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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44381 ***
+
+Note: Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      https://archive.org/details/dialogueinhades00john
+
+
+
+
+
+A DIALOGUE IN HADES.
+
+A Parallel of Military Errors, of Which the French
+and English Armies Were Guilty, During the
+Campaign of 1759, in Canada.
+
+ATTRIBUTED TO CHEVALIER JOHNSTONE.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Published under the Auspices of the
+Literary and Historical Society of Quebec
+
+[Reprinted.]
+
+Quebec:
+Printed at the "Morning Chronicle" Office.
+1887.
+
+
+
+
+[The original of this manuscript is deposited in the French war
+archives, in Paris; a copy was, with the permission of the French
+Government, taken in 1855, and deposited in the Library of the
+Legislative Assembly of Canada. The Literary and Historical Society
+of Quebec, through the kindness of Mr. Todd, the Librarian, was
+permitted to have communication thereof. This document is supposed to
+have been written about the year 1765, that is five years after the
+return to France from Canada of the writer, the Chevalier Johnstone,
+a Scottish Jacobite, who had fled to France after the defeat at
+Culloden, and obtained from the French monarch, with several other
+Scotchmen, commissions in the French armies. In 1748, says _Francisque
+Michel_,[A] "he sailed from Rochefort as an Ensign with troops going
+to Cape Breton; he continued to serve in America until he returned to
+France, in December, 1760, having acted during the campaign of 1759, in
+Canada, as aide-de-camp to Chevalier de Levis. On Levis being ordered
+to Montreal, Johnstone was detached and retained by General Montcalm
+on his staff, on account of his thorough knowledge of the environs
+of Quebec, and particularly of Beauport, where the principal works
+of defence stood, and where the whole army, some 11,000 men, were
+entrenched, leaving in Quebec merely a garrison of 1500. The journal
+is written in English, and is not remarkable for orthography or purity
+of diction; either Johnstone had forgotten or had never thoroughly
+known the language. The style is prolix, sententious, abounding in
+quotations from old writers. This document had first attracted the
+attention of one of the late historians of Canada, the Abbé Ferland,
+who attached much importance to it, as calculated to supply matters of
+detail and incidents unrecorded elsewhere. Colonel Margry, in charge of
+the French records, had permitted the venerable writer, then on a visit
+to Paris, to make extracts from it; some of which extracts, the abbé
+published at the time of the laying of the St. Foy Monument, in 1862.
+The Chevalier Johnstone differs _in toto_ from the opinions expressed
+by several French officers of regulars, respecting the conduct of the
+Canadian Militia, in 1759, ascribing to their valour, on the 13th
+September, the salvation of a large portion of the French army. He has
+chosen the singular, though not unprecedented mode of the Dialogue,
+to recapitulate the events of a campaign in which he played a not
+inconsiderable part."--J. M. LEMOINE.]
+
+
+
+
+  [Published under the auspices of the Literary and Historical Society
+                              of Quebec.]
+
+                          A DIALOGUE IN HADES.
+
+ A PARALLEL OF MILITARY ERRORS, OF WHICH THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH ARMIES
+          WERE GUILTY, DURING THE CAMPAIGN OF 1759, IN CANADA.
+
+
+THE MARQUIS DE MONTCALM:--Having ardently desired a conversation with
+you, sir, upon the operations of a campaign which proved to both of us
+so fatal, I have sought you continually amongst the shades ever since I
+descended here, where I soon followed you.
+
+GENERAL WOLFE:--I can assure you, sir, I was equally impatient to meet
+with you. Some of my countrymen, arrived here since the battle of the
+13th September, informed me that there was only an interval of a few
+hours in our sharing the same hard fate. They gave me some accounts
+of that event which joined Canada to the British dominions; but as
+they had a very imperfect knowledge of the circumstances, and entirely
+ignorant of your plan of operations, I have little information from
+them, and I am heartily glad that chance at last has procured me the
+pleasure of seeing you.
+
+MONTCALM:--Will you permit me, sir, before our conversation becomes
+serious, to offer some reflections upon the difference in our destiny.
+Your nation rendered you the greatest honours; your body was conveyed
+to London, and buried there magnificently in Westminster Abbey,
+amongst your kings. Generous Britons erected to your memory a superb
+monument over your grave, at public expense; and your name, most
+dear to your countrymen, is ever in their mouths, accompanied with
+praise and regret. But in my country what a strange indifference?
+What sensation did my death make upon my compatriots? My conduct
+denounced and censured without measure, is the continual subject of
+conversation for gossiping fools and knaves, who form the majority in
+all communities, and prevail against the infinitely small number to be
+found of honest, judicious, impartial men, capable of reflection. The
+Canadians and savages who knew the uprightness of my soul, ever devoted
+to the interests of my beloved king and country, they alone rendered
+me justice, with a few sincere friends, who, not daring to oppose
+themselves openly to the torrent of my enemies, bewailed in secret my
+unhappy fate, and shed on my tomb their friendly tears.
+
+WOLFE:--In this blessed abode, inaccessible to prejudice, I vow to you,
+sir, I envy your condition, notwithstanding the horrible injustice
+and ingratitude of your countrymen. What can give more pleasure and
+self-satisfaction than the esteem and approbation of honest men? You
+were severely regretted and lamented by all those who were capable of
+discerning and appreciating your superior merit, talents, and eminent
+qualities. Disinterested persons of probity must respect your virtue.
+All officers versed in the art of war will justify your military
+tactics, and your operations can be blamed only by the ignorant. Were
+my army consulted, they would be as many witnesses in your favour. Your
+humanity towards prisoners won you the heart of all my soldiers. They
+saw with gratitude and veneration your continual care and vigilance to
+snatch them from out of the hands of the Indians, when those barbarians
+were ready to cut their throats, and prepared to make of human flesh
+their horrible banquets; refusing me even tears at my death, they
+weeped and bewailed your hard fate; I see in my mausoleum the proof
+only of human weakness! What does that block of marble avail to me in
+my present state? The monument remains, but the conqueror has perished.
+The affection, approbation and regret of the worthiest part of mankind
+is greatly preferable and much above the vain honours conferred by a
+blind people, who judge according to the event, and are incapable to
+analyse the operations. I was unknown to them before the expedition
+which I commanded in Canada; and if fortune, to whom I entirely owe my
+success, had less favoured me, perhaps, like Byng, I would have been
+the victim of a furious and unruly populace. The multitude has and can
+have success only for the rule of their judgment.
+
+MONTCALM:--I am much obliged to you, sir, for your favourable opinion
+of me. Let us leave weak mortals to crawl from error to error, and
+deify to-day what they will condemn to-morrow. It is at present, when
+the darkness is dispelled from before our eyes, that we can contemplate
+at leisure the passions of men, who move as the waves of the sea, push
+on each other and often break upon the rocks; and in our present state,
+when all prejudices are at an end, let us examine impartially the
+operations of 1759, which was the epocha of the loss to France of her
+northern colonies in America.
+
+WOLFE:--Most willingly, sir, and to show my frankness, I own to you
+I was greatly surprised on arriving with the English fleet at Quebec
+without meeting with any opposition by the French in the river St.
+Lawrence.
+
+MONTCALM:--You had reason to be so. It was not my fault that you did
+not meet with many obstacles in your way. I proposed to have a redoubt
+and battery erected upon Cape Tourmente, which is a rock above fifty
+feet high, facing the Traverse at the east[B] end of the Island of
+Orleans, where all the vessels cross from the north to the south side
+of the St. Lawrence river. They are obliged to approach very near the
+Cape before they enter into the Traverse, and its height above the
+men-of-war would have secured it against the effect of the artillery.
+Besides, this rock, almost perpendicular, commanding all round it,
+the fort would have been impregnable, and not susceptible of being
+besieged. Thus the first of your ships which approached to pass the
+Traverse would have been raked by the plunging fire of the battery from
+stern to bowsprit, and must have been sunk. I had likewise the project
+of placing a battery and a redoubt upon the upper point of the bay
+which is opposite to the west end of _Isle aux Coudres_. The current
+between this island and the main land being incredibly rapid at low
+water, all the vessels coming up the river must have cast anchor there
+to wait until the next tide; and my artillery upon the point of that
+bay would have battered your ships at anchor from fore to aft; have
+put in a most terrible confusion your ships, who could not have taken
+up their anchors without being instantly dashed to pieces against the
+rocks by the violence of the current, forced, as they would have been
+by it, to have their bowsprits always pointed to the battery, without
+being able to fire at it. Your fleet would have had no knowledge of the
+battery until they were at anchor, so you may easily judge how it would
+have distressed them. I proposed this, but I did not command in chief;
+it was the Marquis de Vaudreuil, Governor General of Canada, who should
+have ordered it to be put into execution.
+
+WOLFE:--If they had executed your project, it would have puzzled us,
+and retarded for some time our operations.
+
+MONTCALM:--That was all I could wish for, as I was always sensible of
+the great advantage, in certain situations, of gaining time from the
+enemy, especially in such a climate as Canada, where the summer is
+so short that it is impossible to keep the field longer than from the
+month of May till the beginning of October, and your fleet arrived at
+_Isle aux Coudres_ at the end of June.
+
+WOLFE:--There is no doubt that you are in the right. Our fleet arrived
+in the river St. Lawrence six weeks too late, which is commonly the
+fate of all great naval expeditions. Fleets are seldom ready to sail at
+the time appointed; and this often renders fruitless the best concocted
+enterprise by sea, from the uncertainty of the arrival of the army at
+its destination. The smallest delay is often dangerous, as it gives
+the enemy the time to prepare themselves for defence, without hurry or
+confusion.
+
+MONTCALM:--I will not conceal from you, sir, that I always looked
+upon the distribution you made of your army upon your landing near
+Quebec, as diametrically opposed to the established principles in
+castrametation. It is a known axiom in the art of war, that an
+army ought to be encamped in such a manner as to have a free and
+easy communication with all its parts; that they may unite quickly
+without any obstruction, and be able to defend and sustain each other
+reciprocally over the whole extent of the camp, in case any part of it
+is attacked. You divided your army in three different camps; one of
+them upon the Pointe Levis, another upon the Island of Orleans, and
+the third at the Sault de Montmorency. The two branches of the St.
+Lawrence river, which forms the Island of Orleans, each of them about
+half a mile broad, separated your three camps, without a possibility
+of establishing a communication between them; and your camp upon the
+Pointe Levis was at a distance of six miles from your camp at the Sault
+de Montmorency. Your position was such that had we fallen with our army
+on any of your three camps, we would have cut them to pieces, before
+those of your other two camps could have come to their assistance. The
+knowledge for choosing an advantageous ground for encamping an army,
+always appears to me to be one of the most essential talents requisite
+in a general. How could you remain quietly in such a dangerous position
+during two months, without trembling.
+
+WOLFE:--What hindered you then, sir, from executing that which appeared
+to you so easy?
+
+MONTCALM:--We attempted it, but with very bad success. Seven days
+after your landing at the Pointe Levis, Mr. Dumas, Major of the Colony
+troops, was sent to attack your camp at the Pointe Levis, with a body
+of fifteen hundred men, who, in the night, crossed the river St.
+Lawrence at Quebec, without being discovered by your advanced guards.
+But they were no sooner landed and marching, than, struck with a panic,
+the utmost disorder suddenly ensued; their heads turned, and, losing
+their senses entirely, they fired at each other, believing themselves
+attacked by your army. In short, they immediately fled back to their
+boats with the greatest precipitation and confusion. Discouraged by
+this bad beginning, M. de Vaudreuil would never listen to any proposals
+of further attempts upon your camps; and it was decided to keep
+ourselves for the future upon the defensive.
+
+WOLFE:--It appears to me, however, that you were not encamped in a
+proper manner to be upon the defensive. Your army did not amount to ten
+thousand men, and your camp extended seven or eight miles.
+
+MONTCALM:--I agree with you, and am sensible that the longer the line,
+the weaker it is in its several parts. I am convinced that it is
+impossible to prevent a line from being forced; and I believed likewise
+that, landing on a coast where there are several leagues of it to be
+defended, equally susceptible of descent, is the same case as lines.
+He who attacks has all his force concentrated at a single point, which
+he may choose as he pleases; anywhere in the extent of his lines; on
+the contrary, he who is attacked in his entrenchments has his force
+divided over the whole extent of his lines, and does not know on what
+part of them the enemy has the intention to make his real attack, so
+that he must be everywhere equally strong and guarded over all the
+ground occupied by his army. Thus the head of a column of a great depth
+of ranks must infallibly pierce through lines who have only at most two
+or three men deep; and by feint attacks all over the front of a line,
+you cannot weaken one part of it by drawing troops from it to fortify
+another part of it, unless the point of the enemy's principal attack
+is manifestly known. It is certainly the same with regard to landings,
+where all the extent of the sea coast may be threatened at the same
+time, although it is a common opinion that a coast may be defended, and
+that an enemy may be repulsed in his attempt to make a descent by open
+force.
+
+I know not a better method to oppose a descent than to have bodies of
+troops in battle, ready to rush upon the enemy, with their bayonets
+upon their muskets, attacking the moment the enemy land, whilst they
+are yet few and in confusion from the disorder which must necessarily
+happen at their coming out of their boats, and before they can present
+a considerable front in battle.
+
+My project of defence was to encamp on rising ground at Quebec, called
+by the French, _Les Hauteurs d'Abraham_, and make Quebec serve as the
+centre and pivot to all my operations, since it was evident that the
+fate of Canada depended entirely on its being preserved to us or taken
+by you, which decided whether that colony should remain to its ancient
+possessors or become your prize.
+
+With this in view, I intrenched the borders of the St. Charles river,
+and remained encamped at Quebec until, receiving tidings of your fleet
+having arrived in the St. Lawrence river, M. de Levis, an officer of
+great merit and distinction, proposed to change the position of our
+camp, by carrying our left wing to the Sault de Montmorency, and our
+right to the St. Charles river: this, as you say, made it six miles
+long on the north side of Quebec, and gave us greater appearance of
+being on the offensive than on the defensive.
+
+He pretended that the presenting a great front to the enemy would
+give us a bold look, and inspire respect. As there can be no positive
+certainty in any military operation, from unforeseen accidents which
+often overturn the best combined project, I readily sacrificed to him
+my opinion, without insisting upon it. In this new position M. de
+Vaudreuil commanded the right of our camp, near Quebec; M. de Levis
+the left, at the Sault de Montmorency; and I commanded the centre, at
+Beauport.
+
+WOLFE:--Had you continued on the heights of Abraham you would have
+saved Quebec, but you would have abandoned to me all the country where
+I might have destroyed, burnt and ruined all the settlements at some
+leagues round it.
+
+MONTCALM:--That may be, but Canada would not have been taken, and
+certainly you durst not penetrate far into the country, leaving Quebec
+behind you. Had you attacked me, I would have had the advantage of the
+rising ground, which I would have fortified with intrenchments, and
+with a chain of redoubts from Quebec to Cap Rouge, where these heights
+terminate in a deep ravine, with a small river at the bottom of it,
+overhung with rocks, at three leagues from Quebec. This advantageous
+position, not to be successfully attacked by any number of men, would
+have been my advanced post.
+
+My right would have been applied to Quebec, and sustained by it. I
+never could guess, sir, your idea in reducing that town to ashes as
+you did, by throwing upon it continually, from your batteries on the
+opposite side of the river, that immense number of carcases and shells.
+
+It seems to me that when an army besieges a town, it is with the
+intention, on its surrendering, to keep possession of it, and have
+houses in it to lodge the troops, instead of heaps of ruins. This
+conduct was still more essentially necessary from the season being
+advanced, and from the impossibility of carrying-on any kind of
+house building during the winter. Moreover, the utter destruction of
+that town reduced to ashes could not hasten its being taken a moment
+sooner. You could do no harm to our batteries, which were much higher
+than yours; it is not by destroying houses that towns are taken. You
+always battered houses, without reflecting that it is only by ruining
+the fortifications--the defences--and by a breach in the walls, that
+success may be hoped for in sieges; and it is certain that you lavished
+a prodigious quantity of warlike stores very uselessly.
+
+What advantages could you expect by ruining and distressing the
+inhabitants of Quebec, whose houses you burnt?
+
+It was destroying alone for the pleasure of doing injury, without any
+advantage accruing to you from it.
+
+WOLFE:--My inaction during the whole summer should have made you
+perceive what little hopes I had of succeeding in my expedition; should
+it turn out fruitless after the sum it had cost England, the news of
+Quebec being reduced to ashes might blind the extravagant English
+populace, and blunt their fanatical fury.
+
+MONTCALM:--The day that you landed at the Sault de Montmorency, where
+you encamped immediately with a body of four thousand men, in all
+appearance you did not know that the river Montmorency was fordable in
+the wood about a mile to the north of your camp, where fifty men in
+front might pass the ford with water only up to their knees. Had you
+passed it immediately, you might have fallen upon the left of our army,
+cut them to pieces, and pursued them two miles, as far as the ravine
+of Beauport, before they could assemble a sufficient number of men to
+be able to resist you. You might have even encamped upon the north
+side of that ravine, which, having it before you, would have been a
+very advantageous post, and brought you several miles nearer to Quebec.
+In this case it is highly probable that we would have been obliged to
+abandon to you all the ground between the St. Charles river and the
+ravine.
+
+To return to my first project of encamping upon the heights of Abraham,
+our left was in the greatest security, not knowing that there was a
+ford in that river until some hours after your landing at the Sault.
+
+WOLFE:--Is it then surprising that I should be ignorant of that ford,
+since you did not know it yourself? besides, it is only the inhabitants
+in the neighbourhood of rivers, swamps and lakes, who can give positive
+and sure information about them. And supposing I had found some of your
+Canadians at their houses there, they are so inviolably attached to
+their religion, king and country, that they would sooner have led me
+into a snare than instruct me in anything that could be prejudicial to
+their army.
+
+Those whom a general sends to examine the _locale_ of a country must do
+it very superficially upon their own observations, without consulting
+or interrogating the peasants in the neighbourhood.
+
+MONTCALM:--Whilst your soldiers were employed in making their camp, and
+pitching their tents, M. de Levis and his aide-de-camp Johnstone, were
+looking at you from the opposite side of the Sault. His aide-de-camp
+having asked him if he was positively certain that there was no ford
+in the Montmorency river, M. de Levis answering that there was not,
+and that he had been himself to examine it to its source, at a lake in
+the woods, about ten or twelve miles from the Sault. An inhabitant who
+overheard this conversation, told the aide-de-camp: "The General is
+mistaken; there is a ford which the inhabitants thereabouts pass every
+day in carrying their corn to a mill;" and he added that he had crossed
+it lately, with water not above his knees.
+
+The aide-de-camp related to M. de Levis immediately his conversation
+with the Canadian, who would not believe there was a ford, and,
+examining him roughly, the Canadian was seized with awe, and respect
+for the General; his tongue faltered in his mouth, and he durst
+not boldly assert the truth. The aide-de-camp, in a whisper to the
+Canadian, ordered him to find out a person who had crossed the ford
+lately, and bring him immediately to M. de Levis' lodgings. The Canadian
+came to him in a moment, with a man who had crossed it the night
+before, with a sack of wheat upon his back, where he had found only
+eight inches deep of water.
+
+The aide-de-camp being thus assured of the fact, ordered, in M. de
+Levis' name, a detachment to be sent instantly, with the necessary tools
+to intrench itself.
+
+WOLFE:--Had I been so lucky as you, sir, to discover that ford, there
+is no doubt I would not have let slip so favourable an opportunity
+of distinguishing myself, and would have fallen like lightning upon
+that part of your camp. There can be nothing more dangerous than the
+neighbourhood of rivers and swamps, that have not been sounded and
+examined with the greatest care and attention. Negligence, ignorance
+and headstrong obstinacy are equally fatal in military affairs; and
+the misfortune of a Lieutenant-General, in Scotland, against the
+Highlanders at the battle of Prestonpans, made so deep an impression
+upon me that I am always on my guard when near such places.
+
+MONTCALM:--How can you, sir, justify your imprudence in running
+headlong into the woods opposite to our intrenchments, with two
+thousand men, who naturally ought to have been cut to pieces, and
+neither you nor any man of your detachment escape? Nine hundred
+Indians had invested you all round at a pistol shot from you, and had
+already cut off your retreat, without your perceiving it. So soon as
+the Indians had surrounded you in the wood, they sent their officer
+Langlade to acquaint M. de Levis that they had got you in their net,
+but that your detachment, appearing to be about two thousand men,
+greatly superior to them in number, they begged earnestly of M. de
+Levis to order M. de Repentigny to pass the ford with eleven hundred
+men, which he commanded in these intrenchments, and join them; that
+they would be answerable upon their heads if a single man of your
+detachment should get back to your camp; and they did not think
+themselves strong enough to strike upon you without this reinforcement
+of Canadians. There were a great many officers at M. de Levis' lodgings
+when Langlade came to him on behalf of the Indians, and this General
+having consulted them, after giving his own opinion on the affair:
+"that it was dangerous to attack an army in the wood, as they could not
+know the number of men there; that it might be all the English army,
+which consequently might bring on a general engagement without being
+prepared for it; and that if he happened to be repulsed, he would be
+blamed for engaging in an affair, without holding previously an order
+from his superiors, M. de Vaudreuil and M. de Montcalm." The officers
+respected too much the General not to be of his way of thinking, and
+it must ever be so from flattery. His aide-de-camp alone maintained
+a different opinion, out of a real friendship for M. de Levis. He
+told them that there was not the smallest probability it could be all
+the English army, since the Indians, who never fail to magnify the
+number, computed them at only two thousand men. That even supposing it
+to be the whole English army, it would be the most lucky thing that
+could happen to us to have a general engagement in the woods, where
+a Canadian is worth three disciplined soldiers, as a soldier in a
+plain is worth three Canadians; and that nothing was more essential
+than to select the propitious moment and the way of fighting for
+those who composed the two-thirds of the army, which was the case with
+the Canadians. On the contrary, the English army was almost entirely
+composed of regulars with very few militia.
+
+That M. de Levis could not do better than in ordering M. de Repentigny
+to cross the river immediately with his detachment _en échelon_, and
+join the Indians, without losing moments very precious; that at the
+same time he should send instantly to inform me of his adventure, in
+order to make all the army advance towards the ford, each regiment
+taking the place of the other marched off; so that the Regiment Royal
+Roussillon, the nearest to the ford, should go off directly to take the
+post that Repentigny would quit in crossing the river, and observing
+the same for the rest of the army; that by this means the engaging a
+general affair was much to be wished for, supposing all the English
+army to be in the woods opposite the ford; in short, that if there
+was a possibility of our being defeated and repulsed in the woods,
+which could scarce happen, according to all human probability, we had
+our retreat assured in the depth of these woods, well known to the
+Canadians, where the English troops could not pursue them, so that in
+no shape could M. de Levis run the least risk.
+
+His aide-de-camp added, that when fortune offers her favours, "they
+ought to be snatched with avidity." These reasons made no impressions
+on M. de Levis, and Langlade was sent back to the Indians with a
+negative reply.
+
+There was two miles from M. de Levis' quarters to the place where the
+Indians were in ambush. Langlade came back with new entreaties and
+earnest solicitations to induce M. de Levis to make Repentigny cross
+the ford with his detachment, but the General could not be prevailed
+upon to give a positive order to Repentigny to join the Indians.
+
+He wrote a letter to Repentigny by Langlade, wherein he told him
+"having the greatest confidence in his prudence and good conduct, he
+might pass the river with his detachment, if he saw a certainty of
+success." His aide-de-camp told him, whilst he was sealing the letter,
+that Repentigny had too much judgment and good sense to take upon
+himself an affair of that importance; and his opinion of Repentigny was
+immediately justified by his answer; he asked M. de Levis to give him
+a clear and positive order. After thus loitering about an hour and a
+half, M. de Levis resolved at last to go himself to the ford, and give
+there his orders verbally; but he had scarce got half way to it when
+he heard a brisk fire. The Indians, losing all patience, after having
+remained so long hid at a pistol shot from you, like setter dogs upon
+wild fowl, at last gave you a volley, killed about a hundred and fifty
+of your soldiers, and then retired without losing a man. It is evident
+that had Repentigny passed the river with his detachment of eleven
+hundred Canadians, you must have been cut to pieces, and that affair
+would have terminated your expedition. Your army could have no more
+hopes of succeeding after such a loss; their spirits would have been
+damped, and Canada would have been secure from any further invasion
+from Great Britain.
+
+Fortune was always as favourable to you, as she constantly frowned
+upon us. M. de Levis is not to be blamed; an officer who serves under
+the orders of others can only be reproached when he does not execute
+punctually the orders he receives from his superiors; and he has always
+reason to be cautious and diffident in such cases where his honour
+and reputation may be engaged, as none can be positively certain of
+the issue of any military enterprise, and if success does not crown
+the venture, of which you have voluntarily burthened yourself, though
+undertaken from the best of motives and apparently for the good of the
+service, thousands of mouths will open to spit venom against you.
+
+But of all others, the ignorant amongst the military, and the knaves,
+to screen themselves, will surely be violent: this is so much the more
+astonishing, in the profession of arms, where sentiments of honour and
+honesty ought to be the foundation.
+
+WOLFE:--My intention in approaching so near your post at the ford was
+to examine it carefully, as I then had formed the design to attack it,
+little imagining that such a considerable detachment as I had with
+me would have been exposed to be set on by your Indians. Accustomed
+to European warfare, I could never have thought that a body of men
+should have been so long, so close to me without discovering them. Your
+intrenchments there appeared to be very trifling, but the sight of
+earth thrown up is respectable, and not to be despised.
+
+MONTCALM:--Your attack of the 31st of July, at the only place of our
+camp which was inaccessible, appeared to me unaccountable. From Quebec
+to Beauport, which was about four miles, it is a marshy ground, very
+little higher than the surface of the St. Lawrence at full tide.
+The heights begin at the ravine at Beauport, and rise gradually all
+along the border of the river, until at Johnstone's redoubt and
+battery--where you made your descent and attack--they become a steep
+high hill, which ends in a deep precipice at the Sault de Montmorency.
+Opposite to Johnstone's redoubt it is so steep that your soldiers could
+scarce be able to climb it, even without the encumbrance of their arms.
+
+Besides this natural fortification, we had a continued intrenchment
+all along the edge of the hill, from Beauport to the Sault, so traced
+and conducted by M. Johnstone that it was everywhere flanked, and the
+sloping of it served as a glacis; thus the fire from the front and
+flanks would have destroyed the three-fourths of your army before they
+could reach the top of the hill.
+
+But supposing that some of your troops had reached the top of the hill,
+up to our trenches, after surmounting these difficulties, my grenadiers
+were drawn up in battle behind them, ready to charge upon them, with
+their bayonets upon their muskets, the instant any of your soldiers
+should appear at the trenches.
+
+The swampy, sinking ground, from the redoubt to the foot of the hill,
+was not one of the smallest difficulties you had in your way to come at
+us.
+
+It is true the Scotch Highlanders, who were your forlorn hope, had got
+over it and had reached the foot of the hill, though certainly very few
+returned; but these turfy swamps, when a certain number of men have
+passed them, become at last impassible, and your soldiers must have
+sunk down in it above the head, multitudes of them perishing there in
+the most useless and disagreeable manner. Thus, sir, I hope you see
+clearly the folly and rashness of that attack, and that your army must
+have been totally destroyed, without hope, had not heaven wrought a
+miracle in your favor, after a long cessation of them, which alone
+could save you.
+
+You were no sooner hotly engaged in the attack, without a possibility
+of withdrawing yourself out of the scrape, when from a clear sunshine
+there fell in that most critical juncture, of a sudden, the most
+violent even, down pour of rain from a cloud, which, as the cloud that
+saved Eneas from the fury of Diomed, placed you immediately out of our
+sight, so that in an instant we could not see half way down the hill.
+You profited, as a wise man, of this event to make good your retreat.
+When the shower was over and we could see you, we found, to our sorrow,
+that you had escaped us, and that you were then out of the reach of
+our fire, marching, in a well-formed column, back to your camp at the
+Sault, well satisfied to have got out of that adventure with the loss
+only of between five and six hundred men.
+
+It was a long time before I could be persuaded that you were in
+earnest. I had always expected your descent and attack would have been
+betwixt the St. Charles river and the ravine of Beauport. All that
+tract of ground, about four miles extent, was everywhere favourable to
+you, if you had made your real descent in the middle of it, opposite to
+M. Vaudreuil's lodging, with feint attacks at Johnstone's redoubt, and
+at the Canardière near the river St. Charles, forcing our intrenchments
+there, which could not resist an instant a well-formed column. The head
+of it, composed of the Scotch Highlanders, might have easily penetrated
+into the plain, separating our army into two parts by the centre,
+having lodged yourself in the south side of the ravine of Beauport,
+and have taken the hornwork upon the St. Charles river, sword in hand,
+without much difficulty or loss of men. In short, all this might have
+been effected in an hour's time, without meeting with any considerable
+resistance from our army, thus divided and opened by the centre; and a
+complete victory, which would have crushed us to pieces without hope,
+would have crowned you with justly merited laurels.
+
+WOLFE:--I own to you, sir, I was greatly deceived with regard to the
+height and steepness of the hill, which did not appear considerable,
+even with a telescope, from the river St. Lawrence; it was only when
+I got to the redoubt that I saw it such as it really is. I began at
+seven in the morning to fire at your camp from my battery at the Sault
+(of forty cannons) mostly four-and-twenty pounders. The _Centurion_, a
+man-of-war of sixty guns, did the same, as also the _Two Cats_, which
+had on board all the tools necessary for the workmen. They gave you
+continually their broadsides, firing upon your camp, as I did from my
+battery, like platoons of infantry.
+
+I dare say you never saw artillery better served and kept up until six
+in the evening when I began my landing at low water. I imagined that
+this terrible cannonade all that day, without a moment's intermission,
+would have intimidated your Canadians and make them quit the trenches;
+my battery at the Sault being thirty or forty feet higher than your
+camp, we saw them down at the shore. Certainly you must have lost a
+great number of men.
+
+MONTCALM:--That brave militia deserves justly the greatest praise. Not
+a man of them stirred from his post, and they showed as much ardour,
+courage and resolution as my regular troops. I had no more than fifty
+men killed and wounded by your furious cannonade, which proves how
+little cannons are hurtful in comparison to the dread and respect
+they inspire. Permit me, sir, to tell you that your countrymen, the
+English, appear to me, from their conduct in Canada, to be as rash,
+inconsiderate and hot-headed as the French, who have ever enjoyed
+that character, notwithstanding your countrymen's reputation for
+coolness and phlegmatic bravery, since I have seen several examples
+of their attacking us before they had examined the _locale_, or known
+our position; and if the two nations are compared impartially, I am
+persuaded that you will do us the justice to own that in our operations
+in Canada we have shown much more circumspection and coolness than your
+English generals. Your attack of the 31st July, without having procured
+beforehand an exact knowledge of the hill and of the places adjacent,
+is not the first example of great temerity and impatience on their part.
+
+The proximity of your camp to this hill might have furnished you the
+means to have a thorough knowledge of our position, by sending proper
+persons to cross over the ford of the river Montmorency where it falls
+into the river St. Lawrence, and where it is fordable at low water.
+
+They might, in a dark night and bad weather, have not only examined the
+steepness of the height, but have even gone over all our camp without
+being discovered; I always imagined you did so until the day of your
+attack, which soon convinced me of the contrary. Your brother in arms,
+Abercrombie, your predecessor in the command of the army, committed
+the same fault at Ticonderoga as you did the 31st of July; but it cost
+him much dearer, the clouds which saved you not having come to his
+assistance.
+
+I set out from Montreal on the 5th of May, 1758, to go to Ticonderoga,
+with all my regular troops--the regiments of La Sarre, La Reine, Royal
+Rousillon, Berne, Guienne, Languedoc, Berry of two battalions, and the
+independent companies of the marine detached in Canada; the regiments
+from France not being recruited, the whole amounted to only about four
+thousand men.
+
+I had no positive information that the English army had formed the
+design to come by the lake St. Sacrament in order to attack Ticonderoga
+(Carillon), and from thence to go to Montreal--but I suspected it, from
+the proximity of this ford to your settlement upon lake St. Sacrament;
+nor did I cease beseeching continually M. Vaudreuil, who was then at
+Quebec, to send me with all possible diligence the Canadian militia,
+which was the principal force for the defence of the colony.
+
+M. Vaudreuil, who has neither common sense, nor judgment, could not
+find out that my military conjectures were grounded; and instead
+of sending me the Canadians, he gave them permission to remain
+at Montreal, sixty leagues from Ticonderoga, to attend to their
+agricultural pursuits.
+
+I dare not allege that he was informed, by the Indians of the Iroquois
+nation, that the object of the English was to invade Canada; that their
+army was on their way to lake St. Sacrament; that it was with the view
+of sacrificing me, and making me the victim of a cabal, who led him and
+governed him blindly, that he kept from me the Canadians.
+
+The 7th of July my conjectures were verified by the arrival of the
+English army at the Chûte, where lake St. Sacrament terminates, about
+four miles from Ticonderoga, consisting of six thousand three hundred
+men, commanded by General Abercrombie, who had succeeded to General
+Braddock, killed the year before at the river Ohio.
+
+The return of a detachment which I had placed at the Chûte, as an
+advanced post, who had lost an hundred and fifty men, killed by the
+English on their arrival there, was a sad confirmation of the bad
+news. It is scarce possible to imagine a more dangerous and critical
+situation than mine--without the aid of Canadians, whose way of
+fighting was so essential to me in the woods--more useful in those
+countries than regular troops. Fort Carillon, or Ticonderoga, was a
+square, regularly fortified, each face of it about seventy fathoms in
+length.
+
+It had four bastions--the walls of masonry, doubled with a rampart,
+as likewise a ditch, covered way, and glacis. M. de Bourlamarque, an
+officer of great merit and intelligence, had added a half moon to it.
+
+To retire with my four thousand troops would have been abandoning the
+colony to General Abercrombie, as the fort could not hold out long
+against so considerable an army; and being on that side the key of
+Canada, with the possession of it in the hands of the English, they
+might go directly to Montreal, and be there in fifteen days, without
+finding on their way the least obstruction; on the other hand, the
+match was very unequal in opposing four thousand men to thirteen
+thousand. There was, however, no room for hesitating, in the choice,
+and I was soon resolved to save the colony by a bold and desperate
+stroke or die, gloriously, sword in hand. I made everybody work hard
+all the night between the 7th and 8th July, cutting down trees to make
+an intrenchment (CCCC), which, when finished, was very weak, trifling,
+and could scarce serve as a breast-work to cover the troops.
+
+The engineers, having cut off the branches, laid the trees upon a line
+on the heights, three or four of them placed horizontally one upon the
+other, which scarce made it above three feet high--so low that your
+soldiers might easily have jumped over it;--they made a line of the
+branches, at two paces distance, on the outside of the trenches (HH).
+It is certain that if the engineers had only thrown the trees with
+their heads outwards, and their branches sharpened in pricking points
+at their ends, it would have made a much stronger intrenchment, more
+difficult to be forced, and built much sooner.[C] I had not the time
+to continue the trenches down to the hollow (DD), at the foot of the
+height, and I placed there two companies of grenadiers.
+
+The hollow upon the right of the height, where the intrenchment was
+the worst of all my lines, was the post of the companies of marines
+(C); the regiments lined the rest of the trenches. Next day, the 8th
+of July, the English army appeared on the borders of the woods, about
+three hundred fathoms from the front of our intrenchment on the height,
+and instantly advanced to the attack, formed in three columns (EE),
+without halting a moment to examine the _locale_. Two of the columns
+attacked the height with the utmost impetuosity, but being very soon
+entangled among the branches, on the outside of the trenches, and
+impeded by them, they lost there a great many men; some few got through
+and, jumping into our trenches, were killed by our soldiers with their
+bayonets.
+
+The American riflemen were posted on two heights (GG), which commanded
+our trenches, from whence they saw sideways in some parts of them, and
+in others the rear of the soldiers (K).
+
+The regiment of Berry was, above all others, worried and tormented
+by their fire--one of these heights being scarce above eighty paces
+from the intrenchments. The third column attacked the hollow upon our
+right; but receiving a brisk fire at its front from the colony troops,
+and at the same time upon its right flank from the regiments on the
+height, the column soon wavered, wheeled to the right, and, presenting
+its front to the height, got out of the reach of the fire from the
+right of the colony troops; upon which M. Raymond, who commanded them,
+went out of the trenches with the right wing of these troops, and
+attacked the left flank of the column, whilst its head and right flank
+were fired at from the height and from the left of the colony troops in
+the trenches.
+
+The column, distressed by this firing, yet, nevertheless, keeping firm
+at the foot of the height, put in disorder the regiment of Berry, who
+abandoned that part of the intrenchment (II) above it.
+
+The moment I perceived the disorder, I ran there, encouraged the
+soldiers of the regiment, made them return to their post, and supported
+them by the grenadiers, whom I had kept in order of battle, at a small
+distance from the trenches, as a reserve, to be employed wherever the
+line might be forced by your troops, to charge upon them headlong,
+their bayonets upon their muskets, without firing: having neglected
+nothing that the short time allowed me to do, in order to make a
+vigorous defence--without aught to reproach myself with--had I been
+overpowered by your army; and having always preserved coolness and
+presence of mind so as to be able to remedy immediately any disorders
+during this long and well disputed attack.
+
+General Abercrombie was at last obliged to retire, after having
+continued for some hours, with the greatest obstinacy, his attempt to
+force our intrenchments,--with the loss of two thousand men.[D]
+
+I acquitted myself of my duty: this always affords a sweet satisfaction
+in all the events of life; and, even to the vanquished and
+unfortunate, it must yield great comfort and consolation. I had only
+twelve hours to prepare to defend myself with five thousand men against
+thirteen thousand.
+
+How can General Abercrombie's rash and blind conduct be accounted for,
+for attacking us without examining or knowing our position? It is
+astonishing.
+
+During twelve hours that he remained at the Chûte after landing there,
+he had time to send and examine the ground round the fort Ticonderoga;
+and they might have had a perfect knowledge of our position from a
+hill, covered with big trees, on the opposite side of the river of
+the Chûte (P);[E] this hill was much higher than any part of our
+intrenchments, and not a musket shot from them; he might have gone
+there himself with safety, having that river between us.
+
+Had he halted only a short time after his arrival on the borders
+of the wood, about six hundred paces from our trenches, he might,
+even from thence, have examined the _locale_ at his leisure. But,
+seized with impatience, he hurried to the attack without stopping
+there a moment--and it is not when an action is engaged that one can
+then examine the enemy's position; or, if he had advanced upon us
+the moment of his landing at the Chûte, the 7th instant, instead of
+loitering there twelve hours, he would not have found even those shabby
+intrenchments; and having so few (regular) troops, irrespective of the
+Canadians, I would have been obliged, on his appearing, to abandon to
+him all that part of the country, and retire to Montreal, leaving only
+a garrison at Fort Carillon. It was certainly through his ignorance
+of the _locale_ that I repulsed him, instead of being myself cut to
+pieces; nor had I any means of retreat, and my troops must have been
+all killed or taken prisoners, if his third column had marched along
+the borders of the wood upon their left; this would have put them out
+of the reach of the fire from the height, they could fall upon the
+right flank of the trenches of the colony troops, who could not have
+resisted a moment the impulse of the column; instead of wheeling and
+changing its plan of attack by presenting its head to the height, had
+he always advanced forward to attack the centre of the intrenchments
+of the marine, he would have easily pierced through it; then, wheeling
+to the right, go up the height, which is there of an easy ascent, and
+fire upon the rear of the troops, who opposed your other two columns,
+they must have been put to flight, the trenches abandoned, and, even
+upon the sight of your third column coming up the height, I must, of
+necessity, have instantly retreated to the fort the best way I could;
+there to embark my army in my boats and carry it down Lake Champlain,
+without being able to make a resistance at Fort Frederic, as it is
+commanded by hills behind it, about the distance of two hundred paces
+from its walls, which makes it a very advantageous post. What would
+have been still worse for me, if my trenches had been forced, there
+is a space of five leagues between Fort Frederic and Ticonderoga, by
+the river St. Frederic, which, about half way, is scarce above fifty
+or sixty fathoms broad, and is a most advantageous post, where not a
+boat would pass by, and must cut off entirely the communication with
+Lake Champlain, as it is an equal distance from the Chûte or from
+Ticonderoga.
+
+General Abercrombie might have sent a body of troops to establish there
+a post, in which case we must have laid down our arms and surrendered
+ourselves prisoners to him, for want of subsistence, and from the
+impossibility of retreating by land.
+
+General Abercrombie might have likewise penetrated easily at the
+hollow, which I had not the time to intrench, where I had placed
+two companies of volunteers; and this would have had equally fatal
+consequences for me, as the third column might have been on the other
+side of the height, the ascent there not being steep or of difficult
+access.
+
+But his attacks were always obstinately directed at the most difficult
+places of the height, as if there had been a cloud before his eyes to
+hinder him from seeing to his right and left what was visible to the
+most ignorant officer.
+
+WOLFE:--That was a most glorious day for you, sir,--worthy of the
+ambition of a great man. Our columns were only at ten steps distance
+from your intrenchments, and all our army saw you perfectly well,
+constantly at work encouraging and exciting the ardour of your
+soldiers, hurrying over your lines perpetually some paces from your
+trenches; exposing your person too rashly compared to the custom of
+our army, your eye glancing over the whole, with the attitude of a
+lion. General Abercrombie perceived, clearly, the disorder upon your
+right when the regiment of Berry was about to retire, and redoubled his
+efforts to profit by it. But you were everywhere, travelling from place
+to place with the swiftness of the eagle; never at a loss; reforming
+the smallest disorder so soon as it was visible, and preventing it from
+spreading, as it generally does, like a flash of lightning. This affair
+won you so great a reputation in England for capacity and talent, that
+I own to you, sir, the idea of having an antagonist of your knowledge
+and merit, made me during the campaign always irresolute, vacillating
+in my opinions and undecided in my projects. I cannot condemn my
+predecessors who had the command of the English armies in Canada.
+The way of fighting of the Canadians and Indians in the woods is so
+different from that practised in Europe, that I readily believe the
+most able General, with an army of the best disciplined troops, in
+following exactly the rules of the art of war,--whose principles are
+sure, fixed and demonstrable in European warfare,--may be easily cut
+to pieces in those vast forests by a very few Indians. There was an
+outcry in England against General Braddock, for allowing his army of
+four thousand men to be cut to pieces at the river Ohio,[F] in the year
+1755, by six hundred and fifty Canadians and Indians only, much more
+than they blame General Abercrombie.
+
+The reason of it is clear. Abercrombie lived to return to England:
+the living always find means to justify themselves. But Braddock was
+killed: the dead are always in the wrong, and never find disinterested
+advocates to plead their cause. Braddock's order of march--criticised
+by your French Generals--may, at first sight, appear singular; and may
+pretend that he must of necessity have been beat, in consequence of the
+bad disposition of it. But analize it, and you will find nothing else
+than the common rule practised through all Europe in passing through
+a wood: an army formed in three columns--the artillery, baggage,
+waggons and cavalry being the column of the centre, between the other
+two columns of infantry; half of the Grenadiers at their head to
+support the Pioneers employed in opening a road through the wood for
+the passage of the carts and artillery, and the rest in the rear, to
+close of march. Braddock was invested on all sides by the Canadians,
+and dispersed in the wood, each of them behind a tree, marking out his
+victim; so that every musket-shot brought down a soldier, and at every
+discharge they flew from tree to tree. What can regular troops do in
+such a case? Close their ranks and files each moment, as did Braddock,
+direct a continual fire at the woods, without perceiving a man, and be
+cut to pieces without seeing an enemy. There is no other method for
+troops to defend themselves against the Indians than what I practised,
+with success, when I was surprised by them at the ford of the River
+Montmorency: the soldiers, with fixed bayonets, dispersed themselves,
+rushed on in disorder towards the places where they perceived the smoke
+of the Indians' discharge; and by these means my detachment in the woods
+chased away your nine hundred Indians, who in a moment disappeared
+entirely, and suffered me to retire at my leisure to my camp.
+
+MONTCALM:--I verily believe, sir, that your idea is just. The Indians
+told me, on their return, that it was now no more possible to fight you
+as formerly, since the English had learned their (the Indians') way
+of fighting. There cannot be a greater advantage for a General than
+the entire knowledge of the country--the seat of war: without this,
+he must always grope in the dark--be foiled in his operations--rest
+often inactive, uncertain in his projects; and be only inactive and
+on the defensive, as you were all the summer as much as me. You were
+absolutely master of the River St. Lawrence by your men-of-war, who
+had ascended it, passing by Quebec with incredible boldness, and
+scorning the most murderous fire from the batteries of the town so
+near them. You had an infinite number of boats at your disposal,
+with all the sailors of your fleet for rowers. What, then, could
+hinder you from sending a body of twelve or fifteen hundred men in
+different detachments, with engineers and able officers, in order to
+be continually landing, to get a thorough knowledge of the country,
+draw plans of all the advantageous positions which abound there;
+and this detachment, if well led, might have gone even to Montreal
+without finding any opposition in their course. Their descriptions
+and plans of the country would have enlightened you, and furnished
+the means of destroying and crushing our army without fighting:
+this is the touchstone to prove superior talents and capacity in a
+General. The gaining of a battle is very often the effect of mere
+chance. But reducing an enemy without fighting must be the result of
+well-combined operations,--is the essence of military science, and
+was always the most radient and distinctive _trait_ in the conduct
+and character of the great men whom history has handed down to us.
+Grounded upon the instructions received from the engineers and officers
+of their detachments, you might have verified their observations by
+your prisoners, who say always more than they intend, when examined
+with kindness, coolness, and with a seeming indifference. The only
+achievement which you performed during two months that you lay
+constantly loitering in your camps, looking at us, was your attack
+of the 31st of July; and your expedition to Deschambault, where you
+sent a body of two thousand men, fourteen leagues up the river from
+Quebec, to burn and pillage a poor, miserable peasant's house, in which
+was the baggage of some French regiments! But the detachment had no
+intention of examining the _locale_ of the country. Had they gone to
+Jacques Cartier, only three leagues from Deschambault, they would have
+discovered there a post strong by nature, which certainly cannot be
+inferior to the Thermopylæ so celebrated by the Greeks, and capable of
+being defended--you being the masters of the River St. Lawrence--by as
+few men as Leonidas had with him against the most numerous army. But
+your detachment at Deschambault, upon the appearance of my cavalry,
+composed merely of two hundred undisciplined Canadians on horseback,
+commanded by the Chevalier de LaRochebeaucourt, ran to their boats and
+embarked with great disorder and confusion, as if our army had been at
+their heels, without having remained there above two hours. Jacques
+Cartier--which takes its name from he who first discovered the River
+St. Lawrence, and who, having lost his ship, passed there the winter
+amongst the Indians--in an immense ravine, with a rapid, shaggy river
+full of large rocks, that runs between the two heights, whose tops are
+about two hundred fathoms distant from each other; their sides are
+as glacis, with a view from their tops to the bottom--four or five
+hundred feet deep--which strikes the eyes with horror on looking down
+that vast precipice. Its side, facing the River St. Lawrence, is a
+steep perpendicular rock; and the ground to the north is impracticable
+from the lakes, swamps, and sinking turf, where at each step a person
+must plunge over the head and perish. It must be impossible to turn
+round it and leave it behind, since the Canadians and the Indians
+never discovered a passage through the woods. Thus the only means
+of approaching this fort must have been by landing at Deschambault.
+From thence to Jacques Cartier, it is an easy and gradually rising
+ascent. Had you seized this extraordinary fort, you would have cut off
+my communication with Montreal, from whence I drew daily my supplies
+for the army: in this event, I had no other alternative than allowing
+my army to perish of famine, or surrender the colony. But as we had
+been sent from Europe, not to destroy the inhabitants, but, on the
+contrary, to save and defend them, I must have immediately concluded by
+capitulating for Canada upon the best terms I could obtain from you. I
+hope I have demonstrated clearly to you that, had you been acquainted
+with the _locale_, you could have made the glorious conquest of Canada
+without shedding a drop of blood.
+
+WOLFE:--You argue, sir, at your ease! How was it possible to examine
+and know the _locale_ of that country, your bloodhounds--the Indians
+and Canadians--being constantly at our heels: one cannot send out
+scouts in Canada, as is done in Europe.
+
+MONTCALM:--Why not? Men cannot be in two places at the same time; and
+you managed to find everywhere Indians and Canadians in your way! There
+are many kinds of irregular troops in Europe as bad to deal with as
+the Indians in woods and in wooded countries. But your army was always
+so struck with terror and dread, that, constantly blinded with fear,
+the shadow of an Indian set them a trembling. Nevertheless, the New
+England independent companies, formed by Roger, who afterwards beat the
+Indians with equal numbers in their own way of fighting behind trees,
+should have removed the formidable impression they have always made
+upon the English. Self-preservation is natural to all mankind, and the
+hour of death must strike with horror the bravest man. But fear is
+pardonable amongst soldiers only when there exists a real cause for
+fear; and is not to be tolerated when groundless: this is so much the
+case of your soldiers with regard to the Indians, that, demoralized
+by fear, they suffer themselves to be butchered by a vastly inferior
+number of Indians, without ever thinking of defending themselves, even
+when they know they will have no quarter. In any danger, soldiers ought
+to be accustomed to look coolly death in the face,--they, whose duty is
+to die when the Sovereign demands it: such is the contract they sign
+with the latter on their entering into his service.
+
+These sentiments may be often the means of one's preserving life
+instead of losing it. Nothing is more incomprehensible to me, in all
+your conduct in Canada, than your landing at _Anse des Mères_ on the
+13th September (the fatal day which deprived us both of our existence,
+but freed us from mortal folly), at the foot of a steep hill, where
+a few men at the top of it, with sticks and stones only, must have
+easily beaten you back on your attempt to climb it, and where we had
+three posts of one hundred men each: one of them commanded by Douglas,
+captain in the regiment of Languedoc; another by Rimini, captain in the
+regiment La Sarre; and the third by De Vergor, captain in the Colony
+troops, at whose post[G] you made your descent. These three hundred
+men, had they done their duty, should have been more than sufficient to
+have repulsed you ignominiously at this steep hill; and you never would
+have got to the top had you met with the smallest resistance. I own
+that your daring surpasses my conception.
+
+WOLFE:--I do not pretend to justify my project by its success, but
+by my combinations, which answered exactly as I had foreseen, and
+which demonstrate my scheme to have been well concerted. In giving
+you this account of it, I am persuaded that you will not blame me
+for undertaking an attempt so absurd in appearance, and yet most
+reasonable when examined impartially. In all expeditions composed
+of sea and land forces, it seldom fails that disputes, animosities,
+jealousies and quarrels arise between the different commanders equal
+in authority; and it is a miracle if you see the Admiral and the
+General unanimously of the same opinion with regard to operations. The
+sea and the land service are sciences whose principles are entirely
+different; as certainly there can be no analogy between the working of
+a ship and the drill of a regiment. Nevertheless, the Admiral meddles
+continually with the land operations, and the General will have the
+fleets do things that are impossible--both of them equally ignorant
+of each other's service; from whence results a clashing discord in
+their operations, when sent out with equal power. If each of them
+would confine himself to that part of the art of war which he has
+studied, and have only in his soul the good and welfare of his King and
+Country, these mixed expeditions of land and sea would succeed much
+better than they generally do. The naval officers tormented me a great
+deal, and were still more troublesome as the season advanced. They
+held a council of war on board the flagship on the 10th September,
+when it was determined to set sail immediately for Europe, seeing the
+imminent dangers to which His Majesty's fleet would be exposed in
+those tempestuous seas by remaining any longer before Quebec; and, in
+consequence of this decision, orders were given to some men-of-war to
+take up their anchors and fall down the river, while orders were issued
+at the same time to begin the general preparations for the immediate
+departure of all the fleet. The 12th, there came two deserters to me
+from one of your three posts you just now mentioned, who belonged to
+the French regiments, and were well informed. Upon examining them,
+I discovered that your posts were guarded very negligently; that de
+Bougainville, who was at Cap Rouge, proposed to send down, the night
+following, some boats loaded with provisions, and that your three posts
+had their orders to let these boats pass unmolested. The idea instantly
+occurred to me to profit by this discovery; and I ran to the Admiral,
+communicated to him what I had learned from the French deserters,
+begged him most earnestly to suffer me to make a last attempt before
+the embarkation of my army. I promised him that if there were twenty
+muskets fired from your posts, I would then desist immediately without
+further thought than to embark speedily in order to return to England.
+The council consented to my demand, and I began my landing at eleven at
+night. When my boats approached the two posts of Douglas and Rimini,
+upon their sentinels calling "_Qui vive!_" my soldiers answered them
+in French, "_Bateaux des vivres_," upon which they suffered them to go
+on without stopping them, as they might have done, in order to receive
+the password. Not finding a sentry at your third post, commanded by
+De Vergor, I landed there with diligence, and all my army was ashore
+before this post perceived our men, without firing but one musket,
+which wounded De Vergor in the heel, who was immediately taken
+prisoner without finding any man of his detachment with him.[H] I began
+my operation by landing there a Sergeant with ten Grenadiers, ordering
+him to advance always straight before him briskly, with long steps,
+and not to halt unless he was discovered by the enemy. A Lieutenant,
+with a detachment of Grenadiers, followed him, having the same orders,
+to halt instantly if they fired at him. The silence continuing, I then
+landed all my Grenadiers, who followed the Sergeant and the Lieutenant;
+and by degrees all my army landed without the least noise, disorder or
+confusion. The silence soon convinced me that they were not discovered;
+dissipated my fears, and assured me of the success of my enterprise.
+The head of the column, which was the guide to the rest of the army,
+got up the hill with difficulty, the others following them at their
+heels. If your guards had been vigilant and done their duty, all I
+risked was the Sergeant and Lieutenant, with a few Grenadiers. I would
+have stopped at the first discharge, as it would have been madness and
+unpardonable to attack by main force a hill so inaccessible that, even
+without an enemy at the top to repel them, my men had much difficulty
+to climb it. Moreover, I was assured by your deserters you had no
+troops on the heights of Abraham. You see now, sir, that it was not
+a heedless, ill-concerted project,--but a sure operation, without
+risking much. An invariable principle with me has ever been to make
+an attack where it appears the most difficult; and it generally meets
+with success, as the point is commonly ill-guarded, frequently entirely
+neglected, and scarcely comprehended in the plan of defence. I am not
+alone of this opinion. Cardinal Ximenes says, that "Ferdinand, King of
+Arragon, fitted out two armies against the Moors, under the conduct
+of Count D'Aguilar, and ordered them to enter into the mountains of
+Grenada at the same time, by the places the most difficult," and
+consequently the least guarded. He gained a most complete victory over
+the Moors. The most difficult gorges of mountains, when not guarded
+where only a single man can pass, a hundred thousand may do the
+same. It is then an easy operation, by forming your men in battle as
+soon as they get through the passage, and provided that they are not
+immediately discovered by the enemy. When once you have a front capable
+to oppose and stand firm, it increases every instant, as you may be
+convinced that the soldiers go through the dangerous passage with great
+quickness. Besides, the enemy is always disconcerted by a surprise;
+demoralized by an unforeseen incident, he becomes timid and alarmed,
+and may be looked upon as already vanquished before the action begins.
+The landing at Cap Breton was executed according to my system. The
+enemy does not expect you at a place of difficult access; it is where
+he does not expect me that I would make my principal attack. Commonly,
+men suffer most where they are most seen.[I] But if they are entirely
+neglected--as it happened at Louisbourg--it is a fault of the General,
+who should be answerable for it. But the General having placed upon
+them a sufficient number of troops in proportion to their difficulties,
+can he be blamed if the officers of these posts do not do their duty?
+
+MONTCALM:--Can there be any divine or human law to punish a man for
+the faults of others? Should they not answer personally? It has
+often happened that the safety of a whole army has depended upon a
+subaltern's guard! You see that the deserters caused you to make a
+last attempt--prevented your embarking your army for England--your
+giving up your enterprise--and, in short, ended in adding Canada to the
+British dominions; and perhaps a vigilant officer at that post (Wolfe's
+Cove) might have hindered the soldiers from deserting, which would at
+once have removed a first cause which produced so many extraordinary
+effects. Your system may be good, if executed with great prudence and
+precaution. But should the enemy be informed of your design, which he
+may be by a deserter acquainted with your great preparations, as you
+were with the negligence of our posts, it is an excellent opportunity
+to have your army cut to pieces and catch a tartar; as it must have
+been your case at the Sault de Montmorency (on the 31st July), had it
+not been for that sudden shower of rain, which came to your rescue in
+the critical moment, when your destruction was otherwise inevitable.
+At least, sir, confess the injustice of mankind. They reproach me with
+being the cause of your success! They accuse me of having sacrificed
+the welfare of my army through jealousy and ill-feeling! My king and
+country--for whom I would have shed, with pleasure, every drop of my
+blood--and those who view my case the most favourably, look on me as
+a giddy, ignorant officer! All these scandalous, atrocious lies and
+calumnies were spread everywhere by a set[J] of men who, from their
+immoderate thirst of riches, would, to serve their interest, have
+betrayed their king and country. Those vile, mercenary souls knew that
+I detested them as much as I constantly cherished honest men, whose
+noble sentiments endeared them to me. My death was happy for them. Had
+I lived to return to Europe, I would have had no difficulty to justify
+all my conduct, and crush these wretches like vermin. Covetousness and
+avarice carried them to Canada; they left their honour and honesty
+in France on embarking, easily forgetting what it is to be just and
+patriotic. I would have soon confounded them. Truth supports oppressed
+innocence, and, sooner or later, dispels the clouds which too often
+overshadow it. I shall give you a faithful and exact account of my
+conduct with regard to the operations of the 13th September, following
+scrupulously truth, which has always been the rule of my actions and
+is held in great veneration by me; and I hope to demonstrate to you
+that if the end of that campaign covered you with glory, Fortune
+was the chief agent, who reunited in your power a great number of
+circumstances, the absence of any one of which sufficed to render your
+expedition fruitless.
+
+Some days after the action of the 31st of July, M. de Levis was sent
+by M. Vaudreuil to command at Montreal, upon a false report that a
+body of English was coming to attack Canada by Lake Champlain--a story
+trumped up by my enemies to deprive me of M. de Levis, in whom I had
+the greatest confidence, on account of his talents: I cannot say he
+made me a just acknowledgment of my sentiments towards him. I went
+to his lodgings a few hours before his departure, which was kept a
+secret from the army; and as I was little acquainted with his plan of
+defence for the left of our camp, at the Sault de Montmorency, I begged
+of him, as a favour, to leave me his aide-de-camp, M. Johnstone, who
+had a perfect knowledge of the _locale_ of that part of the country.
+Your boats having caused us an alarm in the night between the 10th
+and 11th of September, by their appearance opposite to the ravine of
+Beauport, I remained at M. Vaudreuil's until one in the morning, when
+I left him in order that I might return to my lodging--having with
+me M. Montreuil, Major-General of the army, and M. Johnstone. On my
+sending away M. de Vaudreuil, after giving him my orders, I related
+immediately to M. Johnstone all the measures I had concerted with M.
+de Vaudreuil, in case you (Gen. Wolfe) made a descent at daybreak. He
+answered me, that your army being now assembled at Point Levi, and part
+of it gone above Quebec, on the south side of the River St. Lawrence,
+it appeared very doubtful where you might attempt a descent--whether
+above the town, or below it towards the _Canardière_; he added, that
+he believed a body of troops might be advantageously placed upon the
+heights of Abraham, where they could with certainty confront you
+whenever you landed. I approved greatly of his idea. I called back
+Montreuil--who was as yet not far from us--and I ordered him to send
+the Regiment of Guienne--which was encamped near the hornwork at the
+River St. Charles--to pass the night upon the heights of Abraham.
+Next morning--the 11th--I wrote to Montreuil, ordering him to make
+this regiment encamp upon the heights of Abraham, and remain there
+until further orders. Thus, in consequence of my repeated orders, I
+had all the reason possible to believe that this regiment constitued
+a permanent post there; so that the declaration of the deserters from
+the three posts, who could not know this, might have led you into a
+dangerous snare, worse than that of the 31st July. Why this regiment
+continued the 12th in this camp at the hornwork, in spite of my express
+orders to encamp upon the heights, I know not; and can only attribute
+Montreuil's disobedience of my orders to the weakness of his judgment
+and understanding. It is nevertheless evident that, if you had found
+the Regiment of Guienne upon the top of the hill--where it ought to
+have been, had my orders been obeyed--you would have been repulsed
+shamefully with a much greater loss than you met with on the 31st
+July at the Sault; the height where you made your descent, the 13th
+of September, being infinitely steeper than that there which obliged
+you to make a speedy retreat, favoured by the _providential shower_.
+Or, perhaps you would have embarked immediately your army, without
+any further attempt, to return to England, after a most ruinous and
+fruitless expedition--the campaign ending with an incredible expense to
+your nation--fruitless; and, by this means, the colony of Canada would
+have been for ever delivered from such formidable armies.
+
+As soon as your army was reunited in a single camp at Pointe Levi,
+after having been so long separated, upon you sending a body of troops
+up the River St. Lawrence, I detached M. de Bougainville, with fifteen
+hundred of my best troops--composed of all my Grenadiers, of the
+Volunteers from the French Regiments, of my best Canadians and Indians;
+and I likewise gave him some small guns. I ordered him strictly to
+follow all your movements, by ascending the river when you went up, and
+descending as you did the same: in short, to be an army of observation,
+with only the river between you--never to lose sight of you--ever
+ready to oppose your passage up the river, and to fall on you with the
+swiftness of the eagle the moment you attempted to land on our side of
+it. He sent to inform me, the 13th of September, that all your army
+had descended to your camp at Pointe Levi. But he remained loitering
+with his detachment at Cap Rouge--three leagues from Quebec! Why did
+he not follow you to the heights of Abraham, according to his orders?
+Why did he not send me back my Grenadiers and Volunteers--the very
+flower of their Regiments? informing me, as also the posts of Douglas
+and Rimini, that he would send down that night. I cannot conceive the
+reasons for such conduct: it is beyond all conception! He was informed,
+between seven and eight in the morning, by the fugitives from the
+three posts, that your army was landed and drawn up in battle upon the
+heights of Abraham; upon which he left Cap Rouge with his detachment,
+no doubt with the intention to join me. But, instead of taking the
+road to Lorette, or to the General Hospital along the borders of the
+River St. Charles, which led both of them to our camp, he followed the
+heights of Abraham, where he was evidently certain by his information
+to find there your army to intercept him; and it could never be his
+design to fight you with fifteen hundred men! He found a house on his
+way, with three or four hundred of your troops barricading it, and
+was very desirous to take them prisoners. M. le Noir, Captain in the
+Regiment La Sarre--having more bravery than prudence and knowledge of
+the art of war--attacked the house with the most astonishing boldness,
+and had more than half of his company of Volunteers killed: he received
+himself two wounds--one of them by a ball through the body, and the
+other in his hand. De Bougainville, intent on taking the house, waited
+there the arrival of the cannon, to force it; but when the cannon
+arrived, it unluckily happened that the balls had been forgotten at
+Cap Rouge, which obliged him to return there, abandoning the house
+without a moment's reflection. How much more important it would have
+been to direct his march towards the General Hospital, in order to join
+my army! Thus were precious moments wasted ridiculously in the most
+trifling manner. De Bougainville--who has a great deal of wit, good
+sense, many good qualities--was protected by a very great person at
+Court; he is personally brave, has but little knowledge in the military
+science, having never studied it.
+
+The night between the 12th and 13th of September, when you made your
+descent, M. Poularies, Commander of the Regiment Royal Roussillon,
+who encamped behind my lodgings at Beauport, came to me, at midnight,
+to inform me that they saw boats opposite to his regiment. Upon which
+I immediately ordered all the army to line the trenches; and I sent
+Marcel--who served me as Secretary and aid-de-camp--to pass the night
+at M. de Vaudreuil's, giving him one of my Cavaliers of Ordnance,
+ordering Marcel, if there was anything extraordinary in that quarter,
+to inform me of it speedily by the Cavalier. I was out and walked with
+Poularies and Johnstone, between my house and the ravine of Beauport,
+until one in the morning, when I sent Poularies to his regiment, and
+I continued there with Johnstone. All night my mind was in the most
+violent agitation, which I believe proceeded from my uneasiness for
+the boats and provisions that de Bougainville had acquainted me, would
+be sent down the river that night; and I repeated often to Johnstone,
+that I trembled lest they should be taken, "that loss would ruin us
+without resource, having provisions only for two days' subsistence to
+our army." It appears to me that my extraordinary sufferings that night
+were a presage of my cruel fate some hours afterwards. At daybreak they
+fired some cannon from our battery at Samos, near Sillery. I then had
+no more doubts of our boats being taken by you. Alas! I would never
+have imagined that my provisions were in safety at Cap Rouge with de
+Bougainville, and that you were upon the heights of Abraham since
+midnight, without my being informed of an event of so great importance,
+and which was known through all the right of our camp.
+
+The day clearing up, having news from Marcel at M. de Vaudreuil's, who
+had always my Cavalier of Ordnance with him, and perceiving no changes
+in your camp at Point Levis, my mind was more composed on reflecting
+that, if anything extraordinary had happened, I would certainly have
+been informed of it. I then sent Johnstone to order all the army to
+their tents, having passed the night in the trenches, and retired to my
+lodgings after drinking some dishes of tea with Johnstone. I desired
+him to order the servants to saddle the horses, in order to go to M.
+de Vaudreuil's and be informed of the cause of the firing from our
+battery at Samos. Not a soul having come to me from the right of our
+camp since midnight when I sent there Marcel, I set out with Johnstone
+between six and seven in the morning. Heavens, what was my surprise!
+when opposite to M. de Vaudreuil's lodgings, the first news of what
+had passed during the night was the sight of your army upon the heights
+of Abraham, firing at the Canadians scattered amongst the bushes. I
+met at the same time M. de Vaudreuil coming out of his lodgings, and
+having spoke to him an instant, I turned away to Johnstone, and told
+him: "the affair is serious! run with the greatest speed to Beauport;
+order Poularies to remain there at the Ravine with two hundred men, and
+to send me all the rest of the left to the heights of Abraham with the
+utmost diligence."
+
+Johnstone having delivered my orders to Poularies, he quitted him
+an instant to give some instructions to my servants at my lodgings;
+returning to rejoin me, he found Poularies in the Ravine with M. de
+Sennezergue, Brigadier-General and Lieutenant-Colonel of the Regiment
+of La Sarre, and de Lotbinière, Captain of the Colony troops and
+aide-de-camp to M. de Vaudreuil. Poularies stopped Johnstone to make
+him repeat to them my orders, which he did; and at the same time
+advised Poularies, as a friend, to disobey them, by coming himself
+to the heights of Abraham with every man of the left, since it was
+evident that the English army--already landed near Quebec--could
+never think of making a second descent at Beauport; and that it was
+manifest there would be in a few hours an engagement upon the heights
+which would immediately decide the fate of the Colony. Poularies then
+showed Johnstone a written order--signed "Montreuil"--which Lotbinière
+had brought to him from M. de Vaudreuil, "That not a man of the left
+should stir from the camp!" Johnstone declared to them, upon his
+honour, that it was word for word my orders and my intentions; and he
+entreated Poularies, in the most pressing manner, to have no regard
+for that order signed "Montreuil," as the want of two thousand men,
+which formed the left of our camp, must be of the greatest consequence
+in the battle. M. de Sennezergue--an officer of the greatest worth
+and honour, who fell a few hours afterwards--told Johnstone: "That
+he (Johnstone) should take it upon him to make all the left march of
+immediately." Johnstone answered: "That, being only the bearer of
+my orders, he could take nothing upon him. But if he was in M. de
+Sennezergue's place, Brigadier-General, and, by M. de Levis' absence,
+the next in command of the army, he would not hesitate a moment to make
+the left march, without any regard whatsoever to any order that might
+be hurtful to the King's service, in that critical juncture." Johnstone
+left them irresolute and doubtful how to act, clapped spurs to his
+horse, and rejoined me immediately upon the heights.
+
+I don't know, any more than a thousand others, the particulars relative
+to the action of the 13th of September. I am ignorant of who it was
+that made our army take their abominable and senseless position,
+by thrusting it betwixt your army and Quebec, where there were no
+provisions, and the best of our troops absent with de Bougainville; it
+certainly must have been dictated by an ignorant and stupid blockhead!
+I certainly had no hand in it: the piquets and part of the troops were
+already marched up the heights before I came to the Canardière, or ever
+knew that you were landed; and all the right of our army was marching
+after them when I arrived at their encampment. The only proper course
+to be taken in our position, and which would have been apparent to any
+man of common sense who had the least knowledge of the art of war,
+was to quit our camp coolly--calmly--without disorder or confusion,
+and march to Lorette; from thence cross over to St. Foix--which is two
+leagues from Quebec and a league from Cap Rouge--and when joined there
+by M. de Bougainville's detachment, to advance then and attack you as
+soon as possible. By these means you would have found yourself between
+two fires, by a sally from the town the moment that I attacked you on
+the other side. I was no sooner upon the heights than I perceived our
+horrible position,--pressed against the town-walls, without provisions
+for four-and-twenty hours, and a moral impossibility for us to retire,
+being drawn up in battle at the distance of a musket-shot from your
+army. Had I made an attempt to go down the heights, in order to repass
+the River St. Charles and return to my camp, I would have exposed my
+left flank to you, and my rear would have been cut to pieces without
+being able to protect and support it. Had I entered into the town, in
+an instant you would have invested us in it, without provisions, by
+carrying down your left wing to the River St. Charles--an easy movement
+of a few minutes. I saw no remedy other for us than to worry your
+army by a cannonade, having the advantage over you of a rising ground
+suitable for batteries of cannon, hoping, by thus harassing you, that
+you might retire in the night, as certainly you could never be so rash
+as to think of attacking us under the guns of the town; at least I
+would have made my retreat, taking advantage of the darkness of the
+night, to get myself out of the scrape where the ignorance of others
+had thrown me. I sent several persons with orders to M. de Ramsay,
+King's Lieutenant (Deputy Governor), who was in command at Quebec,
+to send me, with all possible haste, the five-and-twenty brass field
+pieces that were in position on the palace battery, near our army; and
+precisely at the same instant when Johnstone came to me on the heights,
+with the news of the order which prevented the left of our army to join
+me, a sergeant arrived from M. de Ramsay--the fourth person I had sent
+to him with my orders--with a categorical answer from him: "That he
+had already sent me three pieces of artillery; and that he could not
+send me any more, having his town to defend!" What could be de Ramsay's
+reasons for such a monstrous conduct, or who it was who inspired him
+with such a daring disobedience, I know not?
+
+1. "His town"--as he called it--was defended by our army which covered
+it, being drawn up in battle about two hundred fathoms from it; and its
+safety depended entirely upon the event of a battle.
+
+2. There were in Quebec about two hundred pieces of cannon, most of
+them twenty-four and thirty-six pounders.
+
+3. Small field-pieces, two or three pounders--such as the palace
+battery--could they be of the least service for the defence of a town?
+
+4. A commander of Quebec, as King's Lieutenant or sub-Lieutenant, such
+as de Ramsay was--not Governor,--or even M. de Vaudreuil himself,
+Governor General of Canada, at that moment in the town,--could they
+have any authority to refuse me all the assistance I could desire from
+Quebec, by my particular commission of Commander-in-Chief of the troops
+in Canada, when my army was at the gates of the town, and your army
+deployed ready to fight? A thousand other queries suggest themselves;
+but of what avail?
+
+I assembled immediately a council of war, composed of all the
+commanding officers of the several regiments, to hear their opinion
+as to what was to be done in our critical situation. Some of them
+maintained you were busy throwing up breastworks. Others, that you
+appeared bent on descending in the valley, in order to seize the bridge
+of boats on the St. Charles river with the hornwork, with the object
+of cutting off our communication with the left wing of our army, which
+remained at Beauport pursuant to the order signed by Montreuil. In
+effect, a movement your army made in that moment towards the windmill
+and Borgia's house, upon the edge of the height, seemed to favour this
+conjecture. But an instant afterwards, the Canadians having set fire
+to that house and chased you from it, you retook your former position.
+Others alleged, that the more we delayed attacking you, the more your
+army would be strong--imagining that your troops had not yet all
+landed. In short, there was not a single member of the war council who
+was not of opinion to charge upon you immediately. Can it be credited
+that these officers--to the dishonour of mankind--who were the most
+violent to attack you, denied it afterwards, and became the most ardent
+censors of my conduct in not deferring the battle! What could I do in
+my desperate situation? Even a Marshal Turenne would have been much
+puzzled to get out of such a dilemma, in which they had entangled me
+either through design or ignorance. I listened with attention to their
+opinion, without opening my lips, and at last answered them:--"It
+appears to me, gentlemen, that you are unanimous for giving battle; and
+that the only question now is, how to charge the enemy?" Montreuil said
+it would be better to attack in columns. I answered him: "That we would
+be beat before our columns could be formed so near to the enemy; and,
+besides, that our columns must be very weak, not having Grenadiers to
+place at their heads." I added, that "since it is decided to attack, it
+must be in Front Baudière(?)" I sent all the officers to their posts,
+and ordered the drummers to beat the charge.
+
+Our onset was neither brisk nor long. We went on in confusion--were
+repulsed in an instant; and it could not naturally be otherwise from
+the absence of our Volunteers and Grenadiers, and de Bougainville at
+Cap Rouge with the best of our Canadians; the Montreal regiments with
+Poularies at Beauport, a league and a half from the battle-field. The
+example of the bravest soldiers in a regiment--the Grenadiers and
+Volunteers--suffices to infuse courage in the most timid, who can
+follow the road shown to them, but cannot lead the way. The brave
+Canadian Militia saw us with heavy hearts, grief and despair, from the
+other side of the St. Charles river, cut to pieces upon the heights,
+stopped, as they were, in the hornwork, and prevented by superior
+orders from rushing to our assistance. About two hundred brave and
+resolute Canadians rallied in the hollow at the bakehouse, and
+returned upon the heights. They fell instantly upon your left wing
+with incredible rage; stopped your army for some minutes from pursuing
+our soldiers in their flight, by attracting your attention to them;
+resisted, undaunted, the shock of your left; and, when repulsed, they
+disputed the ground inch by inch from the top to the bottom of the
+height, pursued by your troops down to the valley at the bakehouse,
+opposite to the hornwork. These unfortunate heroes--who were most of
+them cut to pieces--saved your army the loss of a great many men, by
+not being hotly pursued; and if your left, who followed these two
+hundred Canadians down to the plain, had crossed it from the bakehouse
+to the River St. Charles, only three or four hundred paces, they would
+have cut off the retreat of our army, invested the three-fourths of
+them in Quebec, without provisions, and M. de Vaudreuil, next day,
+must have surrendered the town and asked to capitulate for the colony.
+But your conduct cannot be blamed, as it is always wise and prudent in
+giving--as Pyrrhus advises--a golden bridge to one's enemy in flight.
+
+You see, sir, by this true and faithful account of the battle of
+the 13th September, and of what preceded it, how many different and
+unforeseen events, fortune was obliged to unite in your favour to
+render you successful in your expedition against Canada; the failure
+of any one of which would have sufficed to frustrate your enterprise.
+It would appear that heaven had decreed that France should lose this
+colony. Let us now conclude, sir, that I have as little deserved
+the blame, scorn, contempt and injustice which my country heaped on
+my memory, as you do the excessive honours they lavished on your's
+in England; and that the ablest General in Europe, placed in my
+circumstances, could not have acted otherwise than I did. Moreover,
+I was under M. de Vaudreuil--the weakest man alive, although a most
+obstinate automaton--and could not freely follow my ideas as if I had
+been Commander-in-Chief. In my country the law is equal: we neither
+punish, nor recompense.
+
+The Marquis of Montcalm, endeavouring to rally the troops in their
+disorderly flight, was wounded in the lower part of the belly.[K] He
+was conveyed immediately to Quebec, and lodged in the house of M.
+Arnoux, the King's surgeon, who was absent with M. de Bourlamarque:
+his brother--the younger Arnoux--having viewed the wound, declared
+it mortal. This truly great and worthy man heard Arnoux[L] pronounce
+his sentence of death with a firm and undaunted soul: his mind calm
+and serene; his countenance soft and pleasing; and with a look of
+indifference whether he lived or died. He begged of Arnoux to be so
+kind and outspoken as to tell him how many hours he thought he might
+yet live? Arnoux answered him, that he might hold out until three in
+the morning. He spent that short period of life in conversing with a
+few officers upon indifferent subjects with great coolness and presence
+of mind, and ended his days about the hour Arnoux had foretold him.
+His last words were:--"I die[M] content, since I leave the affairs of
+the King, my dear master, in good hands: I always had a high opinion
+of the talents of M. de Levis." I will not undertake the panegyric
+of this great man: a true patriot and lover of his king and country,
+possessing many rare and good qualities. Had he by chance been born in
+England, his memory would have been celebrated, and transmitted with
+honour to posterity. Illustrious by his virtue and genius, he deserves
+to live in history; he was an unfortunate victim to the insatiable
+avarice of some men, and a prey to the immoderate ambition of others.
+His ashes, mingled with those of Indians, repose neglected far from his
+native country, without a magnificent tomb or altars; General Wolfe
+has statues in England in commemoration of the many faults he committed
+during his expedition in Canada. "How many obscure dead," says a
+modern author, "have received the greatest honours by titles yet more
+vain? O injustice of mankind! The mausolea adorn the temples to repeat
+continually false praise; and history, which ought to be the sacred
+asylum of truth, shows that statues and panegyrics are almost always
+the monuments of prejudice, and that flattery seeks to immortalise
+unjust reputations."
+
+When I was informed of M. de Montcalm's misfortune, I sent him
+immediately his servant Joseph, begging him to acquaint me if I could
+be of any service to him, and in that case I would be with him at
+Quebec immediately. Joseph came back in a moment to the hornwork, and
+grieved me to the inmost of my soul by M. de Montcalm's answer: "that
+it was needless to come to him, as he had only a few hours to live,
+and he advised me to keep with Poularies until the arrival of M. de
+Levis at the army." Thus perished a great man, generally unknown and
+unregretted by his countrymen--a man who would have become the idol and
+ornament of any other country in Europe.
+
+The French army in flight, scattered and entirely dispersed, rushed
+towards the town. Few of them entered Quebec; they went down the
+heights of Abraham, opposite to the Intendant's Palace (past St.
+John's gate) directing their course to the hornwork, and following the
+borders of the River St. Charles. Seeing the impossibility of rallying
+our troops, I determined myself to go down the hill at the windmill,
+near the bakehouse,[P] and from thence across over the meadows to the
+hornwork, resolved not to approach Quebec, from my apprehension of
+being shut up there with a part of our army, which might have been the
+case if the victors had drawn all the advantage they could have reaped
+from our defeat. It is true the death of the general-in-chief--an event
+which never fails to create the greatest disorder and confusion in an
+army--may plead as an excuse for the English neglecting so easy an
+operation as to take all our army prisoners.
+
+But, instead of following immediately my ideas, I was carried off
+by the flow of the fugitives, without being able to stop them or
+myself until I got to a hollow swampy ground, where some gunners were
+endeavouring to save a field-piece which stuck there, and I stayed an
+instant with them to encourage them to draw it to the town. Returning
+back upon the rising ground, I was astonished to find myself in the
+centre of the English army, who had advanced whilst I was in the
+hollow with the gunners, and taking me for a general, on account of
+my fine black horse, they treated me as such by saluting me with a
+thousand musket shots from half of the front of their army, which had
+formed a crescent. I was, nevertheless, bent on reaching the windmill,
+and I escaped their terrible fire without any other harm than four
+balls through my clothes, which shattered them; a ball lodged in the
+pommel of my saddle, and four balls in my horse's body, who lived,
+notwithstanding his wounds, until he had carried me to the hornwork.
+
+It is impossible to imagine the disorder and confusion that I found
+in the hornwork.[Q] The dread and consternation was general. M. de
+Vaudreuil listened to everybody, and was always of the advice of he
+who spoke last. No order was given with reflection and with coolness,
+none knowing what to order or what to do. When the English had repulsed
+the two hundred Canadians that had gone up the height at the same time
+that I came down from it, pursuing them down to the bakehouse, our
+men lost their heads entirely; they became demoralized, imagining that
+the English troops, then at the bakehouse, would in an instant cross
+the plain and fly over the St. Charles river into the hornwork as with
+wings. It is certain that when fear once seizes hold of men it not only
+deprives them totally of their judgment and reflection, but also of
+the use of their eyes and their ears, and they become a thousand times
+worse than the brute creation, guided by instinct only, or by that
+small portion of reason which the author of nature has assigned it,
+since it preserves the use of it on all occasions. How much inferior
+to them do the greater portion of mankind appear, with their boasted
+reason, when reduced to madness and automata, on occasions when they
+require the more the use of their reason.
+
+The hornwork had the River St. Charles before it, about seventy paces
+broad, which served it better than an artificial ditch; its front,
+facing the river and the heights, was composed of strong, thick, and
+high palisades, planted perpendicularly, with gunholes pierced for
+several pieces of large cannon in it; the river is deep and only
+fordable at low water, at a musket shot before the fort. This made it
+more difficult to be forced on that side than on its other side of
+earthworks facing Beauport, which had a more formidable appearance;
+and the hornwork certainly on that side was not in the least danger
+of being taken by the English, by an assault from the other side of
+the river. On the appearance of the English troops on the plain of the
+bakehouse, Montguet and La Motte, two old captains in the Regiment of
+Bearn, cried out with vehemence to M. de Vaudreuil, "that the hornwork
+would be taken in an instant, by an assault, sword in hand; that we
+would be all cut to pieces without quarter, and that nothing else would
+save us but an immediate and general capitulation of Canada, giving it
+up to the English."
+
+Montreuil told them that "a fortification such as the hornwork was not
+to be taken so easily." In short, there arose a general cry in the
+hornwork to cut the bridge of boats.[R] It is worthy of remark, that
+not a fourth of our army had yet arrived at it, and the remainder, by
+cutting the bridge, would have been left on the other side of the river
+as victims to the victors. The regiment 'Royal Roussillon' was at that
+moment at the distance of a musket shot from the hornwork, approaching
+to pass the bridge. As I had already been in such adventures, I did
+not lose my presence of mind, and having still a shadow remaining
+of that regard, which the army accorded me on account of the esteem
+and confidence which M. de Levis and M. de Montcalm had always shown
+me publicly, I called to M. Hugon, who commanded, for a pass in the
+hornwork, and begged of him to accompany me to the bridge. We ran
+there, and without asking who had given the order to cut it, we chased
+away the soldiers with their uplifted axes ready to execute that
+extravagant and wicked operation.
+
+M. de Vaudreuil was closeted in a house in the inside of the hornwork
+with the Intendant and with some other persons. I suspected they were
+busy drafting the articles for a general capitulation, and I entered
+the house, where I had only time to see the Intendant with a pen in
+his hand writing upon a sheet of paper, when M. de Vaudreuil told me
+I had no business there. Having answered him that what he said was
+true, I retired immediately, in wrath, to see them intent on giving
+up so scandalously a dependency for the preservation of which so much
+blood and treasure had been expended. On leaving the house, I met
+M. Dalquier, an old, brave, downright honest man, commander of the
+regiment of Bearn, with the true character of a good officer--the marks
+of Mars all over his body. I told him it was being debated within
+the house, to give up Canada to the English by a capitulation, and
+I hurried him in to stand up for the King's cause, and advocate the
+welfare of his country. I then quitted the hornwork to join Poularies
+at the Ravine[S] of Beauport; but having met him about three or four
+hundred paces from the hornwork, on his way to it, I told him what was
+being discussed there. He answered me, that sooner than consent to a
+capitulation, he would shed the last drop of his blood. He told me to
+look on his table and house as my own, advised me to go there directly
+to repose myself, and clapping spurs to his horse, he flew like
+lightning to the hornwork.
+
+As Poularies was an officer of great bravery, full of honour and
+of rare merit, I was then certain that he and Dalquier would break
+up the measures of designing men. Many motives induced me to act
+strenuously for the good of the service; amongst others, my gratitude
+for the Sovereign who had given me bread; also, my affection and
+inviolable friendship for M. de Levis in his absence, who was now
+Commander-in-Chief of the French armies in Canada by the death of M. de
+Montcalm. I continued sorrowfully jogging on to Beauport, with a very
+heavy heart for the loss of my dear friend, M. de Montcalm, sinking
+with weariness and lost in reflection upon the changes which Providence
+had brought about in the space of three or four hours.
+
+Poularies came back to his lodgings at Beauport about two in the
+afternoon, and he brought me the agreeable news of having converted
+the project of a capitulation into a retreat to Jacques-Cartier,
+there to wait the arrival of M. de Levis; and they despatched a
+courier immediately to Montreal to inform him of our misfortune at
+Quebec, which, to all appearance, would not have happened to us if M.
+de Vaudreuil had not sent him away, through some political reason,
+to command there, without troops except those who were with M. de
+Bourlamarque at L'Isle aux Noix--an officer of great knowledge. The
+departure of the army was agreed upon to be at night, and all the
+regiments were ordered to their respective encampments until further
+orders. The decision for a retreat was to be kept a great secret, and
+not even communicated to the officers. I passed the afternoon with
+Poularies, hoping each moment to receive from Montreuil--Major-General
+of the army--the order of the retreat for the regiment Royal
+Roussillon; but having no word of it at eight o'clock in the evening,
+and it being a dark night, Poularies sent his Adjutant to M. de
+Vaudreuil to receive his orders for the left. Poularies instantly
+returned to inform him that the right of our army was gone away with
+M. de Vaudreuil without his having given any orders concerning the
+retreat, and that they followed the highway to the hornwork. Castaigné,
+his Adjutant, could give no further account of this famous retreat,
+only that all the troops on our right were marched off. It can be
+easily imagined how much we were confounded by this ignorant and stupid
+conduct, which can scarce appear credible to the most ignorant military
+man.
+
+Poularies sent immediately to inform the post next to his regiment of
+the retreat, with orders to acquaint all the left of it, from post to
+post, between Beauport and the Sault de Montmorency.
+
+I then set out with him and his regiment, following those before us
+as the other posts to our left followed us, without any other guides,
+orders or instructions with regard to the roads we should take, or
+where we should go to; this was left to chance, or at least was a
+secret which M. de Vaudreuil kept to himself _in petto_. It was a
+march entirely in the Indian manner; not a retreat, but a horrid,
+abominable flight, a thousand times worse than that in the morning
+upon the heights of Abraham, with such disorder and confusion that,
+had the English known it, three hundred men sent after us would have
+been sufficient to destroy and cut all our army to pieces. Except the
+regiment Royal Roussillon, which Poularies, always a rigid and severe
+disciplinarian, kept together in order, there were not to be seen
+thirty soldiers together of any other regiment. They were all mixed,
+scattered, dispersed, and running as hard as they could, as if the
+English army was at their heels. There never was a more favourable
+position to make a beautiful, well-combined retreat, in bright day,
+and in sight of the English Army looking at us, without having the
+smallest reason to fear anything within their power to oppose it, as I
+had obtained a perfect knowledge of the _locale_ from Beauport to the
+Sault de Montmorency during some months that I was there constantly
+with M. de Levis and M. de Montcalm. I thought myself in a position
+to foretell to Poularies the probable order of retreat, and the route
+which would be assigned to each regiment for their march to the Lorette
+village. I was greatly deceived, and indeed could never have foreseen
+the route which our entire army followed to reach Lorette, and which
+prolonged our march prodigiously for the centre of our army, and still
+more for our left at the Sault de Montmorency. There is a highway in a
+straight line from the Sault de Montmorency to Lorette, which makes a
+side of a triangle formed by another highway from the Sault to Quebec,
+and by another road from Lorette to the hornwork, which formed the
+base. In the highway from the Sault to the hornwork there are eight
+or nine cross roads of communication from it to the road from the
+Sault to Lorette, which are shorter as they approach to the point of
+the angle at the Sault. Thus it was natural to believe that our army,
+being encamped all along the road from the Sault to the hornwork, each
+regiment would have taken one of these cross roads, the nearest to
+his encampment, in order to take the straight road from the Sault to
+Lorette, instead of coming to the hornwork to take there the road from
+Quebec to Lorette, by which the left had double the distance to march,
+besides being more liable by approaching the hornwork so near to the
+English, to make them discover the retreat.
+
+The army, by this operation, would have arrived all at the same time
+in the road from the Sault to Lorette by the difference in the length
+of these cross roads, and would have naturally formed a column all
+along that road; and as it was not a forced retreat, they had the time
+from twelve at noon until eight at night to send off all the baggage
+by cross roads to Lorette, without the English perceiving it; but
+supposing them even fully aware of our design, which might have been
+executed in open day, they no way could disturb our operations without
+attacking the hornwork, and attempting the passage of the river St.
+Charles--a very difficult and dangerous affair--where they might be
+easily repulsed, exposing themselves in a moment to lose the fruits
+of their victory, without enjoying it; and consequently they would
+have been insane had they ventured on such a rash enterprise. Instead
+of these wise measures, which common sense alone might have dictated,
+tents, artillery, the military stores, baggage, and all other effects,
+were left as a present to the English; the officers saved only a few
+shirts, or what they could carry in their pockets: the rest was lost.
+In fact, it would appear, by this strange conduct, that a class of
+men there, from interested views, were furiously bent on giving up
+the colony to the English, so soon as they could have a plausible
+pretext to colour their designs,--by lopping off gradually all the
+means possible to defend it any longer. M. de Vaudreuil had still
+other kind offices in reserve for the English. He wrote to de Ramsay,
+King's Lieutenant and Commander in Quebec,[T] as soon as the retreat
+was decided:--"That he might propose a capitulation for the town
+eight-and-forty hours after the departure of our army from our camp at
+Beauport, upon the best conditions he could obtain from the English."
+We ran along in flight all night; and at daybreak M. de Bougainville,
+with his detachment, joined us near Cap Rouge. In the evening, our army
+arrived at Pointe-aux-Trembles--five leagues from Quebec--where it
+passed the night, and next day came to Jacques-Cartier. The English had
+so little suspicion of our retreat, seeing our tents standing without
+any change at our camp, that Belcour--an officer of La Rochebaucourt's
+cavalry--having returned to it with a detachment, two days after our
+flight, he found everything the same as when we left it. He went into
+the hornwork with his detachment, and fired the guns (pointed) at the
+heights of Abraham towards the English camp, which greatly alarmed them.
+
+
+                                 FINIS.
+
+[The remainder of the manuscript alludes more particularly to the
+campaign conducted by Chevalier de Levis, which ended, in 1760, by the
+capitulation of Montreal.]
+
+
+                                ADDENDA.
+
+  _Extract of the Register of Marriages, Baptisms and Deaths of the
+      French Cathedral at Quebec, for 1759_:--
+
+  "L'an mil sept cens cinquante-neuf, le quatorzième du mois de
+  Septembre, a été inhumé dans l'Eglise des Religieuses Ursulines
+  de Québec, haut et puissant Seigneur Louis Joseph Marquis de
+  Montcalm, Lieutenant Général des armées du Roy, Commandeur de
+  l'ordre Royal et militaire de St. Louis, Commandant en chef des
+  troupes de terre en l'Amérique Septentrionale, décédé le même
+  jour de ses blessures au combat de la veille, muni des sacrements
+  qu'il a reçus avec beaucoup de piété et de Religion. Etoient
+  présents à son inhumation MM. Resche, Cugnet et Collet, chanoines
+  de la Cathédrale, M. de Ramezay, Commandant de la Place, et tout
+  le corps des officiers.
+
+    (Signé,)
+        "RESCHE, Ptre. Chan.
+        "COLLET, Chne."
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[A] Les Ecossais en France, Vol. II., P. 449.
+
+[B] Formerly, inward bound ships, instead of taking the south channel
+lower down than Goose Island, struck over from Cape Tourmente, and took
+the south channel between Madame Island and Pointe Argentenay.
+
+[C] General Abercrombie's army consisted of 6,000 regular troops and
+7,000 provincials, according to the English; but the French gave them
+out to be 6,300 troops, and 13,000 provincials--in all 19,300 men.
+
+[D] The French say the English lost between four and five thousand men.
+
+[E] Unfortunately, the plans here alluded to do not accompany the
+manuscript.
+
+[F] This contest is generally denominated the Battle of the
+Monongahela. Capt. Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu commanded the Canadians,
+and achieved a most brilliant victory over General Braddock and George
+Washington; the English losing their provisions, baggage, fifteen
+cannon, many small arms, the military chest, Braddock's papers.
+Washington, after the battle, wrote: "We have been beaten, shamefully
+beaten, by a handful of French."--(J. M. L.)
+
+[G] De Vergor's post apparently stood about a 100 yards to the east of
+the spot on which Wolfe's Field-cottage has since been built. The ruins
+still exist.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[H] De Vergor's guard was composed chiefly of Militiamen from
+Lorette, who on that day had obtained leave to go and work on
+their farms, provided they also worked on a farm Captain De Vergor
+owned.--"_Mémoires sur les Affaires de la Colonie de 1749-60._" Some
+historians have intimated that De Vergor--a _protége_ of Bigot's--was a
+traitor to his King.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[I] I incline more to General Wolfe's opinion than what Voltaire
+reports in the war of 1781, to have been the King of Prussia's
+maxim:--"That we ought always to do what the enemy is afraid of." Where
+the enemy is afraid of anything in particular, he has there his largest
+force, and is there more on his guard than anywhere else.--(MANUSCRIPT
+NOTE.)
+
+[J] Bigot's coterie.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[K] It was reported in Canada, that the ball which killed that great,
+good and honest man, was not fired by an English musket. But I never
+credited this.
+
+[L] Arnoux gave me this account of his last moments.--MANUSCRIPT NOTES.
+
+[M] The place where Montcalm died appears yet shrouded in doubt. It
+is stated, in Knox's Journal, that, on being wounded, Montcalm was
+conveyed to the General Hospital, towards which the French squadrons
+in retreat had to pass to regain, over the bridge of boats, their camp
+at Beauport. The General Hospital was also the head-quarters of the
+wounded--both English and French. It has been supposed that Arnoux's
+house, where Montcalm was conveyed, stood in St. Louis street. No where
+does it appear that Montcalm was conveyed to his own residence on the
+ramparts (on which now stands the residence of R. H. Wurtele, Esquire).
+As the city surrendered five days after the great battle, it was likely
+to be bombarded--and, moreover, one-third of the houses in it had been
+burnt and destroyed--we do not see why the wounded General should have
+been conveyed from the battle-field to the Château St. Louis--certainly
+an exposed situation in the event of a new bombardment; and, moreover,
+the city itself, after and during the battle, was considered so
+insecure that the French army, instead of retreating to it for shelter,
+hurried past the General Hospital, over the bridge, to their camp at
+Beauport. There is a passage in Lieutenant-Colonel Beatson's Notes
+on the Plains of Abraham, which we give:--"The valiant Frenchman
+(Montcalm), regardless of pain, relaxed not his efforts to rally his
+broken battalions in their hurried retreat towards the city until he
+was shot through the loins, when within a few hundred yards of St.
+Louis Gate.[N] And so invincible was his fortitude that not even the
+severity of this mortal stroke could abate his gallant spirit or alter
+his intrepid bearing. Supported by two grenadiers--one at each side of
+his horse--he re-entered the city; and in reply to some women who, on
+seeing blood flow from his wounds as he rode down St. Louis street, on
+his way to the Château, exclaimed: _Oh, mon Dieu! mon Dieu! le Marquis
+est tuê!!!_ he courteously assured them that he was not seriously hurt,
+and begged of them not to distress themselves on his account.--_Ce
+n'est rien! ce n'est rien! Ne vous affligez pas pour moi, mes bonnes
+amies._"[O]
+
+[N] M. GARNEAU, in his _Histoire du Canada_, says:--"The two
+Brigadier-Generals, M. de Semezergues and the Baron de St. Ours, fell
+mortally wounded; and MONTCALM (who had already received two wounds),
+while exerting himself to the utmost to rally his troops and preserve
+order in the retreat, was also mortally wounded in the loins by a
+musket-ball. He was at that moment between _Les Buttes-a-Neveu_ and St.
+Louis Gate." From the city, on the one side, and from the battle-field,
+on the other, the ground rises until the two slopes meet and form
+a ridge; the summit of which was formerly occupied by a windmill
+belonging to a man named _Neveu_ or _Nepveu_. About midway between this
+ridge and St. Louis Gate, and to the southward of the St. Louis Road,
+are some slight eminences, still known by the older French residents as
+_Les Buttes-a-Nepveu_ or _Neveu's hillocks_, and about three-quarters
+of a mile distant from the spot where the British line charged.--R. S.
+BEATSON.
+
+[O] For these particulars I am indebted to my friend Mr. G. B.
+Faribault--a gentleman well known in Canada for his researches into
+the history of the Colony; whose information on this subject was
+derived from his much respected fellow-citizen the Hon. John Malcolm
+Frazer--grandson of one of WOLFE'S officers, and now (1854) one of the
+oldest inhabitants of Quebec; where, in his childhood and youth, he
+had the facts, as above narrated, often described to him by an elderly
+woman who, when about eighteen years of age, was an eye-witness of the
+scene.--R. S. BEATSON.
+
+[P] This bakehouse appears to have been some where at the foot of
+Abraham's hill.
+
+[Q] The excavations of these French works are very visible to this
+day behind Mr. G. H. Parke's residence, Ringfield, Charlesbourg road.
+The hornwork appears to have covered about twelve acres of ground,
+surrounded by a ditch.
+
+[R] It crossed the St. Charles a little higher up than the Marine
+Hospital, at the foot of Crown street.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[S] A small bridge supported on masonry has since been built at this
+spot, exactly across the main road at Brown's mills.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[T] The deliberations of the council of war, called at M. Daine's,
+Mayor of Quebec, on the 15th September, 1759, published in de Ramsay's
+Memoires, in 1861, by the Literary and Historical Society, have done an
+effective, though a tardy, justice to de Ramsay's memory.--(J. M. L.)
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Simple typographical errors were corrected.
+
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+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44381 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44381 ***</div>
+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Dialogue in Hades, by James Johnstone,
+chevalier de Johnstone</h1>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      <a href="https://archive.org/details/dialogueinhades00john">
+      https://archive.org/details/dialogueinhades00john</a>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1 class="vspace"><span class="small">A</span><br />
+
+DIALOGUE IN HADES.</h1>
+
+<p class="p2 center">A PARALLEL OF MILITARY ERRORS, OF WHICH THE FRENCH<br />
+AND ENGLISH ARMIES WERE GUILTY, DURING THE<br />
+CAMPAIGN OF <b>1759</b>, IN CANADA.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 vspace larger center">ATTRIBUTED TO CHEVALIER JOHNSTONE.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center vspace">Published under the Auspices of the<br />
+
+<span class="large">Literary and Historical Society of Quebec</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">[REPRINTED.]</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center vspace">QUEBEC:
+<span class="smaller">PRINTED AT THE “MORNING CHRONICLE” OFFICE.</span><br />
+1887.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="p4">[The original of this manuscript is deposited in the French war archives,
+in Paris; a copy was, with the permission of the French Government, taken in
+1855, and deposited in the Library of the Legislative Assembly of Canada.
+The Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, through the kindness of Mr.
+Todd, the Librarian, was permitted to have communication thereof. This
+document is supposed to have been written about the year 1765, that is five
+years after the return to France from Canada of the writer, the Chevalier
+Johnstone, a Scottish Jacobite, who had fled to France after the defeat at
+Culloden, and obtained from the French monarch, with several other
+Scotchmen, commissions in the French armies. In 1748, says <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Francisque
+Michel</i>,<a name="FNanchor_A" id="FNanchor_A" href="#Footnote_A" class="fnanchor">A</a> “he sailed from Rochefort as an Ensign with troops going to Cape
+Breton; he continued to serve in America until he returned to France, in
+December, 1760, having acted during the campaign of 1759, in Canada, as
+aide-de-camp to Chevalier de Levis. On Levis being ordered to Montreal,
+Johnstone was detached and retained by General Montcalm on his staff, on
+account of his thorough knowledge of the environs of Quebec, and particularly
+of Beauport, where the principal works of defence stood, and where the whole
+army, some 11,000 men, were entrenched, leaving in Quebec merely a garrison
+of 1500. The journal is written in English, and is not remarkable for
+orthography or purity of diction; either Johnstone had forgotten or had never
+thoroughly known the language. The style is prolix, sententious, abounding
+in quotations from old writers. This document had first attracted the
+attention of one of the late historians of Canada, the Abbé Ferland, who
+attached much importance to it, as calculated to supply matters of detail and
+incidents unrecorded elsewhere. Colonel Margry, in charge of the French
+records, had permitted the venerable writer, then on a visit to Paris, to make
+extracts from it; some of which extracts, the abbé published at the time of
+the laying of the St. Foy Monument, in 1862. The Chevalier Johnstone differs
+<i xml:lang="la" lang="la">in toto</i> from the opinions expressed by several French officers of regulars,
+respecting the conduct of the Canadian Militia, in 1759, ascribing to their
+valour, on the 13th September, the salvation of a large portion of the French
+army. He has chosen the singular, though not unprecedented mode of the
+Dialogue, to recapitulate the events of a campaign in which he played a not
+inconsiderable part.”&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;<span class="smcap">J.&nbsp;M. LeMoine.]</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="p4 center smaller">[Published under the auspices of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec.]</p>
+
+<h2>A DIALOGUE IN HADES.<br />
+
+<span class="subhead">A PARALLEL OF MILITARY ERRORS, OF WHICH THE FRENCH
+AND ENGLISH ARMIES WERE GUILTY, DURING THE
+CAMPAIGN OF 1759, IN CANADA.</span></h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Marquis de Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Having ardently
+desired a conversation with you, sir, upon the operations of
+a campaign which proved to both of us so fatal, I have
+sought you continually amongst the shades ever since I
+descended here, where I soon followed you.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">General Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I can assure you, sir, I was equally
+impatient to meet with you. Some of my countrymen,
+arrived here since the battle of the 13th September, informed
+me that there was only an interval of a few hours in our
+sharing the same hard fate. They gave me some accounts
+of that event which joined Canada to the British
+dominions; but as they had a very imperfect knowledge of
+the circumstances, and entirely ignorant of your plan of
+operations, I have little information from them, and I am
+heartily glad that chance at last has procured me the
+pleasure of seeing you.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Will you permit me, sir, before our conversation
+becomes serious, to offer some reflections upon
+the difference in our destiny. Your nation rendered you
+the greatest honours; your body was conveyed to
+London, and buried there magnificently in Westminster
+Abbey, amongst your kings. Generous Britons erected
+to your memory a superb monument over your grave, at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span>
+public expense; and your name, most dear to your countrymen,
+is ever in their mouths, accompanied with praise and
+regret. But in my country what a strange indifference?
+What sensation did my death make upon my compatriots?
+My conduct denounced and censured without measure, is
+the continual subject of conversation for gossiping fools
+and knaves, who form the majority in all communities, and
+prevail against the infinitely small number to be found of
+honest, judicious, impartial men, capable of reflection. The
+Canadians and savages who knew the uprightness of my
+soul, ever devoted to the interests of my beloved king and
+country, they alone rendered me justice, with a few sincere
+friends, who, not daring to oppose themselves openly to
+the torrent of my enemies, bewailed in secret my unhappy
+fate, and shed on my tomb their friendly tears.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;In this blessed abode, inaccessible to prejudice,
+I vow to you, sir, I envy your condition, notwithstanding
+the horrible injustice and ingratitude of your countrymen.
+What can give more pleasure and self-satisfaction than the
+esteem and approbation of honest men? You were
+severely regretted and lamented by all those who were
+capable of discerning and appreciating your superior merit,
+talents, and eminent qualities. Disinterested persons of
+probity must respect your virtue. All officers versed in
+the art of war will justify your military tactics, and your
+operations can be blamed only by the ignorant. Were my
+army consulted, they would be as many witnesses in your
+favour. Your humanity towards prisoners won you the
+heart of all my soldiers. They saw with gratitude and
+veneration your continual care and vigilance to snatch
+them from out of the hands of the Indians, when those
+barbarians were ready to cut their throats, and prepared to
+make of human flesh their horrible banquets; refusing me
+even tears at my death, they weeped and bewailed your
+hard fate; I see in my mausoleum the proof only of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span>
+human weakness! What does that block of marble avail
+to me in my present state? The monument remains, but
+the conqueror has perished. The affection, approbation
+and regret of the worthiest part of mankind is greatly
+preferable and much above the vain honours conferred by
+a blind people, who judge according to the event, and are
+incapable to analyse the operations. I was unknown to
+them before the expedition which I commanded in Canada;
+and if fortune, to whom I entirely owe my success, had
+less favoured me, perhaps, like Byng, I would have been
+the victim of a furious and unruly populace. The
+multitude has and can have success only for the rule of
+their judgment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I am much obliged to you, sir, for your
+favourable opinion of me. Let us leave weak mortals to
+crawl from error to error, and deify to-day what they will
+condemn to-morrow. It is at present, when the darkness
+is dispelled from before our eyes, that we can contemplate
+at leisure the passions of men, who move as the waves of
+the sea, push on each other and often break upon the
+rocks; and in our present state, when all prejudices are at
+an end, let us examine impartially the operations of 1759,
+which was the epocha of the loss to France of her northern
+colonies in America.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Most willingly, sir, and to show my
+frankness, I own to you I was greatly surprised on arriving
+with the English fleet at Quebec without meeting with
+any opposition by the French in the river St. Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;You had reason to be so. It was not
+my fault that you did not meet with many obstacles in
+your way. I proposed to have a redoubt and battery erected
+upon Cape Tourmente, which is a rock above fifty feet
+high, facing the Traverse at the <span class="locked">east<a name="FNanchor_B" id="FNanchor_B" href="#Footnote_B" class="fnanchor">B</a></span> end of the Island of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span>
+Orleans, where all the vessels cross from the north to the
+south side of the St. Lawrence river. They are obliged to
+approach very near the Cape before they enter into the
+Traverse, and its height above the men-of-war would have
+secured it against the effect of the artillery. Besides, this
+rock, almost perpendicular, commanding all round it, the
+fort would have been impregnable, and not susceptible of
+being besieged. Thus the first of your ships which
+approached to pass the Traverse would have been raked
+by the plunging fire of the battery from stern to bowsprit,
+and must have been sunk. I had likewise the project of
+placing a battery and a redoubt upon the upper point of
+the bay which is opposite to the west end of <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Isle aux
+Coudres</i>. The current between this island and the main
+land being incredibly rapid at low water, all the vessels
+coming up the river must have cast anchor there to wait
+until the next tide; and my artillery upon the point of
+that bay would have battered your ships at anchor from
+fore to aft; have put in a most terrible confusion your
+ships, who could not have taken up their anchors without
+being instantly dashed to pieces against the rocks by the
+violence of the current, forced, as they would have been
+by it, to have their bowsprits always pointed to the battery,
+without being able to fire at it. Your fleet would have had
+no knowledge of the battery until they were at anchor, so
+you may easily judge how it would have distressed them.
+I proposed this, but I did not command in chief; it was
+the Marquis de Vaudreuil, Governor General of Canada,
+who should have ordered it to be put into execution.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;If they had executed your project, it would
+have puzzled us, and retarded for some time our
+operations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;That was all I could wish for, as I was
+always sensible of the great advantage, in certain
+situations, of gaining time from the enemy, especially in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span>
+such a climate as Canada, where the summer is so short
+that it is impossible to keep the field longer than from the
+month of May till the beginning of October, and your fleet
+arrived at <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Isle aux Coudres</i> at the end of June.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;There is no doubt that you are in the right.
+Our fleet arrived in the river St. Lawrence six weeks too
+late, which is commonly the fate of all great naval expeditions.
+Fleets are seldom ready to sail at the time appointed;
+and this often renders fruitless the best concocted enterprise
+by sea, from the uncertainty of the arrival of the army
+at its destination. The smallest delay is often dangerous, as
+it gives the enemy the time to prepare themselves for
+defence, without hurry or confusion.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I will not conceal from you, sir, that I
+always looked upon the distribution you made of your army
+upon your landing near Quebec, as diametrically opposed
+to the established principles in castrametation. It is a
+known axiom in the art of war, that an army ought to be
+encamped in such a manner as to have a free and easy communication
+with all its parts; that they may unite quickly
+without any obstruction, and be able to defend and sustain
+each other reciprocally over the whole extent of the camp,
+in case any part of it is attacked. You divided your army
+in three different camps; one of them upon the Pointe
+Levis, another upon the Island of Orleans, and the third at
+the Sault de Montmorency. The two branches of the St.
+Lawrence river, which forms the Island of Orleans, each of
+them about half a mile broad, separated your three camps,
+without a possibility of establishing a communication
+between them; and your camp upon the Pointe Levis was
+at a distance of six miles from your camp at the Sault de
+Montmorency. Your position was such that had we fallen
+with our army on any of your three camps, we would have
+cut them to pieces, before those of your other two camps
+could have come to their assistance. The knowledge for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span>
+choosing an advantageous ground for encamping an army,
+always appears to me to be one of the most essential talents
+requisite in a general. How could you remain quietly in
+such a dangerous position during two months, without
+trembling.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;What hindered you then, sir, from executing
+that which appeared to you so easy?</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;We attempted it, but with very bad success.
+Seven days after your landing at the Pointe Levis,
+Mr. Dumas, Major of the Colony troops, was sent to attack
+your camp at the Pointe Levis, with a body of fifteen hundred
+men, who, in the night, crossed the river St. Lawrence
+at Quebec, without being discovered by your advanced
+guards. But they were no sooner landed and marching,
+than, struck with a panic, the utmost disorder suddenly
+ensued; their heads turned, and, losing their senses entirely,
+they fired at each other, believing themselves attacked
+by your army. In short, they immediately fled back to
+their boats with the greatest precipitation and confusion.
+Discouraged by this bad beginning, M. de Vaudreuil would
+never listen to any proposals of further attempts upon your
+camps; and it was decided to keep ourselves for the future
+upon the defensive.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;It appears to me, however, that you were
+not encamped in a proper manner to be upon the defensive.
+Your army did not amount to ten thousand men, and your
+camp extended seven or eight miles.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I agree with you, and am sensible that
+the longer the line, the weaker it is in its several parts. I
+am convinced that it is impossible to prevent a line from
+being forced; and I believed likewise that, landing on a
+coast where there are several leagues of it to be defended,
+equally susceptible of descent, is the same case as lines. He
+who attacks has all his force concentrated at a single point,
+which he may choose as he pleases; anywhere in the extent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span>
+of his lines; on the contrary, he who is attacked in his
+entrenchments has his force divided over the whole extent
+of his lines, and does not know on what part of them the
+enemy has the intention to make his real attack, so that he
+must be everywhere equally strong and guarded over all
+the ground occupied by his army. Thus the head of a
+column of a great depth of ranks must infallibly pierce
+through lines who have only at most two or three men
+deep; and by feint attacks all over the front of a line, you
+cannot weaken one part of it by drawing troops from it to
+fortify another part of it, unless the point of the enemy’s
+principal attack is manifestly known. It is certainly the
+same with regard to landings, where all the extent of the
+sea coast may be threatened at the same time, although it is
+a common opinion that a coast may be defended, and that
+an enemy may be repulsed in his attempt to make a descent
+by open force.</p>
+
+<p>I know not a better method to oppose a descent than to
+have bodies of troops in battle, ready to rush upon the enemy,
+with their bayonets upon their muskets, attacking the
+moment the enemy land, whilst they are yet few and in confusion
+from the disorder which must necessarily happen at
+their coming out of their boats, and before they can present
+a considerable front in battle.</p>
+
+<p>My project of defence was to encamp on rising ground
+at Quebec, called by the French, <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Les Hauteurs d’Abraham</i>,
+and make Quebec serve as the centre and pivot to all my
+operations, since it was evident that the fate of Canada depended
+entirely on its being preserved to us or taken by
+you, which decided whether that colony should remain to
+its ancient possessors or become your prize.</p>
+
+<p>With this in view, I intrenched the borders of the St.
+Charles river, and remained encamped at Quebec until, receiving
+tidings of your fleet having arrived in the St. Lawrence
+river, M. de Levis, an officer of great merit and distinction,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span>
+proposed to change the position of our camp, by carrying
+our left wing to the Sault de Montmorency, and our
+right to the St. Charles river: this, as you say, made it six
+miles long on the north side of Quebec, and gave us greater
+appearance of being on the offensive than on the defensive.</p>
+
+<p>He pretended that the presenting a great front to the
+enemy would give us a bold look, and inspire respect. As
+there can be no positive certainty in any military operation,
+from unforeseen accidents which often overturn the best
+combined project, I readily sacrificed to him my opinion,
+without insisting upon it. In this new position M. de Vaudreuil
+commanded the right of our camp, near Quebec; M. de
+Levis the left, at the Sault de Montmorency; and I commanded
+the centre, at Beauport.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Had you continued on the heights of Abraham
+you would have saved Quebec, but you would have abandoned
+to me all the country where I might have destroyed,
+burnt and ruined all the settlements at some leagues round
+it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;That may be, but Canada would not have
+been taken, and certainly you durst not penetrate far into
+the country, leaving Quebec behind you. Had you attacked me,
+I would have had the advantage of the rising ground,
+which I would have fortified with intrenchments, and with
+a chain of redoubts from Quebec to Cap Rouge, where these
+heights terminate in a deep ravine, with a small river at the
+bottom of it, overhung with rocks, at three leagues from Quebec.
+This advantageous position, not to be successfully attacked
+by any number of men, would have been my advanced
+post.</p>
+
+<p>My right would have been applied to Quebec, and
+sustained by it. I never could guess, sir, your idea in reducing
+that town to ashes as you did, by throwing upon it
+continually, from your batteries on the opposite side of the
+river, that immense number of carcases and shells.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span>
+It seems to me that when an army besieges a town, it
+is with the intention, on its surrendering, to keep possession
+of it, and have houses in it to lodge the troops, instead of
+heaps of ruins. This conduct was still more essentially necessary
+from the season being advanced, and from the impossibility
+of carrying-on any kind of house building during the
+winter. Moreover, the utter destruction of that town reduced
+to ashes could not hasten its being taken a moment
+sooner. You could do no harm to our batteries, which were
+much higher than yours; it is not by destroying houses
+that towns are taken. You always battered houses, without
+reflecting that it is only by ruining the fortifications&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the
+defences&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and by a breach in the walls, that success
+may be hoped for in sieges; and it is certain that you lavished
+a prodigious quantity of warlike stores very uselessly.</p>
+
+<p>What advantages could you expect by ruining and distressing
+the inhabitants of Quebec, whose houses you burnt?</p>
+
+<p>It was destroying alone for the pleasure of doing injury,
+without any advantage accruing to you from it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;My inaction during the whole summer
+should have made you perceive what little hopes I had of
+succeeding in my expedition; should it turn out fruitless
+after the sum it had cost England, the news of Quebec being
+reduced to ashes might blind the extravagant English populace,
+and blunt their fanatical fury.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;The day that you landed at the Sault de
+Montmorency, where you encamped immediately with a
+body of four thousand men, in all appearance you did not
+know that the river Montmorency was fordable in the wood
+about a mile to the north of your camp, where fifty men in
+front might pass the ford with water only up to their knees.
+Had you passed it immediately, you might have fallen upon
+the left of our army, cut them to pieces, and pursued
+them two miles, as far as the ravine of Beauport, before they
+could assemble a sufficient number of men to be able to resist<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span>
+you. You might have even encamped upon the north
+side of that ravine, which, having it before you, would have
+been a very advantageous post, and brought you several
+miles nearer to Quebec. In this case it is highly probable
+that we would have been obliged to abandon to you all the
+ground between the St. Charles river and the ravine.</p>
+
+<p>To return to my first project of encamping upon the
+heights of Abraham, our left was in the greatest security,
+not knowing that there was a ford in that river until some
+hours after your landing at the Sault.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Is it then surprising that I should be ignorant
+of that ford, since you did not know it yourself? besides,
+it is only the inhabitants in the neighbourhood of rivers,
+swamps and lakes, who can give positive and sure information
+about them. And supposing I had found some of your
+Canadians at their houses there, they are so inviolably attached
+to their religion, king and country, that they would
+sooner have led me into a snare than instruct me in anything
+that could be prejudicial to their army.</p>
+
+<p>Those whom a general sends to examine the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i> of a
+country must do it very superficially upon their own observations,
+without consulting or interrogating the peasants in
+the neighbourhood.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Whilst your soldiers were employed in
+making their camp, and pitching their tents, M. de Levis
+and his aide-de-camp Johnstone, were looking at you from
+the opposite side of the Sault. His aide-de-camp having
+asked him if he was positively certain that there was no
+ford in the Montmorency river, M. de Levis answering that
+there was not, and that he had been himself to examine it
+to its source, at a lake in the woods, about ten or twelve
+miles from the Sault. An inhabitant who overheard this
+conversation, told the aide-de-camp: “The General is mistaken;
+there is a ford which the inhabitants thereabouts pass<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span>
+every day in carrying their corn to a mill;” and he added
+that he had crossed it lately, with water not above his knees.</p>
+
+<p>The aide-de-camp related to M. de Levis immediately
+his conversation with the Canadian, who would not believe
+there was a ford, and, examining him roughly, the Canadian
+was seized with awe, and respect for the General; his tongue
+faltered in his mouth, and he durst not boldly assert the
+truth. The aide-de-camp, in a whisper to the Canadian,
+ordered him to find out a person who had crossed the ford
+lately, and bring him immediately to M. de Levis’ lodgings.
+The Canadian came to him in a moment, with a man who
+had crossed it the night before, with a sack of wheat upon
+his back, where he had found only eight inches deep of
+water.</p>
+
+<p>The aide-de-camp being thus assured of the fact, ordered,
+in M. de Levis’ name, a detachment to be sent instantly,
+with the necessary tools to intrench itself.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Had I been so lucky as you, sir, to discover
+that ford, there is no doubt I would not have let slip so
+favourable an opportunity of distinguishing myself, and
+would have fallen like lightning upon that part of your camp.
+There can be nothing more dangerous than the neighbourhood
+of rivers and swamps, that have not been sounded and
+examined with the greatest care and attention. Negligence,
+ignorance and headstrong obstinacy are equally fatal in
+military affairs; and the misfortune of a Lieutenant-General,
+in Scotland, against the Highlanders at the battle of Prestonpans,
+made so deep an impression upon me that I am
+always on my guard when near such places.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;How can you, sir, justify your imprudence
+in running headlong into the woods opposite to our intrenchments,
+with two thousand men, who naturally ought
+to have been cut to pieces, and neither you nor any man of
+your detachment escape? Nine hundred Indians had invested
+you all round at a pistol shot from you, and had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span>
+already cut off your retreat, without your perceiving it. So
+soon as the Indians had surrounded you in the wood, they
+sent their officer Langlade to acquaint M. de Levis that they
+had got you in their net, but that your detachment, appearing
+to be about two thousand men, greatly superior to them
+in number, they begged earnestly of M. de Levis to order
+M. de Repentigny to pass the ford with eleven hundred
+men, which he commanded in these intrenchments, and
+join them; that they would be answerable upon their heads
+if a single man of your detachment should get back to your
+camp; and they did not think themselves strong enough to
+strike upon you without this reinforcement of Canadians.
+There were a great many officers at M. de Levis’ lodgings
+when Langlade came to him on behalf of the Indians, and
+this General having consulted them, after giving his own
+opinion on the affair: “that it was dangerous to attack an
+army in the wood, as they could not know the number of
+men there; that it might be all the English army, which
+consequently might bring on a general engagement without
+being prepared for it; and that if he happened to be
+repulsed, he would be blamed for engaging in an affair,
+without holding previously an order from his superiors,
+M. de Vaudreuil and M. de Montcalm.” The officers respected
+too much the General not to be of his way of thinking,
+and it must ever be so from flattery. His aide-de-camp
+alone maintained a different opinion, out of a real friendship
+for M. de Levis. He told them that there was not the
+smallest probability it could be all the English army, since
+the Indians, who never fail to magnify the number, computed
+them at only two thousand men. That even supposing
+it to be the whole English army, it would be the
+most lucky thing that could happen to us to have a general
+engagement in the woods, where a Canadian is worth
+three disciplined soldiers, as a soldier in a plain is worth
+three Canadians; and that nothing was more essential than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span>
+to select the propitious moment and the way of fighting
+for those who composed the two-thirds of the army, which
+was the case with the Canadians. On the contrary, the
+English army was almost entirely composed of regulars
+with very few militia.</p>
+
+<p>That M. de Levis could not do better than in ordering M.
+de Repentigny to cross the river immediately with his detachment
+<i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">en échelon</i>, and join the Indians, without losing
+moments very precious; that at the same time he should
+send instantly to inform me of his adventure, in order to
+make all the army advance towards the ford, each regiment
+taking the place of the other marched off; so that the Regiment
+Royal Roussillon, the nearest to the ford, should go
+off directly to take the post that Repentigny would quit in
+crossing the river, and observing the same for the rest of
+the army; that by this means the engaging a general affair
+was much to be wished for, supposing all the English army
+to be in the woods opposite the ford; in short, that if there
+was a possibility of our being defeated and repulsed in the
+woods, which could scarce happen, according to all human
+probability, we had our retreat assured in the depth of
+these woods, well known to the Canadians, where the English
+troops could not pursue them, so that in no shape
+could M. de Levis run the least risk.</p>
+
+<p>His aide-de-camp added, that when fortune offers her
+favours, “they ought to be snatched with avidity.” These
+reasons made no impressions on M. de Levis, and Langlade
+was sent back to the Indians with a negative reply.</p>
+
+<p>There was two miles from M. de Levis’ quarters to the
+place where the Indians were in ambush. Langlade came
+back with new entreaties and earnest solicitations to induce
+M. de Levis to make Repentigny cross the ford with his
+detachment, but the General could not be prevailed upon
+to give a positive order to Repentigny to join the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>He wrote a letter to Repentigny by Langlade, wherein he
+told him “having the greatest confidence in his prudence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span>
+and good conduct, he might pass the river with his detachment,
+if he saw a certainty of success.” His aide-de-camp
+told him, whilst he was sealing the letter, that
+Repentigny had too much judgment and good sense to take
+upon himself an affair of that importance; and his opinion
+of Repentigny was immediately justified by his answer;
+he asked M. de Levis to give him a clear and positive
+order. After thus loitering about an hour and a half, M.
+de Levis resolved at last to go himself to the ford, and give
+there his orders verbally; but he had scarce got half way
+to it when he heard a brisk fire. The Indians, losing all
+patience, after having remained so long hid at a pistol shot
+from you, like setter dogs upon wild fowl, at last gave you
+a volley, killed about a hundred and fifty of your soldiers,
+and then retired without losing a man. It is evident that
+had Repentigny passed the river with his detachment of
+eleven hundred Canadians, you must have been cut to
+pieces, and that affair would have terminated your expedition.
+Your army could have no more hopes of succeeding
+after such a loss; their spirits would have been damped,
+and Canada would have been secure from any further invasion
+from Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Fortune was always as favourable to you, as she constantly
+frowned upon us. M. de Levis is not to be blamed; an
+officer who serves under the orders of others can only be
+reproached when he does not execute punctually the orders
+he receives from his superiors; and he has always reason
+to be cautious and diffident in such cases where his honour
+and reputation may be engaged, as none can be positively
+certain of the issue of any military enterprise, and if success
+does not crown the venture, of which you have voluntarily
+burthened yourself, though undertaken from the best of
+motives and apparently for the good of the service, thousands
+of mouths will open to spit venom against you.</p>
+
+<p>But of all others, the ignorant amongst the military, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span>
+the knaves, to screen themselves, will surely be violent:
+this is so much the more astonishing, in the profession of
+arms, where sentiments of honour and honesty ought to be
+the foundation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;My intention in approaching so near your post
+at the ford was to examine it carefully, as I then had formed
+the design to attack it, little imagining that such a considerable
+detachment as I had with me would have been
+exposed to be set on by your Indians. Accustomed to
+European warfare, I could never have thought that a body
+of men should have been so long, so close to me without
+discovering them. Your intrenchments there appeared to
+be very trifling, but the sight of earth thrown up is respectable,
+and not to be despised.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Your attack of the 31st of July, at the only
+place of our camp which was inaccessible, appeared to me
+unaccountable. From Quebec to Beauport, which was
+about four miles, it is a marshy ground, very little higher
+than the surface of the St. Lawrence at full tide. The
+heights begin at the ravine at Beauport, and rise gradually
+all along the border of the river, until at Johnstone’s redoubt
+and battery&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;where you made your descent and
+attack&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;they become a steep high hill, which ends in a
+deep precipice at the Sault de Montmorency. Opposite to
+Johnstone’s redoubt it is so steep that your soldiers could
+scarce be able to climb it, even without the encumbrance
+of their arms.</p>
+
+<p>Besides this natural fortification, we had a continued
+intrenchment all along the edge of the hill, from Beauport
+to the Sault, so traced and conducted by M. Johnstone that
+it was everywhere flanked, and the sloping of it served as
+a glacis; thus the fire from the front and flanks would
+have destroyed the three-fourths of your army before they
+could reach the top of the hill.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span>
+But supposing that some of your troops had reached the
+top of the hill, up to our trenches, after surmounting these
+difficulties, my grenadiers were drawn up in battle behind
+them, ready to charge upon them, with their bayonets upon
+their muskets, the instant any of your soldiers should
+appear at the trenches.</p>
+
+<p>The swampy, sinking ground, from the redoubt to the foot
+of the hill, was not one of the smallest difficulties you had
+in your way to come at us.</p>
+
+<p>It is true the Scotch Highlanders, who were your forlorn
+hope, had got over it and had reached the foot of the hill,
+though certainly very few returned; but these turfy swamps,
+when a certain number of men have passed them, become
+at last impassible, and your soldiers must have sunk down
+in it above the head, multitudes of them perishing there in
+the most useless and disagreeable manner. Thus, sir, I hope
+you see clearly the folly and rashness of that attack, and
+that your army must have been totally destroyed, without
+hope, had not heaven wrought a miracle in your favor, after
+a long cessation of them, which alone could save you.</p>
+
+<p>You were no sooner hotly engaged in the attack, without
+a possibility of withdrawing yourself out of the scrape, when
+from a clear sunshine there fell in that most critical juncture,
+of a sudden, the most violent even, down pour of rain
+from a cloud, which, as the cloud that saved Eneas from
+the fury of Diomed, placed you immediately out of our
+sight, so that in an instant we could not see half way down
+the hill. You profited, as a wise man, of this event to make
+good your retreat. When the shower was over and we
+could see you, we found, to our sorrow, that you had escaped
+us, and that you were then out of the reach of our fire,
+marching, in a well-formed column, back to your camp at
+the Sault, well satisfied to have got out of that adventure
+with the loss only of between five and six hundred men.</p>
+
+<p>It was a long time before I could be persuaded that you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span>
+were in earnest. I had always expected your descent and
+attack would have been betwixt the St. Charles river and
+the ravine of Beauport. All that tract of ground, about four
+miles extent, was everywhere favourable to you, if you had
+made your real descent in the middle of it, opposite to M.
+Vaudreuil’s lodging, with feint attacks at Johnstone’s redoubt,
+and at the Canardière near the river St. Charles,
+forcing our intrenchments there, which could not resist an
+instant a well-formed column. The head of it, composed of
+the Scotch Highlanders, might have easily penetrated into
+the plain, separating our army into two parts by the centre,
+having lodged yourself in the south side of the ravine of
+Beauport, and have taken the hornwork upon the St.
+Charles river, sword in hand, without much difficulty or loss
+of men. In short, all this might have been effected in an
+hour’s time, without meeting with any considerable resistance
+from our army, thus divided and opened by the
+centre; and a complete victory, which would have crushed
+us to pieces without hope, would have crowned you with
+justly merited laurels.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I own to you, sir, I was greatly deceived with
+regard to the height and steepness of the hill, which did
+not appear considerable, even with a telescope, from the
+river St. Lawrence; it was only when I got to the redoubt
+that I saw it such as it really is. I began at seven in the
+morning to fire at your camp from my battery at the Sault
+(of forty cannons) mostly four-and-twenty pounders. The
+<i>Centurion</i>, a man-of-war of sixty guns, did the same, as also
+the <i>Two Cats</i>, which had on board all the tools necessary
+for the workmen. They gave you continually their broadsides,
+firing upon your camp, as I did from my battery, like
+platoons of infantry.</p>
+
+<p>I dare say you never saw artillery better served and kept
+up until six in the evening when I began my landing at
+low water. I imagined that this terrible cannonade all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span>
+that day, without a moment’s intermission, would have intimidated
+your Canadians and make them quit the trenches;
+my battery at the Sault being thirty or forty feet higher
+than your camp, we saw them down at the shore. Certainly
+you must have lost a great number of men.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;That brave militia deserves justly the
+greatest praise. Not a man of them stirred from his post,
+and they showed as much ardour, courage and resolution as
+my regular troops. I had no more than fifty men killed
+and wounded by your furious cannonade, which proves
+how little cannons are hurtful in comparison to the dread
+and respect they inspire. Permit me, sir, to tell you that
+your countrymen, the English, appear to me, from their conduct
+in Canada, to be as rash, inconsiderate and hot-headed
+as the French, who have ever enjoyed that character, notwithstanding
+your countrymen’s reputation for coolness and
+phlegmatic bravery, since I have seen several examples of
+their attacking us before they had examined the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i>, or
+known our position; and if the two nations are compared
+impartially, I am persuaded that you will do us the justice
+to own that in our operations in Canada we have shown
+much more circumspection and coolness than your English
+generals. Your attack of the 31st July, without having
+procured beforehand an exact knowledge of the hill and of
+the places adjacent, is not the first example of great temerity
+and impatience on their part.</p>
+
+<p>The proximity of your camp to this hill might have furnished
+you the means to have a thorough knowledge of our
+position, by sending proper persons to cross over the ford of
+the river Montmorency where it falls into the river St. Lawrence,
+and where it is fordable at low water.</p>
+
+<p>They might, in a dark night and bad weather, have not
+only examined the steepness of the height, but have even
+gone over all our camp without being discovered; I always
+imagined you did so until the day of your attack, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span>
+soon convinced me of the contrary. Your brother in arms,
+Abercrombie, your predecessor in the command of the army,
+committed the same fault at Ticonderoga as you did the
+31st of July; but it cost him much dearer, the clouds which
+saved you not having come to his assistance.</p>
+
+<p>I set out from Montreal on the 5th of May, 1758, to go to
+Ticonderoga, with all my regular troops&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the regiments of
+La Sarre, La Reine, Royal Rousillon, Berne, Guienne,
+Languedoc, Berry of two battalions, and the independent
+companies of the marine detached in Canada; the regiments
+from France not being recruited, the whole amounted to
+only about four thousand men.</p>
+
+<p>I had no positive information that the English army had
+formed the design to come by the lake St. Sacrament in order
+to attack Ticonderoga (Carillon), and from thence to go to
+Montreal&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;but I suspected it, from the proximity of this ford
+to your settlement upon lake St. Sacrament; nor did I cease
+beseeching continually M. Vaudreuil, who was then at Quebec,
+to send me with all possible diligence the Canadian
+militia, which was the principal force for the defence of the
+colony.</p>
+
+<p>M. Vaudreuil, who has neither common sense, nor judgment,
+could not find out that my military conjectures were
+grounded; and instead of sending me the Canadians, he gave
+them permission to remain at Montreal, sixty leagues from
+Ticonderoga, to attend to their agricultural pursuits.</p>
+
+<p>I dare not allege that he was informed, by the Indians of
+the Iroquois nation, that the object of the English was to
+invade Canada; that their army was on their way to lake
+St. Sacrament; that it was with the view of sacrificing me,
+and making me the victim of a cabal, who led him and
+governed him blindly, that he kept from me the Canadians.</p>
+
+<p>The 7th of July my conjectures were verified by the arrival
+of the English army at the Chûte, where lake St. Sacrament
+terminates, about four miles from Ticonderoga, consisting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span>
+of six thousand three hundred men, commanded by
+General Abercrombie, who had succeeded to General Braddock,
+killed the year before at the river Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>The return of a detachment which I had placed at the
+Chûte, as an advanced post, who had lost an hundred and
+fifty men, killed by the English on their arrival there, was
+a sad confirmation of the bad news. It is scarce possible to
+imagine a more dangerous and critical situation than mine&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;without
+the aid of Canadians, whose way of fighting was
+so essential to me in the woods&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;more useful in those countries
+than regular troops. Fort Carillon, or Ticonderoga,
+was a square, regularly fortified, each face of it about seventy
+fathoms in length.</p>
+
+<p>It had four bastions&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the walls of masonry, doubled with
+a rampart, as likewise a ditch, covered way, and glacis. M.
+de Bourlamarque, an officer of great merit and intelligence,
+had added a half moon to it.</p>
+
+<p>To retire with my four thousand troops would have been
+abandoning the colony to General Abercrombie, as the fort
+could not hold out long against so considerable an army;
+and being on that side the key of Canada, with the possession
+of it in the hands of the English, they might go directly
+to Montreal, and be there in fifteen days, without finding
+on their way the least obstruction; on the other hand,
+the match was very unequal in opposing four thousand
+men to thirteen thousand. There was, however, no room
+for hesitating, in the choice, and I was soon resolved to
+save the colony by a bold and desperate stroke or die, gloriously,
+sword in hand. I made everybody work hard all
+the night between the 7th and 8th July, cutting down
+trees to make an intrenchment (CCCC), which, when finished,
+was very weak, trifling, and could scarce serve as a
+breast-work to cover the troops.</p>
+
+<p>The engineers, having cut off the branches, laid the trees
+upon a line on the heights, three or four of them placed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span>
+horizontally one upon the other, which scarce made it
+above three feet high&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;so low that your soldiers might
+easily have jumped over it;&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;they made a line of the
+branches, at two paces distance, on the outside of the
+trenches (HH). It is certain that if the engineers had only
+thrown the trees with their heads outwards, and their
+branches sharpened in pricking points at their ends, it
+would have made a much stronger intrenchment, more
+difficult to be forced, and built much <span class="locked">sooner.<a name="FNanchor_C" id="FNanchor_C" href="#Footnote_C" class="fnanchor">C</a></span> I had not
+the time to continue the trenches down to the hollow (DD),
+at the foot of the height, and I placed there two companies
+of grenadiers.</p>
+
+<p>The hollow upon the right of the height, where the intrenchment
+was the worst of all my lines, was the post of
+the companies of marines (C); the regiments lined the rest
+of the trenches. Next day, the 8th of July, the English
+army appeared on the borders of the woods, about three
+hundred fathoms from the front of our intrenchment on the
+height, and instantly advanced to the attack, formed in
+three columns (EE), without halting a moment to examine
+the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i>. Two of the columns attacked the height with
+the utmost impetuosity, but being very soon entangled
+among the branches, on the outside of the trenches, and
+impeded by them, they lost there a great many men; some
+few got through and, jumping into our trenches, were killed
+by our soldiers with their bayonets.</p>
+
+<p>The American riflemen were posted on two heights (GG),
+which commanded our trenches, from whence they saw
+sideways in some parts of them, and in others the rear of
+the soldiers (K).</p>
+
+<p>The regiment of Berry was, above all others, worried and
+tormented by their fire&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;one of these heights being scarce
+above eighty paces from the intrenchments. The third<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span>
+column attacked the hollow upon our right; but receiving
+a brisk fire at its front from the colony troops, and at the
+same time upon its right flank from the regiments on the
+height, the column soon wavered, wheeled to the right,
+and, presenting its front to the height, got out of the reach
+of the fire from the right of the colony troops; upon which
+M. Raymond, who commanded them, went out of the
+trenches with the right wing of these troops, and attacked
+the left flank of the column, whilst its head and right flank
+were fired at from the height and from the left of the colony
+troops in the trenches.</p>
+
+<p>The column, distressed by this firing, yet, nevertheless,
+keeping firm at the foot of the height, put in disorder the
+regiment of Berry, who abandoned that part of the intrenchment
+(II) above it.</p>
+
+<p>The moment I perceived the disorder, I ran there, encouraged
+the soldiers of the regiment, made them return to
+their post, and supported them by the grenadiers, whom I
+had kept in order of battle, at a small distance from the
+trenches, as a reserve, to be employed wherever the line
+might be forced by your troops, to charge upon them headlong,
+their bayonets upon their muskets, without firing:
+having neglected nothing that the short time allowed me
+to do, in order to make a vigorous defence&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;without aught
+to reproach myself with&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;had I been overpowered by your
+army; and having always preserved coolness and presence
+of mind so as to be able to remedy immediately any disorders
+during this long and well disputed attack.</p>
+
+<p>General Abercrombie was at last obliged to retire, after
+having continued for some hours, with the greatest obstinacy,
+his attempt to force our intrenchments,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;with the loss
+of two thousand <span class="locked">men.<a name="FNanchor_D" id="FNanchor_D" href="#Footnote_D" class="fnanchor">D</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I acquitted myself of my duty: this always affords a
+sweet satisfaction in all the events of life; and, even to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span>
+vanquished and unfortunate, it must yield great comfort
+and consolation. I had only twelve hours to prepare to
+defend myself with five thousand men against thirteen
+thousand.</p>
+
+<p>How can General Abercrombie’s rash and blind conduct
+be accounted for, for attacking us without examining or
+knowing our position? It is astonishing.</p>
+
+<p>During twelve hours that he remained at the Chûte after
+landing there, he had time to send and examine the ground
+round the fort Ticonderoga; and they might have had a
+perfect knowledge of our position from a hill, covered
+with big trees, on the opposite side of the river of the
+Chûte (P);<a name="FNanchor_E" id="FNanchor_E" href="#Footnote_E" class="fnanchor">E</a> this hill was much higher than any part of
+our intrenchments, and not a musket shot from them; he
+might have gone there himself with safety, having that
+river between us.</p>
+
+<p>Had he halted only a short time after his arrival on the
+borders of the wood, about six hundred paces from our
+trenches, he might, even from thence, have examined the
+<i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i> at his leisure. But, seized with impatience, he hurried
+to the attack without stopping there a moment&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and
+it is not when an action is engaged that one can then examine
+the enemy’s position; or, if he had advanced upon
+us the moment of his landing at the Chûte, the 7th instant,
+instead of loitering there twelve hours, he would not have
+found even those shabby intrenchments; and having so
+few (regular) troops, irrespective of the Canadians, I would
+have been obliged, on his appearing, to abandon to him all
+that part of the country, and retire to Montreal, leaving
+only a garrison at Fort Carillon. It was certainly through
+his ignorance of the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i> that I repulsed him, instead of
+being myself cut to pieces; nor had I any means of retreat,
+and my troops must have been all killed or taken prisoners,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span>
+if his third column had marched along the borders of the
+wood upon their left; this would have put them out of the
+reach of the fire from the height, they could fall upon the
+right flank of the trenches of the colony troops, who could
+not have resisted a moment the impulse of the column;
+instead of wheeling and changing its plan of attack by
+presenting its head to the height, had he always advanced
+forward to attack the centre of the intrenchments of the
+marine, he would have easily pierced through it; then,
+wheeling to the right, go up the height, which is there of
+an easy ascent, and fire upon the rear of the troops, who
+opposed your other two columns, they must have been put
+to flight, the trenches abandoned, and, even upon the sight
+of your third column coming up the height, I must, of necessity,
+have instantly retreated to the fort the best way I
+could; there to embark my army in my boats and carry it
+down Lake Champlain, without being able to make a resistance
+at Fort Frederic, as it is commanded by hills behind
+it, about the distance of two hundred paces from its
+walls, which makes it a very advantageous post. What
+would have been still worse for me, if my trenches had
+been forced, there is a space of five leagues between Fort
+Frederic and Ticonderoga, by the river St. Frederic, which,
+about half way, is scarce above fifty or sixty fathoms broad,
+and is a most advantageous post, where not a boat would
+pass by, and must cut off entirely the communication with
+Lake Champlain, as it is an equal distance from the Chûte
+or from Ticonderoga.</p>
+
+<p>General Abercrombie might have sent a body of troops to
+establish there a post, in which case we must have laid down
+our arms and surrendered ourselves prisoners to him, for
+want of subsistence, and from the impossibility of retreating
+by land.</p>
+
+<p>General Abercrombie might have likewise penetrated
+easily at the hollow, which I had not the time to intrench,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span>
+where I had placed two companies of volunteers; and this
+would have had equally fatal consequences for me, as the
+third column might have been on the other side of the height,
+the ascent there not being steep or of difficult access.</p>
+
+<p>But his attacks were always obstinately directed at the
+most difficult places of the height, as if there had been a
+cloud before his eyes to hinder him from seeing to his right
+and left what was visible to the most ignorant officer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;That was a most glorious day for you, sir,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;worthy
+of the ambition of a great man. Our columns were
+only at ten steps distance from your intrenchments, and all
+our army saw you perfectly well, constantly at work encouraging
+and exciting the ardour of your soldiers, hurrying
+over your lines perpetually some paces from your trenches;
+exposing your person too rashly compared to the custom of
+our army, your eye glancing over the whole, with the attitude
+of a lion. General Abercrombie perceived, clearly, the
+disorder upon your right when the regiment of Berry was
+about to retire, and redoubled his efforts to profit by it. But
+you were everywhere, travelling from place to place with
+the swiftness of the eagle; never at a loss; reforming the
+smallest disorder so soon as it was visible, and preventing
+it from spreading, as it generally does, like a flash of lightning.
+This affair won you so great a reputation in England
+for capacity and talent, that I own to you, sir, the idea of
+having an antagonist of your knowledge and merit, made
+me during the campaign always irresolute, vacillating in
+my opinions and undecided in my projects. I cannot condemn
+my predecessors who had the command of the English
+armies in Canada. The way of fighting of the Canadians
+and Indians in the woods is so different from that practised
+in Europe, that I readily believe the most able General,
+with an army of the best disciplined troops, in following
+exactly the rules of the art of war,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;whose principles are
+sure, fixed and demonstrable in European warfare,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span>
+be easily cut to pieces in those vast forests by a very few
+Indians. There was an outcry in England against General
+Braddock, for allowing his army of four thousand men to
+be cut to pieces at the river <span class="locked">Ohio,<a name="FNanchor_F" id="FNanchor_F" href="#Footnote_F" class="fnanchor">F</a></span> in the year 1755, by six
+hundred and fifty Canadians and Indians only, much more
+than they blame General Abercrombie.</p>
+
+<p>The reason of it is clear. Abercrombie lived to return
+to England: the living always find means to justify themselves.
+But Braddock was killed: the dead are always in
+the wrong, and never find disinterested advocates to plead
+their cause. Braddock’s order of march&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;criticised by your
+French Generals&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;may, at first sight, appear singular; and
+may pretend that he must of necessity have been beat, in
+consequence of the bad disposition of it. But analize it,
+and you will find nothing else than the common rule practised
+through all Europe in passing through a wood: an
+army formed in three columns&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the artillery, baggage,
+waggons and cavalry being the column of the centre, between
+the other two columns of infantry; half of the Grenadiers
+at their head to support the Pioneers employed in
+opening a road through the wood for the passage of the
+carts and artillery, and the rest in the rear, to close of
+march. Braddock was invested on all sides by the Canadians,
+and dispersed in the wood, each of them behind a
+tree, marking out his victim; so that every musket-shot
+brought down a soldier, and at every discharge they flew from
+tree to tree. What can regular troops do in such a case?
+Close their ranks and files each moment, as did Braddock,
+direct a continual fire at the woods, without perceiving a
+man, and be cut to pieces without seeing an enemy. There<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span>
+is no other method for troops to defend themselves against
+the Indians than what I practised, with success, when I
+was surprised by them at the ford of the River Montmorency:
+the soldiers, with fixed bayonets, dispersed themselves,
+rushed on in disorder towards the places where they
+perceived the smoke of the Indians’ discharge; and by
+these means my detachment in the woods chased away your
+nine hundred Indians, who in a moment disappeared entirely,
+and suffered me to retire at my leisure to my camp.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I verily believe, sir, that your idea is just.
+The Indians told me, on their return, that it was now no
+more possible to fight you as formerly, since the English
+had learned their (the Indians’) way of fighting. There cannot
+be a greater advantage for a General than the entire
+knowledge of the country&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the seat of war: without this,
+he must always grope in the dark&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;be foiled in his operations&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;rest
+often inactive, uncertain in his projects; and
+be only inactive and on the defensive, as you were all the
+summer as much as me. You were absolutely master of
+the River St. Lawrence by your men-of-war, who had ascended
+it, passing by Quebec with incredible boldness, and
+scorning the most murderous fire from the batteries of the
+town so near them. You had an infinite number of boats
+at your disposal, with all the sailors of your fleet for rowers.
+What, then, could hinder you from sending a body of
+twelve or fifteen hundred men in different detachments,
+with engineers and able officers, in order to be continually
+landing, to get a thorough knowledge of the country, draw
+plans of all the advantageous positions which abound there;
+and this detachment, if well led, might have gone even to
+Montreal without finding any opposition in their course.
+Their descriptions and plans of the country would have enlightened
+you, and furnished the means of destroying and
+crushing our army without fighting: this is the touchstone
+to prove superior talents and capacity in a General. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span>
+gaining of a battle is very often the effect of mere chance.
+But reducing an enemy without fighting must be the result
+of well-combined operations,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;is the essence of military
+science, and was always the most radient and distinctive
+<em>trait</em> in the conduct and character of the great men whom
+history has handed down to us. Grounded upon the instructions
+received from the engineers and officers of their
+detachments, you might have verified their observations by
+your prisoners, who say always more than they intend,
+when examined with kindness, coolness, and with a seeming
+indifference. The only achievement which you performed
+during two months that you lay constantly loitering
+in your camps, looking at us, was your attack of the
+31st of July; and your expedition to Deschambault, where
+you sent a body of two thousand men, fourteen leagues up
+the river from Quebec, to burn and pillage a poor, miserable
+peasant’s house, in which was the baggage of some French
+regiments! But the detachment had no intention of examining
+the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i> of the country. Had they gone to Jacques
+Cartier, only three leagues from Deschambault, they would
+have discovered there a post strong by nature, which certainly
+cannot be inferior to the Thermopylæ so celebrated
+by the Greeks, and capable of being defended&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;you being
+the masters of the River St. Lawrence&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;by as few men as
+Leonidas had with him against the most numerous army.
+But your detachment at Deschambault, upon the appearance
+of my cavalry, composed merely of two hundred undisciplined
+Canadians on horseback, commanded by the
+Chevalier de LaRochebeaucourt, ran to their boats and embarked
+with great disorder and confusion, as if our army
+had been at their heels, without having remained there
+above two hours. Jacques Cartier&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;which takes its name
+from he who first discovered the River St. Lawrence, and
+who, having lost his ship, passed there the winter amongst
+the Indians&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;in an immense ravine, with a rapid, shaggy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span>
+river full of large rocks, that runs between the two heights,
+whose tops are about two hundred fathoms distant from
+each other; their sides are as glacis, with a view from their
+tops to the bottom&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;four or five hundred feet deep&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;which
+strikes the eyes with horror on looking down that vast
+precipice. Its side, facing the River St. Lawrence, is a
+steep perpendicular rock; and the ground to the north is
+impracticable from the lakes, swamps, and sinking turf,
+where at each step a person must plunge over the head and
+perish. It must be impossible to turn round it and leave
+it behind, since the Canadians and the Indians never discovered
+a passage through the woods. Thus the only
+means of approaching this fort must have been by landing
+at Deschambault. From thence to Jacques Cartier, it is an
+easy and gradually rising ascent. Had you seized this extraordinary
+fort, you would have cut off my communication
+with Montreal, from whence I drew daily my supplies for
+the army: in this event, I had no other alternative than
+allowing my army to perish of famine, or surrender the
+colony. But as we had been sent from Europe, not to
+destroy the inhabitants, but, on the contrary, to save and
+defend them, I must have immediately concluded by capitulating
+for Canada upon the best terms I could obtain
+from you. I hope I have demonstrated clearly to you that,
+had you been acquainted with the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i>, you could have
+made the glorious conquest of Canada without shedding a
+drop of blood.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;You argue, sir, at your ease! How was it
+possible to examine and know the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i> of that country,
+your bloodhounds&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the Indians and Canadians&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;being
+constantly at our heels: one cannot send out scouts in Canada,
+as is done in Europe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Why not? Men cannot be in two places
+at the same time; and you managed to find everywhere
+Indians and Canadians in your way! There are many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span>
+kinds of irregular troops in Europe as bad to deal with as
+the Indians in woods and in wooded countries. But your
+army was always so struck with terror and dread, that,
+constantly blinded with fear, the shadow of an Indian set
+them a trembling. Nevertheless, the New England independent
+companies, formed by Roger, who afterwards beat
+the Indians with equal numbers in their own way of fighting
+behind trees, should have removed the formidable impression
+they have always made upon the English. Self-preservation
+is natural to all mankind, and the hour of death
+must strike with horror the bravest man. But fear is pardonable
+amongst soldiers only when there exists a real
+cause for fear; and is not to be tolerated when groundless:
+this is so much the case of your soldiers with regard to the
+Indians, that, demoralized by fear, they suffer themselves to
+be butchered by a vastly inferior number of Indians, without
+ever thinking of defending themselves, even when
+they know they will have no quarter. In any danger,
+soldiers ought to be accustomed to look coolly death in
+the face,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;they, whose duty is to die when the Sovereign
+demands it: such is the contract they sign with the latter
+on their entering into his service.</p>
+
+<p>These sentiments may be often the means of one’s preserving
+life instead of losing it. Nothing is more incomprehensible
+to me, in all your conduct in Canada, than
+your landing at <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Anse des Mères</i> on the 13th September (the
+fatal day which deprived us both of our existence, but
+freed us from mortal folly), at the foot of a steep hill, where
+a few men at the top of it, with sticks and stones only,
+must have easily beaten you back on your attempt to climb
+it, and where we had three posts of one hundred men
+each: one of them commanded by Douglas, captain in the
+regiment of Languedoc; another by Rimini, captain in the
+regiment La Sarre; and the third by De Vergor, captain in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span>
+the Colony troops, at whose <span class="locked">post<a name="FNanchor_G" id="FNanchor_G" href="#Footnote_G" class="fnanchor">G</a></span> you made your descent.
+These three hundred men, had they done their duty,
+should have been more than sufficient to have repulsed
+you ignominiously at this steep hill; and you never would
+have got to the top had you met with the smallest resistance.
+I own that your daring surpasses my conception.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I do not pretend to justify my project by its
+success, but by my combinations, which answered exactly
+as I had foreseen, and which demonstrate my scheme to
+have been well concerted. In giving you this account of
+it, I am persuaded that you will not blame me for undertaking
+an attempt so absurd in appearance, and yet most
+reasonable when examined impartially. In all expeditions
+composed of sea and land forces, it seldom fails that disputes,
+animosities, jealousies and quarrels arise between
+the different commanders equal in authority; and it is a
+miracle if you see the Admiral and the General unanimously
+of the same opinion with regard to operations. The sea
+and the land service are sciences whose principles are entirely
+different; as certainly there can be no analogy between
+the working of a ship and the drill of a regiment.
+Nevertheless, the Admiral meddles continually with the
+land operations, and the General will have the fleets do
+things that are impossible&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;both of them equally ignorant
+of each other’s service; from whence results a clashing discord
+in their operations, when sent out with equal power.
+If each of them would confine himself to that part of the
+art of war which he has studied, and have only in his soul
+the good and welfare of his King and Country, these mixed
+expeditions of land and sea would succeed much better
+than they generally do. The naval officers tormented me
+a great deal, and were still more troublesome as the season
+advanced. They held a council of war on board the flagship<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span>
+on the 10th September, when it was determined to set
+sail immediately for Europe, seeing the imminent dangers
+to which His Majesty’s fleet would be exposed in those
+tempestuous seas by remaining any longer before Quebec;
+and, in consequence of this decision, orders were given to
+some men-of-war to take up their anchors and fall down
+the river, while orders were issued at the same time to begin
+the general preparations for the immediate departure
+of all the fleet. The 12th, there came two deserters to me
+from one of your three posts you just now mentioned, who
+belonged to the French regiments, and were well informed.
+Upon examining them, I discovered that your posts were
+guarded very negligently; that de Bougainville, who was
+at Cap Rouge, proposed to send down, the night following,
+some boats loaded with provisions, and that your three
+posts had their orders to let these boats pass unmolested.
+The idea instantly occurred to me to profit by this discovery;
+and I ran to the Admiral, communicated to him what I had
+learned from the French deserters, begged him most
+earnestly to suffer me to make a last attempt before the
+embarkation of my army. I promised him that if there
+were twenty muskets fired from your posts, I would then
+desist immediately without further thought than to embark
+speedily in order to return to England. The council
+consented to my demand, and I began my landing at
+eleven at night. When my boats approached the two
+posts of Douglas and Rimini, upon their sentinels calling
+“<i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Qui vive!</i>” my soldiers answered them in French,
+“<i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Bateaux des vivres</i>,” upon which they suffered them to
+go on without stopping them, as they might have done, in
+order to receive the password. Not finding a sentry at
+your third post, commanded by De Vergor, I landed there
+with diligence, and all my army was ashore before this
+post perceived our men, without firing but one musket,
+which wounded De Vergor in the heel, who was immediately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span>
+taken prisoner without finding any man of his
+detachment with <span class="locked">him.<a name="FNanchor_H" id="FNanchor_H" href="#Footnote_H" class="fnanchor">H</a></span> I began my operation by landing
+there a Sergeant with ten Grenadiers, ordering him to
+advance always straight before him briskly, with long
+steps, and not to halt unless he was discovered by the
+enemy. A Lieutenant, with a detachment of Grenadiers,
+followed him, having the same orders, to halt instantly if
+they fired at him. The silence continuing, I then landed
+all my Grenadiers, who followed the Sergeant and the
+Lieutenant; and by degrees all my army landed without
+the least noise, disorder or confusion. The silence soon
+convinced me that they were not discovered; dissipated
+my fears, and assured me of the success of my enterprise.
+The head of the column, which was the guide to the rest
+of the army, got up the hill with difficulty, the others
+following them at their heels. If your guards had been
+vigilant and done their duty, all I risked was the Sergeant
+and Lieutenant, with a few Grenadiers. I would have
+stopped at the first discharge, as it would have been
+madness and unpardonable to attack by main force a hill
+so inaccessible that, even without an enemy at the top to
+repel them, my men had much difficulty to climb it.
+Moreover, I was assured by your deserters you had no
+troops on the heights of Abraham. You see now, sir, that
+it was not a heedless, ill-concerted project,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;but a sure
+operation, without risking much. An invariable principle
+with me has ever been to make an attack where it appears
+the most difficult; and it generally meets with success, as
+the point is commonly ill-guarded, frequently entirely
+neglected, and scarcely comprehended in the plan of
+defence. I am not alone of this opinion. Cardinal Ximenes
+says, that “Ferdinand, King of Arragon, fitted out two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span>
+armies against the Moors, under the conduct of Count
+D’Aguilar, and ordered them to enter into the mountains
+of Grenada at the same time, by the places the most
+difficult,” and consequently the least guarded. He gained
+a most complete victory over the Moors. The most difficult
+gorges of mountains, when not guarded where only a
+single man can pass, a hundred thousand may do the
+same. It is then an easy operation, by forming your men
+in battle as soon as they get through the passage, and
+provided that they are not immediately discovered by the
+enemy. When once you have a front capable to oppose
+and stand firm, it increases every instant, as you may be
+convinced that the soldiers go through the dangerous
+passage with great quickness. Besides, the enemy is always
+disconcerted by a surprise; demoralized by an unforeseen
+incident, he becomes timid and alarmed, and may be
+looked upon as already vanquished before the action
+begins. The landing at Cap Breton was executed according
+to my system. The enemy does not expect you at
+a place of difficult access; it is where he does not
+expect me that I would make my principal attack. Commonly,
+men suffer most where they are most <span class="locked">seen.<a name="FNanchor_I" id="FNanchor_I" href="#Footnote_I" class="fnanchor">I</a></span> But
+if they are entirely neglected&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;as it happened at Louisbourg&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;it
+is a fault of the General, who should be answerable
+for it. But the General having placed upon them a
+sufficient number of troops in proportion to their difficulties,
+can he be blamed if the officers of these posts do not do
+their duty?</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Can there be any divine or human law to
+punish a man for the faults of others? Should they not
+answer personally? It has often happened that the safety
+of a whole army has depended upon a subaltern’s guard!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span>
+You see that the deserters caused you to make a last
+attempt&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;prevented your embarking your army for England&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;your
+giving up your enterprise&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and, in short, ended in
+adding Canada to the British dominions; and perhaps a
+vigilant officer at that post (Wolfe’s Cove) might have
+hindered the soldiers from deserting, which would at once
+have removed a first cause which produced so many
+extraordinary effects. Your system may be good, if executed
+with great prudence and precaution. But should the
+enemy be informed of your design, which he may be by a
+deserter acquainted with your great preparations, as you
+were with the negligence of our posts, it is an excellent
+opportunity to have your army cut to pieces and catch a
+tartar; as it must have been your case at the Sault de
+Montmorency (on the 31st July), had it not been for that
+sudden shower of rain, which came to your rescue in the
+critical moment, when your destruction was otherwise
+inevitable. At least, sir, confess the injustice of mankind.
+They reproach me with being the cause of your success!
+They accuse me of having sacrificed the welfare of my
+army through jealousy and ill-feeling! My king and
+country&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;for whom I would have shed, with pleasure,
+every drop of my blood&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and those who view my case
+the most favourably, look on me as a giddy, ignorant
+officer! All these scandalous, atrocious lies and calumnies
+were spread everywhere by a <span class="locked">set<a name="FNanchor_J" id="FNanchor_J" href="#Footnote_J" class="fnanchor">J</a></span> of men who, from their
+immoderate thirst of riches, would, to serve their interest,
+have betrayed their king and country. Those vile, mercenary
+souls knew that I detested them as much as I constantly
+cherished honest men, whose noble sentiments endeared
+them to me. My death was happy for them. Had I lived
+to return to Europe, I would have had no difficulty to
+justify all my conduct, and crush these wretches like
+vermin. Covetousness and avarice carried them to Canada;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span>
+they left their honour and honesty in France on embarking,
+easily forgetting what it is to be just and patriotic. I would
+have soon confounded them. Truth supports oppressed
+innocence, and, sooner or later, dispels the clouds which
+too often overshadow it. I shall give you a faithful and
+exact account of my conduct with regard to the operations
+of the 13th September, following scrupulously truth, which
+has always been the rule of my actions and is held in great
+veneration by me; and I hope to demonstrate to you that
+if the end of that campaign covered you with glory, Fortune
+was the chief agent, who reunited in your power a great
+number of circumstances, the absence of any one of which
+sufficed to render your expedition fruitless.</p>
+
+<p>Some days after the action of the 31st of July, M. de
+Levis was sent by M. Vaudreuil to command at Montreal,
+upon a false report that a body of English was coming to
+attack Canada by Lake Champlain&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;a story trumped up by
+my enemies to deprive me of M. de Levis, in whom I had
+the greatest confidence, on account of his talents: I cannot
+say he made me a just acknowledgment of my sentiments
+towards him. I went to his lodgings a few hours before
+his departure, which was kept a secret from the army;
+and as I was little acquainted with his plan of defence for
+the left of our camp, at the Sault de Montmorency, I begged
+of him, as a favour, to leave me his aide-de-camp, M.
+Johnstone, who had a perfect knowledge of the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i> of
+that part of the country. Your boats having caused us an
+alarm in the night between the 10th and 11th of September,
+by their appearance opposite to the ravine of Beauport, I
+remained at M. Vaudreuil’s until one in the morning,
+when I left him in order that I might return to my lodging&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;having
+with me M. Montreuil, Major-General of the
+army, and M. Johnstone. On my sending away M. de
+Vaudreuil, after giving him my orders, I related immediately
+to M. Johnstone all the measures I had concerted with M.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span>
+de Vaudreuil, in case you (Gen. Wolfe) made a descent at
+daybreak. He answered me, that your army being now
+assembled at Point Levi, and part of it gone above Quebec,
+on the south side of the River St. Lawrence, it appeared
+very doubtful where you might attempt a descent&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;whether
+above the town, or below it towards the <i>Canardière</i>;
+he added, that he believed a body of troops might be
+advantageously placed upon the heights of Abraham, where
+they could with certainty confront you whenever you
+landed. I approved greatly of his idea. I called back
+Montreuil&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;who was as yet not far from us&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and I ordered
+him to send the Regiment of Guienne&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;which was encamped
+near the hornwork at the River St. Charles&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;to pass the
+night upon the heights of Abraham. Next morning&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the
+11th&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I wrote to Montreuil, ordering him to make this
+regiment encamp upon the heights of Abraham, and
+remain there until further orders. Thus, in consequence
+of my repeated orders, I had all the reason possible to
+believe that this regiment constitued a permanent post
+there; so that the declaration of the deserters from the
+three posts, who could not know this, might have led you
+into a dangerous snare, worse than that of the 31st July.
+Why this regiment continued the 12th in this camp at the
+hornwork, in spite of my express orders to encamp upon
+the heights, I know not; and can only attribute Montreuil’s
+disobedience of my orders to the weakness of his judgment
+and understanding. It is nevertheless evident that, if you
+had found the Regiment of Guienne upon the top of the
+hill&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;where it ought to have been, had my orders been
+obeyed&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;you would have been repulsed shamefully with a
+much greater loss than you met with on the 31st July at
+the Sault; the height where you made your descent, the
+13th of September, being infinitely steeper than that there
+which obliged you to make a speedy retreat, favoured by
+the <em>providential shower</em>. Or, perhaps you would have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span>
+embarked immediately your army, without any further
+attempt, to return to England, after a most ruinous and
+fruitless expedition&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the campaign ending with an incredible
+expense to your nation&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;fruitless; and, by this means, the
+colony of Canada would have been for ever delivered from
+such formidable armies.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as your army was reunited in a single camp at
+Pointe Levi, after having been so long separated, upon you
+sending a body of troops up the River St. Lawrence, I
+detached M. de Bougainville, with fifteen hundred of my
+best troops&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;composed of all my Grenadiers, of the
+Volunteers from the French Regiments, of my best Canadians
+and Indians; and I likewise gave him some small
+guns. I ordered him strictly to follow all your movements,
+by ascending the river when you went up, and descending
+as you did the same: in short, to be an army of observation,
+with only the river between you&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;never to lose sight of
+you&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;ever ready to oppose your passage up the river, and
+to fall on you with the swiftness of the eagle the moment
+you attempted to land on our side of it. He sent to inform
+me, the 13th of September, that all your army had descended
+to your camp at Pointe Levi. But he remained loitering
+with his detachment at Cap Rouge&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;three leagues from
+Quebec! Why did he not follow you to the heights of
+Abraham, according to his orders? Why did he not send
+me back my Grenadiers and Volunteers&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the very flower
+of their Regiments? informing me, as also the posts of
+Douglas and Rimini, that he would send down that night.
+I cannot conceive the reasons for such conduct: it is beyond
+all conception! He was informed, between seven and
+eight in the morning, by the fugitives from the three posts,
+that your army was landed and drawn up in battle upon
+the heights of Abraham; upon which he left Cap Rouge
+with his detachment, no doubt with the intention to join
+me. But, instead of taking the road to Lorette, or to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span>
+General Hospital along the borders of the River St. Charles,
+which led both of them to our camp, he followed the heights
+of Abraham, where he was evidently certain by his information
+to find there your army to intercept him; and it
+could never be his design to fight you with fifteen hundred
+men! He found a house on his way, with three or four
+hundred of your troops barricading it, and was very desirous
+to take them prisoners. M. le Noir, Captain in the Regiment
+La Sarre&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;having more bravery than prudence and
+knowledge of the art of war&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;attacked the house with the
+most astonishing boldness, and had more than half of his
+company of Volunteers killed: he received himself two
+wounds&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;one of them by a ball through the body, and the
+other in his hand. De Bougainville, intent on taking the
+house, waited there the arrival of the cannon, to force it;
+but when the cannon arrived, it unluckily happened that
+the balls had been forgotten at Cap Rouge, which obliged
+him to return there, abandoning the house without a
+moment’s reflection. How much more important it would
+have been to direct his march towards the General Hospital,
+in order to join my army! Thus were precious moments
+wasted ridiculously in the most trifling manner. De
+Bougainville&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;who has a great deal of wit, good sense,
+many good qualities&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;was protected by a very great person
+at Court; he is personally brave, has but little knowledge
+in the military science, having never studied it.</p>
+
+<p>The night between the 12th and 13th of September, when
+you made your descent, M. Poularies, Commander of the
+Regiment Royal Roussillon, who encamped behind my lodgings
+at Beauport, came to me, at midnight, to inform me that
+they saw boats opposite to his regiment. Upon which I immediately
+ordered all the army to line the trenches; and I
+sent Marcel&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;who served me as Secretary and aid-de-camp&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;to
+pass the night at M. de Vaudreuil’s, giving him one of
+my Cavaliers of Ordnance, ordering Marcel, if there was anything<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span>
+extraordinary in that quarter, to inform me of it speedily
+by the Cavalier. I was out and walked with Poularies
+and Johnstone, between my house and the ravine of Beauport,
+until one in the morning, when I sent Poularies to his
+regiment, and I continued there with Johnstone. All night
+my mind was in the most violent agitation, which I believe
+proceeded from my uneasiness for the boats and provisions
+that de Bougainville had acquainted me, would be sent down
+the river that night; and I repeated often to Johnstone, that
+I trembled lest they should be taken, “that loss would ruin
+us without resource, having provisions only for two days’
+subsistence to our army.” It appears to me that my extraordinary
+sufferings that night were a presage of my cruel
+fate some hours afterwards. At daybreak they fired some
+cannon from our battery at Samos, near Sillery. I then had
+no more doubts of our boats being taken by you. Alas! I
+would never have imagined that my provisions were in
+safety at Cap Rouge with de Bougainville, and that you were
+upon the heights of Abraham since midnight, without my
+being informed of an event of so great importance, and which
+was known through all the right of our camp.</p>
+
+<p>The day clearing up, having news from Marcel at M. de
+Vaudreuil’s, who had always my Cavalier of Ordnance with
+him, and perceiving no changes in your camp at Point Levis,
+my mind was more composed on reflecting that, if anything
+extraordinary had happened, I would certainly have been
+informed of it. I then sent Johnstone to order all the army
+to their tents, having passed the night in the trenches, and
+retired to my lodgings after drinking some dishes of tea with
+Johnstone. I desired him to order the servants to saddle
+the horses, in order to go to M. de Vaudreuil’s and be informed
+of the cause of the firing from our battery at Samos. Not
+a soul having come to me from the right of our camp since
+midnight when I sent there Marcel, I set out with Johnstone
+between six and seven in the morning. Heavens, what was
+my surprise! when opposite to M. de Vaudreuil’s lodgings,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span>
+the first news of what had passed during the night was the
+sight of your army upon the heights of Abraham, firing at
+the Canadians scattered amongst the bushes. I met at the
+same time M. de Vaudreuil coming out of his lodgings, and
+having spoke to him an instant, I turned away to Johnstone,
+and told him: “the affair is serious! run with the greatest
+speed to Beauport; order Poularies to remain there at the
+Ravine with two hundred men, and to send me all the rest
+of the left to the heights of Abraham with the utmost diligence.”</p>
+
+<p>Johnstone having delivered my orders to Poularies, he
+quitted him an instant to give some instructions to my servants
+at my lodgings; returning to rejoin me, he found
+Poularies in the Ravine with M. de Sennezergue, Brigadier-General
+and Lieutenant-Colonel of the Regiment of La Sarre,
+and de Lotbinière, Captain of the Colony troops and aide-de-camp
+to M. de Vaudreuil. Poularies stopped Johnstone to
+make him repeat to them my orders, which he did; and at
+the same time advised Poularies, as a friend, to disobey them,
+by coming himself to the heights of Abraham with every
+man of the left, since it was evident that the English army&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;already
+landed near Quebec&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;could never think of making
+a second descent at Beauport; and that it was manifest
+there would be in a few hours an engagement upon the
+heights which would immediately decide the fate of the
+Colony. Poularies then showed Johnstone a written order&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;signed
+“Montreuil”&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;which Lotbinière had brought to him
+from M. de Vaudreuil, “That not a man of the left should
+stir from the camp!” Johnstone declared to them, upon his
+honour, that it was word for word my orders and my intentions;
+and he entreated Poularies, in the most pressing
+manner, to have no regard for that order signed “Montreuil,”
+as the want of two thousand men, which formed the left of
+our camp, must be of the greatest consequence in the battle.
+M. de Sennezergue&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;an officer of the greatest worth and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span>
+honour, who fell a few hours afterwards&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;told Johnstone:
+“That he (Johnstone) should take it upon him to make all
+the left march of immediately.” Johnstone answered:
+“That, being only the bearer of my orders, he could take
+nothing upon him. But if he was in M. de Sennezergue’s
+place, Brigadier-General, and, by M. de Levis’ absence, the
+next in command of the army, he would not hesitate a moment
+to make the left march, without any regard whatsoever
+to any order that might be hurtful to the King’s service,
+in that critical juncture.” Johnstone left them irresolute
+and doubtful how to act, clapped spurs to his horse,
+and rejoined me immediately upon the heights.</p>
+
+<p>I don’t know, any more than a thousand others, the particulars
+relative to the action of the 13th of September. I
+am ignorant of who it was that made our army take their
+abominable and senseless position, by thrusting it betwixt
+your army and Quebec, where there were no provisions, and
+the best of our troops absent with de Bougainville; it certainly
+must have been dictated by an ignorant and stupid
+blockhead! I certainly had no hand in it: the piquets and
+part of the troops were already marched up the heights before
+I came to the Canardière, or ever knew that you were
+landed; and all the right of our army was marching after
+them when I arrived at their encampment. The only proper
+course to be taken in our position, and which would
+have been apparent to any man of common sense who had
+the least knowledge of the art of war, was to quit our camp
+coolly&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;calmly&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;without disorder or confusion, and march
+to Lorette; from thence cross over to St. Foix&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;which is two
+leagues from Quebec and a league from Cap Rouge&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and
+when joined there by M. de Bougainville’s detachment, to
+advance then and attack you as soon as possible. By these
+means you would have found yourself between two fires, by
+a sally from the town the moment that I attacked you on
+the other side. I was no sooner upon the heights than I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span>
+perceived our horrible position,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;pressed against the town-walls,
+without provisions for four-and-twenty hours, and a
+moral impossibility for us to retire, being drawn up in battle
+at the distance of a musket-shot from your army. Had
+I made an attempt to go down the heights, in order to repass
+the River St. Charles and return to my camp, I would have
+exposed my left flank to you, and my rear would have been
+cut to pieces without being able to protect and support it.
+Had I entered into the town, in an instant you would have
+invested us in it, without provisions, by carrying down your
+left wing to the River St. Charles&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;an easy movement of a
+few minutes. I saw no remedy other for us than to worry
+your army by a cannonade, having the advantage over you
+of a rising ground suitable for batteries of cannon, hoping,
+by thus harassing you, that you might retire in the night,
+as certainly you could never be so rash as to think of attacking
+us under the guns of the town; at least I would have
+made my retreat, taking advantage of the darkness of the
+night, to get myself out of the scrape where the ignorance
+of others had thrown me. I sent several persons with orders
+to M. de Ramsay, King’s Lieutenant (Deputy Governor),
+who was in command at Quebec, to send me, with all possible
+haste, the five-and-twenty brass field pieces that were
+in position on the palace battery, near our army; and precisely
+at the same instant when Johnstone came to me on
+the heights, with the news of the order which prevented
+the left of our army to join me, a sergeant arrived from M.
+de Ramsay&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the fourth person I had sent to him with my
+orders&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;with a categorical answer from him: “That he had
+already sent me three pieces of artillery; and that he could
+not send me any more, having his town to defend!” What
+could be de Ramsay’s reasons for such a monstrous conduct,
+or who it was who inspired him with such a daring disobedience,
+I know not?</p>
+
+<p>1. “His town”&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;as he called it&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;was defended by our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span>
+army which covered it, being drawn up in battle about two
+hundred fathoms from it; and its safety depended entirely
+upon the event of a battle.</p>
+
+<p>2. There were in Quebec about two hundred pieces of
+cannon, most of them twenty-four and thirty-six pounders.</p>
+
+<p>3. Small field-pieces, two or three pounders&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;such as the
+palace battery&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;could they be of the least service for the defence
+of a town?</p>
+
+<p>4. A commander of Quebec, as King’s Lieutenant or sub-Lieutenant,
+such as de Ramsay was&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;not Governor,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;or
+even M. de Vaudreuil himself, Governor General of Canada,
+at that moment in the town,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;could they have any authority
+to refuse me all the assistance I could desire from Quebec,
+by my particular commission of Commander-in-Chief of the
+troops in Canada, when my army was at the gates of the town,
+and your army deployed ready to fight? A thousand other
+queries suggest themselves; but of what avail?</p>
+
+<p>I assembled immediately a council of war, composed of all
+the commanding officers of the several regiments, to hear
+their opinion as to what was to be done in our critical situation.
+Some of them maintained you were busy throwing
+up breastworks. Others, that you appeared bent on descending
+in the valley, in order to seize the bridge of boats on the
+St. Charles river with the hornwork, with the object of cutting
+off our communication with the left wing of our army,
+which remained at Beauport pursuant to the order signed by
+Montreuil. In effect, a movement your army made in that
+moment towards the windmill and Borgia’s house, upon the
+edge of the height, seemed to favour this conjecture. But
+an instant afterwards, the Canadians having set fire to that
+house and chased you from it, you retook your former position.
+Others alleged, that the more we delayed attacking
+you, the more your army would be strong&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;imagining that
+your troops had not yet all landed. In short, there was
+not a single member of the war council who was not of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span>
+opinion to charge upon you immediately. Can it be credited
+that these officers&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;to the dishonour of mankind&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;who
+were the most violent to attack you, denied it afterwards,
+and became the most ardent censors of my conduct
+in not deferring the battle! What could I do in my desperate
+situation? Even a Marshal Turenne would have
+been much puzzled to get out of such a dilemma, in which
+they had entangled me either through design or ignorance.
+I listened with attention to their opinion, without opening
+my lips, and at last answered them:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;“It appears to me,
+gentlemen, that you are unanimous for giving battle;
+and that the only question now is, how to charge the
+enemy?” Montreuil said it would be better to attack in
+columns. I answered him: “That we would be beat before
+our columns could be formed so near to the enemy;
+and, besides, that our columns must be very weak, not
+having Grenadiers to place at their heads.” I added, that
+“since it is decided to attack, it must be in Front Baudière(?)”
+I sent all the officers to their posts, and ordered
+the drummers to beat the charge.</p>
+
+<p>Our onset was neither brisk nor long. We went on in
+confusion&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;were repulsed in an instant; and it could not
+naturally be otherwise from the absence of our Volunteers
+and Grenadiers, and de Bougainville at Cap Rouge with
+the best of our Canadians; the Montreal regiments with
+Poularies at Beauport, a league and a half from the battle-field.
+The example of the bravest soldiers in a regiment&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the
+Grenadiers and Volunteers&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;suffices to infuse courage
+in the most timid, who can follow the road shown to them,
+but cannot lead the way. The brave Canadian Militia saw
+us with heavy hearts, grief and despair, from the other side
+of the St. Charles river, cut to pieces upon the heights,
+stopped, as they were, in the hornwork, and prevented by
+superior orders from rushing to our assistance. About two
+hundred brave and resolute Canadians rallied in the hollow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span>
+at the bakehouse, and returned upon the heights. They
+fell instantly upon your left wing with incredible rage;
+stopped your army for some minutes from pursuing our
+soldiers in their flight, by attracting your attention to them;
+resisted, undaunted, the shock of your left; and, when repulsed,
+they disputed the ground inch by inch from the
+top to the bottom of the height, pursued by your troops
+down to the valley at the bakehouse, opposite to the hornwork.
+These unfortunate heroes&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;who were most of them
+cut to pieces&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;saved your army the loss of a great many
+men, by not being hotly pursued; and if your left, who
+followed these two hundred Canadians down to the plain,
+had crossed it from the bakehouse to the River St. Charles,
+only three or four hundred paces, they would have cut off
+the retreat of our army, invested the three-fourths of them
+in Quebec, without provisions, and M. de Vaudreuil, next
+day, must have surrendered the town and asked to capitulate
+for the colony. But your conduct cannot be blamed,
+as it is always wise and prudent in giving&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;as Pyrrhus
+advises&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;a golden bridge to one’s enemy in flight.</p>
+
+<p>You see, sir, by this true and faithful account of the
+battle of the 13th September, and of what preceded it, how
+many different and unforeseen events, fortune was obliged
+to unite in your favour to render you successful in your
+expedition against Canada; the failure of any one of which
+would have sufficed to frustrate your enterprise. It would
+appear that heaven had decreed that France should lose
+this colony. Let us now conclude, sir, that I have as little
+deserved the blame, scorn, contempt and injustice which
+my country heaped on my memory, as you do the excessive
+honours they lavished on your’s in England; and that the
+ablest General in Europe, placed in my circumstances,
+could not have acted otherwise than I did. Moreover, I
+was under M. de Vaudreuil&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the weakest man alive, although
+a most obstinate automaton&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and could not freely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span>
+follow my ideas as if I had been Commander-in-Chief. In
+my country the law is equal: we neither punish, nor recompense.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis of Montcalm, endeavouring to rally the
+troops in their disorderly flight, was wounded in the lower
+part of the <span class="locked">belly.<a name="FNanchor_K" id="FNanchor_K" href="#Footnote_K" class="fnanchor">K</a></span> He was conveyed immediately to Quebec,
+and lodged in the house of M. Arnoux, the King’s surgeon,
+who was absent with M. de Bourlamarque: his
+brother&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the younger Arnoux&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;having viewed the wound,
+declared it mortal. This truly great and worthy man heard
+<span class="locked">Arnoux<a name="FNanchor_L" id="FNanchor_L" href="#Footnote_L" class="fnanchor">L</a></span> pronounce his sentence of death with a firm and
+undaunted soul: his mind calm and serene; his countenance
+soft and pleasing; and with a look of indifference
+whether he lived or died. He begged of Arnoux to be so
+kind and outspoken as to tell him how many hours he
+thought he might yet live? Arnoux answered him, that
+he might hold out until three in the morning. He spent
+that short period of life in conversing with a few officers
+upon indifferent subjects with great coolness and presence
+of mind, and ended his days about the hour Arnoux had
+foretold him. His last words were:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;“I <span class="locked">die<a name="FNanchor_M" id="FNanchor_M" href="#Footnote_M" class="fnanchor">M</a></span> content,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span>
+since I leave the affairs of the King, my dear master, in
+good hands: I always had a high opinion of the talents
+of M. de Levis.” I will not undertake the panegyric of
+this great man: a true patriot and lover of his king and
+country, possessing many rare and good qualities. Had he
+by chance been born in England, his memory would have
+been celebrated, and transmitted with honour to posterity.
+Illustrious by his virtue and genius, he deserves to live in
+history; he was an unfortunate victim to the insatiable
+avarice of some men, and a prey to the immoderate ambition
+of others. His ashes, mingled with those of Indians,
+repose neglected far from his native country, without a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span>
+magnificent tomb or altars; General Wolfe has statues in
+England in commemoration of the many faults he committed
+during his expedition in Canada. “How many obscure
+dead,” says a modern author, “have received the greatest
+honours by titles yet more vain? O injustice of mankind!
+The mausolea adorn the temples to repeat continually false
+praise; and history, which ought to be the sacred asylum
+of truth, shows that statues and panegyrics are almost always
+the monuments of prejudice, and that flattery seeks to
+immortalise unjust reputations.”</p>
+
+<p>When I was informed of M. de Montcalm’s misfortune, I
+sent him immediately his servant Joseph, begging him to
+acquaint me if I could be of any service to him, and in that
+case I would be with him at Quebec immediately. Joseph
+came back in a moment to the hornwork, and grieved me
+to the inmost of my soul by M. de Montcalm’s answer:
+“that it was needless to come to him, as he had only a few
+hours to live, and he advised me to keep with Poularies
+until the arrival of M. de Levis at the army.” Thus perished
+a great man, generally unknown and unregretted by
+his countrymen&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;a man who would have become the idol
+and ornament of any other country in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The French army in flight, scattered and entirely dispersed,
+rushed towards the town. Few of them entered
+Quebec; they went down the heights of Abraham, opposite
+to the Intendant’s Palace (past St. John’s gate) directing
+their course to the hornwork, and following the borders of
+the River St. Charles. Seeing the impossibility of rallying
+our troops, I determined myself to go down the hill at the
+windmill, near the <span class="locked">bakehouse,<a name="FNanchor_P" id="FNanchor_P" href="#Footnote_P" class="fnanchor">P</a></span> and from thence across
+over the meadows to the hornwork, resolved not to approach
+Quebec, from my apprehension of being shut up there with
+a part of our army, which might have been the case if the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span>
+victors had drawn all the advantage they could have reaped
+from our defeat. It is true the death of the general-in-chief&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;an
+event which never fails to create the greatest disorder
+and confusion in an army&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;may plead as an excuse
+for the English neglecting so easy an operation as to take
+all our army prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>But, instead of following immediately my ideas, I was
+carried off by the flow of the fugitives, without being
+able to stop them or myself until I got to a hollow swampy
+ground, where some gunners were endeavouring to save a
+field-piece which stuck there, and I stayed an instant with
+them to encourage them to draw it to the town. Returning
+back upon the rising ground, I was astonished to find
+myself in the centre of the English army, who had advanced
+whilst I was in the hollow with the gunners, and taking
+me for a general, on account of my fine black horse,
+they treated me as such by saluting me with a thousand
+musket shots from half of the front of their army, which
+had formed a crescent. I was, nevertheless, bent on reaching
+the windmill, and I escaped their terrible fire without
+any other harm than four balls through my clothes, which
+shattered them; a ball lodged in the pommel of my saddle,
+and four balls in my horse’s body, who lived, notwithstanding
+his wounds, until he had carried me to the hornwork.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to imagine the disorder and confusion
+that I found in the <span class="locked">hornwork.<a name="FNanchor_Q" id="FNanchor_Q" href="#Footnote_Q" class="fnanchor">Q</a></span> The dread and consternation
+was general. M. de Vaudreuil listened to everybody,
+and was always of the advice of he who spoke last. No
+order was given with reflection and with coolness, none
+knowing what to order or what to do. When the English
+had repulsed the two hundred Canadians that had gone up
+the height at the same time that I came down from it, pursuing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span>
+them down to the bakehouse, our men lost their
+heads entirely; they became demoralized, imagining that
+the English troops, then at the bakehouse, would in an
+instant cross the plain and fly over the St. Charles river
+into the hornwork as with wings. It is certain that when
+fear once seizes hold of men it not only deprives them totally
+of their judgment and reflection, but also of the use
+of their eyes and their ears, and they become a thousand
+times worse than the brute creation, guided by instinct
+only, or by that small portion of reason which the author
+of nature has assigned it, since it preserves the use of it on
+all occasions. How much inferior to them do the greater
+portion of mankind appear, with their boasted reason, when
+reduced to madness and automata, on occasions when they
+require the more the use of their reason.</p>
+
+<p>The hornwork had the River St. Charles before it, about
+seventy paces broad, which served it better than an artificial
+ditch; its front, facing the river and the heights, was
+composed of strong, thick, and high palisades, planted perpendicularly,
+with gunholes pierced for several pieces of
+large cannon in it; the river is deep and only fordable at
+low water, at a musket shot before the fort. This made it
+more difficult to be forced on that side than on its other
+side of earthworks facing Beauport, which had a more
+formidable appearance; and the hornwork certainly on
+that side was not in the least danger of being taken by the
+English, by an assault from the other side of the river. On
+the appearance of the English troops on the plain of the
+bakehouse, Montguet and La Motte, two old captains in
+the Regiment of Bearn, cried out with vehemence to M. de
+Vaudreuil, “that the hornwork would be taken in an instant,
+by an assault, sword in hand; that we would be all
+cut to pieces without quarter, and that nothing else would
+save us but an immediate and general capitulation of Canada,
+giving it up to the English.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span>
+Montreuil told them that “a fortification such as the
+hornwork was not to be taken so easily.” In short, there
+arose a general cry in the hornwork to cut the bridge of
+<span class="locked">boats.<a name="FNanchor_R" id="FNanchor_R" href="#Footnote_R" class="fnanchor">R</a></span> It is worthy of remark, that not a fourth of our
+army had yet arrived at it, and the remainder, by cutting
+the bridge, would have been left on the other side of the
+river as victims to the victors. The regiment ‘Royal Roussillon’
+was at that moment at the distance of a musket shot
+from the hornwork, approaching to pass the bridge. As I
+had already been in such adventures, I did not lose my
+presence of mind, and having still a shadow remaining of
+that regard, which the army accorded me on account of
+the esteem and confidence which M. de Levis and M. de
+Montcalm had always shown me publicly, I called to M.
+Hugon, who commanded, for a pass in the hornwork, and
+begged of him to accompany me to the bridge. We ran
+there, and without asking who had given the order to cut
+it, we chased away the soldiers with their uplifted axes
+ready to execute that extravagant and wicked operation.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Vaudreuil was closeted in a house in the inside of
+the hornwork with the Intendant and with some other persons.
+I suspected they were busy drafting the articles for
+a general capitulation, and I entered the house, where I had
+only time to see the Intendant with a pen in his hand
+writing upon a sheet of paper, when M. de Vaudreuil told
+me I had no business there. Having answered him that
+what he said was true, I retired immediately, in wrath, to
+see them intent on giving up so scandalously a dependency
+for the preservation of which so much blood and treasure
+had been expended. On leaving the house, I met M.
+Dalquier, an old, brave, downright honest man, commander
+of the regiment of Bearn, with the true character
+of a good officer&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the marks of Mars all over his body. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span>
+told him it was being debated within the house, to give
+up Canada to the English by a capitulation, and I hurried
+him in to stand up for the King’s cause, and advocate the
+welfare of his country. I then quitted the hornwork to
+join Poularies at the <span class="locked">Ravine<a name="FNanchor_S" id="FNanchor_S" href="#Footnote_S" class="fnanchor">S</a></span> of Beauport; but having met
+him about three or four hundred paces from the hornwork,
+on his way to it, I told him what was being discussed
+there. He answered me, that sooner than consent to a capitulation,
+he would shed the last drop of his blood. He
+told me to look on his table and house as my own, advised
+me to go there directly to repose myself, and clapping spurs
+to his horse, he flew like lightning to the hornwork.</p>
+
+<p>As Poularies was an officer of great bravery, full of honour
+and of rare merit, I was then certain that he and Dalquier
+would break up the measures of designing men.
+Many motives induced me to act strenuously for the good of
+the service; amongst others, my gratitude for the Sovereign
+who had given me bread; also, my affection and inviolable
+friendship for M. de Levis in his absence, who
+was now Commander-in-Chief of the French armies in
+Canada by the death of M. de Montcalm. I continued sorrowfully
+jogging on to Beauport, with a very heavy heart
+for the loss of my dear friend, M. de Montcalm, sinking
+with weariness and lost in reflection upon the changes
+which Providence had brought about in the space of three
+or four hours.</p>
+
+<p>Poularies came back to his lodgings at Beauport about two
+in the afternoon, and he brought me the agreeable news of
+having converted the project of a capitulation into a retreat
+to Jacques-Cartier, there to wait the arrival of M. de Levis;
+and they despatched a courier immediately to Montreal to
+inform him of our misfortune at Quebec, which, to all appearance,
+would not have happened to us if M. de Vaudreuil<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span>
+had not sent him away, through some political reason, to
+command there, without troops except those who were
+with M. de Bourlamarque at L’Isle aux Noix&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;an officer of
+great knowledge. The departure of the army was agreed
+upon to be at night, and all the regiments were ordered to
+their respective encampments until further orders. The
+decision for a retreat was to be kept a great secret, and not
+even communicated to the officers. I passed the afternoon
+with Poularies, hoping each moment to receive from Montreuil&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Major-General
+of the army&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the order of the retreat
+for the regiment Royal Roussillon; but having no word of
+it at eight o’clock in the evening, and it being a dark night,
+Poularies sent his Adjutant to M. de Vaudreuil to receive his
+orders for the left. Poularies instantly returned to inform
+him that the right of our army was gone away with M. de
+Vaudreuil without his having given any orders concerning
+the retreat, and that they followed the highway to the hornwork.
+Castaigné, his Adjutant, could give no further account
+of this famous retreat, only that all the troops on our
+right were marched off. It can be easily imagined how
+much we were confounded by this ignorant and stupid conduct,
+which can scarce appear credible to the most ignorant
+military man.</p>
+
+<p>Poularies sent immediately to inform the post next to his
+regiment of the retreat, with orders to acquaint all the left
+of it, from post to post, between Beauport and the Sault de
+Montmorency.</p>
+
+<p>I then set out with him and his regiment, following those
+before us as the other posts to our left followed us, without
+any other guides, orders or instructions with regard to the
+roads we should take, or where we should go to; this was
+left to chance, or at least was a secret which M. de Vaudreuil
+kept to himself <i xml:lang="la" lang="la">in petto</i>. It was a march entirely in
+the Indian manner; not a retreat, but a horrid, abominable
+flight, a thousand times worse than that in the morning upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span>
+the heights of Abraham, with such disorder and confusion
+that, had the English known it, three hundred men
+sent after us would have been sufficient to destroy and cut
+all our army to pieces. Except the regiment Royal Roussillon,
+which Poularies, always a rigid and severe disciplinarian,
+kept together in order, there were not to be seen thirty
+soldiers together of any other regiment. They were all mixed,
+scattered, dispersed, and running as hard as they could,
+as if the English army was at their heels. There never was
+a more favourable position to make a beautiful, well-combined
+retreat, in bright day, and in sight of the English
+Army looking at us, without having the smallest reason to
+fear anything within their power to oppose it, as I had obtained
+a perfect knowledge of the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i> from Beauport to
+the Sault de Montmorency during some months that I was
+there constantly with M. de Levis and M. de Montcalm. I
+thought myself in a position to foretell to Poularies the
+probable order of retreat, and the route which would be assigned
+to each regiment for their march to the Lorette village.
+I was greatly deceived, and indeed could never have
+foreseen the route which our entire army followed to reach
+Lorette, and which prolonged our march prodigiously for
+the centre of our army, and still more for our left at the
+Sault de Montmorency. There is a highway in a straight
+line from the Sault de Montmorency to Lorette, which
+makes a side of a triangle formed by another highway from
+the Sault to Quebec, and by another road from Lorette to
+the hornwork, which formed the base. In the highway
+from the Sault to the hornwork there are eight or nine cross
+roads of communication from it to the road from the Sault
+to Lorette, which are shorter as they approach to the point
+of the angle at the Sault. Thus it was natural to believe
+that our army, being encamped all along the road from the
+Sault to the hornwork, each regiment would have taken
+one of these cross roads, the nearest to his encampment, in
+order to take the straight road from the Sault to Lorette,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span>
+instead of coming to the hornwork to take there the road
+from Quebec to Lorette, by which the left had double the
+distance to march, besides being more liable by approaching
+the hornwork so near to the English, to make them discover
+the retreat.</p>
+
+<p>The army, by this operation, would have arrived all at
+the same time in the road from the Sault to Lorette by the
+difference in the length of these cross roads, and would have
+naturally formed a column all along that road; and as it
+was not a forced retreat, they had the time from twelve at
+noon until eight at night to send off all the baggage by
+cross roads to Lorette, without the English perceiving it;
+but supposing them even fully aware of our design, which
+might have been executed in open day, they no way could
+disturb our operations without attacking the hornwork,
+and attempting the passage of the river St. Charles&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;a very
+difficult and dangerous affair&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;where they might be easily
+repulsed, exposing themselves in a moment to lose the
+fruits of their victory, without enjoying it; and consequently
+they would have been insane had they ventured on such
+a rash enterprise. Instead of these wise measures, which
+common sense alone might have dictated, tents, artillery, the
+military stores, baggage, and all other effects, were left as a
+present to the English; the officers saved only a few shirts,
+or what they could carry in their pockets: the rest was lost.
+In fact, it would appear, by this strange conduct, that a
+class of men there, from interested views, were furiously
+bent on giving up the colony to the English, so soon as they
+could have a plausible pretext to colour their designs,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;by
+lopping off gradually all the means possible to defend it any
+longer. M. de Vaudreuil had still other kind offices in
+reserve for the English. He wrote to de Ramsay, King’s
+Lieutenant and Commander in <span class="locked">Quebec,<a name="FNanchor_T" id="FNanchor_T" href="#Footnote_T" class="fnanchor">T</a></span> as soon as the retreat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span>
+was decided:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;“That he might propose a capitulation
+for the town eight-and-forty hours after the departure
+of our army from our camp at Beauport, upon the best
+conditions he could obtain from the English.” We ran
+along in flight all night; and at daybreak M. de Bougainville,
+with his detachment, joined us near Cap Rouge. In
+the evening, our army arrived at Pointe-aux-Trembles&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;five
+leagues from Quebec&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;where it passed the night, and next
+day came to Jacques-Cartier. The English had so little
+suspicion of our retreat, seeing our tents standing without
+any change at our camp, that Belcour&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;an officer of La
+Rochebaucourt’s cavalry&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;having returned to it with a detachment,
+two days after our flight, he found everything
+the same as when we left it. He went into the hornwork
+with his detachment, and fired the guns (pointed) at the
+heights of Abraham towards the English camp, which
+greatly alarmed them.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">FINIS.</p>
+
+<p>[The remainder of the manuscript alludes more particularly
+to the campaign conducted by Chevalier de Levis,
+which ended, in 1760, by the capitulation of Montreal.]</p>
+
+<h3>ADDENDA.</h3>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="p2 hang"><i>Extract of the Register of Marriages, Baptisms and Deaths of the French Cathedral
+at Quebec, for 1759</i>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;</p>
+
+<p xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">“L’an mil sept cens cinquante-neuf, le quatorzième du mois de Septembre,
+a été inhumé dans l’Eglise des Religieuses Ursulines de Québec, haut et puissant
+Seigneur Louis Joseph Marquis de Montcalm, Lieutenant Général des
+armées du Roy, Commandeur de l’ordre Royal et militaire de St. Louis, Commandant
+en chef des troupes de terre en l’Amérique Septentrionale, décédé le
+même jour de ses blessures au combat de la veille, muni des sacrements qu’il a
+reçus avec beaucoup de piété et de Religion. Etoient présents à son inhumation
+MM. Resche, Cugnet et Collet, chanoines de la Cathédrale, M. de Ramezay,
+Commandant de la Place, et tout le corps des officiers.</p>
+
+<div class="p1 sig-container"><div class="sig">
+(Signé,)<br />
+<span class="in4">“RESCHE, Ptre. Chan.</span><br />
+<span class="in4">“COLLET, Chne.”</span>
+</div></div></blockquote>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h2>FOOTNOTES</h2>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_A" id="Footnote_A" href="#FNanchor_A" class="fnanchor">A</a> Les Ecossais en France, Vol. II., P. 449.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_B" id="Footnote_B" href="#FNanchor_B" class="fnanchor">B</a> Formerly, inward bound ships, instead of taking the south channel lower
+down than Goose Island, struck over from Cape Tourmente, and took the
+south channel between Madame Island and Pointe Argentenay.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_C" id="Footnote_C" href="#FNanchor_C" class="fnanchor">C</a> General Abercrombie’s army consisted of 6,000 regular troops and 7,000
+provincials, according to the English; but the French gave them out to be
+6,300 troops, and 13,000 provincials&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;in all 19,300 men.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_D" id="Footnote_D" href="#FNanchor_D" class="fnanchor">D</a> The French say the English lost between four and five thousand men.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_E" id="Footnote_E" href="#FNanchor_E" class="fnanchor">E</a> Unfortunately, the plans here alluded to do not accompany the manuscript.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_F" id="Footnote_F" href="#FNanchor_F" class="fnanchor">F</a> This contest is generally denominated the Battle of the Monongahela.
+Capt. Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu commanded the Canadians, and achieved a
+most brilliant victory over General Braddock and George Washington; the
+English losing their provisions, baggage, fifteen cannon, many small arms, the
+military chest, Braddock’s papers. Washington, after the battle, wrote:
+“We have been beaten, shamefully beaten, by a handful of French.”&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(J.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;L.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_G" id="Footnote_G" href="#FNanchor_G" class="fnanchor">G</a> De Vergor’s post apparently stood about a 100 yards to the east of the
+spot on which Wolfe’s Field-cottage has since been built. The ruins still exist.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(J.
+M. L.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_H" id="Footnote_H" href="#FNanchor_H" class="fnanchor">H</a> De Vergor’s guard was composed chiefly of Militiamen from Lorette,
+who on that day had obtained leave to go and work on their farms, provided
+they also worked on a farm Captain De Vergor owned.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;“<i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Mémoires sur les
+Affaires de la Colonie de 1749&ndash;60.</i>” Some historians have intimated that De
+Vergor&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;a <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">protége</i> of Bigot’s&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;was a traitor to his King.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(J.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;L.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_I" id="Footnote_I" href="#FNanchor_I" class="fnanchor">I</a> I incline more to General Wolfe’s opinion than what Voltaire reports in
+the war of 1781, to have been the King of Prussia’s maxim:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;“That we
+ought always to do what the enemy is afraid of.” Where the enemy is afraid
+of anything in particular, he has there his largest force, and is there more on
+his guard than anywhere else.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(<span class="smcap">Manuscript Note.</span>)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_J" id="Footnote_J" href="#FNanchor_J" class="fnanchor">J</a> Bigot’s coterie.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(J.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;L.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_K" id="Footnote_K" href="#FNanchor_K" class="fnanchor">K</a> It was reported in Canada, that the ball which killed that great, good
+and honest man, was not fired by an English musket. But I never credited
+this.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_L" id="Footnote_L" href="#FNanchor_L" class="fnanchor">L</a> Arnoux gave me this account of his last moments.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;<span class="smcap">Manuscript Notes.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_M" id="Footnote_M" href="#FNanchor_M" class="fnanchor">M</a> The place where Montcalm died appears yet shrouded in doubt. It is
+stated, in Knox’s Journal, that, on being wounded, Montcalm was conveyed
+to the General Hospital, towards which the French squadrons in retreat had to
+pass to regain, over the bridge of boats, their camp at Beauport. The General
+Hospital was also the head-quarters of the wounded&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;both English and French.
+It has been supposed that Arnoux’s house, where Montcalm was conveyed,
+stood in St. Louis street. No where does it appear that Montcalm was conveyed
+to his own residence on the ramparts (on which now stands the residence
+of R.&nbsp;H. Wurtele, Esquire). As the city surrendered five days after the
+great battle, it was likely to be bombarded&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and, moreover, one-third of the
+houses in it had been burnt and destroyed&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;we do not see why the wounded
+General should have been conveyed from the battle-field to the Château St.
+Louis&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;certainly an exposed situation in the event of a new bombardment;
+and, moreover, the city itself, after and during the battle, was considered so
+insecure that the French army, instead of retreating to it for shelter, hurried
+past the General Hospital, over the bridge, to their camp at Beauport. There
+is a passage in Lieutenant-Colonel Beatson’s Notes on the Plains of Abraham,
+which we give:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;“The valiant Frenchman (Montcalm), regardless of pain, relaxed
+not his efforts to rally his broken battalions in their hurried retreat
+towards the city until he was shot through the loins, when within a few
+hundred yards of St. Louis <span class="locked">Gate.<a name="FNanchor_N" id="FNanchor_N" href="#Footnote_N" class="fnanchor">N</a></span> And so invincible was his fortitude
+that not even the severity of this mortal stroke could abate his gallant spirit
+or alter his intrepid bearing. Supported by two grenadiers&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;one at each
+side of his horse&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;he re-entered the city; and in reply to some women who,
+on seeing blood flow from his wounds as he rode down St. Louis street, on
+his way to the Château, exclaimed: <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Oh, mon Dieu! mon Dieu! le Marquis
+est tuê!!!</i> he courteously assured them that he was not seriously hurt, and
+begged of them not to distress themselves on his account.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;<i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Ce n’est rien! ce
+n’est rien! Ne vous affligez pas pour moi, mes bonnes amies.</i>”<a name="FNanchor_O" id="FNanchor_O" href="#Footnote_O" class="fnanchor">O</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_N" id="Footnote_N" href="#FNanchor_N" class="fnanchor">N</a> <span class="smcap">M. Garneau</span>, in his <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Histoire du Canada</i>, says:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;“The two Brigadier-Generals, M.
+de Semezergues and the Baron de St. Ours, fell mortally wounded; and <span class="smcap">Montcalm</span> (who
+had already received two wounds), while exerting himself to the utmost to rally his
+troops and preserve order in the retreat, was also mortally wounded in the loins by a
+musket-ball. He was at that moment between <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Les Buttes-a-Neveu</i> and St. Louis Gate.”
+From the city, on the one side, and from the battle-field, on the other, the ground rises until
+the two slopes meet and form a ridge; the summit of which was formerly occupied by a
+windmill belonging to a man named <i>Neveu</i> or <i>Nepveu</i>. About midway between this ridge
+and St. Louis Gate, and to the southward of the St. Louis Road, are some slight eminences,
+still known by the older French residents as <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Les Buttes-a-Nepveu</i> or <i>Neveu’s hillocks</i>, and
+about three-quarters of a mile distant from the spot where the British line charged.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;<span class="smcap">R.&nbsp;S.
+Beatson.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_O" id="Footnote_O" href="#FNanchor_O" class="fnanchor">O</a> For these particulars I am indebted to my friend Mr. G.&nbsp;B. Faribault&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;a gentleman
+well known in Canada for his researches into the history of the Colony; whose information
+on this subject was derived from his much respected fellow-citizen the Hon. John Malcolm
+Frazer&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;grandson of one of <span class="smcap">Wolfe’s</span> officers, and now (1854) one of the oldest inhabitants of
+Quebec; where, in his childhood and youth, he had the facts, as above narrated, often described
+to him by an elderly woman who, when about eighteen years of age, was an eye-witness
+of the scene.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;<span class="smcap">R.&nbsp;S. Beatson.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_P" id="Footnote_P" href="#FNanchor_P" class="fnanchor">P</a> This bakehouse appears to have been some where at the foot of Abraham’s
+hill.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_Q" id="Footnote_Q" href="#FNanchor_Q" class="fnanchor">Q</a> The excavations of these French works are very visible to this day behind
+Mr. G.&nbsp;H. Parke’s residence, Ringfield, Charlesbourg road. The hornwork
+appears to have covered about twelve acres of ground, surrounded by a
+ditch.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_R" id="Footnote_R" href="#FNanchor_R" class="fnanchor">R</a> It crossed the St. Charles a little higher up than the Marine Hospital, at
+the foot of Crown street.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(J.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;L.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_S" id="Footnote_S" href="#FNanchor_S" class="fnanchor">S</a> A small bridge supported on masonry has since been built at this spot,
+exactly across the main road at Brown’s mills.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(J.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;L.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_T" id="Footnote_T" href="#FNanchor_T" class="fnanchor">T</a> The deliberations of the council of war, called at M. Daine’s, Mayor of
+Quebec, on the 15th September, 1759, published in de Ramsay’s Memoires, in
+1861, by the Literary and Historical Society, have done an effective, though a
+tardy, justice to de Ramsay’s memory.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(J.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;L.)</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="transnote">
+
+<h2>Transcriber’s Note</h2>
+
+<p>Simple typographical errors were corrected.</p>
+
+<p>Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant
+preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.</p>
+
+<p>Text contains apparent parenthesized references to a map, but this
+book contained no maps, diagrams, or illustrations.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_3">3</a>: “heartily” was misprinted as “heartly”.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_3">3</a>: “buried there magnificently” was misprinted as “their”.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_8">8</a>: “without trembling.” should be punctuated with a question mark.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_28">28</a>: “analize” was printed that way.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_30">30</a>: “radient” was printed that way.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_30">30</a>: “LaRochebeaucourt” is printed as “La Rochebaucourt”
+on page <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_50">50</a>: Footnote <a href="#Footnote_M">M</a> has two footnotes of its own (<a href="#Footnote_N">N</a> and <a href="#Footnote_O">O</a>). In this
+eBook, they’ve been resequenced as normal footnotes.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_59">59</a>: “La Rochebaucourt” is printed as “La Rochebeaucourt”
+on page <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44381 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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+status under the laws that apply to them.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #44381 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44381)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Dialogue in Hades, by James Johnstone,
+chevalier de Johnstone
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: A Dialogue in Hades
+
+
+Author: James Johnstone, chevalier de Johnstone
+
+
+
+Release Date: December 7, 2013  [eBook #44381]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A DIALOGUE IN HADES***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Charlie Howard and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by
+Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      https://archive.org/details/dialogueinhades00john
+
+
+
+
+
+A DIALOGUE IN HADES.
+
+A Parallel of Military Errors, of Which the French
+and English Armies Were Guilty, During the
+Campaign of 1759, in Canada.
+
+ATTRIBUTED TO CHEVALIER JOHNSTONE.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Published under the Auspices of the
+Literary and Historical Society of Quebec
+
+[Reprinted.]
+
+Quebec:
+Printed at the "Morning Chronicle" Office.
+1887.
+
+
+
+
+[The original of this manuscript is deposited in the French war
+archives, in Paris; a copy was, with the permission of the French
+Government, taken in 1855, and deposited in the Library of the
+Legislative Assembly of Canada. The Literary and Historical Society
+of Quebec, through the kindness of Mr. Todd, the Librarian, was
+permitted to have communication thereof. This document is supposed to
+have been written about the year 1765, that is five years after the
+return to France from Canada of the writer, the Chevalier Johnstone,
+a Scottish Jacobite, who had fled to France after the defeat at
+Culloden, and obtained from the French monarch, with several other
+Scotchmen, commissions in the French armies. In 1748, says _Francisque
+Michel_,[A] "he sailed from Rochefort as an Ensign with troops going
+to Cape Breton; he continued to serve in America until he returned to
+France, in December, 1760, having acted during the campaign of 1759, in
+Canada, as aide-de-camp to Chevalier de Levis. On Levis being ordered
+to Montreal, Johnstone was detached and retained by General Montcalm
+on his staff, on account of his thorough knowledge of the environs
+of Quebec, and particularly of Beauport, where the principal works
+of defence stood, and where the whole army, some 11,000 men, were
+entrenched, leaving in Quebec merely a garrison of 1500. The journal
+is written in English, and is not remarkable for orthography or purity
+of diction; either Johnstone had forgotten or had never thoroughly
+known the language. The style is prolix, sententious, abounding in
+quotations from old writers. This document had first attracted the
+attention of one of the late historians of Canada, the Abb� Ferland,
+who attached much importance to it, as calculated to supply matters of
+detail and incidents unrecorded elsewhere. Colonel Margry, in charge of
+the French records, had permitted the venerable writer, then on a visit
+to Paris, to make extracts from it; some of which extracts, the abb�
+published at the time of the laying of the St. Foy Monument, in 1862.
+The Chevalier Johnstone differs _in toto_ from the opinions expressed
+by several French officers of regulars, respecting the conduct of the
+Canadian Militia, in 1759, ascribing to their valour, on the 13th
+September, the salvation of a large portion of the French army. He has
+chosen the singular, though not unprecedented mode of the Dialogue,
+to recapitulate the events of a campaign in which he played a not
+inconsiderable part."--J. M. LEMOINE.]
+
+
+
+
+  [Published under the auspices of the Literary and Historical Society
+                              of Quebec.]
+
+                          A DIALOGUE IN HADES.
+
+ A PARALLEL OF MILITARY ERRORS, OF WHICH THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH ARMIES
+          WERE GUILTY, DURING THE CAMPAIGN OF 1759, IN CANADA.
+
+
+THE MARQUIS DE MONTCALM:--Having ardently desired a conversation with
+you, sir, upon the operations of a campaign which proved to both of us
+so fatal, I have sought you continually amongst the shades ever since I
+descended here, where I soon followed you.
+
+GENERAL WOLFE:--I can assure you, sir, I was equally impatient to meet
+with you. Some of my countrymen, arrived here since the battle of the
+13th September, informed me that there was only an interval of a few
+hours in our sharing the same hard fate. They gave me some accounts
+of that event which joined Canada to the British dominions; but as
+they had a very imperfect knowledge of the circumstances, and entirely
+ignorant of your plan of operations, I have little information from
+them, and I am heartily glad that chance at last has procured me the
+pleasure of seeing you.
+
+MONTCALM:--Will you permit me, sir, before our conversation becomes
+serious, to offer some reflections upon the difference in our destiny.
+Your nation rendered you the greatest honours; your body was conveyed
+to London, and buried there magnificently in Westminster Abbey,
+amongst your kings. Generous Britons erected to your memory a superb
+monument over your grave, at public expense; and your name, most
+dear to your countrymen, is ever in their mouths, accompanied with
+praise and regret. But in my country what a strange indifference?
+What sensation did my death make upon my compatriots? My conduct
+denounced and censured without measure, is the continual subject of
+conversation for gossiping fools and knaves, who form the majority in
+all communities, and prevail against the infinitely small number to be
+found of honest, judicious, impartial men, capable of reflection. The
+Canadians and savages who knew the uprightness of my soul, ever devoted
+to the interests of my beloved king and country, they alone rendered
+me justice, with a few sincere friends, who, not daring to oppose
+themselves openly to the torrent of my enemies, bewailed in secret my
+unhappy fate, and shed on my tomb their friendly tears.
+
+WOLFE:--In this blessed abode, inaccessible to prejudice, I vow to you,
+sir, I envy your condition, notwithstanding the horrible injustice
+and ingratitude of your countrymen. What can give more pleasure and
+self-satisfaction than the esteem and approbation of honest men? You
+were severely regretted and lamented by all those who were capable of
+discerning and appreciating your superior merit, talents, and eminent
+qualities. Disinterested persons of probity must respect your virtue.
+All officers versed in the art of war will justify your military
+tactics, and your operations can be blamed only by the ignorant. Were
+my army consulted, they would be as many witnesses in your favour. Your
+humanity towards prisoners won you the heart of all my soldiers. They
+saw with gratitude and veneration your continual care and vigilance to
+snatch them from out of the hands of the Indians, when those barbarians
+were ready to cut their throats, and prepared to make of human flesh
+their horrible banquets; refusing me even tears at my death, they
+weeped and bewailed your hard fate; I see in my mausoleum the proof
+only of human weakness! What does that block of marble avail to me in
+my present state? The monument remains, but the conqueror has perished.
+The affection, approbation and regret of the worthiest part of mankind
+is greatly preferable and much above the vain honours conferred by a
+blind people, who judge according to the event, and are incapable to
+analyse the operations. I was unknown to them before the expedition
+which I commanded in Canada; and if fortune, to whom I entirely owe my
+success, had less favoured me, perhaps, like Byng, I would have been
+the victim of a furious and unruly populace. The multitude has and can
+have success only for the rule of their judgment.
+
+MONTCALM:--I am much obliged to you, sir, for your favourable opinion
+of me. Let us leave weak mortals to crawl from error to error, and
+deify to-day what they will condemn to-morrow. It is at present, when
+the darkness is dispelled from before our eyes, that we can contemplate
+at leisure the passions of men, who move as the waves of the sea, push
+on each other and often break upon the rocks; and in our present state,
+when all prejudices are at an end, let us examine impartially the
+operations of 1759, which was the epocha of the loss to France of her
+northern colonies in America.
+
+WOLFE:--Most willingly, sir, and to show my frankness, I own to you
+I was greatly surprised on arriving with the English fleet at Quebec
+without meeting with any opposition by the French in the river St.
+Lawrence.
+
+MONTCALM:--You had reason to be so. It was not my fault that you did
+not meet with many obstacles in your way. I proposed to have a redoubt
+and battery erected upon Cape Tourmente, which is a rock above fifty
+feet high, facing the Traverse at the east[B] end of the Island of
+Orleans, where all the vessels cross from the north to the south side
+of the St. Lawrence river. They are obliged to approach very near the
+Cape before they enter into the Traverse, and its height above the
+men-of-war would have secured it against the effect of the artillery.
+Besides, this rock, almost perpendicular, commanding all round it,
+the fort would have been impregnable, and not susceptible of being
+besieged. Thus the first of your ships which approached to pass the
+Traverse would have been raked by the plunging fire of the battery from
+stern to bowsprit, and must have been sunk. I had likewise the project
+of placing a battery and a redoubt upon the upper point of the bay
+which is opposite to the west end of _Isle aux Coudres_. The current
+between this island and the main land being incredibly rapid at low
+water, all the vessels coming up the river must have cast anchor there
+to wait until the next tide; and my artillery upon the point of that
+bay would have battered your ships at anchor from fore to aft; have
+put in a most terrible confusion your ships, who could not have taken
+up their anchors without being instantly dashed to pieces against the
+rocks by the violence of the current, forced, as they would have been
+by it, to have their bowsprits always pointed to the battery, without
+being able to fire at it. Your fleet would have had no knowledge of the
+battery until they were at anchor, so you may easily judge how it would
+have distressed them. I proposed this, but I did not command in chief;
+it was the Marquis de Vaudreuil, Governor General of Canada, who should
+have ordered it to be put into execution.
+
+WOLFE:--If they had executed your project, it would have puzzled us,
+and retarded for some time our operations.
+
+MONTCALM:--That was all I could wish for, as I was always sensible of
+the great advantage, in certain situations, of gaining time from the
+enemy, especially in such a climate as Canada, where the summer is
+so short that it is impossible to keep the field longer than from the
+month of May till the beginning of October, and your fleet arrived at
+_Isle aux Coudres_ at the end of June.
+
+WOLFE:--There is no doubt that you are in the right. Our fleet arrived
+in the river St. Lawrence six weeks too late, which is commonly the
+fate of all great naval expeditions. Fleets are seldom ready to sail at
+the time appointed; and this often renders fruitless the best concocted
+enterprise by sea, from the uncertainty of the arrival of the army at
+its destination. The smallest delay is often dangerous, as it gives
+the enemy the time to prepare themselves for defence, without hurry or
+confusion.
+
+MONTCALM:--I will not conceal from you, sir, that I always looked
+upon the distribution you made of your army upon your landing near
+Quebec, as diametrically opposed to the established principles in
+castrametation. It is a known axiom in the art of war, that an
+army ought to be encamped in such a manner as to have a free and
+easy communication with all its parts; that they may unite quickly
+without any obstruction, and be able to defend and sustain each other
+reciprocally over the whole extent of the camp, in case any part of it
+is attacked. You divided your army in three different camps; one of
+them upon the Pointe Levis, another upon the Island of Orleans, and
+the third at the Sault de Montmorency. The two branches of the St.
+Lawrence river, which forms the Island of Orleans, each of them about
+half a mile broad, separated your three camps, without a possibility
+of establishing a communication between them; and your camp upon the
+Pointe Levis was at a distance of six miles from your camp at the Sault
+de Montmorency. Your position was such that had we fallen with our army
+on any of your three camps, we would have cut them to pieces, before
+those of your other two camps could have come to their assistance. The
+knowledge for choosing an advantageous ground for encamping an army,
+always appears to me to be one of the most essential talents requisite
+in a general. How could you remain quietly in such a dangerous position
+during two months, without trembling.
+
+WOLFE:--What hindered you then, sir, from executing that which appeared
+to you so easy?
+
+MONTCALM:--We attempted it, but with very bad success. Seven days
+after your landing at the Pointe Levis, Mr. Dumas, Major of the Colony
+troops, was sent to attack your camp at the Pointe Levis, with a body
+of fifteen hundred men, who, in the night, crossed the river St.
+Lawrence at Quebec, without being discovered by your advanced guards.
+But they were no sooner landed and marching, than, struck with a panic,
+the utmost disorder suddenly ensued; their heads turned, and, losing
+their senses entirely, they fired at each other, believing themselves
+attacked by your army. In short, they immediately fled back to their
+boats with the greatest precipitation and confusion. Discouraged by
+this bad beginning, M. de Vaudreuil would never listen to any proposals
+of further attempts upon your camps; and it was decided to keep
+ourselves for the future upon the defensive.
+
+WOLFE:--It appears to me, however, that you were not encamped in a
+proper manner to be upon the defensive. Your army did not amount to ten
+thousand men, and your camp extended seven or eight miles.
+
+MONTCALM:--I agree with you, and am sensible that the longer the line,
+the weaker it is in its several parts. I am convinced that it is
+impossible to prevent a line from being forced; and I believed likewise
+that, landing on a coast where there are several leagues of it to be
+defended, equally susceptible of descent, is the same case as lines.
+He who attacks has all his force concentrated at a single point, which
+he may choose as he pleases; anywhere in the extent of his lines; on
+the contrary, he who is attacked in his entrenchments has his force
+divided over the whole extent of his lines, and does not know on what
+part of them the enemy has the intention to make his real attack, so
+that he must be everywhere equally strong and guarded over all the
+ground occupied by his army. Thus the head of a column of a great depth
+of ranks must infallibly pierce through lines who have only at most two
+or three men deep; and by feint attacks all over the front of a line,
+you cannot weaken one part of it by drawing troops from it to fortify
+another part of it, unless the point of the enemy's principal attack
+is manifestly known. It is certainly the same with regard to landings,
+where all the extent of the sea coast may be threatened at the same
+time, although it is a common opinion that a coast may be defended, and
+that an enemy may be repulsed in his attempt to make a descent by open
+force.
+
+I know not a better method to oppose a descent than to have bodies of
+troops in battle, ready to rush upon the enemy, with their bayonets
+upon their muskets, attacking the moment the enemy land, whilst they
+are yet few and in confusion from the disorder which must necessarily
+happen at their coming out of their boats, and before they can present
+a considerable front in battle.
+
+My project of defence was to encamp on rising ground at Quebec, called
+by the French, _Les Hauteurs d'Abraham_, and make Quebec serve as the
+centre and pivot to all my operations, since it was evident that the
+fate of Canada depended entirely on its being preserved to us or taken
+by you, which decided whether that colony should remain to its ancient
+possessors or become your prize.
+
+With this in view, I intrenched the borders of the St. Charles river,
+and remained encamped at Quebec until, receiving tidings of your fleet
+having arrived in the St. Lawrence river, M. de Levis, an officer of
+great merit and distinction, proposed to change the position of our
+camp, by carrying our left wing to the Sault de Montmorency, and our
+right to the St. Charles river: this, as you say, made it six miles
+long on the north side of Quebec, and gave us greater appearance of
+being on the offensive than on the defensive.
+
+He pretended that the presenting a great front to the enemy would
+give us a bold look, and inspire respect. As there can be no positive
+certainty in any military operation, from unforeseen accidents which
+often overturn the best combined project, I readily sacrificed to him
+my opinion, without insisting upon it. In this new position M. de
+Vaudreuil commanded the right of our camp, near Quebec; M. de Levis
+the left, at the Sault de Montmorency; and I commanded the centre, at
+Beauport.
+
+WOLFE:--Had you continued on the heights of Abraham you would have
+saved Quebec, but you would have abandoned to me all the country where
+I might have destroyed, burnt and ruined all the settlements at some
+leagues round it.
+
+MONTCALM:--That may be, but Canada would not have been taken, and
+certainly you durst not penetrate far into the country, leaving Quebec
+behind you. Had you attacked me, I would have had the advantage of the
+rising ground, which I would have fortified with intrenchments, and
+with a chain of redoubts from Quebec to Cap Rouge, where these heights
+terminate in a deep ravine, with a small river at the bottom of it,
+overhung with rocks, at three leagues from Quebec. This advantageous
+position, not to be successfully attacked by any number of men, would
+have been my advanced post.
+
+My right would have been applied to Quebec, and sustained by it. I
+never could guess, sir, your idea in reducing that town to ashes as
+you did, by throwing upon it continually, from your batteries on the
+opposite side of the river, that immense number of carcases and shells.
+
+It seems to me that when an army besieges a town, it is with the
+intention, on its surrendering, to keep possession of it, and have
+houses in it to lodge the troops, instead of heaps of ruins. This
+conduct was still more essentially necessary from the season being
+advanced, and from the impossibility of carrying-on any kind of
+house building during the winter. Moreover, the utter destruction of
+that town reduced to ashes could not hasten its being taken a moment
+sooner. You could do no harm to our batteries, which were much higher
+than yours; it is not by destroying houses that towns are taken. You
+always battered houses, without reflecting that it is only by ruining
+the fortifications--the defences--and by a breach in the walls, that
+success may be hoped for in sieges; and it is certain that you lavished
+a prodigious quantity of warlike stores very uselessly.
+
+What advantages could you expect by ruining and distressing the
+inhabitants of Quebec, whose houses you burnt?
+
+It was destroying alone for the pleasure of doing injury, without any
+advantage accruing to you from it.
+
+WOLFE:--My inaction during the whole summer should have made you
+perceive what little hopes I had of succeeding in my expedition; should
+it turn out fruitless after the sum it had cost England, the news of
+Quebec being reduced to ashes might blind the extravagant English
+populace, and blunt their fanatical fury.
+
+MONTCALM:--The day that you landed at the Sault de Montmorency, where
+you encamped immediately with a body of four thousand men, in all
+appearance you did not know that the river Montmorency was fordable in
+the wood about a mile to the north of your camp, where fifty men in
+front might pass the ford with water only up to their knees. Had you
+passed it immediately, you might have fallen upon the left of our army,
+cut them to pieces, and pursued them two miles, as far as the ravine
+of Beauport, before they could assemble a sufficient number of men to
+be able to resist you. You might have even encamped upon the north
+side of that ravine, which, having it before you, would have been a
+very advantageous post, and brought you several miles nearer to Quebec.
+In this case it is highly probable that we would have been obliged to
+abandon to you all the ground between the St. Charles river and the
+ravine.
+
+To return to my first project of encamping upon the heights of Abraham,
+our left was in the greatest security, not knowing that there was a
+ford in that river until some hours after your landing at the Sault.
+
+WOLFE:--Is it then surprising that I should be ignorant of that ford,
+since you did not know it yourself? besides, it is only the inhabitants
+in the neighbourhood of rivers, swamps and lakes, who can give positive
+and sure information about them. And supposing I had found some of your
+Canadians at their houses there, they are so inviolably attached to
+their religion, king and country, that they would sooner have led me
+into a snare than instruct me in anything that could be prejudicial to
+their army.
+
+Those whom a general sends to examine the _locale_ of a country must do
+it very superficially upon their own observations, without consulting
+or interrogating the peasants in the neighbourhood.
+
+MONTCALM:--Whilst your soldiers were employed in making their camp, and
+pitching their tents, M. de Levis and his aide-de-camp Johnstone, were
+looking at you from the opposite side of the Sault. His aide-de-camp
+having asked him if he was positively certain that there was no ford
+in the Montmorency river, M. de Levis answering that there was not,
+and that he had been himself to examine it to its source, at a lake in
+the woods, about ten or twelve miles from the Sault. An inhabitant who
+overheard this conversation, told the aide-de-camp: "The General is
+mistaken; there is a ford which the inhabitants thereabouts pass every
+day in carrying their corn to a mill;" and he added that he had crossed
+it lately, with water not above his knees.
+
+The aide-de-camp related to M. de Levis immediately his conversation
+with the Canadian, who would not believe there was a ford, and,
+examining him roughly, the Canadian was seized with awe, and respect
+for the General; his tongue faltered in his mouth, and he durst
+not boldly assert the truth. The aide-de-camp, in a whisper to the
+Canadian, ordered him to find out a person who had crossed the ford
+lately, and bring him immediately to M. de Levis' lodgings. The Canadian
+came to him in a moment, with a man who had crossed it the night
+before, with a sack of wheat upon his back, where he had found only
+eight inches deep of water.
+
+The aide-de-camp being thus assured of the fact, ordered, in M. de
+Levis' name, a detachment to be sent instantly, with the necessary tools
+to intrench itself.
+
+WOLFE:--Had I been so lucky as you, sir, to discover that ford, there
+is no doubt I would not have let slip so favourable an opportunity
+of distinguishing myself, and would have fallen like lightning upon
+that part of your camp. There can be nothing more dangerous than the
+neighbourhood of rivers and swamps, that have not been sounded and
+examined with the greatest care and attention. Negligence, ignorance
+and headstrong obstinacy are equally fatal in military affairs; and
+the misfortune of a Lieutenant-General, in Scotland, against the
+Highlanders at the battle of Prestonpans, made so deep an impression
+upon me that I am always on my guard when near such places.
+
+MONTCALM:--How can you, sir, justify your imprudence in running
+headlong into the woods opposite to our intrenchments, with two
+thousand men, who naturally ought to have been cut to pieces, and
+neither you nor any man of your detachment escape? Nine hundred
+Indians had invested you all round at a pistol shot from you, and had
+already cut off your retreat, without your perceiving it. So soon as
+the Indians had surrounded you in the wood, they sent their officer
+Langlade to acquaint M. de Levis that they had got you in their net,
+but that your detachment, appearing to be about two thousand men,
+greatly superior to them in number, they begged earnestly of M. de
+Levis to order M. de Repentigny to pass the ford with eleven hundred
+men, which he commanded in these intrenchments, and join them; that
+they would be answerable upon their heads if a single man of your
+detachment should get back to your camp; and they did not think
+themselves strong enough to strike upon you without this reinforcement
+of Canadians. There were a great many officers at M. de Levis' lodgings
+when Langlade came to him on behalf of the Indians, and this General
+having consulted them, after giving his own opinion on the affair:
+"that it was dangerous to attack an army in the wood, as they could not
+know the number of men there; that it might be all the English army,
+which consequently might bring on a general engagement without being
+prepared for it; and that if he happened to be repulsed, he would be
+blamed for engaging in an affair, without holding previously an order
+from his superiors, M. de Vaudreuil and M. de Montcalm." The officers
+respected too much the General not to be of his way of thinking, and
+it must ever be so from flattery. His aide-de-camp alone maintained
+a different opinion, out of a real friendship for M. de Levis. He
+told them that there was not the smallest probability it could be all
+the English army, since the Indians, who never fail to magnify the
+number, computed them at only two thousand men. That even supposing it
+to be the whole English army, it would be the most lucky thing that
+could happen to us to have a general engagement in the woods, where
+a Canadian is worth three disciplined soldiers, as a soldier in a
+plain is worth three Canadians; and that nothing was more essential
+than to select the propitious moment and the way of fighting for
+those who composed the two-thirds of the army, which was the case with
+the Canadians. On the contrary, the English army was almost entirely
+composed of regulars with very few militia.
+
+That M. de Levis could not do better than in ordering M. de Repentigny
+to cross the river immediately with his detachment _en �chelon_, and
+join the Indians, without losing moments very precious; that at the
+same time he should send instantly to inform me of his adventure, in
+order to make all the army advance towards the ford, each regiment
+taking the place of the other marched off; so that the Regiment Royal
+Roussillon, the nearest to the ford, should go off directly to take the
+post that Repentigny would quit in crossing the river, and observing
+the same for the rest of the army; that by this means the engaging a
+general affair was much to be wished for, supposing all the English
+army to be in the woods opposite the ford; in short, that if there
+was a possibility of our being defeated and repulsed in the woods,
+which could scarce happen, according to all human probability, we had
+our retreat assured in the depth of these woods, well known to the
+Canadians, where the English troops could not pursue them, so that in
+no shape could M. de Levis run the least risk.
+
+His aide-de-camp added, that when fortune offers her favours, "they
+ought to be snatched with avidity." These reasons made no impressions
+on M. de Levis, and Langlade was sent back to the Indians with a
+negative reply.
+
+There was two miles from M. de Levis' quarters to the place where the
+Indians were in ambush. Langlade came back with new entreaties and
+earnest solicitations to induce M. de Levis to make Repentigny cross
+the ford with his detachment, but the General could not be prevailed
+upon to give a positive order to Repentigny to join the Indians.
+
+He wrote a letter to Repentigny by Langlade, wherein he told him
+"having the greatest confidence in his prudence and good conduct, he
+might pass the river with his detachment, if he saw a certainty of
+success." His aide-de-camp told him, whilst he was sealing the letter,
+that Repentigny had too much judgment and good sense to take upon
+himself an affair of that importance; and his opinion of Repentigny was
+immediately justified by his answer; he asked M. de Levis to give him
+a clear and positive order. After thus loitering about an hour and a
+half, M. de Levis resolved at last to go himself to the ford, and give
+there his orders verbally; but he had scarce got half way to it when
+he heard a brisk fire. The Indians, losing all patience, after having
+remained so long hid at a pistol shot from you, like setter dogs upon
+wild fowl, at last gave you a volley, killed about a hundred and fifty
+of your soldiers, and then retired without losing a man. It is evident
+that had Repentigny passed the river with his detachment of eleven
+hundred Canadians, you must have been cut to pieces, and that affair
+would have terminated your expedition. Your army could have no more
+hopes of succeeding after such a loss; their spirits would have been
+damped, and Canada would have been secure from any further invasion
+from Great Britain.
+
+Fortune was always as favourable to you, as she constantly frowned
+upon us. M. de Levis is not to be blamed; an officer who serves under
+the orders of others can only be reproached when he does not execute
+punctually the orders he receives from his superiors; and he has always
+reason to be cautious and diffident in such cases where his honour
+and reputation may be engaged, as none can be positively certain of
+the issue of any military enterprise, and if success does not crown
+the venture, of which you have voluntarily burthened yourself, though
+undertaken from the best of motives and apparently for the good of the
+service, thousands of mouths will open to spit venom against you.
+
+But of all others, the ignorant amongst the military, and the knaves,
+to screen themselves, will surely be violent: this is so much the more
+astonishing, in the profession of arms, where sentiments of honour and
+honesty ought to be the foundation.
+
+WOLFE:--My intention in approaching so near your post at the ford was
+to examine it carefully, as I then had formed the design to attack it,
+little imagining that such a considerable detachment as I had with
+me would have been exposed to be set on by your Indians. Accustomed
+to European warfare, I could never have thought that a body of men
+should have been so long, so close to me without discovering them. Your
+intrenchments there appeared to be very trifling, but the sight of
+earth thrown up is respectable, and not to be despised.
+
+MONTCALM:--Your attack of the 31st of July, at the only place of our
+camp which was inaccessible, appeared to me unaccountable. From Quebec
+to Beauport, which was about four miles, it is a marshy ground, very
+little higher than the surface of the St. Lawrence at full tide.
+The heights begin at the ravine at Beauport, and rise gradually all
+along the border of the river, until at Johnstone's redoubt and
+battery--where you made your descent and attack--they become a steep
+high hill, which ends in a deep precipice at the Sault de Montmorency.
+Opposite to Johnstone's redoubt it is so steep that your soldiers could
+scarce be able to climb it, even without the encumbrance of their arms.
+
+Besides this natural fortification, we had a continued intrenchment
+all along the edge of the hill, from Beauport to the Sault, so traced
+and conducted by M. Johnstone that it was everywhere flanked, and the
+sloping of it served as a glacis; thus the fire from the front and
+flanks would have destroyed the three-fourths of your army before they
+could reach the top of the hill.
+
+But supposing that some of your troops had reached the top of the hill,
+up to our trenches, after surmounting these difficulties, my grenadiers
+were drawn up in battle behind them, ready to charge upon them, with
+their bayonets upon their muskets, the instant any of your soldiers
+should appear at the trenches.
+
+The swampy, sinking ground, from the redoubt to the foot of the hill,
+was not one of the smallest difficulties you had in your way to come at
+us.
+
+It is true the Scotch Highlanders, who were your forlorn hope, had got
+over it and had reached the foot of the hill, though certainly very few
+returned; but these turfy swamps, when a certain number of men have
+passed them, become at last impassible, and your soldiers must have
+sunk down in it above the head, multitudes of them perishing there in
+the most useless and disagreeable manner. Thus, sir, I hope you see
+clearly the folly and rashness of that attack, and that your army must
+have been totally destroyed, without hope, had not heaven wrought a
+miracle in your favor, after a long cessation of them, which alone
+could save you.
+
+You were no sooner hotly engaged in the attack, without a possibility
+of withdrawing yourself out of the scrape, when from a clear sunshine
+there fell in that most critical juncture, of a sudden, the most
+violent even, down pour of rain from a cloud, which, as the cloud that
+saved Eneas from the fury of Diomed, placed you immediately out of our
+sight, so that in an instant we could not see half way down the hill.
+You profited, as a wise man, of this event to make good your retreat.
+When the shower was over and we could see you, we found, to our sorrow,
+that you had escaped us, and that you were then out of the reach of
+our fire, marching, in a well-formed column, back to your camp at the
+Sault, well satisfied to have got out of that adventure with the loss
+only of between five and six hundred men.
+
+It was a long time before I could be persuaded that you were in
+earnest. I had always expected your descent and attack would have been
+betwixt the St. Charles river and the ravine of Beauport. All that
+tract of ground, about four miles extent, was everywhere favourable to
+you, if you had made your real descent in the middle of it, opposite to
+M. Vaudreuil's lodging, with feint attacks at Johnstone's redoubt, and
+at the Canardi�re near the river St. Charles, forcing our intrenchments
+there, which could not resist an instant a well-formed column. The head
+of it, composed of the Scotch Highlanders, might have easily penetrated
+into the plain, separating our army into two parts by the centre,
+having lodged yourself in the south side of the ravine of Beauport,
+and have taken the hornwork upon the St. Charles river, sword in hand,
+without much difficulty or loss of men. In short, all this might have
+been effected in an hour's time, without meeting with any considerable
+resistance from our army, thus divided and opened by the centre; and a
+complete victory, which would have crushed us to pieces without hope,
+would have crowned you with justly merited laurels.
+
+WOLFE:--I own to you, sir, I was greatly deceived with regard to the
+height and steepness of the hill, which did not appear considerable,
+even with a telescope, from the river St. Lawrence; it was only when
+I got to the redoubt that I saw it such as it really is. I began at
+seven in the morning to fire at your camp from my battery at the Sault
+(of forty cannons) mostly four-and-twenty pounders. The _Centurion_, a
+man-of-war of sixty guns, did the same, as also the _Two Cats_, which
+had on board all the tools necessary for the workmen. They gave you
+continually their broadsides, firing upon your camp, as I did from my
+battery, like platoons of infantry.
+
+I dare say you never saw artillery better served and kept up until six
+in the evening when I began my landing at low water. I imagined that
+this terrible cannonade all that day, without a moment's intermission,
+would have intimidated your Canadians and make them quit the trenches;
+my battery at the Sault being thirty or forty feet higher than your
+camp, we saw them down at the shore. Certainly you must have lost a
+great number of men.
+
+MONTCALM:--That brave militia deserves justly the greatest praise. Not
+a man of them stirred from his post, and they showed as much ardour,
+courage and resolution as my regular troops. I had no more than fifty
+men killed and wounded by your furious cannonade, which proves how
+little cannons are hurtful in comparison to the dread and respect
+they inspire. Permit me, sir, to tell you that your countrymen, the
+English, appear to me, from their conduct in Canada, to be as rash,
+inconsiderate and hot-headed as the French, who have ever enjoyed
+that character, notwithstanding your countrymen's reputation for
+coolness and phlegmatic bravery, since I have seen several examples
+of their attacking us before they had examined the _locale_, or known
+our position; and if the two nations are compared impartially, I am
+persuaded that you will do us the justice to own that in our operations
+in Canada we have shown much more circumspection and coolness than your
+English generals. Your attack of the 31st July, without having procured
+beforehand an exact knowledge of the hill and of the places adjacent,
+is not the first example of great temerity and impatience on their part.
+
+The proximity of your camp to this hill might have furnished you the
+means to have a thorough knowledge of our position, by sending proper
+persons to cross over the ford of the river Montmorency where it falls
+into the river St. Lawrence, and where it is fordable at low water.
+
+They might, in a dark night and bad weather, have not only examined the
+steepness of the height, but have even gone over all our camp without
+being discovered; I always imagined you did so until the day of your
+attack, which soon convinced me of the contrary. Your brother in arms,
+Abercrombie, your predecessor in the command of the army, committed
+the same fault at Ticonderoga as you did the 31st of July; but it cost
+him much dearer, the clouds which saved you not having come to his
+assistance.
+
+I set out from Montreal on the 5th of May, 1758, to go to Ticonderoga,
+with all my regular troops--the regiments of La Sarre, La Reine, Royal
+Rousillon, Berne, Guienne, Languedoc, Berry of two battalions, and the
+independent companies of the marine detached in Canada; the regiments
+from France not being recruited, the whole amounted to only about four
+thousand men.
+
+I had no positive information that the English army had formed the
+design to come by the lake St. Sacrament in order to attack Ticonderoga
+(Carillon), and from thence to go to Montreal--but I suspected it, from
+the proximity of this ford to your settlement upon lake St. Sacrament;
+nor did I cease beseeching continually M. Vaudreuil, who was then at
+Quebec, to send me with all possible diligence the Canadian militia,
+which was the principal force for the defence of the colony.
+
+M. Vaudreuil, who has neither common sense, nor judgment, could not
+find out that my military conjectures were grounded; and instead
+of sending me the Canadians, he gave them permission to remain
+at Montreal, sixty leagues from Ticonderoga, to attend to their
+agricultural pursuits.
+
+I dare not allege that he was informed, by the Indians of the Iroquois
+nation, that the object of the English was to invade Canada; that their
+army was on their way to lake St. Sacrament; that it was with the view
+of sacrificing me, and making me the victim of a cabal, who led him and
+governed him blindly, that he kept from me the Canadians.
+
+The 7th of July my conjectures were verified by the arrival of the
+English army at the Ch�te, where lake St. Sacrament terminates, about
+four miles from Ticonderoga, consisting of six thousand three hundred
+men, commanded by General Abercrombie, who had succeeded to General
+Braddock, killed the year before at the river Ohio.
+
+The return of a detachment which I had placed at the Ch�te, as an
+advanced post, who had lost an hundred and fifty men, killed by the
+English on their arrival there, was a sad confirmation of the bad
+news. It is scarce possible to imagine a more dangerous and critical
+situation than mine--without the aid of Canadians, whose way of
+fighting was so essential to me in the woods--more useful in those
+countries than regular troops. Fort Carillon, or Ticonderoga, was a
+square, regularly fortified, each face of it about seventy fathoms in
+length.
+
+It had four bastions--the walls of masonry, doubled with a rampart,
+as likewise a ditch, covered way, and glacis. M. de Bourlamarque, an
+officer of great merit and intelligence, had added a half moon to it.
+
+To retire with my four thousand troops would have been abandoning the
+colony to General Abercrombie, as the fort could not hold out long
+against so considerable an army; and being on that side the key of
+Canada, with the possession of it in the hands of the English, they
+might go directly to Montreal, and be there in fifteen days, without
+finding on their way the least obstruction; on the other hand, the
+match was very unequal in opposing four thousand men to thirteen
+thousand. There was, however, no room for hesitating, in the choice,
+and I was soon resolved to save the colony by a bold and desperate
+stroke or die, gloriously, sword in hand. I made everybody work hard
+all the night between the 7th and 8th July, cutting down trees to make
+an intrenchment (CCCC), which, when finished, was very weak, trifling,
+and could scarce serve as a breast-work to cover the troops.
+
+The engineers, having cut off the branches, laid the trees upon a line
+on the heights, three or four of them placed horizontally one upon the
+other, which scarce made it above three feet high--so low that your
+soldiers might easily have jumped over it;--they made a line of the
+branches, at two paces distance, on the outside of the trenches (HH).
+It is certain that if the engineers had only thrown the trees with
+their heads outwards, and their branches sharpened in pricking points
+at their ends, it would have made a much stronger intrenchment, more
+difficult to be forced, and built much sooner.[C] I had not the time
+to continue the trenches down to the hollow (DD), at the foot of the
+height, and I placed there two companies of grenadiers.
+
+The hollow upon the right of the height, where the intrenchment was
+the worst of all my lines, was the post of the companies of marines
+(C); the regiments lined the rest of the trenches. Next day, the 8th
+of July, the English army appeared on the borders of the woods, about
+three hundred fathoms from the front of our intrenchment on the height,
+and instantly advanced to the attack, formed in three columns (EE),
+without halting a moment to examine the _locale_. Two of the columns
+attacked the height with the utmost impetuosity, but being very soon
+entangled among the branches, on the outside of the trenches, and
+impeded by them, they lost there a great many men; some few got through
+and, jumping into our trenches, were killed by our soldiers with their
+bayonets.
+
+The American riflemen were posted on two heights (GG), which commanded
+our trenches, from whence they saw sideways in some parts of them, and
+in others the rear of the soldiers (K).
+
+The regiment of Berry was, above all others, worried and tormented
+by their fire--one of these heights being scarce above eighty paces
+from the intrenchments. The third column attacked the hollow upon our
+right; but receiving a brisk fire at its front from the colony troops,
+and at the same time upon its right flank from the regiments on the
+height, the column soon wavered, wheeled to the right, and, presenting
+its front to the height, got out of the reach of the fire from the
+right of the colony troops; upon which M. Raymond, who commanded them,
+went out of the trenches with the right wing of these troops, and
+attacked the left flank of the column, whilst its head and right flank
+were fired at from the height and from the left of the colony troops in
+the trenches.
+
+The column, distressed by this firing, yet, nevertheless, keeping firm
+at the foot of the height, put in disorder the regiment of Berry, who
+abandoned that part of the intrenchment (II) above it.
+
+The moment I perceived the disorder, I ran there, encouraged the
+soldiers of the regiment, made them return to their post, and supported
+them by the grenadiers, whom I had kept in order of battle, at a small
+distance from the trenches, as a reserve, to be employed wherever the
+line might be forced by your troops, to charge upon them headlong,
+their bayonets upon their muskets, without firing: having neglected
+nothing that the short time allowed me to do, in order to make a
+vigorous defence--without aught to reproach myself with--had I been
+overpowered by your army; and having always preserved coolness and
+presence of mind so as to be able to remedy immediately any disorders
+during this long and well disputed attack.
+
+General Abercrombie was at last obliged to retire, after having
+continued for some hours, with the greatest obstinacy, his attempt to
+force our intrenchments,--with the loss of two thousand men.[D]
+
+I acquitted myself of my duty: this always affords a sweet satisfaction
+in all the events of life; and, even to the vanquished and
+unfortunate, it must yield great comfort and consolation. I had only
+twelve hours to prepare to defend myself with five thousand men against
+thirteen thousand.
+
+How can General Abercrombie's rash and blind conduct be accounted for,
+for attacking us without examining or knowing our position? It is
+astonishing.
+
+During twelve hours that he remained at the Ch�te after landing there,
+he had time to send and examine the ground round the fort Ticonderoga;
+and they might have had a perfect knowledge of our position from a
+hill, covered with big trees, on the opposite side of the river of
+the Ch�te (P);[E] this hill was much higher than any part of our
+intrenchments, and not a musket shot from them; he might have gone
+there himself with safety, having that river between us.
+
+Had he halted only a short time after his arrival on the borders
+of the wood, about six hundred paces from our trenches, he might,
+even from thence, have examined the _locale_ at his leisure. But,
+seized with impatience, he hurried to the attack without stopping
+there a moment--and it is not when an action is engaged that one can
+then examine the enemy's position; or, if he had advanced upon us
+the moment of his landing at the Ch�te, the 7th instant, instead of
+loitering there twelve hours, he would not have found even those shabby
+intrenchments; and having so few (regular) troops, irrespective of the
+Canadians, I would have been obliged, on his appearing, to abandon to
+him all that part of the country, and retire to Montreal, leaving only
+a garrison at Fort Carillon. It was certainly through his ignorance
+of the _locale_ that I repulsed him, instead of being myself cut to
+pieces; nor had I any means of retreat, and my troops must have been
+all killed or taken prisoners, if his third column had marched along
+the borders of the wood upon their left; this would have put them out
+of the reach of the fire from the height, they could fall upon the
+right flank of the trenches of the colony troops, who could not have
+resisted a moment the impulse of the column; instead of wheeling and
+changing its plan of attack by presenting its head to the height, had
+he always advanced forward to attack the centre of the intrenchments
+of the marine, he would have easily pierced through it; then, wheeling
+to the right, go up the height, which is there of an easy ascent, and
+fire upon the rear of the troops, who opposed your other two columns,
+they must have been put to flight, the trenches abandoned, and, even
+upon the sight of your third column coming up the height, I must, of
+necessity, have instantly retreated to the fort the best way I could;
+there to embark my army in my boats and carry it down Lake Champlain,
+without being able to make a resistance at Fort Frederic, as it is
+commanded by hills behind it, about the distance of two hundred paces
+from its walls, which makes it a very advantageous post. What would
+have been still worse for me, if my trenches had been forced, there
+is a space of five leagues between Fort Frederic and Ticonderoga, by
+the river St. Frederic, which, about half way, is scarce above fifty
+or sixty fathoms broad, and is a most advantageous post, where not a
+boat would pass by, and must cut off entirely the communication with
+Lake Champlain, as it is an equal distance from the Ch�te or from
+Ticonderoga.
+
+General Abercrombie might have sent a body of troops to establish there
+a post, in which case we must have laid down our arms and surrendered
+ourselves prisoners to him, for want of subsistence, and from the
+impossibility of retreating by land.
+
+General Abercrombie might have likewise penetrated easily at the
+hollow, which I had not the time to intrench, where I had placed
+two companies of volunteers; and this would have had equally fatal
+consequences for me, as the third column might have been on the other
+side of the height, the ascent there not being steep or of difficult
+access.
+
+But his attacks were always obstinately directed at the most difficult
+places of the height, as if there had been a cloud before his eyes to
+hinder him from seeing to his right and left what was visible to the
+most ignorant officer.
+
+WOLFE:--That was a most glorious day for you, sir,--worthy of the
+ambition of a great man. Our columns were only at ten steps distance
+from your intrenchments, and all our army saw you perfectly well,
+constantly at work encouraging and exciting the ardour of your
+soldiers, hurrying over your lines perpetually some paces from your
+trenches; exposing your person too rashly compared to the custom of
+our army, your eye glancing over the whole, with the attitude of a
+lion. General Abercrombie perceived, clearly, the disorder upon your
+right when the regiment of Berry was about to retire, and redoubled his
+efforts to profit by it. But you were everywhere, travelling from place
+to place with the swiftness of the eagle; never at a loss; reforming
+the smallest disorder so soon as it was visible, and preventing it from
+spreading, as it generally does, like a flash of lightning. This affair
+won you so great a reputation in England for capacity and talent, that
+I own to you, sir, the idea of having an antagonist of your knowledge
+and merit, made me during the campaign always irresolute, vacillating
+in my opinions and undecided in my projects. I cannot condemn my
+predecessors who had the command of the English armies in Canada.
+The way of fighting of the Canadians and Indians in the woods is so
+different from that practised in Europe, that I readily believe the
+most able General, with an army of the best disciplined troops, in
+following exactly the rules of the art of war,--whose principles are
+sure, fixed and demonstrable in European warfare,--may be easily cut
+to pieces in those vast forests by a very few Indians. There was an
+outcry in England against General Braddock, for allowing his army of
+four thousand men to be cut to pieces at the river Ohio,[F] in the year
+1755, by six hundred and fifty Canadians and Indians only, much more
+than they blame General Abercrombie.
+
+The reason of it is clear. Abercrombie lived to return to England:
+the living always find means to justify themselves. But Braddock was
+killed: the dead are always in the wrong, and never find disinterested
+advocates to plead their cause. Braddock's order of march--criticised
+by your French Generals--may, at first sight, appear singular; and may
+pretend that he must of necessity have been beat, in consequence of the
+bad disposition of it. But analize it, and you will find nothing else
+than the common rule practised through all Europe in passing through
+a wood: an army formed in three columns--the artillery, baggage,
+waggons and cavalry being the column of the centre, between the other
+two columns of infantry; half of the Grenadiers at their head to
+support the Pioneers employed in opening a road through the wood for
+the passage of the carts and artillery, and the rest in the rear, to
+close of march. Braddock was invested on all sides by the Canadians,
+and dispersed in the wood, each of them behind a tree, marking out his
+victim; so that every musket-shot brought down a soldier, and at every
+discharge they flew from tree to tree. What can regular troops do in
+such a case? Close their ranks and files each moment, as did Braddock,
+direct a continual fire at the woods, without perceiving a man, and be
+cut to pieces without seeing an enemy. There is no other method for
+troops to defend themselves against the Indians than what I practised,
+with success, when I was surprised by them at the ford of the River
+Montmorency: the soldiers, with fixed bayonets, dispersed themselves,
+rushed on in disorder towards the places where they perceived the smoke
+of the Indians' discharge; and by these means my detachment in the woods
+chased away your nine hundred Indians, who in a moment disappeared
+entirely, and suffered me to retire at my leisure to my camp.
+
+MONTCALM:--I verily believe, sir, that your idea is just. The Indians
+told me, on their return, that it was now no more possible to fight you
+as formerly, since the English had learned their (the Indians') way
+of fighting. There cannot be a greater advantage for a General than
+the entire knowledge of the country--the seat of war: without this,
+he must always grope in the dark--be foiled in his operations--rest
+often inactive, uncertain in his projects; and be only inactive and
+on the defensive, as you were all the summer as much as me. You were
+absolutely master of the River St. Lawrence by your men-of-war, who
+had ascended it, passing by Quebec with incredible boldness, and
+scorning the most murderous fire from the batteries of the town so
+near them. You had an infinite number of boats at your disposal,
+with all the sailors of your fleet for rowers. What, then, could
+hinder you from sending a body of twelve or fifteen hundred men in
+different detachments, with engineers and able officers, in order to
+be continually landing, to get a thorough knowledge of the country,
+draw plans of all the advantageous positions which abound there;
+and this detachment, if well led, might have gone even to Montreal
+without finding any opposition in their course. Their descriptions
+and plans of the country would have enlightened you, and furnished
+the means of destroying and crushing our army without fighting:
+this is the touchstone to prove superior talents and capacity in a
+General. The gaining of a battle is very often the effect of mere
+chance. But reducing an enemy without fighting must be the result of
+well-combined operations,--is the essence of military science, and
+was always the most radient and distinctive _trait_ in the conduct
+and character of the great men whom history has handed down to us.
+Grounded upon the instructions received from the engineers and officers
+of their detachments, you might have verified their observations by
+your prisoners, who say always more than they intend, when examined
+with kindness, coolness, and with a seeming indifference. The only
+achievement which you performed during two months that you lay
+constantly loitering in your camps, looking at us, was your attack
+of the 31st of July; and your expedition to Deschambault, where you
+sent a body of two thousand men, fourteen leagues up the river from
+Quebec, to burn and pillage a poor, miserable peasant's house, in which
+was the baggage of some French regiments! But the detachment had no
+intention of examining the _locale_ of the country. Had they gone to
+Jacques Cartier, only three leagues from Deschambault, they would have
+discovered there a post strong by nature, which certainly cannot be
+inferior to the Thermopyl� so celebrated by the Greeks, and capable of
+being defended--you being the masters of the River St. Lawrence--by as
+few men as Leonidas had with him against the most numerous army. But
+your detachment at Deschambault, upon the appearance of my cavalry,
+composed merely of two hundred undisciplined Canadians on horseback,
+commanded by the Chevalier de LaRochebeaucourt, ran to their boats and
+embarked with great disorder and confusion, as if our army had been at
+their heels, without having remained there above two hours. Jacques
+Cartier--which takes its name from he who first discovered the River
+St. Lawrence, and who, having lost his ship, passed there the winter
+amongst the Indians--in an immense ravine, with a rapid, shaggy river
+full of large rocks, that runs between the two heights, whose tops are
+about two hundred fathoms distant from each other; their sides are
+as glacis, with a view from their tops to the bottom--four or five
+hundred feet deep--which strikes the eyes with horror on looking down
+that vast precipice. Its side, facing the River St. Lawrence, is a
+steep perpendicular rock; and the ground to the north is impracticable
+from the lakes, swamps, and sinking turf, where at each step a person
+must plunge over the head and perish. It must be impossible to turn
+round it and leave it behind, since the Canadians and the Indians
+never discovered a passage through the woods. Thus the only means
+of approaching this fort must have been by landing at Deschambault.
+From thence to Jacques Cartier, it is an easy and gradually rising
+ascent. Had you seized this extraordinary fort, you would have cut off
+my communication with Montreal, from whence I drew daily my supplies
+for the army: in this event, I had no other alternative than allowing
+my army to perish of famine, or surrender the colony. But as we had
+been sent from Europe, not to destroy the inhabitants, but, on the
+contrary, to save and defend them, I must have immediately concluded by
+capitulating for Canada upon the best terms I could obtain from you. I
+hope I have demonstrated clearly to you that, had you been acquainted
+with the _locale_, you could have made the glorious conquest of Canada
+without shedding a drop of blood.
+
+WOLFE:--You argue, sir, at your ease! How was it possible to examine
+and know the _locale_ of that country, your bloodhounds--the Indians
+and Canadians--being constantly at our heels: one cannot send out
+scouts in Canada, as is done in Europe.
+
+MONTCALM:--Why not? Men cannot be in two places at the same time; and
+you managed to find everywhere Indians and Canadians in your way! There
+are many kinds of irregular troops in Europe as bad to deal with as
+the Indians in woods and in wooded countries. But your army was always
+so struck with terror and dread, that, constantly blinded with fear,
+the shadow of an Indian set them a trembling. Nevertheless, the New
+England independent companies, formed by Roger, who afterwards beat the
+Indians with equal numbers in their own way of fighting behind trees,
+should have removed the formidable impression they have always made
+upon the English. Self-preservation is natural to all mankind, and the
+hour of death must strike with horror the bravest man. But fear is
+pardonable amongst soldiers only when there exists a real cause for
+fear; and is not to be tolerated when groundless: this is so much the
+case of your soldiers with regard to the Indians, that, demoralized
+by fear, they suffer themselves to be butchered by a vastly inferior
+number of Indians, without ever thinking of defending themselves, even
+when they know they will have no quarter. In any danger, soldiers ought
+to be accustomed to look coolly death in the face,--they, whose duty is
+to die when the Sovereign demands it: such is the contract they sign
+with the latter on their entering into his service.
+
+These sentiments may be often the means of one's preserving life
+instead of losing it. Nothing is more incomprehensible to me, in all
+your conduct in Canada, than your landing at _Anse des M�res_ on the
+13th September (the fatal day which deprived us both of our existence,
+but freed us from mortal folly), at the foot of a steep hill, where
+a few men at the top of it, with sticks and stones only, must have
+easily beaten you back on your attempt to climb it, and where we had
+three posts of one hundred men each: one of them commanded by Douglas,
+captain in the regiment of Languedoc; another by Rimini, captain in the
+regiment La Sarre; and the third by De Vergor, captain in the Colony
+troops, at whose post[G] you made your descent. These three hundred
+men, had they done their duty, should have been more than sufficient to
+have repulsed you ignominiously at this steep hill; and you never would
+have got to the top had you met with the smallest resistance. I own
+that your daring surpasses my conception.
+
+WOLFE:--I do not pretend to justify my project by its success, but
+by my combinations, which answered exactly as I had foreseen, and
+which demonstrate my scheme to have been well concerted. In giving
+you this account of it, I am persuaded that you will not blame me
+for undertaking an attempt so absurd in appearance, and yet most
+reasonable when examined impartially. In all expeditions composed
+of sea and land forces, it seldom fails that disputes, animosities,
+jealousies and quarrels arise between the different commanders equal
+in authority; and it is a miracle if you see the Admiral and the
+General unanimously of the same opinion with regard to operations. The
+sea and the land service are sciences whose principles are entirely
+different; as certainly there can be no analogy between the working of
+a ship and the drill of a regiment. Nevertheless, the Admiral meddles
+continually with the land operations, and the General will have the
+fleets do things that are impossible--both of them equally ignorant
+of each other's service; from whence results a clashing discord in
+their operations, when sent out with equal power. If each of them
+would confine himself to that part of the art of war which he has
+studied, and have only in his soul the good and welfare of his King and
+Country, these mixed expeditions of land and sea would succeed much
+better than they generally do. The naval officers tormented me a great
+deal, and were still more troublesome as the season advanced. They
+held a council of war on board the flagship on the 10th September,
+when it was determined to set sail immediately for Europe, seeing the
+imminent dangers to which His Majesty's fleet would be exposed in
+those tempestuous seas by remaining any longer before Quebec; and, in
+consequence of this decision, orders were given to some men-of-war to
+take up their anchors and fall down the river, while orders were issued
+at the same time to begin the general preparations for the immediate
+departure of all the fleet. The 12th, there came two deserters to me
+from one of your three posts you just now mentioned, who belonged to
+the French regiments, and were well informed. Upon examining them,
+I discovered that your posts were guarded very negligently; that de
+Bougainville, who was at Cap Rouge, proposed to send down, the night
+following, some boats loaded with provisions, and that your three posts
+had their orders to let these boats pass unmolested. The idea instantly
+occurred to me to profit by this discovery; and I ran to the Admiral,
+communicated to him what I had learned from the French deserters,
+begged him most earnestly to suffer me to make a last attempt before
+the embarkation of my army. I promised him that if there were twenty
+muskets fired from your posts, I would then desist immediately without
+further thought than to embark speedily in order to return to England.
+The council consented to my demand, and I began my landing at eleven at
+night. When my boats approached the two posts of Douglas and Rimini,
+upon their sentinels calling "_Qui vive!_" my soldiers answered them
+in French, "_Bateaux des vivres_," upon which they suffered them to go
+on without stopping them, as they might have done, in order to receive
+the password. Not finding a sentry at your third post, commanded by
+De Vergor, I landed there with diligence, and all my army was ashore
+before this post perceived our men, without firing but one musket,
+which wounded De Vergor in the heel, who was immediately taken
+prisoner without finding any man of his detachment with him.[H] I began
+my operation by landing there a Sergeant with ten Grenadiers, ordering
+him to advance always straight before him briskly, with long steps,
+and not to halt unless he was discovered by the enemy. A Lieutenant,
+with a detachment of Grenadiers, followed him, having the same orders,
+to halt instantly if they fired at him. The silence continuing, I then
+landed all my Grenadiers, who followed the Sergeant and the Lieutenant;
+and by degrees all my army landed without the least noise, disorder or
+confusion. The silence soon convinced me that they were not discovered;
+dissipated my fears, and assured me of the success of my enterprise.
+The head of the column, which was the guide to the rest of the army,
+got up the hill with difficulty, the others following them at their
+heels. If your guards had been vigilant and done their duty, all I
+risked was the Sergeant and Lieutenant, with a few Grenadiers. I would
+have stopped at the first discharge, as it would have been madness and
+unpardonable to attack by main force a hill so inaccessible that, even
+without an enemy at the top to repel them, my men had much difficulty
+to climb it. Moreover, I was assured by your deserters you had no
+troops on the heights of Abraham. You see now, sir, that it was not
+a heedless, ill-concerted project,--but a sure operation, without
+risking much. An invariable principle with me has ever been to make
+an attack where it appears the most difficult; and it generally meets
+with success, as the point is commonly ill-guarded, frequently entirely
+neglected, and scarcely comprehended in the plan of defence. I am not
+alone of this opinion. Cardinal Ximenes says, that "Ferdinand, King of
+Arragon, fitted out two armies against the Moors, under the conduct
+of Count D'Aguilar, and ordered them to enter into the mountains of
+Grenada at the same time, by the places the most difficult," and
+consequently the least guarded. He gained a most complete victory over
+the Moors. The most difficult gorges of mountains, when not guarded
+where only a single man can pass, a hundred thousand may do the
+same. It is then an easy operation, by forming your men in battle as
+soon as they get through the passage, and provided that they are not
+immediately discovered by the enemy. When once you have a front capable
+to oppose and stand firm, it increases every instant, as you may be
+convinced that the soldiers go through the dangerous passage with great
+quickness. Besides, the enemy is always disconcerted by a surprise;
+demoralized by an unforeseen incident, he becomes timid and alarmed,
+and may be looked upon as already vanquished before the action begins.
+The landing at Cap Breton was executed according to my system. The
+enemy does not expect you at a place of difficult access; it is where
+he does not expect me that I would make my principal attack. Commonly,
+men suffer most where they are most seen.[I] But if they are entirely
+neglected--as it happened at Louisbourg--it is a fault of the General,
+who should be answerable for it. But the General having placed upon
+them a sufficient number of troops in proportion to their difficulties,
+can he be blamed if the officers of these posts do not do their duty?
+
+MONTCALM:--Can there be any divine or human law to punish a man for
+the faults of others? Should they not answer personally? It has
+often happened that the safety of a whole army has depended upon a
+subaltern's guard! You see that the deserters caused you to make a
+last attempt--prevented your embarking your army for England--your
+giving up your enterprise--and, in short, ended in adding Canada to the
+British dominions; and perhaps a vigilant officer at that post (Wolfe's
+Cove) might have hindered the soldiers from deserting, which would at
+once have removed a first cause which produced so many extraordinary
+effects. Your system may be good, if executed with great prudence and
+precaution. But should the enemy be informed of your design, which he
+may be by a deserter acquainted with your great preparations, as you
+were with the negligence of our posts, it is an excellent opportunity
+to have your army cut to pieces and catch a tartar; as it must have
+been your case at the Sault de Montmorency (on the 31st July), had it
+not been for that sudden shower of rain, which came to your rescue in
+the critical moment, when your destruction was otherwise inevitable.
+At least, sir, confess the injustice of mankind. They reproach me with
+being the cause of your success! They accuse me of having sacrificed
+the welfare of my army through jealousy and ill-feeling! My king and
+country--for whom I would have shed, with pleasure, every drop of my
+blood--and those who view my case the most favourably, look on me as
+a giddy, ignorant officer! All these scandalous, atrocious lies and
+calumnies were spread everywhere by a set[J] of men who, from their
+immoderate thirst of riches, would, to serve their interest, have
+betrayed their king and country. Those vile, mercenary souls knew that
+I detested them as much as I constantly cherished honest men, whose
+noble sentiments endeared them to me. My death was happy for them. Had
+I lived to return to Europe, I would have had no difficulty to justify
+all my conduct, and crush these wretches like vermin. Covetousness and
+avarice carried them to Canada; they left their honour and honesty
+in France on embarking, easily forgetting what it is to be just and
+patriotic. I would have soon confounded them. Truth supports oppressed
+innocence, and, sooner or later, dispels the clouds which too often
+overshadow it. I shall give you a faithful and exact account of my
+conduct with regard to the operations of the 13th September, following
+scrupulously truth, which has always been the rule of my actions and
+is held in great veneration by me; and I hope to demonstrate to you
+that if the end of that campaign covered you with glory, Fortune
+was the chief agent, who reunited in your power a great number of
+circumstances, the absence of any one of which sufficed to render your
+expedition fruitless.
+
+Some days after the action of the 31st of July, M. de Levis was sent
+by M. Vaudreuil to command at Montreal, upon a false report that a
+body of English was coming to attack Canada by Lake Champlain--a story
+trumped up by my enemies to deprive me of M. de Levis, in whom I had
+the greatest confidence, on account of his talents: I cannot say he
+made me a just acknowledgment of my sentiments towards him. I went
+to his lodgings a few hours before his departure, which was kept a
+secret from the army; and as I was little acquainted with his plan of
+defence for the left of our camp, at the Sault de Montmorency, I begged
+of him, as a favour, to leave me his aide-de-camp, M. Johnstone, who
+had a perfect knowledge of the _locale_ of that part of the country.
+Your boats having caused us an alarm in the night between the 10th
+and 11th of September, by their appearance opposite to the ravine of
+Beauport, I remained at M. Vaudreuil's until one in the morning, when
+I left him in order that I might return to my lodging--having with
+me M. Montreuil, Major-General of the army, and M. Johnstone. On my
+sending away M. de Vaudreuil, after giving him my orders, I related
+immediately to M. Johnstone all the measures I had concerted with M.
+de Vaudreuil, in case you (Gen. Wolfe) made a descent at daybreak. He
+answered me, that your army being now assembled at Point Levi, and part
+of it gone above Quebec, on the south side of the River St. Lawrence,
+it appeared very doubtful where you might attempt a descent--whether
+above the town, or below it towards the _Canardi�re_; he added, that
+he believed a body of troops might be advantageously placed upon the
+heights of Abraham, where they could with certainty confront you
+whenever you landed. I approved greatly of his idea. I called back
+Montreuil--who was as yet not far from us--and I ordered him to send
+the Regiment of Guienne--which was encamped near the hornwork at the
+River St. Charles--to pass the night upon the heights of Abraham.
+Next morning--the 11th--I wrote to Montreuil, ordering him to make
+this regiment encamp upon the heights of Abraham, and remain there
+until further orders. Thus, in consequence of my repeated orders, I
+had all the reason possible to believe that this regiment constitued
+a permanent post there; so that the declaration of the deserters from
+the three posts, who could not know this, might have led you into a
+dangerous snare, worse than that of the 31st July. Why this regiment
+continued the 12th in this camp at the hornwork, in spite of my express
+orders to encamp upon the heights, I know not; and can only attribute
+Montreuil's disobedience of my orders to the weakness of his judgment
+and understanding. It is nevertheless evident that, if you had found
+the Regiment of Guienne upon the top of the hill--where it ought to
+have been, had my orders been obeyed--you would have been repulsed
+shamefully with a much greater loss than you met with on the 31st
+July at the Sault; the height where you made your descent, the 13th
+of September, being infinitely steeper than that there which obliged
+you to make a speedy retreat, favoured by the _providential shower_.
+Or, perhaps you would have embarked immediately your army, without
+any further attempt, to return to England, after a most ruinous and
+fruitless expedition--the campaign ending with an incredible expense to
+your nation--fruitless; and, by this means, the colony of Canada would
+have been for ever delivered from such formidable armies.
+
+As soon as your army was reunited in a single camp at Pointe Levi,
+after having been so long separated, upon you sending a body of troops
+up the River St. Lawrence, I detached M. de Bougainville, with fifteen
+hundred of my best troops--composed of all my Grenadiers, of the
+Volunteers from the French Regiments, of my best Canadians and Indians;
+and I likewise gave him some small guns. I ordered him strictly to
+follow all your movements, by ascending the river when you went up, and
+descending as you did the same: in short, to be an army of observation,
+with only the river between you--never to lose sight of you--ever
+ready to oppose your passage up the river, and to fall on you with the
+swiftness of the eagle the moment you attempted to land on our side of
+it. He sent to inform me, the 13th of September, that all your army
+had descended to your camp at Pointe Levi. But he remained loitering
+with his detachment at Cap Rouge--three leagues from Quebec! Why did
+he not follow you to the heights of Abraham, according to his orders?
+Why did he not send me back my Grenadiers and Volunteers--the very
+flower of their Regiments? informing me, as also the posts of Douglas
+and Rimini, that he would send down that night. I cannot conceive the
+reasons for such conduct: it is beyond all conception! He was informed,
+between seven and eight in the morning, by the fugitives from the
+three posts, that your army was landed and drawn up in battle upon the
+heights of Abraham; upon which he left Cap Rouge with his detachment,
+no doubt with the intention to join me. But, instead of taking the
+road to Lorette, or to the General Hospital along the borders of the
+River St. Charles, which led both of them to our camp, he followed the
+heights of Abraham, where he was evidently certain by his information
+to find there your army to intercept him; and it could never be his
+design to fight you with fifteen hundred men! He found a house on his
+way, with three or four hundred of your troops barricading it, and
+was very desirous to take them prisoners. M. le Noir, Captain in the
+Regiment La Sarre--having more bravery than prudence and knowledge of
+the art of war--attacked the house with the most astonishing boldness,
+and had more than half of his company of Volunteers killed: he received
+himself two wounds--one of them by a ball through the body, and the
+other in his hand. De Bougainville, intent on taking the house, waited
+there the arrival of the cannon, to force it; but when the cannon
+arrived, it unluckily happened that the balls had been forgotten at
+Cap Rouge, which obliged him to return there, abandoning the house
+without a moment's reflection. How much more important it would have
+been to direct his march towards the General Hospital, in order to join
+my army! Thus were precious moments wasted ridiculously in the most
+trifling manner. De Bougainville--who has a great deal of wit, good
+sense, many good qualities--was protected by a very great person at
+Court; he is personally brave, has but little knowledge in the military
+science, having never studied it.
+
+The night between the 12th and 13th of September, when you made your
+descent, M. Poularies, Commander of the Regiment Royal Roussillon,
+who encamped behind my lodgings at Beauport, came to me, at midnight,
+to inform me that they saw boats opposite to his regiment. Upon which
+I immediately ordered all the army to line the trenches; and I sent
+Marcel--who served me as Secretary and aid-de-camp--to pass the night
+at M. de Vaudreuil's, giving him one of my Cavaliers of Ordnance,
+ordering Marcel, if there was anything extraordinary in that quarter,
+to inform me of it speedily by the Cavalier. I was out and walked with
+Poularies and Johnstone, between my house and the ravine of Beauport,
+until one in the morning, when I sent Poularies to his regiment, and
+I continued there with Johnstone. All night my mind was in the most
+violent agitation, which I believe proceeded from my uneasiness for
+the boats and provisions that de Bougainville had acquainted me, would
+be sent down the river that night; and I repeated often to Johnstone,
+that I trembled lest they should be taken, "that loss would ruin us
+without resource, having provisions only for two days' subsistence to
+our army." It appears to me that my extraordinary sufferings that night
+were a presage of my cruel fate some hours afterwards. At daybreak they
+fired some cannon from our battery at Samos, near Sillery. I then had
+no more doubts of our boats being taken by you. Alas! I would never
+have imagined that my provisions were in safety at Cap Rouge with de
+Bougainville, and that you were upon the heights of Abraham since
+midnight, without my being informed of an event of so great importance,
+and which was known through all the right of our camp.
+
+The day clearing up, having news from Marcel at M. de Vaudreuil's, who
+had always my Cavalier of Ordnance with him, and perceiving no changes
+in your camp at Point Levis, my mind was more composed on reflecting
+that, if anything extraordinary had happened, I would certainly have
+been informed of it. I then sent Johnstone to order all the army to
+their tents, having passed the night in the trenches, and retired to my
+lodgings after drinking some dishes of tea with Johnstone. I desired
+him to order the servants to saddle the horses, in order to go to M.
+de Vaudreuil's and be informed of the cause of the firing from our
+battery at Samos. Not a soul having come to me from the right of our
+camp since midnight when I sent there Marcel, I set out with Johnstone
+between six and seven in the morning. Heavens, what was my surprise!
+when opposite to M. de Vaudreuil's lodgings, the first news of what
+had passed during the night was the sight of your army upon the heights
+of Abraham, firing at the Canadians scattered amongst the bushes. I
+met at the same time M. de Vaudreuil coming out of his lodgings, and
+having spoke to him an instant, I turned away to Johnstone, and told
+him: "the affair is serious! run with the greatest speed to Beauport;
+order Poularies to remain there at the Ravine with two hundred men, and
+to send me all the rest of the left to the heights of Abraham with the
+utmost diligence."
+
+Johnstone having delivered my orders to Poularies, he quitted him
+an instant to give some instructions to my servants at my lodgings;
+returning to rejoin me, he found Poularies in the Ravine with M. de
+Sennezergue, Brigadier-General and Lieutenant-Colonel of the Regiment
+of La Sarre, and de Lotbini�re, Captain of the Colony troops and
+aide-de-camp to M. de Vaudreuil. Poularies stopped Johnstone to make
+him repeat to them my orders, which he did; and at the same time
+advised Poularies, as a friend, to disobey them, by coming himself
+to the heights of Abraham with every man of the left, since it was
+evident that the English army--already landed near Quebec--could
+never think of making a second descent at Beauport; and that it was
+manifest there would be in a few hours an engagement upon the heights
+which would immediately decide the fate of the Colony. Poularies then
+showed Johnstone a written order--signed "Montreuil"--which Lotbini�re
+had brought to him from M. de Vaudreuil, "That not a man of the left
+should stir from the camp!" Johnstone declared to them, upon his
+honour, that it was word for word my orders and my intentions; and he
+entreated Poularies, in the most pressing manner, to have no regard
+for that order signed "Montreuil," as the want of two thousand men,
+which formed the left of our camp, must be of the greatest consequence
+in the battle. M. de Sennezergue--an officer of the greatest worth
+and honour, who fell a few hours afterwards--told Johnstone: "That
+he (Johnstone) should take it upon him to make all the left march of
+immediately." Johnstone answered: "That, being only the bearer of
+my orders, he could take nothing upon him. But if he was in M. de
+Sennezergue's place, Brigadier-General, and, by M. de Levis' absence,
+the next in command of the army, he would not hesitate a moment to make
+the left march, without any regard whatsoever to any order that might
+be hurtful to the King's service, in that critical juncture." Johnstone
+left them irresolute and doubtful how to act, clapped spurs to his
+horse, and rejoined me immediately upon the heights.
+
+I don't know, any more than a thousand others, the particulars relative
+to the action of the 13th of September. I am ignorant of who it was
+that made our army take their abominable and senseless position,
+by thrusting it betwixt your army and Quebec, where there were no
+provisions, and the best of our troops absent with de Bougainville; it
+certainly must have been dictated by an ignorant and stupid blockhead!
+I certainly had no hand in it: the piquets and part of the troops were
+already marched up the heights before I came to the Canardi�re, or ever
+knew that you were landed; and all the right of our army was marching
+after them when I arrived at their encampment. The only proper course
+to be taken in our position, and which would have been apparent to any
+man of common sense who had the least knowledge of the art of war,
+was to quit our camp coolly--calmly--without disorder or confusion,
+and march to Lorette; from thence cross over to St. Foix--which is two
+leagues from Quebec and a league from Cap Rouge--and when joined there
+by M. de Bougainville's detachment, to advance then and attack you as
+soon as possible. By these means you would have found yourself between
+two fires, by a sally from the town the moment that I attacked you on
+the other side. I was no sooner upon the heights than I perceived our
+horrible position,--pressed against the town-walls, without provisions
+for four-and-twenty hours, and a moral impossibility for us to retire,
+being drawn up in battle at the distance of a musket-shot from your
+army. Had I made an attempt to go down the heights, in order to repass
+the River St. Charles and return to my camp, I would have exposed my
+left flank to you, and my rear would have been cut to pieces without
+being able to protect and support it. Had I entered into the town, in
+an instant you would have invested us in it, without provisions, by
+carrying down your left wing to the River St. Charles--an easy movement
+of a few minutes. I saw no remedy other for us than to worry your
+army by a cannonade, having the advantage over you of a rising ground
+suitable for batteries of cannon, hoping, by thus harassing you, that
+you might retire in the night, as certainly you could never be so rash
+as to think of attacking us under the guns of the town; at least I
+would have made my retreat, taking advantage of the darkness of the
+night, to get myself out of the scrape where the ignorance of others
+had thrown me. I sent several persons with orders to M. de Ramsay,
+King's Lieutenant (Deputy Governor), who was in command at Quebec,
+to send me, with all possible haste, the five-and-twenty brass field
+pieces that were in position on the palace battery, near our army; and
+precisely at the same instant when Johnstone came to me on the heights,
+with the news of the order which prevented the left of our army to join
+me, a sergeant arrived from M. de Ramsay--the fourth person I had sent
+to him with my orders--with a categorical answer from him: "That he
+had already sent me three pieces of artillery; and that he could not
+send me any more, having his town to defend!" What could be de Ramsay's
+reasons for such a monstrous conduct, or who it was who inspired him
+with such a daring disobedience, I know not?
+
+1. "His town"--as he called it--was defended by our army which covered
+it, being drawn up in battle about two hundred fathoms from it; and its
+safety depended entirely upon the event of a battle.
+
+2. There were in Quebec about two hundred pieces of cannon, most of
+them twenty-four and thirty-six pounders.
+
+3. Small field-pieces, two or three pounders--such as the palace
+battery--could they be of the least service for the defence of a town?
+
+4. A commander of Quebec, as King's Lieutenant or sub-Lieutenant, such
+as de Ramsay was--not Governor,--or even M. de Vaudreuil himself,
+Governor General of Canada, at that moment in the town,--could they
+have any authority to refuse me all the assistance I could desire from
+Quebec, by my particular commission of Commander-in-Chief of the troops
+in Canada, when my army was at the gates of the town, and your army
+deployed ready to fight? A thousand other queries suggest themselves;
+but of what avail?
+
+I assembled immediately a council of war, composed of all the
+commanding officers of the several regiments, to hear their opinion
+as to what was to be done in our critical situation. Some of them
+maintained you were busy throwing up breastworks. Others, that you
+appeared bent on descending in the valley, in order to seize the bridge
+of boats on the St. Charles river with the hornwork, with the object
+of cutting off our communication with the left wing of our army, which
+remained at Beauport pursuant to the order signed by Montreuil. In
+effect, a movement your army made in that moment towards the windmill
+and Borgia's house, upon the edge of the height, seemed to favour this
+conjecture. But an instant afterwards, the Canadians having set fire
+to that house and chased you from it, you retook your former position.
+Others alleged, that the more we delayed attacking you, the more your
+army would be strong--imagining that your troops had not yet all
+landed. In short, there was not a single member of the war council who
+was not of opinion to charge upon you immediately. Can it be credited
+that these officers--to the dishonour of mankind--who were the most
+violent to attack you, denied it afterwards, and became the most ardent
+censors of my conduct in not deferring the battle! What could I do in
+my desperate situation? Even a Marshal Turenne would have been much
+puzzled to get out of such a dilemma, in which they had entangled me
+either through design or ignorance. I listened with attention to their
+opinion, without opening my lips, and at last answered them:--"It
+appears to me, gentlemen, that you are unanimous for giving battle; and
+that the only question now is, how to charge the enemy?" Montreuil said
+it would be better to attack in columns. I answered him: "That we would
+be beat before our columns could be formed so near to the enemy; and,
+besides, that our columns must be very weak, not having Grenadiers to
+place at their heads." I added, that "since it is decided to attack, it
+must be in Front Baudi�re(?)" I sent all the officers to their posts,
+and ordered the drummers to beat the charge.
+
+Our onset was neither brisk nor long. We went on in confusion--were
+repulsed in an instant; and it could not naturally be otherwise from
+the absence of our Volunteers and Grenadiers, and de Bougainville at
+Cap Rouge with the best of our Canadians; the Montreal regiments with
+Poularies at Beauport, a league and a half from the battle-field. The
+example of the bravest soldiers in a regiment--the Grenadiers and
+Volunteers--suffices to infuse courage in the most timid, who can
+follow the road shown to them, but cannot lead the way. The brave
+Canadian Militia saw us with heavy hearts, grief and despair, from the
+other side of the St. Charles river, cut to pieces upon the heights,
+stopped, as they were, in the hornwork, and prevented by superior
+orders from rushing to our assistance. About two hundred brave and
+resolute Canadians rallied in the hollow at the bakehouse, and
+returned upon the heights. They fell instantly upon your left wing
+with incredible rage; stopped your army for some minutes from pursuing
+our soldiers in their flight, by attracting your attention to them;
+resisted, undaunted, the shock of your left; and, when repulsed, they
+disputed the ground inch by inch from the top to the bottom of the
+height, pursued by your troops down to the valley at the bakehouse,
+opposite to the hornwork. These unfortunate heroes--who were most of
+them cut to pieces--saved your army the loss of a great many men, by
+not being hotly pursued; and if your left, who followed these two
+hundred Canadians down to the plain, had crossed it from the bakehouse
+to the River St. Charles, only three or four hundred paces, they would
+have cut off the retreat of our army, invested the three-fourths of
+them in Quebec, without provisions, and M. de Vaudreuil, next day,
+must have surrendered the town and asked to capitulate for the colony.
+But your conduct cannot be blamed, as it is always wise and prudent in
+giving--as Pyrrhus advises--a golden bridge to one's enemy in flight.
+
+You see, sir, by this true and faithful account of the battle of
+the 13th September, and of what preceded it, how many different and
+unforeseen events, fortune was obliged to unite in your favour to
+render you successful in your expedition against Canada; the failure
+of any one of which would have sufficed to frustrate your enterprise.
+It would appear that heaven had decreed that France should lose this
+colony. Let us now conclude, sir, that I have as little deserved
+the blame, scorn, contempt and injustice which my country heaped on
+my memory, as you do the excessive honours they lavished on your's
+in England; and that the ablest General in Europe, placed in my
+circumstances, could not have acted otherwise than I did. Moreover,
+I was under M. de Vaudreuil--the weakest man alive, although a most
+obstinate automaton--and could not freely follow my ideas as if I had
+been Commander-in-Chief. In my country the law is equal: we neither
+punish, nor recompense.
+
+The Marquis of Montcalm, endeavouring to rally the troops in their
+disorderly flight, was wounded in the lower part of the belly.[K] He
+was conveyed immediately to Quebec, and lodged in the house of M.
+Arnoux, the King's surgeon, who was absent with M. de Bourlamarque:
+his brother--the younger Arnoux--having viewed the wound, declared
+it mortal. This truly great and worthy man heard Arnoux[L] pronounce
+his sentence of death with a firm and undaunted soul: his mind calm
+and serene; his countenance soft and pleasing; and with a look of
+indifference whether he lived or died. He begged of Arnoux to be so
+kind and outspoken as to tell him how many hours he thought he might
+yet live? Arnoux answered him, that he might hold out until three in
+the morning. He spent that short period of life in conversing with a
+few officers upon indifferent subjects with great coolness and presence
+of mind, and ended his days about the hour Arnoux had foretold him.
+His last words were:--"I die[M] content, since I leave the affairs of
+the King, my dear master, in good hands: I always had a high opinion
+of the talents of M. de Levis." I will not undertake the panegyric
+of this great man: a true patriot and lover of his king and country,
+possessing many rare and good qualities. Had he by chance been born in
+England, his memory would have been celebrated, and transmitted with
+honour to posterity. Illustrious by his virtue and genius, he deserves
+to live in history; he was an unfortunate victim to the insatiable
+avarice of some men, and a prey to the immoderate ambition of others.
+His ashes, mingled with those of Indians, repose neglected far from his
+native country, without a magnificent tomb or altars; General Wolfe
+has statues in England in commemoration of the many faults he committed
+during his expedition in Canada. "How many obscure dead," says a
+modern author, "have received the greatest honours by titles yet more
+vain? O injustice of mankind! The mausolea adorn the temples to repeat
+continually false praise; and history, which ought to be the sacred
+asylum of truth, shows that statues and panegyrics are almost always
+the monuments of prejudice, and that flattery seeks to immortalise
+unjust reputations."
+
+When I was informed of M. de Montcalm's misfortune, I sent him
+immediately his servant Joseph, begging him to acquaint me if I could
+be of any service to him, and in that case I would be with him at
+Quebec immediately. Joseph came back in a moment to the hornwork, and
+grieved me to the inmost of my soul by M. de Montcalm's answer: "that
+it was needless to come to him, as he had only a few hours to live,
+and he advised me to keep with Poularies until the arrival of M. de
+Levis at the army." Thus perished a great man, generally unknown and
+unregretted by his countrymen--a man who would have become the idol and
+ornament of any other country in Europe.
+
+The French army in flight, scattered and entirely dispersed, rushed
+towards the town. Few of them entered Quebec; they went down the
+heights of Abraham, opposite to the Intendant's Palace (past St.
+John's gate) directing their course to the hornwork, and following the
+borders of the River St. Charles. Seeing the impossibility of rallying
+our troops, I determined myself to go down the hill at the windmill,
+near the bakehouse,[P] and from thence across over the meadows to the
+hornwork, resolved not to approach Quebec, from my apprehension of
+being shut up there with a part of our army, which might have been the
+case if the victors had drawn all the advantage they could have reaped
+from our defeat. It is true the death of the general-in-chief--an event
+which never fails to create the greatest disorder and confusion in an
+army--may plead as an excuse for the English neglecting so easy an
+operation as to take all our army prisoners.
+
+But, instead of following immediately my ideas, I was carried off
+by the flow of the fugitives, without being able to stop them or
+myself until I got to a hollow swampy ground, where some gunners were
+endeavouring to save a field-piece which stuck there, and I stayed an
+instant with them to encourage them to draw it to the town. Returning
+back upon the rising ground, I was astonished to find myself in the
+centre of the English army, who had advanced whilst I was in the
+hollow with the gunners, and taking me for a general, on account of
+my fine black horse, they treated me as such by saluting me with a
+thousand musket shots from half of the front of their army, which had
+formed a crescent. I was, nevertheless, bent on reaching the windmill,
+and I escaped their terrible fire without any other harm than four
+balls through my clothes, which shattered them; a ball lodged in the
+pommel of my saddle, and four balls in my horse's body, who lived,
+notwithstanding his wounds, until he had carried me to the hornwork.
+
+It is impossible to imagine the disorder and confusion that I found
+in the hornwork.[Q] The dread and consternation was general. M. de
+Vaudreuil listened to everybody, and was always of the advice of he
+who spoke last. No order was given with reflection and with coolness,
+none knowing what to order or what to do. When the English had repulsed
+the two hundred Canadians that had gone up the height at the same time
+that I came down from it, pursuing them down to the bakehouse, our
+men lost their heads entirely; they became demoralized, imagining that
+the English troops, then at the bakehouse, would in an instant cross
+the plain and fly over the St. Charles river into the hornwork as with
+wings. It is certain that when fear once seizes hold of men it not only
+deprives them totally of their judgment and reflection, but also of
+the use of their eyes and their ears, and they become a thousand times
+worse than the brute creation, guided by instinct only, or by that
+small portion of reason which the author of nature has assigned it,
+since it preserves the use of it on all occasions. How much inferior
+to them do the greater portion of mankind appear, with their boasted
+reason, when reduced to madness and automata, on occasions when they
+require the more the use of their reason.
+
+The hornwork had the River St. Charles before it, about seventy paces
+broad, which served it better than an artificial ditch; its front,
+facing the river and the heights, was composed of strong, thick, and
+high palisades, planted perpendicularly, with gunholes pierced for
+several pieces of large cannon in it; the river is deep and only
+fordable at low water, at a musket shot before the fort. This made it
+more difficult to be forced on that side than on its other side of
+earthworks facing Beauport, which had a more formidable appearance;
+and the hornwork certainly on that side was not in the least danger
+of being taken by the English, by an assault from the other side of
+the river. On the appearance of the English troops on the plain of the
+bakehouse, Montguet and La Motte, two old captains in the Regiment of
+Bearn, cried out with vehemence to M. de Vaudreuil, "that the hornwork
+would be taken in an instant, by an assault, sword in hand; that we
+would be all cut to pieces without quarter, and that nothing else would
+save us but an immediate and general capitulation of Canada, giving it
+up to the English."
+
+Montreuil told them that "a fortification such as the hornwork was not
+to be taken so easily." In short, there arose a general cry in the
+hornwork to cut the bridge of boats.[R] It is worthy of remark, that
+not a fourth of our army had yet arrived at it, and the remainder, by
+cutting the bridge, would have been left on the other side of the river
+as victims to the victors. The regiment 'Royal Roussillon' was at that
+moment at the distance of a musket shot from the hornwork, approaching
+to pass the bridge. As I had already been in such adventures, I did
+not lose my presence of mind, and having still a shadow remaining
+of that regard, which the army accorded me on account of the esteem
+and confidence which M. de Levis and M. de Montcalm had always shown
+me publicly, I called to M. Hugon, who commanded, for a pass in the
+hornwork, and begged of him to accompany me to the bridge. We ran
+there, and without asking who had given the order to cut it, we chased
+away the soldiers with their uplifted axes ready to execute that
+extravagant and wicked operation.
+
+M. de Vaudreuil was closeted in a house in the inside of the hornwork
+with the Intendant and with some other persons. I suspected they were
+busy drafting the articles for a general capitulation, and I entered
+the house, where I had only time to see the Intendant with a pen in
+his hand writing upon a sheet of paper, when M. de Vaudreuil told me
+I had no business there. Having answered him that what he said was
+true, I retired immediately, in wrath, to see them intent on giving
+up so scandalously a dependency for the preservation of which so much
+blood and treasure had been expended. On leaving the house, I met
+M. Dalquier, an old, brave, downright honest man, commander of the
+regiment of Bearn, with the true character of a good officer--the marks
+of Mars all over his body. I told him it was being debated within
+the house, to give up Canada to the English by a capitulation, and
+I hurried him in to stand up for the King's cause, and advocate the
+welfare of his country. I then quitted the hornwork to join Poularies
+at the Ravine[S] of Beauport; but having met him about three or four
+hundred paces from the hornwork, on his way to it, I told him what was
+being discussed there. He answered me, that sooner than consent to a
+capitulation, he would shed the last drop of his blood. He told me to
+look on his table and house as my own, advised me to go there directly
+to repose myself, and clapping spurs to his horse, he flew like
+lightning to the hornwork.
+
+As Poularies was an officer of great bravery, full of honour and
+of rare merit, I was then certain that he and Dalquier would break
+up the measures of designing men. Many motives induced me to act
+strenuously for the good of the service; amongst others, my gratitude
+for the Sovereign who had given me bread; also, my affection and
+inviolable friendship for M. de Levis in his absence, who was now
+Commander-in-Chief of the French armies in Canada by the death of M. de
+Montcalm. I continued sorrowfully jogging on to Beauport, with a very
+heavy heart for the loss of my dear friend, M. de Montcalm, sinking
+with weariness and lost in reflection upon the changes which Providence
+had brought about in the space of three or four hours.
+
+Poularies came back to his lodgings at Beauport about two in the
+afternoon, and he brought me the agreeable news of having converted
+the project of a capitulation into a retreat to Jacques-Cartier,
+there to wait the arrival of M. de Levis; and they despatched a
+courier immediately to Montreal to inform him of our misfortune at
+Quebec, which, to all appearance, would not have happened to us if M.
+de Vaudreuil had not sent him away, through some political reason,
+to command there, without troops except those who were with M. de
+Bourlamarque at L'Isle aux Noix--an officer of great knowledge. The
+departure of the army was agreed upon to be at night, and all the
+regiments were ordered to their respective encampments until further
+orders. The decision for a retreat was to be kept a great secret, and
+not even communicated to the officers. I passed the afternoon with
+Poularies, hoping each moment to receive from Montreuil--Major-General
+of the army--the order of the retreat for the regiment Royal
+Roussillon; but having no word of it at eight o'clock in the evening,
+and it being a dark night, Poularies sent his Adjutant to M. de
+Vaudreuil to receive his orders for the left. Poularies instantly
+returned to inform him that the right of our army was gone away with
+M. de Vaudreuil without his having given any orders concerning the
+retreat, and that they followed the highway to the hornwork. Castaign�,
+his Adjutant, could give no further account of this famous retreat,
+only that all the troops on our right were marched off. It can be
+easily imagined how much we were confounded by this ignorant and stupid
+conduct, which can scarce appear credible to the most ignorant military
+man.
+
+Poularies sent immediately to inform the post next to his regiment of
+the retreat, with orders to acquaint all the left of it, from post to
+post, between Beauport and the Sault de Montmorency.
+
+I then set out with him and his regiment, following those before us
+as the other posts to our left followed us, without any other guides,
+orders or instructions with regard to the roads we should take, or
+where we should go to; this was left to chance, or at least was a
+secret which M. de Vaudreuil kept to himself _in petto_. It was a
+march entirely in the Indian manner; not a retreat, but a horrid,
+abominable flight, a thousand times worse than that in the morning
+upon the heights of Abraham, with such disorder and confusion that,
+had the English known it, three hundred men sent after us would have
+been sufficient to destroy and cut all our army to pieces. Except the
+regiment Royal Roussillon, which Poularies, always a rigid and severe
+disciplinarian, kept together in order, there were not to be seen
+thirty soldiers together of any other regiment. They were all mixed,
+scattered, dispersed, and running as hard as they could, as if the
+English army was at their heels. There never was a more favourable
+position to make a beautiful, well-combined retreat, in bright day,
+and in sight of the English Army looking at us, without having the
+smallest reason to fear anything within their power to oppose it, as I
+had obtained a perfect knowledge of the _locale_ from Beauport to the
+Sault de Montmorency during some months that I was there constantly
+with M. de Levis and M. de Montcalm. I thought myself in a position
+to foretell to Poularies the probable order of retreat, and the route
+which would be assigned to each regiment for their march to the Lorette
+village. I was greatly deceived, and indeed could never have foreseen
+the route which our entire army followed to reach Lorette, and which
+prolonged our march prodigiously for the centre of our army, and still
+more for our left at the Sault de Montmorency. There is a highway in a
+straight line from the Sault de Montmorency to Lorette, which makes a
+side of a triangle formed by another highway from the Sault to Quebec,
+and by another road from Lorette to the hornwork, which formed the
+base. In the highway from the Sault to the hornwork there are eight
+or nine cross roads of communication from it to the road from the
+Sault to Lorette, which are shorter as they approach to the point of
+the angle at the Sault. Thus it was natural to believe that our army,
+being encamped all along the road from the Sault to the hornwork, each
+regiment would have taken one of these cross roads, the nearest to
+his encampment, in order to take the straight road from the Sault to
+Lorette, instead of coming to the hornwork to take there the road from
+Quebec to Lorette, by which the left had double the distance to march,
+besides being more liable by approaching the hornwork so near to the
+English, to make them discover the retreat.
+
+The army, by this operation, would have arrived all at the same time
+in the road from the Sault to Lorette by the difference in the length
+of these cross roads, and would have naturally formed a column all
+along that road; and as it was not a forced retreat, they had the time
+from twelve at noon until eight at night to send off all the baggage
+by cross roads to Lorette, without the English perceiving it; but
+supposing them even fully aware of our design, which might have been
+executed in open day, they no way could disturb our operations without
+attacking the hornwork, and attempting the passage of the river St.
+Charles--a very difficult and dangerous affair--where they might be
+easily repulsed, exposing themselves in a moment to lose the fruits
+of their victory, without enjoying it; and consequently they would
+have been insane had they ventured on such a rash enterprise. Instead
+of these wise measures, which common sense alone might have dictated,
+tents, artillery, the military stores, baggage, and all other effects,
+were left as a present to the English; the officers saved only a few
+shirts, or what they could carry in their pockets: the rest was lost.
+In fact, it would appear, by this strange conduct, that a class of
+men there, from interested views, were furiously bent on giving up
+the colony to the English, so soon as they could have a plausible
+pretext to colour their designs,--by lopping off gradually all the
+means possible to defend it any longer. M. de Vaudreuil had still
+other kind offices in reserve for the English. He wrote to de Ramsay,
+King's Lieutenant and Commander in Quebec,[T] as soon as the retreat
+was decided:--"That he might propose a capitulation for the town
+eight-and-forty hours after the departure of our army from our camp at
+Beauport, upon the best conditions he could obtain from the English."
+We ran along in flight all night; and at daybreak M. de Bougainville,
+with his detachment, joined us near Cap Rouge. In the evening, our army
+arrived at Pointe-aux-Trembles--five leagues from Quebec--where it
+passed the night, and next day came to Jacques-Cartier. The English had
+so little suspicion of our retreat, seeing our tents standing without
+any change at our camp, that Belcour--an officer of La Rochebaucourt's
+cavalry--having returned to it with a detachment, two days after our
+flight, he found everything the same as when we left it. He went into
+the hornwork with his detachment, and fired the guns (pointed) at the
+heights of Abraham towards the English camp, which greatly alarmed them.
+
+
+                                 FINIS.
+
+[The remainder of the manuscript alludes more particularly to the
+campaign conducted by Chevalier de Levis, which ended, in 1760, by the
+capitulation of Montreal.]
+
+
+                                ADDENDA.
+
+  _Extract of the Register of Marriages, Baptisms and Deaths of the
+      French Cathedral at Quebec, for 1759_:--
+
+  "L'an mil sept cens cinquante-neuf, le quatorzi�me du mois de
+  Septembre, a �t� inhum� dans l'Eglise des Religieuses Ursulines
+  de Qu�bec, haut et puissant Seigneur Louis Joseph Marquis de
+  Montcalm, Lieutenant G�n�ral des arm�es du Roy, Commandeur de
+  l'ordre Royal et militaire de St. Louis, Commandant en chef des
+  troupes de terre en l'Am�rique Septentrionale, d�c�d� le m�me
+  jour de ses blessures au combat de la veille, muni des sacrements
+  qu'il a re�us avec beaucoup de pi�t� et de Religion. Etoient
+  pr�sents � son inhumation MM. Resche, Cugnet et Collet, chanoines
+  de la Cath�drale, M. de Ramezay, Commandant de la Place, et tout
+  le corps des officiers.
+
+    (Sign�,)
+        "RESCHE, Ptre. Chan.
+        "COLLET, Chne."
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[A] Les Ecossais en France, Vol. II., P. 449.
+
+[B] Formerly, inward bound ships, instead of taking the south channel
+lower down than Goose Island, struck over from Cape Tourmente, and took
+the south channel between Madame Island and Pointe Argentenay.
+
+[C] General Abercrombie's army consisted of 6,000 regular troops and
+7,000 provincials, according to the English; but the French gave them
+out to be 6,300 troops, and 13,000 provincials--in all 19,300 men.
+
+[D] The French say the English lost between four and five thousand men.
+
+[E] Unfortunately, the plans here alluded to do not accompany the
+manuscript.
+
+[F] This contest is generally denominated the Battle of the
+Monongahela. Capt. Daniel Li�nard de Beaujeu commanded the Canadians,
+and achieved a most brilliant victory over General Braddock and George
+Washington; the English losing their provisions, baggage, fifteen
+cannon, many small arms, the military chest, Braddock's papers.
+Washington, after the battle, wrote: "We have been beaten, shamefully
+beaten, by a handful of French."--(J. M. L.)
+
+[G] De Vergor's post apparently stood about a 100 yards to the east of
+the spot on which Wolfe's Field-cottage has since been built. The ruins
+still exist.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[H] De Vergor's guard was composed chiefly of Militiamen from
+Lorette, who on that day had obtained leave to go and work on
+their farms, provided they also worked on a farm Captain De Vergor
+owned.--"_M�moires sur les Affaires de la Colonie de 1749-60._" Some
+historians have intimated that De Vergor--a _prot�ge_ of Bigot's--was a
+traitor to his King.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[I] I incline more to General Wolfe's opinion than what Voltaire
+reports in the war of 1781, to have been the King of Prussia's
+maxim:--"That we ought always to do what the enemy is afraid of." Where
+the enemy is afraid of anything in particular, he has there his largest
+force, and is there more on his guard than anywhere else.--(MANUSCRIPT
+NOTE.)
+
+[J] Bigot's coterie.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[K] It was reported in Canada, that the ball which killed that great,
+good and honest man, was not fired by an English musket. But I never
+credited this.
+
+[L] Arnoux gave me this account of his last moments.--MANUSCRIPT NOTES.
+
+[M] The place where Montcalm died appears yet shrouded in doubt. It
+is stated, in Knox's Journal, that, on being wounded, Montcalm was
+conveyed to the General Hospital, towards which the French squadrons
+in retreat had to pass to regain, over the bridge of boats, their camp
+at Beauport. The General Hospital was also the head-quarters of the
+wounded--both English and French. It has been supposed that Arnoux's
+house, where Montcalm was conveyed, stood in St. Louis street. No where
+does it appear that Montcalm was conveyed to his own residence on the
+ramparts (on which now stands the residence of R. H. Wurtele, Esquire).
+As the city surrendered five days after the great battle, it was likely
+to be bombarded--and, moreover, one-third of the houses in it had been
+burnt and destroyed--we do not see why the wounded General should have
+been conveyed from the battle-field to the Ch�teau St. Louis--certainly
+an exposed situation in the event of a new bombardment; and, moreover,
+the city itself, after and during the battle, was considered so
+insecure that the French army, instead of retreating to it for shelter,
+hurried past the General Hospital, over the bridge, to their camp at
+Beauport. There is a passage in Lieutenant-Colonel Beatson's Notes
+on the Plains of Abraham, which we give:--"The valiant Frenchman
+(Montcalm), regardless of pain, relaxed not his efforts to rally his
+broken battalions in their hurried retreat towards the city until he
+was shot through the loins, when within a few hundred yards of St.
+Louis Gate.[N] And so invincible was his fortitude that not even the
+severity of this mortal stroke could abate his gallant spirit or alter
+his intrepid bearing. Supported by two grenadiers--one at each side of
+his horse--he re-entered the city; and in reply to some women who, on
+seeing blood flow from his wounds as he rode down St. Louis street, on
+his way to the Ch�teau, exclaimed: _Oh, mon Dieu! mon Dieu! le Marquis
+est tu�!!!_ he courteously assured them that he was not seriously hurt,
+and begged of them not to distress themselves on his account.--_Ce
+n'est rien! ce n'est rien! Ne vous affligez pas pour moi, mes bonnes
+amies._"[O]
+
+[N] M. GARNEAU, in his _Histoire du Canada_, says:--"The two
+Brigadier-Generals, M. de Semezergues and the Baron de St. Ours, fell
+mortally wounded; and MONTCALM (who had already received two wounds),
+while exerting himself to the utmost to rally his troops and preserve
+order in the retreat, was also mortally wounded in the loins by a
+musket-ball. He was at that moment between _Les Buttes-a-Neveu_ and St.
+Louis Gate." From the city, on the one side, and from the battle-field,
+on the other, the ground rises until the two slopes meet and form
+a ridge; the summit of which was formerly occupied by a windmill
+belonging to a man named _Neveu_ or _Nepveu_. About midway between this
+ridge and St. Louis Gate, and to the southward of the St. Louis Road,
+are some slight eminences, still known by the older French residents as
+_Les Buttes-a-Nepveu_ or _Neveu's hillocks_, and about three-quarters
+of a mile distant from the spot where the British line charged.--R. S.
+BEATSON.
+
+[O] For these particulars I am indebted to my friend Mr. G. B.
+Faribault--a gentleman well known in Canada for his researches into
+the history of the Colony; whose information on this subject was
+derived from his much respected fellow-citizen the Hon. John Malcolm
+Frazer--grandson of one of WOLFE'S officers, and now (1854) one of the
+oldest inhabitants of Quebec; where, in his childhood and youth, he
+had the facts, as above narrated, often described to him by an elderly
+woman who, when about eighteen years of age, was an eye-witness of the
+scene.--R. S. BEATSON.
+
+[P] This bakehouse appears to have been some where at the foot of
+Abraham's hill.
+
+[Q] The excavations of these French works are very visible to this
+day behind Mr. G. H. Parke's residence, Ringfield, Charlesbourg road.
+The hornwork appears to have covered about twelve acres of ground,
+surrounded by a ditch.
+
+[R] It crossed the St. Charles a little higher up than the Marine
+Hospital, at the foot of Crown street.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[S] A small bridge supported on masonry has since been built at this
+spot, exactly across the main road at Brown's mills.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[T] The deliberations of the council of war, called at M. Daine's,
+Mayor of Quebec, on the 15th September, 1759, published in de Ramsay's
+Memoires, in 1861, by the Literary and Historical Society, have done an
+effective, though a tardy, justice to de Ramsay's memory.--(J. M. L.)
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Simple typographical errors were corrected.
+
+Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant
+preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.
+
+Text contains apparent parenthesized references to a map, but this book
+contained no maps, diagrams, or illustrations.
+
+Page 3: "heartily" was misprinted as "heartly".
+
+Page 3: "buried there magnificently" was misprinted as "their".
+
+Page 8: "without trembling." should be punctuated with a question mark.
+
+Page 28: "analize" was printed that way.
+
+Page 30: "radient" was printed that way.
+
+Page 30: "LaRochebeaucourt" is printed as "La Rochebaucourt" on page 59.
+
+Page 50: Footnote M has two footnotes of its own (N and O). In this
+eBook, they've been resequenced as normal footnotes.
+
+Page 59: "La Rochebaucourt" is printed as "La Rochebeaucourt" on page
+30.
+
+
+
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+<body>
+<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Dialogue in Hades, by James Johnstone,
+chevalier de Johnstone</h1>
+<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a
+href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p>
+<p>Title: A Dialogue in Hades</p>
+<p>Author: James Johnstone, chevalier de Johnstone</p>
+<p>Release Date: December 7, 2013  [eBook #44381]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A DIALOGUE IN HADES***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4 class="pg">E-text prepared by Charlie Howard<br />
+    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br />
+    from page images generously made available by<br />
+    Internet Archive<br />
+    (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
+  <tr>
+    <td valign="top">
+      Note:
+    </td>
+    <td>
+      Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      <a href="https://archive.org/details/dialogueinhades00john">
+      https://archive.org/details/dialogueinhades00john</a>
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<h1 class="vspace"><span class="small">A</span><br />
+
+DIALOGUE IN HADES.</h1>
+
+<p class="p2 center">A PARALLEL OF MILITARY ERRORS, OF WHICH THE FRENCH<br />
+AND ENGLISH ARMIES WERE GUILTY, DURING THE<br />
+CAMPAIGN OF <b>1759</b>, IN CANADA.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 vspace larger center">ATTRIBUTED TO CHEVALIER JOHNSTONE.</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center vspace">Published under the Auspices of the<br />
+
+<span class="large">Literary and Historical Society of Quebec</span></p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">[REPRINTED.]</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center vspace">QUEBEC:
+<span class="smaller">PRINTED AT THE “MORNING CHRONICLE” OFFICE.</span><br />
+1887.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">2</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="p4">[The original of this manuscript is deposited in the French war archives,
+in Paris; a copy was, with the permission of the French Government, taken in
+1855, and deposited in the Library of the Legislative Assembly of Canada.
+The Literary and Historical Society of Quebec, through the kindness of Mr.
+Todd, the Librarian, was permitted to have communication thereof. This
+document is supposed to have been written about the year 1765, that is five
+years after the return to France from Canada of the writer, the Chevalier
+Johnstone, a Scottish Jacobite, who had fled to France after the defeat at
+Culloden, and obtained from the French monarch, with several other
+Scotchmen, commissions in the French armies. In 1748, says <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Francisque
+Michel</i>,<a name="FNanchor_A" id="FNanchor_A" href="#Footnote_A" class="fnanchor">A</a> “he sailed from Rochefort as an Ensign with troops going to Cape
+Breton; he continued to serve in America until he returned to France, in
+December, 1760, having acted during the campaign of 1759, in Canada, as
+aide-de-camp to Chevalier de Levis. On Levis being ordered to Montreal,
+Johnstone was detached and retained by General Montcalm on his staff, on
+account of his thorough knowledge of the environs of Quebec, and particularly
+of Beauport, where the principal works of defence stood, and where the whole
+army, some 11,000 men, were entrenched, leaving in Quebec merely a garrison
+of 1500. The journal is written in English, and is not remarkable for
+orthography or purity of diction; either Johnstone had forgotten or had never
+thoroughly known the language. The style is prolix, sententious, abounding
+in quotations from old writers. This document had first attracted the
+attention of one of the late historians of Canada, the Abbé Ferland, who
+attached much importance to it, as calculated to supply matters of detail and
+incidents unrecorded elsewhere. Colonel Margry, in charge of the French
+records, had permitted the venerable writer, then on a visit to Paris, to make
+extracts from it; some of which extracts, the abbé published at the time of
+the laying of the St. Foy Monument, in 1862. The Chevalier Johnstone differs
+<i xml:lang="la" lang="la">in toto</i> from the opinions expressed by several French officers of regulars,
+respecting the conduct of the Canadian Militia, in 1759, ascribing to their
+valour, on the 13th September, the salvation of a large portion of the French
+army. He has chosen the singular, though not unprecedented mode of the
+Dialogue, to recapitulate the events of a campaign in which he played a not
+inconsiderable part.”&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;<span class="smcap">J.&nbsp;M. LeMoine.]</span>
+</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">3</a></span></p>
+
+<p class="p4 center smaller">[Published under the auspices of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec.]</p>
+
+<h2>A DIALOGUE IN HADES.<br />
+
+<span class="subhead">A PARALLEL OF MILITARY ERRORS, OF WHICH THE FRENCH
+AND ENGLISH ARMIES WERE GUILTY, DURING THE
+CAMPAIGN OF 1759, IN CANADA.</span></h2>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">The Marquis de Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Having ardently
+desired a conversation with you, sir, upon the operations of
+a campaign which proved to both of us so fatal, I have
+sought you continually amongst the shades ever since I
+descended here, where I soon followed you.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">General Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I can assure you, sir, I was equally
+impatient to meet with you. Some of my countrymen,
+arrived here since the battle of the 13th September, informed
+me that there was only an interval of a few hours in our
+sharing the same hard fate. They gave me some accounts
+of that event which joined Canada to the British
+dominions; but as they had a very imperfect knowledge of
+the circumstances, and entirely ignorant of your plan of
+operations, I have little information from them, and I am
+heartily glad that chance at last has procured me the
+pleasure of seeing you.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Will you permit me, sir, before our conversation
+becomes serious, to offer some reflections upon
+the difference in our destiny. Your nation rendered you
+the greatest honours; your body was conveyed to
+London, and buried there magnificently in Westminster
+Abbey, amongst your kings. Generous Britons erected
+to your memory a superb monument over your grave, at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">4</a></span>
+public expense; and your name, most dear to your countrymen,
+is ever in their mouths, accompanied with praise and
+regret. But in my country what a strange indifference?
+What sensation did my death make upon my compatriots?
+My conduct denounced and censured without measure, is
+the continual subject of conversation for gossiping fools
+and knaves, who form the majority in all communities, and
+prevail against the infinitely small number to be found of
+honest, judicious, impartial men, capable of reflection. The
+Canadians and savages who knew the uprightness of my
+soul, ever devoted to the interests of my beloved king and
+country, they alone rendered me justice, with a few sincere
+friends, who, not daring to oppose themselves openly to
+the torrent of my enemies, bewailed in secret my unhappy
+fate, and shed on my tomb their friendly tears.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;In this blessed abode, inaccessible to prejudice,
+I vow to you, sir, I envy your condition, notwithstanding
+the horrible injustice and ingratitude of your countrymen.
+What can give more pleasure and self-satisfaction than the
+esteem and approbation of honest men? You were
+severely regretted and lamented by all those who were
+capable of discerning and appreciating your superior merit,
+talents, and eminent qualities. Disinterested persons of
+probity must respect your virtue. All officers versed in
+the art of war will justify your military tactics, and your
+operations can be blamed only by the ignorant. Were my
+army consulted, they would be as many witnesses in your
+favour. Your humanity towards prisoners won you the
+heart of all my soldiers. They saw with gratitude and
+veneration your continual care and vigilance to snatch
+them from out of the hands of the Indians, when those
+barbarians were ready to cut their throats, and prepared to
+make of human flesh their horrible banquets; refusing me
+even tears at my death, they weeped and bewailed your
+hard fate; I see in my mausoleum the proof only of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">5</a></span>
+human weakness! What does that block of marble avail
+to me in my present state? The monument remains, but
+the conqueror has perished. The affection, approbation
+and regret of the worthiest part of mankind is greatly
+preferable and much above the vain honours conferred by
+a blind people, who judge according to the event, and are
+incapable to analyse the operations. I was unknown to
+them before the expedition which I commanded in Canada;
+and if fortune, to whom I entirely owe my success, had
+less favoured me, perhaps, like Byng, I would have been
+the victim of a furious and unruly populace. The
+multitude has and can have success only for the rule of
+their judgment.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I am much obliged to you, sir, for your
+favourable opinion of me. Let us leave weak mortals to
+crawl from error to error, and deify to-day what they will
+condemn to-morrow. It is at present, when the darkness
+is dispelled from before our eyes, that we can contemplate
+at leisure the passions of men, who move as the waves of
+the sea, push on each other and often break upon the
+rocks; and in our present state, when all prejudices are at
+an end, let us examine impartially the operations of 1759,
+which was the epocha of the loss to France of her northern
+colonies in America.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Most willingly, sir, and to show my
+frankness, I own to you I was greatly surprised on arriving
+with the English fleet at Quebec without meeting with
+any opposition by the French in the river St. Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;You had reason to be so. It was not
+my fault that you did not meet with many obstacles in
+your way. I proposed to have a redoubt and battery erected
+upon Cape Tourmente, which is a rock above fifty feet
+high, facing the Traverse at the <span class="locked">east<a name="FNanchor_B" id="FNanchor_B" href="#Footnote_B" class="fnanchor">B</a></span> end of the Island of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">6</a></span>
+Orleans, where all the vessels cross from the north to the
+south side of the St. Lawrence river. They are obliged to
+approach very near the Cape before they enter into the
+Traverse, and its height above the men-of-war would have
+secured it against the effect of the artillery. Besides, this
+rock, almost perpendicular, commanding all round it, the
+fort would have been impregnable, and not susceptible of
+being besieged. Thus the first of your ships which
+approached to pass the Traverse would have been raked
+by the plunging fire of the battery from stern to bowsprit,
+and must have been sunk. I had likewise the project of
+placing a battery and a redoubt upon the upper point of
+the bay which is opposite to the west end of <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Isle aux
+Coudres</i>. The current between this island and the main
+land being incredibly rapid at low water, all the vessels
+coming up the river must have cast anchor there to wait
+until the next tide; and my artillery upon the point of
+that bay would have battered your ships at anchor from
+fore to aft; have put in a most terrible confusion your
+ships, who could not have taken up their anchors without
+being instantly dashed to pieces against the rocks by the
+violence of the current, forced, as they would have been
+by it, to have their bowsprits always pointed to the battery,
+without being able to fire at it. Your fleet would have had
+no knowledge of the battery until they were at anchor, so
+you may easily judge how it would have distressed them.
+I proposed this, but I did not command in chief; it was
+the Marquis de Vaudreuil, Governor General of Canada,
+who should have ordered it to be put into execution.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;If they had executed your project, it would
+have puzzled us, and retarded for some time our
+operations.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;That was all I could wish for, as I was
+always sensible of the great advantage, in certain
+situations, of gaining time from the enemy, especially in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">7</a></span>
+such a climate as Canada, where the summer is so short
+that it is impossible to keep the field longer than from the
+month of May till the beginning of October, and your fleet
+arrived at <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Isle aux Coudres</i> at the end of June.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;There is no doubt that you are in the right.
+Our fleet arrived in the river St. Lawrence six weeks too
+late, which is commonly the fate of all great naval expeditions.
+Fleets are seldom ready to sail at the time appointed;
+and this often renders fruitless the best concocted enterprise
+by sea, from the uncertainty of the arrival of the army
+at its destination. The smallest delay is often dangerous, as
+it gives the enemy the time to prepare themselves for
+defence, without hurry or confusion.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I will not conceal from you, sir, that I
+always looked upon the distribution you made of your army
+upon your landing near Quebec, as diametrically opposed
+to the established principles in castrametation. It is a
+known axiom in the art of war, that an army ought to be
+encamped in such a manner as to have a free and easy communication
+with all its parts; that they may unite quickly
+without any obstruction, and be able to defend and sustain
+each other reciprocally over the whole extent of the camp,
+in case any part of it is attacked. You divided your army
+in three different camps; one of them upon the Pointe
+Levis, another upon the Island of Orleans, and the third at
+the Sault de Montmorency. The two branches of the St.
+Lawrence river, which forms the Island of Orleans, each of
+them about half a mile broad, separated your three camps,
+without a possibility of establishing a communication
+between them; and your camp upon the Pointe Levis was
+at a distance of six miles from your camp at the Sault de
+Montmorency. Your position was such that had we fallen
+with our army on any of your three camps, we would have
+cut them to pieces, before those of your other two camps
+could have come to their assistance. The knowledge for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">8</a></span>
+choosing an advantageous ground for encamping an army,
+always appears to me to be one of the most essential talents
+requisite in a general. How could you remain quietly in
+such a dangerous position during two months, without
+trembling.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;What hindered you then, sir, from executing
+that which appeared to you so easy?</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;We attempted it, but with very bad success.
+Seven days after your landing at the Pointe Levis,
+Mr. Dumas, Major of the Colony troops, was sent to attack
+your camp at the Pointe Levis, with a body of fifteen hundred
+men, who, in the night, crossed the river St. Lawrence
+at Quebec, without being discovered by your advanced
+guards. But they were no sooner landed and marching,
+than, struck with a panic, the utmost disorder suddenly
+ensued; their heads turned, and, losing their senses entirely,
+they fired at each other, believing themselves attacked
+by your army. In short, they immediately fled back to
+their boats with the greatest precipitation and confusion.
+Discouraged by this bad beginning, M. de Vaudreuil would
+never listen to any proposals of further attempts upon your
+camps; and it was decided to keep ourselves for the future
+upon the defensive.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;It appears to me, however, that you were
+not encamped in a proper manner to be upon the defensive.
+Your army did not amount to ten thousand men, and your
+camp extended seven or eight miles.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I agree with you, and am sensible that
+the longer the line, the weaker it is in its several parts. I
+am convinced that it is impossible to prevent a line from
+being forced; and I believed likewise that, landing on a
+coast where there are several leagues of it to be defended,
+equally susceptible of descent, is the same case as lines. He
+who attacks has all his force concentrated at a single point,
+which he may choose as he pleases; anywhere in the extent<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">9</a></span>
+of his lines; on the contrary, he who is attacked in his
+entrenchments has his force divided over the whole extent
+of his lines, and does not know on what part of them the
+enemy has the intention to make his real attack, so that he
+must be everywhere equally strong and guarded over all
+the ground occupied by his army. Thus the head of a
+column of a great depth of ranks must infallibly pierce
+through lines who have only at most two or three men
+deep; and by feint attacks all over the front of a line, you
+cannot weaken one part of it by drawing troops from it to
+fortify another part of it, unless the point of the enemy’s
+principal attack is manifestly known. It is certainly the
+same with regard to landings, where all the extent of the
+sea coast may be threatened at the same time, although it is
+a common opinion that a coast may be defended, and that
+an enemy may be repulsed in his attempt to make a descent
+by open force.</p>
+
+<p>I know not a better method to oppose a descent than to
+have bodies of troops in battle, ready to rush upon the enemy,
+with their bayonets upon their muskets, attacking the
+moment the enemy land, whilst they are yet few and in confusion
+from the disorder which must necessarily happen at
+their coming out of their boats, and before they can present
+a considerable front in battle.</p>
+
+<p>My project of defence was to encamp on rising ground
+at Quebec, called by the French, <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Les Hauteurs d’Abraham</i>,
+and make Quebec serve as the centre and pivot to all my
+operations, since it was evident that the fate of Canada depended
+entirely on its being preserved to us or taken by
+you, which decided whether that colony should remain to
+its ancient possessors or become your prize.</p>
+
+<p>With this in view, I intrenched the borders of the St.
+Charles river, and remained encamped at Quebec until, receiving
+tidings of your fleet having arrived in the St. Lawrence
+river, M. de Levis, an officer of great merit and distinction,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">10</a></span>
+proposed to change the position of our camp, by carrying
+our left wing to the Sault de Montmorency, and our
+right to the St. Charles river: this, as you say, made it six
+miles long on the north side of Quebec, and gave us greater
+appearance of being on the offensive than on the defensive.</p>
+
+<p>He pretended that the presenting a great front to the
+enemy would give us a bold look, and inspire respect. As
+there can be no positive certainty in any military operation,
+from unforeseen accidents which often overturn the best
+combined project, I readily sacrificed to him my opinion,
+without insisting upon it. In this new position M. de Vaudreuil
+commanded the right of our camp, near Quebec; M. de
+Levis the left, at the Sault de Montmorency; and I commanded
+the centre, at Beauport.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Had you continued on the heights of Abraham
+you would have saved Quebec, but you would have abandoned
+to me all the country where I might have destroyed,
+burnt and ruined all the settlements at some leagues round
+it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;That may be, but Canada would not have
+been taken, and certainly you durst not penetrate far into
+the country, leaving Quebec behind you. Had you attacked me,
+I would have had the advantage of the rising ground,
+which I would have fortified with intrenchments, and with
+a chain of redoubts from Quebec to Cap Rouge, where these
+heights terminate in a deep ravine, with a small river at the
+bottom of it, overhung with rocks, at three leagues from Quebec.
+This advantageous position, not to be successfully attacked
+by any number of men, would have been my advanced
+post.</p>
+
+<p>My right would have been applied to Quebec, and
+sustained by it. I never could guess, sir, your idea in reducing
+that town to ashes as you did, by throwing upon it
+continually, from your batteries on the opposite side of the
+river, that immense number of carcases and shells.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">11</a></span>
+It seems to me that when an army besieges a town, it
+is with the intention, on its surrendering, to keep possession
+of it, and have houses in it to lodge the troops, instead of
+heaps of ruins. This conduct was still more essentially necessary
+from the season being advanced, and from the impossibility
+of carrying-on any kind of house building during the
+winter. Moreover, the utter destruction of that town reduced
+to ashes could not hasten its being taken a moment
+sooner. You could do no harm to our batteries, which were
+much higher than yours; it is not by destroying houses
+that towns are taken. You always battered houses, without
+reflecting that it is only by ruining the fortifications&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the
+defences&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and by a breach in the walls, that success
+may be hoped for in sieges; and it is certain that you lavished
+a prodigious quantity of warlike stores very uselessly.</p>
+
+<p>What advantages could you expect by ruining and distressing
+the inhabitants of Quebec, whose houses you burnt?</p>
+
+<p>It was destroying alone for the pleasure of doing injury,
+without any advantage accruing to you from it.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;My inaction during the whole summer
+should have made you perceive what little hopes I had of
+succeeding in my expedition; should it turn out fruitless
+after the sum it had cost England, the news of Quebec being
+reduced to ashes might blind the extravagant English populace,
+and blunt their fanatical fury.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;The day that you landed at the Sault de
+Montmorency, where you encamped immediately with a
+body of four thousand men, in all appearance you did not
+know that the river Montmorency was fordable in the wood
+about a mile to the north of your camp, where fifty men in
+front might pass the ford with water only up to their knees.
+Had you passed it immediately, you might have fallen upon
+the left of our army, cut them to pieces, and pursued
+them two miles, as far as the ravine of Beauport, before they
+could assemble a sufficient number of men to be able to resist<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">12</a></span>
+you. You might have even encamped upon the north
+side of that ravine, which, having it before you, would have
+been a very advantageous post, and brought you several
+miles nearer to Quebec. In this case it is highly probable
+that we would have been obliged to abandon to you all the
+ground between the St. Charles river and the ravine.</p>
+
+<p>To return to my first project of encamping upon the
+heights of Abraham, our left was in the greatest security,
+not knowing that there was a ford in that river until some
+hours after your landing at the Sault.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Is it then surprising that I should be ignorant
+of that ford, since you did not know it yourself? besides,
+it is only the inhabitants in the neighbourhood of rivers,
+swamps and lakes, who can give positive and sure information
+about them. And supposing I had found some of your
+Canadians at their houses there, they are so inviolably attached
+to their religion, king and country, that they would
+sooner have led me into a snare than instruct me in anything
+that could be prejudicial to their army.</p>
+
+<p>Those whom a general sends to examine the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i> of a
+country must do it very superficially upon their own observations,
+without consulting or interrogating the peasants in
+the neighbourhood.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Whilst your soldiers were employed in
+making their camp, and pitching their tents, M. de Levis
+and his aide-de-camp Johnstone, were looking at you from
+the opposite side of the Sault. His aide-de-camp having
+asked him if he was positively certain that there was no
+ford in the Montmorency river, M. de Levis answering that
+there was not, and that he had been himself to examine it
+to its source, at a lake in the woods, about ten or twelve
+miles from the Sault. An inhabitant who overheard this
+conversation, told the aide-de-camp: “The General is mistaken;
+there is a ford which the inhabitants thereabouts pass<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">13</a></span>
+every day in carrying their corn to a mill;” and he added
+that he had crossed it lately, with water not above his knees.</p>
+
+<p>The aide-de-camp related to M. de Levis immediately
+his conversation with the Canadian, who would not believe
+there was a ford, and, examining him roughly, the Canadian
+was seized with awe, and respect for the General; his tongue
+faltered in his mouth, and he durst not boldly assert the
+truth. The aide-de-camp, in a whisper to the Canadian,
+ordered him to find out a person who had crossed the ford
+lately, and bring him immediately to M. de Levis’ lodgings.
+The Canadian came to him in a moment, with a man who
+had crossed it the night before, with a sack of wheat upon
+his back, where he had found only eight inches deep of
+water.</p>
+
+<p>The aide-de-camp being thus assured of the fact, ordered,
+in M. de Levis’ name, a detachment to be sent instantly,
+with the necessary tools to intrench itself.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Had I been so lucky as you, sir, to discover
+that ford, there is no doubt I would not have let slip so
+favourable an opportunity of distinguishing myself, and
+would have fallen like lightning upon that part of your camp.
+There can be nothing more dangerous than the neighbourhood
+of rivers and swamps, that have not been sounded and
+examined with the greatest care and attention. Negligence,
+ignorance and headstrong obstinacy are equally fatal in
+military affairs; and the misfortune of a Lieutenant-General,
+in Scotland, against the Highlanders at the battle of Prestonpans,
+made so deep an impression upon me that I am
+always on my guard when near such places.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;How can you, sir, justify your imprudence
+in running headlong into the woods opposite to our intrenchments,
+with two thousand men, who naturally ought
+to have been cut to pieces, and neither you nor any man of
+your detachment escape? Nine hundred Indians had invested
+you all round at a pistol shot from you, and had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">14</a></span>
+already cut off your retreat, without your perceiving it. So
+soon as the Indians had surrounded you in the wood, they
+sent their officer Langlade to acquaint M. de Levis that they
+had got you in their net, but that your detachment, appearing
+to be about two thousand men, greatly superior to them
+in number, they begged earnestly of M. de Levis to order
+M. de Repentigny to pass the ford with eleven hundred
+men, which he commanded in these intrenchments, and
+join them; that they would be answerable upon their heads
+if a single man of your detachment should get back to your
+camp; and they did not think themselves strong enough to
+strike upon you without this reinforcement of Canadians.
+There were a great many officers at M. de Levis’ lodgings
+when Langlade came to him on behalf of the Indians, and
+this General having consulted them, after giving his own
+opinion on the affair: “that it was dangerous to attack an
+army in the wood, as they could not know the number of
+men there; that it might be all the English army, which
+consequently might bring on a general engagement without
+being prepared for it; and that if he happened to be
+repulsed, he would be blamed for engaging in an affair,
+without holding previously an order from his superiors,
+M. de Vaudreuil and M. de Montcalm.” The officers respected
+too much the General not to be of his way of thinking,
+and it must ever be so from flattery. His aide-de-camp
+alone maintained a different opinion, out of a real friendship
+for M. de Levis. He told them that there was not the
+smallest probability it could be all the English army, since
+the Indians, who never fail to magnify the number, computed
+them at only two thousand men. That even supposing
+it to be the whole English army, it would be the
+most lucky thing that could happen to us to have a general
+engagement in the woods, where a Canadian is worth
+three disciplined soldiers, as a soldier in a plain is worth
+three Canadians; and that nothing was more essential than<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">15</a></span>
+to select the propitious moment and the way of fighting
+for those who composed the two-thirds of the army, which
+was the case with the Canadians. On the contrary, the
+English army was almost entirely composed of regulars
+with very few militia.</p>
+
+<p>That M. de Levis could not do better than in ordering M.
+de Repentigny to cross the river immediately with his detachment
+<i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">en échelon</i>, and join the Indians, without losing
+moments very precious; that at the same time he should
+send instantly to inform me of his adventure, in order to
+make all the army advance towards the ford, each regiment
+taking the place of the other marched off; so that the Regiment
+Royal Roussillon, the nearest to the ford, should go
+off directly to take the post that Repentigny would quit in
+crossing the river, and observing the same for the rest of
+the army; that by this means the engaging a general affair
+was much to be wished for, supposing all the English army
+to be in the woods opposite the ford; in short, that if there
+was a possibility of our being defeated and repulsed in the
+woods, which could scarce happen, according to all human
+probability, we had our retreat assured in the depth of
+these woods, well known to the Canadians, where the English
+troops could not pursue them, so that in no shape
+could M. de Levis run the least risk.</p>
+
+<p>His aide-de-camp added, that when fortune offers her
+favours, “they ought to be snatched with avidity.” These
+reasons made no impressions on M. de Levis, and Langlade
+was sent back to the Indians with a negative reply.</p>
+
+<p>There was two miles from M. de Levis’ quarters to the
+place where the Indians were in ambush. Langlade came
+back with new entreaties and earnest solicitations to induce
+M. de Levis to make Repentigny cross the ford with his
+detachment, but the General could not be prevailed upon
+to give a positive order to Repentigny to join the Indians.</p>
+
+<p>He wrote a letter to Repentigny by Langlade, wherein he
+told him “having the greatest confidence in his prudence<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">16</a></span>
+and good conduct, he might pass the river with his detachment,
+if he saw a certainty of success.” His aide-de-camp
+told him, whilst he was sealing the letter, that
+Repentigny had too much judgment and good sense to take
+upon himself an affair of that importance; and his opinion
+of Repentigny was immediately justified by his answer;
+he asked M. de Levis to give him a clear and positive
+order. After thus loitering about an hour and a half, M.
+de Levis resolved at last to go himself to the ford, and give
+there his orders verbally; but he had scarce got half way
+to it when he heard a brisk fire. The Indians, losing all
+patience, after having remained so long hid at a pistol shot
+from you, like setter dogs upon wild fowl, at last gave you
+a volley, killed about a hundred and fifty of your soldiers,
+and then retired without losing a man. It is evident that
+had Repentigny passed the river with his detachment of
+eleven hundred Canadians, you must have been cut to
+pieces, and that affair would have terminated your expedition.
+Your army could have no more hopes of succeeding
+after such a loss; their spirits would have been damped,
+and Canada would have been secure from any further invasion
+from Great Britain.</p>
+
+<p>Fortune was always as favourable to you, as she constantly
+frowned upon us. M. de Levis is not to be blamed; an
+officer who serves under the orders of others can only be
+reproached when he does not execute punctually the orders
+he receives from his superiors; and he has always reason
+to be cautious and diffident in such cases where his honour
+and reputation may be engaged, as none can be positively
+certain of the issue of any military enterprise, and if success
+does not crown the venture, of which you have voluntarily
+burthened yourself, though undertaken from the best of
+motives and apparently for the good of the service, thousands
+of mouths will open to spit venom against you.</p>
+
+<p>But of all others, the ignorant amongst the military, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">17</a></span>
+the knaves, to screen themselves, will surely be violent:
+this is so much the more astonishing, in the profession of
+arms, where sentiments of honour and honesty ought to be
+the foundation.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;My intention in approaching so near your post
+at the ford was to examine it carefully, as I then had formed
+the design to attack it, little imagining that such a considerable
+detachment as I had with me would have been
+exposed to be set on by your Indians. Accustomed to
+European warfare, I could never have thought that a body
+of men should have been so long, so close to me without
+discovering them. Your intrenchments there appeared to
+be very trifling, but the sight of earth thrown up is respectable,
+and not to be despised.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Your attack of the 31st of July, at the only
+place of our camp which was inaccessible, appeared to me
+unaccountable. From Quebec to Beauport, which was
+about four miles, it is a marshy ground, very little higher
+than the surface of the St. Lawrence at full tide. The
+heights begin at the ravine at Beauport, and rise gradually
+all along the border of the river, until at Johnstone’s redoubt
+and battery&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;where you made your descent and
+attack&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;they become a steep high hill, which ends in a
+deep precipice at the Sault de Montmorency. Opposite to
+Johnstone’s redoubt it is so steep that your soldiers could
+scarce be able to climb it, even without the encumbrance
+of their arms.</p>
+
+<p>Besides this natural fortification, we had a continued
+intrenchment all along the edge of the hill, from Beauport
+to the Sault, so traced and conducted by M. Johnstone that
+it was everywhere flanked, and the sloping of it served as
+a glacis; thus the fire from the front and flanks would
+have destroyed the three-fourths of your army before they
+could reach the top of the hill.</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">18</a></span>
+But supposing that some of your troops had reached the
+top of the hill, up to our trenches, after surmounting these
+difficulties, my grenadiers were drawn up in battle behind
+them, ready to charge upon them, with their bayonets upon
+their muskets, the instant any of your soldiers should
+appear at the trenches.</p>
+
+<p>The swampy, sinking ground, from the redoubt to the foot
+of the hill, was not one of the smallest difficulties you had
+in your way to come at us.</p>
+
+<p>It is true the Scotch Highlanders, who were your forlorn
+hope, had got over it and had reached the foot of the hill,
+though certainly very few returned; but these turfy swamps,
+when a certain number of men have passed them, become
+at last impassible, and your soldiers must have sunk down
+in it above the head, multitudes of them perishing there in
+the most useless and disagreeable manner. Thus, sir, I hope
+you see clearly the folly and rashness of that attack, and
+that your army must have been totally destroyed, without
+hope, had not heaven wrought a miracle in your favor, after
+a long cessation of them, which alone could save you.</p>
+
+<p>You were no sooner hotly engaged in the attack, without
+a possibility of withdrawing yourself out of the scrape, when
+from a clear sunshine there fell in that most critical juncture,
+of a sudden, the most violent even, down pour of rain
+from a cloud, which, as the cloud that saved Eneas from
+the fury of Diomed, placed you immediately out of our
+sight, so that in an instant we could not see half way down
+the hill. You profited, as a wise man, of this event to make
+good your retreat. When the shower was over and we
+could see you, we found, to our sorrow, that you had escaped
+us, and that you were then out of the reach of our fire,
+marching, in a well-formed column, back to your camp at
+the Sault, well satisfied to have got out of that adventure
+with the loss only of between five and six hundred men.</p>
+
+<p>It was a long time before I could be persuaded that you<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">19</a></span>
+were in earnest. I had always expected your descent and
+attack would have been betwixt the St. Charles river and
+the ravine of Beauport. All that tract of ground, about four
+miles extent, was everywhere favourable to you, if you had
+made your real descent in the middle of it, opposite to M.
+Vaudreuil’s lodging, with feint attacks at Johnstone’s redoubt,
+and at the Canardière near the river St. Charles,
+forcing our intrenchments there, which could not resist an
+instant a well-formed column. The head of it, composed of
+the Scotch Highlanders, might have easily penetrated into
+the plain, separating our army into two parts by the centre,
+having lodged yourself in the south side of the ravine of
+Beauport, and have taken the hornwork upon the St.
+Charles river, sword in hand, without much difficulty or loss
+of men. In short, all this might have been effected in an
+hour’s time, without meeting with any considerable resistance
+from our army, thus divided and opened by the
+centre; and a complete victory, which would have crushed
+us to pieces without hope, would have crowned you with
+justly merited laurels.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I own to you, sir, I was greatly deceived with
+regard to the height and steepness of the hill, which did
+not appear considerable, even with a telescope, from the
+river St. Lawrence; it was only when I got to the redoubt
+that I saw it such as it really is. I began at seven in the
+morning to fire at your camp from my battery at the Sault
+(of forty cannons) mostly four-and-twenty pounders. The
+<i>Centurion</i>, a man-of-war of sixty guns, did the same, as also
+the <i>Two Cats</i>, which had on board all the tools necessary
+for the workmen. They gave you continually their broadsides,
+firing upon your camp, as I did from my battery, like
+platoons of infantry.</p>
+
+<p>I dare say you never saw artillery better served and kept
+up until six in the evening when I began my landing at
+low water. I imagined that this terrible cannonade all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">20</a></span>
+that day, without a moment’s intermission, would have intimidated
+your Canadians and make them quit the trenches;
+my battery at the Sault being thirty or forty feet higher
+than your camp, we saw them down at the shore. Certainly
+you must have lost a great number of men.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;That brave militia deserves justly the
+greatest praise. Not a man of them stirred from his post,
+and they showed as much ardour, courage and resolution as
+my regular troops. I had no more than fifty men killed
+and wounded by your furious cannonade, which proves
+how little cannons are hurtful in comparison to the dread
+and respect they inspire. Permit me, sir, to tell you that
+your countrymen, the English, appear to me, from their conduct
+in Canada, to be as rash, inconsiderate and hot-headed
+as the French, who have ever enjoyed that character, notwithstanding
+your countrymen’s reputation for coolness and
+phlegmatic bravery, since I have seen several examples of
+their attacking us before they had examined the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i>, or
+known our position; and if the two nations are compared
+impartially, I am persuaded that you will do us the justice
+to own that in our operations in Canada we have shown
+much more circumspection and coolness than your English
+generals. Your attack of the 31st July, without having
+procured beforehand an exact knowledge of the hill and of
+the places adjacent, is not the first example of great temerity
+and impatience on their part.</p>
+
+<p>The proximity of your camp to this hill might have furnished
+you the means to have a thorough knowledge of our
+position, by sending proper persons to cross over the ford of
+the river Montmorency where it falls into the river St. Lawrence,
+and where it is fordable at low water.</p>
+
+<p>They might, in a dark night and bad weather, have not
+only examined the steepness of the height, but have even
+gone over all our camp without being discovered; I always
+imagined you did so until the day of your attack, which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">21</a></span>
+soon convinced me of the contrary. Your brother in arms,
+Abercrombie, your predecessor in the command of the army,
+committed the same fault at Ticonderoga as you did the
+31st of July; but it cost him much dearer, the clouds which
+saved you not having come to his assistance.</p>
+
+<p>I set out from Montreal on the 5th of May, 1758, to go to
+Ticonderoga, with all my regular troops&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the regiments of
+La Sarre, La Reine, Royal Rousillon, Berne, Guienne,
+Languedoc, Berry of two battalions, and the independent
+companies of the marine detached in Canada; the regiments
+from France not being recruited, the whole amounted to
+only about four thousand men.</p>
+
+<p>I had no positive information that the English army had
+formed the design to come by the lake St. Sacrament in order
+to attack Ticonderoga (Carillon), and from thence to go to
+Montreal&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;but I suspected it, from the proximity of this ford
+to your settlement upon lake St. Sacrament; nor did I cease
+beseeching continually M. Vaudreuil, who was then at Quebec,
+to send me with all possible diligence the Canadian
+militia, which was the principal force for the defence of the
+colony.</p>
+
+<p>M. Vaudreuil, who has neither common sense, nor judgment,
+could not find out that my military conjectures were
+grounded; and instead of sending me the Canadians, he gave
+them permission to remain at Montreal, sixty leagues from
+Ticonderoga, to attend to their agricultural pursuits.</p>
+
+<p>I dare not allege that he was informed, by the Indians of
+the Iroquois nation, that the object of the English was to
+invade Canada; that their army was on their way to lake
+St. Sacrament; that it was with the view of sacrificing me,
+and making me the victim of a cabal, who led him and
+governed him blindly, that he kept from me the Canadians.</p>
+
+<p>The 7th of July my conjectures were verified by the arrival
+of the English army at the Chûte, where lake St. Sacrament
+terminates, about four miles from Ticonderoga, consisting<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">22</a></span>
+of six thousand three hundred men, commanded by
+General Abercrombie, who had succeeded to General Braddock,
+killed the year before at the river Ohio.</p>
+
+<p>The return of a detachment which I had placed at the
+Chûte, as an advanced post, who had lost an hundred and
+fifty men, killed by the English on their arrival there, was
+a sad confirmation of the bad news. It is scarce possible to
+imagine a more dangerous and critical situation than mine&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;without
+the aid of Canadians, whose way of fighting was
+so essential to me in the woods&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;more useful in those countries
+than regular troops. Fort Carillon, or Ticonderoga,
+was a square, regularly fortified, each face of it about seventy
+fathoms in length.</p>
+
+<p>It had four bastions&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the walls of masonry, doubled with
+a rampart, as likewise a ditch, covered way, and glacis. M.
+de Bourlamarque, an officer of great merit and intelligence,
+had added a half moon to it.</p>
+
+<p>To retire with my four thousand troops would have been
+abandoning the colony to General Abercrombie, as the fort
+could not hold out long against so considerable an army;
+and being on that side the key of Canada, with the possession
+of it in the hands of the English, they might go directly
+to Montreal, and be there in fifteen days, without finding
+on their way the least obstruction; on the other hand,
+the match was very unequal in opposing four thousand
+men to thirteen thousand. There was, however, no room
+for hesitating, in the choice, and I was soon resolved to
+save the colony by a bold and desperate stroke or die, gloriously,
+sword in hand. I made everybody work hard all
+the night between the 7th and 8th July, cutting down
+trees to make an intrenchment (CCCC), which, when finished,
+was very weak, trifling, and could scarce serve as a
+breast-work to cover the troops.</p>
+
+<p>The engineers, having cut off the branches, laid the trees
+upon a line on the heights, three or four of them placed<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">23</a></span>
+horizontally one upon the other, which scarce made it
+above three feet high&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;so low that your soldiers might
+easily have jumped over it;&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;they made a line of the
+branches, at two paces distance, on the outside of the
+trenches (HH). It is certain that if the engineers had only
+thrown the trees with their heads outwards, and their
+branches sharpened in pricking points at their ends, it
+would have made a much stronger intrenchment, more
+difficult to be forced, and built much <span class="locked">sooner.<a name="FNanchor_C" id="FNanchor_C" href="#Footnote_C" class="fnanchor">C</a></span> I had not
+the time to continue the trenches down to the hollow (DD),
+at the foot of the height, and I placed there two companies
+of grenadiers.</p>
+
+<p>The hollow upon the right of the height, where the intrenchment
+was the worst of all my lines, was the post of
+the companies of marines (C); the regiments lined the rest
+of the trenches. Next day, the 8th of July, the English
+army appeared on the borders of the woods, about three
+hundred fathoms from the front of our intrenchment on the
+height, and instantly advanced to the attack, formed in
+three columns (EE), without halting a moment to examine
+the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i>. Two of the columns attacked the height with
+the utmost impetuosity, but being very soon entangled
+among the branches, on the outside of the trenches, and
+impeded by them, they lost there a great many men; some
+few got through and, jumping into our trenches, were killed
+by our soldiers with their bayonets.</p>
+
+<p>The American riflemen were posted on two heights (GG),
+which commanded our trenches, from whence they saw
+sideways in some parts of them, and in others the rear of
+the soldiers (K).</p>
+
+<p>The regiment of Berry was, above all others, worried and
+tormented by their fire&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;one of these heights being scarce
+above eighty paces from the intrenchments. The third<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">24</a></span>
+column attacked the hollow upon our right; but receiving
+a brisk fire at its front from the colony troops, and at the
+same time upon its right flank from the regiments on the
+height, the column soon wavered, wheeled to the right,
+and, presenting its front to the height, got out of the reach
+of the fire from the right of the colony troops; upon which
+M. Raymond, who commanded them, went out of the
+trenches with the right wing of these troops, and attacked
+the left flank of the column, whilst its head and right flank
+were fired at from the height and from the left of the colony
+troops in the trenches.</p>
+
+<p>The column, distressed by this firing, yet, nevertheless,
+keeping firm at the foot of the height, put in disorder the
+regiment of Berry, who abandoned that part of the intrenchment
+(II) above it.</p>
+
+<p>The moment I perceived the disorder, I ran there, encouraged
+the soldiers of the regiment, made them return to
+their post, and supported them by the grenadiers, whom I
+had kept in order of battle, at a small distance from the
+trenches, as a reserve, to be employed wherever the line
+might be forced by your troops, to charge upon them headlong,
+their bayonets upon their muskets, without firing:
+having neglected nothing that the short time allowed me
+to do, in order to make a vigorous defence&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;without aught
+to reproach myself with&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;had I been overpowered by your
+army; and having always preserved coolness and presence
+of mind so as to be able to remedy immediately any disorders
+during this long and well disputed attack.</p>
+
+<p>General Abercrombie was at last obliged to retire, after
+having continued for some hours, with the greatest obstinacy,
+his attempt to force our intrenchments,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;with the loss
+of two thousand <span class="locked">men.<a name="FNanchor_D" id="FNanchor_D" href="#Footnote_D" class="fnanchor">D</a></span></p>
+
+<p>I acquitted myself of my duty: this always affords a
+sweet satisfaction in all the events of life; and, even to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">25</a></span>
+vanquished and unfortunate, it must yield great comfort
+and consolation. I had only twelve hours to prepare to
+defend myself with five thousand men against thirteen
+thousand.</p>
+
+<p>How can General Abercrombie’s rash and blind conduct
+be accounted for, for attacking us without examining or
+knowing our position? It is astonishing.</p>
+
+<p>During twelve hours that he remained at the Chûte after
+landing there, he had time to send and examine the ground
+round the fort Ticonderoga; and they might have had a
+perfect knowledge of our position from a hill, covered
+with big trees, on the opposite side of the river of the
+Chûte (P);<a name="FNanchor_E" id="FNanchor_E" href="#Footnote_E" class="fnanchor">E</a> this hill was much higher than any part of
+our intrenchments, and not a musket shot from them; he
+might have gone there himself with safety, having that
+river between us.</p>
+
+<p>Had he halted only a short time after his arrival on the
+borders of the wood, about six hundred paces from our
+trenches, he might, even from thence, have examined the
+<i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i> at his leisure. But, seized with impatience, he hurried
+to the attack without stopping there a moment&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and
+it is not when an action is engaged that one can then examine
+the enemy’s position; or, if he had advanced upon
+us the moment of his landing at the Chûte, the 7th instant,
+instead of loitering there twelve hours, he would not have
+found even those shabby intrenchments; and having so
+few (regular) troops, irrespective of the Canadians, I would
+have been obliged, on his appearing, to abandon to him all
+that part of the country, and retire to Montreal, leaving
+only a garrison at Fort Carillon. It was certainly through
+his ignorance of the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i> that I repulsed him, instead of
+being myself cut to pieces; nor had I any means of retreat,
+and my troops must have been all killed or taken prisoners,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">26</a></span>
+if his third column had marched along the borders of the
+wood upon their left; this would have put them out of the
+reach of the fire from the height, they could fall upon the
+right flank of the trenches of the colony troops, who could
+not have resisted a moment the impulse of the column;
+instead of wheeling and changing its plan of attack by
+presenting its head to the height, had he always advanced
+forward to attack the centre of the intrenchments of the
+marine, he would have easily pierced through it; then,
+wheeling to the right, go up the height, which is there of
+an easy ascent, and fire upon the rear of the troops, who
+opposed your other two columns, they must have been put
+to flight, the trenches abandoned, and, even upon the sight
+of your third column coming up the height, I must, of necessity,
+have instantly retreated to the fort the best way I
+could; there to embark my army in my boats and carry it
+down Lake Champlain, without being able to make a resistance
+at Fort Frederic, as it is commanded by hills behind
+it, about the distance of two hundred paces from its
+walls, which makes it a very advantageous post. What
+would have been still worse for me, if my trenches had
+been forced, there is a space of five leagues between Fort
+Frederic and Ticonderoga, by the river St. Frederic, which,
+about half way, is scarce above fifty or sixty fathoms broad,
+and is a most advantageous post, where not a boat would
+pass by, and must cut off entirely the communication with
+Lake Champlain, as it is an equal distance from the Chûte
+or from Ticonderoga.</p>
+
+<p>General Abercrombie might have sent a body of troops to
+establish there a post, in which case we must have laid down
+our arms and surrendered ourselves prisoners to him, for
+want of subsistence, and from the impossibility of retreating
+by land.</p>
+
+<p>General Abercrombie might have likewise penetrated
+easily at the hollow, which I had not the time to intrench,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">27</a></span>
+where I had placed two companies of volunteers; and this
+would have had equally fatal consequences for me, as the
+third column might have been on the other side of the height,
+the ascent there not being steep or of difficult access.</p>
+
+<p>But his attacks were always obstinately directed at the
+most difficult places of the height, as if there had been a
+cloud before his eyes to hinder him from seeing to his right
+and left what was visible to the most ignorant officer.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;That was a most glorious day for you, sir,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;worthy
+of the ambition of a great man. Our columns were
+only at ten steps distance from your intrenchments, and all
+our army saw you perfectly well, constantly at work encouraging
+and exciting the ardour of your soldiers, hurrying
+over your lines perpetually some paces from your trenches;
+exposing your person too rashly compared to the custom of
+our army, your eye glancing over the whole, with the attitude
+of a lion. General Abercrombie perceived, clearly, the
+disorder upon your right when the regiment of Berry was
+about to retire, and redoubled his efforts to profit by it. But
+you were everywhere, travelling from place to place with
+the swiftness of the eagle; never at a loss; reforming the
+smallest disorder so soon as it was visible, and preventing
+it from spreading, as it generally does, like a flash of lightning.
+This affair won you so great a reputation in England
+for capacity and talent, that I own to you, sir, the idea of
+having an antagonist of your knowledge and merit, made
+me during the campaign always irresolute, vacillating in
+my opinions and undecided in my projects. I cannot condemn
+my predecessors who had the command of the English
+armies in Canada. The way of fighting of the Canadians
+and Indians in the woods is so different from that practised
+in Europe, that I readily believe the most able General,
+with an army of the best disciplined troops, in following
+exactly the rules of the art of war,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;whose principles are
+sure, fixed and demonstrable in European warfare,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">28</a></span>
+be easily cut to pieces in those vast forests by a very few
+Indians. There was an outcry in England against General
+Braddock, for allowing his army of four thousand men to
+be cut to pieces at the river <span class="locked">Ohio,<a name="FNanchor_F" id="FNanchor_F" href="#Footnote_F" class="fnanchor">F</a></span> in the year 1755, by six
+hundred and fifty Canadians and Indians only, much more
+than they blame General Abercrombie.</p>
+
+<p>The reason of it is clear. Abercrombie lived to return
+to England: the living always find means to justify themselves.
+But Braddock was killed: the dead are always in
+the wrong, and never find disinterested advocates to plead
+their cause. Braddock’s order of march&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;criticised by your
+French Generals&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;may, at first sight, appear singular; and
+may pretend that he must of necessity have been beat, in
+consequence of the bad disposition of it. But analize it,
+and you will find nothing else than the common rule practised
+through all Europe in passing through a wood: an
+army formed in three columns&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the artillery, baggage,
+waggons and cavalry being the column of the centre, between
+the other two columns of infantry; half of the Grenadiers
+at their head to support the Pioneers employed in
+opening a road through the wood for the passage of the
+carts and artillery, and the rest in the rear, to close of
+march. Braddock was invested on all sides by the Canadians,
+and dispersed in the wood, each of them behind a
+tree, marking out his victim; so that every musket-shot
+brought down a soldier, and at every discharge they flew from
+tree to tree. What can regular troops do in such a case?
+Close their ranks and files each moment, as did Braddock,
+direct a continual fire at the woods, without perceiving a
+man, and be cut to pieces without seeing an enemy. There<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">29</a></span>
+is no other method for troops to defend themselves against
+the Indians than what I practised, with success, when I
+was surprised by them at the ford of the River Montmorency:
+the soldiers, with fixed bayonets, dispersed themselves,
+rushed on in disorder towards the places where they
+perceived the smoke of the Indians’ discharge; and by
+these means my detachment in the woods chased away your
+nine hundred Indians, who in a moment disappeared entirely,
+and suffered me to retire at my leisure to my camp.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I verily believe, sir, that your idea is just.
+The Indians told me, on their return, that it was now no
+more possible to fight you as formerly, since the English
+had learned their (the Indians’) way of fighting. There cannot
+be a greater advantage for a General than the entire
+knowledge of the country&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the seat of war: without this,
+he must always grope in the dark&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;be foiled in his operations&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;rest
+often inactive, uncertain in his projects; and
+be only inactive and on the defensive, as you were all the
+summer as much as me. You were absolutely master of
+the River St. Lawrence by your men-of-war, who had ascended
+it, passing by Quebec with incredible boldness, and
+scorning the most murderous fire from the batteries of the
+town so near them. You had an infinite number of boats
+at your disposal, with all the sailors of your fleet for rowers.
+What, then, could hinder you from sending a body of
+twelve or fifteen hundred men in different detachments,
+with engineers and able officers, in order to be continually
+landing, to get a thorough knowledge of the country, draw
+plans of all the advantageous positions which abound there;
+and this detachment, if well led, might have gone even to
+Montreal without finding any opposition in their course.
+Their descriptions and plans of the country would have enlightened
+you, and furnished the means of destroying and
+crushing our army without fighting: this is the touchstone
+to prove superior talents and capacity in a General. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">30</a></span>
+gaining of a battle is very often the effect of mere chance.
+But reducing an enemy without fighting must be the result
+of well-combined operations,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;is the essence of military
+science, and was always the most radient and distinctive
+<em>trait</em> in the conduct and character of the great men whom
+history has handed down to us. Grounded upon the instructions
+received from the engineers and officers of their
+detachments, you might have verified their observations by
+your prisoners, who say always more than they intend,
+when examined with kindness, coolness, and with a seeming
+indifference. The only achievement which you performed
+during two months that you lay constantly loitering
+in your camps, looking at us, was your attack of the
+31st of July; and your expedition to Deschambault, where
+you sent a body of two thousand men, fourteen leagues up
+the river from Quebec, to burn and pillage a poor, miserable
+peasant’s house, in which was the baggage of some French
+regiments! But the detachment had no intention of examining
+the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i> of the country. Had they gone to Jacques
+Cartier, only three leagues from Deschambault, they would
+have discovered there a post strong by nature, which certainly
+cannot be inferior to the Thermopylæ so celebrated
+by the Greeks, and capable of being defended&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;you being
+the masters of the River St. Lawrence&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;by as few men as
+Leonidas had with him against the most numerous army.
+But your detachment at Deschambault, upon the appearance
+of my cavalry, composed merely of two hundred undisciplined
+Canadians on horseback, commanded by the
+Chevalier de LaRochebeaucourt, ran to their boats and embarked
+with great disorder and confusion, as if our army
+had been at their heels, without having remained there
+above two hours. Jacques Cartier&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;which takes its name
+from he who first discovered the River St. Lawrence, and
+who, having lost his ship, passed there the winter amongst
+the Indians&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;in an immense ravine, with a rapid, shaggy<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">31</a></span>
+river full of large rocks, that runs between the two heights,
+whose tops are about two hundred fathoms distant from
+each other; their sides are as glacis, with a view from their
+tops to the bottom&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;four or five hundred feet deep&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;which
+strikes the eyes with horror on looking down that vast
+precipice. Its side, facing the River St. Lawrence, is a
+steep perpendicular rock; and the ground to the north is
+impracticable from the lakes, swamps, and sinking turf,
+where at each step a person must plunge over the head and
+perish. It must be impossible to turn round it and leave
+it behind, since the Canadians and the Indians never discovered
+a passage through the woods. Thus the only
+means of approaching this fort must have been by landing
+at Deschambault. From thence to Jacques Cartier, it is an
+easy and gradually rising ascent. Had you seized this extraordinary
+fort, you would have cut off my communication
+with Montreal, from whence I drew daily my supplies for
+the army: in this event, I had no other alternative than
+allowing my army to perish of famine, or surrender the
+colony. But as we had been sent from Europe, not to
+destroy the inhabitants, but, on the contrary, to save and
+defend them, I must have immediately concluded by capitulating
+for Canada upon the best terms I could obtain
+from you. I hope I have demonstrated clearly to you that,
+had you been acquainted with the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i>, you could have
+made the glorious conquest of Canada without shedding a
+drop of blood.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;You argue, sir, at your ease! How was it
+possible to examine and know the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i> of that country,
+your bloodhounds&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the Indians and Canadians&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;being
+constantly at our heels: one cannot send out scouts in Canada,
+as is done in Europe.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Why not? Men cannot be in two places
+at the same time; and you managed to find everywhere
+Indians and Canadians in your way! There are many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">32</a></span>
+kinds of irregular troops in Europe as bad to deal with as
+the Indians in woods and in wooded countries. But your
+army was always so struck with terror and dread, that,
+constantly blinded with fear, the shadow of an Indian set
+them a trembling. Nevertheless, the New England independent
+companies, formed by Roger, who afterwards beat
+the Indians with equal numbers in their own way of fighting
+behind trees, should have removed the formidable impression
+they have always made upon the English. Self-preservation
+is natural to all mankind, and the hour of death
+must strike with horror the bravest man. But fear is pardonable
+amongst soldiers only when there exists a real
+cause for fear; and is not to be tolerated when groundless:
+this is so much the case of your soldiers with regard to the
+Indians, that, demoralized by fear, they suffer themselves to
+be butchered by a vastly inferior number of Indians, without
+ever thinking of defending themselves, even when
+they know they will have no quarter. In any danger,
+soldiers ought to be accustomed to look coolly death in
+the face,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;they, whose duty is to die when the Sovereign
+demands it: such is the contract they sign with the latter
+on their entering into his service.</p>
+
+<p>These sentiments may be often the means of one’s preserving
+life instead of losing it. Nothing is more incomprehensible
+to me, in all your conduct in Canada, than
+your landing at <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Anse des Mères</i> on the 13th September (the
+fatal day which deprived us both of our existence, but
+freed us from mortal folly), at the foot of a steep hill, where
+a few men at the top of it, with sticks and stones only,
+must have easily beaten you back on your attempt to climb
+it, and where we had three posts of one hundred men
+each: one of them commanded by Douglas, captain in the
+regiment of Languedoc; another by Rimini, captain in the
+regiment La Sarre; and the third by De Vergor, captain in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">33</a></span>
+the Colony troops, at whose <span class="locked">post<a name="FNanchor_G" id="FNanchor_G" href="#Footnote_G" class="fnanchor">G</a></span> you made your descent.
+These three hundred men, had they done their duty,
+should have been more than sufficient to have repulsed
+you ignominiously at this steep hill; and you never would
+have got to the top had you met with the smallest resistance.
+I own that your daring surpasses my conception.</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Wolfe</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I do not pretend to justify my project by its
+success, but by my combinations, which answered exactly
+as I had foreseen, and which demonstrate my scheme to
+have been well concerted. In giving you this account of
+it, I am persuaded that you will not blame me for undertaking
+an attempt so absurd in appearance, and yet most
+reasonable when examined impartially. In all expeditions
+composed of sea and land forces, it seldom fails that disputes,
+animosities, jealousies and quarrels arise between
+the different commanders equal in authority; and it is a
+miracle if you see the Admiral and the General unanimously
+of the same opinion with regard to operations. The sea
+and the land service are sciences whose principles are entirely
+different; as certainly there can be no analogy between
+the working of a ship and the drill of a regiment.
+Nevertheless, the Admiral meddles continually with the
+land operations, and the General will have the fleets do
+things that are impossible&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;both of them equally ignorant
+of each other’s service; from whence results a clashing discord
+in their operations, when sent out with equal power.
+If each of them would confine himself to that part of the
+art of war which he has studied, and have only in his soul
+the good and welfare of his King and Country, these mixed
+expeditions of land and sea would succeed much better
+than they generally do. The naval officers tormented me
+a great deal, and were still more troublesome as the season
+advanced. They held a council of war on board the flagship<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">34</a></span>
+on the 10th September, when it was determined to set
+sail immediately for Europe, seeing the imminent dangers
+to which His Majesty’s fleet would be exposed in those
+tempestuous seas by remaining any longer before Quebec;
+and, in consequence of this decision, orders were given to
+some men-of-war to take up their anchors and fall down
+the river, while orders were issued at the same time to begin
+the general preparations for the immediate departure
+of all the fleet. The 12th, there came two deserters to me
+from one of your three posts you just now mentioned, who
+belonged to the French regiments, and were well informed.
+Upon examining them, I discovered that your posts were
+guarded very negligently; that de Bougainville, who was
+at Cap Rouge, proposed to send down, the night following,
+some boats loaded with provisions, and that your three
+posts had their orders to let these boats pass unmolested.
+The idea instantly occurred to me to profit by this discovery;
+and I ran to the Admiral, communicated to him what I had
+learned from the French deserters, begged him most
+earnestly to suffer me to make a last attempt before the
+embarkation of my army. I promised him that if there
+were twenty muskets fired from your posts, I would then
+desist immediately without further thought than to embark
+speedily in order to return to England. The council
+consented to my demand, and I began my landing at
+eleven at night. When my boats approached the two
+posts of Douglas and Rimini, upon their sentinels calling
+“<i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Qui vive!</i>” my soldiers answered them in French,
+“<i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Bateaux des vivres</i>,” upon which they suffered them to
+go on without stopping them, as they might have done, in
+order to receive the password. Not finding a sentry at
+your third post, commanded by De Vergor, I landed there
+with diligence, and all my army was ashore before this
+post perceived our men, without firing but one musket,
+which wounded De Vergor in the heel, who was immediately<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">35</a></span>
+taken prisoner without finding any man of his
+detachment with <span class="locked">him.<a name="FNanchor_H" id="FNanchor_H" href="#Footnote_H" class="fnanchor">H</a></span> I began my operation by landing
+there a Sergeant with ten Grenadiers, ordering him to
+advance always straight before him briskly, with long
+steps, and not to halt unless he was discovered by the
+enemy. A Lieutenant, with a detachment of Grenadiers,
+followed him, having the same orders, to halt instantly if
+they fired at him. The silence continuing, I then landed
+all my Grenadiers, who followed the Sergeant and the
+Lieutenant; and by degrees all my army landed without
+the least noise, disorder or confusion. The silence soon
+convinced me that they were not discovered; dissipated
+my fears, and assured me of the success of my enterprise.
+The head of the column, which was the guide to the rest
+of the army, got up the hill with difficulty, the others
+following them at their heels. If your guards had been
+vigilant and done their duty, all I risked was the Sergeant
+and Lieutenant, with a few Grenadiers. I would have
+stopped at the first discharge, as it would have been
+madness and unpardonable to attack by main force a hill
+so inaccessible that, even without an enemy at the top to
+repel them, my men had much difficulty to climb it.
+Moreover, I was assured by your deserters you had no
+troops on the heights of Abraham. You see now, sir, that
+it was not a heedless, ill-concerted project,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;but a sure
+operation, without risking much. An invariable principle
+with me has ever been to make an attack where it appears
+the most difficult; and it generally meets with success, as
+the point is commonly ill-guarded, frequently entirely
+neglected, and scarcely comprehended in the plan of
+defence. I am not alone of this opinion. Cardinal Ximenes
+says, that “Ferdinand, King of Arragon, fitted out two<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">36</a></span>
+armies against the Moors, under the conduct of Count
+D’Aguilar, and ordered them to enter into the mountains
+of Grenada at the same time, by the places the most
+difficult,” and consequently the least guarded. He gained
+a most complete victory over the Moors. The most difficult
+gorges of mountains, when not guarded where only a
+single man can pass, a hundred thousand may do the
+same. It is then an easy operation, by forming your men
+in battle as soon as they get through the passage, and
+provided that they are not immediately discovered by the
+enemy. When once you have a front capable to oppose
+and stand firm, it increases every instant, as you may be
+convinced that the soldiers go through the dangerous
+passage with great quickness. Besides, the enemy is always
+disconcerted by a surprise; demoralized by an unforeseen
+incident, he becomes timid and alarmed, and may be
+looked upon as already vanquished before the action
+begins. The landing at Cap Breton was executed according
+to my system. The enemy does not expect you at
+a place of difficult access; it is where he does not
+expect me that I would make my principal attack. Commonly,
+men suffer most where they are most <span class="locked">seen.<a name="FNanchor_I" id="FNanchor_I" href="#Footnote_I" class="fnanchor">I</a></span> But
+if they are entirely neglected&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;as it happened at Louisbourg&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;it
+is a fault of the General, who should be answerable
+for it. But the General having placed upon them a
+sufficient number of troops in proportion to their difficulties,
+can he be blamed if the officers of these posts do not do
+their duty?</p>
+
+<p><span class="smcap">Montcalm</span>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Can there be any divine or human law to
+punish a man for the faults of others? Should they not
+answer personally? It has often happened that the safety
+of a whole army has depended upon a subaltern’s guard!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">37</a></span>
+You see that the deserters caused you to make a last
+attempt&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;prevented your embarking your army for England&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;your
+giving up your enterprise&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and, in short, ended in
+adding Canada to the British dominions; and perhaps a
+vigilant officer at that post (Wolfe’s Cove) might have
+hindered the soldiers from deserting, which would at once
+have removed a first cause which produced so many
+extraordinary effects. Your system may be good, if executed
+with great prudence and precaution. But should the
+enemy be informed of your design, which he may be by a
+deserter acquainted with your great preparations, as you
+were with the negligence of our posts, it is an excellent
+opportunity to have your army cut to pieces and catch a
+tartar; as it must have been your case at the Sault de
+Montmorency (on the 31st July), had it not been for that
+sudden shower of rain, which came to your rescue in the
+critical moment, when your destruction was otherwise
+inevitable. At least, sir, confess the injustice of mankind.
+They reproach me with being the cause of your success!
+They accuse me of having sacrificed the welfare of my
+army through jealousy and ill-feeling! My king and
+country&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;for whom I would have shed, with pleasure,
+every drop of my blood&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and those who view my case
+the most favourably, look on me as a giddy, ignorant
+officer! All these scandalous, atrocious lies and calumnies
+were spread everywhere by a <span class="locked">set<a name="FNanchor_J" id="FNanchor_J" href="#Footnote_J" class="fnanchor">J</a></span> of men who, from their
+immoderate thirst of riches, would, to serve their interest,
+have betrayed their king and country. Those vile, mercenary
+souls knew that I detested them as much as I constantly
+cherished honest men, whose noble sentiments endeared
+them to me. My death was happy for them. Had I lived
+to return to Europe, I would have had no difficulty to
+justify all my conduct, and crush these wretches like
+vermin. Covetousness and avarice carried them to Canada;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">38</a></span>
+they left their honour and honesty in France on embarking,
+easily forgetting what it is to be just and patriotic. I would
+have soon confounded them. Truth supports oppressed
+innocence, and, sooner or later, dispels the clouds which
+too often overshadow it. I shall give you a faithful and
+exact account of my conduct with regard to the operations
+of the 13th September, following scrupulously truth, which
+has always been the rule of my actions and is held in great
+veneration by me; and I hope to demonstrate to you that
+if the end of that campaign covered you with glory, Fortune
+was the chief agent, who reunited in your power a great
+number of circumstances, the absence of any one of which
+sufficed to render your expedition fruitless.</p>
+
+<p>Some days after the action of the 31st of July, M. de
+Levis was sent by M. Vaudreuil to command at Montreal,
+upon a false report that a body of English was coming to
+attack Canada by Lake Champlain&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;a story trumped up by
+my enemies to deprive me of M. de Levis, in whom I had
+the greatest confidence, on account of his talents: I cannot
+say he made me a just acknowledgment of my sentiments
+towards him. I went to his lodgings a few hours before
+his departure, which was kept a secret from the army;
+and as I was little acquainted with his plan of defence for
+the left of our camp, at the Sault de Montmorency, I begged
+of him, as a favour, to leave me his aide-de-camp, M.
+Johnstone, who had a perfect knowledge of the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i> of
+that part of the country. Your boats having caused us an
+alarm in the night between the 10th and 11th of September,
+by their appearance opposite to the ravine of Beauport, I
+remained at M. Vaudreuil’s until one in the morning,
+when I left him in order that I might return to my lodging&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;having
+with me M. Montreuil, Major-General of the
+army, and M. Johnstone. On my sending away M. de
+Vaudreuil, after giving him my orders, I related immediately
+to M. Johnstone all the measures I had concerted with M.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">39</a></span>
+de Vaudreuil, in case you (Gen. Wolfe) made a descent at
+daybreak. He answered me, that your army being now
+assembled at Point Levi, and part of it gone above Quebec,
+on the south side of the River St. Lawrence, it appeared
+very doubtful where you might attempt a descent&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;whether
+above the town, or below it towards the <i>Canardière</i>;
+he added, that he believed a body of troops might be
+advantageously placed upon the heights of Abraham, where
+they could with certainty confront you whenever you
+landed. I approved greatly of his idea. I called back
+Montreuil&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;who was as yet not far from us&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and I ordered
+him to send the Regiment of Guienne&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;which was encamped
+near the hornwork at the River St. Charles&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;to pass the
+night upon the heights of Abraham. Next morning&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the
+11th&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;I wrote to Montreuil, ordering him to make this
+regiment encamp upon the heights of Abraham, and
+remain there until further orders. Thus, in consequence
+of my repeated orders, I had all the reason possible to
+believe that this regiment constitued a permanent post
+there; so that the declaration of the deserters from the
+three posts, who could not know this, might have led you
+into a dangerous snare, worse than that of the 31st July.
+Why this regiment continued the 12th in this camp at the
+hornwork, in spite of my express orders to encamp upon
+the heights, I know not; and can only attribute Montreuil’s
+disobedience of my orders to the weakness of his judgment
+and understanding. It is nevertheless evident that, if you
+had found the Regiment of Guienne upon the top of the
+hill&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;where it ought to have been, had my orders been
+obeyed&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;you would have been repulsed shamefully with a
+much greater loss than you met with on the 31st July at
+the Sault; the height where you made your descent, the
+13th of September, being infinitely steeper than that there
+which obliged you to make a speedy retreat, favoured by
+the <em>providential shower</em>. Or, perhaps you would have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">40</a></span>
+embarked immediately your army, without any further
+attempt, to return to England, after a most ruinous and
+fruitless expedition&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the campaign ending with an incredible
+expense to your nation&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;fruitless; and, by this means, the
+colony of Canada would have been for ever delivered from
+such formidable armies.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as your army was reunited in a single camp at
+Pointe Levi, after having been so long separated, upon you
+sending a body of troops up the River St. Lawrence, I
+detached M. de Bougainville, with fifteen hundred of my
+best troops&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;composed of all my Grenadiers, of the
+Volunteers from the French Regiments, of my best Canadians
+and Indians; and I likewise gave him some small
+guns. I ordered him strictly to follow all your movements,
+by ascending the river when you went up, and descending
+as you did the same: in short, to be an army of observation,
+with only the river between you&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;never to lose sight of
+you&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;ever ready to oppose your passage up the river, and
+to fall on you with the swiftness of the eagle the moment
+you attempted to land on our side of it. He sent to inform
+me, the 13th of September, that all your army had descended
+to your camp at Pointe Levi. But he remained loitering
+with his detachment at Cap Rouge&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;three leagues from
+Quebec! Why did he not follow you to the heights of
+Abraham, according to his orders? Why did he not send
+me back my Grenadiers and Volunteers&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the very flower
+of their Regiments? informing me, as also the posts of
+Douglas and Rimini, that he would send down that night.
+I cannot conceive the reasons for such conduct: it is beyond
+all conception! He was informed, between seven and
+eight in the morning, by the fugitives from the three posts,
+that your army was landed and drawn up in battle upon
+the heights of Abraham; upon which he left Cap Rouge
+with his detachment, no doubt with the intention to join
+me. But, instead of taking the road to Lorette, or to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">41</a></span>
+General Hospital along the borders of the River St. Charles,
+which led both of them to our camp, he followed the heights
+of Abraham, where he was evidently certain by his information
+to find there your army to intercept him; and it
+could never be his design to fight you with fifteen hundred
+men! He found a house on his way, with three or four
+hundred of your troops barricading it, and was very desirous
+to take them prisoners. M. le Noir, Captain in the Regiment
+La Sarre&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;having more bravery than prudence and
+knowledge of the art of war&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;attacked the house with the
+most astonishing boldness, and had more than half of his
+company of Volunteers killed: he received himself two
+wounds&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;one of them by a ball through the body, and the
+other in his hand. De Bougainville, intent on taking the
+house, waited there the arrival of the cannon, to force it;
+but when the cannon arrived, it unluckily happened that
+the balls had been forgotten at Cap Rouge, which obliged
+him to return there, abandoning the house without a
+moment’s reflection. How much more important it would
+have been to direct his march towards the General Hospital,
+in order to join my army! Thus were precious moments
+wasted ridiculously in the most trifling manner. De
+Bougainville&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;who has a great deal of wit, good sense,
+many good qualities&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;was protected by a very great person
+at Court; he is personally brave, has but little knowledge
+in the military science, having never studied it.</p>
+
+<p>The night between the 12th and 13th of September, when
+you made your descent, M. Poularies, Commander of the
+Regiment Royal Roussillon, who encamped behind my lodgings
+at Beauport, came to me, at midnight, to inform me that
+they saw boats opposite to his regiment. Upon which I immediately
+ordered all the army to line the trenches; and I
+sent Marcel&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;who served me as Secretary and aid-de-camp&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;to
+pass the night at M. de Vaudreuil’s, giving him one of
+my Cavaliers of Ordnance, ordering Marcel, if there was anything<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">42</a></span>
+extraordinary in that quarter, to inform me of it speedily
+by the Cavalier. I was out and walked with Poularies
+and Johnstone, between my house and the ravine of Beauport,
+until one in the morning, when I sent Poularies to his
+regiment, and I continued there with Johnstone. All night
+my mind was in the most violent agitation, which I believe
+proceeded from my uneasiness for the boats and provisions
+that de Bougainville had acquainted me, would be sent down
+the river that night; and I repeated often to Johnstone, that
+I trembled lest they should be taken, “that loss would ruin
+us without resource, having provisions only for two days’
+subsistence to our army.” It appears to me that my extraordinary
+sufferings that night were a presage of my cruel
+fate some hours afterwards. At daybreak they fired some
+cannon from our battery at Samos, near Sillery. I then had
+no more doubts of our boats being taken by you. Alas! I
+would never have imagined that my provisions were in
+safety at Cap Rouge with de Bougainville, and that you were
+upon the heights of Abraham since midnight, without my
+being informed of an event of so great importance, and which
+was known through all the right of our camp.</p>
+
+<p>The day clearing up, having news from Marcel at M. de
+Vaudreuil’s, who had always my Cavalier of Ordnance with
+him, and perceiving no changes in your camp at Point Levis,
+my mind was more composed on reflecting that, if anything
+extraordinary had happened, I would certainly have been
+informed of it. I then sent Johnstone to order all the army
+to their tents, having passed the night in the trenches, and
+retired to my lodgings after drinking some dishes of tea with
+Johnstone. I desired him to order the servants to saddle
+the horses, in order to go to M. de Vaudreuil’s and be informed
+of the cause of the firing from our battery at Samos. Not
+a soul having come to me from the right of our camp since
+midnight when I sent there Marcel, I set out with Johnstone
+between six and seven in the morning. Heavens, what was
+my surprise! when opposite to M. de Vaudreuil’s lodgings,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">43</a></span>
+the first news of what had passed during the night was the
+sight of your army upon the heights of Abraham, firing at
+the Canadians scattered amongst the bushes. I met at the
+same time M. de Vaudreuil coming out of his lodgings, and
+having spoke to him an instant, I turned away to Johnstone,
+and told him: “the affair is serious! run with the greatest
+speed to Beauport; order Poularies to remain there at the
+Ravine with two hundred men, and to send me all the rest
+of the left to the heights of Abraham with the utmost diligence.”</p>
+
+<p>Johnstone having delivered my orders to Poularies, he
+quitted him an instant to give some instructions to my servants
+at my lodgings; returning to rejoin me, he found
+Poularies in the Ravine with M. de Sennezergue, Brigadier-General
+and Lieutenant-Colonel of the Regiment of La Sarre,
+and de Lotbinière, Captain of the Colony troops and aide-de-camp
+to M. de Vaudreuil. Poularies stopped Johnstone to
+make him repeat to them my orders, which he did; and at
+the same time advised Poularies, as a friend, to disobey them,
+by coming himself to the heights of Abraham with every
+man of the left, since it was evident that the English army&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;already
+landed near Quebec&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;could never think of making
+a second descent at Beauport; and that it was manifest
+there would be in a few hours an engagement upon the
+heights which would immediately decide the fate of the
+Colony. Poularies then showed Johnstone a written order&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;signed
+“Montreuil”&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;which Lotbinière had brought to him
+from M. de Vaudreuil, “That not a man of the left should
+stir from the camp!” Johnstone declared to them, upon his
+honour, that it was word for word my orders and my intentions;
+and he entreated Poularies, in the most pressing
+manner, to have no regard for that order signed “Montreuil,”
+as the want of two thousand men, which formed the left of
+our camp, must be of the greatest consequence in the battle.
+M. de Sennezergue&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;an officer of the greatest worth and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">44</a></span>
+honour, who fell a few hours afterwards&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;told Johnstone:
+“That he (Johnstone) should take it upon him to make all
+the left march of immediately.” Johnstone answered:
+“That, being only the bearer of my orders, he could take
+nothing upon him. But if he was in M. de Sennezergue’s
+place, Brigadier-General, and, by M. de Levis’ absence, the
+next in command of the army, he would not hesitate a moment
+to make the left march, without any regard whatsoever
+to any order that might be hurtful to the King’s service,
+in that critical juncture.” Johnstone left them irresolute
+and doubtful how to act, clapped spurs to his horse,
+and rejoined me immediately upon the heights.</p>
+
+<p>I don’t know, any more than a thousand others, the particulars
+relative to the action of the 13th of September. I
+am ignorant of who it was that made our army take their
+abominable and senseless position, by thrusting it betwixt
+your army and Quebec, where there were no provisions, and
+the best of our troops absent with de Bougainville; it certainly
+must have been dictated by an ignorant and stupid
+blockhead! I certainly had no hand in it: the piquets and
+part of the troops were already marched up the heights before
+I came to the Canardière, or ever knew that you were
+landed; and all the right of our army was marching after
+them when I arrived at their encampment. The only proper
+course to be taken in our position, and which would
+have been apparent to any man of common sense who had
+the least knowledge of the art of war, was to quit our camp
+coolly&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;calmly&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;without disorder or confusion, and march
+to Lorette; from thence cross over to St. Foix&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;which is two
+leagues from Quebec and a league from Cap Rouge&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and
+when joined there by M. de Bougainville’s detachment, to
+advance then and attack you as soon as possible. By these
+means you would have found yourself between two fires, by
+a sally from the town the moment that I attacked you on
+the other side. I was no sooner upon the heights than I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">45</a></span>
+perceived our horrible position,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;pressed against the town-walls,
+without provisions for four-and-twenty hours, and a
+moral impossibility for us to retire, being drawn up in battle
+at the distance of a musket-shot from your army. Had
+I made an attempt to go down the heights, in order to repass
+the River St. Charles and return to my camp, I would have
+exposed my left flank to you, and my rear would have been
+cut to pieces without being able to protect and support it.
+Had I entered into the town, in an instant you would have
+invested us in it, without provisions, by carrying down your
+left wing to the River St. Charles&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;an easy movement of a
+few minutes. I saw no remedy other for us than to worry
+your army by a cannonade, having the advantage over you
+of a rising ground suitable for batteries of cannon, hoping,
+by thus harassing you, that you might retire in the night,
+as certainly you could never be so rash as to think of attacking
+us under the guns of the town; at least I would have
+made my retreat, taking advantage of the darkness of the
+night, to get myself out of the scrape where the ignorance
+of others had thrown me. I sent several persons with orders
+to M. de Ramsay, King’s Lieutenant (Deputy Governor),
+who was in command at Quebec, to send me, with all possible
+haste, the five-and-twenty brass field pieces that were
+in position on the palace battery, near our army; and precisely
+at the same instant when Johnstone came to me on
+the heights, with the news of the order which prevented
+the left of our army to join me, a sergeant arrived from M.
+de Ramsay&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the fourth person I had sent to him with my
+orders&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;with a categorical answer from him: “That he had
+already sent me three pieces of artillery; and that he could
+not send me any more, having his town to defend!” What
+could be de Ramsay’s reasons for such a monstrous conduct,
+or who it was who inspired him with such a daring disobedience,
+I know not?</p>
+
+<p>1. “His town”&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;as he called it&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;was defended by our<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">46</a></span>
+army which covered it, being drawn up in battle about two
+hundred fathoms from it; and its safety depended entirely
+upon the event of a battle.</p>
+
+<p>2. There were in Quebec about two hundred pieces of
+cannon, most of them twenty-four and thirty-six pounders.</p>
+
+<p>3. Small field-pieces, two or three pounders&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;such as the
+palace battery&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;could they be of the least service for the defence
+of a town?</p>
+
+<p>4. A commander of Quebec, as King’s Lieutenant or sub-Lieutenant,
+such as de Ramsay was&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;not Governor,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;or
+even M. de Vaudreuil himself, Governor General of Canada,
+at that moment in the town,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;could they have any authority
+to refuse me all the assistance I could desire from Quebec,
+by my particular commission of Commander-in-Chief of the
+troops in Canada, when my army was at the gates of the town,
+and your army deployed ready to fight? A thousand other
+queries suggest themselves; but of what avail?</p>
+
+<p>I assembled immediately a council of war, composed of all
+the commanding officers of the several regiments, to hear
+their opinion as to what was to be done in our critical situation.
+Some of them maintained you were busy throwing
+up breastworks. Others, that you appeared bent on descending
+in the valley, in order to seize the bridge of boats on the
+St. Charles river with the hornwork, with the object of cutting
+off our communication with the left wing of our army,
+which remained at Beauport pursuant to the order signed by
+Montreuil. In effect, a movement your army made in that
+moment towards the windmill and Borgia’s house, upon the
+edge of the height, seemed to favour this conjecture. But
+an instant afterwards, the Canadians having set fire to that
+house and chased you from it, you retook your former position.
+Others alleged, that the more we delayed attacking
+you, the more your army would be strong&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;imagining that
+your troops had not yet all landed. In short, there was
+not a single member of the war council who was not of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">47</a></span>
+opinion to charge upon you immediately. Can it be credited
+that these officers&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;to the dishonour of mankind&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;who
+were the most violent to attack you, denied it afterwards,
+and became the most ardent censors of my conduct
+in not deferring the battle! What could I do in my desperate
+situation? Even a Marshal Turenne would have
+been much puzzled to get out of such a dilemma, in which
+they had entangled me either through design or ignorance.
+I listened with attention to their opinion, without opening
+my lips, and at last answered them:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;“It appears to me,
+gentlemen, that you are unanimous for giving battle;
+and that the only question now is, how to charge the
+enemy?” Montreuil said it would be better to attack in
+columns. I answered him: “That we would be beat before
+our columns could be formed so near to the enemy;
+and, besides, that our columns must be very weak, not
+having Grenadiers to place at their heads.” I added, that
+“since it is decided to attack, it must be in Front Baudière(?)”
+I sent all the officers to their posts, and ordered
+the drummers to beat the charge.</p>
+
+<p>Our onset was neither brisk nor long. We went on in
+confusion&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;were repulsed in an instant; and it could not
+naturally be otherwise from the absence of our Volunteers
+and Grenadiers, and de Bougainville at Cap Rouge with
+the best of our Canadians; the Montreal regiments with
+Poularies at Beauport, a league and a half from the battle-field.
+The example of the bravest soldiers in a regiment&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the
+Grenadiers and Volunteers&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;suffices to infuse courage
+in the most timid, who can follow the road shown to them,
+but cannot lead the way. The brave Canadian Militia saw
+us with heavy hearts, grief and despair, from the other side
+of the St. Charles river, cut to pieces upon the heights,
+stopped, as they were, in the hornwork, and prevented by
+superior orders from rushing to our assistance. About two
+hundred brave and resolute Canadians rallied in the hollow<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">48</a></span>
+at the bakehouse, and returned upon the heights. They
+fell instantly upon your left wing with incredible rage;
+stopped your army for some minutes from pursuing our
+soldiers in their flight, by attracting your attention to them;
+resisted, undaunted, the shock of your left; and, when repulsed,
+they disputed the ground inch by inch from the
+top to the bottom of the height, pursued by your troops
+down to the valley at the bakehouse, opposite to the hornwork.
+These unfortunate heroes&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;who were most of them
+cut to pieces&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;saved your army the loss of a great many
+men, by not being hotly pursued; and if your left, who
+followed these two hundred Canadians down to the plain,
+had crossed it from the bakehouse to the River St. Charles,
+only three or four hundred paces, they would have cut off
+the retreat of our army, invested the three-fourths of them
+in Quebec, without provisions, and M. de Vaudreuil, next
+day, must have surrendered the town and asked to capitulate
+for the colony. But your conduct cannot be blamed,
+as it is always wise and prudent in giving&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;as Pyrrhus
+advises&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;a golden bridge to one’s enemy in flight.</p>
+
+<p>You see, sir, by this true and faithful account of the
+battle of the 13th September, and of what preceded it, how
+many different and unforeseen events, fortune was obliged
+to unite in your favour to render you successful in your
+expedition against Canada; the failure of any one of which
+would have sufficed to frustrate your enterprise. It would
+appear that heaven had decreed that France should lose
+this colony. Let us now conclude, sir, that I have as little
+deserved the blame, scorn, contempt and injustice which
+my country heaped on my memory, as you do the excessive
+honours they lavished on your’s in England; and that the
+ablest General in Europe, placed in my circumstances,
+could not have acted otherwise than I did. Moreover, I
+was under M. de Vaudreuil&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the weakest man alive, although
+a most obstinate automaton&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and could not freely<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">49</a></span>
+follow my ideas as if I had been Commander-in-Chief. In
+my country the law is equal: we neither punish, nor recompense.</p>
+
+<p>The Marquis of Montcalm, endeavouring to rally the
+troops in their disorderly flight, was wounded in the lower
+part of the <span class="locked">belly.<a name="FNanchor_K" id="FNanchor_K" href="#Footnote_K" class="fnanchor">K</a></span> He was conveyed immediately to Quebec,
+and lodged in the house of M. Arnoux, the King’s surgeon,
+who was absent with M. de Bourlamarque: his
+brother&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the younger Arnoux&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;having viewed the wound,
+declared it mortal. This truly great and worthy man heard
+<span class="locked">Arnoux<a name="FNanchor_L" id="FNanchor_L" href="#Footnote_L" class="fnanchor">L</a></span> pronounce his sentence of death with a firm and
+undaunted soul: his mind calm and serene; his countenance
+soft and pleasing; and with a look of indifference
+whether he lived or died. He begged of Arnoux to be so
+kind and outspoken as to tell him how many hours he
+thought he might yet live? Arnoux answered him, that
+he might hold out until three in the morning. He spent
+that short period of life in conversing with a few officers
+upon indifferent subjects with great coolness and presence
+of mind, and ended his days about the hour Arnoux had
+foretold him. His last words were:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;“I <span class="locked">die<a name="FNanchor_M" id="FNanchor_M" href="#Footnote_M" class="fnanchor">M</a></span> content,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">50</a></span>
+since I leave the affairs of the King, my dear master, in
+good hands: I always had a high opinion of the talents
+of M. de Levis.” I will not undertake the panegyric of
+this great man: a true patriot and lover of his king and
+country, possessing many rare and good qualities. Had he
+by chance been born in England, his memory would have
+been celebrated, and transmitted with honour to posterity.
+Illustrious by his virtue and genius, he deserves to live in
+history; he was an unfortunate victim to the insatiable
+avarice of some men, and a prey to the immoderate ambition
+of others. His ashes, mingled with those of Indians,
+repose neglected far from his native country, without a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">51</a></span>
+magnificent tomb or altars; General Wolfe has statues in
+England in commemoration of the many faults he committed
+during his expedition in Canada. “How many obscure
+dead,” says a modern author, “have received the greatest
+honours by titles yet more vain? O injustice of mankind!
+The mausolea adorn the temples to repeat continually false
+praise; and history, which ought to be the sacred asylum
+of truth, shows that statues and panegyrics are almost always
+the monuments of prejudice, and that flattery seeks to
+immortalise unjust reputations.”</p>
+
+<p>When I was informed of M. de Montcalm’s misfortune, I
+sent him immediately his servant Joseph, begging him to
+acquaint me if I could be of any service to him, and in that
+case I would be with him at Quebec immediately. Joseph
+came back in a moment to the hornwork, and grieved me
+to the inmost of my soul by M. de Montcalm’s answer:
+“that it was needless to come to him, as he had only a few
+hours to live, and he advised me to keep with Poularies
+until the arrival of M. de Levis at the army.” Thus perished
+a great man, generally unknown and unregretted by
+his countrymen&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;a man who would have become the idol
+and ornament of any other country in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>The French army in flight, scattered and entirely dispersed,
+rushed towards the town. Few of them entered
+Quebec; they went down the heights of Abraham, opposite
+to the Intendant’s Palace (past St. John’s gate) directing
+their course to the hornwork, and following the borders of
+the River St. Charles. Seeing the impossibility of rallying
+our troops, I determined myself to go down the hill at the
+windmill, near the <span class="locked">bakehouse,<a name="FNanchor_P" id="FNanchor_P" href="#Footnote_P" class="fnanchor">P</a></span> and from thence across
+over the meadows to the hornwork, resolved not to approach
+Quebec, from my apprehension of being shut up there with
+a part of our army, which might have been the case if the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">52</a></span>
+victors had drawn all the advantage they could have reaped
+from our defeat. It is true the death of the general-in-chief&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;an
+event which never fails to create the greatest disorder
+and confusion in an army&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;may plead as an excuse
+for the English neglecting so easy an operation as to take
+all our army prisoners.</p>
+
+<p>But, instead of following immediately my ideas, I was
+carried off by the flow of the fugitives, without being
+able to stop them or myself until I got to a hollow swampy
+ground, where some gunners were endeavouring to save a
+field-piece which stuck there, and I stayed an instant with
+them to encourage them to draw it to the town. Returning
+back upon the rising ground, I was astonished to find
+myself in the centre of the English army, who had advanced
+whilst I was in the hollow with the gunners, and taking
+me for a general, on account of my fine black horse,
+they treated me as such by saluting me with a thousand
+musket shots from half of the front of their army, which
+had formed a crescent. I was, nevertheless, bent on reaching
+the windmill, and I escaped their terrible fire without
+any other harm than four balls through my clothes, which
+shattered them; a ball lodged in the pommel of my saddle,
+and four balls in my horse’s body, who lived, notwithstanding
+his wounds, until he had carried me to the hornwork.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible to imagine the disorder and confusion
+that I found in the <span class="locked">hornwork.<a name="FNanchor_Q" id="FNanchor_Q" href="#Footnote_Q" class="fnanchor">Q</a></span> The dread and consternation
+was general. M. de Vaudreuil listened to everybody,
+and was always of the advice of he who spoke last. No
+order was given with reflection and with coolness, none
+knowing what to order or what to do. When the English
+had repulsed the two hundred Canadians that had gone up
+the height at the same time that I came down from it, pursuing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">53</a></span>
+them down to the bakehouse, our men lost their
+heads entirely; they became demoralized, imagining that
+the English troops, then at the bakehouse, would in an
+instant cross the plain and fly over the St. Charles river
+into the hornwork as with wings. It is certain that when
+fear once seizes hold of men it not only deprives them totally
+of their judgment and reflection, but also of the use
+of their eyes and their ears, and they become a thousand
+times worse than the brute creation, guided by instinct
+only, or by that small portion of reason which the author
+of nature has assigned it, since it preserves the use of it on
+all occasions. How much inferior to them do the greater
+portion of mankind appear, with their boasted reason, when
+reduced to madness and automata, on occasions when they
+require the more the use of their reason.</p>
+
+<p>The hornwork had the River St. Charles before it, about
+seventy paces broad, which served it better than an artificial
+ditch; its front, facing the river and the heights, was
+composed of strong, thick, and high palisades, planted perpendicularly,
+with gunholes pierced for several pieces of
+large cannon in it; the river is deep and only fordable at
+low water, at a musket shot before the fort. This made it
+more difficult to be forced on that side than on its other
+side of earthworks facing Beauport, which had a more
+formidable appearance; and the hornwork certainly on
+that side was not in the least danger of being taken by the
+English, by an assault from the other side of the river. On
+the appearance of the English troops on the plain of the
+bakehouse, Montguet and La Motte, two old captains in
+the Regiment of Bearn, cried out with vehemence to M. de
+Vaudreuil, “that the hornwork would be taken in an instant,
+by an assault, sword in hand; that we would be all
+cut to pieces without quarter, and that nothing else would
+save us but an immediate and general capitulation of Canada,
+giving it up to the English.”</p>
+
+<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">54</a></span>
+Montreuil told them that “a fortification such as the
+hornwork was not to be taken so easily.” In short, there
+arose a general cry in the hornwork to cut the bridge of
+<span class="locked">boats.<a name="FNanchor_R" id="FNanchor_R" href="#Footnote_R" class="fnanchor">R</a></span> It is worthy of remark, that not a fourth of our
+army had yet arrived at it, and the remainder, by cutting
+the bridge, would have been left on the other side of the
+river as victims to the victors. The regiment ‘Royal Roussillon’
+was at that moment at the distance of a musket shot
+from the hornwork, approaching to pass the bridge. As I
+had already been in such adventures, I did not lose my
+presence of mind, and having still a shadow remaining of
+that regard, which the army accorded me on account of
+the esteem and confidence which M. de Levis and M. de
+Montcalm had always shown me publicly, I called to M.
+Hugon, who commanded, for a pass in the hornwork, and
+begged of him to accompany me to the bridge. We ran
+there, and without asking who had given the order to cut
+it, we chased away the soldiers with their uplifted axes
+ready to execute that extravagant and wicked operation.</p>
+
+<p>M. de Vaudreuil was closeted in a house in the inside of
+the hornwork with the Intendant and with some other persons.
+I suspected they were busy drafting the articles for
+a general capitulation, and I entered the house, where I had
+only time to see the Intendant with a pen in his hand
+writing upon a sheet of paper, when M. de Vaudreuil told
+me I had no business there. Having answered him that
+what he said was true, I retired immediately, in wrath, to
+see them intent on giving up so scandalously a dependency
+for the preservation of which so much blood and treasure
+had been expended. On leaving the house, I met M.
+Dalquier, an old, brave, downright honest man, commander
+of the regiment of Bearn, with the true character
+of a good officer&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the marks of Mars all over his body. I<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">55</a></span>
+told him it was being debated within the house, to give
+up Canada to the English by a capitulation, and I hurried
+him in to stand up for the King’s cause, and advocate the
+welfare of his country. I then quitted the hornwork to
+join Poularies at the <span class="locked">Ravine<a name="FNanchor_S" id="FNanchor_S" href="#Footnote_S" class="fnanchor">S</a></span> of Beauport; but having met
+him about three or four hundred paces from the hornwork,
+on his way to it, I told him what was being discussed
+there. He answered me, that sooner than consent to a capitulation,
+he would shed the last drop of his blood. He
+told me to look on his table and house as my own, advised
+me to go there directly to repose myself, and clapping spurs
+to his horse, he flew like lightning to the hornwork.</p>
+
+<p>As Poularies was an officer of great bravery, full of honour
+and of rare merit, I was then certain that he and Dalquier
+would break up the measures of designing men.
+Many motives induced me to act strenuously for the good of
+the service; amongst others, my gratitude for the Sovereign
+who had given me bread; also, my affection and inviolable
+friendship for M. de Levis in his absence, who
+was now Commander-in-Chief of the French armies in
+Canada by the death of M. de Montcalm. I continued sorrowfully
+jogging on to Beauport, with a very heavy heart
+for the loss of my dear friend, M. de Montcalm, sinking
+with weariness and lost in reflection upon the changes
+which Providence had brought about in the space of three
+or four hours.</p>
+
+<p>Poularies came back to his lodgings at Beauport about two
+in the afternoon, and he brought me the agreeable news of
+having converted the project of a capitulation into a retreat
+to Jacques-Cartier, there to wait the arrival of M. de Levis;
+and they despatched a courier immediately to Montreal to
+inform him of our misfortune at Quebec, which, to all appearance,
+would not have happened to us if M. de Vaudreuil<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">56</a></span>
+had not sent him away, through some political reason, to
+command there, without troops except those who were
+with M. de Bourlamarque at L’Isle aux Noix&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;an officer of
+great knowledge. The departure of the army was agreed
+upon to be at night, and all the regiments were ordered to
+their respective encampments until further orders. The
+decision for a retreat was to be kept a great secret, and not
+even communicated to the officers. I passed the afternoon
+with Poularies, hoping each moment to receive from Montreuil&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;Major-General
+of the army&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;the order of the retreat
+for the regiment Royal Roussillon; but having no word of
+it at eight o’clock in the evening, and it being a dark night,
+Poularies sent his Adjutant to M. de Vaudreuil to receive his
+orders for the left. Poularies instantly returned to inform
+him that the right of our army was gone away with M. de
+Vaudreuil without his having given any orders concerning
+the retreat, and that they followed the highway to the hornwork.
+Castaigné, his Adjutant, could give no further account
+of this famous retreat, only that all the troops on our
+right were marched off. It can be easily imagined how
+much we were confounded by this ignorant and stupid conduct,
+which can scarce appear credible to the most ignorant
+military man.</p>
+
+<p>Poularies sent immediately to inform the post next to his
+regiment of the retreat, with orders to acquaint all the left
+of it, from post to post, between Beauport and the Sault de
+Montmorency.</p>
+
+<p>I then set out with him and his regiment, following those
+before us as the other posts to our left followed us, without
+any other guides, orders or instructions with regard to the
+roads we should take, or where we should go to; this was
+left to chance, or at least was a secret which M. de Vaudreuil
+kept to himself <i xml:lang="la" lang="la">in petto</i>. It was a march entirely in
+the Indian manner; not a retreat, but a horrid, abominable
+flight, a thousand times worse than that in the morning upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">57</a></span>
+the heights of Abraham, with such disorder and confusion
+that, had the English known it, three hundred men
+sent after us would have been sufficient to destroy and cut
+all our army to pieces. Except the regiment Royal Roussillon,
+which Poularies, always a rigid and severe disciplinarian,
+kept together in order, there were not to be seen thirty
+soldiers together of any other regiment. They were all mixed,
+scattered, dispersed, and running as hard as they could,
+as if the English army was at their heels. There never was
+a more favourable position to make a beautiful, well-combined
+retreat, in bright day, and in sight of the English
+Army looking at us, without having the smallest reason to
+fear anything within their power to oppose it, as I had obtained
+a perfect knowledge of the <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">locale</i> from Beauport to
+the Sault de Montmorency during some months that I was
+there constantly with M. de Levis and M. de Montcalm. I
+thought myself in a position to foretell to Poularies the
+probable order of retreat, and the route which would be assigned
+to each regiment for their march to the Lorette village.
+I was greatly deceived, and indeed could never have
+foreseen the route which our entire army followed to reach
+Lorette, and which prolonged our march prodigiously for
+the centre of our army, and still more for our left at the
+Sault de Montmorency. There is a highway in a straight
+line from the Sault de Montmorency to Lorette, which
+makes a side of a triangle formed by another highway from
+the Sault to Quebec, and by another road from Lorette to
+the hornwork, which formed the base. In the highway
+from the Sault to the hornwork there are eight or nine cross
+roads of communication from it to the road from the Sault
+to Lorette, which are shorter as they approach to the point
+of the angle at the Sault. Thus it was natural to believe
+that our army, being encamped all along the road from the
+Sault to the hornwork, each regiment would have taken
+one of these cross roads, the nearest to his encampment, in
+order to take the straight road from the Sault to Lorette,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">58</a></span>
+instead of coming to the hornwork to take there the road
+from Quebec to Lorette, by which the left had double the
+distance to march, besides being more liable by approaching
+the hornwork so near to the English, to make them discover
+the retreat.</p>
+
+<p>The army, by this operation, would have arrived all at
+the same time in the road from the Sault to Lorette by the
+difference in the length of these cross roads, and would have
+naturally formed a column all along that road; and as it
+was not a forced retreat, they had the time from twelve at
+noon until eight at night to send off all the baggage by
+cross roads to Lorette, without the English perceiving it;
+but supposing them even fully aware of our design, which
+might have been executed in open day, they no way could
+disturb our operations without attacking the hornwork,
+and attempting the passage of the river St. Charles&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;a very
+difficult and dangerous affair&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;where they might be easily
+repulsed, exposing themselves in a moment to lose the
+fruits of their victory, without enjoying it; and consequently
+they would have been insane had they ventured on such
+a rash enterprise. Instead of these wise measures, which
+common sense alone might have dictated, tents, artillery, the
+military stores, baggage, and all other effects, were left as a
+present to the English; the officers saved only a few shirts,
+or what they could carry in their pockets: the rest was lost.
+In fact, it would appear, by this strange conduct, that a
+class of men there, from interested views, were furiously
+bent on giving up the colony to the English, so soon as they
+could have a plausible pretext to colour their designs,&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;by
+lopping off gradually all the means possible to defend it any
+longer. M. de Vaudreuil had still other kind offices in
+reserve for the English. He wrote to de Ramsay, King’s
+Lieutenant and Commander in <span class="locked">Quebec,<a name="FNanchor_T" id="FNanchor_T" href="#Footnote_T" class="fnanchor">T</a></span> as soon as the retreat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">59</a></span>
+was decided:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;“That he might propose a capitulation
+for the town eight-and-forty hours after the departure
+of our army from our camp at Beauport, upon the best
+conditions he could obtain from the English.” We ran
+along in flight all night; and at daybreak M. de Bougainville,
+with his detachment, joined us near Cap Rouge. In
+the evening, our army arrived at Pointe-aux-Trembles&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;five
+leagues from Quebec&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;where it passed the night, and next
+day came to Jacques-Cartier. The English had so little
+suspicion of our retreat, seeing our tents standing without
+any change at our camp, that Belcour&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;an officer of La
+Rochebaucourt’s cavalry&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;having returned to it with a detachment,
+two days after our flight, he found everything
+the same as when we left it. He went into the hornwork
+with his detachment, and fired the guns (pointed) at the
+heights of Abraham towards the English camp, which
+greatly alarmed them.</p>
+
+<p class="p2 center">FINIS.</p>
+
+<p>[The remainder of the manuscript alludes more particularly
+to the campaign conducted by Chevalier de Levis,
+which ended, in 1760, by the capitulation of Montreal.]</p>
+
+<h3>ADDENDA.</h3>
+
+<blockquote>
+
+<p class="p2 hang"><i>Extract of the Register of Marriages, Baptisms and Deaths of the French Cathedral
+at Quebec, for 1759</i>:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;</p>
+
+<p xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">“L’an mil sept cens cinquante-neuf, le quatorzième du mois de Septembre,
+a été inhumé dans l’Eglise des Religieuses Ursulines de Québec, haut et puissant
+Seigneur Louis Joseph Marquis de Montcalm, Lieutenant Général des
+armées du Roy, Commandeur de l’ordre Royal et militaire de St. Louis, Commandant
+en chef des troupes de terre en l’Amérique Septentrionale, décédé le
+même jour de ses blessures au combat de la veille, muni des sacrements qu’il a
+reçus avec beaucoup de piété et de Religion. Etoient présents à son inhumation
+MM. Resche, Cugnet et Collet, chanoines de la Cathédrale, M. de Ramezay,
+Commandant de la Place, et tout le corps des officiers.</p>
+
+<div class="p1 sig-container"><div class="sig">
+(Signé,)<br />
+<span class="in4">“RESCHE, Ptre. Chan.</span><br />
+<span class="in4">“COLLET, Chne.”</span>
+</div></div></blockquote>
+
+<div class="footnotes">
+
+<h2>FOOTNOTES</h2>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_A" id="Footnote_A" href="#FNanchor_A" class="fnanchor">A</a> Les Ecossais en France, Vol. II., P. 449.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_B" id="Footnote_B" href="#FNanchor_B" class="fnanchor">B</a> Formerly, inward bound ships, instead of taking the south channel lower
+down than Goose Island, struck over from Cape Tourmente, and took the
+south channel between Madame Island and Pointe Argentenay.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_C" id="Footnote_C" href="#FNanchor_C" class="fnanchor">C</a> General Abercrombie’s army consisted of 6,000 regular troops and 7,000
+provincials, according to the English; but the French gave them out to be
+6,300 troops, and 13,000 provincials&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;in all 19,300 men.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_D" id="Footnote_D" href="#FNanchor_D" class="fnanchor">D</a> The French say the English lost between four and five thousand men.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_E" id="Footnote_E" href="#FNanchor_E" class="fnanchor">E</a> Unfortunately, the plans here alluded to do not accompany the manuscript.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_F" id="Footnote_F" href="#FNanchor_F" class="fnanchor">F</a> This contest is generally denominated the Battle of the Monongahela.
+Capt. Daniel Liénard de Beaujeu commanded the Canadians, and achieved a
+most brilliant victory over General Braddock and George Washington; the
+English losing their provisions, baggage, fifteen cannon, many small arms, the
+military chest, Braddock’s papers. Washington, after the battle, wrote:
+“We have been beaten, shamefully beaten, by a handful of French.”&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(J.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;L.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_G" id="Footnote_G" href="#FNanchor_G" class="fnanchor">G</a> De Vergor’s post apparently stood about a 100 yards to the east of the
+spot on which Wolfe’s Field-cottage has since been built. The ruins still exist.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(J.
+M. L.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_H" id="Footnote_H" href="#FNanchor_H" class="fnanchor">H</a> De Vergor’s guard was composed chiefly of Militiamen from Lorette,
+who on that day had obtained leave to go and work on their farms, provided
+they also worked on a farm Captain De Vergor owned.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;“<i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Mémoires sur les
+Affaires de la Colonie de 1749&ndash;60.</i>” Some historians have intimated that De
+Vergor&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;a <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">protége</i> of Bigot’s&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;was a traitor to his King.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(J.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;L.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_I" id="Footnote_I" href="#FNanchor_I" class="fnanchor">I</a> I incline more to General Wolfe’s opinion than what Voltaire reports in
+the war of 1781, to have been the King of Prussia’s maxim:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;“That we
+ought always to do what the enemy is afraid of.” Where the enemy is afraid
+of anything in particular, he has there his largest force, and is there more on
+his guard than anywhere else.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(<span class="smcap">Manuscript Note.</span>)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_J" id="Footnote_J" href="#FNanchor_J" class="fnanchor">J</a> Bigot’s coterie.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(J.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;L.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_K" id="Footnote_K" href="#FNanchor_K" class="fnanchor">K</a> It was reported in Canada, that the ball which killed that great, good
+and honest man, was not fired by an English musket. But I never credited
+this.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_L" id="Footnote_L" href="#FNanchor_L" class="fnanchor">L</a> Arnoux gave me this account of his last moments.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;<span class="smcap">Manuscript Notes.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_M" id="Footnote_M" href="#FNanchor_M" class="fnanchor">M</a> The place where Montcalm died appears yet shrouded in doubt. It is
+stated, in Knox’s Journal, that, on being wounded, Montcalm was conveyed
+to the General Hospital, towards which the French squadrons in retreat had to
+pass to regain, over the bridge of boats, their camp at Beauport. The General
+Hospital was also the head-quarters of the wounded&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;both English and French.
+It has been supposed that Arnoux’s house, where Montcalm was conveyed,
+stood in St. Louis street. No where does it appear that Montcalm was conveyed
+to his own residence on the ramparts (on which now stands the residence
+of R.&nbsp;H. Wurtele, Esquire). As the city surrendered five days after the
+great battle, it was likely to be bombarded&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;and, moreover, one-third of the
+houses in it had been burnt and destroyed&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;we do not see why the wounded
+General should have been conveyed from the battle-field to the Château St.
+Louis&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;certainly an exposed situation in the event of a new bombardment;
+and, moreover, the city itself, after and during the battle, was considered so
+insecure that the French army, instead of retreating to it for shelter, hurried
+past the General Hospital, over the bridge, to their camp at Beauport. There
+is a passage in Lieutenant-Colonel Beatson’s Notes on the Plains of Abraham,
+which we give:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;“The valiant Frenchman (Montcalm), regardless of pain, relaxed
+not his efforts to rally his broken battalions in their hurried retreat
+towards the city until he was shot through the loins, when within a few
+hundred yards of St. Louis <span class="locked">Gate.<a name="FNanchor_N" id="FNanchor_N" href="#Footnote_N" class="fnanchor">N</a></span> And so invincible was his fortitude
+that not even the severity of this mortal stroke could abate his gallant spirit
+or alter his intrepid bearing. Supported by two grenadiers&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;one at each
+side of his horse&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;he re-entered the city; and in reply to some women who,
+on seeing blood flow from his wounds as he rode down St. Louis street, on
+his way to the Château, exclaimed: <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Oh, mon Dieu! mon Dieu! le Marquis
+est tuê!!!</i> he courteously assured them that he was not seriously hurt, and
+begged of them not to distress themselves on his account.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;<i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Ce n’est rien! ce
+n’est rien! Ne vous affligez pas pour moi, mes bonnes amies.</i>”<a name="FNanchor_O" id="FNanchor_O" href="#Footnote_O" class="fnanchor">O</a></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_N" id="Footnote_N" href="#FNanchor_N" class="fnanchor">N</a> <span class="smcap">M. Garneau</span>, in his <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Histoire du Canada</i>, says:&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;“The two Brigadier-Generals, M.
+de Semezergues and the Baron de St. Ours, fell mortally wounded; and <span class="smcap">Montcalm</span> (who
+had already received two wounds), while exerting himself to the utmost to rally his
+troops and preserve order in the retreat, was also mortally wounded in the loins by a
+musket-ball. He was at that moment between <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Les Buttes-a-Neveu</i> and St. Louis Gate.”
+From the city, on the one side, and from the battle-field, on the other, the ground rises until
+the two slopes meet and form a ridge; the summit of which was formerly occupied by a
+windmill belonging to a man named <i>Neveu</i> or <i>Nepveu</i>. About midway between this ridge
+and St. Louis Gate, and to the southward of the St. Louis Road, are some slight eminences,
+still known by the older French residents as <i xml:lang="fr" lang="fr">Les Buttes-a-Nepveu</i> or <i>Neveu’s hillocks</i>, and
+about three-quarters of a mile distant from the spot where the British line charged.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;<span class="smcap">R.&nbsp;S.
+Beatson.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_O" id="Footnote_O" href="#FNanchor_O" class="fnanchor">O</a> For these particulars I am indebted to my friend Mr. G.&nbsp;B. Faribault&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;a gentleman
+well known in Canada for his researches into the history of the Colony; whose information
+on this subject was derived from his much respected fellow-citizen the Hon. John Malcolm
+Frazer&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;grandson of one of <span class="smcap">Wolfe’s</span> officers, and now (1854) one of the oldest inhabitants of
+Quebec; where, in his childhood and youth, he had the facts, as above narrated, often described
+to him by an elderly woman who, when about eighteen years of age, was an eye-witness
+of the scene.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;<span class="smcap">R.&nbsp;S. Beatson.</span></p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_P" id="Footnote_P" href="#FNanchor_P" class="fnanchor">P</a> This bakehouse appears to have been some where at the foot of Abraham’s
+hill.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_Q" id="Footnote_Q" href="#FNanchor_Q" class="fnanchor">Q</a> The excavations of these French works are very visible to this day behind
+Mr. G.&nbsp;H. Parke’s residence, Ringfield, Charlesbourg road. The hornwork
+appears to have covered about twelve acres of ground, surrounded by a
+ditch.</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_R" id="Footnote_R" href="#FNanchor_R" class="fnanchor">R</a> It crossed the St. Charles a little higher up than the Marine Hospital, at
+the foot of Crown street.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(J.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;L.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_S" id="Footnote_S" href="#FNanchor_S" class="fnanchor">S</a> A small bridge supported on masonry has since been built at this spot,
+exactly across the main road at Brown’s mills.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(J.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;L.)</p></div>
+
+<div class="footnote">
+
+<p><a name="Footnote_T" id="Footnote_T" href="#FNanchor_T" class="fnanchor">T</a> The deliberations of the council of war, called at M. Daine’s, Mayor of
+Quebec, on the 15th September, 1759, published in de Ramsay’s Memoires, in
+1861, by the Literary and Historical Society, have done an effective, though a
+tardy, justice to de Ramsay’s memory.&#8203;&mdash;&#8203;(J.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;L.)</p></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="transnote">
+
+<h2>Transcriber’s Note</h2>
+
+<p>Simple typographical errors were corrected.</p>
+
+<p>Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant
+preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.</p>
+
+<p>Text contains apparent parenthesized references to a map, but this
+book contained no maps, diagrams, or illustrations.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_3">3</a>: “heartily” was misprinted as “heartly”.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_3">3</a>: “buried there magnificently” was misprinted as “their”.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_8">8</a>: “without trembling.” should be punctuated with a question mark.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_28">28</a>: “analize” was printed that way.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_30">30</a>: “radient” was printed that way.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_30">30</a>: “LaRochebeaucourt” is printed as “La Rochebaucourt”
+on page <a href="#Page_59">59</a>.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_50">50</a>: Footnote <a href="#Footnote_M">M</a> has two footnotes of its own (<a href="#Footnote_N">N</a> and <a href="#Footnote_O">O</a>). In this
+eBook, they’ve been resequenced as normal footnotes.</p>
+
+<p>Page <a href="#Page_59">59</a>: “La Rochebaucourt” is printed as “La Rochebeaucourt”
+on page <a href="#Page_30">30</a>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A DIALOGUE IN HADES***</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, A Dialogue in Hades, by James Johnstone,
+chevalier de Johnstone
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: A Dialogue in Hades
+
+
+Author: James Johnstone, chevalier de Johnstone
+
+
+
+Release Date: December 7, 2013  [eBook #44381]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A DIALOGUE IN HADES***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Charlie Howard and the Online Distributed Proofreading
+Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made available by
+Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
+
+
+
+Note: Images of the original pages are available through
+      Internet Archive. See
+      https://archive.org/details/dialogueinhades00john
+
+
+
+
+
+A DIALOGUE IN HADES.
+
+A Parallel of Military Errors, of Which the French
+and English Armies Were Guilty, During the
+Campaign of 1759, in Canada.
+
+ATTRIBUTED TO CHEVALIER JOHNSTONE.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Published under the Auspices of the
+Literary and Historical Society of Quebec
+
+[Reprinted.]
+
+Quebec:
+Printed at the "Morning Chronicle" Office.
+1887.
+
+
+
+
+[The original of this manuscript is deposited in the French war
+archives, in Paris; a copy was, with the permission of the French
+Government, taken in 1855, and deposited in the Library of the
+Legislative Assembly of Canada. The Literary and Historical Society
+of Quebec, through the kindness of Mr. Todd, the Librarian, was
+permitted to have communication thereof. This document is supposed to
+have been written about the year 1765, that is five years after the
+return to France from Canada of the writer, the Chevalier Johnstone,
+a Scottish Jacobite, who had fled to France after the defeat at
+Culloden, and obtained from the French monarch, with several other
+Scotchmen, commissions in the French armies. In 1748, says _Francisque
+Michel_,[A] "he sailed from Rochefort as an Ensign with troops going
+to Cape Breton; he continued to serve in America until he returned to
+France, in December, 1760, having acted during the campaign of 1759, in
+Canada, as aide-de-camp to Chevalier de Levis. On Levis being ordered
+to Montreal, Johnstone was detached and retained by General Montcalm
+on his staff, on account of his thorough knowledge of the environs
+of Quebec, and particularly of Beauport, where the principal works
+of defence stood, and where the whole army, some 11,000 men, were
+entrenched, leaving in Quebec merely a garrison of 1500. The journal
+is written in English, and is not remarkable for orthography or purity
+of diction; either Johnstone had forgotten or had never thoroughly
+known the language. The style is prolix, sententious, abounding in
+quotations from old writers. This document had first attracted the
+attention of one of the late historians of Canada, the Abbe Ferland,
+who attached much importance to it, as calculated to supply matters of
+detail and incidents unrecorded elsewhere. Colonel Margry, in charge of
+the French records, had permitted the venerable writer, then on a visit
+to Paris, to make extracts from it; some of which extracts, the abbe
+published at the time of the laying of the St. Foy Monument, in 1862.
+The Chevalier Johnstone differs _in toto_ from the opinions expressed
+by several French officers of regulars, respecting the conduct of the
+Canadian Militia, in 1759, ascribing to their valour, on the 13th
+September, the salvation of a large portion of the French army. He has
+chosen the singular, though not unprecedented mode of the Dialogue,
+to recapitulate the events of a campaign in which he played a not
+inconsiderable part."--J. M. LEMOINE.]
+
+
+
+
+  [Published under the auspices of the Literary and Historical Society
+                              of Quebec.]
+
+                          A DIALOGUE IN HADES.
+
+ A PARALLEL OF MILITARY ERRORS, OF WHICH THE FRENCH AND ENGLISH ARMIES
+          WERE GUILTY, DURING THE CAMPAIGN OF 1759, IN CANADA.
+
+
+THE MARQUIS DE MONTCALM:--Having ardently desired a conversation with
+you, sir, upon the operations of a campaign which proved to both of us
+so fatal, I have sought you continually amongst the shades ever since I
+descended here, where I soon followed you.
+
+GENERAL WOLFE:--I can assure you, sir, I was equally impatient to meet
+with you. Some of my countrymen, arrived here since the battle of the
+13th September, informed me that there was only an interval of a few
+hours in our sharing the same hard fate. They gave me some accounts
+of that event which joined Canada to the British dominions; but as
+they had a very imperfect knowledge of the circumstances, and entirely
+ignorant of your plan of operations, I have little information from
+them, and I am heartily glad that chance at last has procured me the
+pleasure of seeing you.
+
+MONTCALM:--Will you permit me, sir, before our conversation becomes
+serious, to offer some reflections upon the difference in our destiny.
+Your nation rendered you the greatest honours; your body was conveyed
+to London, and buried there magnificently in Westminster Abbey,
+amongst your kings. Generous Britons erected to your memory a superb
+monument over your grave, at public expense; and your name, most
+dear to your countrymen, is ever in their mouths, accompanied with
+praise and regret. But in my country what a strange indifference?
+What sensation did my death make upon my compatriots? My conduct
+denounced and censured without measure, is the continual subject of
+conversation for gossiping fools and knaves, who form the majority in
+all communities, and prevail against the infinitely small number to be
+found of honest, judicious, impartial men, capable of reflection. The
+Canadians and savages who knew the uprightness of my soul, ever devoted
+to the interests of my beloved king and country, they alone rendered
+me justice, with a few sincere friends, who, not daring to oppose
+themselves openly to the torrent of my enemies, bewailed in secret my
+unhappy fate, and shed on my tomb their friendly tears.
+
+WOLFE:--In this blessed abode, inaccessible to prejudice, I vow to you,
+sir, I envy your condition, notwithstanding the horrible injustice
+and ingratitude of your countrymen. What can give more pleasure and
+self-satisfaction than the esteem and approbation of honest men? You
+were severely regretted and lamented by all those who were capable of
+discerning and appreciating your superior merit, talents, and eminent
+qualities. Disinterested persons of probity must respect your virtue.
+All officers versed in the art of war will justify your military
+tactics, and your operations can be blamed only by the ignorant. Were
+my army consulted, they would be as many witnesses in your favour. Your
+humanity towards prisoners won you the heart of all my soldiers. They
+saw with gratitude and veneration your continual care and vigilance to
+snatch them from out of the hands of the Indians, when those barbarians
+were ready to cut their throats, and prepared to make of human flesh
+their horrible banquets; refusing me even tears at my death, they
+weeped and bewailed your hard fate; I see in my mausoleum the proof
+only of human weakness! What does that block of marble avail to me in
+my present state? The monument remains, but the conqueror has perished.
+The affection, approbation and regret of the worthiest part of mankind
+is greatly preferable and much above the vain honours conferred by a
+blind people, who judge according to the event, and are incapable to
+analyse the operations. I was unknown to them before the expedition
+which I commanded in Canada; and if fortune, to whom I entirely owe my
+success, had less favoured me, perhaps, like Byng, I would have been
+the victim of a furious and unruly populace. The multitude has and can
+have success only for the rule of their judgment.
+
+MONTCALM:--I am much obliged to you, sir, for your favourable opinion
+of me. Let us leave weak mortals to crawl from error to error, and
+deify to-day what they will condemn to-morrow. It is at present, when
+the darkness is dispelled from before our eyes, that we can contemplate
+at leisure the passions of men, who move as the waves of the sea, push
+on each other and often break upon the rocks; and in our present state,
+when all prejudices are at an end, let us examine impartially the
+operations of 1759, which was the epocha of the loss to France of her
+northern colonies in America.
+
+WOLFE:--Most willingly, sir, and to show my frankness, I own to you
+I was greatly surprised on arriving with the English fleet at Quebec
+without meeting with any opposition by the French in the river St.
+Lawrence.
+
+MONTCALM:--You had reason to be so. It was not my fault that you did
+not meet with many obstacles in your way. I proposed to have a redoubt
+and battery erected upon Cape Tourmente, which is a rock above fifty
+feet high, facing the Traverse at the east[B] end of the Island of
+Orleans, where all the vessels cross from the north to the south side
+of the St. Lawrence river. They are obliged to approach very near the
+Cape before they enter into the Traverse, and its height above the
+men-of-war would have secured it against the effect of the artillery.
+Besides, this rock, almost perpendicular, commanding all round it,
+the fort would have been impregnable, and not susceptible of being
+besieged. Thus the first of your ships which approached to pass the
+Traverse would have been raked by the plunging fire of the battery from
+stern to bowsprit, and must have been sunk. I had likewise the project
+of placing a battery and a redoubt upon the upper point of the bay
+which is opposite to the west end of _Isle aux Coudres_. The current
+between this island and the main land being incredibly rapid at low
+water, all the vessels coming up the river must have cast anchor there
+to wait until the next tide; and my artillery upon the point of that
+bay would have battered your ships at anchor from fore to aft; have
+put in a most terrible confusion your ships, who could not have taken
+up their anchors without being instantly dashed to pieces against the
+rocks by the violence of the current, forced, as they would have been
+by it, to have their bowsprits always pointed to the battery, without
+being able to fire at it. Your fleet would have had no knowledge of the
+battery until they were at anchor, so you may easily judge how it would
+have distressed them. I proposed this, but I did not command in chief;
+it was the Marquis de Vaudreuil, Governor General of Canada, who should
+have ordered it to be put into execution.
+
+WOLFE:--If they had executed your project, it would have puzzled us,
+and retarded for some time our operations.
+
+MONTCALM:--That was all I could wish for, as I was always sensible of
+the great advantage, in certain situations, of gaining time from the
+enemy, especially in such a climate as Canada, where the summer is
+so short that it is impossible to keep the field longer than from the
+month of May till the beginning of October, and your fleet arrived at
+_Isle aux Coudres_ at the end of June.
+
+WOLFE:--There is no doubt that you are in the right. Our fleet arrived
+in the river St. Lawrence six weeks too late, which is commonly the
+fate of all great naval expeditions. Fleets are seldom ready to sail at
+the time appointed; and this often renders fruitless the best concocted
+enterprise by sea, from the uncertainty of the arrival of the army at
+its destination. The smallest delay is often dangerous, as it gives
+the enemy the time to prepare themselves for defence, without hurry or
+confusion.
+
+MONTCALM:--I will not conceal from you, sir, that I always looked
+upon the distribution you made of your army upon your landing near
+Quebec, as diametrically opposed to the established principles in
+castrametation. It is a known axiom in the art of war, that an
+army ought to be encamped in such a manner as to have a free and
+easy communication with all its parts; that they may unite quickly
+without any obstruction, and be able to defend and sustain each other
+reciprocally over the whole extent of the camp, in case any part of it
+is attacked. You divided your army in three different camps; one of
+them upon the Pointe Levis, another upon the Island of Orleans, and
+the third at the Sault de Montmorency. The two branches of the St.
+Lawrence river, which forms the Island of Orleans, each of them about
+half a mile broad, separated your three camps, without a possibility
+of establishing a communication between them; and your camp upon the
+Pointe Levis was at a distance of six miles from your camp at the Sault
+de Montmorency. Your position was such that had we fallen with our army
+on any of your three camps, we would have cut them to pieces, before
+those of your other two camps could have come to their assistance. The
+knowledge for choosing an advantageous ground for encamping an army,
+always appears to me to be one of the most essential talents requisite
+in a general. How could you remain quietly in such a dangerous position
+during two months, without trembling.
+
+WOLFE:--What hindered you then, sir, from executing that which appeared
+to you so easy?
+
+MONTCALM:--We attempted it, but with very bad success. Seven days
+after your landing at the Pointe Levis, Mr. Dumas, Major of the Colony
+troops, was sent to attack your camp at the Pointe Levis, with a body
+of fifteen hundred men, who, in the night, crossed the river St.
+Lawrence at Quebec, without being discovered by your advanced guards.
+But they were no sooner landed and marching, than, struck with a panic,
+the utmost disorder suddenly ensued; their heads turned, and, losing
+their senses entirely, they fired at each other, believing themselves
+attacked by your army. In short, they immediately fled back to their
+boats with the greatest precipitation and confusion. Discouraged by
+this bad beginning, M. de Vaudreuil would never listen to any proposals
+of further attempts upon your camps; and it was decided to keep
+ourselves for the future upon the defensive.
+
+WOLFE:--It appears to me, however, that you were not encamped in a
+proper manner to be upon the defensive. Your army did not amount to ten
+thousand men, and your camp extended seven or eight miles.
+
+MONTCALM:--I agree with you, and am sensible that the longer the line,
+the weaker it is in its several parts. I am convinced that it is
+impossible to prevent a line from being forced; and I believed likewise
+that, landing on a coast where there are several leagues of it to be
+defended, equally susceptible of descent, is the same case as lines.
+He who attacks has all his force concentrated at a single point, which
+he may choose as he pleases; anywhere in the extent of his lines; on
+the contrary, he who is attacked in his entrenchments has his force
+divided over the whole extent of his lines, and does not know on what
+part of them the enemy has the intention to make his real attack, so
+that he must be everywhere equally strong and guarded over all the
+ground occupied by his army. Thus the head of a column of a great depth
+of ranks must infallibly pierce through lines who have only at most two
+or three men deep; and by feint attacks all over the front of a line,
+you cannot weaken one part of it by drawing troops from it to fortify
+another part of it, unless the point of the enemy's principal attack
+is manifestly known. It is certainly the same with regard to landings,
+where all the extent of the sea coast may be threatened at the same
+time, although it is a common opinion that a coast may be defended, and
+that an enemy may be repulsed in his attempt to make a descent by open
+force.
+
+I know not a better method to oppose a descent than to have bodies of
+troops in battle, ready to rush upon the enemy, with their bayonets
+upon their muskets, attacking the moment the enemy land, whilst they
+are yet few and in confusion from the disorder which must necessarily
+happen at their coming out of their boats, and before they can present
+a considerable front in battle.
+
+My project of defence was to encamp on rising ground at Quebec, called
+by the French, _Les Hauteurs d'Abraham_, and make Quebec serve as the
+centre and pivot to all my operations, since it was evident that the
+fate of Canada depended entirely on its being preserved to us or taken
+by you, which decided whether that colony should remain to its ancient
+possessors or become your prize.
+
+With this in view, I intrenched the borders of the St. Charles river,
+and remained encamped at Quebec until, receiving tidings of your fleet
+having arrived in the St. Lawrence river, M. de Levis, an officer of
+great merit and distinction, proposed to change the position of our
+camp, by carrying our left wing to the Sault de Montmorency, and our
+right to the St. Charles river: this, as you say, made it six miles
+long on the north side of Quebec, and gave us greater appearance of
+being on the offensive than on the defensive.
+
+He pretended that the presenting a great front to the enemy would
+give us a bold look, and inspire respect. As there can be no positive
+certainty in any military operation, from unforeseen accidents which
+often overturn the best combined project, I readily sacrificed to him
+my opinion, without insisting upon it. In this new position M. de
+Vaudreuil commanded the right of our camp, near Quebec; M. de Levis
+the left, at the Sault de Montmorency; and I commanded the centre, at
+Beauport.
+
+WOLFE:--Had you continued on the heights of Abraham you would have
+saved Quebec, but you would have abandoned to me all the country where
+I might have destroyed, burnt and ruined all the settlements at some
+leagues round it.
+
+MONTCALM:--That may be, but Canada would not have been taken, and
+certainly you durst not penetrate far into the country, leaving Quebec
+behind you. Had you attacked me, I would have had the advantage of the
+rising ground, which I would have fortified with intrenchments, and
+with a chain of redoubts from Quebec to Cap Rouge, where these heights
+terminate in a deep ravine, with a small river at the bottom of it,
+overhung with rocks, at three leagues from Quebec. This advantageous
+position, not to be successfully attacked by any number of men, would
+have been my advanced post.
+
+My right would have been applied to Quebec, and sustained by it. I
+never could guess, sir, your idea in reducing that town to ashes as
+you did, by throwing upon it continually, from your batteries on the
+opposite side of the river, that immense number of carcases and shells.
+
+It seems to me that when an army besieges a town, it is with the
+intention, on its surrendering, to keep possession of it, and have
+houses in it to lodge the troops, instead of heaps of ruins. This
+conduct was still more essentially necessary from the season being
+advanced, and from the impossibility of carrying-on any kind of
+house building during the winter. Moreover, the utter destruction of
+that town reduced to ashes could not hasten its being taken a moment
+sooner. You could do no harm to our batteries, which were much higher
+than yours; it is not by destroying houses that towns are taken. You
+always battered houses, without reflecting that it is only by ruining
+the fortifications--the defences--and by a breach in the walls, that
+success may be hoped for in sieges; and it is certain that you lavished
+a prodigious quantity of warlike stores very uselessly.
+
+What advantages could you expect by ruining and distressing the
+inhabitants of Quebec, whose houses you burnt?
+
+It was destroying alone for the pleasure of doing injury, without any
+advantage accruing to you from it.
+
+WOLFE:--My inaction during the whole summer should have made you
+perceive what little hopes I had of succeeding in my expedition; should
+it turn out fruitless after the sum it had cost England, the news of
+Quebec being reduced to ashes might blind the extravagant English
+populace, and blunt their fanatical fury.
+
+MONTCALM:--The day that you landed at the Sault de Montmorency, where
+you encamped immediately with a body of four thousand men, in all
+appearance you did not know that the river Montmorency was fordable in
+the wood about a mile to the north of your camp, where fifty men in
+front might pass the ford with water only up to their knees. Had you
+passed it immediately, you might have fallen upon the left of our army,
+cut them to pieces, and pursued them two miles, as far as the ravine
+of Beauport, before they could assemble a sufficient number of men to
+be able to resist you. You might have even encamped upon the north
+side of that ravine, which, having it before you, would have been a
+very advantageous post, and brought you several miles nearer to Quebec.
+In this case it is highly probable that we would have been obliged to
+abandon to you all the ground between the St. Charles river and the
+ravine.
+
+To return to my first project of encamping upon the heights of Abraham,
+our left was in the greatest security, not knowing that there was a
+ford in that river until some hours after your landing at the Sault.
+
+WOLFE:--Is it then surprising that I should be ignorant of that ford,
+since you did not know it yourself? besides, it is only the inhabitants
+in the neighbourhood of rivers, swamps and lakes, who can give positive
+and sure information about them. And supposing I had found some of your
+Canadians at their houses there, they are so inviolably attached to
+their religion, king and country, that they would sooner have led me
+into a snare than instruct me in anything that could be prejudicial to
+their army.
+
+Those whom a general sends to examine the _locale_ of a country must do
+it very superficially upon their own observations, without consulting
+or interrogating the peasants in the neighbourhood.
+
+MONTCALM:--Whilst your soldiers were employed in making their camp, and
+pitching their tents, M. de Levis and his aide-de-camp Johnstone, were
+looking at you from the opposite side of the Sault. His aide-de-camp
+having asked him if he was positively certain that there was no ford
+in the Montmorency river, M. de Levis answering that there was not,
+and that he had been himself to examine it to its source, at a lake in
+the woods, about ten or twelve miles from the Sault. An inhabitant who
+overheard this conversation, told the aide-de-camp: "The General is
+mistaken; there is a ford which the inhabitants thereabouts pass every
+day in carrying their corn to a mill;" and he added that he had crossed
+it lately, with water not above his knees.
+
+The aide-de-camp related to M. de Levis immediately his conversation
+with the Canadian, who would not believe there was a ford, and,
+examining him roughly, the Canadian was seized with awe, and respect
+for the General; his tongue faltered in his mouth, and he durst
+not boldly assert the truth. The aide-de-camp, in a whisper to the
+Canadian, ordered him to find out a person who had crossed the ford
+lately, and bring him immediately to M. de Levis' lodgings. The Canadian
+came to him in a moment, with a man who had crossed it the night
+before, with a sack of wheat upon his back, where he had found only
+eight inches deep of water.
+
+The aide-de-camp being thus assured of the fact, ordered, in M. de
+Levis' name, a detachment to be sent instantly, with the necessary tools
+to intrench itself.
+
+WOLFE:--Had I been so lucky as you, sir, to discover that ford, there
+is no doubt I would not have let slip so favourable an opportunity
+of distinguishing myself, and would have fallen like lightning upon
+that part of your camp. There can be nothing more dangerous than the
+neighbourhood of rivers and swamps, that have not been sounded and
+examined with the greatest care and attention. Negligence, ignorance
+and headstrong obstinacy are equally fatal in military affairs; and
+the misfortune of a Lieutenant-General, in Scotland, against the
+Highlanders at the battle of Prestonpans, made so deep an impression
+upon me that I am always on my guard when near such places.
+
+MONTCALM:--How can you, sir, justify your imprudence in running
+headlong into the woods opposite to our intrenchments, with two
+thousand men, who naturally ought to have been cut to pieces, and
+neither you nor any man of your detachment escape? Nine hundred
+Indians had invested you all round at a pistol shot from you, and had
+already cut off your retreat, without your perceiving it. So soon as
+the Indians had surrounded you in the wood, they sent their officer
+Langlade to acquaint M. de Levis that they had got you in their net,
+but that your detachment, appearing to be about two thousand men,
+greatly superior to them in number, they begged earnestly of M. de
+Levis to order M. de Repentigny to pass the ford with eleven hundred
+men, which he commanded in these intrenchments, and join them; that
+they would be answerable upon their heads if a single man of your
+detachment should get back to your camp; and they did not think
+themselves strong enough to strike upon you without this reinforcement
+of Canadians. There were a great many officers at M. de Levis' lodgings
+when Langlade came to him on behalf of the Indians, and this General
+having consulted them, after giving his own opinion on the affair:
+"that it was dangerous to attack an army in the wood, as they could not
+know the number of men there; that it might be all the English army,
+which consequently might bring on a general engagement without being
+prepared for it; and that if he happened to be repulsed, he would be
+blamed for engaging in an affair, without holding previously an order
+from his superiors, M. de Vaudreuil and M. de Montcalm." The officers
+respected too much the General not to be of his way of thinking, and
+it must ever be so from flattery. His aide-de-camp alone maintained
+a different opinion, out of a real friendship for M. de Levis. He
+told them that there was not the smallest probability it could be all
+the English army, since the Indians, who never fail to magnify the
+number, computed them at only two thousand men. That even supposing it
+to be the whole English army, it would be the most lucky thing that
+could happen to us to have a general engagement in the woods, where
+a Canadian is worth three disciplined soldiers, as a soldier in a
+plain is worth three Canadians; and that nothing was more essential
+than to select the propitious moment and the way of fighting for
+those who composed the two-thirds of the army, which was the case with
+the Canadians. On the contrary, the English army was almost entirely
+composed of regulars with very few militia.
+
+That M. de Levis could not do better than in ordering M. de Repentigny
+to cross the river immediately with his detachment _en echelon_, and
+join the Indians, without losing moments very precious; that at the
+same time he should send instantly to inform me of his adventure, in
+order to make all the army advance towards the ford, each regiment
+taking the place of the other marched off; so that the Regiment Royal
+Roussillon, the nearest to the ford, should go off directly to take the
+post that Repentigny would quit in crossing the river, and observing
+the same for the rest of the army; that by this means the engaging a
+general affair was much to be wished for, supposing all the English
+army to be in the woods opposite the ford; in short, that if there
+was a possibility of our being defeated and repulsed in the woods,
+which could scarce happen, according to all human probability, we had
+our retreat assured in the depth of these woods, well known to the
+Canadians, where the English troops could not pursue them, so that in
+no shape could M. de Levis run the least risk.
+
+His aide-de-camp added, that when fortune offers her favours, "they
+ought to be snatched with avidity." These reasons made no impressions
+on M. de Levis, and Langlade was sent back to the Indians with a
+negative reply.
+
+There was two miles from M. de Levis' quarters to the place where the
+Indians were in ambush. Langlade came back with new entreaties and
+earnest solicitations to induce M. de Levis to make Repentigny cross
+the ford with his detachment, but the General could not be prevailed
+upon to give a positive order to Repentigny to join the Indians.
+
+He wrote a letter to Repentigny by Langlade, wherein he told him
+"having the greatest confidence in his prudence and good conduct, he
+might pass the river with his detachment, if he saw a certainty of
+success." His aide-de-camp told him, whilst he was sealing the letter,
+that Repentigny had too much judgment and good sense to take upon
+himself an affair of that importance; and his opinion of Repentigny was
+immediately justified by his answer; he asked M. de Levis to give him
+a clear and positive order. After thus loitering about an hour and a
+half, M. de Levis resolved at last to go himself to the ford, and give
+there his orders verbally; but he had scarce got half way to it when
+he heard a brisk fire. The Indians, losing all patience, after having
+remained so long hid at a pistol shot from you, like setter dogs upon
+wild fowl, at last gave you a volley, killed about a hundred and fifty
+of your soldiers, and then retired without losing a man. It is evident
+that had Repentigny passed the river with his detachment of eleven
+hundred Canadians, you must have been cut to pieces, and that affair
+would have terminated your expedition. Your army could have no more
+hopes of succeeding after such a loss; their spirits would have been
+damped, and Canada would have been secure from any further invasion
+from Great Britain.
+
+Fortune was always as favourable to you, as she constantly frowned
+upon us. M. de Levis is not to be blamed; an officer who serves under
+the orders of others can only be reproached when he does not execute
+punctually the orders he receives from his superiors; and he has always
+reason to be cautious and diffident in such cases where his honour
+and reputation may be engaged, as none can be positively certain of
+the issue of any military enterprise, and if success does not crown
+the venture, of which you have voluntarily burthened yourself, though
+undertaken from the best of motives and apparently for the good of the
+service, thousands of mouths will open to spit venom against you.
+
+But of all others, the ignorant amongst the military, and the knaves,
+to screen themselves, will surely be violent: this is so much the more
+astonishing, in the profession of arms, where sentiments of honour and
+honesty ought to be the foundation.
+
+WOLFE:--My intention in approaching so near your post at the ford was
+to examine it carefully, as I then had formed the design to attack it,
+little imagining that such a considerable detachment as I had with
+me would have been exposed to be set on by your Indians. Accustomed
+to European warfare, I could never have thought that a body of men
+should have been so long, so close to me without discovering them. Your
+intrenchments there appeared to be very trifling, but the sight of
+earth thrown up is respectable, and not to be despised.
+
+MONTCALM:--Your attack of the 31st of July, at the only place of our
+camp which was inaccessible, appeared to me unaccountable. From Quebec
+to Beauport, which was about four miles, it is a marshy ground, very
+little higher than the surface of the St. Lawrence at full tide.
+The heights begin at the ravine at Beauport, and rise gradually all
+along the border of the river, until at Johnstone's redoubt and
+battery--where you made your descent and attack--they become a steep
+high hill, which ends in a deep precipice at the Sault de Montmorency.
+Opposite to Johnstone's redoubt it is so steep that your soldiers could
+scarce be able to climb it, even without the encumbrance of their arms.
+
+Besides this natural fortification, we had a continued intrenchment
+all along the edge of the hill, from Beauport to the Sault, so traced
+and conducted by M. Johnstone that it was everywhere flanked, and the
+sloping of it served as a glacis; thus the fire from the front and
+flanks would have destroyed the three-fourths of your army before they
+could reach the top of the hill.
+
+But supposing that some of your troops had reached the top of the hill,
+up to our trenches, after surmounting these difficulties, my grenadiers
+were drawn up in battle behind them, ready to charge upon them, with
+their bayonets upon their muskets, the instant any of your soldiers
+should appear at the trenches.
+
+The swampy, sinking ground, from the redoubt to the foot of the hill,
+was not one of the smallest difficulties you had in your way to come at
+us.
+
+It is true the Scotch Highlanders, who were your forlorn hope, had got
+over it and had reached the foot of the hill, though certainly very few
+returned; but these turfy swamps, when a certain number of men have
+passed them, become at last impassible, and your soldiers must have
+sunk down in it above the head, multitudes of them perishing there in
+the most useless and disagreeable manner. Thus, sir, I hope you see
+clearly the folly and rashness of that attack, and that your army must
+have been totally destroyed, without hope, had not heaven wrought a
+miracle in your favor, after a long cessation of them, which alone
+could save you.
+
+You were no sooner hotly engaged in the attack, without a possibility
+of withdrawing yourself out of the scrape, when from a clear sunshine
+there fell in that most critical juncture, of a sudden, the most
+violent even, down pour of rain from a cloud, which, as the cloud that
+saved Eneas from the fury of Diomed, placed you immediately out of our
+sight, so that in an instant we could not see half way down the hill.
+You profited, as a wise man, of this event to make good your retreat.
+When the shower was over and we could see you, we found, to our sorrow,
+that you had escaped us, and that you were then out of the reach of
+our fire, marching, in a well-formed column, back to your camp at the
+Sault, well satisfied to have got out of that adventure with the loss
+only of between five and six hundred men.
+
+It was a long time before I could be persuaded that you were in
+earnest. I had always expected your descent and attack would have been
+betwixt the St. Charles river and the ravine of Beauport. All that
+tract of ground, about four miles extent, was everywhere favourable to
+you, if you had made your real descent in the middle of it, opposite to
+M. Vaudreuil's lodging, with feint attacks at Johnstone's redoubt, and
+at the Canardiere near the river St. Charles, forcing our intrenchments
+there, which could not resist an instant a well-formed column. The head
+of it, composed of the Scotch Highlanders, might have easily penetrated
+into the plain, separating our army into two parts by the centre,
+having lodged yourself in the south side of the ravine of Beauport,
+and have taken the hornwork upon the St. Charles river, sword in hand,
+without much difficulty or loss of men. In short, all this might have
+been effected in an hour's time, without meeting with any considerable
+resistance from our army, thus divided and opened by the centre; and a
+complete victory, which would have crushed us to pieces without hope,
+would have crowned you with justly merited laurels.
+
+WOLFE:--I own to you, sir, I was greatly deceived with regard to the
+height and steepness of the hill, which did not appear considerable,
+even with a telescope, from the river St. Lawrence; it was only when
+I got to the redoubt that I saw it such as it really is. I began at
+seven in the morning to fire at your camp from my battery at the Sault
+(of forty cannons) mostly four-and-twenty pounders. The _Centurion_, a
+man-of-war of sixty guns, did the same, as also the _Two Cats_, which
+had on board all the tools necessary for the workmen. They gave you
+continually their broadsides, firing upon your camp, as I did from my
+battery, like platoons of infantry.
+
+I dare say you never saw artillery better served and kept up until six
+in the evening when I began my landing at low water. I imagined that
+this terrible cannonade all that day, without a moment's intermission,
+would have intimidated your Canadians and make them quit the trenches;
+my battery at the Sault being thirty or forty feet higher than your
+camp, we saw them down at the shore. Certainly you must have lost a
+great number of men.
+
+MONTCALM:--That brave militia deserves justly the greatest praise. Not
+a man of them stirred from his post, and they showed as much ardour,
+courage and resolution as my regular troops. I had no more than fifty
+men killed and wounded by your furious cannonade, which proves how
+little cannons are hurtful in comparison to the dread and respect
+they inspire. Permit me, sir, to tell you that your countrymen, the
+English, appear to me, from their conduct in Canada, to be as rash,
+inconsiderate and hot-headed as the French, who have ever enjoyed
+that character, notwithstanding your countrymen's reputation for
+coolness and phlegmatic bravery, since I have seen several examples
+of their attacking us before they had examined the _locale_, or known
+our position; and if the two nations are compared impartially, I am
+persuaded that you will do us the justice to own that in our operations
+in Canada we have shown much more circumspection and coolness than your
+English generals. Your attack of the 31st July, without having procured
+beforehand an exact knowledge of the hill and of the places adjacent,
+is not the first example of great temerity and impatience on their part.
+
+The proximity of your camp to this hill might have furnished you the
+means to have a thorough knowledge of our position, by sending proper
+persons to cross over the ford of the river Montmorency where it falls
+into the river St. Lawrence, and where it is fordable at low water.
+
+They might, in a dark night and bad weather, have not only examined the
+steepness of the height, but have even gone over all our camp without
+being discovered; I always imagined you did so until the day of your
+attack, which soon convinced me of the contrary. Your brother in arms,
+Abercrombie, your predecessor in the command of the army, committed
+the same fault at Ticonderoga as you did the 31st of July; but it cost
+him much dearer, the clouds which saved you not having come to his
+assistance.
+
+I set out from Montreal on the 5th of May, 1758, to go to Ticonderoga,
+with all my regular troops--the regiments of La Sarre, La Reine, Royal
+Rousillon, Berne, Guienne, Languedoc, Berry of two battalions, and the
+independent companies of the marine detached in Canada; the regiments
+from France not being recruited, the whole amounted to only about four
+thousand men.
+
+I had no positive information that the English army had formed the
+design to come by the lake St. Sacrament in order to attack Ticonderoga
+(Carillon), and from thence to go to Montreal--but I suspected it, from
+the proximity of this ford to your settlement upon lake St. Sacrament;
+nor did I cease beseeching continually M. Vaudreuil, who was then at
+Quebec, to send me with all possible diligence the Canadian militia,
+which was the principal force for the defence of the colony.
+
+M. Vaudreuil, who has neither common sense, nor judgment, could not
+find out that my military conjectures were grounded; and instead
+of sending me the Canadians, he gave them permission to remain
+at Montreal, sixty leagues from Ticonderoga, to attend to their
+agricultural pursuits.
+
+I dare not allege that he was informed, by the Indians of the Iroquois
+nation, that the object of the English was to invade Canada; that their
+army was on their way to lake St. Sacrament; that it was with the view
+of sacrificing me, and making me the victim of a cabal, who led him and
+governed him blindly, that he kept from me the Canadians.
+
+The 7th of July my conjectures were verified by the arrival of the
+English army at the Chute, where lake St. Sacrament terminates, about
+four miles from Ticonderoga, consisting of six thousand three hundred
+men, commanded by General Abercrombie, who had succeeded to General
+Braddock, killed the year before at the river Ohio.
+
+The return of a detachment which I had placed at the Chute, as an
+advanced post, who had lost an hundred and fifty men, killed by the
+English on their arrival there, was a sad confirmation of the bad
+news. It is scarce possible to imagine a more dangerous and critical
+situation than mine--without the aid of Canadians, whose way of
+fighting was so essential to me in the woods--more useful in those
+countries than regular troops. Fort Carillon, or Ticonderoga, was a
+square, regularly fortified, each face of it about seventy fathoms in
+length.
+
+It had four bastions--the walls of masonry, doubled with a rampart,
+as likewise a ditch, covered way, and glacis. M. de Bourlamarque, an
+officer of great merit and intelligence, had added a half moon to it.
+
+To retire with my four thousand troops would have been abandoning the
+colony to General Abercrombie, as the fort could not hold out long
+against so considerable an army; and being on that side the key of
+Canada, with the possession of it in the hands of the English, they
+might go directly to Montreal, and be there in fifteen days, without
+finding on their way the least obstruction; on the other hand, the
+match was very unequal in opposing four thousand men to thirteen
+thousand. There was, however, no room for hesitating, in the choice,
+and I was soon resolved to save the colony by a bold and desperate
+stroke or die, gloriously, sword in hand. I made everybody work hard
+all the night between the 7th and 8th July, cutting down trees to make
+an intrenchment (CCCC), which, when finished, was very weak, trifling,
+and could scarce serve as a breast-work to cover the troops.
+
+The engineers, having cut off the branches, laid the trees upon a line
+on the heights, three or four of them placed horizontally one upon the
+other, which scarce made it above three feet high--so low that your
+soldiers might easily have jumped over it;--they made a line of the
+branches, at two paces distance, on the outside of the trenches (HH).
+It is certain that if the engineers had only thrown the trees with
+their heads outwards, and their branches sharpened in pricking points
+at their ends, it would have made a much stronger intrenchment, more
+difficult to be forced, and built much sooner.[C] I had not the time
+to continue the trenches down to the hollow (DD), at the foot of the
+height, and I placed there two companies of grenadiers.
+
+The hollow upon the right of the height, where the intrenchment was
+the worst of all my lines, was the post of the companies of marines
+(C); the regiments lined the rest of the trenches. Next day, the 8th
+of July, the English army appeared on the borders of the woods, about
+three hundred fathoms from the front of our intrenchment on the height,
+and instantly advanced to the attack, formed in three columns (EE),
+without halting a moment to examine the _locale_. Two of the columns
+attacked the height with the utmost impetuosity, but being very soon
+entangled among the branches, on the outside of the trenches, and
+impeded by them, they lost there a great many men; some few got through
+and, jumping into our trenches, were killed by our soldiers with their
+bayonets.
+
+The American riflemen were posted on two heights (GG), which commanded
+our trenches, from whence they saw sideways in some parts of them, and
+in others the rear of the soldiers (K).
+
+The regiment of Berry was, above all others, worried and tormented
+by their fire--one of these heights being scarce above eighty paces
+from the intrenchments. The third column attacked the hollow upon our
+right; but receiving a brisk fire at its front from the colony troops,
+and at the same time upon its right flank from the regiments on the
+height, the column soon wavered, wheeled to the right, and, presenting
+its front to the height, got out of the reach of the fire from the
+right of the colony troops; upon which M. Raymond, who commanded them,
+went out of the trenches with the right wing of these troops, and
+attacked the left flank of the column, whilst its head and right flank
+were fired at from the height and from the left of the colony troops in
+the trenches.
+
+The column, distressed by this firing, yet, nevertheless, keeping firm
+at the foot of the height, put in disorder the regiment of Berry, who
+abandoned that part of the intrenchment (II) above it.
+
+The moment I perceived the disorder, I ran there, encouraged the
+soldiers of the regiment, made them return to their post, and supported
+them by the grenadiers, whom I had kept in order of battle, at a small
+distance from the trenches, as a reserve, to be employed wherever the
+line might be forced by your troops, to charge upon them headlong,
+their bayonets upon their muskets, without firing: having neglected
+nothing that the short time allowed me to do, in order to make a
+vigorous defence--without aught to reproach myself with--had I been
+overpowered by your army; and having always preserved coolness and
+presence of mind so as to be able to remedy immediately any disorders
+during this long and well disputed attack.
+
+General Abercrombie was at last obliged to retire, after having
+continued for some hours, with the greatest obstinacy, his attempt to
+force our intrenchments,--with the loss of two thousand men.[D]
+
+I acquitted myself of my duty: this always affords a sweet satisfaction
+in all the events of life; and, even to the vanquished and
+unfortunate, it must yield great comfort and consolation. I had only
+twelve hours to prepare to defend myself with five thousand men against
+thirteen thousand.
+
+How can General Abercrombie's rash and blind conduct be accounted for,
+for attacking us without examining or knowing our position? It is
+astonishing.
+
+During twelve hours that he remained at the Chute after landing there,
+he had time to send and examine the ground round the fort Ticonderoga;
+and they might have had a perfect knowledge of our position from a
+hill, covered with big trees, on the opposite side of the river of
+the Chute (P);[E] this hill was much higher than any part of our
+intrenchments, and not a musket shot from them; he might have gone
+there himself with safety, having that river between us.
+
+Had he halted only a short time after his arrival on the borders
+of the wood, about six hundred paces from our trenches, he might,
+even from thence, have examined the _locale_ at his leisure. But,
+seized with impatience, he hurried to the attack without stopping
+there a moment--and it is not when an action is engaged that one can
+then examine the enemy's position; or, if he had advanced upon us
+the moment of his landing at the Chute, the 7th instant, instead of
+loitering there twelve hours, he would not have found even those shabby
+intrenchments; and having so few (regular) troops, irrespective of the
+Canadians, I would have been obliged, on his appearing, to abandon to
+him all that part of the country, and retire to Montreal, leaving only
+a garrison at Fort Carillon. It was certainly through his ignorance
+of the _locale_ that I repulsed him, instead of being myself cut to
+pieces; nor had I any means of retreat, and my troops must have been
+all killed or taken prisoners, if his third column had marched along
+the borders of the wood upon their left; this would have put them out
+of the reach of the fire from the height, they could fall upon the
+right flank of the trenches of the colony troops, who could not have
+resisted a moment the impulse of the column; instead of wheeling and
+changing its plan of attack by presenting its head to the height, had
+he always advanced forward to attack the centre of the intrenchments
+of the marine, he would have easily pierced through it; then, wheeling
+to the right, go up the height, which is there of an easy ascent, and
+fire upon the rear of the troops, who opposed your other two columns,
+they must have been put to flight, the trenches abandoned, and, even
+upon the sight of your third column coming up the height, I must, of
+necessity, have instantly retreated to the fort the best way I could;
+there to embark my army in my boats and carry it down Lake Champlain,
+without being able to make a resistance at Fort Frederic, as it is
+commanded by hills behind it, about the distance of two hundred paces
+from its walls, which makes it a very advantageous post. What would
+have been still worse for me, if my trenches had been forced, there
+is a space of five leagues between Fort Frederic and Ticonderoga, by
+the river St. Frederic, which, about half way, is scarce above fifty
+or sixty fathoms broad, and is a most advantageous post, where not a
+boat would pass by, and must cut off entirely the communication with
+Lake Champlain, as it is an equal distance from the Chute or from
+Ticonderoga.
+
+General Abercrombie might have sent a body of troops to establish there
+a post, in which case we must have laid down our arms and surrendered
+ourselves prisoners to him, for want of subsistence, and from the
+impossibility of retreating by land.
+
+General Abercrombie might have likewise penetrated easily at the
+hollow, which I had not the time to intrench, where I had placed
+two companies of volunteers; and this would have had equally fatal
+consequences for me, as the third column might have been on the other
+side of the height, the ascent there not being steep or of difficult
+access.
+
+But his attacks were always obstinately directed at the most difficult
+places of the height, as if there had been a cloud before his eyes to
+hinder him from seeing to his right and left what was visible to the
+most ignorant officer.
+
+WOLFE:--That was a most glorious day for you, sir,--worthy of the
+ambition of a great man. Our columns were only at ten steps distance
+from your intrenchments, and all our army saw you perfectly well,
+constantly at work encouraging and exciting the ardour of your
+soldiers, hurrying over your lines perpetually some paces from your
+trenches; exposing your person too rashly compared to the custom of
+our army, your eye glancing over the whole, with the attitude of a
+lion. General Abercrombie perceived, clearly, the disorder upon your
+right when the regiment of Berry was about to retire, and redoubled his
+efforts to profit by it. But you were everywhere, travelling from place
+to place with the swiftness of the eagle; never at a loss; reforming
+the smallest disorder so soon as it was visible, and preventing it from
+spreading, as it generally does, like a flash of lightning. This affair
+won you so great a reputation in England for capacity and talent, that
+I own to you, sir, the idea of having an antagonist of your knowledge
+and merit, made me during the campaign always irresolute, vacillating
+in my opinions and undecided in my projects. I cannot condemn my
+predecessors who had the command of the English armies in Canada.
+The way of fighting of the Canadians and Indians in the woods is so
+different from that practised in Europe, that I readily believe the
+most able General, with an army of the best disciplined troops, in
+following exactly the rules of the art of war,--whose principles are
+sure, fixed and demonstrable in European warfare,--may be easily cut
+to pieces in those vast forests by a very few Indians. There was an
+outcry in England against General Braddock, for allowing his army of
+four thousand men to be cut to pieces at the river Ohio,[F] in the year
+1755, by six hundred and fifty Canadians and Indians only, much more
+than they blame General Abercrombie.
+
+The reason of it is clear. Abercrombie lived to return to England:
+the living always find means to justify themselves. But Braddock was
+killed: the dead are always in the wrong, and never find disinterested
+advocates to plead their cause. Braddock's order of march--criticised
+by your French Generals--may, at first sight, appear singular; and may
+pretend that he must of necessity have been beat, in consequence of the
+bad disposition of it. But analize it, and you will find nothing else
+than the common rule practised through all Europe in passing through
+a wood: an army formed in three columns--the artillery, baggage,
+waggons and cavalry being the column of the centre, between the other
+two columns of infantry; half of the Grenadiers at their head to
+support the Pioneers employed in opening a road through the wood for
+the passage of the carts and artillery, and the rest in the rear, to
+close of march. Braddock was invested on all sides by the Canadians,
+and dispersed in the wood, each of them behind a tree, marking out his
+victim; so that every musket-shot brought down a soldier, and at every
+discharge they flew from tree to tree. What can regular troops do in
+such a case? Close their ranks and files each moment, as did Braddock,
+direct a continual fire at the woods, without perceiving a man, and be
+cut to pieces without seeing an enemy. There is no other method for
+troops to defend themselves against the Indians than what I practised,
+with success, when I was surprised by them at the ford of the River
+Montmorency: the soldiers, with fixed bayonets, dispersed themselves,
+rushed on in disorder towards the places where they perceived the smoke
+of the Indians' discharge; and by these means my detachment in the woods
+chased away your nine hundred Indians, who in a moment disappeared
+entirely, and suffered me to retire at my leisure to my camp.
+
+MONTCALM:--I verily believe, sir, that your idea is just. The Indians
+told me, on their return, that it was now no more possible to fight you
+as formerly, since the English had learned their (the Indians') way
+of fighting. There cannot be a greater advantage for a General than
+the entire knowledge of the country--the seat of war: without this,
+he must always grope in the dark--be foiled in his operations--rest
+often inactive, uncertain in his projects; and be only inactive and
+on the defensive, as you were all the summer as much as me. You were
+absolutely master of the River St. Lawrence by your men-of-war, who
+had ascended it, passing by Quebec with incredible boldness, and
+scorning the most murderous fire from the batteries of the town so
+near them. You had an infinite number of boats at your disposal,
+with all the sailors of your fleet for rowers. What, then, could
+hinder you from sending a body of twelve or fifteen hundred men in
+different detachments, with engineers and able officers, in order to
+be continually landing, to get a thorough knowledge of the country,
+draw plans of all the advantageous positions which abound there;
+and this detachment, if well led, might have gone even to Montreal
+without finding any opposition in their course. Their descriptions
+and plans of the country would have enlightened you, and furnished
+the means of destroying and crushing our army without fighting:
+this is the touchstone to prove superior talents and capacity in a
+General. The gaining of a battle is very often the effect of mere
+chance. But reducing an enemy without fighting must be the result of
+well-combined operations,--is the essence of military science, and
+was always the most radient and distinctive _trait_ in the conduct
+and character of the great men whom history has handed down to us.
+Grounded upon the instructions received from the engineers and officers
+of their detachments, you might have verified their observations by
+your prisoners, who say always more than they intend, when examined
+with kindness, coolness, and with a seeming indifference. The only
+achievement which you performed during two months that you lay
+constantly loitering in your camps, looking at us, was your attack
+of the 31st of July; and your expedition to Deschambault, where you
+sent a body of two thousand men, fourteen leagues up the river from
+Quebec, to burn and pillage a poor, miserable peasant's house, in which
+was the baggage of some French regiments! But the detachment had no
+intention of examining the _locale_ of the country. Had they gone to
+Jacques Cartier, only three leagues from Deschambault, they would have
+discovered there a post strong by nature, which certainly cannot be
+inferior to the Thermopylae so celebrated by the Greeks, and capable of
+being defended--you being the masters of the River St. Lawrence--by as
+few men as Leonidas had with him against the most numerous army. But
+your detachment at Deschambault, upon the appearance of my cavalry,
+composed merely of two hundred undisciplined Canadians on horseback,
+commanded by the Chevalier de LaRochebeaucourt, ran to their boats and
+embarked with great disorder and confusion, as if our army had been at
+their heels, without having remained there above two hours. Jacques
+Cartier--which takes its name from he who first discovered the River
+St. Lawrence, and who, having lost his ship, passed there the winter
+amongst the Indians--in an immense ravine, with a rapid, shaggy river
+full of large rocks, that runs between the two heights, whose tops are
+about two hundred fathoms distant from each other; their sides are
+as glacis, with a view from their tops to the bottom--four or five
+hundred feet deep--which strikes the eyes with horror on looking down
+that vast precipice. Its side, facing the River St. Lawrence, is a
+steep perpendicular rock; and the ground to the north is impracticable
+from the lakes, swamps, and sinking turf, where at each step a person
+must plunge over the head and perish. It must be impossible to turn
+round it and leave it behind, since the Canadians and the Indians
+never discovered a passage through the woods. Thus the only means
+of approaching this fort must have been by landing at Deschambault.
+From thence to Jacques Cartier, it is an easy and gradually rising
+ascent. Had you seized this extraordinary fort, you would have cut off
+my communication with Montreal, from whence I drew daily my supplies
+for the army: in this event, I had no other alternative than allowing
+my army to perish of famine, or surrender the colony. But as we had
+been sent from Europe, not to destroy the inhabitants, but, on the
+contrary, to save and defend them, I must have immediately concluded by
+capitulating for Canada upon the best terms I could obtain from you. I
+hope I have demonstrated clearly to you that, had you been acquainted
+with the _locale_, you could have made the glorious conquest of Canada
+without shedding a drop of blood.
+
+WOLFE:--You argue, sir, at your ease! How was it possible to examine
+and know the _locale_ of that country, your bloodhounds--the Indians
+and Canadians--being constantly at our heels: one cannot send out
+scouts in Canada, as is done in Europe.
+
+MONTCALM:--Why not? Men cannot be in two places at the same time; and
+you managed to find everywhere Indians and Canadians in your way! There
+are many kinds of irregular troops in Europe as bad to deal with as
+the Indians in woods and in wooded countries. But your army was always
+so struck with terror and dread, that, constantly blinded with fear,
+the shadow of an Indian set them a trembling. Nevertheless, the New
+England independent companies, formed by Roger, who afterwards beat the
+Indians with equal numbers in their own way of fighting behind trees,
+should have removed the formidable impression they have always made
+upon the English. Self-preservation is natural to all mankind, and the
+hour of death must strike with horror the bravest man. But fear is
+pardonable amongst soldiers only when there exists a real cause for
+fear; and is not to be tolerated when groundless: this is so much the
+case of your soldiers with regard to the Indians, that, demoralized
+by fear, they suffer themselves to be butchered by a vastly inferior
+number of Indians, without ever thinking of defending themselves, even
+when they know they will have no quarter. In any danger, soldiers ought
+to be accustomed to look coolly death in the face,--they, whose duty is
+to die when the Sovereign demands it: such is the contract they sign
+with the latter on their entering into his service.
+
+These sentiments may be often the means of one's preserving life
+instead of losing it. Nothing is more incomprehensible to me, in all
+your conduct in Canada, than your landing at _Anse des Meres_ on the
+13th September (the fatal day which deprived us both of our existence,
+but freed us from mortal folly), at the foot of a steep hill, where
+a few men at the top of it, with sticks and stones only, must have
+easily beaten you back on your attempt to climb it, and where we had
+three posts of one hundred men each: one of them commanded by Douglas,
+captain in the regiment of Languedoc; another by Rimini, captain in the
+regiment La Sarre; and the third by De Vergor, captain in the Colony
+troops, at whose post[G] you made your descent. These three hundred
+men, had they done their duty, should have been more than sufficient to
+have repulsed you ignominiously at this steep hill; and you never would
+have got to the top had you met with the smallest resistance. I own
+that your daring surpasses my conception.
+
+WOLFE:--I do not pretend to justify my project by its success, but
+by my combinations, which answered exactly as I had foreseen, and
+which demonstrate my scheme to have been well concerted. In giving
+you this account of it, I am persuaded that you will not blame me
+for undertaking an attempt so absurd in appearance, and yet most
+reasonable when examined impartially. In all expeditions composed
+of sea and land forces, it seldom fails that disputes, animosities,
+jealousies and quarrels arise between the different commanders equal
+in authority; and it is a miracle if you see the Admiral and the
+General unanimously of the same opinion with regard to operations. The
+sea and the land service are sciences whose principles are entirely
+different; as certainly there can be no analogy between the working of
+a ship and the drill of a regiment. Nevertheless, the Admiral meddles
+continually with the land operations, and the General will have the
+fleets do things that are impossible--both of them equally ignorant
+of each other's service; from whence results a clashing discord in
+their operations, when sent out with equal power. If each of them
+would confine himself to that part of the art of war which he has
+studied, and have only in his soul the good and welfare of his King and
+Country, these mixed expeditions of land and sea would succeed much
+better than they generally do. The naval officers tormented me a great
+deal, and were still more troublesome as the season advanced. They
+held a council of war on board the flagship on the 10th September,
+when it was determined to set sail immediately for Europe, seeing the
+imminent dangers to which His Majesty's fleet would be exposed in
+those tempestuous seas by remaining any longer before Quebec; and, in
+consequence of this decision, orders were given to some men-of-war to
+take up their anchors and fall down the river, while orders were issued
+at the same time to begin the general preparations for the immediate
+departure of all the fleet. The 12th, there came two deserters to me
+from one of your three posts you just now mentioned, who belonged to
+the French regiments, and were well informed. Upon examining them,
+I discovered that your posts were guarded very negligently; that de
+Bougainville, who was at Cap Rouge, proposed to send down, the night
+following, some boats loaded with provisions, and that your three posts
+had their orders to let these boats pass unmolested. The idea instantly
+occurred to me to profit by this discovery; and I ran to the Admiral,
+communicated to him what I had learned from the French deserters,
+begged him most earnestly to suffer me to make a last attempt before
+the embarkation of my army. I promised him that if there were twenty
+muskets fired from your posts, I would then desist immediately without
+further thought than to embark speedily in order to return to England.
+The council consented to my demand, and I began my landing at eleven at
+night. When my boats approached the two posts of Douglas and Rimini,
+upon their sentinels calling "_Qui vive!_" my soldiers answered them
+in French, "_Bateaux des vivres_," upon which they suffered them to go
+on without stopping them, as they might have done, in order to receive
+the password. Not finding a sentry at your third post, commanded by
+De Vergor, I landed there with diligence, and all my army was ashore
+before this post perceived our men, without firing but one musket,
+which wounded De Vergor in the heel, who was immediately taken
+prisoner without finding any man of his detachment with him.[H] I began
+my operation by landing there a Sergeant with ten Grenadiers, ordering
+him to advance always straight before him briskly, with long steps,
+and not to halt unless he was discovered by the enemy. A Lieutenant,
+with a detachment of Grenadiers, followed him, having the same orders,
+to halt instantly if they fired at him. The silence continuing, I then
+landed all my Grenadiers, who followed the Sergeant and the Lieutenant;
+and by degrees all my army landed without the least noise, disorder or
+confusion. The silence soon convinced me that they were not discovered;
+dissipated my fears, and assured me of the success of my enterprise.
+The head of the column, which was the guide to the rest of the army,
+got up the hill with difficulty, the others following them at their
+heels. If your guards had been vigilant and done their duty, all I
+risked was the Sergeant and Lieutenant, with a few Grenadiers. I would
+have stopped at the first discharge, as it would have been madness and
+unpardonable to attack by main force a hill so inaccessible that, even
+without an enemy at the top to repel them, my men had much difficulty
+to climb it. Moreover, I was assured by your deserters you had no
+troops on the heights of Abraham. You see now, sir, that it was not
+a heedless, ill-concerted project,--but a sure operation, without
+risking much. An invariable principle with me has ever been to make
+an attack where it appears the most difficult; and it generally meets
+with success, as the point is commonly ill-guarded, frequently entirely
+neglected, and scarcely comprehended in the plan of defence. I am not
+alone of this opinion. Cardinal Ximenes says, that "Ferdinand, King of
+Arragon, fitted out two armies against the Moors, under the conduct
+of Count D'Aguilar, and ordered them to enter into the mountains of
+Grenada at the same time, by the places the most difficult," and
+consequently the least guarded. He gained a most complete victory over
+the Moors. The most difficult gorges of mountains, when not guarded
+where only a single man can pass, a hundred thousand may do the
+same. It is then an easy operation, by forming your men in battle as
+soon as they get through the passage, and provided that they are not
+immediately discovered by the enemy. When once you have a front capable
+to oppose and stand firm, it increases every instant, as you may be
+convinced that the soldiers go through the dangerous passage with great
+quickness. Besides, the enemy is always disconcerted by a surprise;
+demoralized by an unforeseen incident, he becomes timid and alarmed,
+and may be looked upon as already vanquished before the action begins.
+The landing at Cap Breton was executed according to my system. The
+enemy does not expect you at a place of difficult access; it is where
+he does not expect me that I would make my principal attack. Commonly,
+men suffer most where they are most seen.[I] But if they are entirely
+neglected--as it happened at Louisbourg--it is a fault of the General,
+who should be answerable for it. But the General having placed upon
+them a sufficient number of troops in proportion to their difficulties,
+can he be blamed if the officers of these posts do not do their duty?
+
+MONTCALM:--Can there be any divine or human law to punish a man for
+the faults of others? Should they not answer personally? It has
+often happened that the safety of a whole army has depended upon a
+subaltern's guard! You see that the deserters caused you to make a
+last attempt--prevented your embarking your army for England--your
+giving up your enterprise--and, in short, ended in adding Canada to the
+British dominions; and perhaps a vigilant officer at that post (Wolfe's
+Cove) might have hindered the soldiers from deserting, which would at
+once have removed a first cause which produced so many extraordinary
+effects. Your system may be good, if executed with great prudence and
+precaution. But should the enemy be informed of your design, which he
+may be by a deserter acquainted with your great preparations, as you
+were with the negligence of our posts, it is an excellent opportunity
+to have your army cut to pieces and catch a tartar; as it must have
+been your case at the Sault de Montmorency (on the 31st July), had it
+not been for that sudden shower of rain, which came to your rescue in
+the critical moment, when your destruction was otherwise inevitable.
+At least, sir, confess the injustice of mankind. They reproach me with
+being the cause of your success! They accuse me of having sacrificed
+the welfare of my army through jealousy and ill-feeling! My king and
+country--for whom I would have shed, with pleasure, every drop of my
+blood--and those who view my case the most favourably, look on me as
+a giddy, ignorant officer! All these scandalous, atrocious lies and
+calumnies were spread everywhere by a set[J] of men who, from their
+immoderate thirst of riches, would, to serve their interest, have
+betrayed their king and country. Those vile, mercenary souls knew that
+I detested them as much as I constantly cherished honest men, whose
+noble sentiments endeared them to me. My death was happy for them. Had
+I lived to return to Europe, I would have had no difficulty to justify
+all my conduct, and crush these wretches like vermin. Covetousness and
+avarice carried them to Canada; they left their honour and honesty
+in France on embarking, easily forgetting what it is to be just and
+patriotic. I would have soon confounded them. Truth supports oppressed
+innocence, and, sooner or later, dispels the clouds which too often
+overshadow it. I shall give you a faithful and exact account of my
+conduct with regard to the operations of the 13th September, following
+scrupulously truth, which has always been the rule of my actions and
+is held in great veneration by me; and I hope to demonstrate to you
+that if the end of that campaign covered you with glory, Fortune
+was the chief agent, who reunited in your power a great number of
+circumstances, the absence of any one of which sufficed to render your
+expedition fruitless.
+
+Some days after the action of the 31st of July, M. de Levis was sent
+by M. Vaudreuil to command at Montreal, upon a false report that a
+body of English was coming to attack Canada by Lake Champlain--a story
+trumped up by my enemies to deprive me of M. de Levis, in whom I had
+the greatest confidence, on account of his talents: I cannot say he
+made me a just acknowledgment of my sentiments towards him. I went
+to his lodgings a few hours before his departure, which was kept a
+secret from the army; and as I was little acquainted with his plan of
+defence for the left of our camp, at the Sault de Montmorency, I begged
+of him, as a favour, to leave me his aide-de-camp, M. Johnstone, who
+had a perfect knowledge of the _locale_ of that part of the country.
+Your boats having caused us an alarm in the night between the 10th
+and 11th of September, by their appearance opposite to the ravine of
+Beauport, I remained at M. Vaudreuil's until one in the morning, when
+I left him in order that I might return to my lodging--having with
+me M. Montreuil, Major-General of the army, and M. Johnstone. On my
+sending away M. de Vaudreuil, after giving him my orders, I related
+immediately to M. Johnstone all the measures I had concerted with M.
+de Vaudreuil, in case you (Gen. Wolfe) made a descent at daybreak. He
+answered me, that your army being now assembled at Point Levi, and part
+of it gone above Quebec, on the south side of the River St. Lawrence,
+it appeared very doubtful where you might attempt a descent--whether
+above the town, or below it towards the _Canardiere_; he added, that
+he believed a body of troops might be advantageously placed upon the
+heights of Abraham, where they could with certainty confront you
+whenever you landed. I approved greatly of his idea. I called back
+Montreuil--who was as yet not far from us--and I ordered him to send
+the Regiment of Guienne--which was encamped near the hornwork at the
+River St. Charles--to pass the night upon the heights of Abraham.
+Next morning--the 11th--I wrote to Montreuil, ordering him to make
+this regiment encamp upon the heights of Abraham, and remain there
+until further orders. Thus, in consequence of my repeated orders, I
+had all the reason possible to believe that this regiment constitued
+a permanent post there; so that the declaration of the deserters from
+the three posts, who could not know this, might have led you into a
+dangerous snare, worse than that of the 31st July. Why this regiment
+continued the 12th in this camp at the hornwork, in spite of my express
+orders to encamp upon the heights, I know not; and can only attribute
+Montreuil's disobedience of my orders to the weakness of his judgment
+and understanding. It is nevertheless evident that, if you had found
+the Regiment of Guienne upon the top of the hill--where it ought to
+have been, had my orders been obeyed--you would have been repulsed
+shamefully with a much greater loss than you met with on the 31st
+July at the Sault; the height where you made your descent, the 13th
+of September, being infinitely steeper than that there which obliged
+you to make a speedy retreat, favoured by the _providential shower_.
+Or, perhaps you would have embarked immediately your army, without
+any further attempt, to return to England, after a most ruinous and
+fruitless expedition--the campaign ending with an incredible expense to
+your nation--fruitless; and, by this means, the colony of Canada would
+have been for ever delivered from such formidable armies.
+
+As soon as your army was reunited in a single camp at Pointe Levi,
+after having been so long separated, upon you sending a body of troops
+up the River St. Lawrence, I detached M. de Bougainville, with fifteen
+hundred of my best troops--composed of all my Grenadiers, of the
+Volunteers from the French Regiments, of my best Canadians and Indians;
+and I likewise gave him some small guns. I ordered him strictly to
+follow all your movements, by ascending the river when you went up, and
+descending as you did the same: in short, to be an army of observation,
+with only the river between you--never to lose sight of you--ever
+ready to oppose your passage up the river, and to fall on you with the
+swiftness of the eagle the moment you attempted to land on our side of
+it. He sent to inform me, the 13th of September, that all your army
+had descended to your camp at Pointe Levi. But he remained loitering
+with his detachment at Cap Rouge--three leagues from Quebec! Why did
+he not follow you to the heights of Abraham, according to his orders?
+Why did he not send me back my Grenadiers and Volunteers--the very
+flower of their Regiments? informing me, as also the posts of Douglas
+and Rimini, that he would send down that night. I cannot conceive the
+reasons for such conduct: it is beyond all conception! He was informed,
+between seven and eight in the morning, by the fugitives from the
+three posts, that your army was landed and drawn up in battle upon the
+heights of Abraham; upon which he left Cap Rouge with his detachment,
+no doubt with the intention to join me. But, instead of taking the
+road to Lorette, or to the General Hospital along the borders of the
+River St. Charles, which led both of them to our camp, he followed the
+heights of Abraham, where he was evidently certain by his information
+to find there your army to intercept him; and it could never be his
+design to fight you with fifteen hundred men! He found a house on his
+way, with three or four hundred of your troops barricading it, and
+was very desirous to take them prisoners. M. le Noir, Captain in the
+Regiment La Sarre--having more bravery than prudence and knowledge of
+the art of war--attacked the house with the most astonishing boldness,
+and had more than half of his company of Volunteers killed: he received
+himself two wounds--one of them by a ball through the body, and the
+other in his hand. De Bougainville, intent on taking the house, waited
+there the arrival of the cannon, to force it; but when the cannon
+arrived, it unluckily happened that the balls had been forgotten at
+Cap Rouge, which obliged him to return there, abandoning the house
+without a moment's reflection. How much more important it would have
+been to direct his march towards the General Hospital, in order to join
+my army! Thus were precious moments wasted ridiculously in the most
+trifling manner. De Bougainville--who has a great deal of wit, good
+sense, many good qualities--was protected by a very great person at
+Court; he is personally brave, has but little knowledge in the military
+science, having never studied it.
+
+The night between the 12th and 13th of September, when you made your
+descent, M. Poularies, Commander of the Regiment Royal Roussillon,
+who encamped behind my lodgings at Beauport, came to me, at midnight,
+to inform me that they saw boats opposite to his regiment. Upon which
+I immediately ordered all the army to line the trenches; and I sent
+Marcel--who served me as Secretary and aid-de-camp--to pass the night
+at M. de Vaudreuil's, giving him one of my Cavaliers of Ordnance,
+ordering Marcel, if there was anything extraordinary in that quarter,
+to inform me of it speedily by the Cavalier. I was out and walked with
+Poularies and Johnstone, between my house and the ravine of Beauport,
+until one in the morning, when I sent Poularies to his regiment, and
+I continued there with Johnstone. All night my mind was in the most
+violent agitation, which I believe proceeded from my uneasiness for
+the boats and provisions that de Bougainville had acquainted me, would
+be sent down the river that night; and I repeated often to Johnstone,
+that I trembled lest they should be taken, "that loss would ruin us
+without resource, having provisions only for two days' subsistence to
+our army." It appears to me that my extraordinary sufferings that night
+were a presage of my cruel fate some hours afterwards. At daybreak they
+fired some cannon from our battery at Samos, near Sillery. I then had
+no more doubts of our boats being taken by you. Alas! I would never
+have imagined that my provisions were in safety at Cap Rouge with de
+Bougainville, and that you were upon the heights of Abraham since
+midnight, without my being informed of an event of so great importance,
+and which was known through all the right of our camp.
+
+The day clearing up, having news from Marcel at M. de Vaudreuil's, who
+had always my Cavalier of Ordnance with him, and perceiving no changes
+in your camp at Point Levis, my mind was more composed on reflecting
+that, if anything extraordinary had happened, I would certainly have
+been informed of it. I then sent Johnstone to order all the army to
+their tents, having passed the night in the trenches, and retired to my
+lodgings after drinking some dishes of tea with Johnstone. I desired
+him to order the servants to saddle the horses, in order to go to M.
+de Vaudreuil's and be informed of the cause of the firing from our
+battery at Samos. Not a soul having come to me from the right of our
+camp since midnight when I sent there Marcel, I set out with Johnstone
+between six and seven in the morning. Heavens, what was my surprise!
+when opposite to M. de Vaudreuil's lodgings, the first news of what
+had passed during the night was the sight of your army upon the heights
+of Abraham, firing at the Canadians scattered amongst the bushes. I
+met at the same time M. de Vaudreuil coming out of his lodgings, and
+having spoke to him an instant, I turned away to Johnstone, and told
+him: "the affair is serious! run with the greatest speed to Beauport;
+order Poularies to remain there at the Ravine with two hundred men, and
+to send me all the rest of the left to the heights of Abraham with the
+utmost diligence."
+
+Johnstone having delivered my orders to Poularies, he quitted him
+an instant to give some instructions to my servants at my lodgings;
+returning to rejoin me, he found Poularies in the Ravine with M. de
+Sennezergue, Brigadier-General and Lieutenant-Colonel of the Regiment
+of La Sarre, and de Lotbiniere, Captain of the Colony troops and
+aide-de-camp to M. de Vaudreuil. Poularies stopped Johnstone to make
+him repeat to them my orders, which he did; and at the same time
+advised Poularies, as a friend, to disobey them, by coming himself
+to the heights of Abraham with every man of the left, since it was
+evident that the English army--already landed near Quebec--could
+never think of making a second descent at Beauport; and that it was
+manifest there would be in a few hours an engagement upon the heights
+which would immediately decide the fate of the Colony. Poularies then
+showed Johnstone a written order--signed "Montreuil"--which Lotbiniere
+had brought to him from M. de Vaudreuil, "That not a man of the left
+should stir from the camp!" Johnstone declared to them, upon his
+honour, that it was word for word my orders and my intentions; and he
+entreated Poularies, in the most pressing manner, to have no regard
+for that order signed "Montreuil," as the want of two thousand men,
+which formed the left of our camp, must be of the greatest consequence
+in the battle. M. de Sennezergue--an officer of the greatest worth
+and honour, who fell a few hours afterwards--told Johnstone: "That
+he (Johnstone) should take it upon him to make all the left march of
+immediately." Johnstone answered: "That, being only the bearer of
+my orders, he could take nothing upon him. But if he was in M. de
+Sennezergue's place, Brigadier-General, and, by M. de Levis' absence,
+the next in command of the army, he would not hesitate a moment to make
+the left march, without any regard whatsoever to any order that might
+be hurtful to the King's service, in that critical juncture." Johnstone
+left them irresolute and doubtful how to act, clapped spurs to his
+horse, and rejoined me immediately upon the heights.
+
+I don't know, any more than a thousand others, the particulars relative
+to the action of the 13th of September. I am ignorant of who it was
+that made our army take their abominable and senseless position,
+by thrusting it betwixt your army and Quebec, where there were no
+provisions, and the best of our troops absent with de Bougainville; it
+certainly must have been dictated by an ignorant and stupid blockhead!
+I certainly had no hand in it: the piquets and part of the troops were
+already marched up the heights before I came to the Canardiere, or ever
+knew that you were landed; and all the right of our army was marching
+after them when I arrived at their encampment. The only proper course
+to be taken in our position, and which would have been apparent to any
+man of common sense who had the least knowledge of the art of war,
+was to quit our camp coolly--calmly--without disorder or confusion,
+and march to Lorette; from thence cross over to St. Foix--which is two
+leagues from Quebec and a league from Cap Rouge--and when joined there
+by M. de Bougainville's detachment, to advance then and attack you as
+soon as possible. By these means you would have found yourself between
+two fires, by a sally from the town the moment that I attacked you on
+the other side. I was no sooner upon the heights than I perceived our
+horrible position,--pressed against the town-walls, without provisions
+for four-and-twenty hours, and a moral impossibility for us to retire,
+being drawn up in battle at the distance of a musket-shot from your
+army. Had I made an attempt to go down the heights, in order to repass
+the River St. Charles and return to my camp, I would have exposed my
+left flank to you, and my rear would have been cut to pieces without
+being able to protect and support it. Had I entered into the town, in
+an instant you would have invested us in it, without provisions, by
+carrying down your left wing to the River St. Charles--an easy movement
+of a few minutes. I saw no remedy other for us than to worry your
+army by a cannonade, having the advantage over you of a rising ground
+suitable for batteries of cannon, hoping, by thus harassing you, that
+you might retire in the night, as certainly you could never be so rash
+as to think of attacking us under the guns of the town; at least I
+would have made my retreat, taking advantage of the darkness of the
+night, to get myself out of the scrape where the ignorance of others
+had thrown me. I sent several persons with orders to M. de Ramsay,
+King's Lieutenant (Deputy Governor), who was in command at Quebec,
+to send me, with all possible haste, the five-and-twenty brass field
+pieces that were in position on the palace battery, near our army; and
+precisely at the same instant when Johnstone came to me on the heights,
+with the news of the order which prevented the left of our army to join
+me, a sergeant arrived from M. de Ramsay--the fourth person I had sent
+to him with my orders--with a categorical answer from him: "That he
+had already sent me three pieces of artillery; and that he could not
+send me any more, having his town to defend!" What could be de Ramsay's
+reasons for such a monstrous conduct, or who it was who inspired him
+with such a daring disobedience, I know not?
+
+1. "His town"--as he called it--was defended by our army which covered
+it, being drawn up in battle about two hundred fathoms from it; and its
+safety depended entirely upon the event of a battle.
+
+2. There were in Quebec about two hundred pieces of cannon, most of
+them twenty-four and thirty-six pounders.
+
+3. Small field-pieces, two or three pounders--such as the palace
+battery--could they be of the least service for the defence of a town?
+
+4. A commander of Quebec, as King's Lieutenant or sub-Lieutenant, such
+as de Ramsay was--not Governor,--or even M. de Vaudreuil himself,
+Governor General of Canada, at that moment in the town,--could they
+have any authority to refuse me all the assistance I could desire from
+Quebec, by my particular commission of Commander-in-Chief of the troops
+in Canada, when my army was at the gates of the town, and your army
+deployed ready to fight? A thousand other queries suggest themselves;
+but of what avail?
+
+I assembled immediately a council of war, composed of all the
+commanding officers of the several regiments, to hear their opinion
+as to what was to be done in our critical situation. Some of them
+maintained you were busy throwing up breastworks. Others, that you
+appeared bent on descending in the valley, in order to seize the bridge
+of boats on the St. Charles river with the hornwork, with the object
+of cutting off our communication with the left wing of our army, which
+remained at Beauport pursuant to the order signed by Montreuil. In
+effect, a movement your army made in that moment towards the windmill
+and Borgia's house, upon the edge of the height, seemed to favour this
+conjecture. But an instant afterwards, the Canadians having set fire
+to that house and chased you from it, you retook your former position.
+Others alleged, that the more we delayed attacking you, the more your
+army would be strong--imagining that your troops had not yet all
+landed. In short, there was not a single member of the war council who
+was not of opinion to charge upon you immediately. Can it be credited
+that these officers--to the dishonour of mankind--who were the most
+violent to attack you, denied it afterwards, and became the most ardent
+censors of my conduct in not deferring the battle! What could I do in
+my desperate situation? Even a Marshal Turenne would have been much
+puzzled to get out of such a dilemma, in which they had entangled me
+either through design or ignorance. I listened with attention to their
+opinion, without opening my lips, and at last answered them:--"It
+appears to me, gentlemen, that you are unanimous for giving battle; and
+that the only question now is, how to charge the enemy?" Montreuil said
+it would be better to attack in columns. I answered him: "That we would
+be beat before our columns could be formed so near to the enemy; and,
+besides, that our columns must be very weak, not having Grenadiers to
+place at their heads." I added, that "since it is decided to attack, it
+must be in Front Baudiere(?)" I sent all the officers to their posts,
+and ordered the drummers to beat the charge.
+
+Our onset was neither brisk nor long. We went on in confusion--were
+repulsed in an instant; and it could not naturally be otherwise from
+the absence of our Volunteers and Grenadiers, and de Bougainville at
+Cap Rouge with the best of our Canadians; the Montreal regiments with
+Poularies at Beauport, a league and a half from the battle-field. The
+example of the bravest soldiers in a regiment--the Grenadiers and
+Volunteers--suffices to infuse courage in the most timid, who can
+follow the road shown to them, but cannot lead the way. The brave
+Canadian Militia saw us with heavy hearts, grief and despair, from the
+other side of the St. Charles river, cut to pieces upon the heights,
+stopped, as they were, in the hornwork, and prevented by superior
+orders from rushing to our assistance. About two hundred brave and
+resolute Canadians rallied in the hollow at the bakehouse, and
+returned upon the heights. They fell instantly upon your left wing
+with incredible rage; stopped your army for some minutes from pursuing
+our soldiers in their flight, by attracting your attention to them;
+resisted, undaunted, the shock of your left; and, when repulsed, they
+disputed the ground inch by inch from the top to the bottom of the
+height, pursued by your troops down to the valley at the bakehouse,
+opposite to the hornwork. These unfortunate heroes--who were most of
+them cut to pieces--saved your army the loss of a great many men, by
+not being hotly pursued; and if your left, who followed these two
+hundred Canadians down to the plain, had crossed it from the bakehouse
+to the River St. Charles, only three or four hundred paces, they would
+have cut off the retreat of our army, invested the three-fourths of
+them in Quebec, without provisions, and M. de Vaudreuil, next day,
+must have surrendered the town and asked to capitulate for the colony.
+But your conduct cannot be blamed, as it is always wise and prudent in
+giving--as Pyrrhus advises--a golden bridge to one's enemy in flight.
+
+You see, sir, by this true and faithful account of the battle of
+the 13th September, and of what preceded it, how many different and
+unforeseen events, fortune was obliged to unite in your favour to
+render you successful in your expedition against Canada; the failure
+of any one of which would have sufficed to frustrate your enterprise.
+It would appear that heaven had decreed that France should lose this
+colony. Let us now conclude, sir, that I have as little deserved
+the blame, scorn, contempt and injustice which my country heaped on
+my memory, as you do the excessive honours they lavished on your's
+in England; and that the ablest General in Europe, placed in my
+circumstances, could not have acted otherwise than I did. Moreover,
+I was under M. de Vaudreuil--the weakest man alive, although a most
+obstinate automaton--and could not freely follow my ideas as if I had
+been Commander-in-Chief. In my country the law is equal: we neither
+punish, nor recompense.
+
+The Marquis of Montcalm, endeavouring to rally the troops in their
+disorderly flight, was wounded in the lower part of the belly.[K] He
+was conveyed immediately to Quebec, and lodged in the house of M.
+Arnoux, the King's surgeon, who was absent with M. de Bourlamarque:
+his brother--the younger Arnoux--having viewed the wound, declared
+it mortal. This truly great and worthy man heard Arnoux[L] pronounce
+his sentence of death with a firm and undaunted soul: his mind calm
+and serene; his countenance soft and pleasing; and with a look of
+indifference whether he lived or died. He begged of Arnoux to be so
+kind and outspoken as to tell him how many hours he thought he might
+yet live? Arnoux answered him, that he might hold out until three in
+the morning. He spent that short period of life in conversing with a
+few officers upon indifferent subjects with great coolness and presence
+of mind, and ended his days about the hour Arnoux had foretold him.
+His last words were:--"I die[M] content, since I leave the affairs of
+the King, my dear master, in good hands: I always had a high opinion
+of the talents of M. de Levis." I will not undertake the panegyric
+of this great man: a true patriot and lover of his king and country,
+possessing many rare and good qualities. Had he by chance been born in
+England, his memory would have been celebrated, and transmitted with
+honour to posterity. Illustrious by his virtue and genius, he deserves
+to live in history; he was an unfortunate victim to the insatiable
+avarice of some men, and a prey to the immoderate ambition of others.
+His ashes, mingled with those of Indians, repose neglected far from his
+native country, without a magnificent tomb or altars; General Wolfe
+has statues in England in commemoration of the many faults he committed
+during his expedition in Canada. "How many obscure dead," says a
+modern author, "have received the greatest honours by titles yet more
+vain? O injustice of mankind! The mausolea adorn the temples to repeat
+continually false praise; and history, which ought to be the sacred
+asylum of truth, shows that statues and panegyrics are almost always
+the monuments of prejudice, and that flattery seeks to immortalise
+unjust reputations."
+
+When I was informed of M. de Montcalm's misfortune, I sent him
+immediately his servant Joseph, begging him to acquaint me if I could
+be of any service to him, and in that case I would be with him at
+Quebec immediately. Joseph came back in a moment to the hornwork, and
+grieved me to the inmost of my soul by M. de Montcalm's answer: "that
+it was needless to come to him, as he had only a few hours to live,
+and he advised me to keep with Poularies until the arrival of M. de
+Levis at the army." Thus perished a great man, generally unknown and
+unregretted by his countrymen--a man who would have become the idol and
+ornament of any other country in Europe.
+
+The French army in flight, scattered and entirely dispersed, rushed
+towards the town. Few of them entered Quebec; they went down the
+heights of Abraham, opposite to the Intendant's Palace (past St.
+John's gate) directing their course to the hornwork, and following the
+borders of the River St. Charles. Seeing the impossibility of rallying
+our troops, I determined myself to go down the hill at the windmill,
+near the bakehouse,[P] and from thence across over the meadows to the
+hornwork, resolved not to approach Quebec, from my apprehension of
+being shut up there with a part of our army, which might have been the
+case if the victors had drawn all the advantage they could have reaped
+from our defeat. It is true the death of the general-in-chief--an event
+which never fails to create the greatest disorder and confusion in an
+army--may plead as an excuse for the English neglecting so easy an
+operation as to take all our army prisoners.
+
+But, instead of following immediately my ideas, I was carried off
+by the flow of the fugitives, without being able to stop them or
+myself until I got to a hollow swampy ground, where some gunners were
+endeavouring to save a field-piece which stuck there, and I stayed an
+instant with them to encourage them to draw it to the town. Returning
+back upon the rising ground, I was astonished to find myself in the
+centre of the English army, who had advanced whilst I was in the
+hollow with the gunners, and taking me for a general, on account of
+my fine black horse, they treated me as such by saluting me with a
+thousand musket shots from half of the front of their army, which had
+formed a crescent. I was, nevertheless, bent on reaching the windmill,
+and I escaped their terrible fire without any other harm than four
+balls through my clothes, which shattered them; a ball lodged in the
+pommel of my saddle, and four balls in my horse's body, who lived,
+notwithstanding his wounds, until he had carried me to the hornwork.
+
+It is impossible to imagine the disorder and confusion that I found
+in the hornwork.[Q] The dread and consternation was general. M. de
+Vaudreuil listened to everybody, and was always of the advice of he
+who spoke last. No order was given with reflection and with coolness,
+none knowing what to order or what to do. When the English had repulsed
+the two hundred Canadians that had gone up the height at the same time
+that I came down from it, pursuing them down to the bakehouse, our
+men lost their heads entirely; they became demoralized, imagining that
+the English troops, then at the bakehouse, would in an instant cross
+the plain and fly over the St. Charles river into the hornwork as with
+wings. It is certain that when fear once seizes hold of men it not only
+deprives them totally of their judgment and reflection, but also of
+the use of their eyes and their ears, and they become a thousand times
+worse than the brute creation, guided by instinct only, or by that
+small portion of reason which the author of nature has assigned it,
+since it preserves the use of it on all occasions. How much inferior
+to them do the greater portion of mankind appear, with their boasted
+reason, when reduced to madness and automata, on occasions when they
+require the more the use of their reason.
+
+The hornwork had the River St. Charles before it, about seventy paces
+broad, which served it better than an artificial ditch; its front,
+facing the river and the heights, was composed of strong, thick, and
+high palisades, planted perpendicularly, with gunholes pierced for
+several pieces of large cannon in it; the river is deep and only
+fordable at low water, at a musket shot before the fort. This made it
+more difficult to be forced on that side than on its other side of
+earthworks facing Beauport, which had a more formidable appearance;
+and the hornwork certainly on that side was not in the least danger
+of being taken by the English, by an assault from the other side of
+the river. On the appearance of the English troops on the plain of the
+bakehouse, Montguet and La Motte, two old captains in the Regiment of
+Bearn, cried out with vehemence to M. de Vaudreuil, "that the hornwork
+would be taken in an instant, by an assault, sword in hand; that we
+would be all cut to pieces without quarter, and that nothing else would
+save us but an immediate and general capitulation of Canada, giving it
+up to the English."
+
+Montreuil told them that "a fortification such as the hornwork was not
+to be taken so easily." In short, there arose a general cry in the
+hornwork to cut the bridge of boats.[R] It is worthy of remark, that
+not a fourth of our army had yet arrived at it, and the remainder, by
+cutting the bridge, would have been left on the other side of the river
+as victims to the victors. The regiment 'Royal Roussillon' was at that
+moment at the distance of a musket shot from the hornwork, approaching
+to pass the bridge. As I had already been in such adventures, I did
+not lose my presence of mind, and having still a shadow remaining
+of that regard, which the army accorded me on account of the esteem
+and confidence which M. de Levis and M. de Montcalm had always shown
+me publicly, I called to M. Hugon, who commanded, for a pass in the
+hornwork, and begged of him to accompany me to the bridge. We ran
+there, and without asking who had given the order to cut it, we chased
+away the soldiers with their uplifted axes ready to execute that
+extravagant and wicked operation.
+
+M. de Vaudreuil was closeted in a house in the inside of the hornwork
+with the Intendant and with some other persons. I suspected they were
+busy drafting the articles for a general capitulation, and I entered
+the house, where I had only time to see the Intendant with a pen in
+his hand writing upon a sheet of paper, when M. de Vaudreuil told me
+I had no business there. Having answered him that what he said was
+true, I retired immediately, in wrath, to see them intent on giving
+up so scandalously a dependency for the preservation of which so much
+blood and treasure had been expended. On leaving the house, I met
+M. Dalquier, an old, brave, downright honest man, commander of the
+regiment of Bearn, with the true character of a good officer--the marks
+of Mars all over his body. I told him it was being debated within
+the house, to give up Canada to the English by a capitulation, and
+I hurried him in to stand up for the King's cause, and advocate the
+welfare of his country. I then quitted the hornwork to join Poularies
+at the Ravine[S] of Beauport; but having met him about three or four
+hundred paces from the hornwork, on his way to it, I told him what was
+being discussed there. He answered me, that sooner than consent to a
+capitulation, he would shed the last drop of his blood. He told me to
+look on his table and house as my own, advised me to go there directly
+to repose myself, and clapping spurs to his horse, he flew like
+lightning to the hornwork.
+
+As Poularies was an officer of great bravery, full of honour and
+of rare merit, I was then certain that he and Dalquier would break
+up the measures of designing men. Many motives induced me to act
+strenuously for the good of the service; amongst others, my gratitude
+for the Sovereign who had given me bread; also, my affection and
+inviolable friendship for M. de Levis in his absence, who was now
+Commander-in-Chief of the French armies in Canada by the death of M. de
+Montcalm. I continued sorrowfully jogging on to Beauport, with a very
+heavy heart for the loss of my dear friend, M. de Montcalm, sinking
+with weariness and lost in reflection upon the changes which Providence
+had brought about in the space of three or four hours.
+
+Poularies came back to his lodgings at Beauport about two in the
+afternoon, and he brought me the agreeable news of having converted
+the project of a capitulation into a retreat to Jacques-Cartier,
+there to wait the arrival of M. de Levis; and they despatched a
+courier immediately to Montreal to inform him of our misfortune at
+Quebec, which, to all appearance, would not have happened to us if M.
+de Vaudreuil had not sent him away, through some political reason,
+to command there, without troops except those who were with M. de
+Bourlamarque at L'Isle aux Noix--an officer of great knowledge. The
+departure of the army was agreed upon to be at night, and all the
+regiments were ordered to their respective encampments until further
+orders. The decision for a retreat was to be kept a great secret, and
+not even communicated to the officers. I passed the afternoon with
+Poularies, hoping each moment to receive from Montreuil--Major-General
+of the army--the order of the retreat for the regiment Royal
+Roussillon; but having no word of it at eight o'clock in the evening,
+and it being a dark night, Poularies sent his Adjutant to M. de
+Vaudreuil to receive his orders for the left. Poularies instantly
+returned to inform him that the right of our army was gone away with
+M. de Vaudreuil without his having given any orders concerning the
+retreat, and that they followed the highway to the hornwork. Castaigne,
+his Adjutant, could give no further account of this famous retreat,
+only that all the troops on our right were marched off. It can be
+easily imagined how much we were confounded by this ignorant and stupid
+conduct, which can scarce appear credible to the most ignorant military
+man.
+
+Poularies sent immediately to inform the post next to his regiment of
+the retreat, with orders to acquaint all the left of it, from post to
+post, between Beauport and the Sault de Montmorency.
+
+I then set out with him and his regiment, following those before us
+as the other posts to our left followed us, without any other guides,
+orders or instructions with regard to the roads we should take, or
+where we should go to; this was left to chance, or at least was a
+secret which M. de Vaudreuil kept to himself _in petto_. It was a
+march entirely in the Indian manner; not a retreat, but a horrid,
+abominable flight, a thousand times worse than that in the morning
+upon the heights of Abraham, with such disorder and confusion that,
+had the English known it, three hundred men sent after us would have
+been sufficient to destroy and cut all our army to pieces. Except the
+regiment Royal Roussillon, which Poularies, always a rigid and severe
+disciplinarian, kept together in order, there were not to be seen
+thirty soldiers together of any other regiment. They were all mixed,
+scattered, dispersed, and running as hard as they could, as if the
+English army was at their heels. There never was a more favourable
+position to make a beautiful, well-combined retreat, in bright day,
+and in sight of the English Army looking at us, without having the
+smallest reason to fear anything within their power to oppose it, as I
+had obtained a perfect knowledge of the _locale_ from Beauport to the
+Sault de Montmorency during some months that I was there constantly
+with M. de Levis and M. de Montcalm. I thought myself in a position
+to foretell to Poularies the probable order of retreat, and the route
+which would be assigned to each regiment for their march to the Lorette
+village. I was greatly deceived, and indeed could never have foreseen
+the route which our entire army followed to reach Lorette, and which
+prolonged our march prodigiously for the centre of our army, and still
+more for our left at the Sault de Montmorency. There is a highway in a
+straight line from the Sault de Montmorency to Lorette, which makes a
+side of a triangle formed by another highway from the Sault to Quebec,
+and by another road from Lorette to the hornwork, which formed the
+base. In the highway from the Sault to the hornwork there are eight
+or nine cross roads of communication from it to the road from the
+Sault to Lorette, which are shorter as they approach to the point of
+the angle at the Sault. Thus it was natural to believe that our army,
+being encamped all along the road from the Sault to the hornwork, each
+regiment would have taken one of these cross roads, the nearest to
+his encampment, in order to take the straight road from the Sault to
+Lorette, instead of coming to the hornwork to take there the road from
+Quebec to Lorette, by which the left had double the distance to march,
+besides being more liable by approaching the hornwork so near to the
+English, to make them discover the retreat.
+
+The army, by this operation, would have arrived all at the same time
+in the road from the Sault to Lorette by the difference in the length
+of these cross roads, and would have naturally formed a column all
+along that road; and as it was not a forced retreat, they had the time
+from twelve at noon until eight at night to send off all the baggage
+by cross roads to Lorette, without the English perceiving it; but
+supposing them even fully aware of our design, which might have been
+executed in open day, they no way could disturb our operations without
+attacking the hornwork, and attempting the passage of the river St.
+Charles--a very difficult and dangerous affair--where they might be
+easily repulsed, exposing themselves in a moment to lose the fruits
+of their victory, without enjoying it; and consequently they would
+have been insane had they ventured on such a rash enterprise. Instead
+of these wise measures, which common sense alone might have dictated,
+tents, artillery, the military stores, baggage, and all other effects,
+were left as a present to the English; the officers saved only a few
+shirts, or what they could carry in their pockets: the rest was lost.
+In fact, it would appear, by this strange conduct, that a class of
+men there, from interested views, were furiously bent on giving up
+the colony to the English, so soon as they could have a plausible
+pretext to colour their designs,--by lopping off gradually all the
+means possible to defend it any longer. M. de Vaudreuil had still
+other kind offices in reserve for the English. He wrote to de Ramsay,
+King's Lieutenant and Commander in Quebec,[T] as soon as the retreat
+was decided:--"That he might propose a capitulation for the town
+eight-and-forty hours after the departure of our army from our camp at
+Beauport, upon the best conditions he could obtain from the English."
+We ran along in flight all night; and at daybreak M. de Bougainville,
+with his detachment, joined us near Cap Rouge. In the evening, our army
+arrived at Pointe-aux-Trembles--five leagues from Quebec--where it
+passed the night, and next day came to Jacques-Cartier. The English had
+so little suspicion of our retreat, seeing our tents standing without
+any change at our camp, that Belcour--an officer of La Rochebaucourt's
+cavalry--having returned to it with a detachment, two days after our
+flight, he found everything the same as when we left it. He went into
+the hornwork with his detachment, and fired the guns (pointed) at the
+heights of Abraham towards the English camp, which greatly alarmed them.
+
+
+                                 FINIS.
+
+[The remainder of the manuscript alludes more particularly to the
+campaign conducted by Chevalier de Levis, which ended, in 1760, by the
+capitulation of Montreal.]
+
+
+                                ADDENDA.
+
+  _Extract of the Register of Marriages, Baptisms and Deaths of the
+      French Cathedral at Quebec, for 1759_:--
+
+  "L'an mil sept cens cinquante-neuf, le quatorzieme du mois de
+  Septembre, a ete inhume dans l'Eglise des Religieuses Ursulines
+  de Quebec, haut et puissant Seigneur Louis Joseph Marquis de
+  Montcalm, Lieutenant General des armees du Roy, Commandeur de
+  l'ordre Royal et militaire de St. Louis, Commandant en chef des
+  troupes de terre en l'Amerique Septentrionale, decede le meme
+  jour de ses blessures au combat de la veille, muni des sacrements
+  qu'il a recus avec beaucoup de piete et de Religion. Etoient
+  presents a son inhumation MM. Resche, Cugnet et Collet, chanoines
+  de la Cathedrale, M. de Ramezay, Commandant de la Place, et tout
+  le corps des officiers.
+
+    (Signe,)
+        "RESCHE, Ptre. Chan.
+        "COLLET, Chne."
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+
+[A] Les Ecossais en France, Vol. II., P. 449.
+
+[B] Formerly, inward bound ships, instead of taking the south channel
+lower down than Goose Island, struck over from Cape Tourmente, and took
+the south channel between Madame Island and Pointe Argentenay.
+
+[C] General Abercrombie's army consisted of 6,000 regular troops and
+7,000 provincials, according to the English; but the French gave them
+out to be 6,300 troops, and 13,000 provincials--in all 19,300 men.
+
+[D] The French say the English lost between four and five thousand men.
+
+[E] Unfortunately, the plans here alluded to do not accompany the
+manuscript.
+
+[F] This contest is generally denominated the Battle of the
+Monongahela. Capt. Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu commanded the Canadians,
+and achieved a most brilliant victory over General Braddock and George
+Washington; the English losing their provisions, baggage, fifteen
+cannon, many small arms, the military chest, Braddock's papers.
+Washington, after the battle, wrote: "We have been beaten, shamefully
+beaten, by a handful of French."--(J. M. L.)
+
+[G] De Vergor's post apparently stood about a 100 yards to the east of
+the spot on which Wolfe's Field-cottage has since been built. The ruins
+still exist.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[H] De Vergor's guard was composed chiefly of Militiamen from
+Lorette, who on that day had obtained leave to go and work on
+their farms, provided they also worked on a farm Captain De Vergor
+owned.--"_Memoires sur les Affaires de la Colonie de 1749-60._" Some
+historians have intimated that De Vergor--a _protege_ of Bigot's--was a
+traitor to his King.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[I] I incline more to General Wolfe's opinion than what Voltaire
+reports in the war of 1781, to have been the King of Prussia's
+maxim:--"That we ought always to do what the enemy is afraid of." Where
+the enemy is afraid of anything in particular, he has there his largest
+force, and is there more on his guard than anywhere else.--(MANUSCRIPT
+NOTE.)
+
+[J] Bigot's coterie.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[K] It was reported in Canada, that the ball which killed that great,
+good and honest man, was not fired by an English musket. But I never
+credited this.
+
+[L] Arnoux gave me this account of his last moments.--MANUSCRIPT NOTES.
+
+[M] The place where Montcalm died appears yet shrouded in doubt. It
+is stated, in Knox's Journal, that, on being wounded, Montcalm was
+conveyed to the General Hospital, towards which the French squadrons
+in retreat had to pass to regain, over the bridge of boats, their camp
+at Beauport. The General Hospital was also the head-quarters of the
+wounded--both English and French. It has been supposed that Arnoux's
+house, where Montcalm was conveyed, stood in St. Louis street. No where
+does it appear that Montcalm was conveyed to his own residence on the
+ramparts (on which now stands the residence of R. H. Wurtele, Esquire).
+As the city surrendered five days after the great battle, it was likely
+to be bombarded--and, moreover, one-third of the houses in it had been
+burnt and destroyed--we do not see why the wounded General should have
+been conveyed from the battle-field to the Chateau St. Louis--certainly
+an exposed situation in the event of a new bombardment; and, moreover,
+the city itself, after and during the battle, was considered so
+insecure that the French army, instead of retreating to it for shelter,
+hurried past the General Hospital, over the bridge, to their camp at
+Beauport. There is a passage in Lieutenant-Colonel Beatson's Notes
+on the Plains of Abraham, which we give:--"The valiant Frenchman
+(Montcalm), regardless of pain, relaxed not his efforts to rally his
+broken battalions in their hurried retreat towards the city until he
+was shot through the loins, when within a few hundred yards of St.
+Louis Gate.[N] And so invincible was his fortitude that not even the
+severity of this mortal stroke could abate his gallant spirit or alter
+his intrepid bearing. Supported by two grenadiers--one at each side of
+his horse--he re-entered the city; and in reply to some women who, on
+seeing blood flow from his wounds as he rode down St. Louis street, on
+his way to the Chateau, exclaimed: _Oh, mon Dieu! mon Dieu! le Marquis
+est tue!!!_ he courteously assured them that he was not seriously hurt,
+and begged of them not to distress themselves on his account.--_Ce
+n'est rien! ce n'est rien! Ne vous affligez pas pour moi, mes bonnes
+amies._"[O]
+
+[N] M. GARNEAU, in his _Histoire du Canada_, says:--"The two
+Brigadier-Generals, M. de Semezergues and the Baron de St. Ours, fell
+mortally wounded; and MONTCALM (who had already received two wounds),
+while exerting himself to the utmost to rally his troops and preserve
+order in the retreat, was also mortally wounded in the loins by a
+musket-ball. He was at that moment between _Les Buttes-a-Neveu_ and St.
+Louis Gate." From the city, on the one side, and from the battle-field,
+on the other, the ground rises until the two slopes meet and form
+a ridge; the summit of which was formerly occupied by a windmill
+belonging to a man named _Neveu_ or _Nepveu_. About midway between this
+ridge and St. Louis Gate, and to the southward of the St. Louis Road,
+are some slight eminences, still known by the older French residents as
+_Les Buttes-a-Nepveu_ or _Neveu's hillocks_, and about three-quarters
+of a mile distant from the spot where the British line charged.--R. S.
+BEATSON.
+
+[O] For these particulars I am indebted to my friend Mr. G. B.
+Faribault--a gentleman well known in Canada for his researches into
+the history of the Colony; whose information on this subject was
+derived from his much respected fellow-citizen the Hon. John Malcolm
+Frazer--grandson of one of WOLFE'S officers, and now (1854) one of the
+oldest inhabitants of Quebec; where, in his childhood and youth, he
+had the facts, as above narrated, often described to him by an elderly
+woman who, when about eighteen years of age, was an eye-witness of the
+scene.--R. S. BEATSON.
+
+[P] This bakehouse appears to have been some where at the foot of
+Abraham's hill.
+
+[Q] The excavations of these French works are very visible to this
+day behind Mr. G. H. Parke's residence, Ringfield, Charlesbourg road.
+The hornwork appears to have covered about twelve acres of ground,
+surrounded by a ditch.
+
+[R] It crossed the St. Charles a little higher up than the Marine
+Hospital, at the foot of Crown street.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[S] A small bridge supported on masonry has since been built at this
+spot, exactly across the main road at Brown's mills.--(J. M. L.)
+
+[T] The deliberations of the council of war, called at M. Daine's,
+Mayor of Quebec, on the 15th September, 1759, published in de Ramsay's
+Memoires, in 1861, by the Literary and Historical Society, have done an
+effective, though a tardy, justice to de Ramsay's memory.--(J. M. L.)
+
+
+
+
+      *      *      *      *      *      *
+
+
+
+
+Transcriber's note:
+
+Simple typographical errors were corrected.
+
+Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant
+preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.
+
+Text contains apparent parenthesized references to a map, but this book
+contained no maps, diagrams, or illustrations.
+
+Page 3: "heartily" was misprinted as "heartly".
+
+Page 3: "buried there magnificently" was misprinted as "their".
+
+Page 8: "without trembling." should be punctuated with a question mark.
+
+Page 28: "analize" was printed that way.
+
+Page 30: "radient" was printed that way.
+
+Page 30: "LaRochebeaucourt" is printed as "La Rochebaucourt" on page 59.
+
+Page 50: Footnote M has two footnotes of its own (N and O). In this
+eBook, they've been resequenced as normal footnotes.
+
+Page 59: "La Rochebaucourt" is printed as "La Rochebeaucourt" on page
+30.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A DIALOGUE IN HADES***
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