. The <cite>National Intelligencer</cite> accused Polk of exercising +“absolute monarchical power” in that matter (Apr. 3, 1847). The Albany +<cite>Statesman</cite> (Apr. 9) said, “This is surely the most flagrant usurpation +and the most matchless piece of impudence with which any ruler in +modern times has ever ventured to insult an intelligent people.” In +March, 1848, the subject came up in Congress, and Webster (Writings, +x, 262) declared the President had no right to lay the duties, and +that the duties were paid by<a class="pagenum" id="Page_501" title="501"></a> Americans and neutrals; whereas in +fact his military powers gave the President ample authority, and of +course the duties were added to the prices of the goods. The <cite>National +Intelligencer</cite> went so far as to deny that the President had any +military initiative whatever, and to assert that as commander-in-chief +he was merely “a subordinate” of Congress (see Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Aug. 21, +1847).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.37">37.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, Dec. 5, 1846. <cite>Spirit of the Age</cite>, +Feb. 3, 1848.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.38">38.</a> Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, June 9, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src157">157</a>Barclay to Cobb, +Dec. 24, 1847. <cite>Nat. Intellig.</cite>, June 10, 1848. (Illegal) Delano’s +words, p. 277. (Advised) <a class="noteref" href="#src370">370</a>To Davis, Apr. 18, 1848. (Mil. +spirit) Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, May 22, 1847. Norfolk <cite>Herald</cite>, Apr. 12, 1847. +Every Representative who had voted or said that Polk began the war +unconstitutionally was bound to move for his impeachment.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.39">39.</a> By “Hosea Biglow” the author means, of course, the ideas +expressed by Lowell in his <cite>Biglow Papers</cite>.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N34.40">40.</a> As early as Jan. 2, 1847, the N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, a non-partisan +journal, said the course of the Whigs with reference to the war had +almost ruined them in public estimation. Indeed that fact has been +in a general way recognized (Pierce, Sumner, iii, 111; Schurz, Clay, +ii, 289; Von Holst, U. S., iii, 252). Probably the reasons why the +Democrats behaved better than the Whigs were that (1) circumstances +did not involve them in such dilemmas, and (2) they had the +responsibilities of conducting affairs.</p> + + +<h3>XXXV. THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE WAR</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.1">1.</a> It should be remembered that American newspapers and public +men were saying unpleasant things about England at this period. The +dislike was mutual as well as natural. She still entertained, no doubt, +a smouldering resentment against this country for having dared to +become independent, and she noted with a jealousy that is quite easily +understood the rapid growth of her sometime colony in population, +wealth and commercial importance.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.2">2.</a> Polk said: “Even France, the country which had been our ancient +ally, the country which has a common interest with us in maintaining +the freedom of the seas, the country which, by the cession of +Louisiana, first opened to us access to the Gulf of Mexico, the country +with which we have been every year drawing more and more closely the +bonds of successful commerce, most unexpectedly, and to our unfeigned +regret, took part in an effort to prevent annexation and to impose on +Texas, as a condition of the recognition of her independence by Mexico, +that she would never join herself to the United States” (Richardson, +Messages, iv, 387). For further information regarding the interference +of England and France see J. H. Smith, The Annexation of Texas. Polk +was treated alternately by the <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite> and by most of the +English press as a nonentity and as a power for evil.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.3">3.</a> <em>Standing of the United States abroad.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Sumner to +Bancroft. Feb. 1, 1846. (Hate) <a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>McLane to Polk (received +June 21, 1846). Bennett, Mems., 386. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Bancroft, no. 25, May +3, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Mangino, no. 10, Mar. 8, 1837; Jan. 29, 1846, res. +Smith, Annex. of Texas, 382. London <cite>Morning Post</cite>, Apr. 5, 1846. +Jameson, Calhoun Corresp., 653, 698. N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, June 8, 1844. +<a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Murphy, nos. 17, Nov. 1, 1845, res.; 2, Jan. 1, 1846. <cite>Nat. +Intelligencer</cite>, June 22, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Donelson<a class="pagenum" id="Page_502" title="502"></a> to Buchanan, Jan. 8, +1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>King, nos. 21, 25, 28, 29, Jan. 1, 30; June 1, 30, 1846. +<cite>Constitutionnel</cite>, Jan. 15, 1846. <cite>National</cite>, Nov. 28, 1844; Dec. 3, +1845; Jan. 22; May 16, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>McLane, nos. 18, May 21, 1830; 5, +Sept. 18, 1845; 54, 55, June 3, 18, 1846. <cite>Morning Chronicle</cite>, Dec. 25, +1845; Jan. 17; July 27, 1846. <cite>Britannia</cite>, Jan. 10; Mar. 28; Apr. 18, +1846. <cite>Spectator</cite>, Feb. 7; Sept. 26, 1846. <cite>Examiner</cite>, Mar. 29, 1845. +<cite>Standard</cite>, Nov. 25, 1844. Richardson, Messages, iv, 387. <cite>Times</cite>, +Sept. 23; Dec. 27, 1845; Jan. 26, 1846; Mar. 27, 1847. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des +Débats</cite>, Jan. 22; May 15, 1846; Jan. 2–3, 1848.</p> + +<p>Martin, our chargé at Paris, wrote (<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>no. 17, Aug. 15, +1845) that the skill, prudence, firmness and disregard of European +interference exhibited by our government in dealing with the annexation +of Texas had improved our position in Europe; and McLane expressed the +opinion (no. 5, Sept. 18, 1845) that our spirited preparations during +the summer of 1845 to fight Mexico had had a good effect; but these +were matters to increase respect rather than favor. The London <cite>Morning +Chronicle</cite> of July 27, 1846, after we had shown our prowess, politely +explained our occasional coarseness of manners and speech as due to the +working out of the principle of political equality, and asserted that +the English middle classes viewed the United States with admiration and +pride as a “magnificent demonstration of the progressive energy and +self-governing power of their own victorious race.” Probably a similar +feeling lurked in the upper and controlling classes. McLane’s report to +Polk, cited at the end of the paragraph, was made in June, 1846; but +such a state of feeling could not have arisen in a few months.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.4">4.</a> <em>Standing of Mexico abroad.</em> Duflot de Mofras, Exploration, i, +32. (Odium) <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Foreign Office to Bankhead, no. 53, Dec. 31, 1844. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 99, July 30, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>McLane, nos. 18, May +21, 1830; 69, Aug. 15, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Mangino, no. 10, Mar. 8, 1837. +<a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Relaciones to ministers at London and Paris, July 30, 1845. +<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Relaciones</span>, Dec, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Murphy, no. 5, Apr. 1, +1845. <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Peña to Garro, no. 24, Oct. 28, 1845. <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Cuevas +to Garro, no. 15, July 30, 1845, res. (Told) <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Lozano, no. 3, +Aug. 25, 1847, res. V. Cruz <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Locomotor</cite>, July 26, 1846. <cite>Amer. Review</cite>, +Jan., 1846, p. 87. Dwinelle, Address, 11. London <cite>Athenæum</cite>, Sept. +13, 1845. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, Feb. 18; July 9, 1845; July 8, 1846. +<cite>National</cite>, Nov. 19, 1844; Jan. 18, 1846. London <cite>Morning Chronicle</cite>, +Sept. 15, 1846. Thompson, Recollections, 236. <cite>Spectator</cite>, Sept. 19, +1846. <cite>Examiner</cite>, Aug. 2, 1845. Smith, Annexation, 382, etc. London +<cite>Times</cite>, Apr. 11; Aug. 25, 1846.</p> + +<p>Even during the war Mexico gave offence to England by her treatment of +the offer to mediate (vol. ii, p. 368) and by her action regarding her +debt. In the latter business Bankhead charged her with a “breach of +publick faith” (<a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>to Relaciones, May 18, 1847).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.5">5.</a> Buchanan wished to give a pledge to take no Mexican territory, +insisting that unless we should do so, if interrogated, it was “almost +certain that both England and France would join with Mexico.” Polk +refused, however, to do this, adding that such an inquiry would be +“insulting” and would not be answered, and adding also that he would +like to obtain a proper territorial indemnity (Polk, Diary, May 13, +1846). Doubtless Buchanan had an eye to his standing with the northern +Democrats, who did not wish the area of slavery extended.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.6">6.</a> See vol. i, p. 181 for the Message.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.7">7.</a> For this paragraph. Buchanan, Works, vi, 484–5. +<a class="noteref" href="#src59">59</a>Confidential circular, May 14, 1846. See also Ho. Rep. 752; +29, 1, pp. <a class="pagenum" id="Page_503" title="503"></a>50–2.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.8">8.</a> For commercial reasons Spain was particularly jealous of our +blockade, and although treated with special indulgence, she complained +more than any other power; but no real friction resulted. See chap. +xxx, <a href="#N30.7">notes 7</a>, <a href="#N30.8">8</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.9">9.</a> For these two paragraphs. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Martin, no. 13, May 15, 1847. +Gutiérrez de Estrada, México en 1840, p. 32. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Gaceta de la Nueva +Granada</cite>, Aug. 16, 1846, etc. <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">Peruano, passim.</em> <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">Comercio, passim.</em> +<a class="noteref" href="#src72">72</a>Span. govt. to capt. gen. Cuba, June 18, 1846 (including +correspondence with the Spanish minister at Washington). Dix, Speeches, +i, 214, note. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 207. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Heraldo</cite>, Apr. 26, 1847. Ho. +60; 30, 1, p. 1009. Buchanan, Works, vii, 290–2; viii, 282–3, 298–9. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Irving, July 18; Aug. 15; Oct. 8, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Saunders, +nos. 1, Aug. 6; 6, Nov. 16, 1846; 8, Feb. 13; 24, Nov. 6, 1847.</p> + +<p>R. M. Saunders, the American minister, mistakenly invited an offer of +mediation from Spain, but she felt very much afraid that we should +reject it, and also that it might give offence to England and France. +No written communications on the subject passed between him and the +Spanish government, however. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">El Heraldo</cite> also remarked that the war +would tend to unite the Spaniards of both Americas against the U. +S., and that Spain, seizing the opportunity, should offer them her +protection and tolerate no other influence. Such a suggestion was not +likely to help Mexico.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.10">10.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Bancroft to Polk, June 3, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src355">355</a>Wheaton, +no. 287, June 23, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src181">181</a>Donelson to Buchanan, July 7, 19; +Sept. 18, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a><em>Id..</em>, Jan. 8; Feb. 21, private, 1847. +<a class="noteref" href="#src181">181</a>Canitz to Wheaton, June 25, 1846.</p> + +<p>Baron Gerolt, the Prussian minister at Washington, sympathized with and +assisted our government (<a class="noteref" href="#src181">181</a>Buchanan to Donelson, May 23, 1848).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.11">11.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>McLane to Polk (received June 21, 1846). <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>To +Bankhead, nos. 18, 34, May 31; Oct. 1, 1845; 15, June 1, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>McLane, nos. 5, Sept. 18, 1845; 50, 54, 55, 69, May 29; +June 3, 18; Aug. 15, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Murphy, no. 2, Jan. 1, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>King, no. 28, June 1, 1846. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, Feb. 4, +1845. <a class="noteref" href="#src137">137</a>Saunders to Calhoun, June 27, 1846. Gordon, Aberdeen, +183–4. London <cite>Morning Post</cite>, Jan. 17; Apr. 5, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>McLane, +May 29, 1846. <cite>Morning Chronicle</cite>, Feb. 3; May 30, 1846. <cite>Morning +Herald</cite>, June 24, 1846. <cite>Britannia</cite>, May 3, 1845. <cite>Times</cite>, Sept. 1, +1845; May 14; June 1, 11; Aug. 25, 31, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. +94, Sept. 29, 1845. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Everett, no. 337, July 4, 1845. Calhoun +Correspondence, 698.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.12">12.</a> McLane did not feel quite so confident. His private +<a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>letter of January 17, 1846, to Polk said that in case of +war with England he was not sure popular sentiment would be able to +restrain the French government; but the representative of Mexico at +Paris believed that in such an event the government would probably be +unable to “neutralize the effects of the innate hatred of the French +toward their neighbors and rivals,” the British (<a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Mangino, Jan. +29, 1846, res.).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.13">13.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Garro, May 30, 1845, res. <a class="noteref" href="#src11">11</a>Mexique, xi, +215 (Deffaudis). <a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>McLane to Polk, Jan. 17, 1846, private. +Charleston <cite>Mercury</cite>, Sept. 8, 1846 (Paris letter). <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>King, +nos. 25, 28, 29, Jan. 30; June 1, 30, 1846. <cite>National</cite>, June 27, 30, +1846. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Correspondant</cite>, May 1; Nov. 15, 1846; Jan. 15, 1817. <cite>Morning +Chronicle</cite>, Feb. 3, 1846. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, Feb. 4; July 9, 1845.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.14">14.</a> Aberdeen’s intimation was construed in England as an offer of +mediation, while the American government insisted that no such offer<a class="pagenum" id="Page_504" title="504"></a> +was made by him; but this difference of view did not lead to friction. +Pakenham told Buchanan he had received no instructions on the subject, +but knew that his government would be glad to bring about peace by +interposing its good offices. Buchanan replied that he was afraid +formal mediation would prove a vain and “entangling” affair for the +mediating power. So thought Pakenham, for he believed the United States +would make territorial demands which England would not be willing +to countenance or advise Mexico to accept. Buchanan added that we +should be glad to have England persuade Mexico to listen to reason, +since our government was anxious to establish peace on just and even +generous terms (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, no. 82, June 28, 1846). Pakenham +concluded that our government relied on “the anxiety which England must +feel, for the sake of her trade with Mexico and the safety of British +interests committed in so many ways in that country, to see peace +reëstablished between the two Republics” (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a><em>Id..</em>, no. 93, July +13, 1846). Senator Archer hinted to Polk that he (Archer) could bring +about mediation through his friend Pakenham, but met of course with no +encouragement (Polk, Diary, Sept. 4, 1846).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.15">15.</a> This was described by Palmerston in Parliament as a definite +offer of mediation (<cite>Morning Chronicle</cite>, Aug. 26). The settlement of +the Oregon difficulty made such an offer more proper than it would have +been at an earlier date.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.16">16.</a> Buchanan was absent from Washington at this time (Pakenham, no. +16). According to the New York correspondent of the London <cite>Times</cite>, +the Americans feared that unsuccessful mediation might be construed as +giving some color of right to authoritative interposition (<cite>Times</cite>, +Oct. 15, 1846).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.17">17.</a> <em>British mediation.</em> Polk, Diary, Sept. 4, 10, 11, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>To McLane, no. 44, July 27. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>McLane, nos. 55, 69, +June 18; Aug. 15, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Boyd, no. 3, Sept. 18. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>To +Pakenham, no. 10, Aug. 18, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, nos. 82, 93, 99, +107, 116, 119, 132, June 28; July 13, 29; Aug. 13; Sept. 13, 28; Nov. +23, 1846; no. 56, Apr. 28, 1847. London <cite>Times</cite> (Bentinck, Disraeli), +Aug. 25; Oct. 15, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src1">1</a>Ms. speech of Aug. 6, 1846. <cite>Morning +Chronicle</cite>, Aug. 26, 1847. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, (fop) June 30; Aug. +27, 1846.</p> + +<p>Both of these British attempts to mediate were accompanied with similar +offers to Mexico, which proved equally unfruitful (vol. ii, p. 368). At +the end of October Bankhead was instructed to advise Mexico that, since +the United States had rejected the British good offices, she should +settle with us at once on the most favorable terms that she could +obtain.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.18">18.</a> For the benefit of the Mexican government, the Foreign Office +wrote to Bankhead (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>no. 15), June 1, 1846: “She [Great Britain] +would find herself engaged in a war with a Nation with whom she would +have no personal cause of quarrel, in behalf of a Nation and Government +which she has repeatedly warned in the most friendly and urgent manner +of their danger, and which, solely in consequence of their wilfull +contempt of that warning, have at last plunged headlong down the +precipice from which the British Government spared no efforts to save +them”; and Bankhead was instructed to let Paredes know “the real state +of the case without disguise.” Aberdeen’s thus declining to interfere +on behalf of Mexico was particularly natural in view of the talk that +had occurred with the Mexican minister at London while the Oregon issue +was pending (vol. i, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_115">p. 115</a>, and <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#N5.27">note 27</a> <em>infra</em>). As a step intended +to settle that issue<a class="pagenum" id="Page_505" title="505"></a> had now been taken, it appeared probable that +there would be no longer any occasion to tow Mexico along, and, as +Aberdeen was aware on June 1 that hostilities had occurred near the Rio +Grande, it seemed important to disentangle himself completely, so as to +be able to act with a free hand.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.19">19.</a> July 26, 1846, the <cite>Times</cite> asserted that a war with the United +States “would be the very farthest from being unpopular” (denied the +next day by the <cite>Morning Chronicle</cite> so far as the mass of the Liberals +were concerned), and on September 28 said there had been few modern +cases in which England could have “imposed” her arbitration with +greater reason than upon the United States and Mexico.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.20">20.</a> For this paragraph. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>To Bankhead, nos. 18, May 31; +34, Oct. 1, 1845; 15, June 1, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Murphy, no. 17, Nov. 1, +1845, res. London <cite>Globe</cite>, Aug. 25, 1846. London <cite>Spectator</cite>, May 30; +Sept. 26, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Palmerston, memo. of reply to Bankhead’s +no. 46, Apr. 30, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>McLane, no. 54, June 3, 1846. London +<cite>Times</cite>, July 26; Aug. 25, 26; Sept. 16, 1846. <cite>Morning Chronicle</cite>, +July 27, 1846. <cite>Britannia</cite>, Mar. 9, 1844; Apr. 18, 1846; Jan. 9, 1847. +<cite>Examiner</cite>, May 30, 1846. <cite>Morning Herald</cite>, June 24, 1846.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.21">21.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Murphy, nos. 15, Oct. 1, 1845, muy res.; 17, Nov. 1, +1845, res.; 19, Dec. 1, 1845, res.; 4, Feb. 1, 1846, res. <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Peña +y Peña to Murphy, no. 14, Dec. 27, 1845. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, Dec. 29, 31, 1846. +Mora, Papeles Inéditos, 71–3. Gordon, Aberdeen, 183–4. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Mora +to Palmerston, Dec. 15, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Palmerston, memo. in reply to +Mora, Dec. 25, 1847; Jan. 1, 1848, to Mora. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>To Bankhead, nos. +18, May 31, 1845; 15, June 1; 4, Aug. 15, 1846. London <cite>Times</cite>, Sept. +10, 1845; July 15, 1846. For the attitude of England in reference to +California see chap. xvi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#N16.8">note 8</a>.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.22">22.</a> Aberdeen told Murphy about the first of August, 1845, that the +course of England and France in the event of war between Mexico and +the United States would very likely depend upon incidents that might +occur, and gave Murphy the impression that he would like to have the +war take place and prove favorable to Mexico (<a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Murphy, no. 9, +August 1, 1845). Some friction arose between American authorities and +French subjects in California. The United States justly attributed it +to the latter, but took occasion to assure France that we would not +“tolerate” any action on the part of American agents giving “just cause +of complaint” to foreigners inhabiting regions occupied by our troops +(Buchanan, Works, vii, 372).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.23">23.</a> The London <cite>Examiner</cite> of May 15, 1847, said: “Much of the +British goods in depot at the West Indian Islands have been forced into +Mexico through the medium of the new American custom house at Tampico;” +the capture of Vera Cruz will facilitate this operation; “and thus, +instead of quarreling with the Americans in behalf of Mexico, we, or at +least our traders, are quietly sharing with the Americans the profits +of Mexican subjugation.” See, however, chap. xxxiii, p. 263.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.24">24.</a> For this paragraph. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 951. (Broglie) +<a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Bancroft to Polk, Oct. 18, 1847. Howe, Bancroft, ii, 10, 17. +<a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>McLane to Polk (received June 21, 1846). <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a><em>Id..</em>, +no. 69, Aug. 15, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Bancroft, nos. 25, May 3; 46, +Dec. 4, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Pakenham, nos. 102, Aug. 13; 111, Sept. +13, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. 21, July 29, 1847. (Invariably) +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, no. 5, Jan. 13, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Bancroft, Nov. 3, 1846. +Buchanan, Works, vii, 290–2, 366–8, 372–3. <cite>National</cite>, May 1, 1847. +<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Correspondant</cite>, May 1, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src53">53</a>Buchanan to Pageot, July 21, +1847. <cite>Examiner</cite>, May 15, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Murphy, no. 9, Aug. 1, 1845. +See chap. xxx, <a href="#N30.8">note 8</a>. The<a class="pagenum" id="Page_506" title="506"></a> Mexicans expected that the injury done +to neutral commerce by the war would lead foreign nations to help them +(<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 162, 1846). For privateering see vol. ii, pp. +191–3; for the low tariff, see vol. ii, pp. 261–3.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.25">25.</a> Revolutionary movements broke out in Italy (January), France +(February), Germany, and Austria (March). Louis Philippe lost his +throne.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.26">26.</a> For this paragraph. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 4; May +14, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a><em>Id.</em>to Buchanan, Nov. 3, 1847. Howe, Bancroft, +ii, 5. London <cite>Globe</cite>, Aug. 25, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Bancroft, no. 46, Dec. +4, 1847. <cite>National</cite>, Nov. 24, 1845. <cite>Correspondant</cite>, Feb. 1, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>McLane to Polk, Aug. 2, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, +no. 294, res., July 28, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>To Bankhead, no. 15, June 1, +1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Martin, no. 13, May 15, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Boyd, no. 2, +Sept. 3, 1846.</p> + +<p>Peña y Peña (Comunicación Circular) said publicly and distinctly in +1848 that foreign powers signified to Mexico that they regarded the +annexation of Texas as an accomplished fact; and he added that the one +most interested to prevent the aggrandizement of the United States felt +that its economic interests required it to digest in silence its own +grievances rather than compromise those interests by declaring war.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.27">27.</a> Aberdeen said to Murphy that England did not wish to fight the +United States <em>alone</em>, but added that “if France would join her, the +case would be very different”; and he actually requested the French +minister at London to sound Guizot on the subject (<a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Murphy, no. +15, Oct. 1, 1845, muy res.). After another talk Murphy reported to the +same effect: “[Aberdeen] would not mind in the least having a war [with +the United States] if he could drag France along behind him” [<em lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nada +le importaría esa Guerra si pudiese arrastrar tras sí á la Francia</em>] +(<a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>no. 17, Nov. 1, 1845, res.). It is of course possible that +Murphy attached too much seriousness to Aberdeen’s remarks; but the +authorities at Mexico had to take his reports as they stood.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.28">28.</a> Murphy, who seems to have been at this time in the most intimate +relations with Aberdeen, reported (<a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>no. 15, Oct. 1, 1845, +muy res.): France, in accordance with her long-standing disposition +and animosities, “would be capable not only of opposing the views of +Great Britain, but even of going so far as to make common cause with +the United States against her, forcing Louis Philippe to adopt this +extreme course however repugnant it might be to him. It is therefore +not strange that the British minister views with dread anything that +might expose him to war with the United States without securing a +perfect understanding in advance with France, not because he needs the +aid of her physical strength in a conflict with those States, but to +commit her in such a manner that her physical strength would not be +added to that of the enemy, causing perhaps a general conflagration of +incalculable consequences in the world.”</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.29">29.</a> For this paragraph. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 19, +1847. Howe, Bancroft, ii, 5–6. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Boyd, no. 3, Sept. 18, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Murphy, nos. 15, Oct. 1, muy res.; 17, Nov. 1, res., 1845. +<a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Bancroft, Nov. 3, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>King, no. 29, June 30, 1846. +<cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, July 9, 1845; Oct. 6, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Martin, no. +11, Feb. 28, 1847. Dict. Nat. Biog. (article on Peel).</p> + +<p>Dec. 28, 1847, Chargé Thornton was instructed (<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>no. 2) that, +should Mexico propose British mediation, he was merely to say that he +would transmit the proposal to London.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_507" title="507"></a><a class="notenum" id="N35.30">30.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 19, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Martin, nos. +34, Aug. 31, 1846; 13, May 15, 1847. Dix, Speeches, i, 207. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue des +Deux Mondes</cite>, Aug. 1, 1847, 429–31. Washington <cite>Union</cite>, Oct. 6, 1846 +(Paris letter, Sept. 17). (<cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">L’Epoque</cite>) <cite>Niles</cite>, July 25, 1846, p. 336. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>King, no. 29, June 30, 1846. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier des Etats Unis</cite>, July +20, 1846 (résumé of the French press). <a class="noteref" href="#src77">77</a>Mangino, Jan. 29, 1846, +res.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.31">31.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>McLane to Polk (received June 21, 1846). +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a><em>Id..</em>, nos. 50, May 29; 54, 55, June 3, 18, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Bancroft, May 18, 1847. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, Sept. 19; Dec. +21, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Palmerston, memo. of reply to Bankhead’s no. 46, +Apr. 30, 1847; to Mora, May 31, 1847. London <cite>Times</cite>, Sept. 16, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>McLane, May 29, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Bancroft to Polk, May 14; +June 3, 1847; to Greene, Nov. 3, 1847. Howe, Bancroft, ii, 18, 28. +(Anderson) Lawton, Artillery Officer, 232. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Bancroft, no. 25, +May 3, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>King, nos. 28, 29, 31, June 1, 30; July 20, 1846.</p> + +<p>J. F. Ramírez, who saw numerous letters from Europe, concluded by April +3, 1847, that Mexico would receive no aid from that direction (Ramírez, +México, 224–5).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.32">32.</a> (Credit) <a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>McLane to Polk (received June 21, 1846). +(Ranelagh) <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Murphy, Oct. 1, 1845; Mora, Papeles Ineditos, 97. +(Paredes) Buchanan, Works, vii, 411–3; Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 787, 789, +791, 796, 798; <a class="noteref" href="#src47">47</a>Perry to senior British naval officer at V. +Cruz, Aug. 18, 1847, and reply, Aug. 21. <cite>Britannia</cite>, Oct. 17, 1846; +Jan. 3, 23; June 5, 1847.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.33">33.</a> There are three reasons for presenting the newspaper quotations +of this chapter: 1, They form a part of the history; 2, many indicate +that the American task was not considered an easy one; and 3, many +show how the Mexicans were encouraged by the European press. This +encouragement stood constantly in the way of our making peace. It is +well to remember that gibes, quite as offensive, against England could +be found in American journals of that period.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.34">34.</a> <cite>Times</cite>, Oct. 30; Nov. 9, 1846; Jan. 1; Feb. 18; Mar. 15; Apr. +20, 26, 1847. <cite>Britannia</cite>, Feb. 20, 1847. <cite>Examiner</cite>, Dec. 22, 1846.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.35">35.</a> <cite>Times</cite>, May 10, 12, 1847. <cite>Amer. Review</cite>, Mar., 1848, p. 249.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.36">36.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src297">297</a>Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 28, 1848. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, +Nov. 4, 1846; Feb. 22, 1847. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Constitutionnel</cite>, Dec. 18, 1846. <cite>Times</cite>, +Aug. 31, 1846; Jan. 1; May 10; Sept. 30; Nov. 13; Dec. 2, 1847; Jan. +4, 20, 1848. <cite>Chronicle</cite>, Mar. 6; June 1; Sept. 30, 1847. <cite>Britannia</cite>, +Oct. 9, 30; Nov. 13, 1847.</p> + +<p>Some of the French papers also bore heavily upon the operations of +1846. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Journal des Débats</cite> said they had been a failure; that no +foresight, energy or skill had been displayed; that the war had proved +costly and was likely to prove endless. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Le Constitutionnel</cite> thought +our resources might not hold out. But the press of France made no +such exhibition of conscious weakness and humiliation trying to hide +themselves (<a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 28, 1848) as did that of +England.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N35.37">37.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 4, 19; May 14; June 3; Nov. +18, 1847; Jan. 28, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>McLane, no. 50, May 29, 1846. +<a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Boyd, no. 3, Sept. 18, 1846. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Bancroft, no. 25, May 3, +1847. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, Jan. 21; June 1–2, 1846; Oct. 5, 1847; Aug. +15, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>Bancroft, May 18, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>King, nos. 21, +Jan. 1; 29, June 30, 1846. <cite>National</cite>, June 18, 1846. 13To Thornton, +no. 2, Dec. 28, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Mora to Palmerston, Apr. 22; May 26; +Dec. 15, 1847; June 26, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Palmerston to Mora, May 31 (2); +Oct. 7, 1847; June 30, 1848. <cite>Britannia</cite>, Nov. 13, 1847.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_508" title="508"></a>Dr. J. M. L. Mora, beginning in April, 1847, endeavored to secure +British aid in settling the terms and guaranteeing the permanence +of peace, and did not give up until near the end of June, 1848; but +Palmerston would not meddle, and cautioned the representative of +England that, should a request for British mediation be presented to +him, he should simply say the proposition would be transmitted to +London. Dec. 28, 1847, the British Foreign Office wrote to Thornton +(<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>no. 2) that Cuevas had asked England to guarantee the treaty +of peace; that it was highly improbable the United States would join +in making this request; that to guarantee the treaty without a joint +application would be equivalent to a contingent alliance with Mexico +against the United States; and that England was not likely to take that +step in any event.</p> + + +<h3>XXXVI. CONCLUSION</h3> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.1">1.</a> Webster in the Senate, June 24, 1846: “We certainly wished her +[Mexico] success.... We wished her well; and I think now that the +people of the United States have no desire, it would give them, I +think, no pleasure, to do her an injury beyond what is necessary to +maintain their own rights. The people of the United States cannot +wish to crush the republic of Mexico; it cannot be their desire to +break down a neighboring republic; it cannot be their wish to drive +her back again to a monarchical form of government, and to render +her a mere appanage to some one of the thrones of Europe” (Writings, +ix, 158). Crittenden spoke as follows in the Senate, May 11, 1846: +“From the first struggle for liberty in South America and Mexico, it +was the cherished policy of this country to extend to them sympathy, +comfort, and friendship.... They were regarded as a portion of that +great system of republics which were to stand forth in proud contrast +with the Governments of the Old World.... As the head of the republican +system, our policy was to cheer and cherish them, and lead them in the +way to that liberty we had established, and of which we had set the +example ... it was our interest to cherish them, and cultivate their +friendship” (<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 1, p. 788). As it may be thought that +these statements were made for public effect, the following passage +is quoted from resolutions passed by the people of Bloomington (now +Muscatine), Territory of Iowa, June 5, 1846: “Mexico, being a sister +republic, has been looked to by citizens of the United States with +the sincere hope that that country would become an enlightened, free +and liberal nation ... and thereby, become another beacon (as the +United States already is) to the monarchies of the world, to show +them that men are capable of governing themselves, and let them see +the advantages of a free, republican government” (Iowa and War, no. +12). These statements were no doubt fundamentally true despite the +resentment produced by the outrages perpetrated upon Texans and +Americans, etc., which was mainly directed toward official Mexico.</p> + +<p>Senator Hannegan rebuked sentimentality (often feigned for political +reasons) in these words: I cannot “participate in the sympathy which +I have heard invoked in behalf of Mexico as a sister republic. +In the first place the wrongs she has done us, and our citizens +resident within her borders, show no very sisterly affection on her +part; and in the next, I must confess my want of sympathy with any +people where anarchy rules in the name of liberty. Her history is a +libel upon republican government. When human sympathy shall follow +insubordination, misrule,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_509" title="509"></a> and bloodshed, then, but not till then, will +it be properly invoked for Mexico” (<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 2, p. 517, col. +1). <a class="noteref" href="#src354">354</a>Welles papers.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.2">2.</a> London <cite>Times</cite>; Aug. 6, 1847. Webster to Thompson, Apr. 5, 1842: +“Every nation, on being received, at her own request, into the circle +of civilized Governments must understand that ... she binds herself +also to the strict and faithful observance of all those principles, +laws, and usages, which have obtained currency among civilized +States.... No community can be allowed to enjoy the benefit of national +character, in modern times, without submitting to all the duties which +that character imposes” (Ho. 266; 27, 2, p. 32). Mex. Nat. Museum, +Boletín i, no. 9. Ramírez, México, 235. London <cite>Spectator</cite>, Dec. 9, +1911: “When a country can not manage its own affairs, and can not keep +order among its own people, it has already lost its independence.”</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.3">3.</a> This and following paragraphs are of course a very incomplete +summary, which the reader can fill in from the first chapters of this +work. With reference to the annexation of Texas Cass justly said: “The +peace [and prosperity] of the world cannot be put to hazard by the +pertinacious obstinacy of any nation, which holds on to nominal claims, +without the power or the disposition to maintain them” (<cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, +30, 1, app., 425). It was the reasonable opinion of many that if Taylor +had had a strong army, well placed [especially had he been a general +capable of impressing the Mexicans] there would have been no war +(<em>e.g.</em> <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>W. R. King, June 1, 1846; <cite>So. Qrtly. Rev.</cite>, Nov., +1850, 428).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.4">4.</a> Grant, Mems., i, 168–9: “I have seen as brave stands made by some +of these men [Mexican troops] as I have ever seen made by soldiers.” +<a class="noteref" href="#src113">113</a>Beauregard: The Mexicans stood artillery and infantry fire +“fully as well as our own troops,” etc. <cite>Picayune</cite>, Oct. 4, 1846 +(Haile): All admit that the Mexicans handle guns in battery as well as +we could. <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to S., Nov. 2, 1846. The Americans won mostly +with the bayonet. The Mexicans lacked the discipline and the confidence +in themselves, one another and their officers which were necessary +to sustain them against a charge. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Constitutionnel</cite>, Aug. 17, 1847. +Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 443; 489 (Otero). S. Anna, Apelación, +57. <em>Id..</em>, Comunicación Oficial. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>To Ocampo, Dec. 18, 1847 +(the chief cause of our ills is a want of military men possessing a +political conscience). Richtofen, Zustände, 59, 60. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mora, Apr. +14, 23, 1847. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Relaciones</span>, Jan., 1849. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Consideraciones</span>, +7, etc. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 242. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Olaguíbel to Relaciones, Aug. +15, 1847. Puebla <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nacional</cite>, Jan. 19, 1848 (Payno). México á través, +iv, 698–9. Pacheco, Exposición. Ramírez, México, 234–5.</p> + +<p>The Mexican newspapers did much to sap courage. From north to south +there was a chorus of disheartening epithets for the adored <em lang="es" xml:lang="es">patria</em>: +sad, unfortunate, lamentable, ill-starred, suffering, doomed. +The whole diapason of misery filled the air. On all sides echoed +confessions—on one another’s account, of course—of mistakes, blunders +and vices; egotism, cynicism, deceit, selfishness, hypocrisy, rancor, +partisanship, dissension, indifference to the welfare of the nation, +unscrupulous ambition, malfeasance in office, wholesale plundering, +rascality favored by the authorities, personal degeneracy, social +demoralization, military incompetency. Even the orthodox estimate of +the Americans tended the same way. What had become of justice in heaven +and hope on earth when our “infamous,” “incompetent” generals could +triumph again and again, with a handful of barbarians and adventurers, +cowardly, ill-clad, ignorant, debased and undisciplined, over devout +Catholics and valiant patriots? A<a class="pagenum" id="Page_510" title="510"></a> particular fact tended to promote +dissension. There were three groups of states—the north, the centre +and the south; and the first and the third felt that their interests +had always been sacrificed to those of the centre. This paragraph and +most of the other paragraphs of the present chapter are of course to be +read in the light of what has already been said. For this one may refer +to the index.</p> + +<p>Some readers may feel that the author is inconsistent in saying (vol. +i, p. 116) that Mexico wanted the war and here that she was not really +in it; but (1) many persons desire things which they feel unwilling +later to pay for, and (2) the course of the war was very different from +that which Mexico had expected. The nation desired the uprising against +Santa Anna, December, 1844, but was soon dissatisfied with the results +of it.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.5">5.</a> Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 150; Kenly, Md. Vol., 391; Encarnacion +Prisoners, 69; Stevens, Stevens, 145.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.6">6.</a> Balbontín, <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Invasión</span>, 135–6. Scott, Mems., ii, 466. +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Doyle, no. 1, 1848. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Relaciones</span>, Jan., 1849. +Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 242. <a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Bankhead, no. 86, 1847. Sierra, +Evolution, i, 376. <a class="noteref" href="#src76">76</a>Mora, Apr. 28, 1847. <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Repub.</cite>, Nov. +8, 1847. <em>Id..</em>, Nov. 30, 1847 (Uraga). Apuntes, 347. México á través, +iv, 698.</p> + +<p>Judging Santa Anna one must allow for the facts that his subordinates +were incompetent, and that neither he nor they had known what real +armies and real wars were. But this condition of things was far more +due to him than to any other person. It should be remembered, too, +that while the Americans had numbers against them, they possessed the +advantage of the offensive. But this, again, was very largely the fault +of Santa Anna.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.7">7.</a> (Kendall) Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Mar. 1, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src257">257</a>C. to F. Markoe, +Jan. 3, 1847. Our commanders never had enough troops to garner the +fruits of victory. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Scott to Marcy, Jan. 16, 1847, priv.: “For +God’s sake give me a reinforcement of 12,000 regulars, at the least, +for a sure and uninterrupted march from Vera Cruz upon the city of +Mexico.” Upton, Military Policy, 215: If Scott had had 15,000 regulars +after Cerro Gordo he could have taken Mexico City. If troops, vessels, +etc. had been supplied promptly, there would have been no battle of +Cerro Gordo (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 908).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.8">8.</a> Scribner, Campaign, 21.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.9">9.</a> Polk’s Diary contains ample evidence regarding the character +of his administration; <em>e.g.</em> May 16, 19; June 23–4; Aug. 18; Sept. +22, 24, 1846; Aug. 19, 23; Nov. 10–1, 1847; Jan. 24, 1848. (Period) +Lalor, Cyclopædia, iii, 864. As Taussig says (Tariff Hist., 122), +our prosperity from 1846 to 1860 should not be attributed solely to +the tariff of 1846. London <cite>Examiner</cite>, Jan. 2, 1847 (“Polk has been +the greatest of American conquerors, the most successful of American +diplomatists,” and yet his recent Message does not boast). Curtis, +Buchanan, ii, 72. Schouler, Hist. Briefs, 138 (Dallas said of Polk: “He +left nothing unfinished; what he attempted he did”).</p> + +<p>Our problem was hard. The report of the quartermaster general, Nov. +24, 1847, said that our nearest dépôts were farther from the source of +supply than Algiers from Marseilles, yet we had accomplished more in +a few months at the beginning of the war than France had accomplished +in Africa in seventeen years (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 549). Polk’s relations +with Pillow offer a curious problem in psychology and in morals; but +one sees from his diary how deeply Buchanan’s cleverness impressed his +plodding<a class="pagenum" id="Page_511" title="511"></a> mind, and a person like Polk, with more taste than talent for +subtlety, was naturally fascinated by Pillow’s readiness and cunning. +Besides, he was much indebted to Pillow. His treatment of Scott is +another problem. Perhaps he felt that as President he was above the +ordinary requirements of fair dealing, and certainly he was intensely +partisan.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.10">10.</a> Jomini, Précis, i, 143. Grant, Mems., i, 100. Greene, Army Life, +142 (Napoleon). <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>W. B. to D. Campbell, Nov. 2, 1846.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.11">11.</a> <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, Jan., 1851, p. 31. Polk, Diary, Nov. 21, +1846; Mar. 28; May 6, 1847, etc. Garrison, Extension, 242. Henderson, +Science of War, 14. <a class="noteref" href="#src139">139</a>W. B. to D. Campbell, Mar. 20, 1847. +<cite>Amer. Hist. Review</cite>, Apr., 1919, 446, 454–6, 462 (Marcy).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.12">12.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>J. Parrott to Marcy, Apr. 19, 1847, private. Lawton, +Artill. Officer, 246. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 187. Grone, Briefe, 80 +(punctuation modified). Semmes, Service, 378. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1255 +(Jesup). (Shackle) Hitchcock in <cite>Mo. Republican</cite>, Nov. 3, 1857. +<a class="noteref" href="#src113">113</a>Beauregard, remins. Hamley, Operations, 20. Sen. 65; 30, 1, +p. 465 (Lee).</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.13">13.</a> <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Trist to Mrs. T., Oct. 18, 1847. <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a><em>Id.</em>, +Notes for letter to Ho. of Repres. Lawton, Artill. Off., 151, 246. Sen. +52; 30, 1, pp. 190–1. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Trist, Aug. 14, 1847. Sen. 65; 30, 1, +p. 465 (Lee). Hitchcock in semi-weekly N. Y. <cite>Courier and Enquirer</cite>, +Mar. 1, 1847. <em>Id.</em> in <cite>Republic</cite>, Feb. 15, 1851 (<em>re</em> a Mexican book). +Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1255 (Jesup). Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 635 (after +Mexico was captured, Scott became “the most sincere and powerful of the +friends of peace”). <cite>So. Qtrly. Rev.</cite>, xviii, 428.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.14">14.</a> Lawton, Artill. Off., 151. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 190. <cite>Picayune</cite>, +Oct. 22, 1847. Grant, Mems., i, 139. <a class="noteref" href="#src253">253</a>Harvey to McLean, June +13, 1847.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.15">15.</a> The earlier statements issued by our government were in many +instances incorrect. The figures of the text are from the adj. gen.’s +report of Dec. 3, 1849 (Ho. 24; 31, 1). They may be given more +precisely as follows. I. <span class="smcap">Regulars.</span> Apr., 1846, 7224 in all. On +the Texas frontier, May, 1846, 3554 present and absent. 27,470 (15,736 +of “the old establishment,” 11,186 of the new regiments, and 548 +Marines), including recruits, joined the army in Mexico. The total in +the service up to and including July 5, 1848, was about 31,024 (35,009 +were recruited from May 1, 1846, and 32,190 of these were put <em lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">en +route</em>; but some died or were killed in Mexico before becoming attached +to a regiment, and some cannot be accounted for). <em>Losses.</em> <em>A</em>: Old +establishment. Discharged on expiration of term, 1561; for disability, +1782; by order or by civil authority, 373; total, 3716. Killed in +battle, 41 offs.—422 men; died of wounds, 22—307, respectively; +ordinary deaths, 49—2574; accidental deaths, 5—134; total deaths, +117—3437. Wounded in battle, 118—1685. Resignations, 37. Desertions, +2247. <em>B</em>: New regiments. Discharged on expiration of term, 12; for +disability, 767; by order or by civil authority, 114. Killed in battle, +5 offs.—62 men; died of wounds, 5—71; ordinary deaths, 36—2055; +accidental deaths, 0—30; total deaths, 46—2218. Wounded in battle, +36—236. Resignations, 92. Desertions, 602. <em>C</em>: Marines serving with +the army. Killed in battle, 1—5; died of wounds, 0—3; ordinary +deaths, 3—33; total, 4—41. II. <span class="smcap">Volunteers.</span> Mustered in, +May, 1846, and later (16,887 mounted; 1129 artillery; 55,244 infantry) +73,260, including 3131 commissioned officers. Of this number 14,448 +(3-months and 6-months men; two regiments of 12-months men from Ohio +and Missouri; one Iowa company) did<a class="pagenum" id="Page_512" title="512"></a> not serve. Total serving, 58,812. +Discharged before the end of their term, 9169, including 7200 for +disability. Killed in battle and died of wounds, 607; ordinary deaths, +6216; accidental, 192; total, 7015. Wounded, about 1340. Resignations, +279. Desertions, 3876. The number of ordinary deaths and discharges for +disability was probably still larger, for the returns were incomplete. +Some “ordinary” deaths probably resulted from wounds. July, 1848, there +were (officers included) 24,033 regulars and 23,117 volunteers. Nearly +all official figures of casualties are approximate. (Discrepancies +exist in the accounts) + +One may consult also: Ho. 42, 48; 29, 2. Sen. 36; 30, 1. <cite>Ohio Arch. +and Hist. Qtrly.</cite>, 1912, p. 280. Ill. State Hist. Soc. Trans., 1912, p. +17 (W. E. Dodd). Lawton, Artill. Off., 317. Sen. 4; 29, 2. <cite>Picayune</cite>, +Nov. 4, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1114. <a class="noteref" href="#src117">117</a>R. Jones to Mayer, +Feb. 8, 1849. Brackett, Lane’s Brigade, 131, 292. Claiborne, Quitman, +ii, app., 311. Semmes, Service, 472. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>R. Jones to Cass, Mar. +9, 1848. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 45, 3, pp. 1627–8 (Shields). <cite>U. S. Army and +Navy Journal</cite>, Apr. 25, 1885, p. 787. <a class="noteref" href="#src288">288</a>Naylor, Alphab. list of +American prisoners (1063 in all). Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 56. Mich. Pioneer +Soc. Colls., vi, 20. Rowland, Register, 412. <a class="noteref" href="#src61">61</a>Wool to Jones, +Jan. 7, 1848.</p> + +<p>One of the principal histories of the war gives the deaths resulting +from battle as 5101, and the total number as “not less” than 25,000! +Many men afflicted with chronic diseases enlisted in the hope of +deriving benefit from the climate of Mexico, but died there. Many came +home bringing the germs of disease or with enfeebled constitutions.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.16">16.</a> (New regiments) <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to S., Sept. 5, 1846. (Invalids) +<a class="noteref" href="#src291">291</a>Smith to Pierce, Feb. 2, 1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src254">254</a>McClellan, diary, +Dec. 5, 1846; Meade, Letters, i, 161–2. (Waste) Meade, Letters, i, +161–2. (Arms) <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Scott to Marcy, Jan. 16, 1847, private. +(Undisciplined) <a class="noteref" href="#src221">221</a>Hill, diary; <a class="noteref" href="#src95">95</a>report of comtee., +Jan. 4, 1848; Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 336 (Taylor); <a class="noteref" href="#src327">327</a>Sutherland to +father, Aug. —, 1847; Scott, <em>supra.</em> (Close) Hitchcock, Fifty Years, +346; Olmsted, Journey, 463. (One) <a class="noteref" href="#src280">280</a>Nunelee, diary. (Another) +Oswandel, Notes, 476. (Officer) <a class="noteref" href="#src146">146</a>Caswell, diary. (N. Car.) +Greensborough (N. C.) <cite>Morning Post</cite>, Apr. 5, 1903. (Braver) Grant, +Mems., i, 167–8. (Unreliable) Balbontín, Invasión, 75; Smith, To +Mexico, 151. (Imperilled) Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 336, 1178 (Taylor); 1049 +(Scott); Scott, Mems., ii, 540. <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 6, +1847. (Stimulated) <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 35, 1, pp. 971–2 (Quitman); Stevens, +Campaigns, 12; <a class="noteref" href="#src152">152</a>Claiborne, mems.</p> + +<p>To suppose, as many appear to do, that the only business in war is to +fight, is as if one should think that in railroading the only work +is to run the trains. The following from Scott’s <a class="noteref" href="#src256">256</a>letter to +Marcy, Jan. 16, 1847, is pertinent: “A regiment of regulars, in fifteen +minutes from the evening halt, will have tents pitched and trenched +around, besides straw, leaves or bushes for dry sleeping; arms and +ammunition well secured and in order for any night attack; fires made, +kettles boiling, in order to wholesome cooking; all the men dried, or +warmed, and at their comfortable supper, merry as crickets, before the +end of the first hour.... Volunteers neglect all those points; eat +their <em>salt</em> meat raw (if they have saved any at all) or, worse than +raw, <em>fried</em>—death to any Christian man the fifth day; lose or waste +their clothing; lie down wet, or on wet ground—fatal to health, and, +in a short time, to life; leave arms and ammunition exposed to rain and +dews; hence both generally useless and soon lost, and certainly hardly +ever worth a cent in battle,” etc., etc. So in the field<a class="pagenum" id="Page_513" title="513"></a> “the want +of the <em>touch of the elbow</em> (which cannot be acquired with the best +instructors in many months); the want of the sure step in advancing, +falling back and wheeling; ... the want of <em>military</em> confidence in +each other, and, above all, the want of reciprocal confidence between +officers and men” cause frightful losses.</p> + +<p>McClellan wrote in his <a class="noteref" href="#src254">254</a>diary: “I have seen more suffering +since I came out here than I could have imagined to exist—it is really +awful—I allude to the sufferings of the Volunteers. They literally die +like dogs—were it all known in the States, ... all would be willing +to have so large a regular army that we could dispense entirely with +the Volunteer system.” Trist stated in a <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>letter to the N. +Y. <cite>Tribune</cite>, July 14, 1853, that the volunteer system was a debasing +humbug, because the generals, aiming at political success, posed as +great commanders with no basis except the courage of their men and +the skill of their (regular) aides. Worth said that the intelligent +volunteers ridiculed the system, except for home defence, more than the +regulars did (<a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>to Capt. S., Nov. 2, 1846).</p> + +<p>Webster said the advantage of the volunteer service was that it was +generous and patriotic, entered into mostly to gain distinction, and +because it gave men what they liked—an opportunity to bear arms +under officers chosen by themselves (Webster, Letters, 347); but one +sees at once that these views came far short of covering the case +practically. That very ambition to win distinction, for example, made +them dissatisfied and insubordinate when expected to do the ordinary +work of soldiering (<a class="noteref" href="#src169">169</a>Taylor to Crittenden, Jan. 26, 1847); +and volunteer officers like Pillow did not compare with regulars like +Scott and Taylor in kindness toward the men. The battle of Buena Vista +was popularly supposed to have proved the efficiency of volunteers, +but failed to do so (see <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_384">chap. xx</a>; <a class="noteref" href="#src316">316</a>Bragg to Sherman, Mar. 1, +1848; <a class="noteref" href="#src330">330</a>Taylor to brother, Mar. 27, 1847; Zirckel, Tagebuch, +9), though they had had a sufficiently long training (Upton, Military +Policy, 209). The Marquis de Radepont, who accompanied Scott’s army to +observe its operations, was particularly astonished that the General +had so little control over the volunteers, a state of things that more +than once endangered all, he said. Scott, Taylor, Worth, Twiggs, Wool, +Quitman, Smith and Shields were not West Pointers, but the first five +were professionals. Some of the volunteer officers, who had been in +business, surpassed the regulars in such work as transportation.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.17">17.</a> (Tilden) <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 1, p. 543. (Aristocrats) N. Y. +<cite>Herald</cite>, June 20, 1846. (Steadied vols.) Stevens, Camps., 12; +Ruxton, Adventures (1847), 178; Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 346. (Reg. +offs.) Grant, Mems., i, 168; <a class="noteref" href="#src364">364</a>Worth to S., Sept. 5, 1846; +<a class="noteref" href="#src13">13</a>Crampton, no. 17, 1848; Collins, diary, Jan. 29, 1847; Lawton, +Art. Off., 276. (Took care) <a class="noteref" href="#src254">254</a>McClellan, diary, Dec. 5, 1846; +<a class="noteref" href="#src148">148</a>Chamberlain, recolls. (Science) Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 310; +Cullum, Biog. Register, i, p. xi.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.18">18.</a> Grone, Briefe, 83. <cite>Commerc. Review of S. and W.</cite>, Dec, 1846, +426–30 (Poinsett). Grant, Mems., i, 143. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 332 +(Smith). <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Observador Zacatecano</cite>, Dec. 27, 1846, supplem. (Requena). +Owing probably to the exigencies of the case the engineers were given +a somewhat exaggerated importance. Some of their officers were not +experts; were perhaps hardly more than engineers by commission. And +engineers were frequently employed to do reconnaissance work that was +more properly the function of infantry patrols.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.19">19.</a> <cite>Commerc. Rev.</cite>: note 18. Grone, Briefe, 70, 81. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Revue des Deux +Mondes</cite>, Aug. 1, 1847, 385. <a class="noteref" href="#src73">73</a>Bermúdez de Castro, no. 517, 1847.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_514" title="514"></a><a class="notenum" id="N36.20">20.</a> (Immigrants) Ho. 38; 30, 2. <a class="noteref" href="#src278">278</a>Niehenke, statement. +<a class="noteref" href="#src136">136</a>Butterfield, recolls. Grone, Briefe, 84. <cite>Metrop. Mag.</cite>, +Jan., 1908. (1000) Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 431. (600) Hitchcock, Fifty Years, +293. (6000) Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 384. (Miracle) <a class="noteref" href="#src358">358</a>Williams to +father, Oct. 1, 1847. <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, Aug. 15, 1848.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.21">21.</a> (Legally) <a class="noteref" href="#src250">250</a>Lieber to Ruggles, Apr. 23, 1847. Curtis, +Buchanan, i, 609. <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 2, app., 125. (Welfare) London +<cite>Athenæum</cite>, Sept. 13, 1845. (Right of way) Von Holst, U. S., iii, 272; +London <cite>Atlas</cite>, May 18, 1844.</p> + +<p>We are now trying to outgrow the old view of war and the analogous view +of commercial and industrial competition, but in 1846 these had not +become practical issues. This paragraph is to be understood in a broad, +large way, of course. The London <cite>Chronicle</cite> said: In our colonies +we fine owners who in a certain number of years do not develop their +lands, and this fine is preparatory to ejectment; “The Americans have +acted on this principle after a kind of public lynch-law” (Aug. 13, +1845). (Its direct reference was to the annexation of Texas, but the +principle applied to the war with Mexico.) Rives argues that the war +was “begun for the purpose of acquiring territory” in payment of our +claims, and that therefore its morality was questionable (U. S. and +Mexico, ii, 657–8). But (1) the territory was wanted in payment of what +was justly due us, and therefore we could rightfully collect, and that +Mexico could pay us only in land was not our fault; (2) the war was not +entered into by us for the purpose of obtaining territory; and (3) it +was not “begun” by the United States.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.22">22.</a> (Humboldt) <a class="noteref" href="#src181">181</a>Donelson to Buchanan, Sept. 18, 1846. +Royce, Calif., 51. Lieber: <a href="#N36.21">note 21</a>. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 269–72. +(Nation) Chap. vi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#N6.11">note 11</a>; <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 2, p. 387 (Giles); +Polk, Diary, Dec. 19, 1846; Jan. 23, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src1">1</a>Senator Allen in +secret session, Aug. 6, 1846; Curtis, Buchanan, i, 609; Howe, Bancroft, +i, 286. <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, June 15, 1849 (Dallas). Welles, Study. (Bryce) +This quotation is taken from a writer of good standing. The present +author has not been able to find the passage, but presumes it was +correctly quoted. Davis, Autobiog., 291–2.</p> + +<p>July 6, 1848, Polk informed Congress that we had more than 700 whaling +ships in the Pacific, representing not less than $40,000,000, and +employing fully 20,000 seamen, and that owing to the acquisition of +California we were less than thirty days from Canton. These facts +explain how important that acquisition was, and how serious it would +have seemed to let a European power make it.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.23">23.</a> Ramírez, México, 319. <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria de ... Relaciones</span>, Jan., 1849, +p. 8. (Obstacle) Vol. ii, p. 234. (Invited) Scott, Mems., ii, 581–2. +(Trist) <a class="noteref" href="#src335">335</a>Thornton to Trist, May 26, 1848. <a class="noteref" href="#src52">52</a>Walsh, Nov. +10, 1848. (Europe) J. H. Smith in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceeds., June, +1914, p. 462; Howe, Bancroft, ii, 5; <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a>Bancroft to Greene, +Nov. 3, 1847; <a class="noteref" href="#src108">108</a><em>Id.</em>to Polk, Jan. 19, 1847; Bennett, Mems., +386. (Harmony) Richardson, Messages, iv, 587, 631; <a class="noteref" href="#src132">132</a>McLane to +Buchanan, June 18, 1846; Wash. <cite>Union</cite>, Nov. 3, 1846; N. Y. <cite>Herald</cite>, +July 25, 1846; <cite>Cong. Globe</cite>, 29, 2, app., 125.</p> + +<p>The war helped to save Mexican nationality because (1) it was to some +extent a national issue; (2) it cut off the parts most likely to set +the example of secession; (3) contact with the Americans convinced +the people of Tamaulipas, N. León, etc., that they could not hold +their own in compe<a class="pagenum" id="Page_515" title="515"></a>tition with our citizens; (4) the Mexicans received +a stern lesson in political wisdom, which was taken to heart for a +time, and had some permanent effect; and (5) the money that we paid +strengthened the Mexican government. The war helped the liberals, for +it demonstrated our superiority.</p> + +<p><a class="notenum" id="N36.24">24.</a> Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 635. Ceballos, Capítulos, 123. London +<cite>Times</cite>, Nov. 13, 1847. Lee, Gen. Lee, 43. Parker, Sermon. <cite>Cong. +Globe</cite>, 30, 1, p. 499. Webster, Writings, x, 9. For Scott’s treatment +of prisoners see, <em>e.g.</em>, Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1055–9.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a class="pagenum" id="Page_517" title="517"></a>APPENDIX—THE SOURCES</h2> + + +<h3>A. MANUSCRIPT AND PERSONAL SOURCES</h3> + +<p>As a number of the owners or holders of MSS. (whose names are preceded +below by colons) did not desire to receive applications for the use of +their papers, it has been thought best to omit all addresses.</p> + +<p>Some documents belonging to large collections are, for convenience of +citation, listed separately. A few verbal statements (so described) are +included.</p> + +<p>The numbers preceding collections, etc., correspond to numbers +preceding citations of MS. documents in the notes.</p> + +<div class="hang_source"> +<p>Allen, William. <a id="src1" /><b>1</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Allred, R. N. <a id="src2" /><b>2</b>Recollections: R. R. Allred, Esq.</p> + +<p>Alvarado, J. B. <a id="src3" /><b>3</b>Hist. de California: Bancroft Coll., Univ. + of California.</p> + +<p>Amador, J. M. <a id="src4" /><b>4</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memorias sobre la Hist. de California</span>: + Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Anaya, P. M. <a id="src5" /><b>5</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memoria: Señ. Lic. D. Genaro García.</span></p> + +<p>Anderson, Robert. <a id="src6" /><b>6</b>Papers: Mrs. James M. Lawton.</p> + +<p>Anderson, W. E. <a id="src7" /><b>7</b>Document.</p> + +<p>Anonymous. <a id="src8" /><b>8</b>Soldier’s Diary sent anonymously to the author.</p> + +<p>Antrim, Jay. <a id="src9" /><b>9</b>Sketches: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Aram, Joseph. <a id="src10" /><b>10</b>Narrative: Mrs. Grace Aram.</p> + +<p>Archives of France. <a id="src11" /><b>11</b>Dépt. des Affaires Etrangères, Paris.</p> + +<p>Archives of Great Britain. <a id="src12" /><b>12</b>Admiralty Papers; + <a id="src13" /><b>13</b>Foreign Office Papers: Public Record Office, London.</p> + +<p>Archives of States. <a id="src14" /><b>14</b>Alabama, <a id="src15" /><b>15</b>Arkansas, + <a id="src16" /><b>16</b>Connecticut, <a id="src17" /><b>17</b>Delaware, <a id="src18" /><b>18</b>Georgia, + <a id="src19" /><b>19</b>Florida, <a id="src20" /><b>20</b>Illinois, <a id="src21" /><b>21</b>Indiana, + <a id="src22" /><b>22</b>Iowa, <a id="src23" /><b>23</b>Kentucky, <a id="src24" /><b>24</b>Louisiana, + <a id="src25" /><b>25</b>Maine, <a id="src26" /><b>26</b>Maryland, <a id="src27" /><b>27</b>Massachusetts, + <a id="src28" /><b>28</b>Michigan, <a id="src29" /><b>29</b>Mississippi, <a id="src30" /><b>30</b>Missouri, + <a id="src31" /><b>31</b>New Hampshire, <a id="src32" /><b>32</b>New Jersey, <a id="src33" /><b>33</b>New + York, <a id="src34" /><b>34</b>North Carolina, <a id="src35" /><b>35</b>Ohio, + <a id="src36" /><b>36</b>Pennsylvania, <a id="src37" /><b>37</b>Rhode Island, <a id="src38" /><b>38</b>South + Carolina, <a id="src39" /><b>39</b>Tennessee, <a id="src40" /><b>40</b>Texas, + <a id="src41" /><b>41</b>Vermont, <a id="src42" /><b>42</b>Virginia, <a id="src43" /><b>43</b>Wisconsin.</p> + +<p>Archives of the <a id="src44" /><b>44</b>U. S. Embassy at Mexico.</p> + + +<p>Archives of the <a id="src45" /><b>45</b>U. S. Legation in Texas: State Dept., + Washington.</p> + +<p>Archives of U. S. Navy Dept. <a id="src46" /><b>46</b>Captain’s Letters; + <a id="src47" /><b>47</b>Squadron Letters; <a id="src48" /><b>48</b>Confidential Letter Books; + <a id="src49" /><b>49</b>Orders; <a id="src50" /><b>50</b>Executive Letters; <a id="src51" /><b>51</b>Marine + Corps.</p> + +<p>Archives of U. S. State Dept. <a id="src52" /><b>52</b>Correspondence (and + enclosures) with diplomatic and consular agents in + Mexico, Great Britain, France, Spain, Prussia and Texas; + <a id="src53" /><b>53</b>Notes to and from the legations of those countries; + <a id="src54" /><b>54</b>Report Books; <a id="src55" /><b>55</b>Confidential Report + Books; <a id="src56" /><b>56</b>Special<a class="pagenum" id="Page_518" title="518"></a> Missions and Correspondence with + confidential agents in Mexico, Texas and California; + <a id="src57" /><b>57</b>Domestic Letter Books; <a id="src58" /><b>58</b>Miscellaneous Letters + and Replies; <a id="src59" /><b>59</b>Circulars issued to diplomatic and + consular agents. See also Claims Commission.</p> + +<p>Archives of U. S. War Dept. <a id="src60" /><b>60</b>Secretary of War’s files; + <a id="src61" /><b>61</b>Adjutant General’s files; <a id="src62" /><b>62</b>Quartermaster + General’s files; <a id="src63" /><b>63</b>Military Book; <a id="src64" /><b>64</b>Adjutant + General, Miscellany; <a id="src65" /><b>65</b>Orders; <a id="src66" /><b>66</b>Engineer’s + office; <a id="src67" /><b>67</b>Bureau of Topog. Engineers; <a id="src68" /><b>68</b>Judge + Advocate General’s office, courts martial, courts of inquiry; + <a id="src69" /><b>69</b>Discontinued Commands, etc.</p> + +<p><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Archivo <b>69a</b>del Distrito Federal, Mexico.</span></p> + +<p>Archivo <a id="src70" /><b>70</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">General y Público (particularly “Guerra”), Mexico.</span></p> + +<p>Archivo <a id="src71" /><b>71</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Histórico-Nacional, Madrid.</span></p> + +<p>Archivo <a id="src72" /><b>72</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nacional de Cuba.</span></p> + +<p>Archivo <a id="src73" /><b>73</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Particular del Ministerio de Estado, Madrid.</span></p> + +<p>Archivos (<em>National</em>) de <a id="src74" /><b>74</b>Fomento (Maps); + <a id="src75" /><b>75</b>Gobernación (formerly called <span lang="es" xml:lang="es">“Relaciones + Interiores”</span>); <a id="src75a" /><b>75a</b>Hacienda; <a id="src76" /><b>76</b>Guerra y Marina; + <a id="src77" /><b>77</b>Relaciones (i.e., Exteriores). At Mexico City.</p> + +<p>Archivos (<em>State</em>) de <a id="src78" /><b>78</b>Coahuila, <a id="src79" /><b>79</b>Jalisco, + <a id="src80" /><b>80</b>México, <a id="src81" /><b>81</b>Nuevo León, <a id="src82" /><b>82</b>Puebla, + <a id="src83" /><b>83</b>Querétaro, <a id="src84" /><b>84</b>San Luis Potosí, + <a id="src85" /><b>85</b>Tamaulipas, <a id="src86" /><b>86</b>Vera Cruz, <a id="src87" /><b>87</b>Zacatecas. + At the state capitals.</p> + +<p>Archivos (<em>Municipal</em>) de <a id="src88" /><b>88</b>Córdoba, <a id="src89" /><b>89</b>Guadalajara, + <a id="src90" /><b>90</b>Jalapa, <a id="src91" /><b>91</b>Matamoros, <a id="src92" /><b>92</b>Mexico, + <a id="src93" /><b>93</b>Monterey, <a id="src94" /><b>94</b>Orizaba, <a id="src95" /><b>95</b>Puebla, + <a id="src96" /><b>96</b>Querétaro, <a id="src97" /><b>97</b>Saltillo, <a id="src98" /><b>98</b>San + Luis Potosí, <a id="src99" /><b>99</b>Tampico, <a id="src100" /><b>100</b>Vera Cruz, + <a id="src101" /><b>101</b>Victoria, <a id="src102" /><b>102</b>Zacatecas.</p> + +<p>Avila, Juan. <a id="src103" /><b>103</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Notas Californianas</span>: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Ayer <a id="src104" /><b>104</b>Collection: Newberry Library, Chicago.</p> + +<p>Baldridge, William. <a id="src105" /><b>105</b>The Days of 1846: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Bancroft <a id="src106" /><b>106</b>Collection: Univ. of California.</p> + +<p>Bancroft <a id="src107" /><b>107</b>Papers: New York City Public Library.</p> + +<p>Bancroft, George. <a id="src108" /><b>108</b>Papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Bandini, Juan. <a id="src109" /><b>109</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Documentos para la Hist. de California</span>: + Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Barbour, H. H. <a id="src110" /><b>110</b>Diary: Mrs. Barbour.</p> + +<p>Beauregard, P. G. T. <a id="src111" /><b>111</b>Papers: C. S. Hook, Esq.</p> + +<p>Beauregard, P. G. T. <a id="src112" /><b>112</b>Papers: Justin H. Smith.</p> + +<p>Beauregard, P. G. T. <a id="src113" /><b>113</b>Reminiscences (done by him from + diary and notes): Claiborne papers, Mississippi Dept. of Hist.</p> + +<p>Beeler, Louis F. <a id="src114" /><b>114</b>Recollections.</p> + +<p>Belden, Josiah. <a id="src115" /><b>115</b>Statement: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Bell, A. N. <a id="src116" /><b>116</b>Document.</p> + +<p>Benjamin, W. R. <a id="src117" /><b>117</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Berlandier, Luis. <a id="src118" /><b>118</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Bevan, William. <a id="src119" /><b>119</b>Statement.</p> + +<p>Biddle, James. <a id="src120" /><b>120</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Biddle, Charles J. <a id="src121" /><b>121</b>Papers: Charles Biddle, Esq.</p> + +<p>Bidwell, John. <a id="src122" /><b>122</b>California, 1841–8: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Bidwell, John. <a id="src123" /><b>123</b>Statement: Harvard Univ. Library.</p> + +<p>Blocklenger, Benjamin. <a id="src124" /><b>124</b>Letter.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_519" title="519"></a>Bonham, Milledge L. <a id="src125" /><b>125</b>Letters: Dr. Milledge Lake Bonham, + III.</p> + +<p>Botello, Narciso. <a id="src126" /><b>126</b>Anales del Sur de la California: + Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Boyle, John. <a id="src127" /><b>127</b>Letter: Miss Esmeralda Boyle.</p> + +<p>Brackett, A. G. <a id="src128" /><b>128</b>Diary: Mrs. Brackett.</p> + +<p>Breckenridge, Robert J. <a id="src129" /><b>129</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Brichta, A. C. <a id="src130" /><b>130</b>Letter: belonging to the family.</p> + +<p>Brindle, William. <a id="src131" /><b>131</b>Statement: J. D. Parrish, Esq.</p> + +<p>Buchanan, James. <a id="src132" /><b>132</b>Papers: Pennsylvania Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Buck, Dr. Solon J. <a id="src133" /><b>133</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Burton, C. M. <a id="src134" /><b>134</b>Collection, Public Library, Detroit.</p> + +<p>Butler, Anthony. <a id="src135" /><b>135</b>Papers: Univ. of Texas.</p> + +<p>Butterfield, James. <a id="src136" /><b>136</b>Recollections.</p> + +<p>Calhoun, John C. <a id="src137" /><b>137</b>Papers: Clemson Coll.</p> + +<p>Calhoun, John C. <b>137a</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Campbell, William B. <a id="src138" /><b>138</b>Letters: John DeWitt, Esq.</p> + +<p>Campbell, William B. (and David). <a id="src139" /><b>139</b>Papers: Lemuel R. + Campbell, Esq.; Mrs. James S. Pilcher.</p> + +<p>Cantwell, John L. P. <a id="src140" /><b>140</b>Letter: Miss Jessica R. Smith.</p> + +<p>Carson, J. C. <a id="src141" /><b>141</b>Statement: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Carson, J. H. <a id="src142" /><b>142</b>Gold Mines of 1848: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Cary, T. G. <a id="src143" /><b>143</b>California Papers: Boston Public Library.</p> + +<p>Cassidy, P. A. <a id="src144" /><b>144</b>Recollections.</p> + +<p>Castro, Manuel. <a id="src145" /><b>145</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Documentos para la Hist. de California</span>: + Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Caswell, William R. <a id="src146" /><b>146</b>Diary and Letters: Massachusetts + Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Chamberlain, S. E. <a id="src147" /><b>147</b>Diary: loaned by the writer.</p> + +<p>Chamberlain, S. E. <a id="src148" /><b>148</b>Recollections (verbal).</p> + +<p>Chase, Salmon P. <a id="src149" /><b>149</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Cheatham, B. F. <a id="src150" /><b>150</b>Diary and Papers: Mrs. Telfair Hodgson.</p> + +<p>Claiborne, J. F. H. <a id="src151" /><b>151</b>Papers: State of Mississippi, Dept. + of Hist.</p> + +<p>Claiborne, Thomas. <a id="src152" /><b>152</b>Memoirs: belonging to the family.</p> + +<p>Claims Commission of 1849. <a id="src153" /><b>153</b>Book of Awards; <a id="src154" /><b>154</b>Book + of Opinions; <a id="src155" /><b>155</b>Journal: U. S. State Dept.</p> + +<p>Clay, Henry. <a id="src156" /><b>156</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Cobb, Howell. <a id="src157" /><b>157</b>Papers (printed later by the Amer. Hist. + Assoc.): Dr. U. B. Phillips.</p> + +<p>Cobb, Howell. <a id="src158" /><b>158</b>Papers: Dr. R. P. Brooks.</p> + +<p>Collins, Francis. <a id="src159" /><b>159</b>Papers (published later in the Qtrly. + Publication of the Hist. and Philos. Soc. of Ohio, 1915, Nos. + 2–3).</p> + +<p><em>Columbus.</em> <a id="src160" /><b>160</b>Record of Punishments, 1846–7: U. S. Naval + Academy Library.</p> + +<p><em>Congress.</em> <a id="src161" /><b>161</b>Journal of a Cruise, 1846: U. S. Naval + Academy Library.</p> + +<p>Conner, David. <a id="src162" /><b>162</b>Papers: Hon. Franklin D. Roosevelt.</p> + +<p>Conner, David. <a id="src163" /><b>163</b>Papers: P. F. Madigan, Esq.</p> + +<p>Conner, David. <a id="src164" /><b>164</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Conner, David. <a id="src165" /><b>165</b>Papers: Navy Dept. Library.</p> + +<p>Conner, David. <a id="src166" /><b>166</b>Papers: New York City Library.</p> + +<p>Coutts. <a id="src167" /><b>167</b>Diary of a March to California: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_520" title="520"></a></p> + +<p>Crallé, R. K. <a id="src168" /><b>168</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Crittenden, J. J. <a id="src169" /><b>169</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Crooker Family (of South Carolina). <a id="src170" /><b>170</b>Papers: Dr. E. M. + Shealy.</p> + +<p><em>Cyane.</em> <a id="src171" /><b>171</b>Journal of a Cruise; Abstract of Journal: U. S. + Naval Academy Library.</p> + +<p><em>Cyane.</em> <a id="src172" /><b>172</b>Log Book: Library, U. S. Navy Dept.</p> + +<p>Davis, Jefferson. <a id="src173" /><b>173</b>Address: Library of Congress + (reading-room desk).</p> + +<p>Davis, Jefferson. <a id="src174" /><b>174</b>Papers: Confederate Memorial, New + Orleans.</p> + +<p>Davis, Jefferson. <a id="src175" /><b>175</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Davis, Jefferson. <a id="src176" /><b>176</b>Papers: State of Mississippi, Dept. of + Hist.</p> + +<p>Davis, John W. <a id="src177" /><b>177</b>Statement of the Battle of San Pascual: + Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Davis, T. F. <a id="src178" /><b>178</b>Diary: belonging to the family.</p> + +<p>Diario <a id="src179" /><b>179</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Esactísimo de lo ocurrido en México</span>, etc.: + Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Dreer <a id="src180" /><b>180</b>Collection: Pennsylvania Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Donelson, A. J. <a id="src181" /><b>181</b>Papers: Mrs. Wm. A. Donelson (now in the + Library of Congress).</p> + +<p>Dormitzer, Walter. <a id="src182" /><b>182</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Drum, R. C. <a id="src183" /><b>183</b>Recollections (verbal).</p> + +<p>Duke, Moses S. <a id="src184" /><b>184</b>Letters: Miss Winnie V. Lynch.</p> + +<p>Duncan, James. <a id="src185" /><b>185</b>Papers: U. S. Military Academy.</p> + +<p>Duncan, W. L. <a id="src186" /><b>186</b>Notes on Bishop’s Journal: McLean County + (Ill.) Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Eddy <a id="src187" /><b>187</b>Manuscripts: Charles Carroll, Esq.</p> + +<p>Edwards, Marcellus B. <a id="src188" /><b>188</b>Diary: Missouri Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Evans, Mrs. Lucy. <a id="src189" /><b>189</b>Letter: belonging to the family.</p> + +<p>Ewing, J. C. <a id="src190" /><b>190</b>Diary: belonging to the family.</p> + +<p>Fairfield, John. <a id="src191" /><b>191</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Ford <a id="src192" /><b>192</b>Collection: New York City Public Library.</p> + +<p>Foster, R. C. <a id="src193" /><b>193</b>Letters: Mrs. Edward W. Foster.</p> + +<p>Fourth (Mexican) Infantry. <a id="src194" /><b>194</b>Book of Accounts: New York + Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Fowler, W. P. <a id="src195" /><b>195</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Frémont, John C. <a id="src196" /><b>196</b>Statement: Library of Harvard Univ.</p> + +<p>Gaines, E. P. <a id="src197" /><b>197</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Gallatin, Albert. <a id="src198" /><b>198</b>Papers: New York Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>García, Señ. Lic. D. Genaro. <a id="src199" /><b>199</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Gibbes, W. H. <a id="src200" /><b>200</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Gibson, George R. <a id="src201" /><b>201</b>Diary: Missouri Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Giménez, M. M. <a id="src202" /><b>202</b>Papers: Señ. Lic. D. Genaro García.</p> + +<p>Gleason, James. <a id="src203" /><b>203</b>Letter.</p> + +<p>Gouverneur, S. L. <a id="src204" /><b>204</b>Diary: Mrs. Rose Gouverneur Hoes.</p> + +<p>Graham, L. P. <a id="src205" /><b>205</b>Memorandum Book: E. W. McGlenen, Esq.</p> + +<p>Graham, W. A. <a id="src206" /><b>206</b>Papers: A. W. Graham, Esq.</p> + +<p>Griffin, John S. <a id="src207" /><b>207</b>Journal of 1846: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Guadalajara (Public library) <a id="src208" /><b>208</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Guitar, Aldon. <a id="src209" /><b>209</b>Letter.</p> + +<p>Hammond, J. H. <a id="src210" /><b>210</b>Diary and Papers: library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Hardie, James A. <a id="src211" /><b>211</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_521" title="521"></a>Hastings, D. H. <a id="src212" /><b>212</b>Diary: loaned by the writer.</p> + +<p>Hatch, John P. <a id="src213" /><b>213</b>Letters: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Hays, John C., and Caperton, John. <a id="src214" /><b>214</b>Life and Adventures of + John C. Hays: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Heald, Nathan. <a id="src215" /><b>215</b>Papers: Univ. of Wisconsin Library.</p> + +<p>Heiman, A. <a id="src216" /><b>216</b>Services of the First Regt. of Tennessee: + Tennessee Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Henshaw, J. C. <a id="src217" /><b>217</b>Papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Henshaw, J. C. <a id="src218" /><b>218</b>Narrative, prepared by Mrs. Henshaw from + his papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Heráldica <a id="src219" /><b>219</b>del Ejército Mex., etc.: Biblioteca Nacional.</p> + +<p>Higgins, H. H. <a id="src220" /><b>220</b>Plans and letters: Mrs. T. M. Coxe.</p> + +<p>Hill, D. H. <a id="src221" /><b>221</b>Diary: Pres. D. H. Hill.</p> + +<p>Hiney, E. F. <a id="src222" /><b>222</b>Diary.</p> + +<p>Hirschorn, Jacob. <a id="src223" /><b>223</b>Recollections: Justin H. Smith.</p> + +<p>Hitchcock, E. A. <a id="src224" /><b>224</b>Diary and Papers: Mrs. E. A. Hitchcock + (now in the Library of Congress).</p> + +<p>Holt, Joseph. <a id="src225" /><b>225</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Hook, C. S. <a id="src226" /><b>226</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Hoyle, E. D. <a id="src227" /><b>227</b>Recollections.</p> + +<p>Illinois University. <a id="src228" /><b>228</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Indiana State Library <a id="src229" /><b>229</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Itúrbide, Agustín de. <a id="src230" /><b>230</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Jackson, Andrew. <a id="src231" /><b>231</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Jameson, J. Franklin. <a id="src232" /><b>232</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Janssens, Agustín. <a id="src233" /><b>233</b>Documentos para la Hist. de + California: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Johnson, Andrew. <a id="src234" /><b>234</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Jones, Roger. <a id="src235" /><b>235</b>Papers: W. R. Benjamin, Esq.</p> + +<p>Judah, H. M. <a id="src236" /><b>236</b>Diary: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Kearny, S. W. <a id="src237" /><b>237</b>Letter Book: Missouri Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Keating, E. H. <a id="src238" /><b>238</b>Map of Monterey, Mex.: Monterey City Govt.</p> + +<p>Kemper, Jackson. <a id="src239" /><b>239</b>Papers: Univ. of Wisconsin Library.</p> + +<p>Kennerly, W. C. <a id="src240" /><b>240</b>Narrative.</p> + +<p>Kent, James. <a id="src241" /><b>241</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Kingsbury, D. M. <a id="src242" /><b>242</b>Letters to his Mother.</p> + +<p>Kribben, Christian. <a id="src243" /><b>243</b>Home Letters: B. D. Kribben, Esq.</p> + +<p>Lakin, George W. <a id="src244" /><b>244</b>Papers: Univ. of Wisconsin Library.</p> + +<p>Lamar, M. B. <a id="src245" /><b>245</b>Papers: Texas State Library.</p> + +<p>Lane, Joseph. <a id="src246" /><b>246</b>Autobiography: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Larkin, T. O. <a id="src247" /><b>247</b>Papers: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Lasselle, Stanislaus. <a id="src248" /><b>248</b>Papers: Indiana State Library.</p> + +<p>Leese, Jacob P. <a id="src249" /><b>249</b>Bear Flag Papers: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Lieber, Francis. <a id="src250" /><b>250</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Lowry, Robert. <a id="src251" /><b>251</b>Narrative.</p> + +<p>Mackall, W. W. <a id="src252" /><b>252</b>Letters: belonging to the family.</p> + +<p>McLean, John. <a id="src253" /><b>253</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>McClellan, Geo. B. <a id="src254" /><b>254</b>Diary and Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_522" title="522"></a>Mangum, W. P. <a id="src255" /><b>255</b>Papers: A. W. Graham, Esq.</p> + +<p>Marcy, W. L. <a id="src256" /><b>256</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Markoe and Maxcy. <a id="src257" /><b>257</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Marshall, Henry. <a id="src258" /><b>258</b>Recollections: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Maryland Hist. Soc. <a id="src259" /><b>259</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Massachusetts Hist. Soc. <a id="src260" /><b>260</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Mémoires. <a id="src261" /><b>261</b>I, Apparently prepared by the French agent in + Mexico; <b>261a</b>II, <span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Sur les Revolutions du Mexique: Dépt. + des Affaires Etrangères, Paris.</span></p> + +<p>Memorias. <a id="src262" /><b>262</b>Reports issued under this title by Depts. of + the Mexican government (see also “Memorias” under the head + of Books and Pamphlets. A number of the Memorias were not + published—unless in newspapers—but exist in MS. in the + library of the Sría. de Relaciones).</p> + +<p>Mervine, William. <a id="src263" /><b>263</b>Letter Books and Papers: Navy Dept. + Library.</p> + +<p>Mexican Hist. <a id="src264" /><b>264</b>Documents: Museo Nacional, Mexico.</p> + +<p>Miller, N. C. <a id="src265" /><b>265</b>Letter.</p> + +<p>Miller, W. D. <a id="src266" /><b>266</b>Papers: belonging to the family.</p> + +<p>Mississippi Dept. of Hist. <a id="src267" /><b>267</b>Collections (Dr. Dunbar + Rowland, Director).</p> + +<p>Missouri Hist. Soc. <a id="src268" /><b>268</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Molina, Señ. D. Ignacio. <a id="src269" /><b>269</b>Recollections (verbal).</p> + +<p>Moore, H. Judge. <a id="src270" /><b>270</b>Diary.</p> + +<p>Morales, J. B. <a id="src271" /><b>271</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Morgan, George. <a id="src272" /><b>272</b>Memoir of: Col. J. M. Morgan.</p> + +<p>Mullan, James. <a id="src273" /><b>273</b>Diary: belonging to the family.</p> + +<p>Neeld, Peter C. <a id="src274" /><b>274</b>Letter.</p> + +<p>Nelson, T. B., Jr. <a id="src275" /><b>275</b>Letter: Mrs. Annie J. Holland.</p> + +<p>Neville, Harvey. <a id="src276" /><b>276</b>Diary: Chicago Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>New York Hist. Soc. <a id="src277" /><b>277</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Niehenke, R. <a id="src278" /><b>278</b>Statement.</p> + +<p>Notes. <a id="src279" /><b>279</b><span lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Sur les Possessions Espagnoles en Amérique: Dépt. + des Affaires Etrangères, Paris</span>.</p> + +<p>Nunelee, S. F. <a id="src280" /><b>280</b>Diary: James Howell Nunelee, Esq.</p> + +<p>O’Keefe, Michael. <a id="src281" /><b>281</b>Statement: Justin H. Smith.</p> + +<p>Olivera, Agustín. <a id="src282" /><b>282</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Documentos para la Hist. de California</span>: + Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Orders (General and Special). <a id="src283" /><b>283</b>Army of the North under + Mejía, Ampudia and Arista: New York Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Otero, M. <a id="src284" /><b>284</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Comunicación que sobre las Negoc. Diplom.</span>, + etc.: Yale Univ. Library.</p> + +<p>Paredes y Arrillaga, Mariano. <a id="src285" /><b>285</b>Papers: Señ. Lic. D. Genaro + García.</p> + +<p>Parker, James. <a id="src286" /><b>286</b>Statement.</p> + +<p>Parrish, P. C. <a id="src287" /><b>287</b>Diary.</p> + +<p>Pennsylvania Hist. Soc. <a id="src288" /><b>288</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Pérez de Acal. <a id="src289" /><b>289</b>Papers: Guadalajara Public Library.</p> + +<p>Pico, Pio (<cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Familia Pico</cite>). <a id="src290" /><b>290</b>Documentos para la Hist. de + California: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Pierce, Franklin. <a id="src291" /><b>291</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_523" title="523"></a>Pillow, Gideon J. <a id="src292" /><b>292</b>Letters: W. R. Benjamin Collection.</p> + +<p>Pillow, Gideon J. <a id="src293" /><b>293</b>Letters: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Pillow, Gideon J. <a id="src294" /><b>294</b>Letters: Pennsylvania Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Pinto, Rafael. <a id="src295" /><b>295</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Apuntaciones para la Hist. de California</span>: + Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Poinsett, Joel R. <a id="src296" /><b>296</b>Papers: Pennsylvania Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Polk, James K. <a id="src297" /><b>297</b>Papers: Library of Congress (including the + Polk papers examined by the author at the Chicago Hist. Soc.).</p> + +<p>Porter, Andrew. <a id="src298" /><b>298</b>Papers: Major John Biddle Porter.</p> + +<p>Posey, Carnot. <a id="src299" /><b>299</b>Letters: Dr. Walter L. Fleming.</p> + +<p>Pricket, John A. <a id="src300" /><b>300</b>Letters.</p> + +<p>Primer Battn. Activo de Oaxaca. <a id="src301" /><b>301</b>Libro de Servicios: Rhode + Island Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Puryear, J. F. <a id="src302" /><b>302</b>Document.</p> + +<p>Quitman, John A. <a id="src303" /><b>303</b>Papers: in possession of the family.</p> + +<p>Quitman, John A. <a id="src304" /><b>304</b>Papers in the Claiborne Papers.</p> + +<p>Richardson, C. T. <a id="src305" /><b>305</b>Recollections: Justin H. Smith.</p> + +<p>Riser, J. J. <a id="src306" /><b>306</b>Recollections (Mormon Battalion).</p> + +<p>Roberts, B. S. <a id="src307" /><b>307</b>Diary and letters: Brigadier General B. K + Roberts.</p> + +<p>Roberts, Charles. <a id="src308" /><b>308</b>Autograph Collection: Haverford Coll.</p> + +<p>Roessler, Edward. <a id="src309" /><b>309</b>Diary: belonging to the family.</p> + +<p>Roque, J. K. <a id="src310" /><b>310</b>Document.</p> + +<p>Santa Anna, A. L. de. <a id="src311" /><b>311</b>Papers: Señ. Lic. D. Genaro García.</p> + +<p>Santa Anna, A. L. de. <a id="src312" /><b>312</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Saunders, J. L. <a id="src313" /><b>313</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Sawyer, Charles H. <a id="src314" /><b>314</b>Documents for the Hist. of the + Conquest of California: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Schouler, William. <a id="src315" /><b>315</b>Papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Sherman, W. T. <a id="src316" /><b>316</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Sibley, H. H. <a id="src317" /><b>317</b>Papers: Minnesota Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Smith, C. B. <a id="src318" /><b>318</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Smith, George. <a id="src319" /><b>319</b>Diary: belonging to the family.</p> + +<p>Smith, Persifor F. <a id="src320" /><b>320</b>Papers: State Normal School, West + Chester, Pa.</p> + +<p>Smith, T. F. <a id="src321" /><b>321</b>Diary: belonging to the writer.</p> + +<p>Smith, W. B. <a id="src322" /><b>322</b>Diary: belonging to the family.</p> + +<p>Stevenson, J. D. <a id="src323" /><b>323</b>Letter Book; <a id="src324" /><b>324</b>General Order + Book; <a id="src325" /><b>325</b>Regimental Order Book: New York Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Sumner, Charles. <a id="src326" /><b>326</b>Papers: Harvard Univ. Library.</p> + +<p>Sutherland, D. H. <a id="src327" /><b>327</b>Letters: belonging to the family.</p> + +<p>Sweet, G. N. <a id="src328" /><b>328</b>Statement.</p> + +<p>Taliaferro, William B. <a id="src329" /><b>329</b>Papers: Miss L. S. Taliaferro.</p> + +<p>Taylor, Zachary. <a id="src330" /><b>330</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Taylor, Zachary. <a id="src331" /><b>331</b>Papers: Henkels catalogue.</p> + +<p>Tennery, Thomas D. <a id="src332" /><b>332</b>Diary: Rev. John S. Cook, D.D.</p> + +<p>Tlacotálpam, Mex. <a id="src333" /><b>333</b>Judicial Archives.</p> + +<p>Torres, Manuel. <a id="src334" /><b>334</b>Peripecias de la Vida California: + Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Trist, Nicholas P. <a id="src335" /><b>335</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Turner, C. B. <a id="src336" /><b>336</b>Letter: belonging to the family.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_524" title="524"></a>Turner, H. S. <a id="src337" /><b>337</b>Diary: Missouri Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>U. S. House of Representatives. <a id="src338" /><b>338</b>Files: Capitol, + Washington.</p> + +<p>U. S. House of Representatives. <a id="src339" /><b>339</b>Papers: Library of + Congress.</p> + +<p>U. S. Military Academy (West Point). <a id="src340" /><b>340</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>U. S. Senate. <a id="src341" /><b>341</b>Files: Capitol, Washington.</p> + +<p>University of Illinois. <a id="src342" /><b>342</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Vallejo, M. G. <a id="src343" /><b>343</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Documentos para la Hist. de California</span>: + Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Vallejo, M. G. <a id="src344" /><b>344</b><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Recuerdos Hist. y Personales</span>: Bancroft + Coll.</p> + +<p>Van Buren, Martin. <a id="src345" /><b>345</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Wade, W. P. <a id="src346" /><b>346</b>Document: belonging to the family.</p> + +<p>Washburne, Elihu B. <a id="src347" /><b>347</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Watterston, George. <a id="src348" /><b>348</b>Notes on U. S. History: Library of + Congress.</p> + +<p>Watterston, George. <a id="src349" /><b>349</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Weber, Juan L. <a id="src350" /><b>350</b>Recollections (verbal).</p> + +<p>Webster, Daniel. <a id="src351" /><b>351</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Weeks, J. W. <a id="src352" /><b>352</b>Reminiscences: Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Welles, Edgar T. <a id="src353" /><b>353</b>Collection: Connecticut Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Welles, Gideon. <a id="src354" /><b>354</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Wheaton, Henry. <a id="src355" /><b>355</b>Papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Whitcomb, T. M. <a id="src356" /><b>356</b>Diary: T. J. Whitcomb, Esq.</p> + +<p>Wilcox, C. M. <a id="src357" /><b>357</b>Diary (portions copied by him): Claiborne + papers, Mississippi Dept. of History.</p> + +<p>Williams, Thomas. <a id="src358" /><b>358</b>Letters: Rt. Rev. G. Mott Williams.</p> + +<p>Winthrop-Clifford. <a id="src359" /><b>359</b>Correspondence: Massachusetts Hist. + Soc.</p> + +<p>Winthrop-Kennedy. <a id="src360" /><b>360</b>Correspondence: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.</p> + +<p>Woods, William. <a id="src361" /><b>361</b>Recollections.</p> + +<p>Worth, G. A. <a id="src362" /><b>362</b>Papers: Library of Congress.</p> + +<p>Worth, W. J. <a id="src363" /><b>363</b>Papers: W. R. Benjamin Collection.</p> + +<p>Worth, W. J. <a id="src364" /><b>364</b>Papers: Mrs. K. S. Hubbell.</p> + +<p>Wyse, F. O. <a id="src365" /><b>365</b>Papers: Miss Mary Wyse.</p> + +<p>Yale University. <a id="src366" /><b>366</b>Collection (University Library).</p> + +<p>Yell, Archibald. <a id="src367" /><b>367</b>Papers: Mrs. R. H. Fitzgerald.</p> + +<p>Map Division, Library of Congress. <a id="src369" /><b>369</b>Map of Palo Alto.</p> + +<p>Taylor, Zachary. <a id="src370" /><b>370</b>Papers: Mrs. W. R. Stauffer.</p> + +<p>Mitchell, W. I. <a id="src371" /><b>371</b>Statement.</p> + +<p>Hyde, George. <a id="src372" /><b>372</b>Statement of Hist. Facts on California: + Bancroft Coll.</p> + +<p>Evans, Joseph. <a id="src373" /><b>373</b>Narrative: Justin H. Smith.</p> + +<p>Conner, David. <a id="src374" /><b>374</b>Letters: Henkels catalogue.</p> + +<p>Madigan, P. F. <a id="src375" /><b>375</b>Collection.</p> + +<p>Nicholson, A. S. <a id="src376" /><b>376</b>Recollections (verbal).</p> + +<p>Willing, Wildurr. <a id="src377" /><b>377</b>Paper on Scott’s operations (published + later).</p> + +<p>Winthrop, R. C. <a id="src378" /><b>378</b>The Mexican War Bill (Massachusetts Hist. + Soc.).</p> + +<p>De Witt, John. <a id="src379" /><b>379</b>Collection (see also <a href="#src138">No. 138</a>).<a class="pagenum" id="Page_525" title="525"></a></p> +</div> + + +<h3>B. SERIALS</h3> + +<p>As these titles, when occurring in the notes, are self-explanatory, it +has been thought best to group them by themselves in order to give a +comprehensive view of the sources of this class and make it a little +easier to use the “list of books and pamphlets.” Most of the volumes of +serials here cited as having been examined contained nothing of value +for the author’s purpose.</p> + +<div class="hang-source"> +<p>Academy of Pacific Coast History, 1910–11.</p> + +<p>Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, 1910–17.</p> + +<p>Alabama Hist. Society. Transactions. Publications, 1899–1904.</p> + +<p>American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings, 1849–1918. Transactions + and Collections, 1857–1911.</p> + +<p>American Catholic Hist. Society. Records and Researches, 1887–1915.</p> + +<p>American Economic Association. Publications, 1889–1905.</p> + +<p>American Geog. Society. Bulletin I, pt. 1.</p> + +<p>American Hist. Association. Papers, 1885, 1887, 1889–91. Reports, + 1889–1916.</p> + +<p>American-Irish Hist. Society. Journal, 1898–1905. Record, 1901–02.</p> + +<p>American-Jewish Hist. Society. Publications, 1893–1914.</p> + +<p>Annals of Iowa. 3 series.</p> + +<p>Buffalo Hist. Society. Publications, 1879–1914.</p> + +<p>California Hist. Society. Papers.</p> + +<p>Columbia (D. C.) Hist. Society. Record, 1895–1912.</p> + +<p>Connecticut Hist. Society. Collections, 1860–1916.</p> + +<p>Delaware Hist. Society. Papers, 1879–1913.</p> + +<p>Essex Institute. Hist. Collections, 1859–1914.</p> + +<p>Firelands Hist. Society. Pioneer, 1862–78.</p> + +<p>German-American Hist. Society. Annals, 1901–11.</p> + +<p>Hist. Society of Southern California. Publications, 1888–1916.</p> + +<p>Illinois State Hist. Library. Collections, 1903–15. Governors’ + Letter Books, 1840–53. Publications or Transactions, 1899–1917.</p> + +<p>Illinois State Hist. Society. Journal, 1908–14. Transactions (see + Ill. State Hist. Lib.).</p> + +<p>Indiana Hist. Society. Publications, 1897–1912.</p> + +<p>Iowa, Hist. Dept. Annals, 1893–1914.</p> + +<p>Iowa State Hist. Society. Annals, 1863–74. Historical Record, + 1885–1902. Messages and Proclamations of Governors. Iowa and + War, No. 12, 1918.</p> + +<p>Kansas State Hist. Society. Transactions, i-x. Collections, 1909–12.</p> + +<p>Kentucky State Hist. Society. Register, 1903–14.</p> + +<p>Lancaster County Hist. Society. Papers, 1897–1913.</p> + +<p>Long Island Hist. Society. Memoirs, 1867–89.</p> + +<p>Louisiana Hist. Society. Publications, 1895–1912.</p> + +<p>McClean County (Ill.) Hist. Society. Transactions, 1899–1903.</p> + +<p>Maine Hist. Society. Collections, 1847–87. Collections and + Proceedings, <a class="pagenum" id="Page_526" title="526"></a>1890–99.</p> + +<p>Maryland Hist. Society. Miscellaneous and “Fund” Publications, + 1846–81.</p> + +<p>Massachusetts Hist. Society. Collections, 1846–1918. Proceedings, + 1859–1918.</p> + +<p>Michigan Pioneer and Hist. Society. Collections, 1877–1912.</p> + +<p>Minnesota Hist. Society. Collections, 1860–1915.</p> + +<p>Mississippi Hist. Society. Publications, 1898–1909.</p> + +<p>Mississippi Valley Hist. Society. Proceedings.</p> + +<p>Missouri Hist. Society. Collections, 1880–1914.</p> + +<p>Montana Hist. Society. Contributions, 1876–1910.</p> + +<p>Nebraska State Hist. Society. Proceedings and Collections, + 1894–1913. Transactions and Reports, 1885–93.</p> + +<p>Nevada Hist. Society. Biennial Reports, 1909–13.</p> + +<p>New Hampshire Hist. Society. Collections, 1850–93. Proceedings, + 1872–1905.</p> + +<p>New Jersey Hist. Society. Collections, 1846–1900. Proceedings, + 1845–1914.</p> + +<p>New Mexico Hist. Society. Publications, 1881–1908.</p> + +<p>New York Hist. Society. Proceedings, 1844–49. Collections, + 1868–1916. Miscellany.</p> + +<p>New York State Hist. Association. Publications, 1901–13.</p> + +<p>Ohio Hist. and Philos. Society. Publications, 1873–85, 1906–17.</p> + +<p>Ohio State Archæol. and Hist. Society. Publications, 1888–1915.</p> + +<p>Old North West Geneal. Society. See “Periodicals.”</p> + +<p>Oregon Hist. Society. See “Periodicals.”</p> + +<p>Pennsylvania Hist. Society. Memoirs, 1850–95. Bulletin, 1845–47. + Magazine of Hist. and Biog., 1877–1917.</p> + +<p>Rhode Island Hist. Society. Collections, 1867–1902. Publications, + 1893–1900. Proceedings, 1872–92, 1900–14.</p> + +<p>Schuylkill County Hist. Society. Publications, 1907–13.</p> + +<p>Société de Géographie. Bulletin No. 51.</p> + +<p>South Car. Hist. Society. Collections.</p> + +<p>Southern Hist. Association. Publications, 1897–1906.</p> + +<p>Tennessee Hist. Society. Quarterly, 1902–4.</p> + +<p>Texas State Hist. Society. See “Periodicals.”</p> + +<p>Trinity College Hist. Society. Publications, 1897–1912.</p> + +<p>U. S. Naval Institute. Proceedings.</p> + +<p>University [of California]. Chronicle, I-XIV.</p> + +<p>University of Pennsylvania. Publications.</p> + +<p>Virginia Hist. Society. Collections, 1882–92. See also + “Periodicals.”</p> + +<p>West Virginia Hist. and Antiq. Society. See “Periodicals.”</p> + +<p>Western Reserve Hist. Society. Publications, 1870–1914.</p> + +<p>Wisconsin State Hist. Society. Collections, 1855–1911. Proceedings, + 1891–1917.</p> + +<p>Worcester Society of Antiquity. Proceedings, 1875–1909.</p> + +<a class="pagenum" id="Page_527" title="527"></a><p>Wyoming Hist. and Geneal. Society. Proceedings and + Collections, 1858–1912.</p> +</div> + + +<h3>C. PERIODICALS</h3> + +<p>This list includes the principal ones. The best collections are +at the American Antiquarian Society, which has numerous Mexican +broadsides also, the Library of Congress, the City Hall of New Orleans +(southwestern journals), the Biblioteca Nacional and the Dept. of +Hacienda Library at Mexico, and the British Museum. In a number +of instances only scattered copies of a periodical were found or +quotations in some other paper.</p> + +<ul class="periodicals"> + <li>Advertiser. Boston.</li> + <li>Advertiser. Detroit.</li> + <li>Advertiser. Newark, N. J.</li> + <li>Aguila del Norte. Matamoros, Méx.</li> + <li>Aguila Mexicano. Matamoros, Méx.</li> + <li>Aguila Mexicano. México.</li> + <li>American. Baltimore.</li> + <li>American. New York.</li> + <li>American. Portland, Me.</li> + <li>American Eagle. Vera Cruz.</li> + <li>American Economic Review.</li> + <li>American Flag. Matamoros, Mex.</li> + <li>American Flag. Vera Cruz, Mex.</li> + <li>American Historical Magazine. New York.</li> + <li>American Historical Record. Philadelphia.</li> + <li>American Historical Review. New York.</li> + <li>American Home Journal.</li> + <li>American Pioneer. Monterey, Mex.</li> + <li>American Political Science Review. Baltimore.</li> + <li><a id="AMERICAN_REVIEW" />American [Whig] Review. New York.</li> + <li>American Sentinel. Philadelphia.</li> + <li>Americana. New York.</li> + <li>Amigo del Pueblo. México.</li> + <li>Anglo-Saxon. Chihuahua, Mex.</li> + <li>Annals of the American Academy. Philadelphia.</li> + <li>Anteojo. México.</li> + <li>Anzeiger des Westens. St. Louis.</li> + <li>Arco Iris. Veracruz.</li> + <li>Argonaut. San Francisco.</li> + <li>Army and Navy Journal. New York.</li> + <li>Athenæum. London.</li> + <li>Atlantic Monthly. Boston.</li> + <li>Atlas. Albany, N. Y.</li> + <li>Atlas. Boston.</li> + <li>Atlas. Cincinnati.</li> + <li>Atleta. México.</li> + <li>Autograph. New York.</li> + <li>Bankers’ Magazine. Baltimore.</li> + <li>Bee. New Orleans.</li> + <li>Boletín de la Democracia. México.</li> + <li>Boletín del Norte. Matamoros, Méx.</li> + <li>Boletín de Noticias. Puebla, Méx.</li> + <li>Boletín Militar. México.</li> + <li>Boletín Oficial. San Luis Potosí, Méx.</li> + <li>Britannia. London.</li> + <li>Brownson’s Quarterly Review. Boston and New York.</li> + <li>California Star. Monterey, Cal.</li> + <li>Californian. Monterey, Cal.</li> + <li>Católico. México.</li> + <li>Century Magazine. New York.</li> + <li>Chronicle. Cincinnati.</li> + <li>Church and State Gazette. London.</li> + <li>Clipper. Baltimore.</li> + <li>Collector. New York.</li> + <li>Columna de la Libertad. Querétaro, Méx.</li> + <li>Comercio. Lima, Peru.</li> + <li>Commercial. Wilmington, N. C.</li> + <li>Commercial Advertiser. New York.</li> + <li>Commercial Bulletin. New Orl.</li> + <li>Commercial Review of the South and West. New Orleans.</li> + <li>Commonwealth. Lexington, Ky.</li> + <li>Congressional Globe. Washington.</li> + <li>Constitutionalist. Augusta, Ga.</li> + <li>Constitutionnel. Paris<a class="pagenum" id="Page_528" title="528"></a>.</li> + <li>Correo de la Federación Mexicana. México.</li> + <li>Correo Nacional. Querétaro, Méx.</li> + <li>Correspondant. Paris.</li> + <li>Correspondent. Port Gibson, Miss.</li> + <li>Cosmopolita. México.</li> + <li>Courier. Boston.</li> + <li>Courier. Charleston, S. C.</li> + <li>Courier. New Orleans.</li> + <li>Courier and Enquirer. New York.</li> + <li>Courier and Journal. Natchez, Miss.</li> + <li>Courrier des Etats Unis. New York.</li> + <li>Courrier Français. Mexico.</li> + <li>Courrier Français. New York.</li> + <li>Crepúsculo. México.</li> + <li>Defensor de Tamaulipas. Victoria, Méx.</li> + <li>Delta. New Orleans.</li> + <li>Democrat. Columbus, Miss.</li> + <li>Democratic Review. Washington and New York.</li> + <li>Diario del Gobierno. México.</li> + <li>Diario del Gobierno de la República Mexicana. México.</li> + <li>Diario del Gobierno de los Estados Mexicanos. México.</li> + <li>Diario del Gobierno Mexicano. México.</li> + <li>Diario de México. México.</li> + <li>Diario Oficial del Gobierno Mexicano. México.</li> + <li>Don Simplicio. México.</li> + <li>Dwight’s American Magazine. New York.</li> + <li>Eagle. Memphis, Tenn.</li> + <li>Eagle. Vera Cruz.</li> + <li>Echo de la Louisiane. New Orleans.</li> + <li>Eco. Tampico, Méx.</li> + <li>Eco del Comercio. México.</li> + <li>Eco del Norte de Tamaulipas. Matamoros, Méx.</li> + <li>Economist. London.</li> + <li>Edinburgh Review. Edinburgh.</li> + <li>English Historical Review.</li> + <li>Enquirer. Cincinnati.</li> + <li>Enquirer. Richmond, Va.</li> + <li>Epoca. San Luis Potosí, Méx.</li> + <li>Epoque. Paris.</li> + <li>Espectador. México.</li> + <li>Esperanza. Tampico, Méx.</li> + <li>Evening Post. New York.</li> + <li>Examiner. London.</li> + <li>Express. New York.</li> + <li>Federalista. Querétaro, Méx.</li> + <li>Federalista Puro. México.</li> + <li>Fenix de la Federatión. Toluca, Méx.</li> + <li>Flag of Freedom. Puebla, Méx.</li> + <li>Forum. New York.</li> + <li>Fraser’s Magazine. London.</li> + <li>Fredonian.</li> + <li>Free American. Vera Cruz.</li> + <li>Free Press. Detroit.</li> + <li>Gaceta de Ciudad Victoria. Victoria, Méx.</li> + <li>Gaceta de la Nueva Granada. Bogotá.</li> + <li>Gaceta del Gob. de México. México.</li> + <li>Gaceta del Gob. ... de Tamaulipas. Victoria, Méx.</li> + <li>Gazette. Alexandria, Va.</li> + <li>Gazette. Cincinnati.</li> + <li>Gazette. Corpus Christi, Tex.</li> + <li>Gazette. Holly Springs, Miss.</li> + <li>Gazette. Philadelphia.</li> + <li>Gazette de France. Paris.</li> + <li>Genius of Liberty. Vera Cruz.</li> + <li>Georgian. Savannah, Ga.</li> + <li>Globe. New York.</li> + <li>Globe. Washington, D. C.</li> + <li>Guard. Holly Springs, Miss.</li> + <li>Guard. Toluca, Méx.</li> + <li>Harper’s Magazine. New York.</li> + <li>Herald. Cincinnati.</li> + <li>Herald. New York.</li> + <li>Herald and Tribune. Mobile, Ala.</li> + <li>Heraldo. Madrid, Spain.</li> + <li>Historical Magazine. Morrisania, etc.</li> + <li>History Teacher’s Magazine. Philadelphia.</li> + <li>Ilustrador Católico. México<a class="pagenum" id="Page_529" title="529"></a>.</li> + <li>Imparcial. México.</li> + <li>Independiente. San Luis Potosí, Méx.</li> + <li>Indiana Magazine of History.</li> + <li>Indianapolis.</li> + <li>Indicador. Veracruz.</li> + <li>Infantry Journal. Washington.</li> + <li>International Military Digest. New York.</li> + <li>Iowa Journal of History and Politics.</li> + <li>Iowa City.</li> + <li>Iris Español. México.</li> + <li>Jalisciense. Guadalajara, Méx.</li> + <li>Jeffersonian. New Orleans.</li> + <li>Journal. Louisville, Ky.</li> + <li>Journal. Lowell, Mass.</li> + <li>Journal. Providence, R. I.</li> + <li>Journal des Débats. Paris.</li> + <li>Journal of American History.</li> + <li>Journal of Commerce. London.</li> + <li>Journal of Commerce. New York.</li> + <li>Journal of Military Service Institution of U. S. Governor’s Island, N. Y.</li> + <li>Journal of Political Economy. Chicago.</li> + <li>Journal of the U. S. Artillery. Fort Monroe.</li> + <li>Journal of U. S. Infantry Association.</li> + <li>Kennebec Journal. Augusta, Me.</li> + <li>Liberal. Zacatecas,.</li> + <li>Liberal Moderado. Matamoros, Méx.</li> + <li>Liberator. Boston.</li> + <li>Lima de Vulcano. México.</li> + <li>Littell’s Living Age. Boston.</li> + <li>Locomotor. Veracruz.</li> + <li>Louisiana Advertiser. New Orleans.</li> + <li>Louisiana Courier. New Orleans.</li> + <li>Louisianais. New Orleans.</li> + <li>Madisonian. Washington.</li> + <li>Magazine of American History. New York.</li> + <li>Magazine of History. New York.</li> + <li>Maryland Historical Magazine. Baltimore.</li> + <li>Massachusetts Quarterly Review. Boston.</li> + <li>Memorial Histórico. México.</li> + <li>Mentor del Pueblo. Puebla, Méx.</li> + <li>Mercantile Journal. London.</li> + <li>Merchants’ Magazine. New York.</li> + <li>Mercury. Charleston, S. C.</li> + <li>Metropolitan Magazine. New York.</li> + <li>Mexicano. México.</li> + <li>Military Historian and Economist. Cambridge, Mass.</li> + <li>Military Service Institution Journal. New York.</li> + <li>Mississippi Valley Historical Review. Cedar Rapids.</li> + <li>Missouri Historical Review. Columbia.</li> + <li>Missouri Reporter. St. Louis.</li> + <li>Missouri Republican. St. Louis.</li> + <li>Monitor. México.</li> + <li>Monitor Constitutional. México.</li> + <li>Monitor del Pueblo. Puebla, Méx.</li> + <li>Monitor Republicano. México.</li> + <li>Morning Advertiser. London.</li> + <li>Morning Chronicle. London.</li> + <li>Morning Herald. London.</li> + <li>Morning News. New London, Conn.</li> + <li>Morning News. New York.</li> + <li>Morning Post, Greensborough, N. C.</li> + <li>Morning Post. London.</li> + <li>Morning Star. Houston, Tex.</li> + <li>Mosquito Mexicano. México.</li> + <li>Mountaineer. Greenville, S. C.</li> + <li>Mountaineer-Herald. Ebensburg, Pa.</li> + <li>Nacional. Puebla, Méx.</li> + <li>National. Paris.</li> + <li>National Anti-Slavery Standard. New York.</li> + <li>National Intelligencer. Washington, D. C.</li> + <li>National Register. Washington, Tex.</li> + <li>National Vindicator. Washington, Tex<a class="pagenum" id="Page_530" title="530"></a>.</li> + <li>New England Historical Genealogical Society Register.</li> + <li>New Englander. New Haven.</li> + <li>News. Galveston, Tex.</li> + <li>News. London.</li> + <li>Niles’ National Register. Baltimore.</li> + <li>North American. Mexico.</li> + <li>North American. Philadelphia.</li> + <li>North American Review. New York.</li> + <li>Noticioso. San Cristóbal, Méx.</li> + <li>Nueva Era Constitucional de Oaxaca. Oaxaca, Méx.</li> + <li>Observador Judicial. México.</li> + <li>Observador Zacatecano. Zacatecas, Méx.</li> + <li>Observer. Lexington, Ky.</li> + <li>Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly. Columbus.</li> + <li>Ohio State Journal. Columbus.</li> + <li>Old and New. Boston.</li> + <li>Old North West Quarterly. Columbus, O.</li> + <li>Old School Democrat. St. Louis.</li> + <li>Opinión del Ejército. San Luis Potosí, Méx.</li> + <li>Opinión Pública. Morelia, Méx.</li> + <li>Oposición. México.</li> + <li>Oregon Historical Society Quarterly. Portland.</li> + <li>Pabellón Nacional. México.</li> + <li>Patria. New Orleans.</li> + <li>Patriot. Mobile, Ala.</li> + <li>Patriota Mexicano. México.</li> + <li>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Philadelphia.</li> + <li>Pennsylvanian. Philadelphia.</li> + <li>Pensador Mexicano. México.</li> + <li>Peruano. Lima, Peru.</li> + <li>Picayune. New Orleans.</li> + <li>Picket Guard. Saltillo, Mex.</li> + <li>Political Science Quarterly. Boston.</li> + <li>Politician. Nashville, Tenn.</li> + <li>Político. México.</li> + <li>Porvenir. Toluca, Méx.</li> + <li>Post. Boston.</li> + <li>Potter’s American Monthly.</li> + <li>Pregonero. Morelia, Méx.</li> + <li>Progreso. Querétaro, Méx.</li> + <li>Public Ledger. Philadelphia.</li> + <li>Puritano. México.</li> + <li>Quarterly Journal of Economics. Boston.</li> + <li>Razonador. México.</li> + <li>Reforma. México.</li> + <li>Regenerador. Oaxaca, Méx.</li> + <li>Regenerador Republicano. Puebla, Méx.</li> + <li>Registro Oficial. Durango, Méx.</li> + <li>República de Rio Grande y Amigo de los Pueblos. Matamoros, Méx.</li> + <li>Republican. Jacksonville, Ala.</li> + <li>Republican. New Orleans.</li> + <li>Republican. St. Louis.</li> + <li>Republican. Santa Fe, N. Mex.</li> + <li>Republican. Savannah, Ga.</li> + <li>Republican Banner. Nashville, Tenn.</li> + <li>Republicano. México.</li> + <li>Republicano Federado. México.</li> + <li>Republicano Jalisciense. Guadalajara, Méx.</li> + <li>Reveille. Matamoros, Mex.</li> + <li>Reveille. St. Louis.</li> + <li>Revista Econ. y Comerc. de la Repúb. Mexicana. México.</li> + <li>Revue Britannique. Paris.</li> + <li>Revue de Paris. Brussels.</li> + <li>Revue des Deux Mondes. Paris.</li> + <li>Revue des Races Latines. Paris.</li> + <li>Revue Historique. Paris.</li> + <li>Revue Indépendante. Paris.</li> + <li>Saturday Review. London.</li> + <li>Scribner’s Magazine. New York.</li> + <li>Scribner’s Monthly. New York.</li> + <li>Seminario Político. Monterey, Méx.</li> + <li>Sentido Común. Morelia, Méx.</li> + <li>Sentinel. Tampico, Mex.</li> + <li>Sentinel. Vicksburg, Miss.</li> + <li>Siglo XIX. México.</li> + <li>Sinaloense. Mazatlán, Méx.</li> + <li>Sol. México.</li> + <li>Sol. Tampico, Méx<a class="pagenum" id="Page_531" title="531"></a>.</li> + <li>Soldado de la Patria. San Luis Potosí, Méx.</li> + <li>Sonorense. Hermosillo, Méx.</li> + <li>South Atlantic Quarterly. Durham, N. C.</li> + <li>South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Charleston, S. C.</li> + <li>Southern Advocate. Huntsville, Ala.</li> + <li>Southern Literary Messenger. Richmond.</li> + <li>Southern Magazine. Baltimore.</li> + <li>Southern Quarterly Review. New Orleans.</li> + <li>Southwestern Historical Quarterly. Austin, Tex.</li> + <li>Spectateur Militaire. Paris.</li> + <li>Spectator. London.</li> + <li>Spectator. Washington, D. C.</li> + <li>Spirit of Jefferson. Charlestown,Va.</li> + <li>Spirit of the Age. Woodstock, Vt.</li> + <li>Spirit of the Times. New York.</li> + <li>Standard. London.</li> + <li>Star. Columbia, S. C.</li> + <li>Star. Raleigh, N. C.</li> + <li>State Sentinel. Indianapolis.</li> + <li>Statesman. Albany, N. Y.</li> + <li>Sun. New York.</li> + <li>Sun of Anahuac. Vera Cruz.</li> + <li>Telégrafo. Puebla, Méx.</li> + <li>Telegraph. Houston, Tex.</li> + <li>Telegraph. Washington, D. C.</li> + <li>Temístocles. San Juan Bautista, Méx.</li> + <li>Texas Democrat. Austin, Tex.</li> + <li>Texas Review. Austin, Tex.</li> + <li>Texas State Historical Society Quarterly. Austin, Tex.</li> + <li>Texian Democrat. Houston, Tex.</li> + <li>Tiempo. México.</li> + <li>Times. London.</li> + <li>Tribune. New York.</li> + <li>Tropic. New Orleans.</li> + <li>Union. Nashville, Tenn.</li> + <li>Union. Washington, D. C.</li> + <li>Unión Nacional. Oaxaca, Méx.</li> + <li>United Service. New York and Philadelphia.</li> + <li>United Service Magazine. London.</li> + <li>U. S. Army and Navy Journal. New York.</li> + <li>U. S. Cavalry Association Journal. Fort Leavenworth.</li> + <li>U. S. Magazine and Democratic Review. Washington and New York.</li> + <li>Vedette. Washington.</li> + <li>Veracruzano Libre. Veracruz.</li> + <li>Verdadero Liberal. Guanajuato, Méx.</li> + <li>Vigía del Pacífico. Mazatlán, Méx.</li> + <li>Virginia Historical Society Magazine of History and Biography.</li> + <li>Voz de Michoacán. Morelia, Méx.</li> + <li>Voz de la Patria. México.</li> + <li>Voz del Pueblo. México.</li> + <li>West Virginia Hist. and Antiq. Soc., Historical Mag. Charleston.</li> + <li>Western Monthly Magazine. Cincinnati.</li> + <li>Whig. Nashville, Tenn.</li> + <li>Whig. Richmond, Va.</li> + <li>Whig Review. <em>See</em> <a href="#AMERICAN_REVIEW">American Review</a>.</li> + <li>William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine.</li> + <li>Yale Review. New Haven.</li> + <li>Zacatecano. Zacatecas, Mex.</li> + <li>Zempoalteca. Jalapa, Méx.</li> +</ul> + + +<h3>D. BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS (EXCEPT SERIALS)</h3> + +<p>These were used primarily, like the other printed matter, on account +of first-hand material contained in them, secondly for ancillary +information on biography, topography, industries, customs, etc., and +thirdly for suggestions, many of which were too general to cite. Some +are mentioned<a class="pagenum" id="Page_532" title="532"></a> simply to show that the author did not overlook them. +Others were examined that did not seem worth noticing at all here. To +have expanded this list into a bibliography would have been foreign to +the author’s aim and would have made it intolerably long. For these +reasons titles have frequently been shortened. The main use of the +list was to make it possible to give very brief titles in the notes. +Numerous broadsides examined by the author are not mentioned.</p> + +<div class="hang_source"> + +<p>¡A las Armas, Mexicanos! Méx. 1846.</p> + +<p>Acta. Mazatlán. 1847.</p> + +<p>Acta Celebrada por el Ejército de Reserva. Méx. 1829.</p> + +<p>Acta Constitutiva y de Reformas, etc. Atlixco. 1847.</p> + +<p>Acta del Pronunciamiento. Méx. 1829.</p> + +<p>Adalberto de Cardona, S. Méx. y Sus Capitales. Méx. 1900.</p> + +<p>Adams, E. D. British Interests and Activities in Texas. Balto. 1910.</p> + +<p>Adams, Henry. Albert Gallatin. Phila. 1879. History of the United + States. 9 v. N. Y. 1889–91.</p> + +<p>Adams, J. Q. Memoirs. 12 v. Phila. 1874–77.</p> + +<p>Addey, Markinfield. “Little Mac.” N. Y. 1864. “Stonewall Jackson.” + N. Y. 1863.</p> + +<p>“Adopted Citizen.” Texas Question Reviewed. N. Y. 1844.</p> + +<p>Aguilar y López. Breve Impugnación, etc. Méx. 1848.</p> + +<p>Ah, Traidores Gachupines. Puebla. 1827.</p> + +<p>Al Público. Puebla. 1847.</p> + +<p>Al Pueblo Méx.: Relación de las Causas, etc. (Aug. 24, 1847). + Méx. 1847.</p> + +<p>Alamán, Lucas. Defensa. Méx. 1834. Dissert. sobre la Hist. de + la Repúb. Mexicana. 3 v. Méx. 1844–49. Hist. de México. 5 + v. México. 1883–5. Liquid. General de la Deuda Exterior de + la Repúb. Mex. Méx. 1845. Memoria [on Agriculture and the + Industries]. Méx. 1844.</p> + +<p><a id="ALCARAZ" />Alcáraz, Ramón, <em lang="la" xml:lang="la">et al</em>. Apuntes para la Hist. de la Guerra entre + México y los Estados Unidos. Méx. 1848.</p> + +<p>Aldrich, M. A. U. S. Marine Corps. Boston. 1875.</p> + +<p>Alexander, E. P. Amer. Civil War. London. 1908.</p> + +<p>[Allen, George.] The Complaint of Mexico. Boston. 1843.</p> + +<p>Allen, G. N. Mexican Treacheries and Cruelties. Boston and N. Y. + 1848.</p> + +<p>Allen, H. W. Recollections (S. A. [Ellis] Dorsey, ed.). N. Y. + [1866.]</p> + +<p>Allen, J. C. Roster of Soldiers, Sailors and Marines of the War of + 1812, etc. Lincoln, Neb. 1893.</p> + +<p>Allen, L. L. Scenes upon the Rio Grande. N. Y. 1848.</p> + +<p>Almonte, J. N. Noticia Estad. sobre Tejas. Méx. 1835.</p> + +<p>Alocución dirigida en Chacapa al General de las Fuerzas Amer. + Puebla. 1847.</p> + +<p>Alvarez, Juan. Manifiesto. Méx. 1845.</p> + +<p>Alvarez, V. S. Breve Noticia de Algunos Manuscritos. Méx. 1908.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_533" title="533"></a>“<span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Amante de Su Patria.</span>” Causas para Declarar la Guerra á los EE. UU. + Méx. 1829.</p> + +<p>Ambler, C. H. Thomas Ritchie. Richmond. 1913.</p> + +<p>“American, An.” <em>See</em> <a href="#ROBINSON">Robinson, A.</a></p> + +<p>American Gift Book. N. Y. 1848.</p> + +<p>American State Papers. Class I, vol. vi. Wash.</p> + +<p>Ampudia, Pedro de. To Fellow-citizens (July 10, 1846). [Méx. 1846.] + Manifiesto. Méx. 1847. El Ciud. P. de A. ante ... la Opin. + Pública. S. Luis Potosí. 1846.</p> + +<p><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Analasis del Manif. de la Legisl. de V. Cruz. Puebla.</span> 1827.</p> + +<p><a id="ANDERSON_ROBERT" />Anderson, Robert. Diary (“An Artillery Officer in Mexico”), edited + by Mrs. Eba A. Lawton. N. Y. 1911.</p> + +<p>Andrews, C. M. Guide to the Materials for Amer. Hist. to 1783, in + the Public Record Office of Great Britain. Wash. 1912.</p> + +<p>Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the + Finances. Wash. 1918.</p> + +<p>Antonio López de Santa Anna, Candidato. Méx. 1850.</p> + +<p><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Apelación del Gen. I. Reyes al Buen Sentido de los Mexicanos.</span> + Zacatecas. 1847.</p> + +<p>Appleton. Biog. Dictionary (Article on Z. Taylor by Jefferson + Davis).</p> + +<p>Apuntes para la Biog. del ... Alamán, etc. Méx. 1854.</p> + +<p>Apuntes para la Hist. de la Guerra. <em>See</em> <a href="#ALCARAZ">Alcáraz</a>.</p> + +<p>Aranda, A. L. Exposición. Morelia. 1847.</p> + +<p>Arispe, Ramos de. Memorial. 1814.</p> + +<p>Arista, Mariano. Reseña Hist. de la Revol. ... 1833. Méx. 1835.</p> + +<p>Arkansas History Commission. Bulletin No. 6 (June, 1913).</p> + +<p>Arnold, T. J. Early Life and Letters of T. J. Jackson. N. Y. [1916.]</p> + +<p>Arrangóiz, F. de P. de. México desde 1808 hasta 1867. 4 v. Madrid, + 1871–72.</p> + +<p>Arrillaga, J. B. Recopilación. Méx. 1839.</p> + +<p>Arróniz, J. Hist. de Orizaba. 1867.</p> + +<p>Arróniz, Marcos. Manuel del Viajero en México. Paris. 1858.</p> + +<p><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Articulos Selectos ... del Aguila Mex. Méx.</span> 1828.</p> + +<p>Atocha, A. J. Memorial. 1852. Statement. [Wash. 1845.]</p> + +<p>Austin, G. L. Wendell Phillips. Boston. 1884.</p> + +<p>Aviraneta é Ibargoyen, E. de. Mis Memorias Intimas, 1825–29. Méx. + 1906.</p> + +<p>Aviso á los Estados. Méx. 1834.</p> + +<p>Babcock, Elkanah. War Hist. of Sixth U. S. Infantry. Kansas City. + 1903.</p> + +<p>[Babcock, J. F.] Fate of Fred D. Mills. [New Haven. 1848.]</p> + +<p>Bache, R. M. Gen. G. G. Meade. Phila. 1897.</p> + +<p>Baker, D. W. C. Texas Scrap-Book. N. Y. [1875.]</p> + +<p>Balbontín, Manuel. Estado Militar de ... México en 1846. Méx. + Invasión Americana. Méx. 1883.</p> + +<p>[Ballentine, George.] Autobiog. of an English Soldier in the U. S. + Army. 2 v. London. 1853.</p> + +<p><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Banco de Avío. Informe. Méx.</span> 1835.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_534" title="534"></a>Bancroft, H. H. Chronicles of the Builders of the Commonwealth. + 7 v. S.Francisco. 1891–92. Hist. of the Pacific States, + Mexico and Texas. 16 v. S. Francisco. 1883–90. Resources and + Development of Mexico. S. Francisco. 1893.</p> + +<p>Bandini, H. E. Hist. of California. N. Y. [1908.]</p> + +<p>Bárcena, J. M. Roa. <em>See</em> <a href="#ROA_BARCENA">Roa Bárcena</a>.</p> + +<p>Baril, V. L. Le Mexique. Douai. 1862.</p> + +<p>Barker, E. C. (ed.). Johnson’s Hist. of Texas and Texans. 5 v. + Chicago. 1914.</p> + +<p>Barragán, M. Manifesto. Méx. 1830.</p> + +<p>“Barrister, A.” [Forbes]. Trip to Mexico. London. 1851.</p> + +<p>Barrows, William. Oregon. 10 ed. Boston. 1898.</p> + +<p>Bartlett, D. V. G. Franklin Pierce. Auburn. 1852.</p> + +<p>Bassett, J. S. Andrew Jackson. 2 v. Garden City, N. Y. 1911.</p> + +<p>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 v. N. Y. [1887–89.]</p> + +<p>Battles of Mexico. N. Y. 1848.</p> + +<p>Bayley, R. A. National Loans of the U. S., 1776–1880. Wash. 1881.</p> + +<p>Baylies, Francis. Wool’s Campaign in Mexico. Albany. 1851.</p> + +<p>Baz, Gustavo. Vida de Benito Juárez. Méx. 1864.</p> + +<p>Beechey, F. W. Voyage to the Pacific and Beering’s Strait. 2 v. + London. 1831.</p> + +<p>Beltrami, J. C. [G. C.]. Le Mexique. 2 v. Paris. 1830.</p> + +<p>Benet, S. V. Ordnance Dept. Reports, etc., ii. Wash. 1880.</p> + +<p>[Benham, H. W.] Recollections of Mexico and the Battle of Buena + Vista. Boston. 1871.</p> + +<p>Bennett, F. M. The Steam Navy of the U. S. Pittsburgh. 1896. The + Monitor and the Navy under Steam. Boston. 1900.</p> + +<p>Bennett, J. G. <em>See</em> <a href="#JOURNALIST">“Journalist.”</a></p> + +<p>Benton, J. G. Ordnance and Gunnery. 2 ed. N. Y. 1862.</p> + +<p>Benton, T. H. Thirty Years View. 2 v. N. Y. 1854, 1856.</p> + +<p>Benton, T. H. (ed.). Abridgement of the Debates of Congress. 16 v. + N. Y. 1857–60.</p> + +<p>Béristain y Souza, J. M. Biblioteca Hispano—Amer. Setent. 2 ed. + Amecameca. 1883.</p> + +<p>Berlandier (L.) y Chovel (R.). Diario de Viage de la Comisión de + Límites. Méx. 1850.</p> + +<p>Berry, Philip. Review of the Mex. War. Columbia, S. C. 1849.</p> + +<p>Berthet, A. Quatre Ans au Mexique. Paris. 1885.</p> + +<p>Bertie-Marriott, Clément. Un Parisien au Mexique. Paris. 1886.</p> + +<p>Bigelow, John. J. C. Frémont. N. Y. 1856. Samuel J. Tilden. 2 v. N. + Y. 1895.</p> + +<p>[Billings, Mrs. Eliza (Allen).] Female Volunteer. [1851.]</p> + +<p>Biografía de Alamán. Méx.</p> + +<p>Biog. del Gen. Santa-Anna. Méx. 1847.</p> + +<p>Biog. del Gen. Santa-Anna. Méx. 1857.</p> + +<p>Biog. del Gral. Santa Anna. Méx. 1849.</p> + +<p>Birkhimer, W. E. Hist. Sketch of ... the Artillery, U. S. Army. + Wash. 1884.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_535" title="535"></a>Bishop, W. H. Mex., California and Arizona. N. Y. 1889.</p> + +<p>Bishop, W. W. Journal of the Twelve Months Campaign of Gen. + Shields’s Brigade, compiled from notes of Lieuts. J. J. Adams + and H. C. Dunbar. St. Louis. 1847.</p> + +<p>Bixby, W. K. [collector]. Letters of Zachary Taylor. Rochester. + 1908.</p> + +<p>Blackmar, F. W. Spanish Institutions of the Southwest. Balto. 1891.</p> + +<p>Blackwood, E. J. <em>See</em> Smith, E. K.</p> + +<p>Blaine, J. G. Twenty Years in Congress. 2 v. Norwich. 1884, 1886.</p> + +<p>Blanchard (P.) et Dauzats (A.). S. Juan de Ulúa. Paris. 1839.</p> + +<p>Blümer, Bodo von. El Corazón del Anahuac. (Plano Topográfico.) Méx. + 1882.</p> + +<p>Bocanegra, J. M. Disertación Apologética del Sist. Fed. Méx. 1825. + Memorias. 2 v. Méx. 1892.</p> + +<p>Bolles, A. S. Financial History of the U. S., 1789–1860. N. Y. 1883.</p> + +<p>Bolton, H. E. Guide to Materials for the Hist. of the U. S. in the + Principal Archives of Mexico. Wash. 1913. Texas in the Middle + XVIII Century. Berkeley. 1915.</p> + +<p>Bonsal, Stephen. E. E. Beale. N. Y. 1912.</p> + +<p>Bourne, E. G. Essays in Historical Criticism. N. Y. 1901.</p> + +<p>Brackenridge, H. M. Mexican Letters. Wash. 1850.</p> + +<p>Brackett, A. G. Hist. of the U. S. Cavalry. N. Y. 1865. Lane’s + Brigade in Central Mexico. Cincin. 1854.</p> + +<p>Bravo, Nicolás. Manifiesto. Méx. 1828.</p> + +<p>Breve Exposición que el Gen. M. Paredes y Arrillaga hace, etc. Méx. + 1847.</p> + +<p>Breve Impugnación á las Observaciones acerca, etc. Méx. 1848.</p> + +<p>Breve Reseña Histórica. [Méx.]</p> + +<p>Breve Resumen de lo Ocurrido en esta Diócesis, etc. Méx. 1846.</p> + +<p>Brewer, W. Alabama. Montgomery. 1872.</p> + +<p>Brooks, N. C. Complete Hist. of Mex. War. Phila. 1849.</p> + +<p>Brown, Alexander. First Republic in America. Boston. 1898.</p> + +<p>Brown, F. R. Hist. of Ninth U. S. Infantry. Chicago. 1909.</p> + +<p>Brown, J. H. Hist. of Texas. 2 v. St. Louis. [1892, 1893.]</p> + +<p>Brown, W. G. Stephen A. Douglas. Boston. 1902. The Lower South in + Amer. Hist. N. Y. 1902.</p> + +<p>[Bruell, J. D.] (“Old Salt”). Sea Memories. Biddeford Pool. 1886.</p> + +<p>Bryan, H. L. Treaties in Force. Wash. 1899.</p> + +<p>Bryant, Edwin. What I Saw in California. N. Y. 1848.</p> + +<p>Buchanan, James. Works (Moore, ed.). 12 v. Phila. 1908–11.</p> + +<p>Buckingham, J. S. The Slave States of America. 2 v. London. [1842.]</p> + +<p>Buhoup, J. W. Narrative of the Central Division. Pittsburgh. 1847.</p> + +<p>Bulletin de la Société de Géog., Nos. 51, 77. Paris.</p> + +<p>Bullock, William. Six Months’ Residence and Travels in Mexico. + London. 1824.</p> + +<p>Bullock, W. H. Across Mexico. London. 1866.</p> + +<p>Búlnes, Francisco. Las Grandes Mentiras de nuestra Historia. Paris. + 1904.</p> + +<p>Bureau of Amer. Republics. Mexico. Wash. 1900.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_536" title="536"></a>Bustamante, Anastasio. Manifiesto que el Vicepresidente ... dirige + á la Nación. Méx. 1830.</p> + +<p>Bustamante, C. M. de. Apuntes para la Hist. de ... S. Anna. Méx. + 1845. Campaña sin Gloria. Méx. 1847. Cuadro Histórico de la + Revol. Mexicana. 2 ed. 5 v. Méx. 1843–46. Gabinete Mexicano, + etc. 2 v. in one. Méx. 1842. Gobierno del Gral ... S. Anna. + Méx. 1845. Hist. del Emper. D. A. de Iturbide. Méx. 1846. + Nuevo Bernal Díaz del Castillo, etc. 2 v. Méx. 1847.</p> + +<p>Butler, C. H. The Treaty-Making Power of the U. S. 2 v. N. Y. 1902.</p> + +<p>C[alderón] de la B[arca, F. E.] Life in Mexico. 2 v. Boston. 1843.</p> + +<p>Calendario de Ontiveros. Méx. 1847.</p> + +<p>Calhoun, J. C. Correspondence. <em>See</em> Jameson. Works (Crallé, ed.). + 6 v. N. Y. 1851–6.</p> + +<p>Callahan, E. W. Officers of U. S. Navy and Marine Corps. N. Y. 1901.</p> + +<p>Cámara de Repres. (La), á la Nación. Méx. 1845.</p> + +<p>Campaña contra los Amer. del Norte. Primera Parte: Relación Hist. + de los Quarenta Dias. Méx. 1846.</p> + +<p>Campos, S. I. Recuerdos Hist. de ... Veracruz. Méx. 1895.</p> + +<p>[Capen, Nahum.] Republic of the U. S. of Amer. N. Y. 1848.</p> + +<p>“Captain of Volunteers, A.” Alta California. Phila. 1847. Conquest + of Santa Fé, etc. Phila. 1847.</p> + +<p>Cardona, Adalberto de. Méx. y sus Capitales. Méx. 1890.</p> + +<p>Carleton, J. C. Address (27th Ann. Meeting, Nat. Assoc. Mex. War + Veterans).</p> + +<p>Carleton, J. H. Battle of Buena Vista. N. Y. 1848.</p> + +<p>Caro, R. M. Verdadera Idea de la Primera Campaña de Tejas, etc. + Méx. 1837.</p> + +<p>Carpenter, W. W. Travel and Adventure in Mexico. N. Y. 1851.</p> + +<p>Carreño, A. M. Jefes del Ejército Mex. en 1847. Méx. 1914.</p> + +<p>Carson, J. H. Early Recollections of the Mines, etc. Stockton. 1852.</p> + +<p>Carta de un Ciud. Méx. á un Oficial del Ejérc. Norte-Amer. Atlixco. + 1847.</p> + +<p>Carta de un Filósofo sobre la Ocupación de los Bienes del Clero. + Méx. 1847.</p> + +<p>Casasus, J. D. Hist. de la Deuda contraida en Londres, etc. Méx. + 1885.</p> + +<p>Castañares, M. Documentos Relativos al Depto. de Calif. Méx. 1845.</p> + +<p>Castillo Negrete. <em>See</em> Negrete.</p> + +<p>Causa Criminal instruida al ... S. Anna. Méx. 1846.</p> + +<p>Causas y Efectos de la ult. Revol. de Méx. [Méx.] 1841.</p> + +<p>Cavo, Andrés. Los Tres Siglos de Méx. durante el Gob. Español. 4 v. + Méx. 1836–38.</p> + +<p>Ceballos, Ramón de. Capítulos en Vindic. de Méx. XXIV. Madrid. 1856.</p> + +<p>Censura Particular é Imparcial del Cuaderno titulado “Verdadero + Origen, etc.” Méx. 1821.</p> + +<p>Cerems. on the presentation of the Swords voted Gen. J. E. Wool. + Troy. 1860.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_537" title="537"></a>Chadwick, F. E. Relations of the U. S. and Spain: Diplomacy. N. Y. + 1909.</p> + +<p>Channing, W. E. Works. 19 ed. 6 v. in three. Boston. 1869.</p> + +<p>Charleston (S. C.) Year Book. 1883.</p> + +<p>Chase, L. B. History of the Polk Administration. N. Y. 1850.</p> + +<p>Chevalier, Michel. Mexico Ancient and Modern. 2 v. London. 1864.</p> + +<p>Child, D. L. The Taking of Naboth’s Vineyard. N. Y. 1845.</p> + +<p>Chism, R. E. Una Contribución á la Historia masónica de México. + Méx. 1899.</p> + +<p>Church, G. E. Mexico: Its Revolutions. N. Y. 1866.</p> + +<p>Church, W. C. John Ericsson. 2 v. N. Y. 1890.</p> + +<p>“Citizen of the U. S.” France and Mexico. 1839.</p> + +<p>Ciudadano (El). P. Ampudia ante ... la Opinión Pública. S. Luis + Potosí. 1846.</p> + +<p>Claiborne, J. F. H. John A. Quitman. 2 v. N. Y. 1860.</p> + +<p>Claimants on Mexico. 1845.</p> + +<p>Clamor (El) de las Ovejas, etc. Veracruz. 1847.</p> + +<p>Clark, F. D. First Regiment, N. Y. Vols. N. Y. 1882.</p> + +<p>Clark, G. L. Hist. of Connecticut. N. Y. 1914.</p> + +<p>Clark, G. S. Fortification. N. Y. 1907.</p> + +<p>Clausewitz, Carl von. On War (Graham, tr.). London. 1908.</p> + +<p>Clay, C. M. Life (v. 1). Cincin. 1886.</p> + +<p>Clay, Henry. Works, Life, Correspondence and Speeches (Colton, + ed.). 7 v. N. Y. 1897.</p> + +<p>Cleveland, Henry. Alex. H. Stephens in Public and Private. Phila. + [etc.]. [1866.]</p> + +<p>Clinch, B. J. California and its Missions. 2 v. S. Francisco. 1904.</p> + +<p>Cole, A. C. Whig Party in the South. Wash. 1913.</p> + +<p>Cole, J. R. W. S. Hancock. Cincin. 1880.</p> + +<p>Colección de Artículos ... sacados del <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Aguila Mexicano</cite>, etc. Méx. + 1828.</p> + +<p>Colección de Decretos y Ordenes del Soberano Congreso Constit. Mex. + 2 v. Méx. 1825.</p> + +<p>Colección de Documentos ... relat. á la Instal. y Reconoc. del Gob. + Provis., etc. Méx. 1847.</p> + +<p>Colección de Itinerarios. Méx. 1844.</p> + +<p>Colección de los Docs. mas Import., etc. Méx. 1847.</p> + +<p>Colección de Memorias. <em>See</em> Memorias.</p> + +<p>Colección—México y Los Estados Unidos (A Collection of Documents + in the Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico).</p> + +<p>Coleman, Mrs. Chapman. John J. Crittenden. 2 v. Phila. 1871.</p> + +<p>Collum, R. S. Hist. of the U. S. Marine Corps. Boston. 1875.</p> + +<p>Colton, Walter. Deck and Port. N. Y. 1850. Three Years in + California. N. Y. 1856.</p> + +<p>Commissioner, Indian Affairs. Report, 1858. Wash.</p> + +<p>Comunicación Circular que ... Peña y Peña estendió ... 1845. + Querétaro. 1848.</p> + +<p>Comunicación Oficial del ... Santa Anna al ... Rosa. Guadalajara. + 1848.</p> + +<p><a class="pagenum" id="Page_538" title="538"></a>Comunicaciones habidas entre el Sup. Gob. de la Nación y ... S. + Anna, etc. Orizaba. 1847.</p> + +<p>Comunicaciones relat. á la Agreg. de Tejas, etc. Méx. 1845.</p> + +<p>Conducta Admin. de Berdusco. [Méx.] 1847.</p> + +<p>Confederate Military History. I. Atlanta. 1899.</p> + +<p>Connecticut Adj. Generals. Record of Service of Conn. Men. + Hartford. 1889.</p> + +<p>Connelley, W. E. [ed.]. Doniphan’s Expedition (Hughes). Topeka. + 1907.</p> + +<p>Conner, P. S. P. The Castle of S. Juan de Ulloa. Phila. 1897. The + Home Squadron. [Phila.] 1896.</p> + +<p>Conquest of Mexico. Boston. 1846.</p> + +<p>Consideraciones sobre la Situación ... de ... México en ... 1847. + Méx. 1848.</p> + +<p>[Constituent Cong. of Mex. Address to the People.] Méx. 1824.</p> + +<p>Contestación á las Observ. sobre ... la Conducta del Señor + Poinsett. Méx.</p> + +<p>Contestación del Ven. Cabildo á las dos Notas del Sup. Gob., etc. + Méx. 1847.</p> + +<p>Contestaciones habidas entre ... D. Mariano Paredes, D. Mariano + Arista y el Sup. Gob., etc. S. Luis Potosí. 1845.</p> + +<p>Contestaciones habidas entre el Sup. Gob. Mex., el Gen. en Gefe del + Ejérc. Amer. y el Comis. de los EE. UU. 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Méx. 1845.</p> +</div> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>INDEX</h2> + + +<div class="index"> + +<ul class="IX"> + <li>Aberdeen, Earl of, and Oregon controversy and Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</li> + <li>counsel to Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>warning on annexation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>;</li> + <li>offers mediation, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>and interposition, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_504">504–6</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Abert, J. J., chief topographical engineer, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_475">475</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Aburto, Juan, guerilla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Academy of Fine Arts, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Acapulco, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as port, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li>not occupied, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Acordada, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>insurrection of the, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>building, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_413">413</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Activo corps in Mexican army, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Acuerdo, meaning of citation to, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Footnote_D">346 <em>n.</em></a></li> + + <li class="primary">Adams, J. Q., + <ul class="IX"> + <li> Texas speech, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>;</li> + <li>and Oregon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>;</li> + <li>on secession, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li> + <li>effect of death on treaty of peace, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Aetna</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in attack on Tuxpán, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Agiotista, as term of reproach, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Agriculture, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican products, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_1">1–2</a>;</li> + <li>farms, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>;</li> + <li>conditions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Agua Nueva, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Taylor’s advance at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s advance, Taylor’s retreat, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_381">381–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_554">554</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s retirement to, parley, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_561">561</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Aguascalientes battalion, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Aguirre, J. M. de, + <ul class="IX"> + <li> and occupation of Saltillo, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_508">508</a>;</li> + <li>and guerilla warfare, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</li> + <li>efforts to apprehend, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Aiken, William, opposes war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Alabama troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>first enlistments, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>at Tampico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_512">512</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>in Alvarado expedition, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</li> + <li>leave Scott, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> + <li>call (1847), <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>slow response to call, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + + <li class="primary">Alamán, Lucas, industrial scheme, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>appearance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>;</li> + <li>as real ruler, character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>and boundary negotiations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_418">418–9;</a></li> + <li>and Butler, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_420">420</a>;</li> + <li>and monarchy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>;</li> + <li>on judicial system, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>and American troops, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Alamo massacre, American indignation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Albany</em>, and Vera Cruz expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in attack on Tuxpán, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Albany <cite>Statesman</cite>, on tariff for Mexican ports, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Alcorta, L. J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li> and executive power (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> + <li>and armistice, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>and war policy, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Alemán, Lieutenant, at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="ALIENS" />Aliens, Mexican antipathy and treatment, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_416">416</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#ATTITUDE_TOWARD_US">Attitude towards United States</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Allen, G. W., at Palo Alto, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Allen, James, and Mormon battalion, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Allen, William, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and war bill, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>;</li> + <li>and Democratic dissension, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Alleye de Cyprey, Baron. <em>See</em> <a href="#CYPREY">Cyprey</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Almonte, J. N., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>character, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>;</li> + <li>and annexation of Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li>belittles American chances in war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>;</li> + <li>excites fear, of Spanish America, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>;</li> + <li>and European protection, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>;</li> + <li>and outbreak of war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>treachery to Paredes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>combination with Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_222">222</a>;</li> + <li>return to Mexico with Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + <li>Presidential candidacy (1846), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> + <li>arrested (1846), <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> + <li>anti-peace attitude (1847), <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>combination against Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> + <li>and privateering, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> + <li>subsides, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</li> + <li>candidacy for Senate, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Altata, blockaded, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Alvarado, J. B., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>leader in California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>;</li> + <li>and American occupation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_335">335</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Alvarado, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344–5</a>;</li> + <li>blockade, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li> + <li>naval attacks, <a href="#Page_197">197–9</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>map, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li><a id="ALVAREZ" />Alvarez, Juan, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Acapulco, revolt (1846), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>;</li> + <li>seizes California expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_522">522</a>;</li> + <li>supports Santa Anna (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> + <li>character, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> + <li>in plan of defence of capital, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott’s advance to San Agustin, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</li> + <li>and combination against Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li> + <li>at siege<a class="pagenum" id="Page_564" title="564"></a> of Puebla, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</li> + <li>force (Oct. 1847), <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott at Puebla, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>“pintos” in force, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</li> + <li>and Contreras, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>and Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>in the city, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</li> + <li>later movements, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna’s surrender of command, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Alvarez, Manuel, American consul at Santa Fe, and Armijo and Kearny’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite>American Review</cite>, on spirit of expansion and unrest, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Slidell mission, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>;</li> + <li>on advance to Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_459">459–61</a>;</li> + <li>on British criticism of military operations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li> + <li>on peace negotiations (1847), <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite>American Star</cite>, accompanies Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Amigo del Pueblo</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Herrera’s rule, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>;</li> + <li>on incitation to war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li>on Slidell mission, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_436">436</a>;</li> + <li>on California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_522">522</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Amnesty, for Mexican political offenders, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Amozoc, Worth at, Santa Anna’s attack, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_69">69–70</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="AMPUDIA" />Ampudia, Pedro de, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>cruel execution of Sentmanat, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>;</li> + <li>commands at Matamoros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>;</li> + <li>and Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_455">455</a>;</li> + <li>intention to attack, subordinated to Arista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_455">455</a>;</li> + <li>and guerillas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_153">153</a>;</li> + <li>character and appearance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>;</li> + <li>propaganda among American troops, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>;</li> + <li>in advance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>;</li> + <li>before Fort Brown, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_468">468</a>;</li> + <li>at Palo Alto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>;</li> + <li>and rumors of Arista’s treachery, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>;</li> + <li>at Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>;</li> + <li>preparations and force at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_230">230–1</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>position and policy in command at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>;</li> + <li>“Culinary Knight,” <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>;</li> + <li>during attack on city, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>capitulation and retirement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_504">504</a>;</li> + <li>and Pass of Rinconada, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_508">508</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388–91</a>;</li> + <li>and Wool’s march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>force at San Luis Potosí, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>trial, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>hostility to Santa Anna, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> + <li>sent away, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Amusements, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Anaya, J. P., at Mazatlán, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Anaya, P. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li> substitute President, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li>council to consider defence of capital, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> + <li>on effect of Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna’s return to capital, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>chosen interim President, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>suppresses war-party insurrection, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>term expires, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</li> + <li>appearance, at exchange of ratifications, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li> + <li>brigade, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</li> + <li>in meeting of governors on peace, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Anderson, Robert, + <ul class="IX"> + <li> military book, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_451">451</a>;</li> + <li>and volunteer officers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_481">481</a>;</li> + <li>on American rule in Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</li> + <li>on effect of victories, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li> + <li>on Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>on Worth, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Andrade, Manuel, + <ul class="IX"> + <li> at Cedral, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_553">553</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_557">557</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Andrews, T. P., + <ul class="IX"> + <li> at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> + <li>regiment, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#VOLTIGEURS">Voltigeurs</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Angeles. <em>See</em> <a href="#LOS_ANGELES">Los Angeles</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="ANGOSTURA" />Angostura, at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_383">383–6</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="ANNEXATIONS" />Annexations of Mexican War, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican desire for, effect on, of occupation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</li> + <li>as only guaranty of order, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</li> + <li>plan to absorb Mexico, <a href="#Page_243">243–4</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</li> + <li>opposition to any, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_287">287–9</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>and Wilmot Proviso, <a href="#Page_287">287–8</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>foreign opinion on, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li> + <li>Yucatan, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>Polk and policy, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#CALIFORNIA">California</a>; <a href="#EXPANSION">Expansion</a>; <a href="#PEACE">Peace</a>; <a href="#TEXAS">Texas</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="ANTIGUA" />Antigua, expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Antislavery sentiment, as expected factor in war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#SLAVERY">Slavery</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Antón Lizardo, rendezvous of Vera Cruz expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Apache Canyon, N. Mex., expected fight at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_293">293–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Apodaca, Juan Ruiz de, and liberal constitution, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Appropriations for American navy, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#FINANCES">Finances</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Arab</em>, Santa Anna returns in, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_486">486</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Arbitrary rule, tradition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Arbitration of claims on Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_79">79–81</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_429">429–31</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Archer, William S., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and advance to Rio Grande, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>;</li> <li>and war bill, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>;</li> + <li>and British mediation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_504">504</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Argüelles, D., at Belén garita, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="ARISTA" />Arista, Mariano, + <ul class="IX"> + <li> position, commands at Matamoros, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>;</li> + <li>orders troops to cross and attack, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>;</li> + <li>on beginning of war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>;</li> + <li>force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>;</li> + <li>propaganda among American troops, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>;</li> + <li>and outlook, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>;</li> + <li>advance on Taylor’s communications, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Palo Alto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164–70</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>treachery rumored, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_170">170–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>position after battle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>;</li> + <li>retires from <a class="pagenum" id="Page_565" title="565"></a> Matamoros, <a href="#Page_177">177–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_469">469</a>;</li> + <li>relieved of command, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>;</li> + <li>pursuit, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>effect of defeat, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_213">213</a>;</li> + <li>rebuilds army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_489">489</a>;</li> + <li>and Fort Brown, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_468">468</a>;</li> + <li>hostility to Santa Anna, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> + <li>sent away, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> + <li>refuses command, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="ARISTOCRACY" />Aristocracy, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>conditions, aspect, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_23">23–7</a>;</li> + <li>fears American influence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#OLIGARCHY">Oligarchy</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Arkansas troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Santa Anna’s advance, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_554">554</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + <li>in Wool’s march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>call (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Arlégui, J. M. de, and Doniphan’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_521">521</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Armijo, Manuel, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>control of New Mexico, character, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_285">285</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li> + <li>and advance of Kearny’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_292">292–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>wavering and flight, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_294">294–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516–7</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Armistice, Taylor’s, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501–6</a>;</li> + <li>terminated, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_263">263–4</a>;</li> + <li>after Churubusco, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s activity and position, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> + <li>peace negotiations during, <a href="#Page_135">135–8</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396–400</a>;</li> + <li>question of extension, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna violates, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> + <li>terminated, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</li> + <li>results, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> + <li>terms, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>wisdom, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>clashes during, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>;</li> + <li>opposing views on, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</li> + <li>question and renewed peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</li> + <li>after signing of peace treaty, terms, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Arms, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_156">156–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_462">462</a>;</li> + <li>of American army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_450">450</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="ARMY" />Army, American, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>character of official reports, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>belittled by foreigners, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>;</li> + <li>condition, arms (1845), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_450">450–1</a>;</li> + <li>war acts on regulars, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>attitude of regulars, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_481">481</a>;</li> + <li>size before call for Vera Cruz expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>;</li> + <li>regular force during war, recruiting, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>;</li> + <li>Ten Regiment Bill and amendment, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_74">74–6</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>question of lieutenant generalcy and major generalcy commanding for Benton, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</li> + <li>character of new officers under Ten Regiment Bill, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> + <li>statistical facts, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>;</li> + <li>regulars and volunteers contrasted, <a href="#Page_319">319–20</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512–3</a>;</li> + <li>character of special arms, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>;</li> + <li>general character and achievement, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</li> + <li>Voltigeurs, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>bounty, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</li> + <li>authorized regular (1847), <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>supposed size (Nov. 1847), <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#MORALE">Morale</a>; <a href="#MOUNTED">Mounted Riflemen</a>; <a href="#VOLTIGEURS">Voltigeurs</a>; <a href="#VOLUNTEERS">Volunteers</a>; and officers and campaigns by name, regular regiments by number, and volunteers by name of state.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Army, Mexican, + <ul class="IX"> + <li> position and character of officers, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_8">8–10</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>of rank and file, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>;</li> + <li>cavalry and artillery, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>;</li> + <li>and Itúrbide, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>power, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>;</li> + <li>supports Guerrero, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>and Bustamante, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>backs Santa Anna (1832), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>Farías’ attempted reforms, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>makes Santa Anna dictator, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>;</li> + <li>and Seven Laws, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>and financial crisis, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>;</li> + <li>revolts against Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>;</li> + <li>and Herrera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>;</li> + <li>foreign opinion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_440">440</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican opinion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_106">106</a>;</li> + <li>organization and condition (1845), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_156">156–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_461">461–2</a>;</li> + <li>size then, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>;</li> + <li>and Paredes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>;</li> + <li>fragmentary character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>condition and command after elimination of Santa Anna (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429–30</a>;</li> + <li>as fighters, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li> + <li>and civil discouragement, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> commanders and campaigns by name, especially <a href="#AMPUDIA">Ampudia</a>; <a href="#ARISTA">Arista</a>; <a href="#SANTA_ANNA">Santa Anna</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Army of the East, Mexican, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Army of the North, Mexican, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#VALENCIA">Valencia</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Army of the South, Mexican, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_88">88</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#ALVAREZ">Alvarez</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Arrangóiz, J., Mexican consul at New Orleans, on hope in privateering, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Arriero, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Arroyo, Miguel, and douceur fund, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_391">391</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Arroyo Colorado, Mejía’s ruse at crossing, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Art of war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_405">405</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Arteaga, M., at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Artillery, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_461">461–2</a>;</li> + <li>in Monterey campaign, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>;</li> + <li>field, of American army at outbreak of war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army. <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</li> + <li>character of American, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> regiments by number.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Artillery Battalion, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Monterey campaign, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_508">508</a>;</li> + <li>at Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#CHILDS">Childs</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ashburnham, Charles, British chargé at Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Mexican relations, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican obduracy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ashburton, Baron, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_524">524</a>;</li> + <li>and control of Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ashmun, George, and advance to Rio Grande, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_456">456</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Assessments, American, on Mexicans, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_264">264–6</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485–8</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_566" title="566"></a><a id="ATALAYA" />Atalaya, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>hill at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>occupied by Americans, <a href="#Page_50">50–3</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite>Athenæum</cite>, and American absorption of Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_297">297</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Atlixco, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>aspect, Rea at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> + <li>Lane’s attack, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Atocha, A. J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Santa Anna, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_202">202</a>;</li> + <li>and peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Atristain, Miguel, peace commissioner, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Attitude toward Mexico, American, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_76">76–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_88">88–91</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_117">117–21</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_125">125–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_130">130–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_429">429</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_434">434–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_458">458–61</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#CONQUERED_TERRITORY">Conquered territory</a>; <a href="#DIPLOMATIC_INTERCOURSE">Diplomatic intercourse</a>; <a href="#OUTBREAK">Outbreak</a>; <a href="#PREPARATION">Preparation</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="ATTITUDE" />Attitude toward the war, of Mexican people, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_115">115–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#OPPOSITION">Opposition</a>; <a href="#POPULARITY">Popularity</a>; <a href="#PREPARATION">Preparation</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="ATTITUDE_TOWARD_US" />Attitude toward United States, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_57">57–61</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_102">102–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_375">375–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_431">431</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_484">484</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#DIPLOMATIC_INTERCOURSE">Diplomatic intercourse</a>; <a href="#OUTBREAK">Outbreak</a>; <a href="#PREPARATION">Preparation</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Aulick, J. H., at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Aurora de la Libertad</cite>, excites fears of Spanish America, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>appeal to Europe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Avalos, F., and plans against Taylor, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ayotla, Twiggs at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ayuntamientos, in occupied territory, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> + + <li class="ifrst">Backus, Electus, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>on mistakes there, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Badillo, Colonel, at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="BAHIA" />Bahía company, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Baker, E. D., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>wounded, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>;</li> + <li>on war and expansion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>and absorption of Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Balderas, Lucas, killed at Molino del Rey, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Baldwin, John, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_427">427</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ballentine, George, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on American infantry, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_451">451</a>;</li> + <li>on Tampico and American occupation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Baltimore <cite>American</cite>, on California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_325">325</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Baltimore troops. <em>See</em> <a href="#WASHINGTON_AND_BALTIMORE_BATTALION">Washington and Baltimore battalion</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Bancroft, George, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Polk and California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk’s reluctance to fight, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk’s ability, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_129">129</a>;</li> + <li>and war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_181">181</a>;</li> + <li>instructions to Sloat, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_530">530</a>;</li> + <li>as secretary of the navy, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</li> + <li>and plan to attack Ulúa, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> + <li>and Conner, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> + <li>and absorption of Mexico, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</li> + <li>on war finances, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>;</li> + <li>on victories and foreign relations, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li> + <li>on British and war annexations, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</li> + <li>on influence abroad of war, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Bancroft, H. H., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Castro’s meeting, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_526">526</a>;</li> + <li>on Gillespie, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_526">526</a>;</li> + <li>on Sloat, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_530">530</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_531">531</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Baneneli, J., at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="BANKHEAD" />Bankhead, Charles, British minister at Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and annexation of Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_85">85</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexican-American relations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_91">91–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_435">435</a>;</li> + <li>and Oregon and Mexican controversies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_114">114–5</a>;</li> + <li>on Rio Grande campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_180">180</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican abandonment of California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican war enthusiasm, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>on Santa Anna and peace (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_487">487</a>;</li> + <li>on factions of Federalists, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican finances, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican attitude toward peace (1846), <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;</li> + <li>and Trist mission, <a href="#Page_129">129–31</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</li> + <li>and privateering, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> + <li>and mediation, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>;</li> + <li>on evacuation of city, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Bankhead, James, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>occupation of Córdoba and Orizaba, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_184">184–5</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</li> + <li>in command at Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Banking, Mexican attempt, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#FINANCES">Finances</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Baranda, Manuel, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and return of Santa Anna, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>and Trist mission, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Barbour, P. N. at Resaca de la Palma, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Barker, E. C, acknowledgment to, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_450">450</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Barnburners, and Polk, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Barrios, Colonel, at Belén garita, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Barron, E., British consul at Tepic, and California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_524">524</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Beach, Moses Y., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Mexico, intrigue, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_11">11–4</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;</li> + <li>escape, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</li> + <li>and absorption of Mexico, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</li> + <li>on intrigue, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Beale, E. F., and battle of San Pascual, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_535">535</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Beale’s grant, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_449">449</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Bear Flag war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_331">331–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_528">528–9</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Beauregard, P. G. T., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and landing at Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</li> + <li>reconnoitres Con<a class="pagenum" id="Page_567" title="567"></a>treras route, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> + <li>on plan of attack of capital, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li> + <li>at Belén garita, wounded, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>;</li> + <li>engineer with Scott, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</li> + <li>at battle of Contreras, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;</li> + <li>reconnoitres southern approach of capital, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican soldiers, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Béjar company, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="BELEN" />Belén garita and citadel, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Quitman’s attack, <a href="#Page_158">158–60</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414–6</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Belknap, W. G., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Palo Alto, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li>at Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Belknap, Camp, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_206">206</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Belmont, August, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and American funds in Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>;</li> + <li>and war loans, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Belton, F. M., at Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_512">512</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Benham, F. G., at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_338">338</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Benham, H. W., on Taylor’s carelessness at Agua Nueva, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_549">549</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Benjamin, Calvin, at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_156">156</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Belén garita, killed; <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Benjamin, Park, on call to arms, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Bentinck, Lord George, and interposition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Benton, T. H., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Polk and war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>;</li> + <li>and war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>on cause of war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>welcome to Doniphan’s force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_314">314</a>;</li> + <li>war plan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351</a>;</li> + <li>on advance to Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_458">458</a>;</li> + <li>and Doniphan’s expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_517">517</a>;</li> + <li>on Gillespie’s mission to Frémont, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_528">528</a>;</li> + <li>and lieutenant generalcy, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>and peace, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> + <li>opposes Slidell as peace commissioner, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> + <li>and treaty of peace, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;</li> + <li>public land gradation policy, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>;</li> + <li>and tariff for Mexican ports, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li> + <li>character and leadership, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</li> + <li>and major-generalcy, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Bent’s Fort, Kearny’s expedition at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_515">515</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Bermúdez de Castro, Salvador, Spanish minister at Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Slidell mission, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican aggression, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_455">455</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican finances, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li>on difficulties of march to Mexico City, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>on Trist mission, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li> + <li>and peace, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> + <li>and privateering, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> + <li>and war, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</li> + <li>on American army, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott’s expedition, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Berra, F., at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Berrien, J. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and war bill, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>;</li> + <li>and treaty of peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> + <li>no-annexation plan, <a href="#Page_287">287–8</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Biddle, James, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Asia station, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</li> + <li>commands Pacific squadron, vessels, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Bidwell, John, and Bear Flag war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_529">529</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Bishop’s Palace at Monterey, in battle, capture, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_247">247–8</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Bissell, W. H., at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_394">394</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Black, John, American consul at Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and restoration of intercourse, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_96">96</a>;</li> + <li>and Slidell mission, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_453">453</a>;</li> + <li>report on Santa Anna’s attitude, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>;</li> + <li>expelled, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>and peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Black, S. W., at siege of Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Black Pass. <em>See</em> Hoya.</li> + + <li class="primary">Blair, F. P., Sr., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>warning on political effect of war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_353">353</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</li> + <li>on excesses in New Mexico, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Blake, J. E., at Palo Alto, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Blanchard, A. G., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Monterey campaign, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496–8</a>;</li> + <li>advance to Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Blanco, Colonel, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Wool’s march, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>guerilla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Blanco, S., at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_389">389</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Bliss, W. W. S., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as Taylor’s adjutant, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_451">451</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li> + <li>on Rio Grande campaign, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>;</li> + <li>parley after Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_398">398</a>;</li> + <li>at Palo Alto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_466">466</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Blockade, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>not feared by Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>expected European difficulty, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>;</li> + <li>policy, character, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;</li> + <li>physical difficulties, <a href="#Page_194">194–5</a>;</li> + <li>on Pacific coast, <a href="#Page_205">205–6</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="BLOOMINGTON" />Bloomington (Muscatine), Iowa, on good will toward Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Boca Chica, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Bocanegra, J. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>character, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>;</li> + <li>American correspondence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>;</li> + <li>and decree expelling Americans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>and Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="BOCAS" />Bocas, force at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_553">553</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em lang="es" xml:lang="es">Boletín Oficial</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Mexican army, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_106">106</a>;</li> + <li>on Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_487">487</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Bonham, M. L., regiment, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>leaves Mexico City, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Bonita</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>captured, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_511">511</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</li> + <li>added to navy, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>;</li> + <li>in attack at Tuxpán, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Bonneville, B. L. E., and Wool, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Borland, Solon, carelessness and capture, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_370">370–1</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#ENCARNACION_PRISONERS">Encarnación prisoners</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Boston</em>, wrecked, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_568" title="568"></a>Boston <cite>Atlas</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>demand for war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_456">456</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk’s Cabinet, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</li> + <li>on outlook of war, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> + <li>encourages enemy, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</li> + <li>on tariff, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk’s war policy, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Botts, J. M., opposes war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Bouck, W. C., federal appointment, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Boundaries, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican negotiation on Louisiana Purchase, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_59">59–61</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>Sabine River, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>;</li> + <li>offer of compensation for proper Texan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_84">84–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_436">436</a>;</li> + <li>southern, of Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_470">470</a>;</li> + <li>Texan, in peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_135">135–6</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#ANNEXATIONS">Annexations</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Bounty in Ten Regiment Bill, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Bowles, W. A., at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_557">557</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Boyd, J. McH., American chargé at London, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Bragg, Braxton, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>force in Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>at Fort Brown, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_390">390–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_557">557</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + <li>on reports, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>field battery, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>in Harney’s brigade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott’s order against the cabal, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_436">436</a>;</li> + <li>sent to New Mexico, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Bravo, Nicolás, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as partisan leader, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>;</li> + <li>revolt against Itúrbide, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>Presidential candidacy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>attempted revolt (1827), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li>pardoned, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_44">44</a>;</li> + <li>acting President (1846), reforms, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>;</li> + <li>and revolt, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>;</li> + <li>incites against United States, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li> + <li>retires, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> + <li>and desire for peace, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, surrenders, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</li> + <li>and guerilla warfare, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Bravos battalion, formation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Brazito affair, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_301">301–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_518">518</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Brazos Island, camp, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Breckenridge, H. M., claims commissioner, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_430">430</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Breese, Sidney, position in Senate, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Bribery money in peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_131">131–2</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="BRIDGEHEAD" />Bridgehead at Churubusco, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_111">111</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>maps, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li> + <li>attack and capture, <a href="#Page_114">114–6</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Briggs, G. N., on attitude toward war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Brinkerhoff, Jacob, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and advance to Rio Grande, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_456">456</a>;</li> + <li>position in House, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>and Wilmot Proviso, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Briscoe, W. F., guerilla attack on, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite>Britannia</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on American army, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>;</li> + <li>on military titles, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</li> + <li>on people, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> + <li>on conquests in India, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</li> + <li>on guerilla warfare, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</li> + <li>criticism of military operations, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li> + <li>on absorption of Mexico, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">British in Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>merchants, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>;</li> + <li>mining companies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Broglie, Duc de, and war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Brokers, in Mexican public finances, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Brooke, G. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and reinforcement of Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_512">512</a>;</li> + <li>and alarm over Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_400">400</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Brooks, W. T. H., at Contreras, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Brough, C. H., in Lane’s march to Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Brown, ——, American agent to Santa Anna, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_479">479</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="BROWN" />Brown, Jacob, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Fort Brown, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li>killed, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_468">468</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Brown, Milton, on advance to Rio Grande, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Brown, Fort, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>construction, position, map, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_463">463</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_468">468</a>;</li> + <li>attack on, and battle of Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467–9</a>;</li> + <li>former names, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_454">454</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Bryce, James, on justice of expansion, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="BUCHANAN" />Buchanan, James, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Almonte, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li>and Slidell mission, instructions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_436">436–7</a>;</li> + <li>on war spirit, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>;</li> + <li>on peaceful policy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>;</li> + <li>and monarchist plans in Mexico, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_448">448</a>;</li> + <li>and southern boundary of Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_139">139</a>;</li> + <li>and California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_327">327</a>;</li> + <li>and defensive-line policy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_348">348</a>;</li> + <li>and Patterson, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351</a>;</li> + <li>and war programme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351</a>;</li> + <li>and Parrott, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>and Gillespie, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_528">528</a>;</li> + <li>desire for peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> + <li>overtures (1846), <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;</li> + <li>and Trist, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li> + <li>appearance, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li> + <li>and recall of Trist, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>and absorption of Mexico, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> + <li>opposes treaty, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>as Cabinet officer, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</li> + <li>and Dallas faction, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</li> + <li>circular and conciliation of European opinion, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>and British offer of mediation, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>;</li> + <li>and Beach, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott-Trist, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</li> + <li>does not expect peace, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>on Texas and Kearny’s occupation of New Mexico, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>;</li> + <li>and annexation and slavery, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>and Polk, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_569" title="569"></a>Buena Vista, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>later force at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>mutiny, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> next title.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="BUENA_VISTA" />Buena Vista campaign, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Taylor’s insubordinate advance to Agua Nueva, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_373">373–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_547">547–8</a>;</li> + <li>carelessness and capture of Wool’s scouting parties, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_370">370–1</a>;</li> + <li>lessened morale of Wool’s force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s unstrategic position and carelessness, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_549">549</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>assembling of Santa Anna’s army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_374">374–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>plan to attack Taylor’s weak and isolated force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_543">543</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_552">552</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican advance for surprise, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_380">380–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_553">553</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_554">554</a>;</li> + <li>map of route between Mexico and Agua Nueva, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_381">381</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_552">552</a>;</li> + <li>flight of Americans to Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_382">382–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_554">554</a>;</li> + <li>map of roads between Monterey and El Encarnación, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s trips to Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>;</li> + <li>pursuit of Americans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s failure to charge, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>his play for time, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>field, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>American position and force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_548">548</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>flank movement on American left, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>;</li> + <li>map of field, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_387">387</a>;</li> + <li>condition of troops during night, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>;</li> + <li>second day: mass in Mexican army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>;</li> + <li>continuation of flanking, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_390">390</a>;</li> + <li>repulse of Blanco’s frontal charge, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_389">389</a>;</li> + <li>Pacheco’s advance on American left, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_389">389–91</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_557">557</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + <li>repulse of flanking force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>repulse of Pacheco, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>rout of flanking force, ruse to save it, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_392">392–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + <li>criticism of Santa Anna’s tactics, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + <li>Hardin’s charge and repulse, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>repulse of Pérez’s charge on centre, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_394">394–5</a>;</li> + <li>Miñón’s repulse at Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>factors in American success, Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_395">395–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican valor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_396">396</a>;</li> + <li>losses and condition of American army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s determination to hold ground, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_397">397</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>condition of the Mexican army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_397">397</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s retirement to preserve organization, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_397">397–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>;</li> + <li>parley, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>;</li> + <li>horrors of Mexican retreat, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_399">399</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna credited with victory, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_399">399</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s tardy advance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_399">399</a>;</li> + <li>forays in his rear, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>;</li> + <li>alarm in United States, reaction, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_400">400</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican batteries, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>;</li> + <li>question of Taylor’s order to retreat, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + <li>foreign comment, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Bullion, export forbidden, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_487">487</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Burke, Edmund, on arbitrary government, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on political slavery, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Burnett, E. C., acknowledgment to, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Burnett, W. B., wounded at Churubusco, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Burns, ——, paymaster, and Leonidas letter, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Burr, Aaron, and spirit of expansion, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Burrita, expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_469">469</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>camp, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_206">206</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Burrough, Marmaduke, American consul at Vera Cruz, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Burton, H. S., in Lower California, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Bustamante, Anastasio, Vice-President, revolt, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as President, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>resigns, reëlevates Pedraza, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>returns to power, Santa Anna undermines, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47–51</a>;</li> + <li>and California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>;</li> + <li>and chief command, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Butler, Andrew P., position in Senate, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Butler, Anthony, as minister at Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_420">420</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Sabine River boundary, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_64">64</a>;</li> + <li>and claims, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Butler, B. F., on Polk, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Butler, P. M., killed, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_117">117</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#PALMETTO">Palmetto</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Butler, W. O., division in march to Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in battle of Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_252">252–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_499">499</a>;</li> + <li>command and force at Monterey (Dec. 1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>and command of Vera Cruz expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351</a>;</li> + <li>and expected attack, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_358">358</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s instructions on troops for Vera Cruz, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_362">362</a>;</li> + <li>in command at Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_370">370</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_549">549</a>;</li> + <li>at Brazos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>takes reinforcements to Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> + <li>succeeds Scott, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>evacuates Mexico City, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>and Price’s Rosales expedition, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</li> + <li>retained in service, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>division garrisoned at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</li> + <li>and peace commission, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="ifrst">Cabinet, character of Polk’s, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Cadereita, aspect, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Cadwalader, George, reinforcements for Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>brigade in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>advance after armistice, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_144">144–6</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>at San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</li> + <li>and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_570" title="570"></a> douceur, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>and plan of attack on capital, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>occupies Toluca, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</li> + <li>leaves Mexico, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cahuenga, capitulation of, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_345">345</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Calderón de la Barca, J. M., Spanish minister at Washington, on Mexican army, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Calhoun, J. C., and annexation of Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_433">433</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>opposition to war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_185">185–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>desire to supplant, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>,<b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li> + <li>on unrest, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>;</li> + <li>and defensive-line policy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_348">348</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> + <li>and advance to the Rio Grande, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_458">458</a>;</li> + <li>and Oregon question, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_458">458</a>;</li> + <li>and lieutenant generalcy for Benton, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> + <li>and peace, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li> + <li>and Polk’s Cabinet, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</li> + <li>encourages enemy, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>followers and Polk, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>character and leadership, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</li> + <li>and Wilmot Proviso, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>;</li> + <li>on treaty of peace, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>and war annexations, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="CALIFORNIA" />California, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Jones at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>abuse and expulsion of Americans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>misgovernment and expulsion of Mexican officials, virtual abdication, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_319">319–22</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_522">522</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_523">523</a>;</li> + <li>European interference feared, American precautions against it, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_325">325–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_530">530</a>;</li> + <li>offer to purchase, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_436">436</a>;</li> + <li>attitude of American government, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_324">324–5</a>;</li> + <li>conditions under Mexican rule, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_315">315</a>;</li> + <li>population, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_315">315</a>;</li> + <li>character and life of Californians, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_315">315–7</a>;</li> + <li>map of coast, (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_316">316</a>;</li> + <li>map of northern, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_317">317</a>;</li> + <li>foreign element, commerce, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_317">317–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_521">521</a>;</li> + <li>question of future, American interest, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_322">322–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_523">523</a>;</li> + <li>Great Britain and, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_323">323–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_524">524</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_527">527</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_531">531</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>France and, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_523">523</a>;</li> + <li>expected peaceful acquisition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_325">325</a>;</li> + <li>and cause of Mexican War, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_526">526</a>;</li> + <li>attitude of Californians toward foreign control, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_327">327–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_526">526</a>;</li> + <li>factional war (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_527">527</a>;</li> + <li>Frémont and Castro, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_528">528</a>;</li> + <li>Gillespie and Frémont’s return, Bear Flag war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_331">331–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_528">528–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_531">531</a>;</li> + <li>its results, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</li> + <li>Sloat’s hesitation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_333">333–4</a>, <a href="#Page_530">530</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>;</li> + <li>possession taken at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_334">334–5</a>, <a href="#Page_531">531</a>;</li> + <li>defensive union of factions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_335">335</a>;</li> + <li>Stockton–Frémont union and address, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_532">532</a>;</li> + <li>first southern campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_532">532</a>;</li> + <li>Stockton’s rule, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_337">337–8</a>;</li> + <li>rising in south against Gillespie’s rule, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_338">338–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_533">533–4</a>;</li> + <li>second southern campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_339">339–46</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_534">534–6</a>;</li> + <li>Kearny, battle of San Pascual, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_534">534</a>;</li> + <li>American force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_535">535</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>advance and recapture of Los Angeles, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_342">342–4</a>;</li> + <li>Frémont’s conduct, his capitulation with insurgents, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_345">345–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_535">535–6</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</li> + <li>results, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_536">536</a>;</li> + <li>in peace negotiations and treaty, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>;</li> + <li>under American rule, <a href="#Page_217">217–20</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>justice of acquisition, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>;</li> + <li>friction between Kearny and Frémont, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Callender, F. D., at Contreras, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Camargo, occupation, as camp, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_484">484</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>camp broken up, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>;</li> + <li>troops left at, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>force at (Oct.), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_506">506</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cameron, J. A., American consul at Vera Cruz, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Campbell, J. A., opposes war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Campbell, R. B., American consul at Havana, and Santa Anna, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on strength of Ulúa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_536">536</a>;</li> + <li>and spy for Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Campbell, W. B., in battle of Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_252">252</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on mistakes at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_549">549</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</li> + <li>on attitude on reinlistment, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>;</li> + <li>on Pillow, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Campomanes (Campos), ——, intermediary between Scott and clergy, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_357">357</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Campos. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> Campomanes.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Camps, Taylor’s, at Corpus Christi, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Texan, of Taylor’s reinforcements, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>;</li> + <li>Camargo, sickness, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>Cerralvo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s, before Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> + <li>Vergara, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Campusano, Antonio, at Guaymas, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Canales, Antonio, force at Matamoros, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>;</li> + <li>at Palo Alto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_166">166</a>;</li> + <li>at Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>;</li> + <li>and Fort Brown, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>;</li> + <li>leaves Taylor’s advance unopposed, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_495">495</a>;</li> + <li>guerilla warfare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_479">479</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_169">169–70</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Canalizo, Valentín, command below Perote, and preparations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</li> + <li>in the battle, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna at Orizaba, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li> + <li>and army at capital, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> + <li>in plan of its defence, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li> + <li>fails, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</li> + <li>combination against Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_571" title="571"></a><a id="CANITZ" />Canitz, Baron von, Prussian minister of foreign relations, and the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Canning, George, on national responsibility, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_76">76</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Cano, Juan, at La Hoya, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_42">42</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cárdenas, J., protest to Taylor, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_454">454</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Carmelita</em>, captured, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Carmen Island, occupied, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Carnero Pass, Taylor and, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_549">549</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Carpender, E. W., and loss of <em>Truxtun</em>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Carrasco, J. M., at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_252">252</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Carson, Kit, and battle of San Pascual, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_535">535</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Casa Mata, defences, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_140">140</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>force, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> + <li>capture, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>blown up, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Casey, Silas, at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>wounded, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cass, Lewis, and Gaines’s Texan expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and war bill, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>;</li> + <li>and Oregon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>on defensive-line policy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_348">348</a>;</li> + <li>and absorption of Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</li> + <li>and Barnburners, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>character and leadership, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</li> + <li>on annexation of Texas, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Castillo, Pedro Fernández del, as claims commissioner, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_429">429–31</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Castillo y Lanzas, J. M. de, minister at Washington, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_77">77</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>minister of relations, and Slidell, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_439">439</a>;</li> + <li>on approach of war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Castro, José, leader in California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>comandante general, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>;</li> + <li>and foreign occupation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_526">526</a>;</li> + <li>civil war with Pico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>;</li> + <li>and Frémont, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_528">528</a>;</li> + <li>and American occupation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_335">335–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_530">530</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_532">532</a>;</li> + <li>leaves, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_533">533</a>;</li> + <li>and Bear Flag war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_529">529</a>;</li> + <li>returns, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Caswell, W. R., on Pillow, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_361">361</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="CAUSE" />Causes of the war, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in general, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_58">58–99</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_102">102–16</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_134">134–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_148">148–50</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_153">153–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_439">439</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_457">457–61</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_470">470–3</a>;</li> + <li>special, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189–90</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471–3</a>;</li> + <li>advance to Rio Grande not cause, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_154">154–5</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#OUTBREAK">Outbreak</a>; <a href="#PREPARATION">Preparation</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cavalry, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Scott’s advance on Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>call for American volunteer, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#DRAGOONS">Dragoons</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ceballos, Ramón de, on treatment by Americans, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Cedral, force at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_553">553</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="CENTRALISTS" />Centralists, oligarchy as, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>party resentment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_38">38–9</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna supports, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_46">46–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_415">415</a>;</li> + <li>rule, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47–8</a>;</li> + <li>and Farías (1846), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#FEDERALISM">Federalism</a>; <a href="#OLIGARCHY">Oligarchy</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cerralvo, as camp, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>occupied, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>;</li> + <li>force at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="CERRO_GORDO" />Cerro Gordo, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as defensive point, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>map of contour lines near, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li>selected as point to resist Scott’s advance, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> + <li>field, defences, <a href="#Page_42">42–5</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</li> + <li>general map of battle, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>size and condition of Mexican force, <a href="#Page_44">44–5</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</li> + <li>Twiggs’s force and artillery, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>Twiggs’s character, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> + <li>his blunder into, and retreat, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> + <li>question of precipitous assault, <a href="#Page_48">48–9</a>;</li> + <li>Scott on field, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li>reconnaissance, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s force, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li> + <li>advance flanking Mexican left, <a href="#Page_50">50–1</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350–2</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>map of central part of battle, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li>capture of La Atalaya, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li>attacks on and capture of Telégrafo, <a href="#Page_52">52–5</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>flight of flanked Mexicans, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58–9</a>;</li> + <li>Pillow’s mismanaged attack, <a href="#Page_56">56–8</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352–3</a>;</li> + <li>pursuit to Jalapa, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>spoils, losses, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</li> + <li>character of Scott’s report, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>effect on Mexicans, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Chachapa conference, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Chalco, Worth at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Chamberlain, S. E., on retreat to Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_554">554</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Chapultepec, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and battle of Molino del Rey, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>and approach of Mexico City, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>;</li> + <li>decision to attack, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>position and defences, <a href="#Page_149">149–52</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405–6</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>maps, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>;</li> + <li>American dispositions and bombardment, <a href="#Page_152">152–3</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>plan for assault, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> + <li>misgivings, <a href="#Page_153">153–4</a>;</li> + <li>attack on grove and outworks, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</li> + <li>problem of Santa Anna’s support, <a href="#Page_154">154–5</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>charge to the fosse, delay, <a href="#Page_155">155–6</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>attack on gateway, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</li> + <li>capture of fort, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</li> + <li>view from, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</li> + <li>losses, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</li> + <li>Worth’s advance, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>and armistice, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican force, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>wisdom of attack, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>threat to American rear during attack, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="CHARACTER" />Character, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_18">18–28</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_315">315–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_407">407–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_416">416–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_438">438</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_455">455</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_1">1–2</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79–87</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91–2</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230–1</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233–5</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310–2</a>, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#POPULATION">Population</a>; <a href="#SOCIAL_CONDITIONS">Social condition</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_572" title="572"></a>Charleston <cite>Courier</cite>, on war spirit, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and the war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_473">473</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Charleston <cite>Mercury</cite>, on Polk’s alarm, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Charleston <cite>Patriot</cite>, and the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_473">473</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Chase, Franklin, consul at Tampico, and occupation of city, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_511">511</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Chase, Mrs. Franklin, and occupation of Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_511">511</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Cheatham, B. F., on mistakes at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Chew, Samuel, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Chihuahua, situation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>plans for expedition against, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_266">266</a>;</li> + <li>gathering of Wool’s force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_267">267–70</a>;</li> + <li>his advance to Monclova, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_270">270–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>his difficulties, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_273">273–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509–10</a>;</li> + <li>advance to Parras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_274">274–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>diversion of Wool’s march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>;</li> + <li>results of march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>and caravan trade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_286">286</a>;</li> + <li>Doniphan’s force against, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_298">298–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_519">519</a>;</li> + <li>his march to El Paso, Brazito affair, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_299">299–303</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_518">518</a>;</li> + <li>his advance to Sacramento River, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_303">303–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_519">519</a>;</li> + <li>political affairs and preparations against Doniphan, Mexican force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_304">304–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_519">519</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Sacramento, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_306">306–13</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>occupied, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>Doniphan’s negotiations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>;</li> + <li>his march to Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_521">521</a>;</li> + <li>occupied by Price, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</li> + <li>under American rule, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Chihuahua Rangers, in Doniphan’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_519">519</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="CHILDS" />Childs, Thomas, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Palo Alto, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_246">246</a>;</li> + <li>at Jalapa, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>command at Puebla, besieged, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_174">174–8</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</li> + <li>as governor, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Chimalpa, Pillow at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">China, Mexico, proposed attack on Texans at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_235">235</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Chiquihuite, as defensive point, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Chronology of the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_xix">xix-xxi</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Churchill, Sylvester, in Wool’s march, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Churchill, W. H., at Palo Alto, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_466">466</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Churubusco, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>defences, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110–1</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>map of battle, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li> + <li>maps of bridgehead, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li> + <li>capture of San Antonio, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li> + <li>pursuit of Mexicans to bridgehead, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li> + <li>Coyoacán as American point of concentration, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>attack and capture of convent, <a href="#Page_113">113–4</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>map of convent, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> + <li>attack and capture of bridgehead, <a href="#Page_114">114–6</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>Shields-Pierce flank attack, <a href="#Page_115">115–7</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>pursuit of Mexicans, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> + <li>Kearny’s charge, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> + <li>losses, spoils, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> + <li>American elation, <a href="#Page_118">118–9</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s army after the battle, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> + <li>why not followed up, <a href="#Page_120">120–1</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s probable plan, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>as blunder, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>effect on morale, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican force, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>Pillow’s troops in, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>fate of captured American deserters, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Citadel at Mexico City, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Cities of Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Civil service, Mexican, character, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Claiborne, J. F. H., on war spirit, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="CLAIMS" />Claims against Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>European, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_425">425</a>;</li> + <li>American, and conduct of Americans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li>character and justice, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_74">74–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_424">424–7</a>;</li> + <li>American patience and forbearance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_427">427</a>;</li> + <li>Jackson’s Message (1837), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_77">77–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>demand (1837), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_78">78–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_429">429</a>;</li> + <li>arbitration, delays, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_79">79–80</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_429">429–31</a>;</li> + <li>award (1841), convention on payments, cessation of payments, excuse, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>question in efforts for resumption of intercourse, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_92">92–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_435">435</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican attitude, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>;</li> + <li>and cause of war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_448">448</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_279">279</a>;</li> + <li>Polk’s review, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li>assumption in treaty of peace, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>;</li> + <li>necessity of enforcement, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Clamor de las Ovejas</cite>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Clark, M. L., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Kearny’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>to hold Santa Fe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>;</li> + <li>joins Doniphan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_519">519</a>;</li> + <li>in battle of Sacramento, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_312">312</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Clarke, N. S., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>command at Matamoros, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>brigade in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>at San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> + <li>occupies Cuernavaca, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Classes, Mexican. <em>See</em> Population.</li> + + <li class="primary">Clausewitz, Karl von, on simplicity of war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_508">508</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Clay, C. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>captured, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_370">370–1</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#ENCARNACION_PRISONERS">Encarnación prisoners</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Clay, Henry [1], + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on cause of war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>;</li> + <li>speech and resolution on war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> + <li>war programme, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li> + <li>results of policy, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Clay, Henry [2], killed, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_394">394</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Clayton, J. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and war bill, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>;</li> + <li>defence of Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>;</li> + <li>and tariff of 1846, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>position in Senate, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_573" title="573"></a>Clergy. <em>See</em> Roman Catholic church.</li> + + <li class="primary">Clifford, Nathan, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Scott’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_540">540</a>;</li> + <li>and tariff for Mexican ports, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li> + <li>ratification commissioner, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>minister at Mexico, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Climate of Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Coahuila state, overrun,<b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="COALITION" />Coalition of Mexican states, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and secession, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</li> + <li>opposes peace, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> + <li>and opposition to Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> + <li>and collapse of government, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cochelet, ——, French agent in Mexico, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Collins, John, messenger to Wool, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Colombia. <em>See</em> New Granada.</li> + + <li class="primary">Colonies, mercantile system, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Colquitt, W. T., position in Senate, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Colton, Walter, as alcalde, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_338">338</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Columbus</em>, in Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Comanche Indians, raids, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_521">521</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Comandú, and American occupation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Commander in the field, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>selection (1846), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_196">196–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_477">477</a>;</li> + <li>for Vera Cruz expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_538">538–9</a>;</li> + <li>proposed lieutenant generalcy, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;</li> + <li>Scott removed, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="COMMERCE" />Commerce, American, influence on demand for war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#SANTA_FE_TRAIL">Santa Fe trail</a>; <a href="#TARIFF">Tariff</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Commerce, Mexican, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>mercantile class, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>;</li> + <li>roads, inland transportation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>;</li> + <li>protective tariff and prohibition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>;</li> + <li>smuggling, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>;</li> + <li>American negotiations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>;</li> + <li>over Santa Fe trail, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_72">72</a>;</li> + <li>general restriction on American, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_424">424</a>;</li> + <li>of California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_317">317</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_521">521</a>;</li> + <li>foreign, in occupied Mexican ports, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Commissaries, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Concepción, Fort, at Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="CONGRESS" />Congress, American, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and advance to the Rio Grande, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_456">456–9</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> + <li>war Message and war bill, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_181">181–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_470">470–3</a>;</li> + <li>war preparations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>;</li> + <li>and Oregon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>;</li> + <li>the Ten Regiment Bill, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_74">74–6</a>;</li> + <li>and lieutenant generalcy, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</li> + <li>and two and three million funds, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</li> + <li>and military government, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</li> + <li>and absorption of Mexico, <a href="#Page_243">243–4</a>;</li> + <li>tariff of 1846, warehouse system, sub-treasury, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478–9</a>;</li> + <li>treasury notes and loans, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</li> + <li>proposed impost on tea and coffee, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>;</li> + <li>proposed gradation of public lands, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li> + <li>initial popularity of war, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</li> + <li>reaction, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>Democratic dissensions, lack of leaders, <a href="#Page_281">281–3</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>position of Whigs, leaders, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>character of war-time speeches, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</li> + <li>attacks on war policy, <a href="#Page_284">284–6</a>;</li> + <li>Wilmot Proviso, <a href="#Page_286">286–7</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>Whig no-territory plan, <a href="#Page_287">287–8</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>Clay’s speech and resolutions, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> + <li>demand for stoppage of supplies and recall of troops, <a href="#Page_290">290–1</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>Whig control of House, programme, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li> + <li>influence of success of war, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li> + <li>continued baiting of Polk, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>war-time character, <a href="#Page_313">313–4</a>;</li> + <li>act (1847) for volunteers, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>and Yucatan, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>other war-time financial legislation, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#SENATE">Senate</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="CONGRESS_MEXICAN" />Congress, Mexican, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>first under Itúrbide, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_35">35–6</a>;</li> + <li>first republican, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_36">36–7</a>;</li> + <li>first constitutional (1825), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>and reëlevation of Pedraza, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>and Farías’ reforms, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>;</li> + <li>of Santa Anna’s supporters (1835), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>Seven Laws (1835), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_52">52–3</a>;</li> + <li>character (1846), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li> + <li>war-time Presidential elections, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>war measure against church property, <a href="#Page_9">9–12</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</li> + <li>new constitution (1847), <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> + <li>in abeyance, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> + <li>and Trist mission, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li> + <li>supports peace party, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>ratifies treaty, <a href="#Page_250">250–1</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>and British mediation, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Congress</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Pacific squadron, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_532">532</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>at Guaymas, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Connelly, Henry, and Kearny, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="CONNER" />Conner, David, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and resumption of intercourse (1845), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_436">436</a>;</li> + <li>peaceful instructions to (1845), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>;</li> + <li>and policy of bold military attitude, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>;</li> + <li>and return of Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_486">486</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_487">487</a>;</li> + <li>attitude toward attack on Tampico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_277">277</a>;</li> + <li>occupies it, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_279">279–81</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_511">511–2</a>;</li> + <li>and the plan to attack Vera Cruz, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_349">349–51</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_536">536</a>;</li> + <li>and attack on Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_466">466</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</li> + <li>and crossing of Rio Grande, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_469">469</a>;</li> + <li>and Vera Cruz expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>superseded by Perry, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> + <li>squadron, distribution, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>and blockade, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li> + <li>difficulties of shore operations, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</li> + <li>character as officer, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>attacks on Alvarado, <a href="#Page_197">197–9</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>Tabasco River expedition, <a href="#Page_199">199–200</a>;</li> + <li>Yucatan opera<a class="pagenum" id="Page_574" title="574"></a>tions, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> + <li>and plans to attack Ulúa, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Conner, P. E., at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="CONQUERED_TERRITORY" />Conquered territory, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>policy of occupying territory, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_266">266–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_508">508</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>;</li> + <li>civil government in New Mexico and California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_337">337–8</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>;</li> + <li>character of naval control, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</li> + <li>policy toward noncombatants, conciliation, <a href="#Page_210">210–1</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>;</li> + <li>outrages by volunteers at Matamoros, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>and at Monterey, <a href="#Page_212">212–3</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>liquor and troubles, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</li> + <li>regulations at Monterey, later security, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450–1</a>;</li> + <li>difficulty of convicting Mexican offenders, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>;</li> + <li>rule in Saltillo, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>police regulations, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>conditions in Tampico, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>prosperity, <a href="#Page_214">214–5</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li> + <li>effect of occupation on Mexican desire for annexation, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>excesses in New Mexico, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>;</li> + <li>Price’s rule there, insurrection, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li> + <li>successful rule in California, <a href="#Page_217">217–20</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>use of local civil officers, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s orders for military government, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455–7</a>;</li> + <li>rule at Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_220">220–2</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</li> + <li>at Córdoba and Orizaba, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>;</li> + <li>affairs at Jalapa, <a href="#Page_223">223–5</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>;</li> + <li>excesses elsewhere, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican offences and exaggerations, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li> + <li>rule at Puebla, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>;</li> + <li>clemency toward Mexico City, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>;</li> + <li>military discipline there, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459–60</a>;</li> + <li>life at capital during occupation, <a href="#Page_226">226–8</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican courts, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> + <li>social relations, <a href="#Page_230">230–1</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461–2</a>;</li> + <li>general conclusions on conduct of occupation, <a href="#Page_231">231–2</a>;</li> + <li>tariff, <a href="#Page_261">261–3</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>;</li> + <li>levies on Mexicans, <a href="#Page_264">264–6</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485–8</a>;</li> + <li>American opposition to occupation, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>;</li> + <li>title by conquest, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>;</li> + <li>justice of conquest, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>;</li> + <li>conditions at Chihuahua, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Conspectus of events, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_xix">xix–xxi</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="CONSTITUTIONS" />Constitutions, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Spanish liberal (1820), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>;</li> + <li>first Mexican (1824), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_36">36–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_412">412–3</a>;</li> + <li>Seven Laws, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>Bases of Tacubaya, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li>Organic Bases, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>;</li> + <li>revival of Organic Bases, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>;</li> + <li>renewal of constitution of 1824, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_488">488</a>;</li> + <li>of 1847, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Consuls in Mexico, cut off, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_484">484</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="CONTRERAS" />Contreras, battle of, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>field, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</li> + <li>Valencia’s occupation of it, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> + <li>American reconnaissance and advance, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>Pillow’s attack and Riley’s flank movement, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>support of Riley, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378–80</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s movements, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>Valencia disobeys order to retire, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>;</li> + <li>map, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> + <li>American troops during night, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>;</li> + <li>American flank and rear attack, <a href="#Page_108">108–10</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>flight of Mexicans, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> + <li>losses, spoils, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>credit for victory, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Convent at Churubusco, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>attack and capture, <a href="#Page_113">113–4</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>map, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Convoy. <em>See</em> Transportation.</li> + + <li class="primary">Cooke, P. St. G., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Kearny’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>;</li> + <li>in California, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Córdoba, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Bankhead’s expedition, aspect of route to, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_184">184–5</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</li> + <li>under American rule, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> + <li>Lane at, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Corcoran, W. J., company raised by, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Corpus Christi, Taylor’s force at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_452">452</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Corral Falso, as defensive point, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Corruption, Mexican, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in army, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_9">9</a>;</li> + <li>in civil service, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>;</li> + <li>extent and effect, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_416">416–7</a>;</li> + <li>question in peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390–1</a>;</li> + <li>and war-time trade, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexican attitude on the war, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Corwin, Thomas, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Scott, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>;</li> + <li>opposition to war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> + <li>and treaty of peace, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>;</li> + <li>effect of “hospitable graves” speech, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>demands recall of troops, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cos, M. P. de, at Tuxpán, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Cossack</em>, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="COST" />Cost of the war to United States, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_266">266–7</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Council Grove, trade rendezvous, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Courtesy, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Couto, J. B., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>peace commissioner, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</li> + <li>and Peña, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> + <li>on Trist, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cox, I. J., acknowledgment to, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_450">450</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Cox, Nathaniel, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Coyoacán, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>force at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</li> + <li>and battle of Churubusco, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382–3</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Crampton, J. F. T., British chargé at Washington, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and levy on Mexicans, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + <li>on slavery and cessation of war, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>on Whig war policy, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Crawford, J. T., British consul at Tampico, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_575" title="575"></a>Credit, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>lack of Mexican public, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</li> + <li>American foreign, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#FINANCES">Finances</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Creole</em>, burned, <b>2</b>. <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Creoles, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>characteristics, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_407">407</a>;</li> + <li>and Spanish-born, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>;</li> + <li>and independence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_30">30–1</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Crepúsculo</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Santa Anna as dictator, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>on Santa Anna and Zacatecas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Crime and criminal law, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Crittenden, J. J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and war bill, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_473">473</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> + <li>defence of Taylor, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>;</li> + <li>and Taylor’s candidacy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>and tariff of 1846, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>and plan to stop war, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li> + <li>position in Senate, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>on American attitude toward Mexico, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cross, Trueman, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>killed, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor and transportation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_490">490</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cuba, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexico and, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexican privateering, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cuernavaca, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Santa Anna’s dictatorship, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>;</li> + <li>occupied, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cuevas, L. G., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on chances of expected war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>;</li> + <li>and annexation of Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>on resumption of intercourse, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_435">435</a>;</li> + <li>and Peña, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> + <li>peace commissioner, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>on Trist, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Cumberland</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Home Squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>damaged, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cumplido, I., Presidential candidacy, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Curtis, S. R., and forays on Taylor’s rear, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Cushing, Caleb, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>sent to Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>brigade in Taylor’s force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>leaves Mexico, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Customs, Mexican internal, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_253">253</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#TARIFF">Tariff</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Cuylti, Gavino, and Doniphan’s advance, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_301">301</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Cyane</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>in Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>at La Paz and San José, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="CYPREY" />Cyprey, Baron Alleye de, French minister at Mexico, on British recognition of Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Dakin, J. H., recruiting advertisement, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_445">445</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Dale</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>at Guaymas, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Dallas, G. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Buchanan faction, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Dana, R. H., and public interest in California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_323">323</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Davidson, G. R., captured, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_370">370–1</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#ENCARNACION_PRISONERS">Encarnación prisoners</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Davis, C. W., and outrages, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_425">425</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Davis, G. T. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on errors at Churubusco, <b>2</b>. <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>on Belén operations, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Davis, Jefferson, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>in negotiations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_504">504</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>and peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>on glory of the war, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Davis, John, and two million bill, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Deas, Edward, battery in Taylor’s later force, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Deaths, in American army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Decatur</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in attack on Tuxpán, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Declaration of war. <em>See</em> Outbreak.</li> + + <li class="primary">Defensive-line policy, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Taylor’s plan, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_282">282–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_461">461</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_513">513</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_514">514</a>;</li> + <li>popularity, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_347">347</a>;</li> + <li>persistence, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Deffaudis, Baron. French minister at Mexico, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Delano, Columbus, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and war bill, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>inconsistent war criticism, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Delaware Indians, in Kearny’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Delaware troops, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Democracy, radical party in Mexico (1846), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_2">2–4</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#FEDERALISM">Federalism</a>; <a href="#PUROS">Puros</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="DEMOCRATIC" />Democratic party, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>early reaction, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>and Polk, dissensions, <a href="#Page_269">269–73</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</li> + <li>leaders in Congress, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>dissensions and Wilmot Proviso, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</li> + <li>dissensions protract war, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#CONGRESS">Congress</a>; <a href="#POLK">Polk</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite>Democratic Review</cite>, and absorption of Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">De Russey, L. G., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>wrecked, march to Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_547">547</a>;</li> + <li>attempt to rescue prisoners of war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Descriptions. <em>See</em> <a href="#PHYSICAL_ASPECT">Physical aspect</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="DESERTION" />Desertion, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Taylor army at Rio Grande, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>tendency after Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_262">262</a>;</li> + <li>amount, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>;</li> + <li>fate of deserters captured at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>deserters and peace, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#IRISH">Irish</a>; <a href="#PROPAGANDA">Propaganda</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Diablo, El, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>earthwork at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li> + <li>attack on, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_253">253–4</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>evacuated, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Diario</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>desires war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>;</li> + <li>on help from abroad, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>;</li> + <li>on the army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>on United States and Texas,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_576" title="576"></a> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>on start of final campaign, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott’s predicament, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> + <li>on peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Diaz de la Vega, R. <em>See</em> <a href="#LA_VEGA">La Vega</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Dickens, Charles, jibes at Americans, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Dickinson, D. S., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and expansion, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>and absorption of Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</li> + <li>position in Senate, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="DICTATORSHIP" />Dictatorship, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>under first Mexican constitution, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>Victoria’s, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_39">39</a>;</li> + <li>Guerrero’s, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_51">51–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_415">415</a>;</li> + <li>his virtual, during the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> + <li>invitation to Scott, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Dimond, F. M., American consul at Vera Cruz, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and restoration of intercourse, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_89">89</a>;</li> + <li>report on Santa Anna’s attitude, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>;</li> + <li>and war programme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_350">350</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexico and American-British relations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>and spy for Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="DIPLOMATIC_INTERCOURSE" />Diplomatic intercourse, American-Mexican, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican characteristics, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_416">416</a>;</li> + <li>treatment of Poinsett, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_58">58–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>Louisiana Purchase boundary, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_59">59–61</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>treaty of amity and commerce, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>;</li> + <li>recall of Poinsett demanded, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li>Butler as minister, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_420">420</a>;</li> + <li>Ellis as chargé, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>;</li> + <li>Sabine River boundary and Gaines’s expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_63">63–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_420">420–2</a>;</li> + <li>departure of Gorostiza, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>and recognition of Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>Bocanegra’s threat, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>;</li> + <li>Gorostiza’s pamphlet, disavowal, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_77">77–9</a>;</li> + <li>rupture (1845), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li>efforts to restore, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_88">88–91</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>preparation to reopen, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>;</li> + <li>British efforts for renewal, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_435">435</a>;</li> + <li>Mexico agrees to resume, claims question in agreement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_92">92–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_435">435–6</a>;</li> + <li>need of haste, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>;</li> + <li>instructions to Slidell, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_436">436</a>;</li> + <li>rejection of Slidell, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_96">96–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_100">100–1</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_437">437–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_453">453</a>;</li> + <li>policy of bold military attitude to encourage resumption, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>;</li> + <li>negotiations with Santa Anna (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_201">201–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>difficulties of contrasted national characteristics, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#CLAIMS">Claims</a>; <a href="#FOREIGN_RELATIONS">Foreign relations</a>; <a href="#PEACE">Peace</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Direct tax. American attitude toward, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Discipline. <em>See</em> <a href="#CONQUERED_TERRITORY">Conquered territory</a>; <a href="#MORALE">Morale</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Disraeli, Benjamin, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</li> + <li>and the war, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>;</li> + <li>and interposition, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">District of Columbia troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>call and response (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>at Jalapa, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#WASHINGTON_AND_BALTIMORE_BATTALION">Washington and Baltimore battalion</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Dodd, W. E., on Calhoun’s rivals and war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Domínguez, Manuel, as Scott’s spy, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite>Don Simplicio</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Santa Anna’s efforts at San Luis Potosí, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>;</li> + <li>on revolt of 1846, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li> + <li>on political situation (1847), <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Donaldson, J. L., at Saltillo, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_559">559</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Donelson, A. J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Texas and European aid, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>;</li> + <li>peaceful instructions to (1845), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexico and slavery, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>and war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_445">445</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="DONIPHAN" />Doniphan, A. W., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>regiment in Kearny’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>reduces Indians, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>;</li> + <li>force for Chihuahua march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_519">519</a>;</li> + <li>character and appearance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>;</li> + <li>character of force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>;</li> + <li>caravan with, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_519">519</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>crossing of Jornada del Muerto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_518">518</a>;</li> + <li>Clark’s reinforcement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>;</li> + <li>preparations against at El Paso, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_300">300–1</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_518">518</a>;</li> + <li>affair of Brazito, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_301">301–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_518">518</a>;</li> + <li>at El Paso, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_302">302–3</a>;</li> + <li>advance to Sacramento River, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_303">303–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_519">519</a>;</li> + <li>preparations against at Chihuahua, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_304">304–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_519">519</a>;</li> + <li>map of march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_305">305</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Sacramento, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_306">306–13</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>at Chihuahua, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>negotiations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>;</li> + <li>march to Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_521">521</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_547">547</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>return to Missouri, reception, results of march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_314">314</a>;</li> + <li>on and during the battle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>later career, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_521">521</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Dorsey, G., on Spanish American fear of aggression, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Dosamantes, Señorita, as volunteer, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Dosamantes, J., captured at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Douglas, S. A., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on cause of war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>;</li> + <li>on policy of occupying territory, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_492">492</a>;</li> + <li>position in House, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="DOYLE" />Doyle, P. W., British chargé at Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on British recognition of Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>on conduct of American soldiers, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>;</li> + <li>and renewal of peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_238">238–40</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>and armistice, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</li> + <li>on relaxed discipline after Scott’s departure, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="DRAGOONS" />Dragoons, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>force (1845), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>during armistice, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapul<a class="pagenum" id="Page_577" title="577"></a>tepec, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>in Mexico City, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li>with Scott, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> + <li>garrison at Jalapa and Perote, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>in California, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> regiments by number.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Dress, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_18">18–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>;</li> + <li>Californian, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_316">316</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Drink. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> Liquor.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Dromgoole, G. C., position in House, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Drum, S. H., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>company at Molino del Rey, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> + <li>at Belén garita, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> + <li>killed, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> + <li>light artillery, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ducoing, Theodore, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_427">427</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Duflot de Mofras, Eugène, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on cause of war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>;</li> + <li>and California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_523">523</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Duncan, James, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>battery in Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>;</li> + <li>at Palo Alto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>advance to Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>;</li> + <li>field battery, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>at Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>in advance of Perote, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li>Amozoc affair, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_143">143–6</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> + <li>and uprising in the city, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> + <li>and cabal against Scott, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s charges against, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>;</li> + <li>Polk rescues, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>reconnaissance of Mexicaltzingo route, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</li> + <li>and Quitman’s advance to Belén garita, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Du Petit Thouars, A. A., and California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_523">523</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Du Pont, S. F., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>cruise off western coast of Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</li> + <li>at La Paz and San José, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Durán, José, and surrender of Ulúa, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Durango state, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Santa Anna, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_376">376</a>;</li> + <li>and secession coalition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Echagaray, Domingo, at San Juan Bautista, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Echeagaray, Lt. Col., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> + <li>at San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Echols, R. M., regiment in Taylor’s force, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Eckford, Henry, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Edson, Alvin, at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Education, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>under Spanish rule, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>;</li> + <li>common, after independence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>higher, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Eighth Cavalry, Mexican, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Eighth Infantry, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li>at Palo Alto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>at Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>advance to Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Eighth Line Infantry, Mexican, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">El Carmen Island. <em>See</em> Carmen.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="EL_PASO" />El Paso, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>aspect and people, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_302">302</a>;</li> + <li>force against Doniphan Brazito affair, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_300">300–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_518">518</a>;</li> + <li>Doniphan occupies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_302">302–3</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">El Telégrafo. <em>See</em> <a href="#TELEGRAFO">Telégrafo</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Elections. <em>See</em> <a href="#PRESIDENT">President</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Eleventh Infantry, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Eleventh Line Infantry, Mexican, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</li> + <li>at San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> + <li>and Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Elkins, Samuel, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Elliot, Charles, British minister in Texas, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on chances of expected war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>;</li> + <li>on Texas as theatre of war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>;</li> + <li>on policy of expansion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ellis, Powhatan, <ul class="IX"> + <li>American representative at Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>;</li> + <li>and claims, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_76">76–7</a>;</li> + <li>and California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>on Tornel, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_484">484</a>;</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ellis, T. H., American chargé at Mexico, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Empire of Itúrbide, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="ENCARNACION" />Encarnación, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Santa Anna’s army at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_381">381</a>;</li> + <li>map of district, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#i021">382</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> next title.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="ENCARNACION_PRISONERS" />Encarnación prisoners, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>capture, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_370">370–1</a>;</li> + <li>sent south, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>;</li> + <li>at Huejutla, attempt to release, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Engineers, military, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_461">461</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</li> + <li>American corps, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_451">451</a>;</li> + <li>in the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>;</li> + <li>under Scott, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">England. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> Great Britain.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Erie</em>, in Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Escudero, J. A. de, and Farías, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Espectador</cite>, on the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Esperanza</cite>, on Americans, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_484">484</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Esteva, J. W., on Mexican character, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Estrada, Gutiérrez de. <em>See</em> <a href="#GUTIERREZ_DE_ESTRADA">Gutiérrez de Estrada</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Europe, expected to aid Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_112">112–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#FOREIGN_RELATIONS">Foreign relations</a>; <a href="#INTERPOSITION">Interposition</a>; nations by name,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_578" title="578"></a> especially <a href="#FRANCE">France</a>; <a href="#GREAT_BRITAIN">Great Britain</a>; <a href="#SPAIN">Spain</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Eutaw Indians, subdued, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Evacuation of Mexican territory, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_251">251–2</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475–6</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Evans, George, and war bill, <b>1</b>. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Eventualists, and secession and peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#PUROS">Puros</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Execution of American citizens, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="EXPANSION" />Expansion, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>spirit and attitude toward Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>London <cite>Times</cite> on, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</li> + <li>justice, <a href="#Page_322">322–3</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#ANNEXATIONS">Annexations</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Expulsion of American citizens, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_424">424</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Fairfield, John, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Scott, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>;</li> + <li>on speeches in Congress, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Falcon</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Falmouth</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>scurvy, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="FARIAS" />Farías, Valentín Gómez, Vice President, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>character, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>as acting President, attempted reforms, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>flees, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>as Federalist leader, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>;</li> + <li>and the war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>;</li> + <li>combination with Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>;</li> + <li>imprisoned, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>;</li> + <li>and revolt for Santa Anna (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_221">221–3</a>;</li> + <li>and Salas and Santa Anna, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</li> + <li>as leader of radicals (Puros), <a href="#Page_2">2</a>;</li> + <li>shelved, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li> + <li>election as Vice President and actual Executive (1846), <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li> + <li>war policy, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>;</li> + <li>financial problem and church property, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9–14</a>;</li> + <li>and Beach, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> + <li>superseded by Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>;</li> + <li>office abolished, unpopularity, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</li> + <li>hostility to Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> + <li>and Olaguíbel, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li> + <li>opposes peace negotiations (1847), <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Farragut, D. G., and Ulúa, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite>Federal Union</cite>, and war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_473">473</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="FEDERALISM" />Federalism and Federalists, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in first Mexican constitution, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_36">36–7</a>;</li> + <li>oligarchical plots and revolt against, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37–8</a>;</li> + <li>party resentment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_38">38–9</a>;</li> + <li>overthrow, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>pre-war factions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>;</li> + <li>Bustamante’s attempt to restore, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li>and Herrera’s rule, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_55">55–6</a>;</li> + <li>party and Poinsett, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>;</li> + <li>restoration (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_488">488</a>;</li> + <li>war-time factions, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_2">2–5</a>;</li> + <li>in election of 1846, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li> + <li>split on demands on church property, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna as Executive, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li>states defy Santa Anna, plan for new republic, <a href="#Page_86">86–7</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</li> + <li>state discussion on peace, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>antagonistic state groups, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#CONSTITUTIONS">Constitutions</a>; <a href="#GOVERNMENT">Government</a>; <a href="#MODERADOS">Moderados</a>; <a href="#PUROS">Puros</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Federation Ridge at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_497">497</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>capture, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_498">498</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Fernández del Castillo, Pedro. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> Castillo.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ferry, Gabriel, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on battle of Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>and interposition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li> + <li>on American army, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Fifteenth Infantry, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> + <li>garrisons it, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>advance after armistice, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Fifth Cavalry, Mexican, at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Fifth Infantry, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li>at Palo Alto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>;</li> + <li>at Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>advance to Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Fifth Line Infantry, Mexican, at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Filisola, Vicente, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Doniphan’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_521">521</a>;</li> + <li>and plans against Taylor, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</li> + <li>and later command, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="FINANCES" />Finances, American, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>naval appropriations, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</li> + <li>unfavorable pre-war conditions, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</li> + <li>problem of war loans, lack of credit abroad, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>;</li> + <li>need of more income, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;</li> + <li>tariff of 1846, warehouse system, and sub-treasury, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478–9</a>;</li> + <li>treasury notes, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</li> + <li>first loan, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;</li> + <li>second loan, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>;</li> + <li>proposed impost on tea and coffee, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>;</li> + <li>and gradation of public lands, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>;</li> + <li>tariff for Mexican ports, <a href="#Page_261">261–3</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>effect of prosperity due to European conditions, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>;</li> + <li>third loan, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>;</li> + <li>levies on Mexicans, <a href="#Page_264">264–6</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485–8</a>;</li> + <li>funds and expenditures in Mexico, <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>;</li> + <li>cost of the war, <a href="#Page_266">266–7</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>;</li> + <li>political effects of Polk’s policy, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>money market during the war, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>;</li> + <li>other war-time Acts, <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="FINANCES_MEXICAN" />Finances, Mexican, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Itúrbide’s troubles, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_34">34–5</a>;</li> + <li>and expulsion of Gachupines, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_39">39</a>;</li> + <li>early republican difficulties, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_39">39</a>;</li> + <li>crisis (1837), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>;</li> + <li>under Santa Anna’s dictatorship, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>;</li> + <li>Herrera’s predicament, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>;</li> + <li>war preparations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_213">213–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_488">488</a>;</li> + <li><a class="pagenum" id="Page_579" title="579"></a>Santa Anna’s preparations at San Luis Potosí, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_377">377</a>;</li> + <li>forced loans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_431">431</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>;</li> + <li>general war-time character, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</li> + <li>problems, <a href="#Page_7">7</a>;</li> + <li>demands on Church, law of Jan. 11, opposition, <a href="#Page_8">8–11</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</li> + <li>Beach’s intrigue and clerical revolt, <a href="#Page_11">11–4</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330–2</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna and Church property, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</li> + <li>effect of war on normal income, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</li> + <li>taxation projects, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>;</li> + <li>state donations, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</li> + <li>clerical donations, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>;</li> + <li>loans, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>;</li> + <li>seizures and requisitions, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</li> + <li>state of treasury (1846), <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">First Artillery, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>garrison at Jalapa, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>at Belén garita, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">First Cavalry, Mexican, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">First Dragoons, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Kearny’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_515">515</a>;</li> + <li>leave for California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>;</li> + <li>in Wool’s march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_554">554</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li> + <li>in California, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">First Infantry, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Burrita, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>in Smith’s brigade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>garrisons Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">First Ligero, at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">First Line Infantry, Mexican, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Fischer, Waldemar, company in Kearny’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_515">515</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Flagg, A. C., and Polk’s Cabinet, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Flirt</em>, in Home Squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Flores, J. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>rising in California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_533">533</a>;</li> + <li>as provisional governor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_340">340</a>;</li> + <li>and battle of San Pascual, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_342">342</a>;</li> + <li>and American advance on Los Angeles, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_343">343–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_535">535</a>;</li> + <li>retires to Sonora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_345">345</a>;</li> + <li>and Larkin, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_536">536</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Florida troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>calls, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>at Puebla, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Food and drink, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_20">20–1</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Forbes, Alexander, British consul at Tepic, effect of his book on California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_323">323</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Forbes, J. A., British vice consul in California, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on California and independence, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>;</li> + <li>on expected American annexation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_325">325</a>;</li> + <li>and British control, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_332">332</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Forced loans in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_410">410</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>to pay claims, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_431">431</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ford, Lemuel, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at siege of Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</li> + <li>in Lane’s guerilla operations, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="FOREIGN_RELATIONS" />Foreign relations, American, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>European attitude toward United States, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_294">294–6</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>and toward Mexico, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>Buchanan’s circular on origin and purpose of war, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> + <li>Spanish America and the war, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</li> + <li>attitude of Spain, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</li> + <li>of Prussia, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</li> + <li>England and outbreak of war, <a href="#Page_299">299–300</a>;</li> + <li>France and outbreak, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>British offer of mediation, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503–4</a>;</li> + <li>question of British interposition, <a href="#Page_301">301–4</a>, <a href="#Page_504">504–6</a>;</li> + <li>and British-French relations, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>France and interposition, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li> + <li>effect of victories, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li> + <li>foreign help of Mexico, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</li> + <li>criticism of war operations, <a href="#Page_306">306–8</a>, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>;</li> + <li>and treaty of peace, <a href="#Page_308">308–9</a>;</li> + <li>influence of war on, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#DIPLOMATIC_INTERCOURSE">Diplomatic intercourse</a>; <a href="#PREPARATION">Preparation</a>; nations by name, especially <a href="#FRANCE">France</a>; <a href="#GREAT_BRITAIN">Great Britain</a>; <a href="#SPAIN">Spain</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Foreigners. <em>See</em> <a href="#ALIENS">Aliens</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Forsyth, John, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Gaines’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>and claims commission, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_429">429</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Forward</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in attack on Alvarado, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>in Tabasco expedition, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Foster, J. G., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Molino del Rey, wounded, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</li> + <li>engineer with Scott, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Fourteenth Infantry, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Fourth Artillery, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>left at Contreras, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Fourth Infantry, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Fort Jesup, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_140">140</a>;</li> + <li>goes to Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_141">141–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>at Palo Alto <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_500">500–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>at San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Fourth Ligero, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Fourth Line Infantry, Mexican, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Palo Alto, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li>at Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_580" title="580"></a><em>Fourth of July</em>, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_424">424</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="FRANCE" />France, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>attack on Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li>and Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>and expected war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>;</li> + <li>and annexation of Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>and support of Mexico, interposition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_112">112–5</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li> + <li>supposed manipulation of Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>;</li> + <li>and California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_523">523</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexican privateering, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li> + <li>and American tariff for Mexican ports, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>;</li> + <li>attitude toward United States, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</li> + <li>attitude toward Mexico, <a href="#Page_296">296–7</a>;</li> + <li>and outbreak of war, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>attitude and British relations, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>and American victories, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Franklin, W. B., reconnaissance in Wool’s march, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_271">271</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Freaner, J. L., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and recall of Trist, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>takes treaty to Washington, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Frederick William of Prussia, and the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="FREMONT" />Frémont, J. C., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>expedition canceled (1845), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>and Castro, retirement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_528">528</a>;</li> + <li>Gillespie and return, Bear Flag war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_331">331–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_528">528–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_531">531</a>;</li> + <li>and Sloat, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_531">531</a>;</li> + <li>joins Stockton, force and appearance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>;</li> + <li>influences address, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>;</li> + <li>in first southern campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_337">337</a>;</li> + <li>command in north, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>and second southern campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_535">535–6</a>;</li> + <li>treaty with insurgents, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_345">345–6</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_218">218</a>;</li> + <li>as governor, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li> + <li>and Kearny, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">French, S. G., on Taylor as fighter, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_238">238</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">French in Mexico, merchants, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">French revolution, influence in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Frontera, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>blockade, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li> + <li>importance, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Fugitive slaves, rendition in American-Mexican negotiations, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Furber, G. C., work as source, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_404">404</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Furlong, C., and Americans at Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><a id="GACHUPINES" />Gachupines, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>characteristics, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li>expulsion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_413">413</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#OLIGARCHY">Oligarchy</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Gahagan, Dennis, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_427">427</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Gaines, E. P., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Nacogdoches expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_64">64–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_420">420–2</a>;</li> + <li>requisition for six-months men, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s letter, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_507">507</a>;</li> + <li>and command of Vera Cruz expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_353">353</a>;</li> + <li>relieved, court of inquiry, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Gaines, J. P., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>carelessness and capture, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_370">370–1</a>;</li> + <li>at Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>of Scott’s staff, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#ENCARNACION_PRISONERS">Encarnación prisoners</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Gallatin, Albert, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on annexation of Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_83">83</a>;</li> + <li>pessimism on peace prospects, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> + <li>on treasury notes, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>;</li> + <li>and the war, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Gambling, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>American, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> + <li>at Mexico City, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Gamboa, Ramón, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Santa Anna, <b>2.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_134">134</a>;</li> + <li>on evacuation of Mexico City, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Gaona, General, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in preparations below Perote, <b>2.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li>abandons Perote, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Garay, F. de, and De Russey’s expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Garay, J. G. Perdigón. <em>See</em> Perdigón Garay.</li> + + <li class="primary">García, General, at Matamoros, character, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_462">462</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">García Conde, Pedro, and battle of Sacramento, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_519">519</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_520">520</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Gardner, J. L., command at Point Isabel, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Garland, John, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Palo Alto, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_499">499</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>brigade in advance of Perote, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>before San Antonio, Mex., <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> + <li>at San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> + <li>wounded in uprising, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> + <li>and Contreras, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Garro, Máximo, Mexican chargé at Paris, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Gates, William, at Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_486">486</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_512">512</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_546">546</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_484">484</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>discipline, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>and prisoners at Huejutla, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Gateways of Mexico City, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#BELEN">Belén</a>; <a href="#SAN_COSME">San Cosme</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Georgia troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Victoria march, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>in Alvarado expedition, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</li> + <li>leave Scott, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> + <li>calls (1847), <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>;</li> + <li>for Scott, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>cavalry at Huamantla, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">“Germanicus,” on volunteers, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_474">474</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Germans in Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>merchants, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>;</li> + <li>mining companies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Germantown</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in attack on Tuxpán, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Germany. <b>See</b> Prussia.</li> + + <li class="primary">Gerolt, Baron, Prussian minister at Washington, and the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Gibson, George, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>commissary general of subsistence, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_475">475</a>;</li> + <li>and Graham, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_500">500</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_581" title="581"></a>Giddings, J. R., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and secession, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li> + <li>position in House, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Giffard, F. L., British consul at Matamoros, on conduct of volunteers, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Giffard, T., British consul at Vera Cruz, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Vera Cruz expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</li> + <li>on American rule, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott and Jalapa, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Gillespie, A. H., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>mission to California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_526">526</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_530">530</a>;</li> + <li>and return of Frémont, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_528">528</a>;</li> + <li>and Bear Flag war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_529">529</a>;</li> + <li>in southern campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>;</li> + <li>rule at Los Angeles, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>rising against, surrender, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_533">533–4</a>;</li> + <li>joins Kearny, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_341">341</a>;</li> + <li>in battle of San Pascual, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_342">342</a>;</li> + <li>in expedition to Los Angeles, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_342">342</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Gillespie, R. A., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_245">245</a>;</li> + <li>march to Mier, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_483">483</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Glass, J. W., British consul at Tampico, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Glasson, J. J., at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Goliad massacre, American indignation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Gómez, Gregorio, + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>Jefferson</em> and <em>Natchez</em> incidents, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_424">424–5</a>;</li> + <li>in preparations below Perote, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li>flight from La Hoya, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Gómez Farías. <em>See</em> <a href="#FARIAS">Farías</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Gómez Pedraza. <em>See</em> <a href="#PEDRAZA">Pedraza</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">González, ——, and Armijo, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Gore, J. H., at San Cosme garita, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Gorman, W. A., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>;</li> + <li>at Huamantla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Gorostiza, M. E. de, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as minister at Washington, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_64">64</a>;</li> + <li>and Gaines’s expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_65">65–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_420">420–2</a>;</li> + <li>pamphlet, Mexican disavowal, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_77">77–9</a>;</li> + <li>and Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="GOVERNMENT" />Government, Mexican, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>results of colonial system, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_29">29–30</a>;</li> + <li>causes of failure, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_56">56–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_416">416–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_438">438</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>;</li> + <li>difficulties in tracing political development, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_411">411</a>;</li> + <li>extempore, after loss of capital, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_179">179–81</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>results to, of the war, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#CENTRALISTS">Centralists</a>; <a href="#CONGRESS_MEXICAN">Congress, Mexican</a>; <a href="#CONQUERED_TERRITORY">Conquered territory</a>; <a href="#CONSTITUTIONS">Constitutions</a>; <a href="#DICTATORSHIP">Dictatorship</a>; <a href="#FEDERALISM">Federalism</a>; <a href="#INDEPENDENCE">Independence</a>; <a href="#LOCAL_GOVERNMENT">Local government</a>; <a href="#MONARCHY">Monarchy</a>; <a href="#OLIGARCHY">Oligarchy</a>; <a href="#PRESIDENT_OF_MEXICO">President of Mexico</a>; <a href="#REVOLUTIONS">Revolutions</a>; <a href="#ROMAN_CATHOLIC_CHURCH">Roman Catholic church</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Graham, G. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Garland at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>messenger to Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_473">473</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Graham, James, and Oregon, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Grande, Rio. <em>See</em> Rio Grande.</li> + + <li class="primary">Grant, U. S., + <ul class="IX"> + <li> at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>on Worth, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>on magnifying of Taylor’s victories, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_549">549</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li>at San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>;</li> + <li>on departure from Mexico, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</li> + <li>on Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>on Churubusco, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>on battles before Mexico City, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican soldiers, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Gray, A. F. V., at San Pascual, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_535">535</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Grayson, J. B., Scott’s chief of subsistence, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="GREAT_BRITAIN" />Great Britain, + <ul class="IX"> + <li> British loans to Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>and Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_449">449</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>commercial treaty with Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li>and California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_323">323–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_524">524</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_527">527</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_531">531</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican relations and claims, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_425">425</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_296">296–7</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>and restoration of American-Mexican intercourse, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_435">435</a>;</li> + <li>Oregon controversy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_114">114–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_478">478</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>;</li> + <li>question of interposition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_112">112–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_301">301–4</a>, <a href="#Page_504">504–6</a>;</li> + <li>supposed manipulation of Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexican privateering, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> + <li>and blockade, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>;</li> + <li>and peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>attitude toward United States, <a href="#Page_294">294–5</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>and outbreak of the war, defeat of her policy, <a href="#Page_299">299–300</a>;</li> + <li>offer of mediation, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>influence of French relations, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>and American victories, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li> + <li>volunteer officers for Mexico, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</li> + <li>and treaty of peace, <a href="#Page_308">308–9</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#BANKHEAD">Bankhead</a>; <a href="#DOYLE">Doyle</a>; <a href="#PAKENHAM">Pakenham</a>; <a href="#THORNTON">Thornton</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Green, B. E., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Mexican negotiations, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_84">84–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_433">433</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_436">436</a>;</li> + <li>on Tornel, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_484">484</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Green, Duff, on Mexican finances, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Green, P. C., claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Greenhow, Robert, and claims on Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_429">429</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Grievances, American, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_70">70–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_424">424</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#CLAIMS">Claims</a>; <a href="#DIPLOMATIC_INTERCOURSE">Diplomatic intercourse</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Griffin, W. P., at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Grijalva River. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> <a href="#TABASCO">Tabasco</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Grone, Karl von, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>;</li> + <li>on American soldiers, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Guadalajara, situation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Guadalupe</em>, escape, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Guadalupe Hidalgo, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>shrine, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_488">488</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li> + <li>Valencia at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> + <li>treaty signed at, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_582" title="582"></a>Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of. <em>See</em> <a href="#PEACE">Peace</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Guanajuato, powder-mill, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Guanajuato cavalry battalion, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Guanajuato state, in discussion on peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Guatemala, and the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Guaymas, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as port, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li>bombarded, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>;</li> + <li>map, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> + <li>blockade, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> + <li>occupied, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="GUERILLA" />Guerilla warfare, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in revolt against Spain, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_31">31–2</a>;</li> + <li>threat (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_154">154</a>;</li> + <li>Canales’ force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_495">495</a>;</li> + <li>Blanco’s force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>in north after Buena Vista, suppression, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_399">399–400</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_169">169–71</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>during battle of Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>operations on Scott’s line, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott’s advance, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican addiction to, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li>adoption and sanction, <a href="#Page_168">168–9</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>;</li> + <li>Vera Cruz state as chief home, leaders, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s operations against, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>lack of morale, attacks on Mexicans, <a href="#Page_172">172–3</a>;</li> + <li>operations and siege of Puebla, <a href="#Page_173">173–4</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</li> + <li>Lane’s operations against, <a href="#Page_178">178–9</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426–7</a>;</li> + <li>British encouragement, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s warning on, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;</li> + <li>failure, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Guerillas of Vengeance, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Guerrero, Vicente, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as partisan leader, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>;</li> + <li>in Itúrbide’s revolt, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li>revolt against Itúrbide, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>and Montaño’s revolt, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li>Presidential candidacy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_40">40–1</a>;</li> + <li>proclaimed President, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>character, as President, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>;</li> + <li>overthrow, killed, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>warned by United States, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>and Poinsett, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Guexocingo, Lane at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Guizot, F. P. G., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>policy of balance of power in America, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li> + <li>and expected war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>;</li> + <li>and Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_295">295</a>;</li> + <li>policy of neutrality, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> + <li>and United States, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li> + <li>and Palmerston, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Gutiérrez, Captain, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_254">254</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="GUTIERREZ_DE_ESTRADA" />Gutiérrez de Estrada, J. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and monarchy, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>;</li> + <li>on conduct of American army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Gwynn, T. P., at siege of Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Hacienda, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hacienda department. <em>See</em> <a href="#FINANCES_MEXICAN">Finances, Mexican</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Haddon, W. R., on Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_557">557</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hagner, P. V., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>;</li> + <li>ordnance officer with Scott, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Haile, ——, on losses at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_505">505</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hamer, T. L., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as volunteer officer, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_481">481</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Hamilton, C. S., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on mistakes at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>on army life in Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_321">321</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Hamilton, Schuyler, of Scott’s staff, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hamley, E. B., on military strategy, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_317">317</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hammond, J. H., on war spirit, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hamtramck, John, command at Saltillo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hancock, W. S., at Churubusco, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Hannah Elizabeth</em>, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_424">424</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hannegan, E. A., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and expansion, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>and absorption of Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_243">243</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk and Oregon, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</li> + <li>position in Senate, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>on responsibility of Mexico, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Haralson, H. A., position in House, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hardcastle, E. L. F., topographical engineer with Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hardee, W. J., captured, expected Mexican victory at Palo Alto, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hardin, J. J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>charge, killed, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_393">393–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_559">559</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Hargous, Louis, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Santa Anna, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_487">487</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s agent, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>;</li> + <li>and navy, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Harmony, Peter, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Harney, W. S., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>escapade, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_268">268–70</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>insubordination and magnanimity of Scott, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_364">364–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_545">545</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_546">546</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li> + <li>and Wool, detached from Wool’s march, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>brigade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53–6</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>command in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>in advance from Puebla, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> + <li>at San Agustín, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>;</li> + <li>in Mexico City, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</li> + <li>La Antigua expedition, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</li> + <li>during Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Haro y Tamáriz, Antonio de, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Santa Anna, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li> + <li>and financial chaos, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Harrison, W. H., and control of occupied territory, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Haskell, W. T., at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hawkins, E. S., commands Fort Brown, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_468">468</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_583" title="583"></a><a id="HAYS" />Hays, J. C., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_497">497</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_498">498</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>and protection of Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>operations against guerillas, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>goes to Scott, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>character of Rangers, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Haywood, W. H., Jr., and tariff, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Heady, W. J., carelessness and capture, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#ENCARNACION_PRISONERS">Encarnación prisoners</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Hébert, P. O., at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Hecla</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in attack on Tuxpán, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>;</li> + <li>ashore, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Heintzelman, S. P., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Huamantla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>in Lane’s operations, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Henderson, G. F. R., on civilian judgment on military subjects, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_x">x</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="HENDERSON_J_P" />Henderson, J. P., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>command of Texan troops, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>;</li> + <li>division in Monterey campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>in Monterey negotiations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Henry, Thomas, at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Henry, W. S., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Camargo camp, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>on mistakes at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor’s force after battle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_507">507</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Heredia, J. A., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>command at Chihuahua, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_305">305</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Sacramento, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_306">306–13</a>;</li> + <li>negotiations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>;</li> + <li>displaced, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_521">521</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Hernández, priest, and Butler, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Herrera, J. J. de, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>head of government (1845), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_55">55–6</a>;</li> + <li>and resumption of American intercourse, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_435">435</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_436">436</a>;</li> + <li>administration totters, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>;</li> + <li>and Slidell mission, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_96">96–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_437">437</a>;</li> + <li>fall, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_98">98–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>endorsed by many (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>;</li> + <li>and California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> + <li>peace commissioner, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li> + <li>and evacuation of city, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</li> + <li>and executive power (1847), <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> + <li>supports Peña, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li> + <li>force, resigns, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>;</li> + <li>President (1848), and American evacuation, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</li> + <li>on restoration of cordiality, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</li> + <li>and riot during armistice, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Hervey, L., British agent in Mexico, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Heywood, Charles, at San José, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hidalgo, Miguel, revolt, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hidalgo battalion, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>formation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_3">3–4</a>;</li> + <li>at San Antonio, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Hill, D. H., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>on Pillow, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Hilliard, H. W., on advance to Rio Grande, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hitchcock, E. A., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Texas, on Taylor, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>leaves front, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s magnanimity, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_545">545</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li> + <li>on Worth’s Chachapa agreement, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li> + <li>on Churubusco, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>;</li> + <li>on Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</li> + <li>on Worth, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>of Scott’s staff, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</li> + <li>and plan of attack on Mexico City, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Holmes, I. E., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on war spirit, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>and war bill, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk’s alarm, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="HOLST" />Holst, H. E. von, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Polk and war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_472">472</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_473">473</a>;</li> + <li>on justice of acquiring California, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Home Squadron during the war, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>vessels, distribution, men, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444–6</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#CONNER">Conner</a>; <a href="#PERRY">Perry</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Hooker, Joseph, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hopping, E. D., brigade in Taylor’s force, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Horn, Carlos, at Mazatlán, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Horsemanship, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Houses, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_18">18–20</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>;</li> + <li>inns, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Houston, Sam, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>European intrigue, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>;</li> + <li>and treaty of peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_247">247</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Howard, Joshua, regiment, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="HOYA" />Hoya Pass, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as defensive point, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>;</li> + <li>abandoned, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Huamantla, battle, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_176">176–8</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425–6</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hudson, Charles, position in House, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hudson, T. B., in battle of Sacramento, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_312">312</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Huejutla, prisoners of war at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Huger, Benjamin, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>at San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</li> + <li>ordnance officer with Scott, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Hughes, G. W., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>reconnaissance in Wool’s march, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_271">271</a>;</li> + <li>on population of Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_407">407</a>;</li> + <li>on Wool’s force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>as governor of Jalapa, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Hull, J. B., off western coast of Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Humboldt, Alexander von, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on léperos, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_6">6</a>;</li> + <li>and the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</li> + <li>on justice of acquisition of California, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Hunt, H. J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_156">156</a>;</li> + <li>at San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Hunt, W. E., in occupation of Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_279">279</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Hunter, C. G., at Alvarado, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Ibarra, D., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>removed, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> + <li>and Trist mission, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</li> + <li>attack on, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_584" title="584"></a>Iguala, Plan of, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Illinois, hard times and unrest, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> Illinois troops.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Illinois troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_387">387</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>in Wool’s march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>leave Scott, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> + <li>call and response (1847), <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>at Tampico, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>for Scott, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Importance of the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_vii">vii</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Independence</em>, in Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Independence Hill at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_497">497</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>capture, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_244">244–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_499">499</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="INDEPENDENCE" />Independence of Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>incitation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_30">30–1</a>;</li> + <li>Hidalgo’s revolt, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li>partisan warfare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_31">31–2</a>;</li> + <li>education for, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>;</li> + <li>revolt of oligarchy and Itúrbide, Plan of Iguala, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_32">32–3</a>;</li> + <li>Itúrbide’s rule, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_33">33–5</a>;</li> + <li>his overthrow, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>Congress, first republican constitution, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_35">35–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_413">413</a>;</li> + <li>Victoria’s administration, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37–8</a>;</li> + <li>expulsion of Gachupines, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_413">413</a>;</li> + <li>Spanish invasion (1829), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Independencia battalion, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>formation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li>revolts, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Indiana troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_557">557</a>;</li> + <li>call (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>sent to Scott, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>at Huamantla, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>in Lane’s operations, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>;</li> + <li>garrison at Puebla, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Indianapolis, enlistments, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Indianapolis <cite>State Sentinel</cite>, on Mexicans, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_118">118</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Indians, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>characteristics and conditions of Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican, as soldiers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>and independence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li>Mexico counts on help of American, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>;</li> + <li>in Kearny’s expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>war and raids, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>submission in New Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>;</li> + <li>employment in war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>raids on American expeditions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_515">515</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Indicador</cite>, on war lethargy, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Industry, conditions of Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_6">6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_15">15–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ingersoll, C. J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Polk and war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_456">456</a>;</li> + <li>on war bill, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>on lesson of the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>position in House, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ingersoll, J. R., position in House, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ingraham, D. N., at Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_512">512</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Iniestra, Ignacio, and California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_522">522</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Inns, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Intellectual life, lack in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_20">20</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Intelligence arrangements and reconnaissance, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Taylor’s neglect, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_549">549</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Internal improvements, and Democratic dissensions, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="INTERPOSITION" />Interposition, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican hope of Spanish-American, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>;</li> + <li>and of European, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_112">112–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>question of British, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_301">301–4</a>, <a href="#Page_504">504–6</a>;</li> + <li>and of French, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li> + <li>effect of American victories, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Iowa troops, non-active, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ireland, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>famine, effect on American finances, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>;</li> + <li>American relief and the war, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="IRISH" />Irish in American army, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican propaganda among, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_507">507</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;</li> + <li>deserters in Santa Anna’s army, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>in Mexican hospital force, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#SAN_PATRICIO_BATTALION">San Patricio battalion</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Irregulars. <em>See</em> <a href="#GUERILLA">Guerilla warfare</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Irving, Washington, American minister at Madrid, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Irwin, J. R., Scott’s chief quartermaster, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Irwin, William, at Marín, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Isunza, J. R., governor of Puebla, and Scott’s advance, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Iturbe, ——, finance minister, graft, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="ITURBIDE" />Itúrbide, Agustín de, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and war on insurgents, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li>revolt, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li>rule, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_33">33–5</a>;</li> + <li>overthrow, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>and Congress, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>execution, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>seizure by, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>and financial system, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Iztaccihuatl, Mount, aspect, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Izucar de Matamoros, Lane at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Jackson, Andrew, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>and Sabine River boundary, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_64">64</a>;</li> + <li>and claims on Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_77">77–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>and war spirit, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Jackson, T. J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Jalapa, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>site, aspect, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</li> + <li>march of Scott’s army for, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45–8</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican preparations on route, <a href="#Page_39">39–42</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</li> + <li>defences at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_42">42–5</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_48">48–59</a>;</li> + <li>occupied, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>Scott at, his problems of advance, <a href="#Page_61">61–5</a>;</li> + <li>American garrison, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</li> + <li>American rule, <a href="#Page_223">223–5</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s fortification, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_585" title="585"></a>Jalisco Lancers, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Jalisco state, and Santa Anna, <b>1.</b> 376 ; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in discussion on peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Jarauta, C. D. de, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as guerilla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li> + <li>offers to join Americans, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>;</li> + <li>executed, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Jarero, J. M., at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Jarnagin, Spencer, and tariff of 1846, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Jay, John, and War of 1812, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Jefferson</em>, Tampico incident, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_425">425</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Jesup, T. S., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and tents, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_206">206</a>;</li> + <li>and Wool’s train, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor on, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_352">352</a>;</li> + <li>quartermaster general, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_475">475</a>;</li> + <li>and Taylor’s inadequate preparations for Monterey campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_482">482</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_491">491</a>;</li> + <li>and preparations for Vera Cruz expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_545">545</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Jesup, Fort, troops at (1845), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_140">140</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Jobson, S., on Ulúa, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_536">536</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>John Adams</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Vera Cruz expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>;</li> + <li>in attack on Tuxpán, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Johnson, Andrew, on cause of war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Johnson, Sir Thomas, Mexican partisan, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_531">531</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Johnston, A. S., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>;</li> + <li>Texan regiment for Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>;</li> + <li>staff position, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Johnston, J. E., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</li> + <li>takes reinforcements to Scott, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> + <li>force at Puebla, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Jomini, Baron de, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on simplicity of war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_x">x</a>;</li> + <li>on generalship, <b>2.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_315">315</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Jones, Anson, on Polk and war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Jones, Roger, adjutant general, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_474">474</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="JONES_T_A_C" />Jones, T. A. C., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>occupation of Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_323">323</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_327">327</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>commands Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Jones, W. D., American consul at Mexico, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Jornada del Muerto, Doniphan’s march, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_518">518</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Journal des Débats</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on sympathy with Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_112">112–4</a>;</li> + <li>on monarchist plan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_470">470</a>;</li> + <li>attitude toward United States, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</li> + <li>on weakness of Mexico, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> + <li>on outbreak of war, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> + <li>on Palmerston, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>;</li> + <li>and interposition, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li> + <li>on American victories, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li> + <li>and terms of peace, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexico expedition as achievement, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>;</li> + <li>criticism of military operations, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Juárez, B. P., and demand on Church property, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Judiciary, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican, character, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_12">12–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_427">427</a>;</li> + <li>in occupied territory, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Juno</em>, at Santa Barbara, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_527">527</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="JUSTICE" />Justice of the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_66">66–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_70">70–83</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_100">100–1</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_116">116–22</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_136">136–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_325">325–7</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_310">310–1</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322–4</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Juvera, J., at Venado, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_553">553</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Kearny, Philip, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Kearny, S. W., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>preparation for Santa Fe expedition, force, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_515">515</a>;</li> + <li>map of route, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_287">287</a>;</li> + <li>march to Bent’s Fort, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_515">515</a>;</li> + <li>caravan with, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>;</li> + <li>Armijo’s preparations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_292">292–3</a>;</li> + <li>Price’s reinforcement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>Mormon battalion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>proclamation and letter to Armijo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>advance to San Miguel, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_291">291</a>;</li> + <li>assurances to inhabitants, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_291">291–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>expected fight at Apache Canyon, condition of force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_292">292–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>resistance abandoned, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_293">293–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516–7</a>;</li> + <li>occupies Santa Fe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_295">295–6</a>;</li> + <li>march to southern district, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>;</li> + <li>leaves for California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_517">517</a>;</li> + <li>reaches it, condition of force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_341">341</a>;</li> + <li>battle of San Pascual, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_341">341–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_534">534</a>;</li> + <li>in advance on Los Angeles, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_342">342–3</a>;</li> + <li>rule in New Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li> + <li>rule in California, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>;</li> + <li>governor of Mexico City, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>and Frémont, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>governor of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</li> + <li>leaves Mexico City, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Kendall, Amos, on peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Kendall, G. W., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Santa Fe expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_72">72</a>;</li> + <li>on losses at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_505">505</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Kendrick, H. L., at siege of Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Kenly, J. R., on war enthusiasm of Mexicans, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Kennedy, ——, and Rebolledo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Kent, William, on the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Kentucky troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>enlistments, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>in Monterey campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_554">554</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + <li>in Wool’s march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>at Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>call (1847), <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Kerr, Croghan, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Palo Alto, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li>at Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Kilburn, C. L., at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_558">558</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Kimball, E. A., at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">King, Preston, position in House, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_586" title="586"></a>King, W. R., American minister at Paris, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on war and slavery, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>;</li> + <li>on French war sentiment, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> + <li>on importance of victories, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Kingsbury, Private, on Mexican women, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Kirby, Edmund, Scott’s chief paymaster, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Kribben, Christian, on Chihuahua Rangers, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_519">519</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">La Angostura. <em>See</em> <a href="#ANGOSTURA">Angostura</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">La Antigua. <em>See</em> <a href="#ANTIGUA">Antigua</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">La Atalaya. <em>See</em> <a href="#ATALAYA">Atalaya</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">La Bahía. <em>See</em> <a href="#BAHIA">Bahía</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Laboring class in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_6">6</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Laclede Rangers, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Kearny’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>to hold Santa Fe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">La Encarnación. <em>See</em> <a href="#ENCARNACION">Encarnación</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lafragua, J. M., and peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lagos coalition. <em>See</em> <a href="#COALITION">Coalition</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Laguna, occupation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">La Hoya Pass. <em>See</em> <a href="#HOYA">Hoya</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lally, F. T., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>guerilla attacks on, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>takes reinforcements to Scott, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> + <li>rule at Jalapa, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li> + <li>at Huamantla, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>in Lane’s operations, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Lampazos company, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lancers of the Poisoned Spear, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_173">173</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Landero, J. J. de, and surrender of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lane, Camp, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lane, Joseph, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Saltillo, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_557">557</a>;</li> + <li>march to relieve Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Huamantla, <a href="#Page_176">176–8</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>reaches Puebla, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> + <li>operations against guerillas, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426–7</a>;</li> + <li>conduct of soldiers, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</li> + <li>brigade in Taylor’s force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>career and character, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</li> + <li>retained in service, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">La Paz. <em>See</em> <a href="#PAZ">Paz</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">La Peña redoubt. <em>See</em> <a href="#PENA">Peña</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Laplace, C. P. T., and California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_523">523</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Laredo, occupation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_452">452</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Larkin, T. O., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as trader in California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_317">317</a>;</li> + <li>on American immigrants, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_318">318</a>;</li> + <li>on independence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>;</li> + <li>American consul, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>on attitude of England, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_325">325</a>;</li> + <li>on peaceful absorption, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_325">325</a>;</li> + <li>instructions to, as confidential agent, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>;</li> + <li>and taking possession at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_530">530</a>;</li> + <li>in first southern campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_337">337</a>;</li> + <li>captured, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_536">536</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Larnard, C. H., on Taylor, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_470">470</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Duc de, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on detail, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_ix">ix</a>;</li> + <li>on greatness, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">La Rosa, Luis de. <em>See</em> <a href="#ROSA">Rosa.</a></li> + + <li class="primary">Las Bocas. <em>See</em> <a href="#BOCAS">Bocas</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="LAS_VEGAS" />Las Vegas, Kearny’s expedition at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_291">291</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Las Vigas. <em>See</em> <a href="#VIGAS">Vigas.</a></li> + + <li class="primary">La Vaca. <em>See</em> <a href="#PORT_LA_VACA">Port La Vaca</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lavallette, E. A. F., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Guaymas, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>evacuates Mazatlán, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="LA_VEGA" />La Vega, R. Díaz de, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Rio Grande campaign, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>;</li> + <li>captured at Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>in preparations below Perote, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> + <li>captured, not paroled, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">La Viga garita. <em>See</em> <a href="#VIGA">Viga</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Law of April 20, 1847, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Law of February 4, 1847, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Law of January 11, 1847, passage and conflict over, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_8">8–15</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329–32</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Lawrence</em>, in Home Squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Laws, chaos of Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_12">12</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lawson, Thomas, surgeon general, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_475">475</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lay, G. W., of Scott’s staff, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Leavenworth, Fort, aspect, gathering of Kearny’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_286">286</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lee, R. E., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in march to Victoria, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_358">358</a>;</li> + <li>and landing at Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</li> + <li>at siege, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_49">49–51</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</li> + <li>reconnoitres Contreras, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>;</li> + <li>at battle, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>on plan to attack Mexico City, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>appearance, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;</li> + <li>on removal of Scott, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott as general, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</li> + <li>on victory and humanity, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>engineer with Scott, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_544">544</a>;</li> + <li>reconnoitres southern approaches of capital, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Leese, Jacob, as trader in California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_318">318</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Leggett, Aaron, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_430">430</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lendrum, J. H., at San Cosme garita, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Leo XII, and Mexican church, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">León, Antonio de, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>brigade, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</li> + <li>and revolt in Oaxaca, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, killed, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">León, Joaquín Velázquez de, as claims commissioner, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_429">429–31</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Leonidas letter, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435–7</a>;</li> + <li>on Pillow at Contreras, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Léperos, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_6">6</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and American soldiers, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_587" title="587"></a>Lerdo de Tejada, M. M., on American rule. <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lesson of the war to Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_323">323–4</a>, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Levant</em>, in Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lewis, D. H., position in Senate, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Lexington</em>, in Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lexington <cite>Commonwealth</cite>, on British intrigue in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Libertad redoubt at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Liberty of the press. <em>See</em> Press.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lieber, Francis, on justice of acquiring California, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lieutenant generalcy, plan for appointment of Benton, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ligero cavalry, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lillers, Count, on attitude toward Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Linares, aspect, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_359">359</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lincoln, Abraham, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Doniphan, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>;</li> + <li>war criticism, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Liquor, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican drinks, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>;</li> + <li>and outrages by American troops, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_211">211–3</a>, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</li> + <li>regulation at Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Livermore, A. A., on slavery as cause of Mexican War, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_473">473</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Liverpool <cite>Mail</cite>, sympathy with Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lizardi banking house, robs treasury, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Llano, M. M., in Monterey negotiations, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="LOANS" />Loans, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</li> + <li>American, <a href="#Page_258">258–60</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>, <a href="#Page_485">485</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#FINANCES">Finances</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Lobos Islands, rendezvous for Vera Cruz expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_367">367</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="LOCAL_GOVERNMENT" />Local government, in occupied territory, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_338">338</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#POLICE">Police</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Loch, G. G., and Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Locofocos, and Polk, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Löwenstern, Isidor, on Mexican abandonment of California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lombardini, M. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_389">389–91</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>character and command, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> + <li>retirement from Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Lomita, Camp, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">London <cite>Daily News</cite>, on conduct of Americans in Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">London <cite>Examiner</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on expected war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_134">134</a>;</li> + <li>criticism of military operations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li> + <li>on trade through occupied ports, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">London <cite>Globe</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li> + <li>and interposition, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">London <cite>Journal of Commerce</cite>, on American aggression, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">London <cite>Morning Chronicle</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>;</li> + <li>on outbreak of war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> + <li>criticism of military operations, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li> + <li>on American people, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>on interposition, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>on the war and development, <a href="#Page_514">514</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">London <cite>Morning Herald</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>chances of expected war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>;</li> + <li>on annexation of Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">London <cite>Post</cite>, on outbreak of war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">London <cite>Standard</cite>, on chances of expected war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">London <cite>Times</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on monarchy for Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>;</li> + <li>on chances of expected war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>on Oregon and Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>;</li> + <li>on American hostility to England, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor’s force in Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_142">142</a>;</li> + <li>on Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>;</li> + <li>on California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_524">524</a>;</li> + <li>on Santa Anna at San Luis Potosí, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>;</li> + <li>on Slidell mission, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_437">437</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican finances, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_8">8</a>;</li> + <li>attack on United States, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li> + <li>and peace, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> + <li>on American government, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</li> + <li>on military titles, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>;</li> + <li>on American people, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</li> + <li>on absorption of Mexico, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> + <li>on outbreak of the war, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> + <li>and interposition, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>criticism of military operations, <a href="#Page_306">306–8</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican policy, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</li> + <li>on probable pillage, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Longstreet, James, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">López de Santa Anna. <em>See</em> <a href="#SANTA_ANNA">Santa Anna</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">López Uraga, J. <em>See</em> <a href="#URAGA">Uraga</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Loring, W. W., at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="LOS_ANGELES" />Los Angeles, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in 1846, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_315">315</a>;</li> + <li>occupied by Americans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_337">337</a>;</li> + <li>Gillespie’s rule, rising against it, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_338">338–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_533">533–4</a>;</li> + <li>American advance and recapture, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_342">342–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_535">535</a>;</li> + <li>map of engagement near, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_344">344</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Louis Philippe, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li> + <li>policy of neutrality, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#FRANCE">France</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Louisa</em>, claim, <b>1.</b> 42 <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Louisiana Purchase, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican negotiations on boundary, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_59">59–61</a>;</li> + <li>and Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Louisiana troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>calls, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>;</li> + <li>in Vera Cruz expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>at Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_547">547</a>;</li> + <li>with Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>at Huamantla, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_588" title="588"></a>Louisville Legion, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Lowell, J. R., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and secession, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li> + <li>on slavery and the war, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li> + <li>opposition to the war, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Lower California, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>map of tip, <b>2.</b> <a href="#i025b">207</a>;</li> + <li>naval occupation, counter-attacks, <a href="#Page_207">207–8</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448–9</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>in peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Lozano, Ramón, Spanish chargé at Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>on Spain and Mexico, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican force at time of evacuation, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Lumpkin, Wilson, opposes war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">McCall, G. A., at Resaca de la Palma, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">McCall, J. G., American consul at Tampico, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">McClellan, G. B., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Brazos Island camp, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>;</li> + <li>engineer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_451">451</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</li> + <li>with Scott, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</li> + <li>on volunteers, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">McClellan, John, topographical engineer with Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">McClung, A. K., at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">McCulloch, Ben, on scout, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>rangers in advance on Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>at battle of Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna’s advance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_554">554</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">McFaul, Eneas, Jr., American consul at Laguna, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">McGillivray, Simon, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_427">427</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">McIlvaine, A. R., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on advance to Rio Grande, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_456">456</a>;</li> + <li>on cause of the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_493">493</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">McIntosh, J. S., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li>at Palo Alto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li>reinforcements for Scott, guerilla attacks, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_76">76–7</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, wounded, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mackall, W. W., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>battery at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_508">508</a>;</li> + <li>and volunteer officers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_481">481</a>;</li> + <li>on Pillow, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">McKay, J. J., position in the House, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">McKee, W. R., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_557">557</a>;</li> + <li>killed, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_394">394</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mackenzie, A. S., and Santa Anna, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_202">202–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_479">479</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">McKenzie, Samuel, at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mackintosh, E., British consul at Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_524">524</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</li> + <li>and peace, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexican finances, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">McLane, Louis, American minister at London, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on England and the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>on British dislike, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</li> + <li>on Europe and Texas, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican sympathy in England, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> + <li>on attitude of France, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>on British interposition, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</li> + <li>and vigorous war, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li> + <li>and Aberdeen and warning on annexation, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>;</li> + <li>on influence abroad of the war, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">McLane, R. M., takes instructions to Taylor, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_350">350</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>McLane</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in attack on Alvarado, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>in Tabasco expedition, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">McNamara, Eugene, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>California grant, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_527">527</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexican propaganda, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">McPherson, J. D., on Marcy, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_475">475</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">McReynolds, A. T., with Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Madrid <cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Heraldo</cite>, on the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Magoffin, James, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>character, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>;</li> + <li>and Armijo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Magruder, J. B., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>battery at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>;</li> + <li>light artillery, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Maguey, drink from, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_508">508</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Mahonese</em>, in Home Squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Maldonado, E., and brother, at San Juan Bautista, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Malek Adel</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>captured, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>;</li> + <li>added to navy, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mangino, R., Mexican chargé at Paris, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mangum, W. P., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Polk, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_270">270</a>;</li> + <li>position in Senate, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Manifest destiny, and attitude toward Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_322">322</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> Annexations.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mansfield, J. K. F., at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_500">500</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Fort Brown, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_468">468</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Manufactures, attempted promotion in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_16">16–7</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Manzanillo, occupied, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Map of Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_xxii">xxii</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Marchante, Francisco, and evacuation of Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_512">512</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Marcy, Fort, at Santa Fe, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="MARCY" />Marcy, W. L., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Taylor’s occupation of Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>and advance to Rio Grande, instructions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_463">463</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_490">490</a>;</li> + <li>and raising of army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>;</li> + <li>clash with Scott, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_190">190–1</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_477">477</a>;</li> + <li>appearance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott’s deliberateness, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>and occupation of Tamaulipas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_360">360</a>;</li> + <li>and<a class="pagenum" id="Page_589" title="589"></a> Monterey armistice, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>;</li> + <li>and advance to Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>;</li> + <li>and defensive-line policy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_283">283</a>;</li> + <li>and Price’s force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>;</li> + <li>relations with Scott, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>throws responsibility of Vera Cruz plans on him, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_540">540</a>;</li> + <li>as claims commissioner, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_430">430</a>;</li> + <li>character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_475">475</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk’s alarm, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>and volunteers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</li> + <li>and Wool’s march, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>and further calls for volunteers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott’s preparations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_539">539</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_544">544</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_545">545</a>;</li> + <li>and Taylor’s Presidential ambition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_547">547</a>;</li> + <li>and Ten Regiment Bill, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li>and peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> + <li>and Trist-Scott quarrel, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</li> + <li>and failure of negotiations (1847), <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> + <li>recalls Price, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott and cabal, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>;</li> + <li>on Conner, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott’s order for military government, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;</li> + <li>appointment to Cabinet, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>;</li> + <li>and Gaines’s six-months men, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li> + <li>on Democratic dissensions, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>political despair, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</li> + <li>on opposition, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexico expedition, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott’s release of time-expired men, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott at Puebla, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</li> + <li>does not expect peace, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>and douceur, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>on guerilla warfare, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>and war policy after capture of Mexico City, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>;</li> + <li>on number of volunteers, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Marín, occupied, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Marín, T., guerilla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="MARINES" />Marines, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>in Mexico City, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Markoe, C, on opposition to the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Marshall, Thomas, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + <li>at Brazos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>left at Camargo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>brigade, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>retained in service, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>arrives at Mexico City, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>division leaves Mexico City, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Martin, Alexandre, French agent in Mexico, on Mexican army, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Martin, J. J. M., American chargé at Paris, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on France and tariff for Mexican ports, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_484">484</a>;</li> + <li>on Europe and Texas, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Martin, Judge, acknowledgment to, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Martínez, F. P., Mexican minister at Washington, and claims, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_429">429</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Martínez, General, brigade, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Martínez, J. A., guerilla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Maryland troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>calls (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>at Jalapa, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#WASHINGTON_AND_BALTIMORE_BATTALION">Washington and Baltimore battalion</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mason, J. L., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>reconnoitres San Antonio, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li> + <li>and Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> + <li>wounded, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mason, J. T., and Scott, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mason, J. Y., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as secretary of the navy, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</li> + <li>and offensive operations, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>and Lower California, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mason, R. B., as governor of California, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_218">218–20</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and occupation of western coast of Mexico, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>;</li> + <li>supposed force, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="MASONS" />Masons, in Mexican politics, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_413">413</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Massachusetts, and the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#MASSACHUSETTS_TROOPS">Massachusetts troops</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Massachusetts</em>, in Vera Cruz expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="MASSACHUSETTS_TROOPS" />Massachusetts troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>call, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>sent to Scott, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Matamoros, Taylor’s assurance of peaceful intentions, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_454">454</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Taylor’s force across river from, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican force at, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_462">462</a>;</li> + <li>fortification, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>;</li> + <li>map, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>;</li> + <li>Mexicans abandon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_177">177–8</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor occupies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>;</li> + <li>under American rule, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_481">481</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_211">211–2</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>troops left at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>American tariff, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Matamoros de Morelia battalion, at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Matehuala, troops at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_552">552</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Matson, H. S., and siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">May, C. A., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Palo Alto, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li>at Resaca de la Palma, appearance and character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>advance to Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>;</li> + <li>return to Monterey with Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna’s advance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_554">554</a>;</li> + <li>in march to Victoria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mayer, Brantz, and advance to Rio Grande, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mayo, Isaac, at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mazapil, occupied, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mazatlán, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as port, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li>revolt (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_485">485</a>;</li> + <li>temporary blockades, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>aspect, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>;</li> + <li>under Téllez, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>occupied, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>;</li> + <li>map, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>;</li> + <li>evacuated, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Meade, G. G., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Resaca de la Palma, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor’s operations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>;</li> + <li>on raw volunteers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>;</li> + <li><a class="pagenum" id="Page_590" title="590"></a> at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_246">246</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_499">499</a>;</li> + <li>on war blunders, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor’s defensive-line plan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_282">282</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor as general, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_470">470</a>;</li> + <li>on his lack of information, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_490">490</a>;</li> + <li>on organization of army in Monterey campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>on Worth, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_498">498</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mediation, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>British offers, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503–4</a>;</li> + <li>Spain and, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#INTERPOSITION">Interposition.</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Medical corps, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mejía, Francisco, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>ruse at Arroyo Colorado, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>;</li> + <li>and Taylor at Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>;</li> + <li>and irregulars in Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_154">154</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor and his force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>;</li> + <li>propaganda among American troops, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>;</li> + <li>and advance against Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>succeeds Arista in command, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>;</li> + <li>restores morale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>;</li> + <li>appearance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>;</li> + <li>plan at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>;</li> + <li>preparations to resist Taylor there, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>;</li> + <li>and holding of Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>and brigade command, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_462">462</a>;</li> + <li>in battle of Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>at Matehuala, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_552">552</a>;</li> + <li>in Army of the North, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mejía, J. A., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>revolt, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li>Americans in revolt executed, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mejía, Vicente, attack on La Paz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Memorial Histórico</cite>, on monarchist plans, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Memphis, enlistments, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Memphis <cite>Daily Eagle</cite>, on enlisting, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Memphis <cite>Enquirer</cite>, on war spirit, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mendoza, F., guerilla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mendoza, N., brigade in Monterey campaign, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Contreras, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mercantile class in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>favor peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#COMMERCE">Commerce</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mercantile system, and Spanish colonies, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Merritt, Ezekiel, at San Diego, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_534">534</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Merryman <em>vs.</em> Bourne, title by conquest, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mervine, William, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, Cal., <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_335">335</a>;</li> + <li>in second southern campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_340">340</a>;</li> + <li>on Stockton, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_534">534</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mexicaltzingo, plan to advance by, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372–3</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mexican Spy Company, Scott’s, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mexican War. + <ul class="IX"> + <li>The analysis is carried out through the titles <a href="#ARMY">Army</a>; <a href="#ATTITUDE">Attitude</a>; + <a href="#CAUSE">Cause</a>; <a href="#CONQUERED_TERRITORY">Conquered territory</a>; <a href="#COST">Cost</a>; <a href="#DIPLOMATIC_INTERCOURSE">Diplomatic intercourse</a>; <a href="#PEACE">Finances</a>; + <a href="#FOREIGN_RELATIONS">Foreign relations</a>; <a href="#GOVERNMENT">Government</a>; <a href="#GUERILLA">Guerilla</a>; <a href="#PEACE">Importance</a>; <a href="#JUSTICE">Justice</a>; <a href="#NAVY">Navy;</a> + <a href="#OPPOSITION">Opposition</a>; <a href="#OUTBREAK">Outbreak</a>; <a href="#PEACE">Peace</a>; <a href="#POLITICS">Politics</a>; <a href="#POPULARITY">Popularity</a>; <a href="#PREPARATION">Preparation</a>; + <a href="#PROGRAMME">Programme;</a></li> + <li>and the leaders and campaigns by name, especially <a href="#BUENA_VISTA">Buena Vista</a>; + <a href="#CALIFORNIA">California</a>; <a href="#DONIPHAN">Doniphan</a>; <a href="#MEXICO_EXPEDITION">Mexico expedition</a>; <a href="#MONTEREY">Monterey</a>; <a href="#NEW_MEXICO">New Mexico</a>; + <a href="#RIO_GRANDE">Rio Grande</a>; <a href="#SANTA_ANNA">Santa Anna</a>; <a href="#SCOTT">Scott, Winfield</a>; <a href="#TAYLOR">Taylor, Zachary</a>; <a href="#VERA_CRUZ">Vera Cruz</a>; + <a href="#WOOL">Wool</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mexico, Valley of, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>topography, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_79">79</a>;</li> + <li>map, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> + <li>aspect, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> + <li>view from Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mexico battalion, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mexico City, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>situation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>;</li> + <li>profile of route from Vera Cruz, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>;</li> + <li>aspect and life, charm, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_21">21–8</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_228">228</a>;</li> + <li>southern and western approaches, map, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li> + <li>clerical incitation against Americans, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> + <li>Quitman at Belén garita, <a href="#Page_158">158–60</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414–6</a>;</li> + <li>map of citadel, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li> + <li>capture of San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_161">161–2</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>;</li> + <li>evacuated by Mexicans, release of criminals, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</li> + <li>Americans take possession, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>;</li> + <li>Quitman first governor, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>;</li> + <li>uprising against Americans, <a href="#Page_166">166–8</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</li> + <li>clemency toward, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>;</li> + <li>military discipline in, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459–60</a>;</li> + <li>resumption of ordinary life, attitude of clergy, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li> + <li>invasion of Americanisms, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>;</li> + <li>social excesses, <a href="#Page_227">227–8</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>;</li> + <li>local government, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> + <li>police, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> + <li>social relations with Americans, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</li> + <li>American evacuation, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>riot during armistice, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>;</li> + <li>Kearny governor, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>location of troops during occupation, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#MEXICO_EXPEDITION">Mexico expedition</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="MEXICO_EXPEDITION" />Mexico expedition, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>proposals, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_349">349</a>;</li> + <li>question of campaign left open, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s attitude, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_352">352–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_362">362–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_543">543</a>;</li> + <li>influence of Scott’s victories and treatment on Mexicans, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>;</li> + <li>dangers stated, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s preparations at Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>his proclamation before starting, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</li> + <li>transportation problem, Antigua and Alvarado expeditions, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_344">344–5</a>;</li> + <li>start, march to Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45–8</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</li> + <li>map of Vera Cruz to Perote, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s plans and preparations below Perote, <a href="#Page_39">39–42</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</li> + <li>maps of Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li>and yellow fever, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</li> + <li>defences and force at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_42">42–5</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_48">48–59</a>, <a class="pagenum" id="Page_591" title="591"></a><a href="#Page_349">349–55</a>;</li> + <li>occupation of Jalapa, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>pursuit to Perote, <a href="#Page_60">60–1</a>;</li> + <li>Scott at Jalapa, his problems: of supplies, <a href="#Page_61">61–3</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>;</li> + <li>of Santa Anna’s intentions, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li>of time-expired men, <a href="#Page_63">63–4</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> + <li>force after departure of time-expired men, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> + <li>advance to Puebla, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li> + <li>map of profile Vera Cruz to Mexico, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li>secret arrangement with clergy for occupation of Puebla, <a href="#Page_65">65–6</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s proclamation at Jalapa, May 11, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357–8</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s preparations at Orizaba, <a href="#Page_67">67–8</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</li> + <li>political influence on his movements, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna at Puebla, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</li> + <li>Amozoc affair, <a href="#Page_69">69–70</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</li> + <li>Worth’s erroneous agreement with Puebla, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li> + <li>occupation of Puebla, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> + <li>Worth’s rule there, <a href="#Page_71">71–2</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s intelligence system, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</li> + <li>condition of Scott’s army in Puebla, <a href="#Page_72">72–3</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</li> + <li>concentration, communications severed, and reinforcements awaited there, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</li> + <li>Ten Regiment Bill to increase regulars, <a href="#Page_74">74–6</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>proposed appointment of Benton as commanding general, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</li> + <li>further call for volunteers, <a href="#Page_76">76–7</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</li> + <li>arrival of reinforcements, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</li> + <li>organization and size of Scott’s force in final advance, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</li> + <li>condition of force then, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> + <li>situation of capital, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;</li> + <li>unfruitful plans for defence of capital, governmental chaos, <a href="#Page_79">79–82</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</li> + <li>map of the Valley, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s return to capital, opposition to his control, <a href="#Page_82">82–7</a>;</li> + <li>his collection of matériel, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li>his army organization, its character and officers, <a href="#Page_87">87–9</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</li> + <li>his defensive plan, <a href="#Page_89">89–90</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</li> + <li>defences, Old Peñón, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</li> + <li>bolstering morale of inhabitants, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> + <li>their enthusiasm on start of final campaign, <a href="#Page_91">91–2</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s advance from Puebla to Lake Chalco, <a href="#Page_92">92–5</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</li> + <li>failure of opposition to it, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</li> + <li>choice of line of advance, <a href="#Page_95">95–6</a>, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>;</li> + <li>advance to San Agustín, <a href="#Page_96">96–8</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna and Scott’s march to southern front, <a href="#Page_97">97–8</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican enthusiasm lost, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s southern line, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</li> + <li>general map of southern line, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>;</li> + <li>field and Mexican occupation of Contreras, <a href="#Page_101">101–2</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</li> + <li>American reconnaissances and problem, <a href="#Page_102">102–3</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Contreras, <a href="#Page_103">103–10</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376–80</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s arrangements after Contreras, <a href="#Page_110">110–1</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>question of American advance to capital after the battle, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Churubusco, <a href="#Page_111">111–9</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382–5</a>;</li> + <li>Americans after Churubusco, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> + <li>why victory was not followed up, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</li> + <li>halt at Puebla and negotiations, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>;</li> + <li>armistice, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137–8</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394–6</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398–9</a>;</li> + <li>armies during armistice, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138–9</a>;</li> + <li>defences and force at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_140">140–2</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</li> + <li>map of battles of Mexico City, <a href="#Page_141">141</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s preparations after armistice, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_143">143–7</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401–4</a>;</li> + <li>southern and western approaches to city, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s plans and caution after Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>American conference and problem, decision to attack western gates, <a href="#Page_148">148–9</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>defences of Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_149">149–52</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405–6</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_152">152–8</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408–11</a>;</li> + <li>Quitman at Belén garita, <a href="#Page_158">158–60</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414–5</a>;</li> + <li>capture of San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_161">161–2</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413–4</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>;</li> + <li>evacuation of the city, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>;</li> + <li>possession taken by Americans, <a href="#Page_163">163–4</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415–6</a>;</li> + <li>American loss in final operations, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</li> + <li>rising in city, <a href="#Page_166">166–8</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</li> + <li>adoption of guerilla warfare against, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> + <li>guerilla warfare on line of communication, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422–3</a>;</li> + <li>operations against guerillas, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178–9</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426–7</a>;</li> + <li>“siege” of Americans at Puebla, <a href="#Page_173">173–5</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424–6</a>;</li> + <li>extempore Mexican government, <a href="#Page_179">179–81</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>problem after capture of city, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>;</li> + <li>further tardy reinforcements, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> + <li>size and condition of American force then, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>plan of further campaign, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</li> + <li>American evacuation, <a href="#Page_251">251–2</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>effect on American foreign relations, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li> + <li>foreign criticism, <a href="#Page_307">307–8</a>;</li> + <li>inadequate force and preparation, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>achievement, spoils, <a href="#Page_321">321</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>;</li> + <li>administration and authorization, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican force when it evacuated, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>;</li> + <li>supposed American force (Nov., 1847), <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>size of army and posts (May, 1848), <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>distribution of troops after occupying city, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Conquered territory; Scott, Winfield; Vera Cruz; and battles by name for details.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mexico state, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and guerilla warfare, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</li> + <li>and rehabilitation of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_592" title="592"></a> army, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li> + <li>war donation, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>;</li> + <li>American assessment, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</li> + <li>and collapse of federal government, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Micheltorena, J. M., and Jones’s occupation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Michigan troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>call, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>at Orizaba, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Michoacán state, and Santa Anna, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_376">376</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in discussion on peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Middle class in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mier, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>occupied, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_210">210</a>;</li> + <li>as camp, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>force at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mier y Terán, M. de, popularity, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_44">44</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Miles, D. S., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Camargo, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_210">210–2</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>guerilla attack on, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Military government. <em>See</em> Conquered territory.</li> + + <li class="primary">Miller, Captain, at siege of Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Miller, Sergeant, on camp life, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mina battalion, at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mining, Mexican industry, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Miñón, J. J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>captures by, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>;</li> + <li>on eve of Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_381">381</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>in the battle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>brigade as screen at San Luis Potosí, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Minor, George, at San Diego, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_534">534</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mints, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>;</li> + <li>rented, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_255">255</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Mississippi</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in occupation of Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>yellow fever, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>;</li> + <li>in attack on Alvarado, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>in Tabasco expedition, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>in attack on Tuxpán, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mississippi troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>enlistments, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>in Victoria march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>at Lobos Islands rendezvous, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_557">557</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_561">561</a>;</li> + <li>in calls and response, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Davis, Jefferson.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Missouri troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>calls (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>non-active men, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Doniphan; Price.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mitchell, D. D., and Chihuahua Rangers, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_519">519</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mixcoac, Americans at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_134">134</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mobile <cite>Herald and Tribune</cite>, on war spirit, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Moctezuma</em>, escape, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="MODERADOS" />Moderados, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Puros, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li> + <li>Polkos, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> + <li>and election of Farías, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>;</li> + <li>and demands on church property, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</li> + <li>incompetent, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#FEDERALISM">Federalism</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mofras, Eugène Duflot de. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> Duflot.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Molina, Ignacio, acknowledgment to, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Molino del Rey, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>position, defences, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_140">140</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican force, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s preparation and plan, criticism, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401–2</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>map, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li>American disposition and force, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s actions, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>attacks and capture of Mill, <a href="#Page_144">144–5</a>;</li> + <li>capture of Casa Mata, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>cavalry fight, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>a mistake, losses, results, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>American garrison, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Moltke, H. K. B. von, on strategy, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_x">x</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="MONARCHY" />Monarchy in Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>feared (1845), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_435">435</a>;</li> + <li>plans and aid from Europe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>;</li> + <li>American resentment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>collapse of plans, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_470">470</a>;</li> + <li>Paredes deserts, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_485">485</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna declares against, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>;</li> + <li>anti-peace activity of adherents, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>adherents in Polko revolt, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</li> + <li>and clerical understanding with Scott, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#ITURBIDE">Itúrbide</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Monasterio, J. M. O., and claims, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_77">77</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Monclova, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Wool at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>aspect, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Money, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican minting, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li>American market during war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_489">489</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Constitucional</cite>, on expected foreign aid, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor del Pueblo</cite>, on Scott’s advance, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Monitor Republicano</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>on Texas and the war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>;</li> + <li>on Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_488">488</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> + <li>on church and war finances, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Monroe Doctrine, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and European attitude on the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</li> + <li>and monarchist plans in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>;</li> + <li>Mexico and, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>Polk’s reassertion, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Montaño, M., revolt, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Montemorelos, aspect, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Monterde, J. M., captured, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Monterey, Cal., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Jones’s occupation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>in 1846, as port, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_315">315</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_521">521</a>;</li> + <li>Sloat takes possession at, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_334">334–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_531">531</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="MONTEREY" />Monterey, Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>situation, aspect, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>considered vital, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor leaves for Victoria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s plan against (Dec.), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor instructed to concentrate at, his insubordinate advance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>excesses of volunteers at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_212">212–3</a>. <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>American<a class="pagenum" id="Page_593" title="593"></a> regulations, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>later force at, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#MONTEREY_CAMPAIGN">Monterey campaign</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Monterey auxiliary battalion, at battle of Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="MONTEREY_CAMPAIGN" />Monterey campaign, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>inadequate preparation, steamboats, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_481">481–3</a>;</li> + <li>advance up Rio Grande to Camargo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_209">209–11</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s force then, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_483">483</a>;</li> + <li>unfortunate placing of camp at Camargo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>condition of Mexican forces, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_489">489</a>;</li> + <li>Mejía’s plan for guerilla warfare, Canales frustrates it, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s inaction and lack of information, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_489">489</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_491">491</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_499">499</a>;</li> + <li>his transportation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_490">490–1</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor and popular demand for action, he does not anticipate resistance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_491">491–3</a>;</li> + <li>his neglect of artillery, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>route of advance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>;</li> + <li>advance and camp at Cerralvo, organization of army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_228">228–30</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican preparations at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_230">230–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>defences, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_232">232–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_495">495</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_497">497</a>;</li> + <li>general map of battle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_232">232</a>;</li> + <li>Ampudia’s position and policy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>;</li> + <li>measures to stay American advance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_234">234–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_495">495</a>;</li> + <li>McCulloch’s Rangers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>advance from Cerralvo, aspect of country, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_236">236–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>arrival before Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_237">237</a>;</li> + <li>confidence and size of American force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>Worth’s flanking movement to Saltillo road, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_239">239–44</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_497">497</a>;</li> + <li>Ampudia during battle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>detailed map of battle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_240">240</a>;</li> + <li>Worth’s capture of Federation Ridge, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_244">244–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>of Independence Hill, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_246">246–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_499">499</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s display in force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>;</li> + <li>fortifications in Taylor’s front, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_249">249–50</a>;</li> + <li>his verbal instructions to Garland, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_250">250–1</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>capture of Tenería redoubt, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_251">251–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>futile attack on Diablo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_253">253–4</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s mistakes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_500">500–3</a>;</li> + <li>Mexicans abandon outworks, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>;</li> + <li>advance toward plaza, retirement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>failure to concert action with Worth, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_256">256–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>Worth’s attack in city, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_257">257–8</a>;</li> + <li>condition of Mexican force, bombardment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>capitulation, armistice, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501–2</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s acceptance considered, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502–6</a>;</li> + <li>evacuation by Mexicans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>;</li> + <li>results, fame, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>condition and size of Taylor’s force after, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>Polk and terms, armistice terminated, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>;</li> + <li>to be end of northern advance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_350">350</a>;</li> + <li>losses, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>foreign comment, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_306">306–7</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Montgomery, J. B., and British commander, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_446">446</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Guaymas, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Montoya, J. M., Mexican chargé at Washington, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mora, J. M. L., minister at London, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and England and California, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</li> + <li>and British mediation, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mora y Villamil, Ignacio, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>;</li> + <li>on Texas and the war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>;</li> + <li>and defences of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>;</li> + <li>and preparations below Perote, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li>peace commissioner, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li> + <li>and guerilla warfare, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>armistice negotiations, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>and Contreras, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="MORALE" />Morale, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>of American troops at Corpus Christi, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>;</li> + <li>at Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li>results of Rio Grande campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_177">177–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_469">469</a>;</li> + <li>of volunteers in first camps, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_481">481</a>;</li> + <li>Wool’s discipline, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>;</li> + <li>character of Doniphan’s force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>;</li> + <li>of Wool’s force before Buena Vista campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s influence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>;</li> + <li>of Scott’s force at Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>at start of final campaign, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> + <li>lack, in guerillas, <a href="#Page_172">172</a>;</li> + <li>naval, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>mutiny at Buena Vista, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>effect of newspapers on Mexican, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Army; Conquered territory; Deserters.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Morales, Juan, defence of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340–2</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Morehead, T. G., at siege of Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Morelia, powder-mill, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Morelia battalion, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Belén garita, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Morelos, J. M., as partisan leader, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Moreno, J. M., attack on La Paz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Morfit, H. M., American agent in Texas, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Morgan, G. W., at Cerralvo, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Fifteenth Infantry, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Morier, J. J., British agent in Mexico, on Mexican character, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mormon battalion, follows Kearny’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in California, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>, <a href="#Page_455">455</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Morris, L. N., at Palo Alto, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mosquito fleet, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mountain systems of Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_594" title="594"></a><a id="MOUNTED" />Mounted Riflemen, authorized, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Smith’s brigade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>at Belén garita, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>in the guerilla operations, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Mouth of the Rio Grande, camp, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mulejé, and American occupation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Mules. <em>See</em> Transportation.</li> + + <li class="primary">Munroe, John, artillery at Point Isabel, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>.</li> + + <li class="ifrst">Murphy, Tomás, Mexican agent at London, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Aberdeen’s suggestion to, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>and interposition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_302">302</a>, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>, <a href="#Page_504">504–6</a>;</li> + <li>and foreign officers, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Muscatine, Iowa. <em>See</em> <a href="#BLOOMINGTON">Bloomington</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Nacogdoches, Gaines’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_64">64–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_420">420–2</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Nájera, Lieut. Col., at Monterey, falls, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Napoleon I, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on first quality of a soldier, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_440">440</a>;</li> + <li>on flank movement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_497">497</a>;</li> + <li>on agent’s responsibility, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_398">398</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Nashville <cite>Union</cite>, on war spirit, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Natchez</em>, Vera Cruz incident, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_425">425</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">National bridge. <em>See</em> <a href="#PUENTE_NACIONAL">Puente nacional</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">National Guard, Mexican, and Federalists, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_222">222</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Brazito affair with Doniphan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_301">301–2</a>;</li> + <li>attempt to centralize, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_376">376</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</li> + <li>at Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>and siege of Puebla, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">National highway, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#MEXICO_EXPEDITION">Mexico expedition</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="NATIONAL_INTELLIGENCER" /><cite>National Intelligencer</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk and his party, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>;</li> + <li>and tariff, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li> + <li>on outbreak of war, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>;</li> + <li>encourages enemy, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>and tax on tea and coffee, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</li> + <li>and no-territory plan, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>and victorious war, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</li> + <li>on title by conquest, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>;</li> + <li>on tariff for Mexican ports, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Navajo Indians, conquered, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="NAVY" />Navy, American, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>foreign opinion, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_106">106</a>;</li> + <li>pacific instructions (1845), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>war preparations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>;</li> + <li>mosquito fleet at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>sailors and landed battery at siege, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>vessels at the beginning of the war, distribution, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>appropriation and increase, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;</li> + <li>establishment, condition, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>administration, <a href="#Page_190">190–91</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexican privateers, <a href="#Page_192">192–3</a>;</li> + <li>blockade, <a href="#Page_193">193–5</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>;</li> + <li>scurvy and yellow fever, <a href="#Page_194">194–5</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexican navy, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>difficulties of shore operations, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>;</li> + <li>Alvarado expeditions, <a href="#Page_197">197–9</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</li> + <li>operations on Mexican western coast, <a href="#Page_205">205–8</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446–9</a>;</li> + <li>character of service, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>;</li> + <li>character of control of occupied territory, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>;</li> + <li>evacuation, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#CALIFORNIA">California</a>; <a href="#CONNER">Conner, David</a>; <a href="#JONES_T_A_C">Jones, T. A. C.</a>; <a href="#MARINES">Marines</a>; <a href="#PERRY">Perry</a>; <a href="#SLOAT">Sloat</a>; <a href="#SHUBRICK">Shubrick</a>; <a href="#STOCKTON">Stockton</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Navy, Mexican, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Negotiations. <em>See</em> <a href="#DIPLOMATIC_INTERCOURSE">Diplomatic intercourse</a>; <a href="#PEACE">Peace</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Neptune</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>wrecked, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_449">449</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Neutrality, American, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>and Sabine River boundary, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_64">64</a>;</li> + <li>and Gaines’s expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_64">64–6</a>;</li> + <li>and recognition of Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_66">66–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_422">422–3</a>;</li> + <li>Bocanegra-Webster correspondence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>;</li> + <li>European, in the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_300">300–5</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Interposition; Mediation.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">New Granada, and the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">New Helvetia, trading post, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_522">522</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">New Jersey troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>call, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>at Jalapa, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="NEW_MEXICO" />New Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Santa Fe trail trade, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_514">514</a>;</li> + <li>province, population, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_284">284</a>;</li> + <li>political situation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_284">284–6</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li> + <li>American war policy toward, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_286">286</a>;</li> + <li>preparation of Kearny’s expedition, force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_515">515</a>;</li> + <li>map of his route, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_287">287</a>;</li> + <li>his march to Pent’s Fort, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_515">515</a>;</li> + <li>Armijo’s attitude, preparations, and desertion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_292">292–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516–7</a>;</li> + <li>Price’s reinforcement of Kearny, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>Mormon battalion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>Kearny’s proclamation and letter to Armijo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>advance to San Miguel, assurances to inhabitants, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_291">291–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>expected fight at Apache Canyon, condition of expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_292">292–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>resistance abandoned, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_293">293–5</a>;</li> + <li>occupation of Santa Fe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_295">295–6</a>;</li> + <li>Fort Marcy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>;</li> + <li>march to southern district, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>;</li> + <li>retaining force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>;</li> + <li>reduction of Indians, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>;</li> + <li>Doniphan’s march to El Paso, Brazito affair, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_298">298–300</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_517">517</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_518">518</a>;</li> + <li>condition of force at Santa Fe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_518">518</a>;</li> + <li>in peace negotiations and treaty, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_468">468</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_469">469</a>;</li> + <li>character of population, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>;</li> + <li>excesses due to American occupation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_453">453</a>;</li> + <li>Price’s rule,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_595" title="595"></a> insurrection, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_453">453</a>;</li> + <li>civil government as conquered territory, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_285">285</a>;</li> + <li>justice of acquisition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>;</li> + <li>supposed force in (Nov., 1847), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>Texas and occupation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_497">497</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">New Orleans, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>enlistments, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>as rival of New York, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li> + <li>yellow fever (1847), <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">New Orleans <cite>Commercial Bulletin</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>attacks policy of forbearance, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>;</li> + <li>on easy victory over Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">New Orleans <cite>Delta</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Paredes revolt, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>;</li> + <li>demand for war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>;</li> + <li>Leonidas letter, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor’s force (1847), <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">New Orleans <cite>Jeffersonian Republican</cite>, attacks policy of forbearance, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">New Orleans <cite>Picayune</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on monarchist plans in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>;</li> + <li>attacks on policy of forbearance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>;</li> + <li>on rejection of Slidell, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>;</li> + <li>on war spirit, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>;</li> + <li>demand for war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">New Orleans <cite>Tropic</cite>, on policy of expansion, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">New York, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> + <li>Polk and factions, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> New York troops.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">New York City, enlistments, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">New York <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Courrier des Etats Unis</cite>, on European protection of Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">New York <cite>Express</cite>, and peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">New York <cite>Herald</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on unrest, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>;</li> + <li>on war spirit, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>;</li> + <li>on war as peace movement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>;</li> + <li>on war finances, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_256">256</a>;</li> + <li>on opposition to the war, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">New York <cite>Journal of Commerce</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on war spirit, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>;</li> + <li>on war as peace movement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">New York <cite>Morning News</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on policy of expansion, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>;</li> + <li>on war spirit, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_124">124–6</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">New York <cite>Sun</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Worth, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>favors absorbing Mexico, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">New York <cite>Tribune</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on policy of expansion, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk and war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>;</li> + <li>on the war and politics, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li> + <li>on annexation of Texas and war, <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</li> + <li>demands recall of troops, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott and the cabal, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">New York troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Vera Cruz expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> + <li>in march to Puebla, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>in Mexico City, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li>in California, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>in Lower California, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="NEWSPAPERS" />Newspapers, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican, war-time lamentations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#PRESS">Press</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Niles, J. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and absorption of Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> + <li>position in Senate, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite>Niles’ Register</cite>, on Taylor’s generalship, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_503">503</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Niño Perdido garita, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ninth Cavalry, Mexican, at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ninth Infantry, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> + <li>advance after armistice, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</li> + <li>at Huamantla, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>at Pachuca, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Nonata</em>, captured, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_511">511</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Noncombatants, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>American policy toward,<b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_210">210</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#CONQUERED_TERRITORY">Conquered territory</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Nopalucan, aspect, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Noriega, General, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Palo Alto, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li>captured at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">North Carolina troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>enlistments, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>calls, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Norther, character, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Nuevo León</span>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>troops at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>levy on, for guerilla warfare, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_170">170</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>attitude toward United States, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>general occupation, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#MONTEREY">Monterey</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Oaxaca state, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>guerilla warfare, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</li> + <li>revolt and the war, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Obregón, Pablo, Mexican minister at Washington, and boundary negotiations, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">O’Brien, J. P. J., battery at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_390">390–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_394">394</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_557">557</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ocampo, M., and Santa Anna, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_376">376</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Occupied territory. <em>See</em> <a href="#CONQUERED_TERRITORY">Conquered territory.</a></li> + + <li class="primary">O’Donnell, Leopoldo, and Mexican privateering, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">O’Donojú, Juan, treaty with Itúrbide, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Officers, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>character of volunteer, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>for the ten new regiments, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> + <li>value of West Point training, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#ARMY">Army</a>; <a href="#VOLUNTEERS">Volunteers</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Ohio</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and attack on Tuxpán, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>in Pacific squadron, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ohio troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>enlistments, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>with Scott, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>in Lane’s march to Puebla, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>in his guerilla operations, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>;</li> + <li>calls (1847), <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>garrison at Puebla, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</li> + <li>non-active men, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_596" title="596"></a>Ojo de Agua, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>aspect, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li> + <li>American post, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Olaguíbel, F. M. de, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>warnings to Santa Anna (1846), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>;</li> + <li>supports Farías, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> + <li>character, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li> + <li>and opposition to Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> + <li>yields to Santa Anna’s demands, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> + <li>supplies for Scott, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> + <li>in American rear, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> + <li>and evacuation of Mexico, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li>supports Peña, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="OLD_PENON" />Old Peñón, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>fortification, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican army at, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>;</li> + <li>Scott avoids, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="OLIGARCHY" />Oligarchy, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>of Spanish born, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_29">29</a>;</li> + <li>deposes viceroy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li>Hidalgo’s revolt against, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li>partisan warfare on, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li>doomed, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>;</li> + <li>revolt against liberal constitution, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>;</li> + <li>plots against federal government, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>rules Victoria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>attempted revolt (1823), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li>expulsion of Gachupines, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_413">413</a>;</li> + <li>and Bustamante’s revolt, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>and Farías’ reforms, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>;</li> + <li>makes Santa Anna dictator, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>;</li> + <li>and Seven Laws, rule, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>factions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>;</li> + <li>goes over to Santa Anna (1841), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#GOVERNMENT">Government</a>; <a href="#MONARCHY">Monarchy</a>; <a href="#ROMAN_CATHOLIC_CHURCH">Roman Catholic church</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Olozaga, Salustiano de, on monarchy for Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="OPPOSITION" />Opposition to the war, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexico counts on, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>;</li> + <li>objections to war bill, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_182">182–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>basis, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_273">273–5</a>;</li> + <li>Whig troubles, <a href="#Page_276">276–80</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>warning from opposition to War of 1812, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</li> + <li>encourages enemy, <a href="#Page_280">280–1</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>;</li> + <li>character of speeches in Congress, <a href="#Page_284">284–6</a>;</li> + <li>and Wilmot Proviso, <a href="#Page_286">286–7</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>Whig no-territory plan, <a href="#Page_287">287–8</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>protracts war, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</li> + <li>demand for stoppage of supplies and recall of troops, <a href="#Page_290">290–1</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>Whig House programme, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li> + <li>effect on, of success of war, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li> + <li>continued baiting of Polk, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>results, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>historical results, <a href="#Page_292">292–3</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Oregon country, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>question and Mexican relations, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_137">137</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_299">299</a>, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>;</li> + <li>and British aid of Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>;</li> + <li>and outbreak of the war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_478">478</a>;</li> + <li>compromise settlement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>;</li> + <li>effect on Polk, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>settlement and Wilmot Proviso, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</li> + <li>danger in, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Organic Bases, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>revival, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Orizaba, situation, aspect, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Santa Anna’s preparations at, <a href="#Page_67">67–8</a>;</li> + <li>Bankhead’s expedition, aspect of route to, <a href="#Page_184">184–5</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</li> + <li>American rule, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</li> + <li>Lane at, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Orizaba, Mount, aspect, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ortega, J. M., in Monterey negotiations, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Osgood, David, on War of 1812, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Oswandel, J. J., on Pillow, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_377">377</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Otero, Mariano, on advance to Rio Grande, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on income of the Church, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>on Texas and the war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_458">458</a>;</li> + <li>and peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>leader of Moderados, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="OUTBREAK" />Outbreak of the war, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican policy to avoid formal declaration, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>protection of Texas and boundary question, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_449">449</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_470">470</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s force occupies Corpus Christi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_141">141–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>original size of force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_142">142</a>;</li> + <li>reinforcements, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>condition of force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li>rank controversy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>;</li> + <li>crossing of Rio Grande by Mexicans as invasion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_453">453</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s advance to Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_145">145–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>retaliatory orders, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_455">455</a>;</li> + <li>Mexicans cross and attack Thornton, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_455">455</a>;</li> + <li>de facto war, Taylor calls for more troops, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_455">455</a>;</li> + <li>justification of advance to Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_151">151–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_456">456</a>;</li> + <li>advance not cause of war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_154">154–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>war begun by Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_311">311–2</a>;</li> + <li>her grief for first battles, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>;</li> + <li>Polk’s Message, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_470">470</a>;</li> + <li>war bill in Congress, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_182">182–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471–3</a>;</li> + <li>quick peace expected, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>political considerations, Benton, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_184">184–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>Calhoun’s opposition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_185">185–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>existence of legal war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_186">186–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>causes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_187">187–90</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_473">473</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_526">526</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_310">310–1</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508–9</a>;</li> + <li>proclamation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>raising of army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_190">190–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_445">445</a>;</li> + <li>selection of commander, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_196">196–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>Polk and Scott’s plans, Scott’s relegation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_198">198–200</a>, <a href="#Page_476">476–8</a>;</li> + <li>and Oregon question, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_478">478</a>;</li> + <li>negotiations with Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_201">201–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_478">478–9</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican preparations and declaration, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_222">222–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_488">488</a>;</li> + <li>effect of Rio Grande campaign on Mexicans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_213">213</a>;</li> + <li>overthrow of Paredes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_214">214–22</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_485">485</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s policy to command army only, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_222">222–4</a>;</li> + <li>error of short-war policy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_347">347</a>;</li> + <li>popularity, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</li> + <li>Whig inconsistency on, <a href="#Page_276">276–7</a>;</li> + <li>Webster on pretexts, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>Buchanan’s diplomatic circular on, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>;</li> + <li>British<a class="pagenum" id="Page_597" title="597"></a> attitude, <a href="#Page_299">299–300</a>;</li> + <li>French attitude, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>Polk’s alleged inconsistencies on causes, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>;</li> + <li>as result of lack of preparedness, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#PREPARATION">Preparation</a>; <a href="#RIO_GRANDE">Rio Grande campaign</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Owens, S. C., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Doniphan’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_303">303</a>;</li> + <li>at battle of Sacramento, killed, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Pacheco, F., at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_389">389–91</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Pacheco, J. R., and peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Pachuca, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>occupied, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</li> + <li>under American rule, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Pacific squadron, vessels during the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#SHUBRICK">Shubrick</a>; <a href="#SLOAT">Sloat</a>; <a href="#STOCKTON">Stockton</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Padierna, battle of. <em>See</em> <a href="#CONTRERAS">Contreras</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Pageot, A. J. Y., French minister at Washington, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PAKENHAM" />Pakenham, Richard, British minister at Mexico and Washington, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and expulsion of Americans, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>and American claims against Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>on chances of expected war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>;</li> + <li>warning against slavery expansion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>;</li> + <li>on California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_320">320</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_322">322</a>;</li> + <li>on growing distaste for war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_347">347</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk’s dilemma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_349">349</a>;</li> + <li>on plan against Vera Cruz, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_350">350</a>;</li> + <li>on Santa Anna’s rule, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_415">415</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican treatment of Poinsett, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>on Monterey armistice, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>on march to Mexico City, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>on desire for peace, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> + <li>on American war finances, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>;</li> + <li>and mediation, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Palmasola fort near Tuxpán, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Palmerston, Viscount, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Mexican privateering, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> + <li>offers mediation, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>;</li> + <li>and California, <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</li> + <li>and Guizot, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>;</li> + <li>and American victories, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>;</li> + <li>and interposition, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>;</li> + <li>and absorption of Mexico, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PALMETTO" />Palmetto Regiment, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Vera Cruz expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>call, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>;</li> + <li>in march to Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> + <li>at Belén garita, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</li> + <li>in Alvarado expedition, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Palo Alto, battle of, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>American force, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li>American line, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li>map, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican advance and position, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164–5</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>;</li> + <li>artillery, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>Torrejón’s attack and repulse, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_166">166–7</a>;</li> + <li>American movement on right, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_167">167–8</a>;</li> + <li>defeat of Mexican right, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_168">168–9</a>;</li> + <li>losses, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican retreat, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#RIO_GRANDE">Rio Grande campaign</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Palo Alto, Camp, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Pánuco expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_281">281</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Pareda, J. N., and privateering, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Paredes y Arrillaga, Mariano, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>revolt (1841), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>;</li> + <li>revolt against Santa Anna (1844), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>;</li> + <li>and Herrera’s rule, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>;</li> + <li>and monarchy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>;</li> + <li>revolt (1845), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_98">98–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>as temporary President, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>;</li> + <li>hostility toward United States, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>;</li> + <li>and Slidell, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_439">439</a>;</li> + <li>and the war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_452">452</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_66">66</a>;</li> + <li>revolt and American opinion, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>;</li> + <li>effect of Rio Grande campaign on, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_470">470</a>;</li> + <li>on cause of the war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>his policy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>cuts off consuls, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_484">484</a>;</li> + <li>elected President, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>war proclamation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_213">213</a>;</li> + <li>and plans to take command, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_214">214–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>;</li> + <li>difficulties, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_214">214–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_485">485</a>;</li> + <li>combination against, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>;</li> + <li>overthrow, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_485">485</a>;</li> + <li>and California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_522">522–4</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_302">302</a>;</li> + <li>and artillery, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_462">462</a>;</li> + <li>exiled, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_485">485</a>;</li> + <li>supposed desire for peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> + <li>combination against Santa Anna (1847), <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> + <li>subsides, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</li> + <li>return, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Paredes, Fort, constructed, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Paris <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Constitutionnel</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on chances of expected war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>;</li> + <li>on California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_325">325</a>;</li> + <li>on three-million fund, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> + <li>on clergy and repeal of law of Jan. 11, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</li> + <li>criticism of military operations, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Paris <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Correspondant</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>sympathy with Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican church, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>pessimism on peace prospects, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> + <li>on outbreak of war, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Paris <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Epoque</cite>, and interposition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Paris <cite>Globe</cite>, on chances of expected war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Paris <cite>National</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Guizot’s American policy, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>;</li> + <li>on outbreak of war, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> + <li>on England and war, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Paris <cite lang="fr" xml:lang="fr">Portefeuille</cite>, and neutrality, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Parish, Elijah, on War of 1812, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_280">280</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Parker, Theodore, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Taylor at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>on conduct of the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Parker, W. A., <cite>Creole</cite> exploit, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Parras, gathering of Wool’s force at San Antonio, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_267">267–70</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>his advance to Parras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_270">270–5</a>;</li> + <li>aspect, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>;</li> + <li>Comanche raid, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_521">521</a>;</li> + <li>American rule, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_230">230</a>;</li> + <li>outrages at, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_598" title="598"></a>Parrodi, Anastasio, at Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_511">511</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Tula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_553">553</a>;</li> + <li>command in Army of the North, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Parrott, John, American consul at Mazatlán, and T. A. C. Jones, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_522">522</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</li> + <li>and Sloat, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</li> + <li>and American funds in Mexico, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Parrott, W. S., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>American consul and confidential agent in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_434">434</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_435">435</a>;</li> + <li>and advance to Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>;</li> + <li>and Sloat, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_333">333</a>;</li> + <li>claim, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_430">430</a>;</li> + <li>on British control of Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Parsons, M. M., in battle of Sacramento, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_312">312</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Paso. <em>See</em> <a href="#EL_PASO">El Paso</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Patria battalion, at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Patriota Mexicano</cite>, on Slidell mission, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_436">436</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Patronage, as Polk’s resource, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Patten, G. W., on Scott at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_56">56</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Patterson, Robert, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Tamaulipas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>;</li> + <li>and securing of Tampico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_512">512</a>;</li> + <li>and command of Vera Cruz expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351</a>;</li> + <li>march to Victoria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_542">542</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_543">543</a>;</li> + <li>as general, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>and Pillow, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>march to Tampico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_365">365–6</a>;</li> + <li>at Lobos Islands, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>command on Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>distribution of force (Oct.), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>career, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_507">507</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>before Cerro Gordo, and plan to assault, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li>and the battle, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>takes time-expired men home, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>return to Mexico, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>;</li> + <li>at Jalapa, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>and Jarauta, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>;</li> + <li>retained in service, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>division at San Angel, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</li> + <li>leaves Mexico City, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>on West Pointers, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Patterson, Camp, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Paul, G. R., at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Paulding, J. K., on Polk, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PAZ" />Paz, occupied, counter attacks, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PEACE" />Peace, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>speedy, expected, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>Polk’s suggested terms to Santa Anna (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna and, after return, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_487">487</a>;</li> + <li>mistake in expecting speedy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_347">347</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican law forbidding negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s halt after Churubusco, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</li> + <li>attitude of Polk and Buchanan, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> + <li>supposed favorable Mexican attitude (1846), <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> + <li>rejection of Buchanan’s advances (1846), <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;</li> + <li>three million fund and bribery, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</li> + <li>general American desire, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> + <li>Atocha’s mission, <a href="#Page_123">123–4</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</li> + <li>reasons for Mexican obstinacy, <a href="#Page_124">124–6</a>;</li> + <li>problem of ignoring Slidell, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> + <li>appointment of Trist, his character, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> + <li>his preconceived attitude toward Scott, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> + <li>Trist’s papers, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li> + <li>Trist–Scott misunderstanding and quarrel, <a href="#Page_128">128–9</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</li> + <li>Bankhead as mediator for Trist, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</li> + <li>controversy over receiving Buchanan’s communication, <a href="#Page_130">130–3</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</li> + <li>Scott-Trist reconciliation, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;</li> + <li>question of douceur, <a href="#Page_131">131–2</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390–1</a>;</li> + <li>Puebla negotiations, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s military proposal to facilitate, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican overtures after Churubusco, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> + <li>armistice, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394–6</a>;</li> + <li>negotiations during armistice (1847): Santa Anna’s attitude, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li> + <li>his terms and instructions, neutral region east of Rio Grande, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican commissioners, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li> + <li>Trist’s terms, deadlock, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s dilemma, <a href="#Page_136">136–7</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</li> + <li>counter-projet, failure, effect, <a href="#Page_138">138–9</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</li> + <li>chronology of negotiations (1847), <a href="#Page_396">396</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna and foreign support, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;</li> + <li>—— Arguments against, after fall of capital, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_470">470</a>;</li> + <li>attitude of Eventualists and other war factions, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>and governmental chaos, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</li> + <li>American pessimism, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>Peña’s determination to negotiate, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>Trist reopens negotiations by reply to counter-projet, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>party success in Presidential election, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>state discussion, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>abortive insurrection of war party, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>support of Mexican Congress, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>recall of Trist, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>intention to harden American terms, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>Trist ignores recall, <a href="#Page_237">237–8</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>his boundary ultimatum, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</li> + <li>further retardation, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican commissioners, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</li> + <li>secret meetings, propositions, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>;</li> + <li>delays, need of haste, de facto truce, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>;</li> + <li>insurrection threatens disruption, Scott’s promise of protection, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>treaty secretly signed, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>terms, surrender of conquered territory to Mexico, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467–70</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</li> + <li>map, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>;</li> + <li>armistice, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>plan for absorption of Mexico, <a href="#Page_243">243–4</a>, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>;</li> + <li>Polk and treaty, his dilemma, <a href="#Page_244">244–6</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471–2</a>;</li> + <li><a class="pagenum" id="Page_599" title="599"></a>treaty in Senate, <a href="#Page_246">246–7</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472–3</a>;</li> + <li>amendment there, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</li> + <li>ratification commissioners, <a href="#Page_248">248–9</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican opposition to acceptance, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</li> + <li>arguments in favor, <a href="#Page_249">249–51</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>ratification by Mexican Congress, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>exchange of ratifications, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>misunderstandings, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;</li> + <li>evacuation of Mexican territory, <a href="#Page_251">251–2</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475–6</a>;</li> + <li>American opposition to annexations, <a href="#Page_274">274</a>;</li> + <li>British offer of mediation, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="#Page_503">503–4</a>;</li> + <li>reception of treaty in Europe, <a href="#Page_308">308–9</a>;</li> + <li>justice and liberality, <a href="#Page_322">322–3</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican cordiality, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</li> + <li>effect in Europe, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</li> + <li>explanatory protocol, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;</li> + <li>Spain and mediation, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>Mexico and British guaranty of treaty, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PEDRAZA" />Pedraza, Manuel Gómez, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>character, elected President, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li>overthrow, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>restored by Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_44">44–5</a>;</li> + <li>as Federalist leader, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>;</li> + <li>and Butler, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li>Paredes courts, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_224">224</a>;</li> + <li>as leader of Moderados, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li> + <li>and clerical revolt, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>;</li> + <li>and peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Pedregal near Contreras, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Peel, Sir Robert, and California, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PENA" />Peña fort near Tuxpán, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Peña y Barragán, M. de la, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and revolt, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> + <li>at San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Peña y Peña, Manuel de la, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>character, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>;</li> + <li>and renewal of American intercourse, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_91">91–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_435">435</a>;</li> + <li>and Slidell mission, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_437">437</a>;</li> + <li>on Texas and war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>;</li> + <li>as Executive (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>eliminates Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>determines to re-open peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> + <li>Congress upholds, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> + <li>and recall of Trist, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>and renewal of negotiations, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</li> + <li>resumes administration, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>and insurrection and negotiations, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>and treaty before Congress, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>at exchange of ratifications, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li> + <li>on European interposition, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Pennsylvania, and tariff of 1846, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> next title.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Pennsylvania troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Vera Cruz expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>calls, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> + <li>at Puebla, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;</li> + <li>at Huamantla, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>in Lane’s guerilla operations, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>at Jalapa, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Peñón Viejo</span>. <em>See</em> <a href="#OLD_PENON">Old Peñón.</a></li> + + <li class="primary">Pensions, Mexican War, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_490">490</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Peñúñuri, F., at Churubusco, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Peonage, not displaced by slavery, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">People. <em>See</em> <a href="#POPULATION">Population</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Perdigón Garay, J. G., at Belén garita, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Pérez, F., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_393">393–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>at Coyoacán, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>at Casa Mata, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> + <li>brigade, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Perote, castle of, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>occupied by Worth, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_61">61</a>;</li> + <li>American garrison, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="#Page_362">362</a>;</li> + <li>and relief of Puebla, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PERRY" />Perry, M. C., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in occupation of Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</li> + <li>and reinforcements for it, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor on, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_340">340</a>;</li> + <li>Tabasco expeditions, <a href="#Page_199">199–200</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_445">445</a>;</li> + <li>Yucatan operations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>;</li> + <li>supersedes Conner, <a href="#Page_201">201–2</a>;</li> + <li>character as officer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_202">202</a>;</li> + <li>capture of Tuxpán, <a href="#Page_202">202–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>operations at small ports, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_445">445</a>;</li> + <li>Alvarado expedition, <a href="#Page_344">344–5</a>;</li> + <li>squadron, distribution, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444–6</a>;</li> + <li>and attack on Ulúa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Perry</em>, damaged, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Petrel</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in occupation of Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_388">388</a>;</li> + <li>added to navy, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>;</li> + <li>in attack on Tuxpán, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Petrita</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</li> + <li>in Tabasco expedition, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Philadelphia, enlistments, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Philadelphia <cite>North American</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on tariff of 1846, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li> + <li>and the war, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li> + <li>on war and extension of slavery, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Philadelphia <cite>Public Ledger</cite>, on speeches in Congress, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PHYSICAL_ASPECT" />Physical aspect, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>general, of Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_1">1–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>;</li> + <li>of Corpus Christi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li>between there and Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>;</li> + <li>of camps near Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205–7</a>;</li> + <li>of Camargo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>;</li> + <li>of Cerralvo. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_229">229</a>;</li> + <li>beyond Cerralvo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>of Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_257">257</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>between Monterey and Saltillo, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_265">265</a>;</li> + <li>between the Rio Grande and Monclova, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>;</li> + <li>of Monclova, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>;</li> + <li>of Parras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>;</li> + <li>of Tampico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_280">280</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> + <li>of Raton Pass, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_291">291</a>;</li> + <li>of Santa Fe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>;</li> + <li>of Jornada del Muerto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>;</li> + <li>of El Paso, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_300">300</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_302">302</a>;</li> + <li>between El<a class="pagenum" id="Page_600" title="600"></a> Paso and Chihuahua, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_304">304</a>;</li> + <li>at Sacramento River, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>;</li> + <li>of Monterey, Cal., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_334">334</a>;</li> + <li>between Monterey, Mex., and Victoria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357–9</a>;</li> + <li>between Matamoros and Victoria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_360">360</a>;</li> + <li>between Victoria and Tampico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_366">366</a>;</li> + <li>between Saltillo and Agua Nueva, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_373">373</a>;</li> + <li>between San Luis Potosí and Encarnación, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_380">380</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_553">553</a>;</li> + <li>of Buena Vista field, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>view on approaching Antón Lizardo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>;</li> + <li>of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_18">18–9</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34–5</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221–2</a>;</li> + <li>along highway from Perote to puente nacional, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_39">39</a>;</li> + <li>of Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_42">42–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_347">347</a>;</li> + <li>of national highway between Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_46">46–8</a>;</li> + <li>of Jalapa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>;</li> + <li>between Jalapa and Perote, <a href="#Page_60">60–1</a>;</li> + <li>between Perote and Puebla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>;</li> + <li>of Puebla, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>;</li> + <li>between Puebla and Valley of Mexico, <a href="#Page_92">92–3</a>;</li> + <li>of the Valley, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>;</li> + <li>of the routes across it, <a href="#Page_95">95–7</a>;</li> + <li>of Santa Anna’s southern line, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>;</li> + <li>of Contreras field, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_375">375</a>;</li> + <li>of Churubusco, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>;</li> + <li>of Tacubaya, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_400">400</a>;</li> + <li>of Molino del Rey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_140">140</a>;</li> + <li>of western and southern approaches to Mexico City, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>;</li> + <li>of Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_150">150–2</a>, <a href="#Page_405">405–6</a>;</li> + <li>between Vera Cruz and Orizaba, <a href="#Page_184">184–5</a>;</li> + <li>coast storms, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_194">194</a>;</li> + <li>of San Juan Bautista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>of Tuxpán, <a href="#Page_202">202–3</a>;</li> + <li>of Mazatlán, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_206">206</a>;</li> + <li>of Orizaba, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_222">222</a>;</li> + <li>of Mexico City, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Pickett, G. E., at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Pico, Andrés, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>battle of San Pascual, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_534">534</a>;</li> + <li>succeeds Flores, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_345">345</a>;</li> + <li>capitulation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_345">345</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Pico, Jesús, and Frémont, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_345">345</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Pico, Pio, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as governor of California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>;</li> + <li>character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_328">328</a>;</li> + <li>British partisan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_328">328</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_531">531</a>;</li> + <li>civil war with Castro, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>;</li> + <li>and American occupation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_530">530</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Pierce, Franklin, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on war enthusiasm, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>reinforcements for Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li> + <li>brigade in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>brigade at Contreras, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</li> + <li>and at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_115">115–7</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>and plan of attack on Mexico City, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>armistice commissioner, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>and Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>and battles before Mexico, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>;</li> + <li>leaves Mexico, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Pillow, G. J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as political general, character, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_361">361</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_543">543</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_546">546</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_185">185–6</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</li> + <li>and Polk, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_367">367</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>joins Scott’s headquarters, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_367">367</a>;</li> + <li>on Ripley’s book, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_405">405</a>;</li> + <li>at Brazos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor’s confidence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>;</li> + <li>left at Camargo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor and Vera Cruz expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_536">536</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor and administration, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_538">538</a>;</li> + <li>brigade at Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> + <li>before Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li>in the battle, <a href="#Page_56">56–8</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352–3</a>;</li> + <li>censures on Scott to Polk, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>;</li> + <li>absence, return as major general, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>division, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>in advance from Puebla, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_103">103–5</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>force after the battle, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> + <li>and armistice, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_395">395</a>;</li> + <li>advance after armistice, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_400">400</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>misgivings there, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li> + <li>division in advance on Belén garita, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>;</li> + <li>cabal against Scott, Leonidas letter, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_435">435</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s charges against, and arrest, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_437">437</a>;</li> + <li>Polk rescues, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>and the recalling of Trist, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>intrigue against Scott and Presidential ambition, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</li> + <li>opinion of good officers, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</li> + <li>ascendancy over Scott, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</li> + <li>and douceur, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>and plan of attack on Mexico City, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>leaves Mexico, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Pineda, Manuel, attack on La Paz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Pino, Manuel, force to resist Kearny, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_293">293</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_294">294</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">“Pintos,” in Alvarez’s force, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Pinzón, Luis, at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Plan del Rió, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as defensive point, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s advance at, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Plana mayor</span>, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Plateau, central, of Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_1">1–2</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite>Plebeian</cite>, on war and expansion, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Poblana market girls, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_71">71</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Poinsett, J. R., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>treatment as minister at Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_58">58–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>boundary and Texas negotiations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_59">59–60</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>commercial negotiations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>;</li> + <li>recall demanded, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican agriculture, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican cavalry, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_440">440</a>;</li> + <li>on American army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_451">451</a>;</li> + <li>on Trist mission, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Point Isabel, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>occupied by Taylor, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_148">148</a>;</li> + <li>as base, Taylor and line of communication, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_160">160–1</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s hurried march to, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li>as camp, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican customhouse, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>navy at, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_466">466</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;</li> + <li>troops left at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="POLICE" />Police, in occupied territory, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_601" title="601"></a><a id="POLITICS" />Politics, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in choice of a commander, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_199">199–200</a>;</li> + <li>in Vera Cruz expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_539">539</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_544">544</a>;</li> + <li>influence on war operations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_545">545</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#CONGRESS">Congress</a>; <a href="#DEMOCRATIC">Democratic</a>; <a href="#GOVERNMENT">Government, Mexican</a>; <a href="#OPPOSITION">Opposition</a>; <a href="#POLK">Polk, J. K.</a>; <a href="#PRESIDENT">President of United States</a>; <a href="#WHIG">Whig</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="POLK" />Polk, J. K., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>efforts to restore intercourse with Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_88">88–91</a>;</li> + <li>Slidell mission, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_94">94–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>alleged desire for war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_127">127–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_445">445–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_478">478</a>;</li> + <li>diary, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_128">128</a>;</li> + <li>character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_128">128–30</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_447">447</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_270">270–1</a>, <a href="#Page_314">314–5</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>disproof of desire for war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_130">130–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_526">526</a>;</li> + <li>and Oregon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_200">200–1</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_478">478</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_354">354</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;</li> + <li>intolerable conditions facing, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_134">134–7</a>;</li> + <li>peaceful intent and advance to Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_151">151–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_456">456–61</a>;</li> + <li>war Message, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_470">470</a>;</li> + <li>expects quick peace, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>and slavery and the war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>war proclamation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>and volunteering, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_193">193</a>;</li> + <li>and selection of commanding officer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>and Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_352">352–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_507">507</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_544">544</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_547">547</a>;</li> + <li>alarm over Rio Grande conditions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott’s war policy, clash, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_199">199–200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_477">477</a>;</li> + <li>negotiations with Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_201">201–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_478">478–9</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_491">491</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>and terms at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_505">505</a>;</li> + <li>war programme, occupation of territory, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_266">266–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_350">350–1</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>;</li> + <li>and Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_278">278</a>;</li> + <li>and defensive-line policy dilemma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_348">348</a>;</li> + <li>and New Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_286">286</a>;</li> + <li>and California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_325">325</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_332">332</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_526">526</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_514">514</a>;</li> + <li>selection of commander for Vera Cruz expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351–4</a>;</li> + <li>and plans and responsibility for Scott’s expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_540">540</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>and insubordination of Harney, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_545">545</a>;</li> + <li>Pillow’s influence with, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_547">547</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>and Texan boundary, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_449">449</a>;</li> + <li>and Doniphan’s expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_517">517</a>;</li> + <li>and Ten Regiment Bill, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> + <li>and commanding generalcy for Benton, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</li> + <li>and seekers for army office, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>;</li> + <li>desire for peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>;</li> + <li>and rejection of overtures (1846), <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</li> + <li>three million fund, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</li> + <li>effect of policy on Mexican obduracy, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> + <li>problem of ignoring Slidell, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> + <li>appointment of Trist as agent, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> + <li>and failure of negotiations (1847), <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</li> + <li>and cabal against Scott, <a href="#Page_185">185–8</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>on privateering, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>;</li> + <li>and puppet government for Mexico, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> + <li>recalls Trist, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>and absorption of Mexico, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> + <li>and the treaty, dilemma, <a href="#Page_244">244–6</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>appointment of ratification commissioners, <a href="#Page_248">248–9</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</li> + <li>and tariff, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>;</li> + <li>and war loans, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>;</li> + <li>and tariff for Mexican ports, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</li> + <li>and levies on Mexicans, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + <li>public and party attitude toward, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</li> + <li>Cabinet, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</li> + <li>and patronage, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</li> + <li>and New York politics, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>;</li> + <li>effect of Oregon policy on, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>and of river and harbor veto, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>and of attitude toward Taylor and Scott, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li> + <li>and of Texas, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li> + <li>and of unfavorable war conditions, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li> + <li>and of fiscal policy, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>Whig jibes, <a href="#Page_275">275–6</a>;</li> + <li>inconsistency of Whig criticism, <a href="#Page_276">276–80</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>and Whig encouragement of enemy, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>character of Congressional attacks on policy, <a href="#Page_284">284–6</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> + <li>continuation of baiting, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>hampering of policy, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</li> + <li>injustice of condemnation, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>;</li> + <li>reassertion of Monroe Doctrine, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>;</li> + <li>on France and Texas, <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>British on, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>;</li> + <li>and British mediation, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="#Page_504">504</a>;</li> + <li>achievement, <a href="#Page_314">314–5</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>and Trist-Scott quarrel, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</li> + <li>and douceur, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>and armistice, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</li> + <li>and mutiny at Buena Vista, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>and Hays’s regiment, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>further call for volunteers, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>and trial of Frémont, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>and Yucatan, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>Message (1847) on pushing the war, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>and Lower California, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>alleged war inconsistencies, <a href="#Page_491">491</a>;</li> + <li>and policy of annexations, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Polk, Fort, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Polko revolt, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_12">12–14</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330–2</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Polko battalions, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>formation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Poll tax, question of Mexican, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Pommarès, ——, Conner’s agent, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_478">478</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ponce de León, Antonio, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Brazito affair, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_301">301–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_518">518</a>;</li> + <li>in battle of Sacramento, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_310">310</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Popocatepetl, Mount, aspect, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="POPULARITY" />Popularity of the war in the United States, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>general American war spirit, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>why concentrated upon Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444–5</a>;</li> + <li>initial, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_268">268</a>;</li> + <li>reaction, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>;</li> + <li>restoration, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#ATTITUDE">Attitude</a>; <a href="#OPPOSITION">Opposition</a>; <a href="#OUTBREAK">Outbreak</a>; <a href="#PREPARATION">Preparation</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_602" title="602"></a><a id="POPULATION" />Population of Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in 1846, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_407">407</a>;</li> + <li>characteristics of Spanish born, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li>of Creoles, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_407">407</a>;</li> + <li>of Indians, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_4">4</a>;</li> + <li>social and economic classes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_5">5–6</a>;</li> + <li>clergy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_6">6–8</a>;</li> + <li>army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_8">8–11</a>;</li> + <li>civil officials, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_11">11</a>;</li> + <li>judges, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_12">12–3</a>;</li> + <li>criminals, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>;</li> + <li>need, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>;</li> + <li>picture of life and character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_18">18–28</a>;</li> + <li>general state, types, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_445">445</a>;</li> + <li>of New Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_284">284</a>;</li> + <li>of California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_315">315</a>;</li> + <li>characteristics of Californians, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_315">315–7</a>;</li> + <li>popular American opinion of Mexican, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_445">445</a>;</li> + <li>of Santa Fe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_517">517</a>;</li> + <li>characteristics of New Mexicans, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_216">216</a>;</li> + <li>British view of American character, <a href="#Page_294">294–5</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>contrast of American and Mexican character, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>;</li> + <li>attitude of Mexican, toward the war, <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Character; Conquered territory; Social conditions.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Porpoise</em>, in Home Squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PORT_LA_VACA" />Port La Vaca, as base, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Porter, Andrew, at Contreras, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Porter, D. D., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Ulúa, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_201">201</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Porter, J. D., acknowledgment to, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Porter, T. H., skirmish, killed, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Portsmouth</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at San Francisco, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_333">333</a>;</li> + <li>in Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>,</li> + <li>off Mazatlán, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>at Guaymas, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Posada y Garduño, Manuel, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Santa Anna’s dictatorship, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>;</li> + <li>chief monarchist, dies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Posey, Carnot, on soldiers and Taylor, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Potomac</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Vera Cruz expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> + <li>scurvy, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>and attack on Tuxpán, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Pratt, H. C, in Lane’s march to Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Preble</em>, in Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PREPARATION" />Preparation for war, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican, on annexation of Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_87">87–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican hostile attitude toward Americans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_102">102–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_484">484</a>;</li> + <li>reasons for hope of Mexican success, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_104">104–16</a>;</li> + <li>United States deemed feeble, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_104">104–5</a>;</li> + <li>expected opposition in United States, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>;</li> + <li>foreign opinion on relative military strength, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_105">105–6</a>;</li> + <li>Mexico’s opinion of its own army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_106">106</a>;</li> + <li>Texas as expected field, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>successful invasion of Mexico deemed impossible, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_107">107–8</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican hope in privateering, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>;</li> + <li>and on financial burden on United States, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>;</li> + <li>expected revitalization of Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>expected aid from Spanish America, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>;</li> + <li>and from Europe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_112">112–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_441">441</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>importance of Oregon controversy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_114">114–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican desire for war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_115">115–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_442">442</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_312">312</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>American attitude, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_117">117–37</a>;</li> + <li>resentment of Mexican outrages, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_117">117–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>;</li> + <li>patience with an inferior people, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>;</li> + <li>attacks on policy of forbearance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_119">119–21</a>;</li> + <li>effect of claims controversy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_448">448</a>;</li> + <li>of rejection of Slidell, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_445">445</a>;</li> + <li>supposed European manipulation of Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_121">121–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>;</li> + <li>demand of the southwest, trade influences, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>;</li> + <li>slaveholders fear, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>;</li> + <li>chance to overthrow Calhoun, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>;</li> + <li>and spirit of expansion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>unrest, war spirit and allurements of Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_124">124–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444–5</a>;</li> + <li>expected easy victory, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_125">125</a>;</li> + <li>annexation of Texas and war spirit, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>;</li> + <li>Polk’s alleged desire for war, disproof, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_127">127–34</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_445">445–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_526">526</a>;</li> + <li>intolerable conditions, force as only solution, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_134">134–7</a>;</li> + <li>and monarchy for Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_448">448</a>;</li> + <li>bold attitude as argument for negotiations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#DIPLOMATIC_INTERCOURSE">Diplomatic intercourse</a>; <a href="#OUTBREAK">Outbreak</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PRESIDENT_OF_MEXICO" />President of Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>powers under first constitution, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>election of Victoria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>and of Pedraza, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li>Guerrero, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>Bustamante, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>Pedraza restored, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>election of Santa Anna (1832), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna temporary, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s election (1844), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>;</li> + <li>Herrera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>;</li> + <li>Paredes in power, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna titular and Farías acting (1846), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_5">5–6</a>;</li> + <li>Farías eliminated, Anaya substitute, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna resumes power (1847), <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li> + <li>election of 1847 deferred, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna resigns, Peña acting, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>Anaya elected ad interim (1847), <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>Herrera (1848), <a href="#Page_252">252</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Dictatorship; Revolution.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PRESIDENT" />President of United States, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Scott’s ambition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390–2</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s candidacy proposed, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>;</li> + <li>his ambition and suspicions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_544">544</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_547">547</a>;</li> + <li>effect of Buena Vista on it, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_400">400</a>;</li> + <li>his letter to Gaines, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_507">507</a>;</li> + <li>effect on Taylor of<a class="pagenum" id="Page_603" title="603"></a> Polk’s attitude and own conduct, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>Whigs and candidates, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</li> + <li>Webster’s candidacy, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s candidacy as vindication of the war, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</li> + <li>Pillow’s ambition, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#POLK">Polk</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PRESS" />Press, Mexican, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>conditions, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li>Paredes’s decrees on, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>during the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#NEWSPAPERS">Newspapers</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Price, Sterling, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>to raise men, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>;</li> + <li>troops to reinforce Kearny, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>;</li> + <li>to hold Santa Fe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_517">517</a>;</li> + <li>Chihuahua and Rosales expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</li> + <li>as governor of New Mexico, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>;</li> + <li>supposed force (Nov., 1847), <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Princeton</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in occupation of Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_279">279</a>;</li> + <li>at Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>;</li> + <li>in attack on Alvarado, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Principles of war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_405">405</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Prisoners of war, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Encarnación, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_370">370–1</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>release after Monterey armistice, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_507">507</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s treatment, parole, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_515">515</a>;</li> + <li>and armistice after Churubusco, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>in treaty of peace, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Prisons, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Privateering, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican hope in, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_108">108</a>;</li> + <li>projects, failure, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_191">191–3</a>;</li> + <li>question of American, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Proclamations, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s, at Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li>of May 11, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357–8</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PROGRAMME" />Programme of war, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Polk’s rejection of Scott’s policy, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_198">198–200</a>;</li> + <li>policy of occupying territory, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_266">266–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_508">508</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>;</li> + <li>defensive-line policy, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_282">282–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_461">461</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_513">513</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_514">514</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>;</li> + <li>failure of quick peace programme, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_347">347</a>;</li> + <li>project of attack on Mexico City, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_349">349</a>;</li> + <li>question of attack on Vera Cruz, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_349">349–50</a>;</li> + <li>no further advance in north, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_350">350</a>;</li> + <li>attack on Vera Cruz adopted, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_350">350–1</a>;</li> + <li>advance to capital left open, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_540">540</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</li> + <li>Marcy shifts responsibility to Scott, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_540">540</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor ignores programme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican plan after fall of capital, <b>2.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_430">430</a>;</li> + <li>American problem after capture of capital, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_430">430</a>;</li> + <li>hampered by opposition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>;</li> + <li>effect of inadequate preparation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_314">314</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_510">510</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Progreso</cite>, on American peace party, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_495">495</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Pronunciation of Spanish, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_xxi">xxi</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PROPAGANDA" />Propaganda, Mexican, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>among Taylor’s troops, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>;</li> + <li>among Irish soldiers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_507">507</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#DESERTION">Desertion</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Prospects of war. <em>See</em> <a href="#PREPARATION">Preparation</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Prosperity, of occupied territory, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>American, in the war, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite>Provisional</cite>, on United States and Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Prussia, and the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_403">403</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_298">298–9</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#CANITZ">Canitz</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Public debt. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> <a href="#FINANCES">Finances</a>; <a href="#LOANS">Loans</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Public lands, bounty to soldiers, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_490">490</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>gradation policy, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Public opinion, lack in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Puebla, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>situation, aspect, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s advance from Jalapa, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li> + <li>clerical control and attitude toward Scott’s advance, understanding, <a href="#Page_65">65–6</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna at, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</li> + <li>he evacuates, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li> + <li>Worth’s conference, erroneous agreement, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</li> + <li>occupation, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> + <li>character of Worth’s rule, <a href="#Page_71">71–2</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>Scott at, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li> + <li>condition of army in, <a href="#Page_72">72–3</a>;</li> + <li>advance from, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</li> + <li>Scott at, and peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>guerilla operations and beginning of siege, <a href="#Page_173">173–4</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>;</li> + <li>American garrison and positions, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_424">424</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s siege, <a href="#Page_174">174–6</a>;</li> + <li>Lane’s march to relieve, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Huamantla, <a href="#Page_176">176–8</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425–6</a>;</li> + <li>arrival of Lane, siege raised, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>;</li> + <li>losses in siege, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>American rule, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Puebla state, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>guerilla warfare, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</li> + <li>in discussion on peace, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Pueblo Indians, submit to Kearny, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PUENTE_NACIONAL" /><span lang="es" xml:lang="es">Puente nacional</span>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as defensive point, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</li> + <li>abandoned, <a href="#Page_41">41–2</a>;</li> + <li>aspect, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>American post, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Pulque, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_508">508</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Punta Aguda, occupied, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Purísima bridge at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_254">254</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="PUROS" />Puros, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>rise, aims, opposition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_2">2–4</a>;</li> + <li>demands and loss of prestige, <a href="#Page_4">4–5</a>;</li> + <li>and Presidential election (1846), <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li> + <li>abandon Farías, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>;</li> + <li>attitude toward Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li>and peace negotiations (1847), <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> + <li>and local government under Scott, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> + <li>Eventualists, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>oppose treaty, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>;</li> + <li>and British mediation, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#FARIAS">Farías</a>; <a href="#FEDERALISM">Federalism</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Querétaro, situation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>; revolt, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Querétaro battalion, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_604" title="604"></a>Querétaro state, in discussion on peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Quijano, Benito, armistice commissioner, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Quitman, J. A., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>brigade at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_252">252–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor on, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_352">352</a>;</li> + <li>march to Victoria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_360">360</a>;</li> + <li>march to Tampico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_365">365–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>at Brazos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> + <li>at Jalapa, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li>in advance to Puebla, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li> + <li>Amozoc affair, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li> + <li>division in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>;</li> + <li>in advance from Puebla, <a href="#Page_93">93</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</li> + <li>at San Agustín, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>during armistice, commissioner, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>advance after armistice, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409–11</a>;</li> + <li>at Belén garita, <a href="#Page_158">158–60</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414–6</a>;</li> + <li>takes possession of the city, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>;</li> + <li>as governor of it, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>;</li> + <li>Alvarado expedition, <a href="#Page_344">344–5</a>;</li> + <li>court of inquiry on Worth, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>and Contreras, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</li> + <li>and douceur, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>and plan of attack on capital, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>division broken up, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>leaves Mexico, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>not West Pointer, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Radepont, Marquis de, on volunteers, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Radicals, aim of Mexican (1846), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_2">2–4</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#PUROS">Puros</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Rainfall of Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_1">1–2</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ramírez, J. F., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Mexican responsibility for the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>;</li> + <li>on Santa Anna’s manifesto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>;</li> + <li>on the Church, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>on judicial system, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>on political situation (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li> + <li>on guerilla warfare, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican political character, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>;</li> + <li>on justice of the war, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</li> + <li>conference with Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>on armistice, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ramírez, Simeón, brigade at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> + <li>flight, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>;</li> + <li>at Belén garita, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ramiro, José, and Contreras, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ramsey, A. C., regiment, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ranchero, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ranelagh, Viscount, proffer to Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Rangel, J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and preparations below Perote, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</li> + <li>and Contreras, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_411">411</a>;</li> + <li>at San Cosme garita, wounded, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</li> + <li>brigade, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Rank controversy in American army, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ransom, T. B., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Contreras, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, killed, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>;</li> + <li>regiment, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Ninth Infantry.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Raritan</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Vera Cruz expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li> + <li>scurvy, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>;</li> + <li>in attack on Tuxpán, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Raton Pass, Kearny at, aspect, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_291">291</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Razonador</cite>, peace organ, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Rea, J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as guerilla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_173">173</a>;</li> + <li>siege of Puebla, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li> + <li>retirement and overthrow, <a href="#Page_178">178–9</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426–7</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Rebolledo, J. C., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as guerilla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li> + <li>betrayed, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Recognition of Texas, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>American, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>European, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Red Comet, secret society, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_376">376</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Reefer</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>captured, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_511">511</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</li> + <li>added to navy, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>;</li> + <li>in attack on Tuxpán, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Reforma</cite>, desires war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Reforms, Farías’ attempts, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_45">45–6</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Regulars. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> <a href="#ARMY">Army</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Reid, J. W., in battle of Sacramento, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_311">311</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>pursuit of Comanches, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_521">521</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Reid, Mayne, at battle of Chapultepec, wounded, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Rejón, M. C., and annexation of Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_86">86</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Santa Anna’s manifesto (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>;</li> + <li>and new government, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_222">222</a>;</li> + <li>return with Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + <li>as leader of Puros, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li>demands and dismissal, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li> + <li>and demand on Church property, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</li> + <li>rejects peace overtures (1846), <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> + <li>and Atocha as peace agent, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>;</li> + <li>key of policy, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li> + <li>corrupt, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;</li> + <li>opposes peace negotiations (1847), <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> + <li>and treaty of peace, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>;</li> + <li>and poll tax, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>and British offer of mediation, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>suspected intrigue with Scott, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Religion. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> Roman Catholic church.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Reno, J.L., at Contreras, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_104">104</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Reports, character of American army, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_ix">ix</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_404">404</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Republicano</cite>, on financial chaos, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on three-million fund, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> + <li>on Atocha, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Repudiation, state, and American war finances, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Requena, T., and defence of Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_489">489</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_377">377</a>;</li> + <li>in Monterey negotiations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor’s blunders, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_503">503</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_605" title="605"></a>Resaca de Guerrero. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> Resaca de la Palma.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Resaca de la Palma, battle of, map, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_170">170</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican position and conditions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_170">170–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>American advance, mêlée, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_172">172–3</a>;</li> + <li>flanking of Mexican left, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>;</li> + <li>panic of Mexican right, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>;</li> + <li>May’s charge, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>Arista’s conduct, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>;</li> + <li>flight across Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>;</li> + <li>little pursuit, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>losses, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#RIO_GRANDE">Rio Grande campaign</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Revista Económica y Comercial</cite>, on Herrera administration, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_438">438</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="REVOLUTIONS" />Revolutions in Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as relief for ennui, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_21">21</a>;</li> + <li>Hidalgo’s attempt (1810), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li>Itúrbide’s (1821), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li>overthrow of Itúrbide (1823), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>Montaño attempt (1827), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_38">38</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s overthrow of Pedraza (1828), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_40">40–1</a>;</li> + <li>overthrow of Guerrero (1829), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_43">43</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna restores Pedraza (1832), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_44">44–5</a>;</li> + <li>attempt against Farías (1833), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>;</li> + <li>Mejía’s attempt (1839), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li>attempts of Paredes and Valencia (1841), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s (1841), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>;</li> + <li>overthrow of Santa Anna (1844), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_53">53–5</a>;</li> + <li>attempted Federalist (1845), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>;</li> + <li>Paredes (1845), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_98">98–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>Alvarez (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>;</li> + <li>overthrow of Paredes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_216">216–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_485">485</a>;</li> + <li>complexity of this, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li> + <li>clerical (Polko), against Farías (1847), <a href="#Page_12">12–4</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230–2</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Reyes, I., and the defence of northern states, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_305">305</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and plans against Taylor, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li> + <li>succeeds Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Reynolds, J. F., at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Reynosa, occupied, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_479">479</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Rhett, R. B., position in House, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Rhode Island, and peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_123">123</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Richmond <cite>Enquirer</cite>, on war spirit, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on divided sentiment toward Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#RITCHIE_THOMAS">Ritchie, Thomas</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Richtofen, Freiherr von, Prussian minister at Mexico, on Bocanegra’s note, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ridgely, Randolph, battery at Resaca de la Palma, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Riley, Bennet, at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>brigade in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108–10</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378–80</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>and plan of attack on Mexico City, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</li> + <li>advance after armistice, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;</li> + <li>at Tacubaya, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Rincón, Manuel, and Alvarez’ revolt, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Churubusco, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> + <li>and high command, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>;</li> + <li>and peace commission, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Rincón del Diablo. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> Diablo.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Rinconada Pass, Mexicans to retire to line of, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Taylor’s force at, aspect, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_265">265</a>;</li> + <li>Wool’s march and Mexican abandonment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_508">508</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ringgold, Samuel, in advance to Rio Grande, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Palo Alto, mortally wounded, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>field battery, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_450">450</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_451">451</a>;</li> + <li>and artillery arm, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_451">451</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Río, Señor del, and peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Río Frio, American post, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="RIO_GRANDE" />Rio Grande campaign, river as boundary of Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Taylor’s force as guard, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_142">142</a>;</li> + <li>crossing by Mexicans as invasion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_453">453</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s advance to, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_145">145–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>retaliatory orders, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_148">148–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_455">455</a>;</li> + <li>Mexicans cross and attack, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_455">455</a>;</li> + <li>de facto war, Taylor calls for more troops, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>;</li> + <li>justification of advance to, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_151">151–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_456">456–61</a>;</li> + <li>advance not cause of war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_154">154–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_276">276–7</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican force, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_462">462</a>;</li> + <li>Matamoros fortifications, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>;</li> + <li>condition and position of American force, Mexican opinion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158–60</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_462">462</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>map of Matamoros and American position, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_159">159</a>;</li> + <li>minor mishaps, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican propaganda, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican impatience for combat, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor and line of communication, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican advance on line, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s march to Point Isabel, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li>return march, train, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li>size of American force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li>its morale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Palo Alto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>attack on Fort Brown, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467–9</a>;</li> + <li>pursuit of Mexicans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_170">170–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s inaction, permits Mexicans to retire from Matamoros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_176">176–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_469">469</a>;</li> + <li>Americans cross and occupy town, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_178">178</a>;</li> + <li>results of campaign, Taylor’s conduct, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_178">178–80</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_469">469</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_470">470</a>;</li> + <li>effect on Mexicans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_213">213</a>;</li> + <li>original American force, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ripalda, Father, catechism, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_13">13</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ripley, R. S., value of his history, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_404">404</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Scott and Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_490">490</a>;</li> + <li>on Wool’s march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott’s preparations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_539">539</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_544">544</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>;</li> + <li>on Cerro Gordo,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_606" title="606"></a> <a href="#Page_348">348</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott’s delay at Puebla, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>on choice of routes, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</li> + <li>on Contreras, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>on Churubusco, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott and Trist, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>;</li> + <li>on armistice, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>;</li> + <li>on Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott’s failure to prepare, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>on plan to attack city, <a href="#Page_405">405</a>;</li> + <li>on Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>on Belén garita, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>;</li> + <li>on San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott’s failure to occupy country, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>;</li> + <li>on excesses in Mexico City, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>;</li> + <li>on peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="RITCHIE_THOMAS" />Ritchie, Thomas, on southern opposition to the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on attitude of Whigs, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="#Page_279">279</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Richmond <cite>Enquirer</cite>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">River and harbor bill, Polk’s veto, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Rives, W. C., plan to stop the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Roa Bárcena, J. M., on Mexican desire for war, <b>1</b>. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Mexican desire for war, <b>1</b>. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>;</li> <li>value of his history, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>on Texan boundary, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_449">449</a>;</li> + <li>on American and Mexican armies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_469">469</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor and Scott as conquerors, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Roads, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Roberts, B. S., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on charge at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_54">54</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>hoists flag in Mexico City, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Roberts, W. B., at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Robertson, J. B., on mistakes at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_503">503</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Robinson, J. A., American consul at Guaymas, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Robles, Manuel, and defences of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Rockwell, J. A., on Walker, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Rogers, R. C., captured, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Roland, J. F., company of light artillery, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="ROMAN_CATHOLIC_CHURCH" />Roman Catholic church in Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>religious qualities, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_7">7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>;</li> + <li>authority and character, wealth, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_6">6–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>and education, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>;</li> + <li>Farías’ attempted reforms, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_45">45–6</a>;</li> + <li>and Seven Laws, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna’s dictatorship, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>;</li> + <li>fears American influence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>;</li> + <li>and war funds, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_213">213–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_254">254</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna declares against ecclesiastical domination (1846), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>;</li> + <li>and war demands on its property, law of Jan. 11, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_8">8–11</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>;</li> + <li>Beach’s intrigue and revolt, <a href="#Page_11">11–4</a>, <a href="#Page_330">330–2</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna after revolt, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</li> + <li>arrangement with Scott, <a href="#Page_65">65–7</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_357">357–8</a>;</li> + <li>and peace, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>;</li> + <li>incitation of religious fervor against Americans, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</li> + <li>American attitude toward, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>, <a href="#Page_458">458</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>;</li> + <li>in treaty of peace, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Government; Oligarchy.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Romero, Manuel, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>and Taylor’s march to Victoria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_542">542</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="ROSA" />Rosa, Luis de la, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>opposes peace negotiations (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> + <li>as Peña’s minister, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>at exchange of ratifications, appearance, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>;</li> + <li>and reopening of peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>minister at Washington, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Rosita</em>, Mexican privateer, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_192">192</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Rothschilds, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and American funds in Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>;</li> + <li>and war borrowings, <a href="#Page_481">481</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Rowan, John, claims commissioner, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_430">430</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Rowe, T. F., at siege of Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_424">424</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Royce, Josiah, on justice of acquiring California, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_322">322</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ruiz de Apodaca. <em>See</em> Apodaca.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Sabine River, as boundary, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Sacramento, Cal., and Sutter’s trading post, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_318">318</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Sacramento River, battle of, Mexican force, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_306">306</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_519">519</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>topography, Mexican defences, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_306">306–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>map, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_307">307</a>;</li> + <li>Doniphan’s formation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_308">308</a>;</li> + <li>his crossing of Arroyo Seco and gaining of plateau, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_309">309</a>;</li> + <li>repulse of Mexican cavalry, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_310">310</a>;</li> + <li>artillery duel, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_310">310</a>;</li> + <li>capture of forts, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_311">311–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>losses, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_312">312</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">St. Louis, enlistments, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Santa Fe trail trade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_286">286</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">St. Louis <cite>Missouri Reporter</cite>, attacks policy of forbearance, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>demand for war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_443">443</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">St. Louis <cite>Republican</cite>, on rejection of Slidell, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on war spirit, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">St. Louis <cite>Reveille</cite>, on war spirit, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>St. Mary’s</em>, in occupation of Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_279">279</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_197">197</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>off Vera Cruz, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Salas, J. M., revolt in favor of Santa Anna, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_217">217</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_485">485</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_488">488</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Santa Anna at San Luis Potosí, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>;</li> + <li>and Farías and Santa Anna, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li> + <li>and Polkos, <a href="#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li>supports Moderados, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>;</li> + <li>and rising against Farías, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;</li> + <li>captured at Contreras, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</li> + <li>and peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;</li> + <li>and guerilla warfare, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> + <li><a class="pagenum" id="Page_607" title="607"></a>command in Army of the North, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Saldaña, General, captured at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_411">411</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Saltillo, road from Monterey, Worth’s movement on it, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_239">239–44</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_497">497</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Taylor’s advance and occupation of town, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_264">264–6</a>;</li> + <li>Wool’s expedition diverted to, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_358">358</a>;</li> + <li>Doniphan joins Wool, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_521">521</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s plan against (Dec.), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>and battle of Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_559">559</a>;</li> + <li>Valencia’s plans against, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li> + <li>under American rule, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>;</li> + <li>Wool’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>Hamtramck commands, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">San Agustín (Tlálpam), Scott’s advance to, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_96">96–8</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Angel, Patterson’s division at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_461">461</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Antonio, Mex., fortification, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_98">98</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>American reconnaissance and advance, <a href="#Page_102">102–3</a>;</li> + <li>capture, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">San Antonio, Texas, danger of Mexican attack (1846), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_153">153</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>gathering of Wool’s force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_267">267</a>;</li> + <li>aspect, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_268">268</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">San Antonio (Abad) garita, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Blas, as port, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>blockade, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>;</li> + <li>not occupied, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">San Blas battalion, at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="SAN_COSME" />San Cosme garita, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>capture, <a href="#Page_161">161–2</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413–4</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">San Diego, Cal., in the conquest, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_534">534</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Fernando de Presas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Fernando de Rosas, Wool at, aspect, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Francisco, Cal., importance of port, effort to acquire, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_323">323–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_436">436</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Gerónimo village, in battle of Contreras, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Isidro, Harney at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Jacinto, battle of, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San José, Lower Cal., occupied, counter-attacks, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Juan, American post, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Juan Bautista, Perry’s attacks, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204–5</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="SAN_JUAN_DE_ULUA" />San Juan de Ulúa, fortress, captured by French, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>position and strength, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_536">536</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</li> + <li>plan, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>;</li> + <li>and the siege, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li>surrender, occupation, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>;</li> + <li>plan for naval attack, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Vera Cruz expedition.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">San Lucas, occupied, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Luis Potosí, situation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Santa Anna at, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_375">375–80</a>;</li> + <li>his march against Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s intention to occupy, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>war-party insurrection, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">San Luis Potosí battalion, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Luis Potosí cavalry, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Luis Potosí state, in discussion on peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">San Pascual, Cal., battle, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_341">341–2</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>map, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_341">341</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">San Patricio, Texas, Taylor’s intended movement, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_452">452</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="SAN_PATRICIO_BATTALION" />San Patricio corps of Irish deserters, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_391">391</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_395">395</a>;</li> + <li>origin, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>fate, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Sanders, John, and artillery in Monterey campaign, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in battle of Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_246">246</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Sands, J. R., at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="SANTA_ANNA" />Santa Anna, Antonio López de, and education, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>first appearance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_31">31</a>;</li> + <li>in Itúrbide’s revolt, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li>revolt against Itúrbide, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>and overthrow of Pedraza (1828), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>and Spanish invasion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>appearance and character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_414">414</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_415">415</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_487">487</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_312">312–3</a>, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>in retirement, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>;</li> + <li>restores Pedraza (1832), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_44">44–5</a>;</li> + <li>elected President (1832), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>dictator with reactionary support, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_415">415</a>;</li> + <li>plans, effect of Texan revolt, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>loses leg in attack on French, hero, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li>undermines Bustamante, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_49">49–50</a>;</li> + <li>and Paredes revolt, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>;</li> + <li>seizes power (1841), dictatorship, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_51">51–2</a>;</li> + <li>constitutional President, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_53">53</a>;</li> + <li>overthrow, banished, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_53">53–4</a>;</li> + <li>and United States and Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_85">85–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_433">433</a>;</li> + <li>plans against Texas (1842–3), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>;</li> + <li>closes New Mexican trade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_72">72</a>;</li> + <li>and claims, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_78">78</a>;</li> + <li>hatred of United States, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>;</li> + <li>boasts power of army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_106">106</a>;</li> + <li>invites a blockade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>incites fears of Spanish America, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>;</li> + <li>on desire for war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_116">116</a>;</li> + <li>“butcher,” <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>;</li> + <li>Polk’s negotiations (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_201">201–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_478">478–9</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_491">491</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>combination against Paredes, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_215">215–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_485">485</a>;</li> + <li>Alvarez’ revolt in favor of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_216">216</a>;</li> + <li>return, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + <li>manifesto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_219">219</a>;</li> + <li>position and caution, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_219">219–22</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_487">487</a>;</li> + <li>policy and command of army only, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_222">222–4</a>;</li> + <li>reception at the capital,<a class="pagenum" id="Page_608" title="608"></a> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_222">222</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_488">488</a>;</li> + <li>sets out for front, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_223">223</a>;</li> + <li>and Monterey campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_234">234</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_503">503</a>;</li> + <li>and termination of Monterey armistice, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>;</li> + <li>and Tampico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_511">511</a>;</li> + <li>potential army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_513">513</a>;</li> + <li>policy toward northern frontier, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_305">305</a>;</li> + <li>and Doniphan’s march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_306">306</a>;</li> + <li>and California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>;</li> + <li>plan to attack during Taylor’s Victoria march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>programme of one victory, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_374">374–5</a>;</li> + <li>at San Luis Potosí, incites patriotism, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_375">375</a>;</li> + <li>attitude of states toward, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>and National Guard and officers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_376">376</a>;</li> + <li>financial worries and operations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_377">377</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_254">254–5</a>, <a href="#Page_477">477</a>;</li> + <li>character of his northern army, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>rumors of his intended treachery and dictatorship, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_551">551</a>;</li> + <li>inaction condemned, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>;</li> + <li>plan to attack Taylor’s weak and isolated force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_543">543</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_552">552</a>;</li> + <li>march, force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_380">380–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_552">552–4</a>;</li> + <li>discovered by Americans, their flight to Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_382">382–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_554">554</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_384">384–97</a>;</li> + <li>retires to preserve organized army, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_397">397–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>;</li> + <li>retreat to San Luis Potosí, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_398">398</a>;</li> + <li>credited with victory, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_399">399</a>;</li> + <li>robs treasury (1844), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>and Texan boundary, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_449">449</a>;</li> + <li>and Salas and Farías, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_1">1</a>;</li> + <li>and Puros, <a href="#Page_2">2–5</a>;</li> + <li>and shelving of Farías, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</li> + <li>and election (1846), <a href="#Page_5">5</a>;</li> + <li>and Church property, <a href="#Page_9">9–12</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</li> + <li>and clerical revolt, supersedes Farías, <a href="#Page_13">13–4</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>;</li> + <li>political position as Executive (1847), <a href="#Page_14">14–5</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</li> + <li>and defence of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</li> + <li>on surrender of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li> + <li>preparations against Scott below Perote, <a href="#Page_40">40–2</a>, <a href="#Page_346">346</a>;</li> + <li>defences and force at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_42">42–5</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_48">48–59</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</li> + <li>flight, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> + <li>in retreat, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_358">358</a>;</li> + <li>preparations at Orizaba, funds, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>;</li> + <li>political influences on movements, at Puebla, <a href="#Page_68">68–9</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</li> + <li>Amozoc affair, evacuates Puebla, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</li> + <li>loss of prestige after Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_367">367</a>;</li> + <li>as target for discontent, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>;</li> + <li>return to capital with army, breach of faith, <a href="#Page_82">82–3</a>, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>resumes executive power, opposition, <a href="#Page_83">83–5</a>;</li> + <li>defied by states, <a href="#Page_86">86–7</a>;</li> + <li>collection of matériel, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>;</li> + <li>organization of army, its character and officers, <a href="#Page_87">87–9</a>, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</li> + <li>plan of operation against Scott’s advance, <a href="#Page_89">89–90</a>, <a href="#Page_370">370</a>;</li> + <li>defences, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li> + <li>power and enthusiasm for, on start of final campaign, <a href="#Page_91">91–2</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott’s march to San Agustín, <a href="#Page_97">97–8</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</li> + <li>confidence in, again lost, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> + <li>southern line, <a href="#Page_99">99–101</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</li> + <li>and Valencia’s occupation of Contreras field, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</li> + <li>and battle of Contreras, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>preparations at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_110">110–1</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Churubusco, <a href="#Page_112">112–9</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382–5</a>;</li> + <li>attitude toward peace on his return (1846), <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;</li> + <li>and Trist mission, <a href="#Page_130">130–2</a>;</li> + <li>peace move after Churubusco, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> + <li>armistice, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137–8</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394–6</a>;</li> + <li>activity during it, combination against him, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>;</li> + <li>peace negotiations during armistice, <a href="#Page_135">135–8</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396–400</a>;</li> + <li>preparations at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> + <li>and the battle there, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>preparations against attack on city, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>;</li> + <li>and Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_153">153–5</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>at Belén garita, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>;</li> + <li>at San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> + <li>evacuates the city, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>;</li> + <li>and uprising in city, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_420">420</a>;</li> + <li>and guerilla warfare, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> + <li>siege of Puebla, <a href="#Page_174">174–6</a>;</li> + <li>battle of Huamantla, <a href="#Page_176">176–8</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>eliminated, <a href="#Page_179">179–81</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>yields command, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>;</li> + <li>voluntary exile, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>;</li> + <li>and salary, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>;</li> + <li>capture of his wooden leg, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s proclamation on, <a href="#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>and British offer of mediation, <a href="#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>almost captured, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Mexico expedition.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Santa Barbara, Cal., Pico’s convention, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_329">329</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_527">527</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>occupied by Stockton, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_337">337</a>;</li> + <li>Frémont at, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_345">345</a>;</li> + <li>captured by insurgents, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_534">534</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Santa Cruz de Rosales, capture, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Santa Fe, Mex., powder-mill, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_462">462</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Santa Fe, N. Mex., Texan expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_118">118</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>occupied by Kearny, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>;</li> + <li>aspect, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>;</li> + <li>troops remaining at, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_298">298</a>;</li> + <li>population, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_517">517</a>;</li> + <li>condition of force at, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_518">518</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> next title, and New Mexico.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="SANTA_FE_TRAIL" />Santa Fe trail, development and importance, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_514">514</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Kearny’s expedition on, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_515">515</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Santa Rosa, Wool at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_272">272</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Santa Rosa Pass, skirmish, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Santangelo, O. G. D. de A., claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_427">427</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on outrages, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Santiago, Fort, at Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Saratoga</em>, in Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>yellow fever, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_609" title="609"></a>Saunders, J. L., attack at Tampico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Saunders, R. M., American minister at Madrid, and Spanish mediation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Savannah</em>, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_335">335</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Frémont, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_536">536</a>;</li> + <li>in Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Schatzel, I. P., American consul at Matamoros, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_455">455</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">School of Mines, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Scenery, Mexican. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> Physical aspect.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Scorpion</em>, in Home Squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Scott, H. L., at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_335">335</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>of Scott’s staff, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Scott, Martin, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_498">498</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="SCOTT" />Scott, Winfield, political ambition and the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>relations with Polk, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_354">354</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_436">436</a>, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;</li> + <li>and Taylor and Bliss, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_141">141</a>;</li> + <li>and Twiggs-Worth controversy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>;</li> + <li>and advance to Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_152">152–4</a>;</li> + <li>and command in the field, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_198">198</a>;</li> + <li>character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_545">545</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_316">316–8</a>;</li> + <li>war policy and clash with administration, relegated, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_198">198–200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476–8</a>;</li> + <li>and Taylor’s intelligence system, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>;</li> + <li>on Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_505">505</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>and Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_544">544</a>;</li> + <li>and defensive-line policy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_283">283</a>;</li> + <li>and war programme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351</a>;</li> + <li>selected to command Vera Cruz expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351–4</a>;</li> + <li>and earlier rebuff, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_539">539</a>;</li> + <li>and Harney, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_364">364–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_545">545</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_546">546</a>;</li> + <li>attitude toward Pillow, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_367">367</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>;</li> + <li>character of reports, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_404">404</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>and flintlocks, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk’s alarm at outbreak, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>and Taylor’s advance from the Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_490">490</a>;</li> + <li>and Doniphan’s expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_517">517</a>;</li> + <li>and Taylor’s insubordinate advance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_547">547</a>;</li> + <li>on Twiggs, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> + <li>attitude of troops, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>halt after Churubusco, on it, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;</li> + <li>quarrel with Trist, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</li> + <li>reconciliation and harmony, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;</li> + <li>and douceur, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexican attitude toward Trist, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</li> + <li>peace move after Churubusco, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> + <li>armistice then, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394–6</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398–9</a>;</li> + <li>and Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</li> + <li>decides to attack Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>misgivings on it, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> + <li>at the battle, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>;</li> + <li>and advance after Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414–6</a>;</li> + <li>in Mexico City, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_415">415–6</a>;</li> + <li>cabal against, <a href="#Page_185">185–8</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434–8</a>;</li> + <li>and Worth, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>removed, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>orders for military government, <a href="#Page_455">455–7</a>;</li> + <li>and Catholic church, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>;</li> + <li>discipline in Mexico City, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="#Page_459">459–60</a>;</li> + <li>and local government there, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>;</li> + <li>on conduct of his army, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>;</li> + <li>pessimism on war outlook, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> + <li>and recall of Trist, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>;</li> + <li>and peace negotiations and de facto truce, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>promise to protect peace government, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>;</li> + <li>and armistice after signing of peace, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>magnanimity, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</li> + <li>and tariff for Mexican ports, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>;</li> + <li>and levies on Mexicans, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_486">486–7</a>;</li> + <li>political effect of Polk’s attitude, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li> + <li>political effect of actions, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>;</li> + <li>and foreign interests, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>;</li> + <li>achievement, <a href="#Page_316">316–8</a>;</li> + <li>invited to be dictator, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</li> + <li>on plan at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</li> + <li>rebuke of Worth at Puebla, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>and Semmes’s mission, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</li> + <li>suspected Rejón intrigue, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</li> + <li>Scott not acting in politics, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</li> + <li>proposal to facilitate peace by halting before Mexico, <a href="#Page_393">393</a>;</li> + <li>at southern front, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>and Peña government, <a href="#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>plea for adequate forces, <a href="#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>contrasts regulars and volunteers, <a href="#Page_512">512</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Mexico expedition; Vera Cruz expedition.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Scourge</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in attack on Tuxpán, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>at Alvarado, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Scouting. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> Intelligence.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Scurvy, in navy, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Sea</em>, at Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_281">281</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Secession, and Texan annexation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> Coalition.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Second Artillery, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>in Lane’s march to Puebla, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>garrison at Puebla, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Second Dragoons, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Fort Jesup, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_140">140</a>;</li> + <li>go to Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_142">142–3</a>;</li> + <li>advance to Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>in Monterey campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>at the battle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_497">497</a>;</li> + <li>in Wool’s march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>in Harney’s brigade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Second Infantry, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Victoria march, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>in Harney’s brigade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>at<a class="pagenum" id="Page_610" title="610"></a> Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Second Ligero, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Resaca de la Palma, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Sedgwick, John, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Reynosa, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_212">212</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott and Pillow, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_439">439</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Seiffart, ——, Prussian minister at Mexico, and peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_397">397</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Semmes, Raphael, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at San Cosme garita, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_162">162</a>;</li> + <li>wrecked, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>;</li> + <li>on Worth at Puebla, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>;</li> + <li>bias of account, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</li> + <li>on Churubusco, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</li> + <li>on Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="SENATE" />Senate, treaty of peace in, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_246">246–8</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472–3</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> Congress, American.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Senobio, M., and siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_31">31</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in preparations below Perote, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>guerilla, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Sentmanat, Francisco, executed, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Serfdom in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_5">5</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Seven Laws, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>failure, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Seventh Infantry, in Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican propaganda in, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>;</li> + <li>at Fort Brown, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li>march to Camargo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_209">209</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>left there, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_508">508</a>;</li> + <li>in Smith’s brigade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Seventh Line Infantry, Mexican, at Sacramento, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_307">307</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Severance, Luther, encourages enemy, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_280">280</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>position in House, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Sevier, A. H., on Polk and peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_245">245</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>ratification commissioner, <a href="#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="#Page_474">474</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Seward, W. H., on expansion, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Seymour, Sir George, and California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_334">334</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_531">531</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Seymour, T. H., at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Shannon, Wilson, American minister at Mexico, and annexation of Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Shark</em>, in Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Shaw, T. D., at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Shawnee Indians, in Kearny’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Sherman, T. W., at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_395">395</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Smith’s brigade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>light artillery, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Sherman, W. T., on California and independence, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on treaty of peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Shields, James, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on enlistment, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>in Wool’s march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>at Tampico, as governor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_282">282</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor on, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_352">352</a>;</li> + <li>in Vera Cruz expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> + <li>at Brazos, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>career, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>before Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li>in the battle, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>;</li> + <li>wounded, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</li> + <li>brigade in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_115">115–7</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>force after that battle, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> + <li>wounded at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>;</li> + <li>discipline, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>and douceur, <a href="#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>and plan to attack Mexico City, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>retained in service, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>leaves Mexico, <a href="#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>not West Pointer, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Shiver, Captain, in Monterey campaign, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Shover, W. H., at Saltillo, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_559">559</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="SHUBRICK" />Shubrick, W. B., commands Pacific squadron, blockade order, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_206">206</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>operations, <a href="#Page_206">206–8</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447–9</a>;</li> + <li>and occupied territory, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Siglo XIX</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Herrera’s rule, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>;</li> + <li>on Americans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>;</li> + <li>on corruption, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>on Paredes revolt, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>on Church property and war funds, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Silva, Mariano, and surrender of Monterey, Cal., <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_334">334</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Simmons, S. G., in Lane’s march to Puebla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Simms, W. G., and absorption of Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_243">243</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Vera Cruz expedition, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Simpson, Sir George, on California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Sinaloa state, and secession, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Sitgreaves, Lorenzo, reconnaissance in Wool’s march, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_271">271</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Six-months men, Gaines’s requisition and service, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Sixteenth Infantry, in Taylor’s later force, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Sixth Infantry, in Wool’s march, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</li> + <li>at Belén garita, <a href="#Page_412">412</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Sixth Line Infantry, Mexican, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Size of Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="SLAVERY" />Slavery, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexico counts on help of American slaves, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>;</li> + <li>European warning against expansion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>;</li> + <li>interests and attitude toward Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_123">123</a>;</li> + <li>extension not cause of war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_187">187–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_473">473</a>;</li> + <li>and war an<a class="pagenum" id="Page_611" title="611"></a>nexations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>politics of Wilmot Proviso, <a href="#Page_286">286–7</a>;</li> + <li>and stopping of the war, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="SLIDELL" />Slidell, John, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican mission and rejection, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_95">95–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_100">100–1</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_436">436–9</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>, <a href="#Page_453">453</a>, <a href="#Page_460">460</a>;</li> + <li>on Oregon and Mexican controversies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_114">114</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_115">115</a>;</li> + <li>effect of rejection on American opinion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>;</li> + <li>on failure of mission, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_181">181</a>;</li> + <li>and advance to Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>;</li> + <li>report on Santa Anna’s attitude, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>;</li> + <li>and Patterson, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351</a>;</li> + <li>and peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_387">387</a>;</li> + <li>and Conner, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>;</li> + <li>House demand for instructions, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="SLOAT" />Sloat, J. D., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>pacific instructions to (1845), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>instructions on California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_326">326</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_526">526</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_530">530</a>;</li> + <li>hesitation, final occupation of Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_333">333–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_530">530–1</a>;</li> + <li>gives place to Stockton, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>;</li> + <li>squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Smith, A. J., and Mormon battalion, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Smith, Ashbel, on Polk and war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Smith, C. F., at Resaca de la Palma, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_172">172</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>in march to San Agustín, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>battalion at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>and at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Smith, D. W., American consul at Matamoros, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Smith, Ephraim Kirby, mortally wounded at Molino del Rey, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Smith, G. W., and Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_349">349</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>with Scott, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Smith, Isaac, on mistakes at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_503">503</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Smith, J. L., engineer company with Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and plan of attack on Mexico City, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Smith, J. M., at Churubusco, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Smith, M. L., reconnoitres Old Peñón, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Smith, P. F., brigade in march to Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in the battle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>commands at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_508">508</a>;</li> + <li>brigade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>and Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_52">52</a>;</li> + <li>brigade in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_104">104–10</a>, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>in Mexico City, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li>as governor there, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>;</li> + <li>armistice negotiations, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_394">394</a>;</li> + <li>and evacuation, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;</li> + <li>on engineers, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>;</li> + <li>court of inquiry on Worth, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>credit for Contreras, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</li> + <li>career and character, <a href="#Page_377">377</a>;</li> + <li>not at conference on attack on capital, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>not West Pointer, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Smith, Sidney, and American repudiation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Smith, William, on the war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_499">499</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Smuggling, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="SOCIAL_CONDITIONS" />Social conditions, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Mexico, idleness, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>;</li> + <li>in country, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>;</li> + <li>in villages and towns, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_19">19–21</a>;</li> + <li>at the capital, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_21">21–8</a>;</li> + <li>character of ruling class, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_25">25–7</a>;</li> + <li>general conclusions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican statement on character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_411">411</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#CHARACTER">Character</a>; <a href="#POPULATION">Population</a>; <a href="#ROMAN_CATHOLIC_CHURCH">Roman Catholic church</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Society, Mexican, conditions, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>intercourse in occupied territory, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_230">230–1</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461–2</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Soldado, Fort, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>capture, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_245">245</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_498">498</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Somers</em>, wrecked, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_194">194</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Sotepingo, captured, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="SOTO" />Soto, Juan, and defending of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and preparations below Perote, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna at Orizaba, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">South Carolina troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li> call, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later command, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#PALMETTO">Palmetto</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Southampton</em>, in Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite>Southern Quarterly Review</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Worth, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_360">360</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="SPAIN" />Spain, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>colonial policy, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_29">29–30</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexican-American relations (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_100">100</a>;</li> + <li>and monarchy for Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_448">448</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_485">485</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_486">486</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexican privateering, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li> + <li>attitude, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>;</li> + <li>and blockade, <a href="#Page_440">440</a>, <a href="#Page_449">449</a>;</li> + <li>and mediation, <a href="#Page_503">503</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Bermúdez de Castro; Lozano.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Spanish, as class in Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li><b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li>merchants, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#GACHUPINES">Gachupines</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Spanish America, and expected Mexican-American war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_111">111</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and the actual war, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Spanish language, key of pronunciation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_xxi">xxi</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite>Spectator</cite>, on misrule in Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_509">509</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Speight, Jesse, position in Senate, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Spitfire</em>, in occupation of Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_279">279</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_281">281</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in attack on Tuxpán, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Spooner, ——, Mexican Spy Company, <b>2.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_362">362</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite>Springfield Illinois State Register</cite>, on war and expansion, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_612" title="612"></a>Staff, Scott’s, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_306">306</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Staniford, Thomas, brigade in Monterey campaign, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">States, Mexican. <em>See</em> <a href="#FEDERALISM">Federalism</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Stauffer, Mrs. W. R., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>acknowledgment to. <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_451">451</a>;</li> + <li>on Bliss, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_451">451</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Stearns, A. J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as trader in California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_318">318</a>;</li> + <li>and American occupation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_337">337</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Stephens, A. H., on the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Steptoe, E. J., battery in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>during Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>in Mexico City, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</li> + <li>at Belén garita, <a href="#Page_415">415</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Sterett, J. S., at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Stevens, I. I., on mistakes at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Churubusco, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>;</li> + <li>on Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</li> + <li>engineer with Scott, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</li> + <li>reconnoitres Old Peñón, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</li> + <li>on Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>;</li> + <li>reconnoitres southern approach to capital, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>and plan of attack on capital, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Stevenson, J. D., in California, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_219">219</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Stewart, Andrew, on Walker, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="STOCKTON" />Stockton, R. F., pacific instructions to (1845), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_131">131</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>command in California, character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_532">532</a>;</li> + <li>and Frémont, address, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_532">532</a>;</li> + <li>first southern campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336–7</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_532">532</a>;</li> + <li>rule, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_337">337–8</a>;</li> + <li>plan against Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>second southern campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_339">339–44</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_534">534–5</a>;</li> + <li>sends aid to Kearny, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_341">341</a>;</li> + <li>and Frémont’s capitulation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_346">346</a>;</li> + <li>and blockade, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_205">205</a>;</li> + <li>relinquishes rule, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Stone, C. P., ordnance officer with Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Storms, Mrs., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_11">11</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> + <li>and absorption of Mexico, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Storrs, Augustus, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_425">425</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Stromboli</em>, in Home Squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Sub-treasury plan restored, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Sumner, Charles, on cause of war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>attitude, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>;</li> + <li>demands recall of troops, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_290">290</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Sumner, E. V., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Harney, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_365">365</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, disabled, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>;</li> + <li>during and after Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>, <a href="#Page_414">414</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Supplies. <em>See</em> <a href="#TRANSPORTATION">Transportation</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Supreme Court, on title by conquest, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="#Page_468">468</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Surnames, Spanish, <b>1.</b> 44 <em>n.</em></li> + + <li class="primary">Sutter, J. A., trading post, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_318">318</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_522">522</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Swift, A. J., and engineer corps, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_451">451</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><a id="TABASCO" />Tabasco River, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Perry’s expeditions, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_199">199–200</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204–5</a>, <a href="#Page_443">443</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>;</li> + <li>map, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Tacitus, on a Roman general, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_313">313</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Tacubaya, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Americans at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> + <li>aspect, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Tacubaya, Bases of, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_51">51</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Talbot, Theodore, escape from Santa Barbara, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_534">534</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Talcott, G. H., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>battery in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Talcott, George, ordnance bureau, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_474">474</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Tamaulipas cavalry, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Tamaulipas state, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>plan to occupy, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_507">507</a>;</li> + <li>authorities and Urrea, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> + <li>attitude toward United States, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>general occupation, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>and American tariff, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Tampico; Victoria.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="TAMPICO" />Tampico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as port, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>;</li> + <li>situation, map, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>;</li> + <li>defences, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_277">277</a>;</li> + <li>reasons for occupation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_511">511</a>;</li> + <li>Conner’s attitude, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_277">277</a>;</li> + <li>Mexicans evacuate, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_278">278–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>American navy occupies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_279">279–81</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_511">511–2</a>;</li> + <li>securing, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_281">281–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_512">512</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_546">546</a>;</li> + <li>march of troops from Victoria to, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_546">546</a>;</li> + <li>assemblage for Vera Cruz expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_546">546</a>;</li> + <li>plans for uprising, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li> + <li>first naval attack, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_441">441</a>;</li> + <li>under American rule, <a href="#Page_214">214–5</a>, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>, <a href="#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="#Page_461">461</a>;</li> + <li>aspect, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>;</li> + <li>garrison, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>American tariff, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Tampico</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + + <li class="primary"><a id="TARIFF" />Tariff, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Mexican protective, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_17">17</a>;</li> + <li>American, and the war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_186">186</a>;</li> + <li>of 1846, political effect, opposition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478–9</a>;</li> + <li>proposed, on tea and coffee, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>;</li> + <li>American, for Mexican ports, <a href="#Page_261">261–3</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>, <a href="#Page_505">505</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Tattnall, Josiah, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in occupation of Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_281">281</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_512">512</a>;</li> + <li>in attack on Tuxpán, wounded, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Taxation, Mexican, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>of mines, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_15">15</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican war, <b>2.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_253">253</a>;</li> + <li>question of American war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#FINANCES_MEXICAN">Finances</a>; <a href="#TARIFF">Tariff</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Taylor, Francis, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>field battery, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_114">114</a>;</li> + <li>during Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Taylor, George, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Huamantla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Taylor, William, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>American consul at Vera Cruz, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_613" title="613"></a><a id="TAYLOR" />Taylor, Zachary, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Fort Jesup, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_140">140</a>;</li> + <li>career, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_140">140</a>;</li> + <li>character and ability, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_140">140–1</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_352">352</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_315">315–6</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li> + <li>Bliss as adjutant, <b>1.</b> <a href="#Page_141">141</a>, <a href="#Page_451">451</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_318">318</a>;</li> + <li>takes force to Corpus Christi, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_141">141–3</a>;</li> + <li>its original size and first reinforcements, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_454">454</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;</li> + <li>condition of force, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li>and Worth-Twiggs rank controversy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>;</li> + <li>attitude of officers and men, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_362">362</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_549">549</a>;</li> + <li>Rio Grande campaign [<em>see</em> <a href="#RIO_GRANDE">this title</a>];</li> + <li>neglects to acquire information, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_145">145</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_226">226</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_249">249</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_451">451</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_478">478</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_549">549</a>;</li> + <li>fortifies the Mexicans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158–61</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_177">177</a>;</li> + <li>hero after Rio Grande campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>;</li> + <li>Presidential ambition, personal effect, perverted judgments, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_547">547</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</li> + <li>and volunteers, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_474">474</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>relations with Polk, mutual hostility, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_352">352–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_507">507</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_538">538</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_544">544</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_547">547</a>;</li> + <li>continued in command, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_478">478</a>;</li> + <li>feelings and problems at Matamoros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_481">481</a>;</li> + <li>volunteer reinforcements, their camps and morale, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_481">481</a>;</li> + <li>Monterey campaign, [<em>see</em> this title];</li> + <li>results of campaign to, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>condition and size of force after it, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>fears displacement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_262">262</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_353">353</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_544">544</a>;</li> + <li>and Patterson’s orders for Tamaulipas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_263">263</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_507">507</a>;</li> + <li>advance and occupation of Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_264">264–6</a>;</li> + <li>and Wool’s march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>entire force of department (Dec., 1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_513">513</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_539">539</a>;</li> + <li>defensive-line policy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_282">282–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_347">347</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_183">183</a>;</li> + <li>insubordinate letter to Gaines, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_347">347</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_507">507</a>;</li> + <li>on war programme, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_349">349</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_536">536</a>;</li> + <li>instructed not to operate beyond Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_350">350</a>;</li> + <li>and command of Vera Cruz expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_539">539</a>;</li> + <li>and Scott’s plans for expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_355">355–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_540">540</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_543">543–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_552">552</a>;</li> + <li>sets out for Victoria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357–60</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541–2</a>;</li> + <li>frustrates Scott’s plan for conference, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_542">542</a>;</li> + <li>temporary return to Monterey expecting attack, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>to Victoria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_362">362</a>;</li> + <li>returns to Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>insubordinate advance to Agua Nueva, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_373">373–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_547">547</a>;</li> + <li>Buena Vista campaign [<em>see</em> <a href="#BUENA_VISTA">this title</a>];</li> + <li>belittles enemy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>visits to Saltillo during battle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_388">388</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>;</li> + <li>return to the field, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_385">385</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_391">391</a>;</li> + <li>personal part in battle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_395">395</a>;</li> + <li>guerilla operations against, suppression of them, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_399">399</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_169">169–71</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>effect of battle on Presidential chances, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_400">400</a>;</li> + <li>on capture of Tampico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_511">511</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_512">512</a>;</li> + <li>force at time of Buena Vista battle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_548">548</a>;</li> + <li>and further operations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>Valencia’s plans against, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</li> + <li>leaves front, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> + <li>ordered policy toward inhabitants, <a href="#Page_210">210–1</a>;</li> + <li>failure to preserve discipline at Matamoros, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>and levies on Mexicans, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>;</li> + <li>political effect of Polk’s attitude, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li> + <li>and of own actions, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>candidacy as vindication of the war, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</li> + <li>foreign criticism, <a href="#Page_306">306–7</a>, <a href="#Page_507">507</a>;</li> + <li>achievement, <a href="#Page_315">315–6</a>, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li> + <li>later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>not West Pointer, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Taylor, Fort. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> <a href="#BROWN">Brown</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Tea and coffee, proposed American impost, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Tecolote, Kearny’s expedition at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_292">292</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Tehuacán, and Santa Anna, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Tehuantepec, in peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_466">466</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Telégrafo</cite>, on Santa Anna as hero, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_485">485</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="TELEGRAFO" />Telégrafo hill at Cerro Gordo, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>fortifications, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>;</li> + <li>attacks on, capture, <a href="#Page_52">52–5</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Téllez, Rafael, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and California expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_523">523</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_447">447</a>;</li> + <li>at Mazatlán, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Temascalitos. <em>See</em> Brazito.</li> + + <li class="primary">Temple, R. E., regiment in Taylor’s force, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ten Regiment Bill, passage and amendment, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_74">74–5</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363–4</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Tenería redoubt at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_249">249–250</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>capture, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_251">251–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>after capture, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_255">255</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Tennessee troops, enlistments, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>;</li> + <li>at Camargo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>;</li> + <li>in Victoria march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>in Monterey campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>leave Scott, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> + <li>further call, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Tenth Infantry in Taylor’s force, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Tenth Line Infantry, Mexican, at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Terrés, A., at Belén garita, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_159">159</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>brigade, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Terrett, G. H., at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Tête de pont. <em>See</em> <a href="#BRIDGEHEAD">Bridgehead</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="TEXAS" />Texas, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>effect of revolt on Santa Anna, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>;</li> + <li>conditional recognition by Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_55">55</a>;</li> + <li>American efforts to<a class="pagenum" id="Page_614" title="614"></a> purchase, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_418">418</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>;</li> + <li>United States and revolt, recognition and neutrality, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_422">422–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li> + <li>neutrality and Gaines’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_64">64–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_420">420–2</a>;</li> + <li>British designs, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Anna’s threatened invasions (1842–43), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_121">121</a>;</li> + <li>Webster’s protest (1842), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>;</li> + <li>antislavery opposition and Mexican relations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>;</li> + <li>Santa Fe expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_118">118</a>;</li> + <li>annexation justified, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_82">82–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_311">311</a>, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>, <a href="#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>and European aid, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_86">86</a>;</li> + <li>Mexico and expected annexation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_83">83–6</a>;</li> + <li>American offers of indirect payment to Mexico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_84">84–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_88">88–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_433">433–6</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican diplomatic rupture and war preparations on annexation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>as expected theatre of war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>Europe and annexation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_113">113</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_295">295</a>, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="#Page_502">502</a>, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>;</li> + <li>American resentment of Mexican outrages, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_117">117</a>;</li> + <li>protection and question of southern boundary, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_457">457</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_470">470</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s force in, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_142">142–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>annexation as cause of the war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_445">445–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_448">448</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_276">276</a>;</li> + <li>and Jackson’s message on claims, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_428">428</a>;</li> + <li>British and French recognition of republic, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>in peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="#Page_398">398</a>, <a href="#Page_399">399</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>, <a href="#Page_469">469</a>;</li> + <li>effect of annexation on Polk’s position, <a href="#Page_272">272</a>;</li> + <li>justice of revolt, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>;</li> + <li>and Kearny’s occupation of New Mexico, <a href="#Page_497">497</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Rio Grande; Texas troops.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Texas, Fort. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> <a href="#BROWN">Brown</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Texas troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>rangers, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_236">236</a>;</li> + <li>calls, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>;</li> + <li>in Monterey campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna’s advance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_382">382</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_554">554</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>;</li> + <li>retaliation for guerillas, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_169">169</a>;</li> + <li>conduct, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>in Lane’s operations, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#HAYS">Hays</a>; <a href="#HENDERSON_J_P">Henderson, J. P.</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Theatre, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Thiers, L. A., and United States, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_296">296</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Third Artillery, in Twiggs’s division, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>in California, <a href="#Page_219">219</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>at Huamantla, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Third Cavalry, Mexican, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Third Dragoons, in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>origin, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>in Lane’s operations, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#DRAGOONS">Dragoons</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Third Infantry, at Fort Jesup, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_140">140</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>goes to Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_141">141–2</a>;</li> + <li>at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_256">256</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>in Harney’s brigade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Third Ligero, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Third Line Infantry, Mexican, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_44">44</a>, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Thirteenth Infantry, in Taylor’s force, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Thom, George, topographical engineer with Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Thomas, G. H., at Reynosa, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_394">394</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Thompson, G. L., special mission to Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_85">85</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Thompson, G. W., on Democratic dissensions, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_282">282</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Thompson, Waddy, minister at Mexico, and decree expelling Americans, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_73">73–4</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and claims, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_426">426</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>and Bocanegra’s threat, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexico and slavery, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>opposes war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>;</li> + <li>encourages enemy, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="THORNTON" />Thornton, Edward, of British legation at Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Trist mission, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</li> + <li>and peace, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>;</li> + <li>and reopening of negotiations, <a href="#Page_237">237–9</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>and mediation, <a href="#Page_506">506</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Thornton, S. B., force captured, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_455">455</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Thucydides, on vigilance in campaign, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on power and justice, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Thurman, A. G., on Delano’s inconsistency, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>position in House, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Tibbatts, J. W., regiment in Taylor’s force, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_417">417</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Tiempo</cite>, monarchist organ, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_214">214</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Americans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_484">484</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Tilden, D. R., on regulars, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Tlacotálpam, Hunter at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_344">344</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Tlálpam. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> San Agustín.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Tlaxcala, Americans at, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_427">427</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Tobacco monopoly, mismanagement, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_328">328</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Todos Santos, skirmish, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_449">449</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Toluca, seat of Peña’s government, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_180">180</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>occupied, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="#Page_433">433</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Toluca, Valley of, Americans in, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_134">134</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>aspect, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_615" title="615"></a>Toluca battalion, at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Toombs, Robert, on Polk and war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>opposes war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Topaz</em>, claim, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_424">424</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Topo road at Monterey, Worth’s advance, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_239">239</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_497">497</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Topographical engineers with Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Topography of Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_1">1</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#PHYSICAL_ASPECT">Physical aspect</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Tornel y Mendivil, J. M., appearance, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna’s interests, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_49">49</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li> + <li>and Herrera, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_56">56</a>;</li> + <li>and Butler, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_62">62</a>;</li> + <li>and expulsion of Americans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>and Paredes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_99">99</a>;</li> + <li>hatred of United States, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_103">103</a>;</li> + <li>on Texas as theatre of war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>;</li> + <li>and hope in privateering, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_109">109</a>;</li> + <li>and the war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_484">484</a>;</li> + <li>and attack on Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_456">456</a>;</li> + <li>and overthrow of Paredes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_485">485</a>;</li> + <li>opposes peace negotiations (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_137">137</a>;</li> + <li>and clerical crusade against Americans, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li> + <li>and uprising in city, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> + <li>and riot during armistice, <a href="#Page_396">396</a>;</li> + <li>and Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_404">404</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Torrejón, A., attacks Thornton, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_149">149</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>force at Matamoros, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor’s line of communication, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_162">162</a>;</li> + <li>at Palo Alto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_168">168</a>;</li> + <li>at Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_171">171</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_390">390</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_557">557</a>;</li> + <li>brigade in Monterey campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>at Las Bocas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_553">553</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_378">378</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Totten, J. G., chief engineer, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_475">475</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_335">335</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_336">336</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Tower, Z. B., at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>reconnoitres San Antonio, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_379">379</a>;</li> + <li>engineer with Scott, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>;</li> + <li>reconnoitres southern approach of capital, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>and plan of attack on capital, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Towns, aspect of Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_19">19–21</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Towson, Nathan, paymaster general, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_475">475</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Traconis, J. B., at San Juan Bautista, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_200">200</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Trade. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> <a href="#COMMERCE">Commerce</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Traill, X. F., at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_389">389</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="TRANSPORTATION" />Transportation, in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_18">18</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Taylor’s advance to Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_209">209</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_227">227</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_482">482</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_490">490</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_491">491</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>in Wool’s march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor’s and guerilla warfare, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_399">399–400</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_169">169–70</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s problem and guerillas, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Treasury. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> Finances.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Treasury notes, American war issues, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479–82</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Treaties and conventions, draft, of limits (1828), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_418">418</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>of limits (1832), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>;</li> + <li>of amity and commerce, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>;</li> + <li>claims arbitration (1838, 1839), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_431">431</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#PEACE">Peace</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Trias, Angel, as governor of Chihuahua, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_305">305–6</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>battle of Sacramento, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_306">306–13</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_519">519</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_520">520</a>;</li> + <li>at Rosales, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Trigueros, Ignacio, conference with Santa Anna, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_368">368</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Trist, N. P., on monks, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Texas boundary, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_449">449</a>;</li> + <li>appointment as Polk’s agent, character, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> + <li>preconceived attitude toward Scott, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>;</li> + <li>papers, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>;</li> + <li>misunderstanding and quarrel with Scott, <a href="#Page_128">128–9</a>, <a href="#Page_389">389</a>;</li> + <li>British mediation with Mexicans, <a href="#Page_129">129–30</a>, <a href="#Page_390">390</a>;</li> + <li>reconciliation and harmony with Scott, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>, <a href="#Page_392">392</a>, <a href="#Page_397">397</a>;</li> + <li>and douceur, <a href="#Page_131">131–2</a>;</li> + <li>negotiations during armistice, <a href="#Page_135">135–6</a>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_396">396–400</a>;</li> + <li>on Pillow, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>;</li> + <li>reopens negotiations, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>recall, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>ignores it, <a href="#Page_237">237–8</a>, <a href="#Page_465">465</a>, <a href="#Page_467">467</a>;</li> + <li>boundary ultimatum, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>;</li> + <li>meetings and treaty, <a href="#Page_239">239–40</a>, <a href="#Page_466">466</a>;</li> + <li>criticism of Polk, Polk’s hatred, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> + <li>ignored in ratification commission, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</li> + <li>on Scott, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>;</li> + <li>Mexican commissioners on, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>;</li> + <li>and plan of attack on Mexico City, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>on volunteers, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Triton</em>, blockader, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_448">448</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Trollope, Frances E., jibes, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_294">294</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Trousdale, William, at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_154">154</a>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>regiment, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Truxtun</em>, wrecked, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_442">442</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Tucker, George, on Walker, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_480">480</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Tula, force at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_553">553</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Turnbull, William, topographical engineer with Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Tuxpán, naval capture, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_202">202–3</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Twelfth Infantry, in Scott’s army <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>during Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Twiggs, D. E., in Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>rank controversy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>;</li> + <li>advances to Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_146">146</a>;</li> + <li>at Palo Alto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_167">167</a>;</li> + <li>in Monterey campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_404">404</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>division reorganized, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>to Tampico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_365">365–6</a>;</li> + <li>at Lobos Islands, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>landing at Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_26">26</a>;</li> + <li>at siege, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>march of division to Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45–8</a>, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</li> + <li>force and artillery, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li> + <li>appearance and char<a class="pagenum" id="Page_616" title="616"></a>acter as general, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>;</li> + <li>blunders into Cerro Gordo defences and retreats, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_349">349</a>;</li> + <li>question of assault, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li> + <li>in the battle, <a href="#Page_50">50–3</a>, <a href="#Page_350">350</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>, <a href="#Page_354">354</a>;</li> + <li>march to Puebla, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li> + <li>division in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> + <li>in advance from Puebla, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</li> + <li>at Contreras, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>force after the battle, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> + <li>during armistice, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> + <li>advance after armistice, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_401">401</a>;</li> + <li>and plan of attack on Mexico City, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>feint during Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>;</li> + <li>court of inquiry on Worth, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>on credit for Contreras, <a href="#Page_376">376</a>;</li> + <li>governor of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</li> + <li>and peace negotiations, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Twiggs, Levi, at Chapultepec, killed, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>commands Marines with Scott, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Tyler, John, expects war with Mexico (1842), <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_324">324</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Ugarte, M., and Kearny’s march, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_294">294</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_297">297</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Ulúa. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> <a href="#SAN_JUAN_DE_ULUA">San Juan de Ulúa</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Unico</em>, Mexican privateer, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Unión battalion, at Chapultepec, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>United States</em>, at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_423">423</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">University, Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_14">14</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Upham, William, and war bill, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Upper class. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> <a href="#ARISTOCRACY">Aristocracy</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Upshur, A. P., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Mexican-Texan relations, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_70">70</a>;</li> + <li>protest against trade restrictions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_73">73</a>;</li> + <li>and annexation of Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_84">84</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Upton, Emory, on inadequacy of Mexico expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_510">510</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="URAGA" />Uraga, J. López, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Palo Alto. <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_165">165</a>;</li> + <li>at Resaca de la Palma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_174">174</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Urrea, José, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>forays, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_400">400</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>;</li> + <li>at Tula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_553">553</a>;</li> + <li>and plans against Taylor, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_165">165</a>;</li> + <li>removed, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> + <li>guerilla, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + + <li class="ifrst"><a id="VALENCIA" />Valencia, G., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>revolt, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_50">50</a>;</li> + <li>plots against Santa Anna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_52">52</a>;</li> + <li>and Paredes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_99">99</a>;</li> + <li>and Santa Anna (1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_377">377</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>and Taylor’s march to Victoria, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_542">542</a>;</li> + <li>at Tula, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>hostility to Santa Anna (1847), <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li> + <li>sent north, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>;</li> + <li>brings northern army to capital, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li> + <li>character, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</li> + <li>in plan against Scott’s advance, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>;</li> + <li>fails, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>;</li> + <li>ordered to southern front, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>;</li> + <li>size of force, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</li> + <li>appearance, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>;</li> + <li>occupation of Contreras field, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_375">375</a>;</li> + <li>battle, <a href="#Page_104">104–10</a>, <a href="#Page_377">377–80</a>;</li> + <li>escapes, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_380">380</a>;</li> + <li>and Trist mission, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_132">132</a>;</li> + <li>in a combination against Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;</li> + <li>in Scott’s rear, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li> + <li>plans for movement against Taylor, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_419">419</a>;</li> + <li>subordinates, <a href="#Page_369">369</a>;</li> + <li>captured, <a href="#Page_429">429</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Vallejo, M. G., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>leader in California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_319">319</a>;</li> + <li>American partisan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_328">328</a>;</li> + <li>captured, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_332">332</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Valverde, Doniphan at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_298">298–9</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Van Buren, Martin, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and claims on Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_78">78–9</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_429">429</a>;</li> + <li>on cause of war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>;</li> + <li>and California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>followers and Polk, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_270">270</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>followers and Wilmot Proviso, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Vandalia</em>, at California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_339">339</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Vanderlinden, Pedro, at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_385">385</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Vattel, Emerich de, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on self-preservation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_136">136</a>;</li> + <li>on justification of war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_155">155</a>;</li> + <li>on enemy goods, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_261">261</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Vázquez, Ciriaco, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;</li> + <li>killed, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Vázquez, F. P., bishop of Puebla, on law of Jan. 11, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_329">329</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and battle of Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_347">347</a>;</li> + <li>complaint on American desecration, <a href="#Page_459">459</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Vázquez, J. A., at Tula, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Vázquez, J. M., guerilla, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_421">421</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Vega, R. D. de la. <em>See</em> <a href="#LA_VEGA">La Vega</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Vegas. <em>See</em> <a href="#LAS_VEGAS">Las Vegas</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Velázquez de León, Joaquin. <em>See</em> León.</li> + + <li class="primary">Venado, force at, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_553">553</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Vera Cruz, as port, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_2">2</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>aspect, life, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_221">221–2</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> next title.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="VERA_CRUZ" />Vera Cruz expedition, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>considered, risk, defences of city, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_349">349–50</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_536">536</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_18">18–20</a>, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>;</li> + <li>adoption of project, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_350">350–1</a>;</li> + <li>new troops to be raised, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>;</li> + <li>question of commander, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351–4</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s plan and preparations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_354">354</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_539">539–41</a>;</li> + <li>and yellow fever, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_354">354</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</li> + <li>responsibility thrown on Scott, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_355">355</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_540">540</a>;</li> + <li>troops from Taylor’s command, his resentment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_362">362–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_365">365</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_540">540</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_543">543</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_544">544</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_546">546</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_552">552</a>;</li> + <li>Scott at Brazos Island, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor frustrates Scott’s plan for conference, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_356">356</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_358">358</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_542">542</a>;</li> + <li>difficulties of assemblage at Brazos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_363">363–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_544">544</a>;</li> + <li>march from Victoria to Tampico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_365">365–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_546">546</a>;</li> + <li>assemblage at Tampico, Scott there, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_367">367</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_546">546</a>;</li> + <li>rendezvous at Lobos Islands, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_367">367</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li> + <li>sailing to Antón Lizardo, <a href="#Page_17">17–8</a>, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>;</li> + <li>policy and preparations<a class="pagenum" id="Page_617" title="617"></a> for defence, garrison, <a href="#Page_20">20–22</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</li> + <li>and Polko revolt, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</li> + <li>problem and solution of attack, <a href="#Page_22">22–3</a>, <a href="#Page_335">335–6</a>;</li> + <li>landing of American force, <a href="#Page_23">23–7</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>;</li> + <li>general map of siege, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>;</li> + <li>investment, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s warning to city, <a href="#Page_27">27</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</li> + <li>establishment of first batteries, <a href="#Page_27">27–9</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>;</li> + <li>map of American batteries, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li> + <li>shortage of requisites for siege, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</li> + <li>initial bombardment, inadequacy, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;</li> + <li>mosquito fleet, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>dissatisfaction of officers, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li>naval battery and later bombardment, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>conditions within city, <a href="#Page_30">30–2</a>, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>;</li> + <li>negotiations and surrender, <a href="#Page_32">32–3</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li> + <li>justification of bombardment, casualties in city, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>;</li> + <li>condition of Scott’s force, <a href="#Page_34">34–5</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>;</li> + <li>occupation, <a href="#Page_35">35–6</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>American garrison, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;</li> + <li>plans for naval attack on Ulúa, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>American rule of city, <a href="#Page_220">220–2</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>;</li> + <li>American evacuation, <a href="#Page_252">252</a>;</li> + <li>foreign comment, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s “cabinet,” <a href="#Page_335">335</a>;</li> + <li>American force at siege, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>American losses, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>;</li> + <li>American tariff, <a href="#Page_484">484</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> Mexico expedition.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Vera Cruz state, guerilla warfare, leaders, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_169">169</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>, <a href="#Page_421">421</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>American assessment on, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>;</li> + <li>appeal to Mexican factions, <a href="#Page_334">334</a>;</li> + <li>manifesto on Santa Anna, <a href="#Page_359">359</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#SOTO">Soto</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Veramendi, M. R., and uprising against Americans, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_420">420</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Vergara Camp, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_222">222</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Verónica causeway, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>advance over, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Vesuvius</em>, in attack on Tuxpán, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_444">444</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Vice, prevalence in Mexico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_27">27</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> Gambling; Liquor.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Vice Presidency, abolished in Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Victoria, Guadalupe, as partisan leader, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_32">32</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Itúrbide’s revolt, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li>revolt against Itúrbide, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_35">35</a>;</li> + <li>as President, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_37">37–40</a>;</li> + <li>and Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>and commercial treaty, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_61">61</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Victoria, Taylor’s march, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357–60</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541–2</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Santa Anna’s plan to attack, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>;</li> + <li>Patterson’s march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_360">360–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_542">542</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_543">543</a>;</li> + <li>map of his march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_360">360</a>;</li> + <li>march from, to Tampico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_365">365–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_546">546</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor leaves, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Victoria battalion, formation, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_3">3</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at San Antonio, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Vidal, Luis, and Doniphan’s advance, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_301">301</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_518">518</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="VIGA" />Viga garita, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="VIGAS" />Vigas, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as defensive point, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_39">39</a>;</li> + <li>Worth at, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Vigil y Alarid, J. B., receives Kearny at Santa Fe, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_296">296</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Vigne, G. T., on American rule at Jalapa, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Villages, aspect of Mexican, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_19">19</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Villevêque, ——, French agent in Mexico, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Vinton, J. R., at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_246">246</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Vinton, S. F., position in House, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Virginia, legislature on the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_119">119</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> next title.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Virginia troops, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>calls, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_364">364</a>;</li> + <li>in Taylor’s later force, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>;</li> + <li>slow response to call, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Vixen</em>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in occupation of Tampico, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_279">279</a>;</li> + <li>in attack on Alvarado, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>;</li> + <li>in Tabasco expedition, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>;</li> + <li>in attack on Tuxpán, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>;</li> + <li>in Home Squadron, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="VOLTIGEURS" />Voltigeur regiment, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_154">154–7</a>;</li> + <li>origin and status, <a href="#Page_363">363</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_385">385</a>;</li> + <li>at Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_402">402</a>, <a href="#Page_403">403</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="VOLUNTEERS" />Volunteers, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>authorization, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_190">190</a>;</li> + <li>errors in system, term, officers, their character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_191">191–2</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_474">474</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor and, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_474">474</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>first call and response, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_192">192–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_445">445</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_475">475</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>mustering, New Orleans camp, and voyage to Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_475">475</a>;</li> + <li>Gaines’s six-months men, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_452">452</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_476">476</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_272">272</a>, <a href="#Page_511">511</a>;</li> + <li>conditions in Texan camps, morale, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_205">205–8</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_480">480</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_481">481</a>;</li> + <li>further calls, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_537">537</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>Wool on, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>;</li> + <li>term-expired men leave Scott, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_63">63–4</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> + <li>infamous conduct at Matamoros, <a href="#Page_211">211–2</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>excesses at Monterey, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>and elsewhere, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>;</li> + <li>officers and their men, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>;</li> + <li>statistics, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>;</li> + <li>contrast with regulars, <a href="#Page_319">319–20</a>, <a href="#Page_512">512–3</a>;</li> + <li>authorized size of army (1847), <a href="#Page_431">431</a>;</li> + <li>supposed number (Nov., 1847), <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#ARMY">Army</a>; names of states.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Von Holst, H. E. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> <a href="#HOLST">Holst</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite lang="es" xml:lang="es">Voz del Pueblo</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>advocates war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>on chances of expected war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_110">110</a>;</li> + <li>on Slidell mission, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_436">436</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="ifrst">Wagons. <em>See</em> <a href="#TRANSPORTATION">Transportation</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Walker, Sir Baldwin, and American commander, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_446">446</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_618" title="618"></a>Walker, R. J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and expansion, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>and the war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_471">471</a>;</li> + <li>and absorption of Mexico, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_243">243</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li> + <li>opposes treaty of peace, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>;</li> + <li>pre-war financial estimates, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>;</li> + <li>tariff and political ambition, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_478">478</a>;</li> + <li>and need of more revenue, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480</a>;</li> + <li>loan negotiations, distrusted, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>, <a href="#Page_480">480–2</a>;</li> + <li>proposed tax on tea and coffee, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>, <a href="#Page_482">482</a>;</li> + <li>tariff for Mexican ports, <a href="#Page_261">261–2</a>;</li> + <li>and levies on Mexicans, <a href="#Page_264">264–5</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</li> + <li>opposition to policy, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>;</li> + <li>as leader, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>;</li> + <li>integrity, <a href="#Page_488">488</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Walker, S. H., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>surprise, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_160">160</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_463">463</a>;</li> + <li>bold trip to Fort Brown, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_464">464</a>;</li> + <li>at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>operations against guerillas, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_172">172</a>, <a href="#Page_423">423</a>;</li> + <li>appearance, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>;</li> + <li>at Huamantla, killed, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Wall, William, at Punta Aguda, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_562">562</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Wallace, Lew, enlistment of company, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Wallace, W. H. L., at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_561">561</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Walpole, Frederick, on California and independence, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">War, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>simplicity, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_x">x</a>;</li> + <li>principles, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_405">405</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">War department, staff, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_474">474</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#MARCY">Marcy, W. L.</a></li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">War of 1812, Federalist opposition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_280">280</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">War spirit. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> <a href="#ATTITUDE">Attitude</a>; <a href="#OUTBREAK">Outbreak</a>; <a href="#POPULARITY">Popularity</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Ward, H. G., British minister at Mexico, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Monroe Doctrine, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_112">112</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>and Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_419">419</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Warehouse bill of 1846, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_257">257</a>, <a href="#Page_479">479</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>success, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>;</li> + <li>opposition, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Warren, W. B., at Saltillo, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><em>Warren</em>, in Pacific squadron, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Washington, J. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>battery at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_384">384</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_386">386</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_389">389</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_344">344</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + <li>field battery, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>in Wool’s march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Washington, Camp, before Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="WASHINGTON_AND_BALTIMORE_BATTALION" />Washington and Baltimore battalion, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Monterey, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_250">250</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_251">251</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>in Quitman’s brigade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>garrison at Tampico, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_546">546</a>;</li> + <li>at siege of Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_343">343</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Washington <cite>Globe</cite>, on war spirit, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_132">132</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Washington <cite>National Intelligencer</cite>. + <em>See</em> <a href="#NATIONAL_INTELLIGENCER"><cite>National Intelligencer</cite></a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Washington <cite>Union</cite>, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Polk’s alleged desire for war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_446">446</a>;</li> + <li>on failure of peace negotiations, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_138">138</a>;</li> + <li>challenge to Polk’s critics, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>;</li> + <li>and victorious war, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Watson, S. E., brigade in Scott’s army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_366">366</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Weatherford, William, at Buena Vista, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Weber, J. L., on Mexican army, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_408">408</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Webster, Daniel, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Bocanegra correspondence, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_68">68</a>;</li> + <li>protests further war on Texas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_69">69</a>;</li> + <li>on Mexican responsibility, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_76">76</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_508">508</a>;</li> + <li>and annexation of Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_82">82</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_433">433</a>;</li> + <li>on Slidell mission, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_98">98</a>;</li> + <li>on claims controversy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_120">120</a>;</li> + <li>and California, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_324">324</a>;</li> + <li>on Polk and war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_130">130</a>;</li> + <li>and war bill, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>and employment of volunteers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_192">192</a>;</li> + <li>and advance to Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_458">458</a>;</li> + <li>and peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_387">387</a>;</li> + <li>opposition to the war, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>;</li> + <li>pessimism on peace prospects, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;</li> + <li>and treaty of peace, <a href="#Page_247">247</a>, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>, <a href="#Page_473">473</a>;</li> + <li>on cost of the war, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>;</li> + <li>ineffective war criticism, <a href="#Page_278">278–80</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>on control of occupied territory, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>;</li> + <li>on tariff, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>;</li> + <li>and no-territory plan, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>Presidential candidacy and success of war, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>;</li> + <li>results of opposition, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>;</li> + <li>and defensive-line policy, <a href="#Page_430">430</a>;</li> + <li>on war and slavery extension, <a href="#Page_492">492</a>;</li> + <li>and Corwin’s speech, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>position in Senate, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>on tariff for Mexican ports, <a href="#Page_500">500</a>;</li> + <li>on American attitude toward Mexico, <a href="#Page_508">508</a>;</li> + <li>on volunteers, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Webster, L. B., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>battery in Monterey campaign, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>at Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_556">556</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_559">559</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Weed, Thurlow, and Taylor’s Presidential candidacy, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_179">179</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Weightman, R. H., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>battery in Kearny’s expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_288">288</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_515">515</a>;</li> + <li>in battle of Sacramento, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_310">310</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_312">312</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Welles, Gideon, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Marcy, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_475">475</a>;</li> + <li>on tariff, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Wellington, Duke of, on Scott’s expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Wells, J. M., guerilla attack on, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_172">172</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Wenghieri, Alonzo, arms for Mexican army, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_346">346</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Wentworth, John, and tax on tea and coffee, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">West Point, value of training, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_320">320</a>. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#ARMY">Army</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Westcott, J. D., Jr., position in Senate, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Whale fishery, American, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and occupation of California, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_323">323</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_514">514</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexican War, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>, <a href="#Page_446">446</a>, <a href="#Page_447">447</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary"><cite>Whig Almanac</cite>, on Polk, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_276">276</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a class="pagenum" id="Page_619" title="619"></a><a id="WHIG" />Whig party, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and outbreak of the war, inconsistencies, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_185">185</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_472">472</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_267">267–7</a>, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</li> + <li>encourage enemy, <a href="#Page_126">126</a>, <a href="#Page_280">280–1</a>, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>, <a href="#Page_495">495</a>;</li> + <li>and responsibility, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>;</li> + <li>jibes at Polk, <a href="#Page_275">275–6</a>;</li> + <li>and conduct of Whig generals, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>effect of Corwin’s speech, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>character of Webster’s war criticism, <a href="#Page_278">278–80</a>, <a href="#Page_494">494</a>;</li> + <li>ghosts of the opposition to War of 1812, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>;</li> + <li>position in war-time Congress, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>;</li> + <li>character of opposition there, <a href="#Page_284">284–6</a>;</li> + <li>and Wilmot Proviso, <a href="#Page_286">286–7</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>no-territory plan, <a href="#Page_287">287–8</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>protract war, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>;</li> + <li>Clay’s speech and resolutions, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>;</li> + <li>control of House programme, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>;</li> + <li>effect on, of success of warm, <a href="#Page_290">290–1</a>;</li> + <li>about face, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>;</li> + <li>results of opposition, <a href="#Page_292">292–3</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>and treaty of peace, <a href="#Page_472">472</a>;</li> + <li>proper attitude, <a href="#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>leaders in Senate, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li><em>See also</em> <a href="#OPPOSITION">Opposition</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Whistler, William, in Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">White, E. D., and Gaines’ Nacogdoches expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_421">421</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Wickliffe, C. A., American confidential agent in Texas, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Wilcocks, J. S., American consul at Mexico, reports cited <em>passim</em>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Wilcox, C. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>value of his history, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_404">404</a>;</li> + <li>on criticism at Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_503">503</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Wilhelm, Thomas, on Taylor in Monterey campaign, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Wilkes, Charles, on California and independence, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_321">321</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Williams, Thomas, of Scott’s staff, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_366">366</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Willock, David, with Price, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_516">516</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_517">517</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Wilmot, David, and Wilmot Proviso, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_286">286</a>, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + + <li class="primary">Wilmot Proviso, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>politics, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_286">286–7</a>;</li> + <li>objections, <a href="#Page_498">498</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Wilson, Benito, surrender, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_339">339</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Wilson, Henry, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Reynosa, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>brigade in Monterey campaign, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>governor of Vera Cruz, superseded, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_432">432</a>, <a href="#Page_457">457</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Wilson, L. D., and Twelfth Infantry, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_363">363</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Winthrop, R. C., on cause of the war, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_189">189</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_277">277</a>; + <ul class="IX"> + <li>on Slidell mission, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_438">438</a>;</li> + <li>and peace, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_123">123</a>;</li> + <li>position in the House, <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Women, Mexican, of upper class, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_25">25</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Wood, Allen, at Churubusco, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + + <li class="primary">Wood, W. M., and Sloat, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_334">334</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="WOOL" />Wool, J. E., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>as mustering officer, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>gathering of Chihuahua force at San Antonio, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_267">267–8</a>;</li> + <li>character of force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_268">268–9</a>;</li> + <li>character and discipline, appearance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_268">268</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_269">269</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>and Harney’s escapade, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_269">269</a>;</li> + <li>march to Monclova, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_270">270–3</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>map of march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_271">271</a>;</li> + <li>halt during Monterey armistice, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>hardships and criticism of march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_273">273</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509–10</a>;</li> + <li>wagon train, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>;</li> + <li>Parras route, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_274">274</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>at Parras, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>;</li> + <li>diversion of expedition to near Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_275">275</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_358">358</a>;</li> + <li>results of march, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_510">510</a>;</li> + <li>force (Dec., 1846), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_283">283</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_513">513</a>;</li> + <li>and Doniphan’s expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_313">313</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_521">521</a>;</li> + <li>command at Saltillo, carelessness of scouts, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_370">370–1</a>;</li> + <li>diminished morale of troops, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>;</li> + <li>on volunteers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_371">371</a>;</li> + <li>asks aid from Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_372">372</a>;</li> + <li>in advance to Agua Nueva, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_374">374</a>;</li> + <li>and retreat, preparations at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_383">383–5</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_534">534</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>;</li> + <li>in the battle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_393">393</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_396">396</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_558">558</a>;</li> + <li>and retreat of Mexicans, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_398">398</a>;</li> + <li>march and Mexican abandonment of Rinconada Pass, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_508">508</a>;</li> + <li>succeeds Taylor in command, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;</li> + <li>and suppression of guerilla warfare, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>;</li> + <li>levies on Mexicans, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>, <a href="#Page_487">487</a>;</li> + <li>and mutiny at Buena Vista, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>and force after succeeding Taylor, <a href="#Page_417">417</a>, <a href="#Page_432">432</a>;</li> + <li>and conduct of Texan volunteers, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>evacuates, <a href="#Page_475">475</a>;</li> + <li>not West Pointer, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Wooster, C. F., at battle of Sacramento, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_520">520</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary"><a id="WORTH" />Worth, W. J., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>in Texas, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li>rank controversy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_144">144</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_502">502</a>;</li> + <li>and advance to Rio Grande, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_454">454</a>;</li> + <li>leaves front, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_158">158</a>;</li> + <li>return, at Camargo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_211">211</a>;</li> + <li>in march on Monterey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_228">228</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_229">229</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_492">492</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_496">496</a>;</li> + <li>at battle of Monterey: movement to Saltillo road, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241–4</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_497">497</a>;</li> + <li>on Ampudia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>;</li> + <li>appearance and character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_241">241</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_498">498</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_186">186</a>, <a href="#Page_360">360</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434</a>;</li> + <li>capture of Federation Ridge, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_244">244–6</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_498">498</a>;</li> + <li>and Independence Hill and Bishop’s Palace, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_246">246–8</a>, <a href="#Page_499">499</a>;</li> + <li>Taylor neglects concerted action, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_256">256–7</a>;</li> + <li>attack in city, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_257">257–8</a>, <a href="#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>and negotiations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_260">260</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_501">501</a>;</li> + <li>as real victor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_261">261</a>;</li> + <li>in command at Saltillo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_264">264</a>;</li> + <li>as commander there, force, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_266">266</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_282">282</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>Wool’s force joins, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_276">276</a>;</li> + <li>and expected attack (Dec.), <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_357">357</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_541">541</a>;</li> + <li>and gathering of Vera Cruz expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_364">364</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_365">365</a>;</li> + <li>and Harney, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_365">365</a>;</li> + <li>embarks, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_368">368</a>;</li> + <li>on war spirit, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_444">444</a>;</li> + <li>and gathering of information, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_490">490</a>;</li> + <li>on Taylor’s<a class="pagenum" id="Page_620" title="620"></a>lack of transportation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_491">491</a>;</li> + <li>on camp at Cerralvo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_493">493</a>;</li> + <li>landing at Vera Cruz, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_25">25–6</a>;</li> + <li>and the siege, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>;</li> + <li>and negotiations, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>;</li> + <li>and surrender, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>;</li> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_351">351</a>, <a href="#Page_352">352</a>;</li> + <li>pursuit to Perote, <a href="#Page_60">60–1</a>;</li> + <li>advance to Puebla, <a href="#Page_65">65–6</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li> + <li>Amozoc affair, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>;</li> + <li>conference on Puebla, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>occupies it, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>;</li> + <li>mistakes as ruler, Scott’s rebuke, <a href="#Page_71">71–2</a>, <a href="#Page_361">361</a>;</li> + <li>“scarecrows,” <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;</li> + <li>division in Scott’s army, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>, <a href="#Page_356">356</a>;</li> + <li>in advance to Valley of Mexico, <a href="#Page_93">93–4</a>, <a href="#Page_371">371</a>;</li> + <li>at San Agustín, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_374">374</a>;</li> + <li>reconnoitres San Antonio, <a href="#Page_102">102–3</a>;</li> + <li>captures it, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_382">382</a>;</li> + <li>at Churubusco, <a href="#Page_114">114–6</a>, <a href="#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="#Page_384">384</a>;</li> + <li>force after the battle, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>;</li> + <li>during armistice, <a href="#Page_134">134</a>;</li> + <li>study of Molino del Rey, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li> + <li>in the battle, <a href="#Page_143">143–7</a>, <a href="#Page_402">402–4</a>;</li> + <li>at Chapultepec, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>, <a href="#Page_409">409</a>, <a href="#Page_410">410</a>;</li> + <li>misgivings there, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>;</li> + <li>advance and capture of San Cosme garita, <a href="#Page_161">161–2</a>, <a href="#Page_413">413–4</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>;</li> + <li>in the city, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>, <a href="#Page_416">416</a>;</li> + <li>in uprising, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;</li> + <li>cabal against Scott, arrest, <a href="#Page_186">186–8</a>, <a href="#Page_434">434–6</a>;</li> + <li>Polk rescues, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li> + <li>discipline as governor of Saltillo, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_450">450</a>;</li> + <li>on excesses of volunteers, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li> + <li>armistice negotiations, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>;</li> + <li>and lead in Mexico expedition, <a href="#Page_345">345</a>;</li> + <li>in plan of attack by Mexicaltzingo, <a href="#Page_372">372</a>, <a href="#Page_373">373</a>;</li> + <li>and Contreras, <a href="#Page_381">381</a>;</li> + <li>and failure to advance after Churubusco, <a href="#Page_386">386</a>;</li> + <li>not at conference on attack on city, <a href="#Page_408">408</a>;</li> + <li>in command of Mexico expedition, <a href="#Page_476">476</a>;</li> + <li>on volunteers, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>;</li> + <li>not West Pointer, <a href="#Page_513">513</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Wright, George, at Molino del Rey, wounded, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Wright, Silas, and Polk, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_270">270</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Wynkoop, F. M., + <ul class="IX"> + <li>at Cerro Gordo, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_353">353</a>;</li> + <li>rule at Jalapa, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>;</li> + <li>and guerillas, <a href="#Page_422">422</a>;</li> + <li>at Huamantla, <a href="#Page_425">425</a>, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>;</li> + <li>in Lane’s operations, <a href="#Page_426">426</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Wyse, F. O., in De Russey’s expedition, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_418">418</a>.</li> + + + <li class="ifrst">Yell, Archibald, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Santa Anna’s advance, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_383">383</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_554">554</a>;</li> + <li>and Wool, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_509">509</a>;</li> + <li>at Buena Vista, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_555">555</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_558">558</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Yellow fever, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Vera Cruz expedition, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_354">354</a>, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>, <a href="#Page_344">344</a>;</li> + <li>and Mexico expedition, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_348">348</a>;</li> + <li>in navy, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li> + <li>in New Orleans, <a href="#Page_431">431</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">York rite of Masons. + <ul class="IX"> + <li><em>See</em> <a href="#MASONS">Masons</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Yucatan, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>Santa Anna as commandant, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_40">40</a>;</li> + <li>naval operations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_204">204</a>;</li> + <li>attitude during the war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_203">203–4</a>;</li> + <li>annexation question, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_472">472</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Yulee, D. L., position in Senate, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_496">496</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Zacatecas, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>situation, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_3">3</a>;</li> + <li>powder-mill, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_462">462</a>;</li> + <li>Scott’s intention to occupy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_184">184</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_432">432</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Zacatecas state, + <ul class="IX"> + <li>and Santa Anna, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_376">376</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_550">550</a>;</li> + <li>unrest, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_234">234</a>;</li> + <li>Americans in, <a href="#Page_418">418</a>;</li> + <li>in discussion on peace, <a href="#Page_464">464</a>.</li> + </ul> + </li> + + <li class="primary">Zavala, Lorenzo de, and overthrow of Pedraza, <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_41">41</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Zerecero, Colonel, brigade, <b>2.</b> <a href="#Page_369">369</a>.</li> + + <li class="primary">Zubieta, Pedro, on judicial system. <b>1.</b> <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/44437/44437-h/44437-h.htm#Page_409">409</a>.</li> +</ul> +</div> + + +<p class="center">Printed in the United States of America.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"> + +<h2>Footnotes</h2> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote_A" href="#FNanchor_A"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> +In Mexico, however, usually like <em>s</em> in “sun.”</p> + +<p><a id="Footnote_B" href="#FNanchor_B"><span class="label">[B]</span></a> +In Mexico usually like <em>y</em>.</p> + +<p><a id="Footnote_C" href="#FNanchor_C"><span class="label">[C]</span></a> +These men have to be called Texans because they hailed +from that state, but it should be remembered that nearly all of them +had come from other parts of the Union.</p> + +<p><a id="Footnote_D" href="#FNanchor_D"><span class="label">[D]</span></a> +“Acuerdo,” frequently to be mentioned hereafter in the Mexican +citations, meant the decision of an executive conference, and was +applied also to the memorandum embodying the decision. The conferences +referred to will usually be those in which the President or at least +the Cabinet was concerned.</p> + +<p><a id="Footnote_E" href="#FNanchor_E"><span class="label">[E]</span></a> +All the citations of the <cite>Herald</cite> in the notes on this +chapter refer to the financial articles.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="transnote"> + +<h3><a name="endnote" id="endnote" />Transcriber’s Note</h3> + +<p>There are three types of notes in the text. The lettered notes +(originally asterisks) were printed as standard footnotes on each page. +References to these notes now appear in brackets as [A], [B] and so on. +The notes themselves have been moved to directly follow the paragraph +within which they are referenced. Occasionally, an asterisk is used for +some other purpose, usually preceding rather than following a word or +phrase, and remain asterisks.</p> + +<p>In general, Spanish names, when used in English phrases, are printed +without accents. The country is referred to as ‘México’ when the +language is Spanish, and ‘Mexico’, without the accent, when in English. +On occasion, the printer fails to observe this distinction. These are +considered as printer’s errors, and have been corrected here.</p> + +<p>Where variants in spelling occur in quoted passages, they are always +retained.</p> + +<p>The use of accents in Spanish proper nouns is not consistent. These +have been corrected, where detected, to assist in searches.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_338">p. 338</a>, the reference to “37. Scott to Conner, Mar. 16” seems a +corruption for “<b>164</b>Scott to Conner”, which agrees with all other +references to this source.</p> + +<p>On <a href="#Page_486">p. 486</a>, a reference printed as “<b>6</b> Memoir on Mex. finances.” +most likely should be “<b>61</b>Memoir on Mex. finances. Sen. 19; 30, 1, +pp. 2–4 (Scott).” There is a separate reference to that memoir in +<a href="#N33.2">note 2</a>, using <b>61</b>.</p> + +<p>Also on <a href="#Page_486">p. 486</a>, the asterisk appearing in “<cite>Amer. Review</cite>, Jan., 1848, +p. *2” is not explained.</p> + +<p>In the Section A of the Appendix, the ordered list of numbered resources +is missing #368. Nor are there any references to that number.</p> + +<p>The following table describes other textual issues, and the resolution +of each. The [x/y] annotations mark the additions, deletions or +substitutions made to the text. Minor inconsistencies of punctuation in +the Notes have been silently corrected. On several occasions, letters +or numbers have gone missing from the images used to prepare this text. +Where the word intended is clear, these have been added silently.</p> + +<table id="errata" summary="errata" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3"> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%" /> + <col width="45%" /> + <col width="45%" /> +</colgroup> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. v</td><td>[vi/vii]</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 137</td><td>[ass[s]embly</td><td>Removed.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 185</td><td>[boyant</td><td><em>sic.</em></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 192</td><td>[aga[ni/in]st</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 217</td><td>[neccessary</td><td><em>sic.</em></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 280</td><td>[deser[ser]tion</td><td>Removed.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 286</td><td>[opposi[si]tion</td><td>Removed.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr"> </td><td>[mea[s]sure</td><td>Removed.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 291</td><td>[out-an-out</td><td><em>sic.</em></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 348</td><td>a besieging force [c]ould</td><td>Restored.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr"> </td><td>Roa B[a/á]rcena, Recuerdos, 197–8</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 378</td><td>a[n/i]d he believed</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 383</td><td>not [to] be thrown away</td><td>Added.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 401</td><td>Caldéron / Calderón</td><td>Accent corrected.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 434</td><td>dou[tb/bt]less</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 449</td><td>American casu[a]lties</td><td>Added.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 450</td><td>He[r/n]shaw</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 458</td><td>Col[l]ección de Itinerarios.</td><td>Removed.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 460</td><td>mutiliation</td><td><em>sic.</em></td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 480</td><td>Pennsyl[v]ania</td><td>Added.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 485</td><td>deficienc[i]es</td><td>Added.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 564</td><td>Sant[e/a] Fe</td><td>Corrected.</td></tr> + +<tr><td class="tdr">p. 571</td><td>Télegrafo / Telégrafo</td><td>Accent corrected.</td></tr> + +</table> + +<p>The references in the Index are for both Volumes I and II. The +volume number is included in bold type when the entries shift from one +volume to the other. On occasion, these volume numbers were missed and +have been added where indicated in the table below. Although each +page reference has not been validated, any other corrections, +discovered incidentally, are noted as well.</p> + +<table id="errata_index" summary="index errata" cellspacing="3" cellpadding="3"> +<colgroup> + <col width="10%" /> + <col width="25%" /> + <col width="65%" /> +</colgroup> + <tr><td>p. 570</td><td>California</td> + <td>in peace negotiations and treaty, [<b>2.</b>] 135...</td></tr> + <tr><td>p. 572</td><td>Chihuahua Rangers</td> + <td>in Doniphan’s expedition, [<b>1.</b>] 303, 519.</td></tr> + <tr><td>p. 582</td><td>Guizot, F. P. G.</td> + <td>policy of neutrality, <b>[2].</b> 300;</td></tr> + <tr><td>p. 588</td><td>Mansfield, J. K. F.</td> + <td>at Monterey, <b>1.</b> [259/239], 250, 251, 500;</td></tr> + <tr><td>p. 601</td><td>Polk, J. K.</td> + <td>intolerable conditions facing, <b>1.</b> 134–7;</td></tr> + <tr><td>p. 613</td><td>Taylor, Zachary</td> + <td>condition of force, [<b>1.</b>] 143;</td></tr> + <tr><td>p. 617</td><td>Volunteers</td> + <td>conditions in Texan camps, morale, [<b>1.</b>] 205–8, 480, 481;</td></tr> + <tr><td>p. 620</td><td>Worth, W. J.</td> + <td>capture of Federation Ridge, [<b>1.</b>] 244–6, 498;</td></tr> +</table> +</div> + +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44438 ***</div> +</body> +</html> diff --git a/44438-h/images/cover.jpg b/44438-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..7474aee --- /dev/null +++ b/44438-h/images/cover.jpg diff --git a/44438-h/images/i001.jpg b/44438-h/images/i001.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..cbe4ad2 --- /dev/null +++ b/44438-h/images/i001.jpg diff --git a/44438-h/images/i001big.jpg b/44438-h/images/i001big.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9999713 --- /dev/null +++ b/44438-h/images/i001big.jpg diff --git a/44438-h/images/i002.jpg b/44438-h/images/i002.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..04b1740 --- /dev/null +++ b/44438-h/images/i002.jpg diff --git a/44438-h/images/i003.jpg b/44438-h/images/i003.jpg Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..203b6b0 --- 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