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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 18:40:04 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-14 18:40:04 -0700 |
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diff --git a/44370-h/44370-h.htm b/44370-h/44370-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d34efae --- /dev/null +++ b/44370-h/44370-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,3950 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Handy War Guide for My Company, by André Godefroy Lionel Hanguillart</title> + <style type="text/css"> + +body { + margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + h1,h2,h3,h4 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; +} + +p { + margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + text-indent: 1.25em; + margin-bottom: .75em; +} + + + .copyright {text-align: center; font-size: 70%;} + .sub {font-size: 120%; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; margin-top: 2em; text-indent: -3em; margin-left: 3em;} + .author {font-size: 120%; text-align: center;} + .hang2 {text-indent: -3em; margin-left: 6em;} + .hang3 {text-indent: -1em; margin-left: 3em;} + + + .sig {margin-right: 10%; text-align: right;} + + + img {border: 0;} + .tnote {border: dashed 1px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + +hr { + width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; +} + +hr.chap {width: 65%} + +table { + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; +} + +.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; +} /* page numbers */ + + + +.blockquot { + margin-left: 5%; + margin-right: 10%; +} + + +.center {text-align: center;} + +.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + +.caption {font-weight: bold; font-size: 90%;} + +/* Images */ +.figcenter { + margin: auto; + text-align: center; +} + +/* Footnotes */ + .footnotes {border: dashed 1px;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align:baseline; + position: relative; + bottom: 0.33em; + font-size: .8em; + text-decoration: none;} + + hr.full { width: 100%; + margin-top: 3em; + margin-bottom: 0em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + height: 4px; + border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ + border-style: solid; + border-color: #000000; + clear: both; } + </style> +</head> +<body> +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44370 ***</div> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Handy War Guide for My Company, by André +Godefroy Lionel Hanguillart, Edited by Louis Joseph Alexandre Mercier, +Translated by Louis Joseph Alexandre Mercier</h1> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> + <tr> + <td valign="top"> + Note: + </td> + <td> + Images of the original pages are available through + Internet Archive. See + <a href="https://archive.org/details/handywarguidefor00hang"> + https://archive.org/details/handywarguidefor00hang</a> + </td> + </tr> +</table> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 434px;"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" width="434" height="800" alt="cover" /> +</div> +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[1]</a></span></p> + + + +<h1><small>HANDY</small><br /> +WAR GUIDE FOR<br /> +MY COMPANY</h1> + +<div class='center'> +Handy Company Commander's Guide<br /> +<br /> +Written at the front by<br /> +<br /> +<span class='author'><span class="smcap">Captain Hanguillart</span></span><br /> + +<i>of the French Army</i><br /> +<br /><br /><br /> +Translated and edited by<br /> +<br /> +<span class='author'><span class="smcap">Louis J. A. Mercier, A.M.</span></span><br /> +<br /> +<i>First Lieutenant, Harvard R. O. T. C.<br /> +Interpreter with British Expeditionary Force on the<br /> +French Front 1914-17.</i><br /> +<br /><br />————————<br /> +"<i>DASH UNDER DISCIPLINE</i>"<br /> +————————<br /><br /><br /> +Copyright, 1918<br /> +by<br /> +<small>R. D. CORTINA COMPANY.</small><br /> +<br /><br /> +<b>The Cortina Academy of Languages<br /> +New York<br /> +1918</b><br /> +</div> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>TABLE.</h2> + + + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align="left">Preface</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'><br /><b>Part I.</b><br /><b>Trench Life and Trench Warfare</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Taking over the Trenches</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Care and Improvement of the Trenches</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Watch from the Trenches</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Patrolling</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_22">22</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Interrogating Prisoners</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Devices to draw the Enemy's Fire</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">An Attack, the Repulse</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Counter-Attack</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_34">34</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Precautions against Enemy's Artillery</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_36">36</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Use of Trench Artillery</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_37">37</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Field Artillery Cooperation</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_39">39</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Daily Schedule</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_41">41</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Turning over the Trenches</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_43">43</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Out of the Trenches</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Topical Questions on Part I</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'><br /><b>Part II.</b><br /><b>French Infantry Combat Principles.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span>Open Warfare</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_53">53</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Approach</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Precautions against Silent Artillery</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Crossing a Bombarded Zone</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_59">59</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Use of Woods as Shelter</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">To Cross a Crest</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Fire Attack</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_69">69</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Precautions against Cavalry</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Termination of the Approach</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Use of Machine Guns</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Company Supports</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Companies in Support</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Charge and the Pursuit</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_73">73</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Attack of a Wood</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_75">75</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Attack of a Village</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Attack of a Defile</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Night Attacks</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_77">77</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Defense of Woods</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Defense of a Village</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_81">81</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Defense of a Defile</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Night Defense of a Position</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">The Counter Attack</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_83">83</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Topical Questions on Part II</td><td align='right'><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='center'><br /><b><a href="#Appendix">Appendix</a></b><br /><b>A Division Front in Trench Warfare.</b></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Page_99">The Trench System</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#Page_100">The Back Areas</a></td></tr> +</table></div> +<hr class="chap" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span></p> + + + + +<div class='copyright'> +<span class="smcap">Printed in the United States of America<br /> +By THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS<br /> +150 Lafayette Street<br /> +New York City</span><br /> +</div> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p>The first part of Captain Hanguillart's +little book "<i>Petit Guide pratique +de Guerre pour ma compagnie</i>" +has been incorporated in the new +manuals of instruction published for +the young recruits of the French army +by the official military publishing +house "Librairie Militaire Berger-Levrault," +the editors of the "Annuaire +officiel de l'Armée."<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></p> + +<p>Its special value comes from the +fact that it was written at the front +and is wholly based on the orders +which Captain Hanguillart drew up +for the instruction of his own company +and tested repeatedly through actual +experience.</p> + +<p>Thus its very omissions are significant.</p> + +<p>The text as it stands represents +essentials.</p> + +<p>Its every paragraph is a unit of tried +advice.</p> + +<p><b>It embodies the practical data that +has secured results.</b></p> + +<p><b>It sums up the cautions that have +saved lives.</b></p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span></p> + +<p>In the second part, Captain Hanguillart +has merely reproduced the +French Infantry Combat principles +long published in the official manual +for the instruction of platoon leaders.</p> + +<p>In presenting this little work, no +claim is made that it is adequate to +the complete instruction of company +commanders.</p> + +<div class='blockquot'>Its obvious supplements are such +works as: Colonel Paul Azan—<i>The +War of Position</i>.</div> + +<div class='blockquot'><i>The Army War College</i>—Translation +of the French Manual for Commanders +of Infantry Platoons.</div> + +<div class='blockquot'>Cole and Schoonmaker—<i>Military Instructors +Manual</i>.</div> + +<div class='blockquot'>Major J. A. Moss—<i>Manual of Military +Training</i>.</div> + +<div class='blockquot'><i>U. S. A. Infantry Drill Regulations.</i></div> + +<p>Captain Hanguillart's book should +be carefully compared with these. But +because of its peculiar origin it has +for the officer a value not possessed +by other books on this subject.</p> + +<p>It gives what a company commander +<b>actually found essential</b>.</p> + +<p>Furthermore, it corresponds to the +booklets published in France which are +placed in the hands of every recruit.</p> + +<p>Every officer should have full knowledge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span> +of his specialty, but <b>every private</b> +should understand the essential concerns +of his officers so as to appreciate +orders the more readily.</p> + +<p>The army of democracy should be +an intelligent thinking army.</p> + +<p>Such little books have helped to give +the French poilu his famed self-reliance +and resourcefulness.</p> + +<p>It is the hope of the publishers that +this translation may help to do the +same for his American comrades.</p> + +<p>The publishers also believe that the +book offers just the information needed +by civilians to follow intelligently reports +of military operations and of +life at the front.</p> + +<p>The editor has felt it his duty in rearranging +the loose notes of Captain +Hanguillart to respect scrupulously +the text, though, at times, the best +way to do so was through a free translation.</p> + +<p>The paragraphs have been numbered +and questions and diagrams added to +facilitate assimilation.</p> + + +<div class='sig'>L.J.A.M.</div> +<p>Cambridge, Mass.</p> +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1">[A]</a> Cf Chapuis. <i>Instruction théorique +et générale du soldat pour la période +de guerre.</i> 27<sup>e</sup> édition, January 1917.</p></div></div> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a><br /><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[9]</a></span></p> + + +<h2> +Part I.<br /> +<br /> +Trench Life and Trench<br /> +Warfare.<br /> +</h2> + +<hr class="chap" /> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[10]</a><br /><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[11]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>TRENCH LIFE AND TRENCH +WARFARE.</h2> + +<hr class="chap" /> + + +<h2>TAKING OVER THE TRENCHES.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>1.—Leaving Billets.</div> + +<p>The battalions of a Brigade occupying +a given sector of the front are billeted +when out of the trenches, in the +villages closest to their sector. Cf. <a href="#Appendix">appendix</a>.</p> + +<p>When their turn comes to relieve the +battalions in the trenches, the officers +in charge should have the following +instructions carried out:</p> + + +<div class='sub'>2.—On the day before the relief make +sure:</div> + + + +<div class='hang2'>That the rifles, bayonets, etc., are in +good condition.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>That the ammunition and reserve +rations are supplied.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>That the equipment of every man is +complete.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>That all officers and N.C.O.'s watches +are set to division time.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[12]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='sub'>3.—On the day of the relief, one hour +before departure:</div> + + + +<div class='hang2'>Have rifles stacked and equipment +laid out outside the billets.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Make sure that nothing is left behind, +that premises are cleaned, all +rubbish burnt, and latrines filled.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Have rifles loaded and with the safety +lock turned to the safe.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Assign an energetic N. C. O. to act +as file closer of each platoon to +prevent straggling.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Call the roll and have it duly forwarded +to the company commander.</div> + + +<div class='sub'>4.—On the way to the trenches:</div> + + + +<div class='hang2'>If under fire, have units march at +proper intervals (Cf. <a href="#par_117">par. 117ff</a>.)</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Adopt marching order best suitable +to avoid blocking the road.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>At night do not allow smoking.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Exact silence when nearing the +trenches.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Take special precaution at all times +to maintain constant communication +between units, especially at +night and when crossing woods.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>If enemy aeroplanes appear, stop +and keep out of sight as much as +possible. (Cf. <a href="#par_120">par. 120</a>.)</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[13]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='sub'>5.—On reaching the trenches:</div> + + + +<div class='hang2'>The relief should be completed in +silence—without hurry.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Carefully ascertain the orders of the +battalion relieved.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Check up and assign to each unit the +supplies taken over.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Requisition at once additional supplies +and ammunition wanted.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Each platoon should be assigned its +special duties, the duty roster +drawn up for all sentry and patrol +duties, details, etc.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Have all the men locate the enemy +trench as they come on duty and +give them the range.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Inspect the dugouts and assign them.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Forbid all digging under the parapet.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Inspect the latrines. Give strict order +that small amount of dirt be +thrown in after use and that lime +be sprinkled in daily.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>See that the men are provided with +ammunition.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Communication should be insured +between the various units to the +right and left and with the rear.</div> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[14]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>CARE AND IMPROVEMENT OF +THE TRENCHES.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>6.—Improvements:</div> + + + +<div class='hang2'>Investigate the work under way for +the improvement of defense and +prepare plans for further work if +necessary.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Obvious improvements are: making +additional communication trenches, +repairing or completing shelters, +listening posts, mining tunnels, +wire entanglements.</div> + + +<div class='sub'>7.—Ammunition shelters:</div> + + + +<div class='hang2'>See that there are a sufficient number +of shelters for rifle ammunition, +grenades, rockets and other +supplies.</div> + + +<div class='sub'>8.—Loopholes and Parapet:</div> + + + +<div class='hang2'>Ascertain the conditions of all the +loopholes and have them repaired +if need be. (They should cut the +parapet diagonally and be concealed +in every way possible with +vegetation, branches, and the opening +blocked when not in use.)</div> + +<div class='hang2'><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[15]</a></span></div> + + + +<div class='hang2'>Have all damages to the parapet and +to the ground underneath quickly +attended to.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>See that in each section there are +small ladders to permit of easy +access to the top of the parapet.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>See that means are provided to fire +above the parapet in case of an +attack.</div> + + +<div class='sub'>9.—Drainage:</div> + + + +<div class='hang2'>Attend carefully to the drainage. +Have the trench bottom kept convex +with small gutters on either +side running into pits lined with +gabions. If trench bottom is lined +with board walks, keep it in repair. +Have water pits emptied if +necessary.</div> + + +<div class='sub'>10.—Sanitation:</div> + + + +<div class='hang2'>Have latrines kept in perfect sanitary +order.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Have them filled up and others dug +<b>if need be</b>.</div> + +<div class='hang2'>Have all rubbish collected and carried +out.</div> + + +<div class='sub'>11.—Precautions against capture of +fire-trench.</div> + + + +<div class='hang2'>Prepare for the obstruction of the +communicating trenches in case<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[16]</a></span> +the enemy should capture the +fire trench: Have piles of sand +bags above the entrance of each +trench ready to be dumped into it. +Have chevaux de frise lined up on +one parapet of the trench and all +held up in such a way by a single +wire that when the wire is cut +they will fall into the trench. +Mines can also be prepared to blow +up the trench when invaded. The +communicating trench between +the fire trench and the listening +post should be covered with barbed +wire screens or be tunnelled.</div> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[17]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>THE WATCH FROM THE +TRENCHES.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>12.—Trench Warfare an outpost duty.</div> + +<p>Trench warfare, the inevitable form +of modern warfare, is a continuous series +of outpost duty. Hence it is based +wholly on eternal vigilance. The patrols +correspond to the scouts; the listening +posts to the sentinels; the firing +trench to the outguards; the cover +trench to the supports. The safety of +the sector depends entirely on the vigilance +of the advanced elements and +the rapidity with which supports and +the reserves can be summoned.</p> + +<p>Watching is thus the fundamental +duty in trench warfare.</p> + +<p>The following points should be kept +in mind:</p> + + + + +<h3>AT ALL TIMES</h3> + + +<div class='sub'>13.—Number of men in the fire trench.</div> + +<p>There must be as many sentinels in +each section as is necessary to cover +completely the sector to be watched, no +more, no less, each sentinel being given<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[18]</a></span> +the exact limits (such as tree, copse, +post, etc.) at each end of the line he +should watch.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>14.—Fix bayonets.</div> + +<p>The men on duty should have bayonets +fixed as, in case of a possible surprise, +they are needed for defense. +Otherwise too, fixing bayonets would +be an indication to the enemy of an impending +raid.</p> + + + + +<h3>DURING THE DAY.</h3> + + +<div class='sub'><a id="par_15"></a>15.—Observation of open terrain.</div> + +<p>When the terrain opposite is open +country, the necessary observation may +be done by the smallest possible number +of men. Fire only, if any of the +enemy are sighted. Then, have two +rounds fired, then three. But keep fire +under strict control. (If enemy continues +to approach. Cf. <a href="#par_52">par. 52</a> ff.)</p> + + +<div class='sub'>16.—Observation of covered terrain.</div> + +<p>When the terrain is covered (high +brush wood, copses, trees, etc.) a sharpshooter +in each section should fire occasionally +into the trees, etc., which +may be observation or sharpshooters' +posts but this should not be overdone.</p> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[19]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h3>AT NIGHT.</h3> + + +<div class='sub'>17.—Double sentinels.</div> + +<p>Post double sentinels in each section, +each man watching in turn, the other +resting but within call.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>18.—Silence.</div> + +<p>They should refrain from making the +least noise so as to hear and not be +heard.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>19.—No firing when fired upon.</div> + +<p>There should be no firing when the +enemy fires since when the enemy fires, +he does not advance.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>20.—Look and listen.</div> + +<p>They should keep a sharp lookout +but listen even more attentively.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>21.—In the listening posts.</div> + +<p>Sentinels in the listening posts +should listen especially for the noise of +crushed branches, stirring leaves, slight +noise of arms or utensils.</p> + +<p>If enemy is detected, these sentinels +should hasten back to fire trench to +give the alarm quietly so that the +enemy may be surprised.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[20]</a></span></p> + +<p>They should fire only if they are +themselves caught unawares.</p> + +<p>Listening posts should not be too +numerous, about two per battalion.</p> + +<p>If there are no listening posts, patrols +should be sent out to favorable spots +especially at sundown and before sunrise.</p> + + +<div class='sub'><a id="par_22"></a>22.—Enemy sighted or heard, fire.</div> + +<p>If the night is clear and the terrain +is open, proceed as during the day: If +the enemy is sighted or heard, fire in +short volleys. In case of doubt throw +grenades with the first volley.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>23.—Otherwise no firing.</div> + +<p>Otherwise, absolute silence should be +observed. No firing whatever.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>24.—Unless night is dark.</div> + +<p>If the night is dark, to avoid surprise, +keep up firing: One man per section +should fire in turn, from time to +time varying the direction.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>25.—Digging by enemy.</div> + +<p>If digging by the enemy is reported, +cease firing. Have it located, throw +bombs followed by volleys. Notify +sappers for counter mining.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[21]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='sub'>26.—Watch for light of enemy's fire.</div> + +<p>If enemy fires, note where light appears.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>27.—Posting of sharpshooters.</div> + +<p>Locate sharpshooters in advantageous +posts behind the trenches (trees, +etc.). Have them fire into the enemy's +listening posts and into the enemy's +trench, especially wherever light appears. +These posts should not be occupied +during the day.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>28.—Patrols.</div> + +<p>Send out patrols, stationary or mobile.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[22]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>PATROLLING.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>29.—Functions of Patrols.</div> + +<p>The aim: to supplement the work +of the listening posts and of the sentinels +through more forward observation. +To discover the movements and +the operations of the enemy. To locate +his emplacements.</p> + +<p>To keep in close touch with the enemy +so as to take advantage of his possible +weaknesses: lack of watchfulness, of +ammunition, of sufficient troops. To +verify, repair and complete advance defences. +To get the exact range of +enemy's positions. To bring back +prisoners.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>30.—Time to patrol.</div> + +<p>Patrols should be on duty through +the night but be specially watchful before +sunrise.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>31.—Assignment of patrol duty.</div> + +<p>N. C. O. and men should be assigned +to patrol duty by roster or as volunteers. +In the former case, if there is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[23]</a></span> +reason to think that a patrol has not +done its best to secure information, the +same men should be sent out again.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>32.—Sentinels should know about patrols.</div> + +<p>Neighboring companies should be +notified of the departure, route and +probable time of return of patrols. If +several patrols are sent out at the same +time they should know one another's +itinerary.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>33.—Dress and equipment of patrols.</div> + +<p>The men (3 to 5 commanded by N. +C. O.) should carry no impediments +and their dress should not interfere +with ease of movements: sweaters +should be worn instead of overcoats. +The woolen cap or comforter should be +worn as they cover most of the face. +Slits should be cut for the ears that +hearing be not interfered with. The +helmet should always be worn over +comforter. Also dark gloves to hide +the hands. No equipment save the +rifle, the bayonet fixed or carried in +the hand, (no bayonet scabbard), a +few hand grenades.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[24]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='sub'>34.—Method of advance.</div> + +<p>Patrols should crawl forward or advance +by short dashes, silently, stop +often and for long periods, listen intently.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>35.—Under flare light.</div> + +<p>If the enemy sends up lighting rockets +(flares) or fires volleys, lie flat on +the ground until he stops.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>36.—Against an hostile patrol.</div> + +<p>If a small hostile patrol approaches, +do the same, throw a stone or two so +as to turn its attention away and take +advantage of this to surprise it. If men +of enemy's patrol give the alarm, kill +them—lie flat on ground during enemy's +volleys which will follow. Then +strip bodies of distinctive uniform +badges, and search for papers, etc. +Otherwise bring men back as prisoners.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>37.—Need of initiative.</div> + +<p>Patrols should exercise initiative, +take advantage of circumstances, in devising +ways of bringing back the greatest +possible amount of useful information.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[25]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>INTERROGATING PRISONERS.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>38.—Information from prisoners.</div> + +<p>One of the chief aims of patrolling +is to bring back prisoners from whom +information may be gathered.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>39.—Its use by General Staff.</div> + +<p>The General Staff is interested to +know the nationality, the division, the +age, etc. of prisoners captured in a given +sector.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>40.—Its use by company commander.</div> + +<p>But these are of little value to the +battalion or company commander. +Hence, when possible, they should ask +the prisoners questions more pertinent +to the organization of the enemy sector +opposite:</p> + + +<div class='sub'>41.—Questions to ask.</div> + +<p>How strongly are your various lines +held?</p> + +<p>Where are the C. O. Post and the +officers' dugouts?</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[26]</a></span></p> + +<p>When and by what routes are the +reliefs made, how often and on what +days and at what time. Ask the same +questions for the fatigues.</p> + +<p>At what time are rations brought or +served?</p> + +<p>What is the actual muster of the +company?</p> + +<p>How many regular army officers, +how many reserve officers? What do +the men think of their officers?</p> + +<p>How many advanced posts? How +many men in each, by day and by +night? Do they have grenades and +how are they relieved?</p> + +<p>How many men are sent out on patrol, +how often, at what time, by what +route coming and going? How are they +dressed and armed? What are their +instructions?</p> + +<p>What does the enemy know about +our own patrols?</p> + +<p>Are snipers placed in trees during +the day and at night? If so, what trees +are used. What parts of our sectors +can they see?</p> + +<p>Are they planning any raids? Do +they anticipate raids by us?</p> + +<p>What work are they carrying on during +the day and at night?</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[27]</a></span></p> + +<p>Have they any idea of our own activities?</p> + +<p>What is the nature and the location +of their accessory defences?</p> + +<p>What is the location of their machine +guns, trench mortars?</p> + +<p>Have they any asphyxiating gas or +liquid fire apparatus?</p> + +<p>Have they abundant supplies of hand +grenades, etc., etc.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[28]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>DEVICES TO DRAW THE +ENEMY'S FIRE.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>42.—To make enemy waste ammunition.</div> + +<p>Any devices which lead the enemy to +waste ammunition or to expose themselves +is a clear gain.</p> + +<p>Many may be readily devised and +officers and men should be encouraged +to do so. The following have often +proved successful:</p> + + +<div class='sub'>43.—Pretend abandoning trench.</div> + +<p>Remain absolutely quiescent during +several days. This may lead the enemy +to send out patrols or raiding parties +which may be the more surely destroyed. +They should be allowed to approach +to the wire entanglements before +a shot is fired.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>44.—Pretend a raid.</div> + +<p>On dark nights, have all firing stop. +Throw stones by hand or with slings, +a dozen at a time toward the enemy's +trench. This will lead him to fire repeated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[29]</a></span> +volleys and waste ammunition +in his fear of an attack, especially if +the trenches are in wooded terrain and +there are leaves on the ground. Repeat +several times during the night.</p> + +<p>Patrols may also tie strings to the +enemy's barb wire. On dark nights +pulling on the string may lead the +enemy to fire.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>45.—Use decoys.</div> + +<p>Decoys may be arranged in trees or +stuck up momentarily over the parapet. +They will draw the enemy's fire.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>46.—Pretend a fire attack.</div> + +<p>If the enemy's trenches are near +enough for the sound to carry, whistles +may be blown all along the line before +a volley. They may be blown again +after the command to omit the volley. +The enemy may continue to fire indefinitely.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>47.—Watch out for enemy's ruses.</div> + +<p>Let the aim of all these devices be +to make the enemy waste ammunition +and to save your own. On the other +hand, the enemy is likely to attempt +like ruses and many others which are +not permissible such as the use of white<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[30]</a></span> +flags or raising hands to indicate pretended +surrender.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>48.—His use of blank cartridges.</div> + +<p>A legitimate ruse, of which the enemy +is fond and which should be guarded +against, consists in their firing blank +cartridges to mask an advance of their +men. It is clear that men do not advance +while bullets are fired from +their own trenches. Nor does one fire +in retaliation until the enemy's fire +ceases. A little attention will be sufficient +to spoil this plan as, when only +blank cartridges are fired, no bullets +will whiz by. As long as the enemy +fires blank cartridges, withhold your +own fire, be on guard against the appearance +of patrols and be ready to +receive them when they draw near.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>49.—His use of flares.</div> + +<p>In case the enemy sends up flares, +patrols should lie flat and motionless +till after the volley which often follows. +The sentinels in the fire trench should +note spot where flare was sent up and +abstain from firing unless enemy is +sighted out of his trenches.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>50.—His machine guns.</div> + +<p>If a machine gun opens fire from the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[31]</a></span> +trench opposite, try to locate it through +the light and sound at night, through +sound and actual sight during the day.</p> + +<p>Fire a converging volley of two +rounds in its direction, and repeat, but +not over six rounds if unsuccessful.</p> + +<p>At the same time let trench mortars +fire bombs in the same direction.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>51.—His field and trench artillery fire.</div> + +<p>If enemy's artillery fires upon +trenches (Cf. <a href="#par_69">par. 69</a> ff.)</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[32]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>AN ATTACK.</h2> + + +<h2>THE REPULSE.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'><a id="par_52"></a>52.—A threatened raid.</div> + +<p>As has been stated (<a href="#par_15">par. 15</a> and <a href="#par_22">22</a>) +in case enemy patrols approach, volleys +of two, then of three rounds +should be fired. Keep cool. Do not +fire prematurely.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>53.—Fire above parapet.</div> + +<p>The firing should be done over the +parapet and not through the loopholes.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>54.—When alarm is given.</div> + +<p>If the sentinels report that an attack +is developing, every one on duty takes +his post.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>55.—Flares.</div> + +<p>Flares are sent up from each section.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>56.—Trench Mortars.</div> + +<p>Trench mortars fire bombs with the +first volley.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>57.—How to repulse an attack.</div> + +<p>If the attack materializes, repeat<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[33]</a></span> +volleys and trench mortar discharge +and open fire with the machine guns.</p> + +<p>(On dark nights, in covered terrain, +the machine guns should be fired with +the first volley.)</p> + + +<div class='sub'>58.—Use of hand grenades.</div> + +<p>Hand grenades should be thrown as +soon as the enemy is within 30 yards.</p> + +<p>The grenadiers of the odd number +squads should aim to throw their grenades +upon the assailants while those +of the even number squads should try +to establish a barrage by throwing behind +the assailants.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>59.—Use of trench mortars.</div> + +<p>The trench mortars are aimed at the +enemy's trench.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>60.—Use of the machine guns.</div> + +<p>The machine guns fire directly at +the assailants, with slight differences +in height of aim, (knee high, waist +high, etc.) according to the directions +previously given to each man.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>61.—Fire Control.</div> + +<p>Carefully keep fire rifle under control +and avoid wasting ammunition.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[34]</a></span></p> + +<p>Never fire without aiming. If the +ground ahead is flat, aim waist-high; +if it slopes down, aim close to the soil; +if it slopes up, aim at height of chest.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>62.—Repulse with the bayonet.</div> + +<p>If some of the enemy reach the +trench, dispose of them with the bayonet.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>63.—Save ammunition.</div> + +<p>Cease firing and abstain from further +firing as soon as the attack is repulsed.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>THE COUNTER ATTACK.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>64.—Immediate.</div> + +<p>It should follow immediately upon +the successful repulse of the attack.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>65.—Counter attack formation.</div> + +<p>It should be developed in the following +formation:</p> + +<p>1st. Grenadiers armed only with a +bayonet, a bowie knife, a revolver and +a full stock of grenades. With them +a few men with pliers for wire cutting.</p> + +<p>2nd. Next a skirmish line of riflemen +with a full supply of ammunition.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[35]</a></span></p> + +<p>3rd. Lastly, a line of men with entrenching +tools.<a name="FNanchor_B_2" id="FNanchor_B_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_B_2" class="fnanchor">[B]</a></p> + + +<div class='sub'>66.—Method of advance.</div> + +<p>Proceed by short leaps making use +of available protection and crawl flat +on the ground in approaching the enemy's +trench.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>67.—Capture of the enemy's fire trench.</div> + +<p>After the defenders in the fire trench +are killed, jump in, throw bombs into +the dugouts, pursue the enemy into the +support and communication trenches.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>68.—Organize it against the enemy.</div> + +<p>Let then the engineers block up to +the right and left the captured trench +and organize it rapidly against the +enemy, making it face about (through +changing the parados into a parapet). +The enemy is pursued as far as possible +and kept away while fatigue parties +from the rear bring up all necessary +ammunition, sand bags, barbed wire, +etc., carrying back all the captured +enemy material. Other fatigue parties +start at once to connect the former fire +trench with the captured trench by +communication trenches.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_B_2" id="Footnote_B_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_B_2">[B]</a> Modifications of this formation have since +been adopted. Cf. Works cited in preface.</p></div></div> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[36]</a></span></p> + + + +<h2>CONCERNING ARTILLERY.</h2> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>PRECAUTIONS AGAINST ENEMY'S +ARTILLERY.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'><a id="par_69"></a>69.—Artillery Bombardment.</div> + +<p>Whether preliminary to, in connection +with, or independent of an infantry +attack, the enemy may make use of his +artillery.</p> + +<p>This bombardment may be directed +against the fire trench or back of the +fire-trench.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>70.—Case I.—Bombardment of the Fire +Trench.</div> + + +<div class='sub'>71.—All in shelter except sentinels.</div> + +<p>Leave in the fire trench the necessary +sentinels.</p> + +<p>Station all the other men in the shelters +of the support trench, or along the +communication trench, if there are no +shelters, but fully equipped and ready +to jump to their places in the fire trench +as soon as the enemy's artillery fire +will stop or lengthen to allow his infantry +to advance.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[37]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='sub'>72.—Fire to impede observation.</div> + +<p>All through the bombardment, the +sentinels should fire at all objects in +the distance which may be used as observation +posts. The machine guns +should cooperate with a slow sweeping +fire.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>73.—Case II.—Bombardment back of +Fire Trench.</div> + + +<div class='sub'>74.—Watch for infantry attack.</div> + +<p>All should stand to in the fire trench +watching for a possible infantry attack +and for a possible shortening of the +enemy's bombardment. If it occurs, +proceed as in Case I.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>75.—Prevent observation.</div> + +<p>Fire against possible observation +posts as in Case I.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>USE OF TRENCH ARTILLERY.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>76.—Use with a purpose.</div> + +<p>Whatever trench artillery appliances +are provided, bomb-throwers, trench +mortars, catapults, etc., they should +never be used hap-hazard, but always +with great deliberation and forethought.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[38]</a></span></p> + +<p>Have a distinct end in view and +watch for the best opportunity to attain +it.</p> + +<p>Such definite aims may be: to interfere +with a relief, a fatigue, a trench +construction or repair, to destroy accessory +defences, etc.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>77.—Keep it ready.</div> + +<p>Let the mortars, etc., be kept loaded +and trained on the target selected, +ready to be fired instantly. The crews +should be near at hand and a sentinel +posted to watch for a favorable opportunity.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>78.—Save ammunition.</div> + +<p>Until this opportunity occurs, do not +fire.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>79.—Have several emplacements.</div> + +<p>Several emplacements should be provided +so that mortars, etc., may be removed +as soon as they have obtained +desired results or been located by the +enemy.</p> + +<p>The trench mortar commander +should make it his business to study +carefully all possibilities for effective +emplacements and should inspire his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[39]</a></span> +men to be alert and quick to improve +opportunities.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>80.—Use of machine guns.</div> + +<p>The machine guns should likewise +be handled as a mobile weapon and not +be used merely from elaborate carefully +concealed emplacements commanding +otherwise uncovered ground or enfilading +communication trenches, etc.<a name="FNanchor_C_3" id="FNanchor_C_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_C_3" class="fnanchor">[C]</a></p> + + +<div class='sub'>81.—Use of hand grenades.</div> + +<p>Hand grenades may be listed as +trench artillery. The temptation is to +use them too freely. Like other ammunition +they should never be wasted +and always used with a definite aim.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_C_3" id="Footnote_C_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_C_3">[C]</a> Captain Hanguillart treats this important +subject very summarily. Cf. Cole +& Schoonmaker's Military Instructor's +Manual p. 319. He also barely mentions +Gas attacks. Cf. very complete treatment in +same work, p. 356 to 370.</p></div></div> + + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<h2>FIELD ARTILLERY COOPERATION.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>82.—Communications with the artillery.</div> + +<p>Should be permanent so that it may +cooperate whether to repulse an enemy's +attack, to silence his artillery, to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[40]</a></span> +damage his defences or to prepare and +protect an attack or a counter attack.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>83.—Observations posts.</div> + +<p>To avoid a waste of ammunition, and +attain the desired result as well as to +prevent the artillery fire from falling +short upon one's own trenches, artillery +observation posts should be provided +in the fire trench or at one of +the outposts.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>84.—Artillery fire falling short.</div> + +<p>In case artillery fire does fall short +upon one's own trenches, communicate +at once with artillery commander and +proceed as when bombarded by enemy. +(Cf. <a href="#par_69">69</a> ff.)</p> + + +<div class='sub'>85.—Artillery preparation of infantry +attack.</div> + +<p>Special caution should be exercised +in the case of a raid against the enemy's +trench. Make sure that the artillery +preparation has secured the desired +result. Synchronize carefully the +infantry advance and the lengthening +of the artillery fire.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[41]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>DAILY SCHEDULE.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>86.—Rosters and schedules.</div> + +<p>Throughout the stay in the trenches, +the various fatigues should be assigned +by roster and carried out according to +schedule. The following schedule has +been found practical:</p> + + + + +<h3>7 A.M. (6 A.M. in summer).</h3> + + +<div class='sub'>87.—Cleaning of trenches.</div> + +<p>Have trenches cleaned of all rubbish, +latrines disinfected, drinking water supplied.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>88.—Collecting of broken equipment.</div> + +<p>All cartridge shells, broken tools, etc. +should be collected.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>89.—Requisition Report.</div> + +<p>A list of the supplies and ammunition +needed should be drawn up.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>90.—Report on night activities.</div> + +<p>Full report should be brought to the +company commander, covering the +work of the patrols and of the fatigue +parties, and giving full details of all +that has happened during the night.</p> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[42]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='sub'>91.—Report on casualties.</div> + +<p>Also the list of casualties in the last +twelve hours with full names and nature +of wound if possible.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>92.—Disposal of property of dead and +wounded.</div> + +<p>The arms and complete equipment +of the wounded should be sent out with +them. The arms and equipment of the +killed should be sent to the battalion +commander. Their personal effects; +money, papers, letters, etc., should be +carefully collected, listed, and sent to +the sergeant-major.</p> + + + + +<h3>8 A.M.</h3> + + +<div class='sub'>93.—Sick Parade.</div> + +<p>The men able to walk are taken to +the doctor's dugout by an N.C.O.</p> + + + + +<h3>4 P.M.</h3> + + +<div class='sub'>94.—Assignment of patrols.</div> + +<p>Assign night patrols from roster. +Point out itinerary while light permits. +Have neighbouring sectors advised of +same.</p> + + + +<h3>(8. P.M.)</h3> + + +<div class='sub'>95.—Inspections.</div> + +<p>Inspection of sentinels in fire trench. +Inspection of ammunition supplies.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[43]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>TURNING OVER THE +TRENCHES.</h2> + + + + +<h3>THE RELIEF.</h3> + + +<div class='sub'>96.—In the afternoon and in each section:</div> + +<p>Have all the tools and supplies collected +and list drawn up ready to hand +over to successor against receipt for +same.</p> + +<p>Inspect equipment of men that they +may be taken out completely.</p> + +<p>Check up exact itinerary of relief in +and out.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>97.—At the time of relief:</div> + +<p>Have rifles inspected and emptied.</p> + +<p>Give strict orders for silence.</p> + +<p>Follow same marching order as when +coming in.</p> + +<p>Have officer march in rear.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>98.—On reaching billets.</div> + +<p>Have the roll called and sent to the +officer of the day.</p> + +<p>Have rifles inspected.</p> + + + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[44]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h3>THE DAY AFTER THE RELIEF.</h3> + + +<div class='sub'>99.—Replace equipment.</div> + +<p>Have all arms cleaned and oiled.</p> + +<p>Have broken arms turned in and +others issued.</p> + +<p>Inspect shoes, clothes, equipment, +tools, and replace when needed.</p> + +<p>Have special inspection of gas-masks +and replace if needed.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>100.—Sanitation.</div> + +<p>Have underwear washed, and personal +cleanliness attended to, baths, +hair-cuts, etc.</p> + +<p>Have premises kept clean and latrines +disinfected daily.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>OUT OF THE TRENCHES.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>101.—Specialists' Instruction.</div> + +<p>While in rest billets: Have all specialists' +instruction continued: sharpshooters, +bomb-throwers, signallers, +etc.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>102.—Bayonet exercises.</div> + +<p>Should be given special attention.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>103.—Close and extended order drill</div> + +<p>and marching give the men needed +exercise.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[45]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='sub'>104.—Relaxation.</div> + +<p>should also be provided: in the form +of games, contests, entertainments, etc. +They help to keep the men "fit."</p> + + +<div class='sub'>105.—Efficiency.</div> + +<p>The company commander should +make it is his constant concern that +his men be kept at the highest possible +point of efficiency.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[46]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>QUESTIONS.</h2> + + +<blockquote> + +<p>The following questions are topical. Supplements +to the answers found in this book +should be looked for in the larger works +referred to in the preface.</p></blockquote> + + +<h3>Trench Life and Trench Warfare.</h3> + +<p>1.—What inspections should be +made on the day before the relief?</p> + +<p>2.—State orders to be issued one +hour before departure.</p> + +<p>3.—What may be the marching orders, +on the way to the trenches?</p> + +<p>4.—Describe precautions to be +taken against enemy's fire, against +aeroplanes.</p> + +<p>5.—What other precautions should +be taken?</p> + +<p>6.—What should the company +commander attend to on reaching the +trenches?</p> + +<p>7.—What possible improvements of +trenches are obviously called for?</p> + +<p>8.—What special attention should +be given the parapet?</p> + +<p>9.—Give rules for drainage and +sanitation.</p> + +<p>10.—What precautions may be +taken against capture of fire-trench?</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[47]</a></span></p> + +<p>11.—What does trench warfare correspond +to in open warfare?</p> + +<p>12.—What does the safety of a sector +depend on?</p> + +<p>13.—What is the fundamental duty +in trench warfare?</p> + +<p>14.—What rule determines the number +of men to be posted in the fire-trench?</p> + +<p>15.—Sum up their orders about firing +before open terrain, before covered +terrain.</p> + +<p>16.—What is meant by double sentinels?</p> + +<p>17.—Why is listening attentively even +more important than keeping a sharp +look out?</p> + +<p>18.—Why should the sentinels refrain +from answering the enemy's fire?</p> + +<p>19.—What is expected of the men in +the listening posts?</p> + +<p>20.—When should the sentinels fire +on a clear night? When, on a dark +night?</p> + +<p>21.—What should the sentinels do, if +they hear the enemy's digging?</p> + +<p>22.—When and where are sharpshooters +posted and what is their duty?</p> + +<p>23.—What information may patrols +bring back?</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[48]</a></span></p> + +<p>24.—When should patrols be sent +out and how should they be assigned?</p> + +<p>25.—What should the sentinels along +a sector know about the patrols, and +the several possible patrols know about +one another?</p> + +<p>26.—Describe dress and equipment +of men on patrols.</p> + +<p>27.—Describe their method of advance.</p> + +<p>28.—What should they do on encountering +a hostile patrol?</p> + +<p>29.—What should be the motto of +men on patrol?</p> + +<p>30.—What are some of the most +useful informations about the enemy, +you should try to obtain?</p> + +<p>31.—What motto should you have +about ammunition?</p> + +<p>32.—Describe several ways of leading +enemy to waste ammunition.</p> + +<p>33.—What is the distinction between +legitimate and illegitimate ruses?</p> + +<p>34.—On what principle is the enemy's +ruse of the use of blank cartridges +based?</p> + +<p>35.—How may this ruse be foiled?</p> + +<p>36.—What should the sentinels, and +what should the men on patrol do, +when the enemy sends up flares?</p> + +<p>37.—How should the enemy's machine +gun fire be answered?</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[49]</a></span></p> + + +<p>An Enemy's Attack.</p> + +<p>38.—Describe procedure when enemy's +patrols are sighted by sentinels +and when an attack develops.</p> + +<p>39.—When are the trench mortars +and the machine guns fired?</p> + +<p>40.—How are hand grenades +thrown?</p> + +<p>41.—Where should the rifle fire be +aimed?</p> + +<p>42.—When are bayonets used?</p> + +<p>43.—Is it sufficient to repulse an +attack?</p> + +<p>44.—What formation should be +adopted for the counter attack?</p> + +<p>45.—How is the advance made and +the counter attack carried out?</p> + +<p>46.—Describe what is meant by organization +of a newly conquered +trench.</p> + +<p>47.—What should be done, if the +enemy bombards the fire-trench?</p> + +<p>48.—What should the sentinels do?</p> + +<p>49.—What should be done if the +bombardment is back of the fire-trench?</p> + +<p>50.—What general rule applies to +the use of all trench artillery?</p> + +<p>51.—What are its ordinary objectives?</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[50]</a></span></p> + +<p>52.—How are trench mortars handled?</p> + +<p>53.—What is meant by calling +trench-artillery mobile weapons?</p> + +<p>54.—Give a general caution for the +use of all ammunition.</p> + +<p>55.—What is essential to secure effective +artillery fire?</p> + +<p>56.—What should be done if one's +own artillery fire falls short upon one's +own trenches?</p> + +<p>57.—How is coordination between +artillery and infantry secured in case +of a raid?</p> + +<p>58.—What are the principal items +of the morning schedule, of the afternoon +schedule?</p> + +<p>59.—Describe the preparations for +leaving the trenches.</p> + +<p>60.—What orders are given at the +time of relief?</p> + +<p>61.—What is done before the men +are dismissed to their billets?</p> + +<p>62.—How should the days in rest +billets be utilized?</p> + +<p>63.—Describe a typical day in the +trenches.</p> + +<p>64.—Describe a typical day in rest +billets.</p> + +<p>65.—What should be the supreme +aim alike of men and officers?</p> + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[51]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2> +Part II.<br /> +<br /> +French Infantry Combat<br /> +Principles.<br /> +</h2> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[52]</a><br /><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[53]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>FRENCH INFANTRY COMBAT +PRINCIPLES.</h2> + + + + +<h2>OPEN WARFARE.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>106.—Is open warfare probable?</div> + +<p>It is improbable that in this war +trench warfare will definitely give place +on all sectors of the front to open warfare.</p> + +<p>But the tactics that have forced several +retirements will force others.</p> + +<p>If sufficient troops are available, +tried and fit and resolute, with the necessary +quantities of ammunition and +improved artillery, we shall see German +arrogance and brutality in victory +become again cringing fear and demoralization +in defeat; the experience of +the Marne will be repeated and the +invaders will be driven out of the territory +they swarmed over through +treacherous breaking of treaties.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>107.—The need of training in Infantry +Combat Principles.</div> + +<p>That day the infantry will come<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[54]</a></span> +again unto its own and its dash and +resolution will insure victory.</p> + +<p>To achieve it, it must be a well trained +infantry, in the old sense of the +word. Officers, non-commissioned officers +and men must have a thorough +and practical knowledge of Infantry +Combat Principles.</p> + +<p>These should be practiced in the intervals +of trench service when the battalion +is in rest billets.</p> + +<p>Their theory should be thoroughly +mastered by all on whom may devolve +responsibility.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>108.—The two phases of the Combat.</div> + +<p>We shall study here the two principal +phases of the combat: the approach +and the attack, from the point of view +of the company commander.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>109.—The Defense.</div> + +<p>We shall also consider the Combat +from the standpoint of the Defense.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[55]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>THE APPROACH.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>110.—All maneuvering at close range +impossible.</div> + +<p>In the attack, the infantry can proceed +only straight ahead. Under infantry +fire all maneuvering is impossible. +Therefore by "approach" is +meant all maneuvering preparatory +to the attack: It brings the troops +directly in front of and as near as possible +to the objective.</p> + + + + +<h3>PRELIMINARY DISPOSITIONS TO +START THE APPROACH.</h3> + + +<div class='sub'>111.—The orders to attack.</div> + +<p>The company commander will receive +his orders from the battalion +commander.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>112.—Equipment and Liaison.</div> + +<p>In the meanwhile let the lieutenants:</p> + + + +<div class='hang3'>a) make sure that the men are fully +equipped and provided with full +allotment of ammunition;</div> + +<div class='hang3'>b) appoint and parade connecting +files (runners) to await orders.</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[56]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='sub'>113.—Distribution of Orders.</div> + +<p>The company commander having +received his orders from the battalion +commander, will then call his subordinates +and issue his own orders accordingly, +including the formation to +be adopted.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>114.—Combat patrols.</div> + +<p>He will make sure that there are +combat patrols on the exposed flank or +flanks and to the front and rear if +need be.</p> + +<p>It is well to have combat patrols +detach automatically. It may be understood, +once for all, that, without +further orders, the first squad will +cover in front, the second to the right, +the third to the left, the fourth to the +rear, whenever needed. Still, the officer +in charge should make sure that this +arrangement is carried out.</p> + +<p>A combat patrol, if not a full advance +guard, will thus always precede a unit +and be the first to take contact with +the enemy.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>115.—Officers as guides.</div> + +<p>The officers serve as guides to their +units, until deployment, a mounted officer +in liaison with the advance guard<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[57]</a></span> +or advanced combat patrol checking up +the itinerary.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>116.—Keep Close Order as long as possible.</div> + +<p>The advance of a company into an +engagement is conducted in close order, +preferably columns of squads, until +possible observation by the enemy +or encountering of hostile fire makes it +advisable to deploy.</p> + +<p>Deployment should not be premature +and should always follow upon the +conditions arising during the progress +of the advance.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[58]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>PRECAUTIONS AGAINST +HOSTILE ARTILLERY.</h2> + + + + +<h3>AGAINST SILENT ARTILLERY.</h3> + + +<div class='sub'><a id="par_117"></a>117.—Nearing artillery which may +open fire.</div> + +<p>About two or three miles from the +positions liable to be occupied by the +enemy's field artillery, precautions +should be taken against the possibility +of its opening fire.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>118.—Deployment.</div> + +<p>Deployments should be adopted best +suited to escape observation:</p> + + +<div class='sub'>119.—To escape direct observation:</div> + +<p>March in single or double file, the +whole section<a name="FNanchor_D_4" id="FNanchor_D_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_D_4" class="fnanchor">[D]</a> keeping closed up so as +to diminish the number of files seen +from the front.</p> + + +<div class='sub'><a id="par_120"></a>120.—Under aeroplane observation:</div> + +<p>Avoid especially the center of roads +as they show white, utilize on the contrary<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[59]</a></span> +the spaces between cultivated +fields of different colors, make use of +all possible cover, trees, shrubs, ditches, +embankments. Always walk in +the shade when possible. If hostile +aeroplanes are flying low, halt and lie +down on left side, hiding face in elbow.</p> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTE:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_D_4" id="Footnote_D_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_D_4">[D]</a> The French "section" comprises 54 men. +It is thus equivalent to 7 squads, and may +be considered as 2 platoons.</p></div></div> + +<hr class="chap" /> + + +<h2>CROSSING A BOMBARDED ZONE.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>121.—Case I. Artillery opening fire to +register.</div> + +<p>A registering fire is easily recognized +as the German artillery registers either +with a single percussion shell at a time, +or with two time-shells at three seconds +interval.</p> + +<p>In the German field gun, the setting +of the angle of sight<a name="FNanchor_E_5" id="FNanchor_E_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_E_5" class="fnanchor">[E]</a> and of the elevation<a name="FNanchor_F_6" id="FNanchor_F_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_F_6" class="fnanchor">[F]</a> +involves two operations.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>122.—Oblique to right then to left.</div> + +<p>Therefore infantry under registering +fire should oblique forward rapidly.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>123.—Case II: Artillery opening fire for +effect.</div> + +<p>The zone has necessarily been previously<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[60]</a></span> +registered. Such a zone is easily +recognized by the presence of shell +holes.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>124.—Avoid Zone if possible.</div> + +<p>It should be avoided and the advance +made on its outskirts.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>125.—The five cases of fire for effect.</div> + +<p>If this cannot be done and the fire +for effect materializes five cases are to +be distinguished as the shells may be:</p> + + + +<div class='hang3'>1. Shrapnel shells bursting at right +height;</div> + +<div class='hang3'>2. Shrapnel shells bursting high;</div> + +<div class='hang3'>3. Time-Fuse high explosive shells +bursting at right height;</div> + +<div class='hang3'>4. Time-Fuse high explosive shells +bursting high;</div> + +<div class='hang3'>5. Percussion high explosive shells.</div> + + +<div class='sub'>126.—Case 1. Burst Area of Shrapnel +shells bursting at right height.</div> + +<p>The area of burst is about 250 to +300 yards in length and 30 yards in +width, half the bullets falling on the +first 50 yards of the beaten zone.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>127.—Protective Formation against +Shrapnel.</div> + +<p>Advance in line of section, in single<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[61]</a></span> +or double file keeping as closed up as +possible with 30 yards intervals between +sections.</p> + +<p>The second line should be 250 to 300 +yards behind the first.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>128.—Case 2. Shrapnel shells bursting +high.</div> + +<p>Much less dangerous than when +bursting at right height as initial speed +of bullets is spent. Same formation as +for Case 1.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>129.—Case 3. Burst area of Time-fuse +high explosive shells bursting at +right height.</div> + +<p>The area of burst is opposite to that +of shrapnel: short depth, large width, +only 7 to 10 yards depths as opposed +to 60 to 100 yards in width.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>130.—Protective Formation against +Time-fuse high explosives.</div> + +<p>Advance in line of section, single or +double file, keeping as closed up as +possible with 60 to 100 yards intervals +between sections.</p> + +<p>The second line may be 15 yards +behind the first.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[62]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='sub'>131.—Case 4. High explosive shells +bursting high.</div> + +<p>The depth of the area of burst is +longer than when shells burst at the +right height; therefore widen interval +between the lines.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>132.—Case 5. Burst area of percussion +high explosive shells.</div> + +<p>The radius of the explosion is only +about 25 yards but the local effect is +intense and the displacement is effective +in more than double the radius.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>133.—Protective Formation against +percussion high explosive shells.</div> + +<p>Advance in line of section in double +file, keeping as closed up as possible, +with about 100 yards intervals between +sections.</p> + +<p>The second line may be about 50 +yards behind the first.</p> + + +<h3>GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS +AGAINST ALL TYPES OF +EFFECTIVE FIRE.</h3> + + +<div class='sub'>134.—Dangerous to stop, useless to run.</div> + +<p>Do not stop in a zone under fire for +effect as lying down only provides a +larger target. If absolutely obliged to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[63]</a></span> +stop, remain standing and packed together +like sardines, maintaining above +formations and intervals. It is useless +to run, but, as much as possible, advance +steadily.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>135.—Protective Formation against +all types of shells.</div> + +<p>As may appear from the study of the +above the following formation and intervals +will afford the best protection +against all types and combinations of +types of shells, as a shell will never +affect more than one section.</p> + +<p>Advance in lines of sections in double +file, keeping as closed up as possible, +with 85 to 110 yards intervals<a name="FNanchor_G_7" id="FNanchor_G_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_G_7" class="fnanchor">[G]</a> between +sections.</p> + +<p>The second line should be 250 to 300 +yards behind the first.</p> + + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_E_5" id="Footnote_E_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_E_5">[E]</a> Inclination of the line of sight to the +horizontal.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_F_6" id="Footnote_F_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_F_6">[F]</a> The vertical inclination of the gun.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a name="Footnote_G_7" id="Footnote_G_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_G_7">[G]</a> All through this chapter, maximum intervals +are given. They may have to be +shortened to secure closer order at the +expense of greater safety.</p></div></div> + + +<hr class="chap" /><p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[64]</a></span></p> + + +<h2>SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE +APPROACH.</h2> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>USE OF WOODS AS SHELTER ON +THE ADVANCE.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>136.—Avoid if small.</div> + +<p>They should be used to advance or +halt only if they are of considerable +size. Then, they hide movements and +provide some shelter from fire. On the +contrary, when they are small, they +are to be avoided as they draw artillery +fire and do not offer sufficient +protection.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>137.—Liaison difficult.</div> + +<p>When advancing in woods, special +care should be taken to keep all fractions +connected.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>138.—Exit quickly at one time.</div> + +<p>To exit from wood, take all necessary +dispositions under cover so that, +on the signal of the commander, all +fractions may be ready to spring out +together. They should continue to advance +forward, as rapidly as possible,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[65]</a></span> +to avoid the enemy's likely shelling of +the outskirts.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>138.—Otherwise exit in different +places.</div> + +<p>If the exit cannot be made by all +fractions at one time, the elements of +the second line should avoid coming +out at the same point as those of the +first line.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>TO CROSS A CREST.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>139.—Cross altogether and rapidly.</div> + +<p>Let the line of sections assemble at +top of crest, crouching carefully below +the sky line. Then, upon concerted +signal, all should leap quickly across +and down the descending slope, making +as extended bounds as possible.</p> + +<p>This makes crossing fairly safe as +even the infantry will have to modify +both its elevation and angle of sight +for every new position of this quickly +moving target.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>PRECAUTIONS AGAINST CAVALRY.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>140.—Cavalry Patrols.</div> + +<p>During the whole "approach" watch +should be kept for possible cavalry +patrols. The elements acting as advance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[66]</a></span> +guard and flank guards or as +combat patrols have as part of their +special mission to keep the cavalry +away from the main body.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>141.—Face and Fire.</div> + +<p>To repulse cavalry, the infantry must +be able to face quickly toward the +charging horsemen and furnish a heavy +fire.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>142.—Protective formations.</div> + +<p>If cavalry patrols are expected ahead, +deployment as skirmishers will secure +this, if on the flanks, deploy in columns +of squads marching in double file. A +formation in echelon is effective at all +times.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>143.—Repulsing the charge.</div> + +<p>If cavalry appears, stop, face the +charge quickly, fix bayonets and fire at +will, the section leaders controlling the +fire.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>144.—In case of surprise.</div> + +<p>If surprised, deploy quickly and lie +down.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[67]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>THE ATTACK.</h2> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>THE TERMINATION OF THE +APPROACH.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>145.—The Objective.</div> + +<p>The standard objective of a battalion +is a maximum front of 550 yards.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>146.—Determination of the Objective.</div> + +<p>On nearing the objective the battalion +commander reconnoiters rapidly to +determine the number of companies to +put in the front line and the part of the +objective to be assigned to each.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>147.—Horses sent back.</div> + +<p>Mounted officers now send back their +horses to reserve battalion.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>148.—Assignment of position to companies.</div> + +<p>The battalion commander assigns to +each company its part of the objective +and the position from which it is to +start the attack.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>149.—Getting into position for the +attack.</div> + +<p>The orders are given verbally by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[68]</a></span> +the battalion commander to the captains +and by the captains to the company +usually through the platoon leaders +as the company is not in close order.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>150.—Deployment before infantry fire.</div> + +<p>As soon as the zone swept by the infantry +fire of the enemy is reached +(about 1000 yards) deployment as skirmishers +becomes imperative.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>151.—Methods of advance.</div> + +<p>Keep on advancing toward positions +for the attack by fractions, varying +method according to the terrain; short +rushes, crawling, making use of all +possible cover.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>152.—Position of officers.</div> + +<p>The battalion commander and the +captains march with the supports, the +battalion commander controlling the +despatch of reinforcements. As soon +as the supports are all sent forward +they march with the fraction nearest +the enemy.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>153.—Liaison.</div> + +<p>A connecting file (runner) accompanies +the battalion commander and +each of the captains.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[69]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>THE FIRE ATTACK.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>154.—The time to fire.</div> + +<p>It is determined by the casualties.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>155.—The order to fire.</div> + +<p>It is given by the captains; (only in +case of extreme emergency by a subaltern.)</p> + + +<div class='sub'>156.—Fire Control.</div> + +<p>The section leaders, under the direction +of the captain; control the fire: +classes of firing, volley firing, firing at +will; the target (the nearest hostile +troops within the sector of the objective +being the usual target); the range, +the opening and cessation of fire in volley +fire.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>157.—Fire observation.</div> + +<p>The section leaders are helped in +their observation of the fire effect by +observers standing besides them. The +fire is usually directed independently +by section or half section.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>158.—Verification of range.</div> + +<p>In principle, the corporals do not +take part in the fire but verify the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</a></span> +range and direction of the fire of their +respective squads.</p> + + + +<h3>ADVANCING THE FIRING LINE.</h3> + + +<div class='sub'>159.—Methods of advance.</div> + +<p>To advance the firing line in attack, +all means are good: by section, half-section, +squad, the only condition being +that it be by commanded fractions.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>160.—Closing in to replace casualties.</div> + +<p>As men fall, the rest close in toward +the section leader, the sections rectifying +intervals on the sections furthest +advanced (the captain is with this section, +all sections being now in line.)</p> + + +<div class='sub'>161.—Closing in on the battalion front.</div> + +<p>The several companies rectify intervals +in the same way on the furthest +advanced company (the battalion commander +being with this company).</p> + + +<div class='sub'>162.—Seize every opportunity to advance.</div> + +<p>Every propitious occasion to advance +should be seized at once by the +various elements of the line: greater +effectiveness of the neighboring section's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</a></span> +fire, slackening fire of the enemy, +effects of artillery, etc.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>163.—Each fraction protects advance of +neighbor.</div> + +<p>The movement forward of each +fraction of the line should be protected +by the fire of the neighboring fraction.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>164.—Keep fit to fire accurately.</div> + +<p>The fraction leader, after each rush +forward, should give time to the men +to get back their breath so that they +may fire with careful aim.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>165.—Liaison with the Captain.</div> + +<p>The captain should be kept informed +by a conventional signal as to the need +of ammunition, etc.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>USE OF MACHINE GUNS IN THE +ATTACK.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>166.—During the Approach.</div> + +<p>Use them judiciously but boldly. +They should advance as first units.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>167.—During the fire attack.</div> + +<p>Strive to keep abreast or ahead of +the most advanced elements especially +on the flanks.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='sub'>168.—During the charge.</div> + +<p>Try to have them reach the objective +with the firing line and contribute to +the pursuit.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>THE COMPANY SUPPORTS.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>169.—In liaison with the captain.</div> + +<p>The sections kept in support are at +the disposition of the captain.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>170.—Method of advance.</div> + +<p>Under the command of the section +leader, they advance, in double file, at +proper intervals or deployed, according +to their proximity to the enemy and +according to the terrain (covered or +uncovered).</p> + + +<div class='sub'>171.—Distance from the firing line.</div> + +<p>They should be about 250 yards behind +the firing line to whose movements +they conform.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>172.—Supplying the firing line.</div> + +<p>The section leaders keep in sight of +the captain and upon his signaled +command advance into the firing line +either to fill up a gap or to reinforce +a section.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='sub'>173.—When filling a gap.</div> + +<p>They advance as far as possible +ahead of the line.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>174.—Reinforcing.</div> + +<p>They come up with a rush and shout +to rehearten the line.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>THE COMPANIES IN SUPPORT.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>175.—Position.</div> + +<p>They are kept out of range of the +enemy's fire upon the firing line but +near enough to interfere as soon as +called upon.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>176.—Liaison with battalion commander.</div> + +<p>The captains keep in touch with the +battalion commander.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>177.—Advance into action.</div> + +<p>These companies advance into the +fire zone with the necessary precautions, +either by fractions or entire, taking +advantage of favorable conditions: +inefficiency of the enemy's fire, effectiveness +of the firing line, etc.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>THE CHARGE.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>178.—The final aim.</div> + +<p>The charge is the final aim of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</a></span> +whole attack. Its success means the +defeat of the enemy.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>179.—Caution.</div> + +<p>It should not be launched too soon.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>180.—By whom ordered.</div> + +<p>The order may come directly from +the commander of the attacking line or +be solicited by any of his subordinates.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>181.—Method of advance.</div> + +<p>Fix bayonets, advance, stop to fire, +advance again, but always so as to arrive +on the enemy's position without +being out of breath.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>THE PURSUIT.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>182.—One essential rule.</div> + +<p>It should be vigorously pressed.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>183.—Organize new position.</div> + +<p>In the meanwhile the conquered position +should be organized.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE +ATTACK.</h2> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>ATTACK OF A WOOD.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>184.—First objective.</div> + +<p>In the attack of a wood, the first +objective should be the outskirts. Concentrate +the first effort on the salients.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>185.—Method of Advance.</div> + +<p>As soon as the wood is penetrated, +advance quickly forward, utilizing all +roads, paths and trails. The company +advances by sections or half sections, +in single or double file, preceded by +strong patrols.</p> + +<p>Every effort should be made to close +in with the bayonet.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>186.—Outflanking.</div> + +<p>The companies or fractions on the +flank strive to outflank the enemy so +as to attack him on the flank or from +behind.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>187.—Frontal Attack.</div> + +<p>The companies or fractions in the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[76]</a></span> +center try to get across the wood as +quickly as possible, or, at least, to +reach a clearing.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>ATTACK OF A VILLAGE.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>188.—First Objective.</div> + +<p>In the attack of a village, the first +objective should be the nearest outskirt.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>189.—Organize.</div> + +<p>Consolidate this first position as soon +as conquered. Signal to the artillery +to lengthen the range.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>190.—Frontal attack.</div> + +<p>Then try to gain as rapidly as possible +the opposite end.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>191.—Outflanking.</div> + +<p>The flanking units endeavor to encircle +the objective.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>192.—Against interior defense.</div> + +<p>If the defense has been strongly organized +inside the village, fight forward +step by step. Blow up the obstacles +with explosives.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[77]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='sub'>193.—Cooperation of Artillery.</div> + +<p>Have artillery bring up a few guns +within close range.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>ATTACK OF A DEFILE.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>194.—When defended in front.</div> + +<p>If it is defended in front, try to advance +rapidly by one or both flanks, +small fractions only attacking on the +valley bottom, while the greater part +of the attacking force progresses on the +heights on either side, the flanks striving +to keep forward so as to reach the +other end before the defenders and encircle +them.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>195.—When defended in rear.</div> + +<p>If the defile is defended at the farther +end, as in the case of a bridge, +echelon units (properly covered) for +heavy concentrated fire from the bank +held and cross the bridge on the run +and in small groups.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>NIGHT ATTACKS.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>196.—Of limited scope.</div> + +<p>They must be confined to simple +movements over easy ground.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[78]</a></span></p> + + +<div class='sub'>197.—Orders to be given.</div> + +<p>They must be carefully prepared +secretly beforehand in every detail. The +orders must include detailed particulars +on the role of each unit or fraction +of units, precise data on the rallying +points and on the signals to be used.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>198.—Small units used.</div> + +<p>For many reasons, chief among +which is the difficulty of handling +large units at night and maintaining +contact, small units should be used.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>199.—A battalion the maximum.</div> + +<p>The fire of the adversary being negligible +at night, there is seldom any advantage +in putting more than a battalion +in line against a given objective, +the quality, discipline and cohesion of +the troops making up for the number.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>200.—Special precaution.</div> + +<p>Before beginning the approach, carefully +secure all arms and utensils so +as to prevent noise. Fix bayonets.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>201.—Method of advance.</div> + +<p>Walk in double files on sides of +roads, never in the center. Otherwise<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[79]</a></span> +as long as practicable, in columns of +squads.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>202.—Liaison.</div> + +<p>Commands are to be transmitted in +a low voice by connecting files.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>203.—To secure surprise.</div> + +<p>Keep absolute silence. Forbid all +lights. No smoking allowed.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>204.—Reconnaissance.</div> + +<p>The itinerary should be reconnoitered +beforehand, if possible, and index +stakes planted; otherwise an officer +should precede with a luminous compass +and men to plant the stakes.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>205.—No fire before charge.</div> + +<p>Do not answer the enemy's fire until +the charge.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>206.—Quickness essential.</div> + +<p>Success depends above all on the +rapidity and continuity of the advance. +Get there as quickly as possible.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[80]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>THE DEFENSE.<br /> +<br /> +DEFENSE OF POINTS d'APPUIS:<br /> +WOODS, VILLAGES, DEFILES.</h2> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>DEFENSE OF WOODS.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>207.—Distribution of Troops.</div> + +<p>The commander should distribute his +command so as to provide a defense +of the outskirts, an interior defense and +reserves for a counter attack.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>208.—The outskirt defense.</div> + +<p>The outskirts defense troops should +organize their positions and remain +hidden near the combat emplacements +until the attack is announced as impending +by their sentinels.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>209.—The interior defense.</div> + +<p>The interior defense troops should +organize their positions (abatis, barb-wire) +on the edges of clearings and +other open spaces so as to secure convergent +fire.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>210.—The Reserves.</div> + +<p>The counter-attack reserves should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[81]</a></span> +be placed in the rear and on the outside +of the flank best suited for launching +a counter attack. They should +proceed to organize the ground so as +to prevent the enemy from issuing +from the wood, and should strive to +keep on.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>DEFENSE OF A VILLAGE.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>211.—Distribution of Troops.</div> + +<p>The same as for the defense of a +wood.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>212.—The exits.</div> + +<p>The outskirts defense organization +should include trenches and accessory +defences before all the exits. These +should be strongly barricaded.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>213.—Interior strong point.</div> + +<p>The interior defense should be organized +about the houses most strongly +built and least visible to the enemy's +artillery. It should include hidden +communications between these strong +points, thus facilitating a prolonged +defense.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>214.—Special precautions.</div> + +<p>The streets should be barricaded and +loopholes provided in the walls of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[82]</a></span> +houses. Precautions should be taken +against fire: pails of water, boxes of +sand provided in the houses.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>DEFENSE OF A DEFILE.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>215.—To keep the exits open for an +advance.</div> + +<p>If the aim is to keep the exits open +so as to permit the advance of troops, +the defense should be organized at +some distance in front of the defile: far +enough to permit the unimpeded progress +of the advance.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>216.—To keep exits open for a retreat.</div> + +<p>If the aim is to keep the exits open +so as to cover the retreat of troops, the +roads at the bottom of the defile should +be left free and the defense troops so +placed as to draw the enemy's fire on +other points.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>217.—To block the defile.</div> + +<p>If the aim is to block the defile, the +defense should be organized in the interior +of the defile on both sides of the +place of greatest width, so as to secure +convergence of fire. Echelon detachments +all along the defile to act as a +rear guard in case a retreat is necessary. +Keep the flanks well protected.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[83]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>NIGHT DEFENSE OF A POSITION</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>218.—Precautions against attack.</div> + +<p>Attack should be guarded against by +accumulating obstacles and the defense +further prepared by previous reconnoitering +of the best ground for counter-attacks.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>219.—Receive with violent fire and immediate +counterattacks.</div> + +<p>The enemy's charge should be met +with a violent fire at the shortest possible +range, followed immediately by +counter-attacks with the bayonet, especially +on the flanks.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>THE COUNTER ATTACK.</h2> + + +<div class='sub'>220.—Confine to definite Objective.</div> + +<p>Indicate the objective very definitely +including the position to be reached +but not gone beyond.</p> + +<p>Its direction should not interfere +with the fire of neighboring troops.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>221.—Necessary Reconnaissance.</div> + +<p>The Counter Attack should be prepared +cautiously and the itinerary carefully, +even if rapidly, reconnoitered. +(This may have been done as part of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[84]</a></span> +the preparation of the defense. It +should be done with special care if the +counter-attack is to take place at +night.)</p> + + +<div class='sub'>222.—Watch for opportunity.</div> + +<p>It may be decided upon independently +of the incidents of the defense or to +take advantage of the mistakes or +weakness of the adversary.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>223.—Counter from short distance.</div> + +<p>The most favorable moment is when +the enemy is within a short distance +and its artillery consequently obliged +to stop or to lengthen its fire.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>224.—Sudden and intense fire.</div> + +<p>It should be launched suddenly so as +to surprise the enemy and pushed vigorously, +the fire being increased to +great intensity along the whole front.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>225.—Rapid and continuous advance.</div> + +<p>Rapidity and continuity of advance is +essential.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>226.—Bayonet charge.</div> + +<p>Its culmination is the bayonet charge<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[85]</a></span> +against the prescribed definite objective.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>227.—Stop!</div> + +<p>Hold this objective once conquered +but do not go beyond.</p> + + +<div class='sub'>228.—Dash under Discipline.</div> + +<p>Let the motto be always, but here +especially: "DASH UNDER DISCIPLINE."</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[86]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2>QUESTIONS.</h2> + + +<blockquote> + +<p>The following questions cover the principles +of combat in open warfare. These +principles have been supplemented rather +than changed in the light of experience +since 1914. In their original form, as given +in this book, they still may be considered +as fundamental. Compare them carefully +with the treatment of the same topics in +the larger works recommended. The questions +are shaped to cover the topics supplemented.</p></blockquote> + +<p>1.—What is the difference between +"trench warfare" and "open warfare"?</p> + +<p>2.—What is meant by the "combat"?</p> + +<p>3.—What are the two phases of the +combat?</p> + +<p>4.—What is the distinction between +"the approach" and the "attack"?</p> + +<p>5.—Why is maneuvering impossible +under infantry fire?</p> + +<p>6.—What is the purpose of the approach?</p> + +<p>7.—How are orders issued?</p> + +<p>8.—How is liaison secured?</p> + +<p>9.—What were the original functions +of combat patrols?</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[87]</a></span></p> + +<p>10.—When should close order be +abandoned for deployment?</p> + +<p>11.—At what distance from the enemy +does deployment become imperative?</p> + +<p>12.—What is the last formation to +escape direct observation?</p> + +<p>13.—What precautions may be taken +against aeroplane observations?</p> + +<p>14.—What is the difference between +a registering fire and fire for effect?</p> + +<p>15.—How may the German registering +fire be recognized?</p> + +<p>16.—What precaution may be taken +against it and why is it effective?</p> + +<p>17.—What preliminaries are necessary +to open fire for effect?</p> + +<p>18.—What is an easy way to recognize +whether fire for effect may be +expected?</p> + +<p>19.—What five cases of fire may be +distinguished?</p> + +<p>20.—What is the burst area of a +shrapnel shell?</p> + +<p>21.—What is the safest protective +formation against shrapnel?</p> + +<p>22.—What is the difference between +a shrapnel shell, a time-fuse high explosive +shell and a percussion high +explosive shell?</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[88]</a></span></p> + +<p>23.—What is the burst area of a +time-fuse high explosive shell?</p> + +<p>24.—What is the safest protective +formation against it?</p> + +<p>25.—What is the burst area of percussion +high explosive shells, and what +precautions can be taken against them?</p> + +<p>26.—What is the safest protective +formation against all types of shells?</p> + +<p>27.—What objections may it be open +to?</p> + +<p>28.—What is the safest way and +direction to go when under artillery +fire?</p> + +<p>29.—Why should small woods be +avoided?</p> + +<p>30.—In large woods, what precautions +must be taken to secure a steady +advance?</p> + +<p>31.—How should the exit from a +wood be made?</p> + +<p>32.—Describe method of crossing a +crest.</p> + +<p>33.—What are good protective formations +against cavalry and how is it +repulsed?</p> + +<p>34.—What elements have the mission +to deal with cavalry patrols?</p> + +<p>35.—What is meant by "the objective" +in attack?</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[89]</a></span></p> + +<p>36.—What is the distinction between +determining the objective and +the position from which to start the +attack?</p> + +<p>37.—What is the distinction between +"the approach" and getting into position +for the attack?</p> + +<p>38.—At what distance from the +enemy does deployment as skirmishers +become imperative?</p> + +<p>39.—Describe method of advance toward +positions for the attack.</p> + +<p>40.—Where should the officers be +during this advance?</p> + +<p>41.—How is liaison (communication) +secured between the various commands?</p> + +<p>42.—What is meant by the fire attack?</p> + +<p>44.—How is the time to fire determined?</p> + +<p>45.—How are fire control and fire +effect secured?</p> + +<p>46.—How is the firing line advanced?</p> + +<p>47.—How is it rectified?</p> + +<p>48.—Why should care be taken not +to have men out of breath?</p> + +<p>49.—How should machine guns be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[90]</a></span> +made to contribute to the approach, +the fire attack, the charge?</p> + +<p>50.—How far should the company +supports be from the firing line?</p> + +<p>51.—Who commands them?</p> + +<p>52.—How is the firing line reinforced?</p> + +<p>53.—Describe the company supports +going into the line to fill up a gap, to +reinforce a section.</p> + +<p>54.—Describe position and behavior +of companies in support.</p> + +<p>55.—What is the final stage of the +whole attack?</p> + +<p>56.—Who orders the charge and how +is it made?</p> + +<p>57.—What is the difference between +the charge and the pursuit?</p> + +<p>58.—What should be done with a +newly conquered position?</p> + +<p>59.—What is the first objective in +attacking a wood?</p> + +<p>60.—How does the aim of the troops +on the wings differ from that of those +in the center?</p> + +<p>62.—Distinguish the different objectives +in the attack of a village.</p> + +<p>63.—Describe the attack to proceed +through a defile in which the enemy is +located.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[91]</a></span></p> + +<p>64.—Describe the attack of a bridge.</p> + +<p>65.—Why should night attacks be of +limited scope?</p> + +<p>66.—What special precautions should +be taken?</p> + +<p>67.—What is the largest unit advisable?</p> + +<p>68.—How is surprise secured?</p> + +<p>69.—Describe the methods of reconnaissance, +advance and liaison for a +night attack.</p> + +<p>70.—Should the enemy's fire be answered +in a night attack?</p> + +<p>71.—What does the success of a +night attack chiefly depend on?</p> + +<p>72.—How should troops be distributed +for the defense of woods and what +is the function of each?</p> + +<p>73.—Describe the distribution of +troops for the defense of a village.</p> + +<p>74.—How should the outskirts defense +be organized?</p> + +<p>75.—Describe the interior defense.</p> + +<p>76.—How can a defile be kept open +for an advance?</p> + +<p>77.—How can a defile be safeguarded +for a retreat?</p> + +<p>78.—Give necessary orders for the +blocking of a defile.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[92]</a></span></p> + +<p>79.—Why should reconnoitering for +counter attacks always be part of the +organization for defense.</p> + +<p>80.—Describe repulse of a night attack.</p> + +<p>81.—Is an attack ever advisable without +previous reconnaissance?</p> + +<p>82.—Explain the importance of understanding +the exact objective in a +counterattack.</p> + +<p>83.—What is the best time to launch +a counter attack?</p> + +<p>84.—What precautions must be taken +to secure the success of a counter attack?</p> + +<p>85.—What is a good motto under all +conditions, but especially in the attack?</p> +<hr class="chap" /> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[93]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2> +<a id="Appendix"></a>Appendix.<br /> +<br /> +A Division Front in<br /> +Trench Warfare.<br /> +</h2> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[94]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h3><a id="EXPLANATION_OF_PLATE_I"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.</h3> + + +<p>The following may be considered a +standard scheme of distribution of +troops, for trench warfare, in a fully +developed trench system.</p> + +<p>An infantry division is composed of +two brigades, each brigade of two +regiments, each regiment of three battalions. +Each brigade thus has six +battalions, each battalion numbering +1026 officers and men, normally divided +into four companies.</p> + +<p>One battalion occupies about 1000 +yards in ordinary trench warfare. As +reliefs must be frequent, three battalions +of each brigade will be on duty, +while the other three are in rest-billets, +at least two miles back of the trenches.</p> + +<p>Two of the battalions on duty occupy +the trenches, the third is stationed +about a mile back, in reserve.</p> + +<p>A brigade can therefore hold about +2000 yards of trenches: two battalions +in front line trenches, one battalion in +reserve, and three battalions in rest +billets.</p> + +<p>Hence a division (two brigades) will +hold a front of about 4000 yards.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[95]</a></span></p> + +<p>Within each 1000 yards front, the +distribution may be as follows:</p> + +<p>Three platoons of Companies A, B, +and C occupy the dugouts of the cover +trench and of the support trench and +post sentinels by roster in the fire +trench.</p> + +<p>Platoon No. 4 of each company occupy +the dugouts of the reserve trench, +together with the entire Company D.</p> + +<p>Platoons and companies then relieve +one another according to roster, a +platoon of each company and an entire +company, in turn, enjoying comparative +rest in the reserve trench even +during the stay of the battalion in the +trenches.</p> + + + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h3><a id="EXPLANATION_OF_PLATE_II"></a>EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.</h3> + + +<p>The following is a description of the +back areas of a divisional sector in +which there has been no great changes +since 1915. There are still several +hundred miles of such sectors.</p> + +<p>The line at the top marks the beginning +of the trench-system described +in Plate I. being the entrance to the +communication trenches.</p> + +<p>Road a, b, with the river c, d, run +at the bottom of a small valley surrounded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[96]</a></span> +by hills of about 80 ft. elevation. +A branch of the river runs from +c. to e. and a railroad beside it, along +road h, i, and crossing road j, k. A +good size village is at D, a smaller one +at C, hamlets at A and B. The latter +are about one mile back of the trenches, +village C. about two miles and +village D. between three and four.</p> + +<p>Hamlets A and B have probably +been heavily bombarded at the time +line was established and have been +evacuated by the civilians. Village C. +has received shells, but, if there has +been no big attack in the sector, is in +fair shape and some of the inhabitants +remain. Village D. may also have +suffered from shells but probably most +of the inhabitants remain. Such villages +may be clusters of farms or of +cottages, depending upon the region. +If village is made up of cottages, farm +houses will be found along the roads +at frequent intervals. The fields are +likely to be under cultivation almost +as far as road k, l.</p> + +<p>Villages A, B, C are used to billet +the battalion in reserve of each brigade. +Village D. and the nearest villages +further back are used as rest-billets +by the battalions of the brigades +who will relieve those in the trenches.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[97]</a></span></p> + +<p>Near or in villages A, B and C or +near hill E and G are located the transports +of the infantry battalions in the +trenches. Supplies are sent daily to +the trenches from this headquarters of +the quartermaster and transport officer.</p> + +<p>Somewhere along road k, l, or about +hills E and G are hidden in gun pits +the batteries of field artillery attached +to the division. The men live in dugouts +alongside. The camps for the +horses, wagons and supply headquarters +of these batteries are hidden in the +woods or on the further slopes of hills +E, F, G.</p> + +<p>In village D are very likely located +the Brigades' headquarters and such +services as the Field Ambulance and +the Divisional Supply Departments. +The Y. M. C. A. recreation centers, +divisional theatre, football fields, army +canteens etc., are also located in village +D or just back of it. If the +houses in the villages do not provide +enough billets, huts and tents are +erected. Otherwise the officers are +billeted in the houses of the inhabitants +and the men in the barns.</p> + +<p>The Divisional Headquarters, the +Ammunition Column, the Artillery +Brigade Headquarters, the Engineers,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[98]</a></span> +the Ammunition Dumps, etc., are +strung out in the villages and along +the roads just back of village D. The +heavier artillery is also posted back of +this line.</p> + +<p>In sectors that have been the scenes +of offensives the several elements remain +in the same relation, but as the +villages have been obliterated, shelters +must be provided. [The Editor.]</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[99]</a></span></p> +<div class='tnote'><div class='center'><b>Transcriber's Note:</b> To see larger versions of +these diagrams, click on the diagram.</div></div> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a id="PLATE_I"></a> +<a href="images/plate1-big.jpg"><img src="images/plate1.jpg" width="600" height="530" alt="diagram" /></a> +<div class="caption">PLATE I—DIVISION FRONT—4000 yards (Trench System)</div> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[100]</a><br /><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[101]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 600px;"><a id="PLATE_II"></a> +<a href="images/plate2-big.jpg"><img src="images/plate2.jpg" width="600" height="520" alt="diagram" /></a> +<div class="caption">PLATE II—DIVISION FRONT (Back Areas)</div> +</div> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<p> </p> +<div class='tnote'> +<h3>Transcriber's Note:</h3> + +<p>Varied hyphenation was retained, for example as fire trench and fire-trench, and counter +attack, counterattack and counter-attack.</p> + +<p>Obvious punctuation errors were corrected.</p> + +<p>Page 3, Table of Contents, "74" changed to "73" to reflect the heading of "THE CHARGE."</p> + +<p>Page 3, Table of Contents, "78" changed to "77" to reflect the heading of "NIGHT ATTACKS."</p> + +<p>Page 3, Table of Contents, "74" changed to "83" to reflect the heading of "THE COUNTER ATTACK."</p> + +<p>Page 7, "resourcefulnes" changed to "resourcefulness" (and resourcefulness)</p> + +<p>Page 12, final item under "3.—On the day of the relief" was formatted to match the +rest of the items. In the original it was typeset as a paragraph instead of as an +item with a hanging indent.</p> + +<p>Page 26, "offlcers" changed to "officers" (many reserve officers)</p> + +<p>Page 56, "preceed" changed to "precede" (always precede a unit)</p> + +<p>Page 63, a footnote marker was added to the text (110 yards intervals[A] between)</p> + +<p>Page 66, "controling" changed to "controlling" (the section leaders controlling)</p> + +<p>Page 68, "controling" changed to "controlling" (commander controlling the)</p> + +<p>Page 78, "or" changed to "of" (files on sides of)</p> + +<p>Page 87, "shapnel" changed to "shrapnel" (shrapnel shell, a time-fuse)</p> + +<p>Page 89, there is no question 43 on the list. This was retained as printed.</p> +</div> + +<p> </p> +<p> </p> +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 44370 ***</div> +</body> +</html> |